FLORA of the UKON TERRITORY
Y
SECOND EDITION
A Publication of the National Research Council of Canada Monograph Publishing Program
Y
FLORA of the UKON TERRITORY SECOND EDITION William J. Cody
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Research Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario
NRC RESEARCH PRESS Ottawa 2000
NRC Monograph Publishing Program P.B. Cavers (University of Western Ontario): Editor, Monograph Publishing Program Editorial Board: G.L. Baskerville, FRSC (University of British Columbia); W.G.E. Caldwell, FRSC (University of Western Ontario); C.A. Campbell (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada); J.A. Fortin, FRSC (Biologiste Conseil Inc.); K.U. Ingold, OC, FRS, FRSC (NRC, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences); B. Ladanyi, FRSC (École Polytechnique de Montréal); W.H. Lewis (Washington University); L.P. Milligan, FRSC (University of Guelph); G.G.E. Scudder, FRSC (University of British Columbia); B.P. Dancik, Editor-in-Chief, NRC Research Press (University of Alberta) Publishing Office: B. Dumouchel (Director General, CISTI); A. Holmes, Director, Publishing Directorate; G.J. Neville, Head, Monograph Publishing Program. Publication Proposals: Proposals for the NRC Monograph Publishing Program should be sent to Gerald J. Neville, Head, Monograph Publishing Program, National Research Council of Canada, NRC Research Press, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M-55, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Telephone: (613) 993-1513; fax: (613) 9527656; e-mail:
[email protected]
© National Research Council of Canada 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means , electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
Available from Subscription Office NRC Research Press National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Enquiries: Telephone 613-990-2254, fax 613-952-7656 ISBN 0-660-18110-X NRCC No. 43257 First edition 1996 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Cody, William J., 1922– Flora of the Yukon Territory – Second edition Includes an abstract in French. Includes addendum, bibliographical references, and index. Issued by the National Research Council of Canada ISBN 0-660-18110-X 1. Botany — Yukon Territory. I. National Reseach Council Canada. II. Title QK203.Y8C62 2000
581.9719’1
C00-980117-0
Correct citation for this publication: Cody, W.J. 2000. Flora of the Yukon Territory – Second Edition. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Staff Editor: Jane T. Buckley Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Staff Designer: Marcel Jomphe
v
CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of vascular plants in the Yukon flora . History of collecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keys to major divisions and families . . . . . . . FLORA OF THE YUKON TERRITORY LYCOPODIACEAE club-moss family . . . . . . . SELAGINELLACEAE spike-moss family . . . . . ISOETACEAE quillwort family . . . . . . . . . . . EQUISETACEAE horsetail family . . . . . . . . . OPHIOGLOSSACEAE adder’s-tongue family . . PTERIDACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASPIDIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASPLENIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POLYPODIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUPRESSACEAE cypress family . . . . . . . . . . PINACEAE pine family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPHACEAE cattail family . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPARGANIACEAE bur-reed family . . . . . . . . POTAMOGETONACEAE pondweed family . . . SCHEUCHZERIACEAE arrow-grass family . . . ALISMATACEAE (ALISMACEAE) water plantain family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) grass family . . . . . . CYPERACEAE sedge family . . . . . . . . . . . . ARACEAE arum family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEMNACEAE duckweed family . . . . . . . . . . JUNCACEAE rush family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LILIACEAE lily family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IRIDACEAE iris family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORCHIDACEAE orchid family . . . . . . . . . . . SALICACEAE willow family . . . . . . . . . . . . MYRICACEAE wax-myrtle family . . . . . . . . . BETULACEAE birch family . . . . . . . . . . . . . URTICACEAE nettle family . . . . . . . . . . . . SANTALACEAE sandalwood family . . . . . . . POLYGONACEAE buckwheat family . . . . . . . CHENOPODIACEAE goosefoot family . . . . . . PORTULACACEAE purslane family . . . . . . . CARYOPHYLLACEAE pink family . . . . . . . . CERATOPHYLLACEAE hornwort family . . . . NYMPHAEACEAE water-lily family . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE crowfoot family . . . . . . . PAPAVERACEAE poppy family . . . . . . . . . . FUMARIACEAE fumitory family . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
vii ix xi 1 1 3 4 6 12 21 25 26 27 32 35 37 45 46 47 48 51 52 54 61
63 64 131 183 184 185 196 202 203 212 235 236 240 242 243 253 260 263 285 286 288 308 312
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CONTENTS
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) mustard family DROSERACEAE sundew family . . . . . . . . . . CRASSULACEAE stonecrop family . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE saxifrage family . . . . . . . . ROSACEAE rose family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) pea family . . . . GERANIACEAE geranium family . . . . . . . . . LINACEAE flax family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EUPHORBIACEAE spurge family . . . . . . . . . CALLITRICHACEAE water starwort family . . . EMPETRACEAE crowberry family . . . . . . . . BALSAMINACEAE touch-me-not family . . . . . ELATINACEAE waterwort family . . . . . . . . . VIOLACEAE violet family . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELAEAGNACEAE oleaster family . . . . . . . . . ONAGRACEAE evening primrose family . . . . HIPPURIDACEAE mare’s-tail family . . . . . . . HALORAGACEAE water-milfoil family . . . . . . ARALIACEAE ginseng family . . . . . . . . . . . APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) parsley family . . CORNACEAE dogwood family . . . . . . . . . . PYROLACEAE wintergreen family . . . . . . . . ERICACEAE heath family . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIAPENSIACEAE diapensia family . . . . . . . . PRIMULACEAE primrose family . . . . . . . . . PLUMBAGINACEAE leadwort family . . . . . . GENTIANACEAE gentian family . . . . . . . . . MENYANTHACEAE buckbean family . . . . . . APOCYNACEAE dogbane family . . . . . . . . . POLEMONIACEAE phlox family . . . . . . . . . HYDROPHYLLACEAE waterleaf family . . . . . BORAGINACEAE borage family . . . . . . . . . LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) mint family . . . . . . SCROPHULARIACEAE figwort family . . . . . . OROBANCHACEAE broom-rape family . . . . . LENTIBULARIACEAE bladderwort family . . . . PLANTAGINACEAE plantain family . . . . . . . RUBIACEAE madder family . . . . . . . . . . . . CAPRIFOLIACEAE honeysuckle family . . . . . ADOXACEAE moschatel family . . . . . . . . . . VALERIANACEAE valerian family . . . . . . . . CAMPANULACEAE bluebell family . . . . . . . LOBELIACEAE lobelia family . . . . . . . . . . . ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) family . . . . . . ADDENDUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
314 361 362 363 380 405 427 429 430 431 433 434 435 436 440 441 446 448 449 450 456 458 462 472 473 482 483 488 489 490 494 495 502 505 521 522 525 527 529 532 533 535 537 538 605 629 641 651
vii
PREFACE
T
he discovery of gold in Bonanza Creek near Dawson in 1896 created the “gold rush,” which brought to the Yukon Territory worldwide attention and a tremendous invasion of individuals seeking wealth. Some who failed to discover gold tried to cover their expenses, at least in part, by collecting plant specimens for sale. Others, intrigued by the beautiful plants of this northern region, began collecting specimens. Even before this time Arthur Krause (Bremen Geographical Society), George M. Dawson and W. Ogilvie (Canadian Geological Survey), Frederick Funston (U.S. Department of Agriculture), Martin W. Gorman (resident of southeast Alaska), and John J. McLean (U.S. Signal Service) had collected specimens as they traveled through the Territory. Later, besides casual collecting by private individuals and those who picked up specimens during their geological and other surveys, various professionals began studies related to the vegetation of the Yukon Territory. Among these were Erling Porsild (National Museum of Canada) who worked along the Canol Road in 1944; Jim Calder and Jack Gillett (Division of Botany and Plant Pathology, Canada Department of Agriculture) who in 1949 worked in the vicinities of Dawson and Watson Lake, respectively; Stanley L. Welsh (Brigham Young University) who in 1970 worked north of the Old Crow Flats; David Murray (University of Colorado) who from 1965 to 1971 worked in the St. Elias Mountains; and George Douglas (Douglas Ecological Consultants) who from 1973 to 1977 worked in Kluane National Park. In recent years also, Catherine Kennedy, Valerie Loewen, and others in the Yukon Department of Renewable Resources have made valuable contributions resulting from their studies of the vegetation in many, often remote, areas of the Territory. As collectors gathered more specimens for study, numerous new taxa that were endemic to the unglaciated regions of the Yukon Territory were described and known distributions of many taxa were extended. The first flora to cover the Territory was that of Eric Hultén (1941–1950), Flora of Alaska and Yukon. This book contained keys, distribution maps, and much useful information but no species, generic, or family descriptions. In 1959 came Jacob Peter Anderson’s Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. This quite conservative treatment contained descriptions. In 1968, Hultén published Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories, a tremendous volume with keys, descriptions, line drawings, and worldwide and Alaska–Yukon distribution maps. In
viii
PREFACE
1974, Stanley Welsh published a great expansion of Anderson’s flora but was still quite conservative in his treatment. In addition to these floras, two most useful books on the ecology of the Yukon Territory have been published. They are by Oswald and Senyk (1977) Ecoregions of Yukon Territory and by Wiken et al. (1981) The northern Yukon: an ecological land survey. My interest in Canada’s northern flora began in 1948 when I went to Coral Harbor, Southampton Island, at the northern end of Hudson Bay to study biting-fly habitats. This work was part of a joint project with the Entomology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture, and was done in cooperation with the Defence Research Board, Canada Department of National Defence. These studies continued through the next 7 years at Yellowknife in 1949, Fort Smith in 1950, central Alaska in 1951, Norman Wells in 1953, and Fort Simpson in 1955. In 1957 and again in 1963, I studied the terrain of the Reindeer Grazing Preserve east of the Mackenzie Delta, to ascertain what changes might have taken place in the vegetation following the introduction of reindeer to the area. In 1961, I conducted studies of the vegetation adjacent to the Liard River from the British Columbia border downstream to Fort Simpson, and again in 1965 I engaged in similar studies along the Slave River between Fort Smith and Great Slave Lake. In 1966 I studied the vegetation in that part of the District of Mackenzie east of the Slave River between the 60th parallel and Great Slave Lake. In 1970, 1971, and 1972, I took part in field studies in the Mackenzie Mountains and various other localities in southern District of Mackenzie to assess sites that had been recommended for preservation in the International Biological Program Conservation of Terrestrial Habitats (IBP/CT) project. Also in 1971, I was a member of the Northern Roads Task Force, which examined the impact of road-building on terrain and vegetation in parts of northern Canada. In 1965, I joined Erling Porsild, Chief Botanist, National Herbarium, National Museum of Canada, and later Curator Emeritus, to begin the writing of Vascular plants of continental Northwest Territories, Canada. After completing the Plants of Riding Mountain National Park and much of the writing of Ferns and fern allies of Canada coauthored with Donald Britton, my interest turned again to Canada’s north. My fieldwork in the Yukon Territory extended through the summers of 1980 to 1984. The result has been the writing of the Flora of the Yukon Territory.
ix
ABSTRACT
T
his flora contains treatments of 1112 species representing 80 families of vascular plants that have been found in the Yukon Territory. Also included are species that occur nearby and may be found in the Territory in the future. The introduction describes briefly the Yukon Territory and its geology and vegetation, lists the families, outlines the history of botanical collecting, and cites the many sources. Descriptions and keys provide information on families, genera, species, subspecies, and varieties. Species accounts include relevant synonomy, descriptions, habitat information, and distribution (both worldwide and territorial) as well as occasional comments. All species are illustrated, and dot maps depict known distributions within the Yukon Territory. A glossary and bibliography complete the book.
RÉSUMÉ
C
ette flore traite de 1112 espèces de plantes vasculaires qui ont été recueillies au Yukon et appartenant à 80 familles. On y traite également d’espèces répertoriées près du Yukon et qu’on pourrait retrouver sur ce territoire à l’avenir. L’introduction décrit brièvement le Yukon, sa géologie, sa végétation, dresse la liste des familles, esquisse l’histoire de la collecte botanique et on y cite les nombreuses sources qui ont permis de rédiger cet ouvrage. Les descriptions et les tableaux d’identification donnent des renseignements sur les familles, les genres, les espèces, les sous-espèces et les variétés. Le texte consacré à chaque espèce comprend une synonymie, des descriptions, de l’information sur l’habitat et la répartition de l’espèce (dans le monde et sur le territoire), ainsi qu’un certain nombre de commentaires occasionnels. Pour chaque espèce, il y a une illustration et une carte qui indique sa répartition au Yukon. On trouvera à la fin du livre un glossaire et une biliographie.
xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T
hose who consult this volume may recognize many of the illustrations from Vascular plants of continental Northwest Territories, Canada by A.E. Porsild and W.J. Cody (1980) by artists Dagny Lid, Lynne Bartosch, and Brenda Carter. Also, the ferns and fern allies are those drawn by Valerie Fulford for Ferns and fern allies of Canada by W.J. Cody and D.M. Britton (1989). Again Valerie Fulford, in the early 1980s, produced many illustrations while under contract with Agriculture Canada, and recently Marcel Jomphe, staff artist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, has completed this art work. The author also wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following who helped with specific sections of the text: Gerald A. Mulligan (Arabis), David F. Murray (Papaver), and Randall J. Bayer (Antennaria). My particular thanks go to Jacques Cayouette, David Murray, and Luc Brouillet who carefully read and commented on the whole manuscript; my daughter, Leslie Cody, who input most of the manuscript and kept it up-to-date on her computer; and Catherine Kennedy and her colleagues who contributed many specimens that were gathered during their ecological studies of interesting areas throughout the Yukon Territory. The following illustrations from Porsild and Cody Vascular plants of continental Northwest Territories, Canada have been reproduced courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ont.; they are not numbered in the present work and some names are in synomomy. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47. 48. 49. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 60.
Abies lasiocarpa Juniperus communis Juniperus horizontalis Larix laricina Picea glauca Picea mariana Pinus contorta var. latifolia Typha latifolia Sparganium angustifolium Sparganium hyperboreum Sparganium minimum Sparganium multipedunculatum Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuiflorus Potamogeton filiformis Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Potamogeton friesii Potamogeton gramineus Potamogeton natans
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 72. 73. 74. 76. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.
Potamogeton obtusifolius Potamogeton pectinatus Potamogeton porsildiorum Potamogeton praelongus Potamogeton pusillus Potamogeton richardsonii Potamogeton vaginatus Potamogeton zosteriformis Scheuchzeria palustris Triglochin maritimum Triglochin palustris Sagittaria cuneata Agrostideae Phalarideae Aveneae Festuceae Chlorideae Hordeae
xii 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 97. 98. 99. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 140. 142. 144. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Agropyron trachycaulum Agropyron violaceum Agrostis borealis Agrostis scabra Alopecurus aequalis Alopecurus alpinus Arctagrostis arundinacea Arctagrostis latifolia Arctophila fulva Beckmannia syzigachne Bromus pumpellianus Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorfii Calamagrostis deschampsioides Calamagrostis inexpansa Calamagrostis lapponica Cinna latifolia Colpodium vahlianum Danthonia intermedia Danthonia spicata Deschampsia brevifolia Dupontia fisheri Dupontia fisheri ssp.psilosantha Elymus arenarius Elymus innovatus Elymus sibiricus Festuca altaica Festuca baffinensis Festuca brachyphylla Festuca richardsonii Festuca saximontana Glyceria grandis Glyceria pulchella Glyceria striata Helictotrichon hookeri Hierochloe alpina Hierochloe odorata Hierochloe pauciflora Hordeum jubatum Koeleria asiatica Koeleria cristata Muhlenbergia glomerata Muhlenbergia richardsonis Oryzopsis asperifolia Oryzopsis pungens Phalaris arundinacea Phippsia algida Poa abbreviata Poa alpina Poa arctica Poa glauca Poa jordalii Poa lanata Poa palustris Poa paucispicula Poa porsildii Poa pratensis Poa scabrella Puccinellia agrostidea Puccinellia andersonii Puccinellia angustata Puccinellia arctica
158. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 170. 171. 172. 174. 174. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 182. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 190. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229.
Puccinellia borealis Puccinellia deschampsioides Puccinellia interior Puccinellia langeana Puccinellia phryganodes Puccinellia vaginata Schizachne purpurascens Scolochloa festucacea Sphenopholis intermedia Stipa comata Stipa richardsonii Trisetum sibiricum Trisetum spicatum var. spicatum Vahlodea atropurpurea ssp.latifolia Carex aenea Carex albo-nigra Carex amblyorhyncha Carex aquatilis Carex arcta Carex atherodes Carex atratiformis ssp. raymondii Carex atrofusca Carex atrosquama Carex aurea Carex bicolor Carex brunnescens Carex buxbaumii Carex canescens Carex capillaris Carex capillaris ssp.chlorostachys Carex capillaris ssp. robustior Carex capitata Carex chordorrhiza Carex concinna Carex consimilis Carex deflexa Carex deweyana Carex diandra Carex disperma Carex eburnea Carex eleusinoides Carex filifolia Carex foenea Carex franklinii Carex garberi Carex glacialis Carex glareosa ssp. amphigena Carex gynocrates Carex heleonastes Carex holostoma Carex lachenelii Carex leptalea Carex limosa Carex livida Carex loliacea Carex lugens Carex macloviana Carex maritima Carex media ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Carex membranacea Carex microchaeta
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 230. 231. 233. 234. 235. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 251. 254. 256. 257. 258. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 281. 282. 284. 286. 288. 289. 290. 291. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 300. 301. 302. 303. 306.
Carex microglochin Carex misandra Carex nardina Carex norvegica Carex obtusata Carex paupercula Carex petricosa Carex phaeocephala Carex physocarpa Carex podocarpa Carex praegracilis Carex praticola Carex pyrenaica Carex rariflora Carex retrorsa Carex rossii Carex rostrata Carex rotundata Carex rupestris Carex scirpoidea Carex subspathacea Carex supina Carex sychnocephala Carex ursina Carex vaginata Carex viridula Carex williamsii Eleocharis acicularis Eleocharis palustris Eleocharis pauciflora Eleocharis uniglumis Eriophorum angustifolium Eriophorum brachyantherum Eriophorum callitrix Eriophorum gracile Eriophorum russeolum Eriophorum scheuchzeri Eriophorum vaginatum Eriophorum viridi-carinatum Kobresia hyperborea Kobresia myosuroides Kobresia simpliciuscula Scirpus caespitosus Scirpus hudsonianus Scirpus microcarpus Scirpus validus Calla palustris Lemna trisulca Juncus albescens Juncus alpinus ssp. nodulosus Juncus balticus var. alaskanus Juncus balticus var. littoralis Juncus biglumis Juncus bufonius Juncus castaneus Juncus drummondii Juncus filiformis Juncus mertensianus Juncus nodosus Juncus stygius Luzula confusa
307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 358. 360. 361. 362. 363. 366. 368. 369. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377.
Luzula multiflora Luzula nivalis Luzula nivalis var. latifolia Luzula parviflora Luzula rufescens Luzula spicata Luzula wahlenbergii Allium schoenoprasum Lloydia serotina Maianthemum canadense Smilacina stellata Smilacina trifolia Streptopus amplexifolius Tofieldia coccinea Tofieldia glutinosa Tofieldia pusilla Veratrum eschscholtzii Zygadenus elegans Sisyrinchium montanum Calypso bulbosa Corallorhiza trifida Cypripedium calceolus Cypripedium guttatum Cypripedium passerinum Goodyera repens Habenaria dilatata Habenaria hyperborea Habenaria obtusata Habenaria orbiculata Habenaria viridis Listera borealis Listera cordata Malaxis paludosa Orchis rotundifolia Spiranthes romanzoffiana Populus balsamifera Populus tremuloides Salix alaxensis Salix arbusculoides Salix arctica Salix arctophila Salix athabascensis Salix barclayi Salix barrattiana Salix bebbiana Salix brachycarpa Salix chamissonis Salix commutata Salix dodgeana Salix farriae Salix fuscescens Salix glauca Salix interior Salix lanata Salix lisiandra Salix maccalliana Salix myrtillifolia Salix niphoclada Salix ovalifolia Salix padophylla Salix pedicellaris
xiii
xiv 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 411. 412. 413. 415. 416. 417. 419. 420. 421. 424. 425. 426. 428. 429. 430. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 444. 445. 447. 448. 449. 451.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Salix phlebophylla Salix planifolia Salix polaris Salix pulchra Salix pyrifolia Salix reticulata Salix scouleriana Myrica gale Alnus crispa Alnus incana Betula glandulosa Betula occidentalis Betula papyrifera Betula papyrifera ssp. alaskana Betula pumila Urtica gracilis Comandra pallida Geocaulon lividum Koenigia islandica Oxyria digyna Polygonum alaskanum Polygonum amphibium Polygonum bistorta Polygonum caurianum Polygonum viviparum Rumex acetosa Rumex arcticus Rumex maritimus Rumex occidentalis Rumex triangulivalvis Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodium gigantospermum Chenopodium glaucum Corispermum hyssopifolium Salicornia rubra Suaeda calceoliformis Claytonia tuberosa Montia lamprosperma Arenaria capillaris Cerastium arvense Cerastium beeringianum Cerastium maximum Honckenya peploides Melandrium affine Melandrium apetalum Minuartia arctica Minuartia biflora Minuartia dawsonensis Minuartia macrocarpa Minuartia obtusiloba Minuartia rossii Minuartia rubella Minuartia stricta Minuartia yukonensis Moehringia lateriflora Sagina intermedia Sagina linnaei Silene acaulis Silene menziesii Silene repens Stellaria calycantha
452. 455. 457. 458. 459. 463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 469. 471. 473. 474. 475. 476. 479. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 515. 517. 518. 519. 520. 522. 524. 525. 526. 528. 529. 530. 533. 534. 535.
Stellaria crassifolia Stellaria humifusa Stellaria longifolia Stellaria longipes Stellaria media Wilhelmsia physodes Ceratophyllum demersum Nuphar variegatum Nymphaea tetragona Aconitum delphinifolium Anemone drummondii Anemone multifida Anemone parviflora Anemone richardsonii Aquilegia brevistyla Caltha natans Coptis trifolia Pulsatilla ludoviciana Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculus aquatilis var. eradicatus Ranunculus aquatilis var. subrigidus Ranunculus cymbalaria Ranunculus eschscholtzii Ranunculus flammula Ranunculus gelidus Ranunculus hyperboreus Ranunculus lapponicus Ranunculus macounii Ranunculus nivalis Ranunculus pallasii Ranunculus pedatifidus Ranunculus pensylvanicus Ranunculus pygmaeus Ranunculus sabinei Ranunculus sceleratus Ranunculus sulphureus Ranunculus turneri Thalictrum alpinum Thalictrum sparsiflorum Thalictrum venulosum Papaver keelei Papaver radicatum Corydalis aurea Corydalis pauciflora Corydalis sempervirens Alyssum americanum Arabis divaricarpa Arabis hirsuta Arabis holboellii Arabis lyrata Barbarea orthoceras Braya purpurascens Cardamine bellidifolia Cardamine digitata Cardamine microphylla Cardamine pensylvanica Cardamine pratensis Cardamine umbellata Descurainia richardsonii Descurainia sophioides Draba albertina
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 537. 539. 540. 541. 542. 543. 544. 545. 546. 547. 548. 551. 552. 553. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 565. 566. 568. 569. 570. 572. 573. 574. 575. 577. 578. 580. 582. 583. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 594. 595. 599. 600. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 610. 611. 612. 613. 615. 616.
Draba aurea Draba cana Draba cinerea Draba corymbosa Draba crassifolia Draba glabella Draba incerta Draba lactea Draba longipes Draba nemorosa Draba nivalis Draba oligosperma Draba palanderiana Draba praealta Erysimum cheiranthoides Erysimum inconspicuum Erysimum pallasii Eutrema edwardsii Halimolobos mollis Lesquerella arctica Parrya arctica Parrya nudicaulis Rorippa islandica Smelowskia borealis Subularia aquatica Thellungiella salsuginea Thlaspi arcticum Drosera anglica Drosera rotundifolia Rhodiola integrifolia Sedum lanceolatum Boykinia richardsonii Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Mitella nuda Parnassia fimbriata Parnassia kotzebuei Parnassia palustris Ribes glandulosum Ribes hudsonianum Ribes lacustre Ribes oxyacanthoides Ribes triste Saxifraga adscendens Saxifraga aizoides Saxifraga bronchialis Saxifraga caespitosa Saxifraga cernua Saxifraga eschscholtzii Saxifraga flagellaris Saxifraga foliolosa Saxifraga hieracifolia Saxifraga hirculus Saxifraga lyallii Saxifraga nivalis Saxifraga oppositifolia Saxifraga radiata Saxifraga reflexa Saxifraga rivularis Saxifraga serpyllifolia Saxifraga tricuspidata Amelanchier alnifolia
617. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 642. 643. 644. 645. 648. 650. 651. 652. 654. 655. 657. 658. 660 662. 663. 664. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 683. 684. 685. 688. 689. 690. 691. 692. 693. 694.
Chamaerhodos erecta Dryas drummondii Dryas integrifolia Fragaria virginiana Geum aleppicum Geum glaciale Geum macrophyllum Geum rossii Geum triflorum Luetkea pectinata Potentilla anserina Potentilla arguta Potentilla biflora Potentilla diversifolia Potentilla egedii Potentilla elegans Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla furcata Potentilla hyparctica Potentilla multifida Potentilla nivea Potentilla norvegica Potentilla palustris Potentilla pensylvanica Potentilla pulchella Potentilla uniflora Prunus pensylvanica Prunus virginiana Rosa acicularis Rosa woodsii Rubus acaulis Rubus arcticus Rubus chamaemorus Rubus strigosus Sanguisorba sitchensis Sibbaldia procumbens Sorbus scopulina Astragalus aboriginum Astragalus alpinus Astragalus bodinii Astragalus canadensis Astragalus eucosmus Astragalus striatus Astragalus tenellus Astragalus umbellatus Hedysarum alpinum Hedysarum mackenzii Lathyrus japonicus Lathyrus ochroleucus Lupinus arcticus Oxytropis arctica Oxytropis deflexa var. foliolosa Oxytropis deflexa var. sericea Oxytropis glutinosa Oxytropis jordalii Oxytropis maydelliana Oxytropis nigrescens Oxytropis scammaniana Oxytropis spicata Oxytropis splendens Oxytropis varians
xv
xvi 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 704. 706. 708. 709. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 721. 722. 723. 725. 726. 727. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. 733. 734. 735. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 745. 746. 747. 748. 751. 752. 754. 755. 756. 757. 759. 760. 761. 762. 763. 767. 769. 770. 771.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Vicia americana Geranium bicknellii Geranium richardsonii Linum lewisii Callitriche autumnalis Callitriche verna Empetrum nigrum Elatine triandra Viola adunca Viola epipsila Viola nephrophylla Viola renifolia Viola rugulosa Elaeagnus commutata Shepherdia canadensis Circaea alpina Epilobium anagallidifolium Epilobium angustifolium Epilobium arcticum Epilobium davuricum Epilobium hornemanii Epilobium lactiflorum Epilobium latifolium Epilobium palustre Hippuris tetraphylla Hippuris vulgaris Myriophyllum exalbescens Aralia nudicaulis Bupleurum americanum Cicuta bulbifera Cicuta mackenzieana Cicuta maculata Conioselinum cnidifolium Heracleum lanatum Sium suave Cornus canadensis Cornus stolonifera Moneses uniflora Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola chlorantha Pyrola grandiflora Pyrola minor Andromeda polifolia Arctostaphylos alpina Arctostaphylos rubra Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cassiope tetragona ssp. saximontana Chamaedaphne calyculata Ledum decumbens Ledum groenlandicum Loiseleuria procumbens Oxycoccus microcarpus Phyllodoce empetriformis Phyllodoce glanduliflora Rhododendron lapponicum Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Diapensia obovata Androsace chamaejasme Androsace septentrionalis
772. 773. 774. 775. 776. 777. 778. 779. 780. 782. 783. 786. 789. 791. 792. 795. 796. 797. 798. 799. 800. 801. 802. 803. 804. 805. 806. 807. 808. 810. 811. 812. 814. 815. 816. 817. 818. 820. 821. 822. 823. 825. 826. 827. 828. 829. 831. 833. 834. 835. 836. 837. 838. 839. 840. 841. 842. 843. 844. 845. 846.
Dodecatheon frigidum Dodecatheon pauciflorum Douglasia arctica Glaux maritima Lysimachia thyrsiflora Primula borealis Primula egaliksensis Primula incana Primula mistassinica Primula tshuktschorum Trientalis europaea Gentiana acuta Gentiana glauca Gentiana propinqua Gentiana prostrata Gentiana tenella Lomatogonium rotatum Menyanthes trifoliata Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum sibiricum Collomia linearis Phlox alaskensis Phlox richardsonii Polemonium acutiflorum Polemonium boreale Polemonium pulcherrimum Phacelia franklinii Eritichium aretioides Mertensia drummondii Mertensia maritima Mertensia paniculata Myosotis alpestris Dracocephalum parviflorum Lycopus uniflorus Mentha arvensis Scutellaria galericulata Stachys palustris Castilleja caudata Castilleja elegans Castilleja hyperborea Castilleja raupii Euphrasia subarctica Lagotis stelleri Limosella aquatica Pedicularis arctica Pedicularis capitata Pedicularis groenlandica Pedicularis labradorica Pedicularis lanata Pedicularis lapponica Pedicularis oederi Pedicularis parviflora Pedicularis sudetica Pedicularis verticillata Pentstemon gormanii Rhinanthus borealis Veronica americana Veronica peregrina Veronica scutellata Veronica wormskjoldii Boschniakia rossica
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 847. 848. 849. 859. 852. 853. 854. 856. 857. 860. 861. 863. 865. 866. 867. 868. 869. 870. 871. 872. 873. 874. 875. 876. 877. 879. 882. 884. 885. 886. 889. 890. 891. 892. 895. 897. 902. 903. 905. 906. 907. 908. 909. 910. 911. 912. 914. 915. 916.
Pinguicula villosa Pinguicula vulgaris Utricularia intermedia Utricularia minor Utricularia vulgaris Plantago canescens Plantago eriopoda Plantago major Galium boreale Galium trifidum Galium triflorum Lonicera dioica Viburnum edule Adoxa moschatellina Valeriana capitata Valeriana septentrionalis Valeriana sitchensis Campanula aurita Campanula lasiocarpa Campanula rotundifolia Campanula uniflora Lobelia kalmii Agoseris aurantiaca Agoseris glauca Anaphalis margaritacea Antennaria angustata Antennaria compacta Antennaria densifolia Antennaria ekmaniana Antennaria elegans Antennaria isolepis Antennaria monocephala Antennaria neoalaskana Antennaria nitida Antennaria pulcherrima Antennaria rosea Arnica alpina ssp. angustifolia Arnica alpina ssp. tomentosa Arnica chamissonis Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Arnica lessingii Arnica lonchophylla Arnica louiseana Arnica mollis Artemisia borealis Artemisia hyperborea Artemisia richardsoniana Artemisia tilesii
917. 918. 919. 920. 922. 925. 927. 928. 929. 930. 931. 932. 933. 934. 935. 936. 937. 938. 939. 940. 941. 942. 945. 946. 947. 948. 949. 950. 951. 952. 953. 954. 955. 958. 959. 960. 961. 963. 964. 966. 967. 968. 969. 970. 971. 972. 973. 974.
Aster alpinus Aster brachyactis Aster ciliolatus Aster falcatus Aster junciformis Aster sibiricus Bidens cernua Chrysanthemum integrifolium Crepis elegans Crepis nana Erigeron acris var. asteroides Erigeron acris var. debilis Erigeron compositus var. discoideus Erigeron compositus var. glabratus Erigeron elatus Erigeron eriocephalus Erigeron glabellus Erigeron grandiflorus Erigeron humilis Erigeron hyssopifolius Erigeron philadelphicus Erigeron purpuratus Hieracium albiflorum Hieracium gracile Hieracium scabriusculum Hieracium triste Lactuca pulchella Matricaria ambigua Petasites arcticus Petasites frigidus Petasites hyperboreus Petasites palmatus Petasites sagittatus Senecio atropurpureus Senecio atropurpureus Senecio congestus Senecio cymbalaria Senecio hyperborealis Senecio indecorus Senecio lugens Senecio pauciflorus Senecio pauperculus Senecio streptanthifolius Senecio triangularis Senecio yukonensis Solidago canadensis Solidago decumbens Solidago multiradiata
xvii
1
INTRODUCTION
Physical description
he Yukon Territory covers some 482 681 km2 lying north of British Columbia and extending northward from latitude 60° N to the Beaufort Sea. Its eastern boundary, which separates it from the District of Mackenzie, follows the height of land in the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains; on the west, the boundary with Alaska is at longitude 141° W. Within this area, the highest peak in Canada, Mount Logan in the St. Elias Mountains, rises to 6050 m above sea level in the southwest. Between these mountains and the coastal plain in the north lie several mountain ranges, extensive plateaus with little relief, and two conspicuous fault lines. In the east and north the Canadian cordillera includes the Mackenzie, Richardson, and British mountains; the Liard, Peel, and Arctic plateaus; the Bonnet Plume basin; and the Arctic coastal plain, all of which are composed primarily of sedimentary rocks. Intrusive rocks dominate the Coast and St. Elias mountains, the “Duke Depression,” and the Kluane Range in the southwest. A mixture of volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks with outcroppings of intrusive rocks predominate in the interior. Maps depicting physiographic subdivisions and generalized geology may be found in Oswald and Senyk (1977). Six watersheds drain the Yukon Territory as follows: 1) The largest of these, the Yukon River system flows to the northwest through Alaska to the Bering Sea. The Stewart, Pelly, White, and Donjek rivers form parts of this system. 2) In the southwest, the Aishihik, Dezadeash, Kaskawulsh, and Dusty rivers join the Alsek River, which passes through northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska. 3) In the southeast, the Liard River and its tributaries drain southward into northern British Columbia and then eastward to join the Mackenzie River in southwestern District of Mackenzie. 4) The Peel River, into which the Wind, Bonnet Plume, and Snake rivers drain, flows northward to join the Mackenzie River at the southern part of its delta. 5) The Porcupine River system, which drains the southern slopes of the British Mountains, the western Richardson
T
2
INTRODUCTION
Mountains, and the northern Ogilvie mountains, flows westward to join the Yukon River in Alaska. 6) On the Arctic slope, the Big Fish, Blow, Babbage, Firth, and Malcolm rivers drain into the Beaufort Sea. Of considerable importance to those interested in the plants of the Yukon Territory and their distribution is that much of the area lay unglaciated during the early Wisconsin (more than 40 000 years BP) up to 13 000–14 000 years BP in the late Wisconsin time. The area includes most of the Klondike, Porcupine, and Arctic plateaus and parts of the Ogilvie, Wernecke, and British mountains and western slopes of the Richardson Mountains. The topography and surficial material result largely from the weathering of local bedrock and subsequent eolian and fluvial erosion and deposition. Glaciers occupied southern and eastern Yukon, and large lobes of ice extended westward and along the Arctic coastal plain (see glaciation map inside back cover). The ice smoothed the plateaus and lower mountains, scoured valleys, produced temporary lakes, changed the flow of some rivers, and deposited glacio-fluvial, morainal, and lacustrine materials. Long cold winters and short warm summers characterize the climate of the Yukon Territory. There are three major climatic areas as follows: • the northern part primarily influenced by weather patterns from the Arctic Ocean • the large central part with a cold continental climate • the southwestern part moderated by marine influences from the Pacific Ocean. Average annual precipitation ranges from 750 mm on the eastern slopes of the Mackenzie Mountains to 375 mm in the southwest and 250 mm in the Old Crow and Arctic slope. In the northern part of the Yukon Territory roughly north of the Arctic Circle, continuous permafrost extends to a great depth. Southward to about latitude 62° N and eastward of longitude 133° W south beyond 60° N, permafrost is discontinuous. To the south and west, permafrost is scattered. The climate and local terrain conditions determine both the extent of permafrost and the variations in thickness of the active layer in the continuous and discontinuous zones. Perennially frozen terrain gives rise to recognizable surface features expressed as patterns on the ground. These features depend on local climate, landform, topographic position, hydrology, vegetation, soil and rock type, snow cover, and fire history.
Vegetation
Vegetation
T
3
he vegetation consists largely of boreal forest and tundra. Trees cover many plateaus and valleys in the south and form closed to open canopies, depending on site conditions. In the southeast, closed-canopy forests predominate. Here the greatest number of tree species are found: Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield, Populus balsamifera L., P. tremuloides Michx., and Betula neoalaskana Sarg. Picea glauca and P. mariana would be the climatic climax for south-central and eastern areas, were it not for fire. Succession after fire usually starts with several species of Salix, Populus balsamifera, and Betula neoalaskana. Abies lasiocarpa is the primary alpine timberline species in the southern part. Shrub communities are found on recent alluvial sites, in disturbed areas, in wetlands, and near the tree line in southern Yukon Territory or under a canopy of trees. Their incidence increases northward, especially on higher plateaus and protected slopes. Tussock fields consisting mainly of Carex or Eriophorum species occur scattered in southern Yukon Territory. However, their occurrence increases northward until they form the predominant ground cover of the arctic tundra. Grassland is restricted to steep, dry, south-facing slopes along the Yukon and Pelly rivers on morainal, colluvial, and glaciofluvial strata. These areas dry out in summer and are subject to erosion. Alpine tundra consists of several communities ranging from sedge meadows to tussock fields, to pioneer colonization of lichens on rocks. Wetter areas are common on gently sloping to depressional terrain where organic matter accumulates and supports the tussock fields described above. Mesic alpine vegetation is characterized by a combination of prostrate shrubs, mainly Ericaceae and Salix ssp., grasses, sedges, forbs, lichens, and mosses; the soils are well drained and generally dry out in the summer. Oswald and Senyk (1977) in their publication Eco-regions of Yukon Territory, from which came some of the above information, divided the Yukon Territory into 22 ecoregions and described each in some detail. Wiken et al. (1981), in The Northern Yukon: an ecological land survey, divided the northern part, mostly north of 67° N, into smaller areas, which they also described in detail. As more information
4
INTRODUCTION
becomes available from further studies, the descriptions and shapes of all these areas will be updated and refined. Theberge et al. (1980) published Environmentally significant areas of the Yukon Territory, in which they identified 35 significant areas. Some were already protected, some previously proposed by interested organizations, and others proposed for the first time by these authors. A recent advance has been the establishment of Ivvavik (Northern Yukon) National Park. This park occupies some 10 170 km2 in northwestern Yukon Territory and is bounded on the north by the Beaufort Sea, on the west by the Alaska–Yukon border, and on the east and southeast by the Babbage River. More protected areas need to be established to ensure the continued existence of rare and endangered plants, animals, and ecosystems. This flora is intended to aid in that process. In this summary, the families are essentially in the same order as in Porsild and Cody (1980), Flora of the Northwest Territories. The main exception is the order of ferns and fern allies, which follows the treatment of Cody and Britton (1989), Ferns and fern allies of Canada.
Summary of vascular plants in the Yukon flora
Family Lycopodiaceae Selaginellaceae Isoetaceae Equisetaceae Ophioglossaceae Pteridaceae Aspidiaceae Aspleniaceae Polypodiaceae Cupressaceae Pinaceae Typhaceae Sparganiaceae Potamogetonaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Alismataceae (Alismaceae) Poaceae (Gramineae) Cyperaceae Araceae Lemnaceae Juncaceae Liliaceae
Genera 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 2 1 41 5 1 1 2 8
Species 6 2 1 8 7 2 16 1 1 2 5 1 4 15 3 1 127 115 1 2 21 11
Summary of vascular plants in the Yukon flora
Iridaceae Orchidaceae Salicaceae Myricaceae Betulaceae Urticaceae Santalaceae Polygonaceae Chenopodiaceae Portulacaceae Caryophyllaceae Ceratophyllaceae Nymphaeaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Fumariaceae Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Droseraceae Crassulaceae Saxifragaceae Rosaceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Geraniaceae Linaceae Euphorbiaceae Callitrichaceae Empetraceae Elatinaceae Violaceae Elaeagnaceae Onagraceae Hippuridaceae Haloragaceae Araliaceae Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Cornaceae Pyrolaceae Ericaceae Diapensiaceae Primulaceae Plumbaginaceae Gentianaceae Menyanthaceae Apocynaceae Polemoniaceae Hydrophyllaceae Boraginaceae Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae Lentibulariaceae Plantaginaceae
2 9 2 1 2 2 2 5 7 3 14 1 1 10 1 1 25 1 2 7 14 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 10 1 3 12 1 7 1 4 1 1 5 1 8 5 13 2 2 1
5
2 15 36 1 8 3 2 22 15 7 46 1 2 41 6 3 93 2 2 37 52 41 3 1 1 3 1 1 8 2 12 3 2 2 13 3 6 19 1 18 1 8 1 1 9 2 13 6 36 2 5 5
6
INTRODUCTION
Rubiaceae Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae Valerianaceae Campanulaceae Asteraceae (Compositae) Total
1 4 1 1 1 29
5 4 1 3 4 118
339
1112
Note: Besides species known to occur in the Yukon Territory, a number of other species that occur in northern British Columbia, western District of Mackenzie, and adjacent Alaska are expected to grow in the Yukon. These entries have also been keyed and described in this flora and are marked in the text with an asterisk (*). For questionable records on the maps, the black dots (䊉) are shown open (䊊).
History of collecting
E
ric Hultén (1940) published a valuable history of botanical exploration in Alaska and the Yukon Territory dating from their discovery up to 1940. However, only about 30 of some 350 individuals mentioned collected plants in the Yukon Territory, and, as is the case with many historical specimens, the collection localities are not as precise as we need today for accurate mapping, the dates of collecting are often only the year, and habitat information is usually completely lacking. A. Erling Porsild (1951) presented a chronological list of the more important collectors of vascular plants in the Yukon Territory up to 1948. Among these were George Mercer Dawson, Geological Survey of Canada, who collected in the Pelly and Yukon river areas in 1887 (CAN);1 M.W. Gorman along the Yukon River between White Pass and Dawson City in 1898 and 1899 (US, CAN); R.S. Williams, New York Botanical Garden, in the vicinity of Dawson in 1898 and 1899 (NY); J.B. Tyrrell, Geological Survey of Canada, chiefly in the Dawson area in 1898 (CAN); J.B. Tarleton between Five-finger Rapids and Dawson in 1899 (US); John Macoun, Geological Survey of Canada, in the Yukon Valley between Whitehorse and Dawson in 1902 (CAN, GH, NYBG, US); A.S. Hitchcock, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and R.S. Kellogg, U.S. National Forest Service, along the Yukon River between Whitehorse and Dawson in 1909 (US); D.D. Cairnes, Geological Survey of Canada, along the
1 Herbarium abbreviation as in Index Herbarium (Holmgren et al. 1990).
History of collecting
7
Alaska–Yukon border from 1908 to 1917 (CAN); Frits Johansen and R.M. Anderson, Canadian Arctic Expedition, at Shingle Point and Herschel Island in 1913 and 1914 (CAN); Alice Eastwood in the upper Yukon and Dawson areas in 1914 (GH, CAN, US); A.E. Porsild in relation to the Reindeer Program, along the Arctic coast from 1932 to 1935 (CAN); Hugh Bostock, Geological Survey of Canada, from the Mayo and McQuesten areas and Dawson Range from 1933 to 1950 (CAN); C.H.D. Clarke, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, along the Haines Road and at Burwash Landing on Kluane Lake in 1944 (CAN); Hugh M. Raup, Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, along the Alaska Highway between Watson Lake and the Alaska boundary in 1943, 1944, and 1948 (GH, CAN); A.E. Porsild, National Museum of Canada, accompanied by August J. Breitung, made a detailed survey of the flora adjacent to the Canol Road as part of the North Pacific topographical and biological exploration of northern British Columbia, Yukon Territory, and Alaska; Porsild’s work entitled Botany of southeastern Yukon adjacent to the Canol Road was published by the Canada Department of Resources and Development in 1951. In addition, Anderson Bakewell, a participant in the Wood Yukon Expeditions (1939–1941) collected plant specimens in the Kluane Lake and the St. Elias Range in 1939 and 1941 (Bakewell 1943) (GH). Since the collections cited above, extensive botanical studies have been undertaken related to particular government programs. Also, botanists working on particular groups of plants, ecologists and keen amateurs interested in the flora in general, and indeed casual collectors such as geologists, who spared a few moments from their major studies to examine the vegetation around them, have all contributed to our knowledge of the Yukon Territory flora. In 1949, James A. Calder made extensive collections near Dawson as part of a Canada Department of Agriculture survey of habitats in which biting flies were breeding. During the same summer, John M. Gillett made extensive collections near Watson Lake and Whitehorse as a part of the same study. These two individuals joined forces for a time to work in the Mayo area. This work was done as a cooperative project between the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Canada Defence Research Board. In 1955, Calder joined a survey working in the vicinity of the Babbage River and Mt. Sedgewick in northern Yukon Territory. In 1960, Calder and Gillett again visited the southern parts of the Territory as well as the northern Ogilvie Mountains.
8
INTRODUCTION
Then Calder together with Ilkka Kukkonen, Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, collected in the southern parts of the Territory, in particular in the mountains adjacent to the District of Mackenzie border (DAO). During the summer of 1953, N.J. Freedman worked for the Hudson Bay Exploration and Development, a subsidiary of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd. He had the opportunity to collect plants in the Quill Creek area between the Shakwak Valley and Donjek River in the Kluane Range of the St. Elias Mountains in southwestern Yukon Territory (D. Löve and Freedman 1956) (WIN, DAO). Also in 1953, Charles D. Bird collected vascular plants on Herschel Island, while serving as a summer assistant entomologist for Canada Department of Agriculture (DAO). In 1957, Howard A. Crum, National Museum of Canada, accompanied by Wilfred B. Schofield, made extensive collections of mosses in the Kluane region. They also gathered an interesting set of vascular plants in this area (Porsild 1966) (CAN). The mid-sixties saw more activity. In 1963, J.A. Parmelee, Canada Department of Agriculture, collected in the vicinity of Komakuk Beach and Shingle Point on the Arctic coast as part of his studies of parasitic fungi in the Canadian Arctic (DAO). In 1964, P.M. Youngman, zoologist with the National Museum of Canada, assisted by G. Tessier, made incidental collections of plants—chiefly those that serve as food for small animals—near Mile 54–55 of the Dempster Highway (Porsild 1975) (CAN). In 1964 and 1965, K.E. Ricker collected in the Ogilvie Mountains and adjacent to the Dempster Highway in connection with his M.Sc. study of Quaternary geology (DAO). In 1965 and 1966, John Lambert conducted research in the Richardson Mountains and adjacent British Mountains for his doctoral thesis (UBC, DAO). From 1965 to 1971, David Murray studied the vegetation of the alpine zone of the Kaskawulsh Glacier–Slims River drainage area of the St. Elias Mountains. He began this work while completing his doctoral program at the University of Colorado and continued while he was on the faculty of Memorial University of Newfoundland. He completed it after he joined the faculty of the University of Alaska (Murray 1971a and b) (ALA). In 1966 and 1968, Robert T. Porsild, brother of A.E. Porsild, collected vascular plants mainly in the Ogilvie Mountains, then accessible from the Dempster Highway of which about the first 144 km had been completed. Most of the summer of 1967 was spent near Mayo, in particular Keno
History of collecting
9
Hill and Mount Haldane and the adjacent ponds, lakes, and bogs. In 1970, A.E. Porsild accompanied his brother to sites in the Mayo district and along the Dempster Highway beyond the area R.T. Porsild had examined in 1966 and 1968 to about Kilometre (Km) 180. There they added collections from a limestone formation not previously seen (A.E. Porsild 1975) (CAN). In mid-July 1967, the author, accompanied by Kenneth W. Spicer en route to Tungsten in southwestern District of Mackenzie, traveled the southern part of Robert Campbell Highway and the Nahanni Range Road in southeastern Yukon Territory. They retraced the route in mid-August after Cody had worked by helicopter with a Geological Survey of Canada field party in the southern Mackenzie Mountains and Spicer had gathered specimens in the vicinity of Tungsten. Arthur Pearson, Canadian Wildlife Service, collected specimens in the southwestern region in 1967 in relation to his study of bears. Also in 1967, James A. Neilson collected specimens of interesting Asteraceae in the Kluane area (Neilson 1968) (CAN, S). Manfred Hoefs, Yukon Game Branch, in 1969 and subsequent years collected specimens in relation to his studies of Dall Sheep (Hoefs 1979) (Yukon Renewable Resources, Whitehorse). In early July 1972, the author, accompanied by F. Montgomery Brigham, made a brief stop at the airstrip adjacent to the Canol Road about 16 km west of the Mackenzie–Yukon border. That summer Cody was surveying sites in western District of Mackenzie as part of the International Biological Programme (IBP), Conservation of Terrestrial Biological Communities. In early June 1980, the author began his concentrated study of the Yukon Territory flora. That year he had the opportunity to examine plants adjacent to most of the major highways. In particular he made a detailed survey of parts of Ivvavik (Northern Yukon) National Park from 5 to 13 July, with helicopter support from the Polar Continental Shelf Project. On 21 July he was joined by James Ginns, an Agriculture Canada mycologist, who accompanied him in the field until Cody departed on 12 August. From 30 June to 13 July 1981, Cody joined a Yukon Renewable Resources field party working with helicopter support mainly in the southern Selwyn Mountains north of the Canol Road. In 1982, the author again accompanied by Ginns and with helicopter support from the Polar Continental Shelf
10
INTRODUCTION
Project, collected plants and fungi in the Richardson Mountains from latitude 66° to 68°30’ N from 3 to 15 July. In 1983, Cody again joined a Yukon Renewable Resources field party working with helicopter support in southeastern Yukon Territory from 4 to 14 July. In 1984, Cody and Ginns arrived in Whitehorse on 29 June and traveled from there to Dawson by vehicle, collecting specimens on the way. From Dawson, with helicopter support again from Polar Continental Shelf Project, they visited many sites in the Ogilvie Mountains, along the Yukon River, and in the northern Dawson Range, which were previously inaccessible to botanists. They left the Territory on 26 July. During these surveys they gathered some 10 000 collections of vascular plants. The originals of these have been deposited in the Agriculture Canada Vascular Plant Herbarium at Ottawa (DAO) and duplicates have been widely distributed. In 1970, V.J. Krajina, University of British Columbia, made extensive collections in the Sheep Mountain area west of southern Kluane Lake (UBC). Also in 1970, Stanley L. Welsh and J. Keith Rigby, Brigham Young University, Utah, made a botanical and physiographic reconnaissance of northern Yukon Territory, an area extending from the Old Crow Flats north to the Arctic coast. They reported a total of 279 species, 15 subspecies, 63 varieties, and 1 form from the 79 sites studied (Welsh and Rigby 1971) (BRY, CAN). Between 1970 and 1975, A.M. Pearson, J.A. Nagy, M. Dennington, B.C. Goski, D. Pearson, C.B. Larsen, and J.W. Nolan, Canadian Wildlife Service, collected in 31 sites in northern Yukon Territory (Nagy et al. 1979) (CAN, DAO). In 1972, George W. Scotter, also from Canadian Wildlife Service, made a few collections in Kluane National Park and in the Bonnet Plume Range in connection with the International Program, Conservation of Terrestrial Communities. In 1977, he made extensive collections in the vicinity of hot springs in southeastern Yukon Territory in relation to possible park sites (Scotter and Cody 1979) (DAO). In 1971 and 1972, Ross Wein, then with the Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, collected in the northern Yukon Territory in connection with work investigating soils–vegetation relationships (Wein et al. 1974) (DAO, UNB). Also in 1971, Satoru Kojima and C. Béguin, in connection with an IBP Ecological Reserve survey in the Tombstone Mountain area, collected there as well as along the Dempster Highway in late August and early September. In 1972, Kojima with R.C. Brooke, and in 1973 Kojima, Brooke and V.J. Krajina made additional collections along
History of collecting
11
the Dempster Highway north to Mile 180 (km 290) in connection with a vegetation study of the area (Kojima and Brooke 1985, Brooke and Kojima 1985) (SFUV). Since 1973, Rhonda Rosie has collected many specimens in the vicinity of Francis Lake, some 150 km NNW of Watson Lake. She has also collected at a number of sites across southern Yukon Territory, where she has served as a fire watcher during the summer months (Rosie 1991) (CAN, DAO). From 1973 to 1977, George W. Douglas and Gloria Ruyle-Douglas, Douglas Ecological Consultants Ltd., Victoria, B.C., conducted vegetation studies in Kluane National Park in southwestern Yukon Territory. During this period more than 6000 specimens with many duplicates were collected (Douglas and Ruyle-Douglas 1978b) (V, DAO). In the years 1975 to 1978, Les C. Cwynar collected specimens in relation to a vegetation history of Northern Yukon Territory, a part of a larger Northern Yukon Territory research program (DAO). In 1979 and 1980, Art Martel, Canadian Wildlife Service, made some interesting collections in the vicinity of his camp in the British Mountains where he was studying caribou (DAO). In 1982 and 1983, Loney Dickson, also with Canadian Wildlife Service, made extensive collections along the Arctic coast while studying birds in relation to their habitat for the Beaufort Sea oil and gas impact assessment. From 1981 to the present time, Catherine Kennedy, Yukon Renewable Resources, and her coworkers have made extensive collections in relation to their ecological studies in many parts of the Yukon Territory (DAO). Meanwhile in 1987 and 1988, Susan Aiken, Canadian Museum of Nature, and again in 1990 accompanied by Laurie Consaul, studied grasses in the British Mountains and along the Arctic coast. As time permitted they also collected many specimens of other families (CAN). Many of these collections have been invaluable to the author in preparing the Flora of the Yukon Territory. In many cases the information has greatly extended the known range as the reader can see when comparing the distribution maps herein to those of Hultén (1968) and Porsild and Cody (1980).
12
INTRODUCTION
KEYS TO MAJOR DIVISIONS AND FAMILIES A. Plants without flowers or seeds, reproducing by spores; mostly fernlike or rushlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Division PTERIDOPHYTA (p. 12) A. Plants producing seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Division SPERMATOPHYTA (p. 13) B. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary; seeds in a dry cone (rarely in a berrylike fruit); pollen sacs on scales arranged in cones; trees or shrubs; leaves needlelike or scalelike, mostly evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE (p. 13) B. Ovules enclosed in an ovary that at maturity becomes the fruit; pollen sacs terminating stamens borne in flowers; trees, shrubs or herbs; leaves of various forms, mostly deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE (p. 13) C. Leaves usually parallel-veined; vascular bundles of stem irregularly arranged; cambium absent; parts of flowers usually in 3s or 6s, never in 5s; embryo with 1 cotyledon; herbs (rarely shrubs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (p. 13) C. Leaves usually net-veined; vascular bundles of stem often in single ring; cambium usually present; parts of flowers usually in 5s or 4s; embryo with 2 cotyledons; herbs, shrubs, or trees. . . . . . . . . Class DICOTYLEDONEAE (p. 14)
Division PTERIDOPHYTA (ferns and fern allies) A. Leaves broad, usually more than 2 cm long, often quite large, variously incised or dissected B. Spore cases relatively large, borne in terminal (grapelike) cluster, with sterile blade appearing lateral on common stalk with it . . . . . . . . . . . OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (p. 32) B. Spore cases minute, borne in clusters (sori) on back or near margins of green blades, or on separate modified fronds C. Sori marginal, covered by a continuous indusium formed by reflexed margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PTERIDACEAE (p. 35) C. Sori not marginal D. Fronds evergreen; sori naked, lacking indusia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POLYPODIACEAE (p. 46) D. Fronds not evergreen; indusia peltate, opening on 1 side or absent E. Sori elongate; fronds small; veins not reaching margin . . . . . ASPLENIACEAE (p. 45) E. Sori usually roundish, sometimes somewhat elongate; fronds large or small; veins reaching margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASPIDIACEAE (p. 37) A. Leaves slender, often scalelike, simple, sessile, mostly small F. Stems conspicuously jointed and hollow; leaves scalelike, in sheathlike whorls at nodes; spore cases on scales of terminal conelike spikes . . . . . . . EQUISETACEAE (p. 27) F. Stems not as above; leaves mostly imbricated; spore cases in conelike spikes or otherwise G. Leaves small, less than 1.5 cm long; stems slender, elongated, branched, with main stems usually horizontal and creeping; spore cases in clublike spikes; plants resembling coarse mosses H. Leafy shoots mostly 7–15 mm wide; homosporous . . . . . . . . . . . LYCOPODIACEAE (p. 21) H. Leafy shoots less than 5 mm wide; heterosporous . . . . . . . . . SELAGINELLACEAE (p. 25) G. Leaves slender, grasslike, 5–15 cm long, dilated and sheathing at base; stem short, cormlike, lobed; plant rooting in mud, often covered by water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISOETACEAE (p. 26)
Keys to major divisions and families
13
Division SPERMATOPHYTA (seed plants) Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE Class CONIFERAE (conifers) A. Shrubs; leaves scalelike or awl-shaped; female cones berrylike at maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUPRESSACEAE (p. 47) A. Trees; leaves needle-shaped; cones woody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PINACEAE (p. 48)
Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE (flowering plants) Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (monocotyledons) A. Plants not differentiate into stem and leaf, small, thallus-like, usually ellipsoid or oblong; free-floating or immersed aquatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEMNACEAE (p. 184) A. Plant with stem and leaves, not thalluslike B. Perianth lacking, or with inconspicuous bristles or scales, not petal-like (see also Juncaceae and Juncaginaceae) C. Flowers enclosed or subtended by scales (glumes); plants grasslike, with jointed stems, sheathing leaves and 1-seeded fruit D. Stems usually hollow, terete, or flattened; leaves 2-ranked; leaf sheaths usually split (open); anthers attached at middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POACEAE (p. 64) D. Stems solid, usually more or less 3-sided; leaves usually 3-ranked; leaf sheaths not split (closed); anthers attached at base. . . . . . . . . . . CYPERACEAE (p. 131) C. Flowers not enclosed in scales (sometimes in involucrate heads); plants not as above E. Aquatic plants, with stems and leaves flaccid, either immersed or floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POTAMOGETONACEAE (p. 54) E. Terrestrial plants, or bases in water and stems rigid enough to support shoots above water level F. Flowers in globose heads; perianth of flat scales . . . . . . . . . . SPARGANIACEAE (p. 52) F. Flowers mostly in spikes G. Flowers unisexual, with pistillate ones in thick spike and staminate ones above; perianth of slender bristles. . . . . . . . . . TYPHACEAE (p. 51) G. Flowers perfect, in thick dense fleshy spike subtended by a large bract (spathe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARACEAE (p. 183) B. Perianth of 2 distinct whorls; inner whorl often petal-like and conspicuous H. Perianth relatively inconspicuous, green or brownish; plants rushlike I.
Perianth dry, often scarious; flowers often in panicles or heads; carpels 3, united, forming a small capsule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JUNCACEAE (p. 185)
I.
Perianth herbaceous; flowers in racemes or spikes; carpels 3 or 6, almost distinct, separating as follicles when ripe . . . . . . . . . SCHEUCHZERIACEAE (p. 61)
H. Perianth conspicuous, at least inner whorl brightly colored J.
Carpels numerous, in ring or cluster, becoming achenes; plants of marshes and bogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALISMACEAE (p. 63)
J.
Carpels 3, with ovaries united; fruit a capsule or berry K. Ovary superior (rarely partly inferior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LILIACEAE (p. 196) K. Ovary inferior L. Flowers regular (actinomorphic); stamens 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IRIDACEAE (p. 202) L. Flowers very irregular; stamens 1 or 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORCHIDACEAE (p. 203)
14
INTRODUCTION
Class DICOTYLEDONEAE (dicotyledons) A. Corolla none; calyx present or lacking B. Plants monoecious or dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers, with one or both kinds in catkins or dense heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP I (p. 14) B. Plants mostly with perfect flowers not in catkins (often in dense clusters) . . . . . . GROUP II (p. 14) A. Corolla and calyx both present C. Corolla of separate petals D. Stamens usually numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice as many as sepals or calyx lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP III (p. 15) D. Stamens not more than twice as many as petals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP IV (p. 15) C. Corolla with petals more or less united E. Stamens more numerous than corolla lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP V (p. 17) E. Stamens not more numerous than corolla lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP VI (p. 17) GROUP I A. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in catkins or catkinlike heads; trees or shrubs B. Ovary becoming a many-seeded capsule; seeds hairy-tufted. . . . . . . . . . . . SALICACEAE (p. 212) B. Ovary becoming a 1-seeded nut or winged nutlet C. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 at each bract of catkin; fruit not resin-dotted . . BETULACEAE (p. 236) C. Pistillate flowers single at each bract; fruit resin-dotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . MYRICACEAE (p. 235) A. Staminate or pistillate flowers (not both) in catkins or catkinlike heads; herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . URTICACEAE (p. 240) GROUP II A. Ovary or its locules with many ovules B. Ovary and fruit partly inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 363) B. Ovary or ovaries superior C. Ovaries 2 or more, separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288) C. Ovary single D. Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288) D. Leaves simple E. Sepals separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CARYOPHYLLACEAE (p. 263) E. Sepals more or less united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRIMULACEAE (p. 473) A. Ovary or its locules with only 1 or 2 ovules F. Pistil of more than one carpel; carpels separate or nearly so. . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288) F. Pistil solitary, simple or compound G. Ovary superior; flower hypogynous H. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing stem at nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POLYGONACEAE (p. 243) H. Stipules, if present, not sheathing stem I.
I.
Plants usually aquatic, immersed or nearly so J. Leaves whorled, finely dissected; style 1 . . . . . . . CERATOPHYLLACEAE (p. 285) J. Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CALLITRICHACEAE (p. 431) Plants terrestrial, sometimes growing in marshy places (see also Callitriche)
Keys to major divisions and families
15
K. Style (if any) 1 and stigma 1 L. Flowers unisexual; ovary of fertile flowers 1-loculed . . URTICACEAE (p. 240) L. Flowers perfect; ovary 2-loculed and 2-seeded . . . . . BRASSICACEAE (p. 314) K. Styles 2–3 or of 2–3 branches M. Plants with milky juice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EUPHORBIACEAE (p. 430) M. Plants without milky juice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHENOPODIACEAE (p. 253) G. Ovary inferior or partly so, or so closely enclosed by calyx as to appear inferior N. Aquatic herbs; leaves whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HALORAGACEAE (p. 448) N. Terrestrial plants; leaves opposite or alternate O. Shrubs or small trees; leaves scurfy; calyx not corolla-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELAEAGNACEAE (p. 440) O. Herbs; calyx corolla-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SANTALACEAE (p. 242) GROUP III A. Ovary superior; flowers hypogynous or perigynous B. Carpels few to numerous, entirely separate or united only at base C. Stamens inserted below ovaries; leaves without stipules . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288) C. Stamens inserted on a hypanthium or on a disc; leaves often stipulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROSACEAE (p. 380) B. Carpels solitary, or few to several with ovaries completely united D. Ovary simple, 1-loculed E. Ovules 2; seed solitary; fruit a drupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROSACEAE (p. 380) E. Ovules numerous; leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288) D. Ovary compound, with 1 to several locules, placentae, styles, or stigmas F. Ovary 1-loculed; placentae parietal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAPAVERACEAE (p. 308) F. Ovary several-loculed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NYMPHAEACEAE (p. 286) A. Ovary inferior; flowers epigynous G. Plants aquatic; leaves floating; blades peltate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NYMPHAEACEAE (p. 286) G. Terrestrial shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROSACEAE (p. 380) GROUP IV A. Stamens of same number as petals and opposite them B. Style and stigma 1; calyx usually 5-parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRIMULACEAE (p. 473) B. Styles and stigmas 2, 3, or more; sepals 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PORTULACACEAE (p. 260) A. Stamens not of same number as petals, or if of same number alternate with them C. Ovary superior; flowers hypogynous or perigynous D. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united E. Stamens inserted on receptacle at base of ovary F. Carpels quite separate or united only at base, each several-seeded G. Leaves fleshy, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRASSULACEAE (p. 362) G. Leaves not fleshy, usually lobed or compound . . . . RANUNCULACEAE (p. 288)
16
INTRODUCTION
F. Carpels more or less united, with a common style; ovary 5-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GERANIACEAE (p. 427) E. Stamens inserted on the perianth or on a hypanthium H. Plants fleshy; stamens just twice as many as carpels . . . . . . CRASSULACEAE (p. 362) H. Plants not fleshy; stamens not just twice as many as the carpels I. Stipules present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROSACEAE (p. 380) I. Stipules absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 363) D. Ovary 1 (simple or compound) J.
Ovary simple, with 1 parietal placenta and 1 style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FABACEAE (p. 405)
J.
Ovary compound, with 1 to several locules, placentae, styles, or stigmas K. Ovary 1-loculed L. Corolla quite irregular M. Petals 4; stamens 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FUMARIACEAE (p. 312) M. Petals 5; stamens 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIOLACEAE (p. 436) L. Corolla regular or nearly so N. Fruit 1-seeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRASSICACEAE (p. 314) N. Fruit with more than 1 seed O. Placentation central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CARYOPHYLLACEAE (p. 263) O. Placentation parietal P. Leaves with gland-tipped hairs (tentacles); small insectivorous plants of bogs . . . . . . . . . DROSERACEAE (p. 361) P. Leaves without gland-tipped tentacles Q. Stamens 4 or 5 or 8 or 10; petals 4 or 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 363) Q. Stamens 6; petals 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRASSICACEAE (p. 314) K. Ovary 2- to several-loculed R. Flowers irregular (zygomorphic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BALSAMINACEAE (p. 434) R. Flowers regular or nearly so S. Stamens 6; petals 4; ovary 2-loculed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRASSICACEAE (p. 314) S.
Plants not as above T. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each locule U. Depressed evergreen shrubs with small flowers; fruit berrylike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMPETRACEAE (p. 433) U. Herbs with showy flowers; fruit a capsule V. Capsule rounded, splitting from top, 10-seeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINACEAE (p. 429) V. Capsule long-beaked, splitting from below upward into 5 parts, each 1-seeded . . . . GERANIACEAE (p. 427) T. Ovules several; seeds usually several to many in each locule W. Stipules present between opposite leaves; small semiaquatic plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELATINACEAE (p. 435) W. Stipules none when leaves opposite X. Styles 2–5; leaves opposite. . . . . . . CARYOPHYLLACEAE (p. 263) X. Style 1
Keys to major divisions and families
17
Y. Plants with scalelike nongreen leaves; saprophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PYROLACEAE (p. 458) Y. Plants with mainly green leaves Z. Herbs, or somewhat woody at base; less than 50 cm high . . . . . . PYROLACEAE (p. 458) Z. Shrubs; more than 50 cm high . . . . . ERICACEAE (p. 462) C. Ovary inferior; flowers epigynous a.
Ovules and seeds 1 in each locule b.
b.
Stamens 5 or 10 c.
Fruit berrylike; styles 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARALIACEAE (p. 449)
c.
Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APIACEAE (p. 450)
Stamens 4 or 8 d. Fruit a drupe; style and stigma 1; large shrub or small herb . . . CORNACEAE (p. 456) d. Fruit a capsule or nutlike; herbs e. e.
Style 1; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; terrestrial plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONAGRACEAE (p. 441) Styles or sessile stigmas 2–4; aquatic plants f. Leaves sessile, entire; flowers in axils of leaves . . . HIPPURIDACEAE (p. 446) f.
a.
Leaves pectinately divided; flowers bracted in a terminal spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HALORAGACEAE (p. 448)
Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each locule g. Ovary 1-loculed, fruit a berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 363) g. Ovary 2- to many-loculed h. Style 1; stamens 4 or 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONAGRACEAE (p. 441) h. Styles 2–3; stamens 5 or 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 363)
GROUP V A. Ovary 1-loculed; corolla irregular; placentae parietal B. Placenta 1; sepals usually 5 or wholly united; petals 5, of which 2 usually united along one edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FABACEAE (p. 405) B. Placentae 2; sepals 2, small; petals 4, of which 1 spurred at base . . . . . . . . FUMARIACEAE (p. 312) A. Ovary 3- to several-loculed C. Corolla irregular, with large pouch (sac) terminating in a spur; anthers united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BALSAMINACEAE (p. 434) C. Corolla regular D. Saprophytic herbs, without green foliage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PYROLACEAE (p. 458) D. Shrubs or herbs, not saprophytic; foliage green E. Shrubs; leaves all simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ERICACEAE (p. 462) E. Small herb; basal leaves ternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADOXACEAE (p. 532) GROUP VI A. Stamens opposite corolla lobes and of same number B. Styles 5; fruit 1-seeded; leaves linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLUMBAGINACEAE (p. 482) B. Style 1; fruit several-seeded; leaves wider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRIMULACEAE (p. 473) A. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes and of same number or fewer C. Ovary superior
18
INTRODUCTION
D. Corolla irregular (zygomorphic) E. Ovules solitary in locules; ovary separating at maturity into 4 nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMIACEAE (p. 502) E. Ovules 2 to many in each locule; ovary not separating into nutlets F. Plants without green foliage; parasites on roots of other plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OROBANCHACEAE (p. 521) F. Plants with green foliage G. Ovary 1-loculed; stamens 2; small carnivorous plants, in water or on moist ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LENTIBULARIACEAE (p. 522) G. Ovary 2-loculed; stamens 4, or in some cases 5 or 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCROPHULARIACEAE (p. 505) D. Corolla regular H. Stamens fewer than lobes of corolla I.
Ovary 4-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMIACEAE (p. 502)
I.
Ovary 2-loculed, not 4-lobed J.
Leaves mostly basal; corolla scarious; capsule circumscissile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLANTAGINACEAE (p. 525) J. Leaves mostly cauline and opposite; corolla not scarious; dehiscence not circumscissile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCROPHULARIACEAE (p. 505) H. Stamens as many as corolla lobes K. Carpels 2, separate except in some cases at apex; herbs with milky juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APOCYNACEAE (p. 489) K. Carpels united; plants without milky juice L. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, at maturity separating into 2 or 4 nutlets M. Leaves alternate; stems usually rounded; flowers mostly regular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BORAGINACEAE (p. 495) M. Leaves opposite; stems usually 4-sided; flowers mostly irregular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMIACEAE (p. 502) L. Ovary not deeply 4-lobed N. Ovary 1-loculed O. Leaves entire, opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENTIANACEAE (p. 483) O. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound P. Leaves with 3 entire leaflets; corolla white-bearded on upper surface . . . . . MENYANTHACEAE (p. 488) P. Leaves, if compound, with toothed leaflets; corolla not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HYDROPHYLLACEAE (p. 494) N. Ovary 2- to 10-loculed Q. Stamens free from corolla or nearly so. . . . . . . . . . . . . ERICACEAE (p. 462) Q. Stamens inserted on corolla tube R. Stamens 4 S. S.
Leaves mostly basal, strong-nerved; corolla scarious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLANTAGINACEAE (p. 525) Leaves mostly cauline; corolla not scarious T. Fruit a capsule, manyseeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCROPHULARIACEAE (p. 505) T. Fruit of 2 or 4 nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMIACEAE (p. 502)
R. Stamens 5
Keys to major divisions and families
19
U. Fruit of 2 or 4 nutlets; ovary somewhat 4-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BORAGINACEAE (p. 495) U. Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed V. Styles 2, or style 1 and 2-cleft; ovary 2-loculed; inflorescence more or less cymose in structure . . . . . . . . HYDROPHYLLACEAE (p. 494) V. Style single, 3-cleft; ovary 3-loculed; inflorescence not cymose in structure W. Dwarf evergreen shrubs with entire leathery leaves . . . . . . . DIAPENSIACEAE (p. 472) W. Herbs with entire or pinnately divided leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . POLEMONIACEAE (p. 490) C. Ovary inferior; flowers epigynous X. Stamens free from corolla Y. Corolla regular; anthers separate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAMPANULACEAE (p. 535) Y. Corolla irregular; anthers united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOBELIACEAE (p. 537) X. Stamens inserted on corolla Z. Ovary with 2 to many fertile locules and 2 to many ovules; calyx not modified as a pappus or other special structure a. Shrubs (erect or climbing), or trailing plants; stems rounded; leaves opposite, not stipulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAPRIFOLIACEAE (p. 529) a. Herbs; stems mostly 4-sided; leaves whorled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RUBIACEAE (p. 527) Z. Ovary with 1 fertile locule; calyx often modified as a pappus b. Flowers in panicled cymes, not in heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VALERIANACEAE (p. 533) b. Flowers in involucrate heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASTERACEAE (p. 538)
21
FLORA OF THE YUKON TERRITORY
LYCOPODIACEAE club-moss family
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium L. club-moss Low creeping or tufted evergreen plants with simple to much-branched stems covered with simple, 1-nerved, 4- to many-ranked linear or lanceolate leaves. Sporangia in axils of leaflike sporophylls similar to vegetative leaves or segregated in terminal sessile or peduncled conelike strobils; spores very numerous, powdery, yellow. A. Sporangia in axils of leaflike sporophylls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. selago A. Sporangia in axils of modified terminal leafy-bracted strobiles B. Strobili sessile at ends of leafy stems C. Aerial stems erect and treelike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. dendroideum C. Aerial stems tufted, bushy or fanlike D. Plants 12–25 cm; leaves 8-ranked, 6–10 mm long, not fused to stem . . . . . . . . L. annotinum D. Plants short, less than 13 cm; leaves 4- to 5-ranked, scalelike, partly fused to stem E. Leaves mostly 4-ranked; leaves of the upper and lower sides unlike the marginal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. alpinum E. Leaves mostly 5-ranked; all the leaves alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. sitchense B. Strobili peduncled F. Leaves linear-subulate with long soft hairlike tips. . . . . . . . . . . . L. clavatum var. monostachyon F. Leaves scalelike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. complanatum
Lycopodium alpinum L. Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub L. sitchense sensu Douglas et al. (1981) alpine club-moss ✒ Stems elongate, horizontal, rooting at intervals, bearing few leaves; leaves distant, yellow, bractlike; erect stems dichotomously forked to 9 cm high. Leaves 4-ranked, dimorphic; dorsal leaves lanceolate-subulate, appressed, adnate for about half their length; lateral leaves deltoid-ovate to lanceolate, 4–5 mm long, adnate for about half their length, with free part spreading and incurved at tip; ventral leaf shorter and trowel-shaped. Strobili essentially sessile at ends of branched leafy peduncle-like stems. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows and wooded alpine slopes. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland, eastern Quebec, Michigan, Washington, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64°30’ N and disjunct to the Richardson Mountains.
22
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium annotinum L. var. annotinum bristly club-moss ✒ Stems elongated, prostrate, mostly unbranched, rooting at intervals; erect stems simple to forked several times, increasing annually to 20 cm or more in height. Leaves uniform, 8-ranked, 6–11 mm long, more or less stiff and hard, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, with a sharp spinule, coarsely toothed, spreading; lower leaves on prostrate stems turned upward. Strobili sessile at ends of leafy stems.
Lycopodium annotinum L. var. pungens (La Pylaie) Desv. ✒ Differing from var. annotinum in having leaves of erect stems 2.5–6.0 mm long, lanceolate to lance-oblong, flat, obscurely serrate, strongly ascending to tightly appressed. ✿ Moist woods and clearings, subalpine forests, and exposed rocky and peaty habitats. ● L. annotinum s.l. circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Minnesota, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory var. pungens found northward to the Arctic coastal plain while var. annotinum only in the southern third. Lycopodium
Lycopodium clavatum L. var. monostachyon Hook. & Grev. common club-moss ✒ Stems elongated, horizontal on surface of ground, forking, rooting at intervals; erect branches, at first simple, becoming dichotomous. Leaves uniform, linear-subulate, usually tipped with a soft white hairlike bristle, ordinarily ascending or appressed; lower leaves turned upward. Strobili 1 each on short peduncles on fertile branches. ✿ Dry woods and clearings. ● Var. clavatum circumpolar; var. monostachyon in Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found in lowland parts but apparently rare north of latitude 65° N.
Lycopodium
23
Lycopodium complanatum L. Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub flatbranch club-moss ✒ Horizontal stems mostly below surface of ground; upright stems to 20 cm high or higher, with crowded or somewhat remotely forking branchlets; branchlets flattened, often strongly constricted between yearly growths 2.0–4.0 mm wide. Leaves of horizontal stems distant, scalelike; leaves of branchlets 4-ranked; lateral leaves usually appressed; leaves of lower rank muchreduced. Strobili mostly 1 or 2 on remotely bracted peduncles. ✿ Woodlands and clearings. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory in lowland situations north to the Porcupine River.
Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. L. obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eat. round-branched ground-pine, tree club-moss ✒ Subterranean stems creeping, branching, and rhizomelike, with broad scalelike leaves; aerial stems upright, 10–30 cm high, simple below, forking above, constricted between the season’s growth. Lower leaves strongly divergent; leaves of lateral branchlets in 2 dorsal, 2 ventral, and 2 lateral ranks; leaves strongly decurrent, with free part linear-attenuate. Strobili sessile and terminal on main axis or dominant branches, produced in second or third or fourth growing season. ✿ Woods and clearings. ● Asia; North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska south into northern United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from Flat Creek east of Dawson and the Alaska border at the Arctic Circle, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium selago L. L. selago L. var. appressum Desv. Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. mountain club-moss ✒ Horizontal stems short, leafy, rooting from among marcescent leaves; erect stems to 20 cm high or higher, branched several times, usually near base. Leaves yellowgreen, crowded, 8- to 10-ranked, 3–8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acuminate, usually hollow at base. Sporangia in axils of leaves produced early in season, followed later by sterile leaves, thus appearing in bands. Gemmae or reproductive buds often borne in upper leaf axils. ✿ Arctic tundra species; south in mountains often below late snow patches, on barrens, in bogs, and in cold woods. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska south to the northern United States; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
*Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. L. sabinifolium Willd. var. sitchense (Rupr.) Fern. 1 Diphasium sitchense (Rupr.) Löve & Löve Diphasiastrum sitchense (Rupr.) Holub sitka club-moss ✒ Stems elongate, horizontal, rooting at intervals; erect stems dichotomously forked to 18 cm high; sterile branchlets cylindrical. Leaves in 4 or more often 5 ranks, uniform, subulate, adnate for less than half their length, with free parts usually incurved at tips; leaves on horizontal stems distant, yellowish, scalelike. Strobili sessile on leafy branches, not on naked peduncles. ✿ Alpine and subalpine barrens and wooded slopes. ● North America; from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia south into the northern United States; to be looked for in alpine situations particularly in southwestern Yukon Territory; previous reports based on misidentifications.
1An asterisk indicates species not known from Yukon Territory but expected to be found.
Selaginella
SELAGINELLACEAE spike-moss family Selaginella Beauv. spike-moss
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SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella
Low creeping plants, with branching stems, and with few fine roots. Leaves simple, imbricated, in 4 or 6 rows, with or without a bristle tip. Some sporangia containing macrospores, others microspores, borne in axils of leaflike sporophylls of terminal cone. A. Leaves flat, not bristle-tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. selaginoides A. Leaves grooved on back, bristle-tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sibirica
Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link ✒ Plant delicate, branching, forming small mat. Leaves uniform, 2–4 mm long, spreading-ascending, acute, ciliate. Fertile branches upright, with lower leaves similar to those of stem but becoming larger upwards and forming sporophylls of a subcylindric spike. ✿ Moist banks and shores, bogs, and boggy woods. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory not known north of latitude 65° N.
Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron. ✒ Stems forming small intricate mats. Leaves densely appressed-ascending, decurrent on sides of stem; leaves linearligulate, about 2.7 mm long (including about 0.5-mm long scabrous seta), grooved on back, subtruncate to truncate at apex. Sporophylls broadly ovate-deltoid, shortapiculate, ciliate, shorter than leaves. ✿ Dry exposed rocks and ridges. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America, Alaska to northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory not known in southeastern triangle.
26
ISOETACEAE
ISOETACEAE quillwort family Isoetes L. quillwort
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes
Isoetes echinospora Dur. I. muricata Dur. var. braunii Engelm. ✒ Perennial aquatic herb. Corm 2-lobed. Leaves grasslike, 7–25 or more, usually erect, fine and soft, bright green to yellowish green. Sporangia in a hollow at expanded base of leaves and more or less covered by thin edge of the hollow (velum), and with a small ligule situated above. Spores dimorphic; megaspores (female) borne in megasporangia, spherical, white, covered with sparse to dense spines; microspores (male) borne in microsporangia, kidney-shaped, usually smooth or with fine threadlike spines. ✿ Rooted in silty bottom of shallow bays and small lakes or ponds. ● North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory considered rare (Douglas et al. 1981) and known from two localities in the southeastern part.
Equisetum
EQUISETACEAE horsetail family Equisetum L. horsetail
27
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum
Rhizomatous perennials. Stems rushlike, jointed, some hollow, branched or unbranched; internodes of stems often ridged longitudinally, with stomata in rows or bands in grooves, and with ridges bearing siliceous tubercles or bands. Leaves small, whorled, fused into nodal sheaths. Sporangia on sporophylls in cones; cones terminal on vegetative stems, or occasionally on branches, or in some species on specialized precocious shoots lacking chlorophyll. A. Stems unbranched B. Fertile stems green C. Stomata in bands or scattered in grooves; stems deciduous; cones not apiculate D. Central cavity four-fifths diameter of stem; sheaths with 15–20 dark brown teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. fluviatile D. Central cavity about one-sixth diameter of stem; sheaths with 10 or fewer white-margined teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. palustre C. Stomata in two lines in each groove; stems evergreen; cones apiculate E. Sheaths with 3(4) teeth; stems lacking a central cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. scirpoides E. Sheaths with 4 or more teeth; stems with a central cavity F. Teeth few, not articulated at base, persistent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. variegatum F. Teeth numerous, articulated at base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. hyemale ssp. affine B. Fertile stems not green or becoming green only after sporulation G. Coning stems fleshy, lacking stomata, withering after sporulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. arvense G. Coning stems not fleshy, with stomata, and becoming green and branched after sporulation H. Sheaths chestnut brown, flaring upwards, with teeth cohering in several broad lobes; branches usually branched again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. sylvaticum H. Sheaths green, rather tight, with teeth white-margined, free or nearly so; branches usually unbranched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pratense A. Stems branched I. Fertile and sterile stems similar, green; first internode of primary branches (if present) equaling or mostly shorter than stem sheath; coning in summer J. Central cavity about one-sixth diameter of stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. palustre I.
J. Central cavity about four-fifths diameter of stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. fluviatile Fertile and sterile stems not alike; first internode of primary branches considerably longer than stem sheath; coning in spring K. Stem sheath teeth chestnut brown, papery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. sylvaticum K. Stem teeth dark, stiff L. Branches spreading with teeth of their sheaths deltoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pratense L. Branches ascending, with teeth of their sheaths lance-attenuate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. arvense
28
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum arvense L. E. boreale Bongard E. calderi Boivin field horsetail ✒ Plants very variable. Stems of two kinds, sterile and fertile, deciduous, growing from dark brown to black, hairy, occasionally tuber-bearing rhizomes. Sterile stems upright to 50 cm long or longer, to prostrate or diffusely branched, 1.5–5 mm thick; central cavity one- to two-thirds diameter of stem; large vallecular cavities alternating with 4–14 ridges; silica in dots on ridges; stomata in 2 broad bands in valleys; sheaths with 4–14 short narrow dark scarious-margined teeth and occasionally cohering in pairs; branches solid, whorled, spreading or ascending, mostly unbranched, 3- or 4-angled; teeth lance-attenuate; first internode longer than subtending stem sheath. Fertile stems lacking chlorophyll, precocious and fleshy, withering and dying after spores shed, generally shorter than sterile stems; sheaths 0.5–2.5 mm long, with 8–12 brown scarious-margined persistent, distinct or partly united teeth; terminal cone long-peduncled, not apiculate. Spores shedding from late March to mid May or later, depending on latitude, altitude, and season. ✿ Damp open woods, low open ground and meadows, roadside fill, and embankments, often on dry sandy surface; in arctic situations on shattered limestone or in pockets of soil with permafrost close to surface. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Alabama, Texas, and California; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Equisetum fluviatile L. E. limosum L. water horsetail ✒ Plant unbranched, or with branches occurring sporadically, or verticillate. Stems up to 1 m long or longer, but usually shorter, 3–8 mm thick, deciduous, single, but often forming dense stands from branching smooth light brown rhizomes; central cavity four-fifths or more diameter of stem; vallecular cavities absent; 10–30 smooth ridges present; stomata in a broad band in each groove. Sheaths tightly appressed, with 15–20 teeth; teeth dark brown, narrow, acuminate, persistent. Branches up to 15 cm long, hollow, with 4–6 ridges, with first internode shorter than stem sheath, and with teeth narrowly pointed. Cones up to 2.5 cm long, yellow to brown, obtuse, peduncled, deciduous, shedding spores from May to August. ✿ Quiet shallow water of rivers and lakes, wet shores, swales, and ditches. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador to Alaska, south to New England, Virginia, Indiana, Wyoming, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Arctic coastal plain.
Equisetum
29
Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Stone E. prealtum Raf. Hippochaete hyemalis (L.) Bruhin ssp. affinis (Engelm.) Holub scouring-rush ✒ Stems evergreen, up to 1.2 m long or longer, but much shorter throughout most of Canadian range, 0.3–1.0 cm thick, upright, usually unbranched, single or several together from thick dark brown dull rough rhizome; central cavity three-quarters or more diameter of stem; small vallecular cavities alternating with 14–50 ridges; ridges broad, flat, or rounded, with prominent crossbands to double rows of tubercules; stomata in 2 lines, one on each side of grooves. Sheaths constricted at base, same color as stem when young, but soon developing dark bands at base and summit, with part between base and summit white or ashy gray; teeth lanceolate, usually promptly deciduous, dark brown with broad scarious margins. Cones to 2 cm long when expanded, yellow to black, apiculate, short-peduncled, shedding spores from June to September, or persisting unopened till the following spring. ✿ Sandy and gravelly river terraces, lakeshores, old fields, and roadsides. ● Equisetum hyemale s.l. circumpolar; ssp. affine North American, from Newfoundland to southern Alaska, south to Texas and New Mexico, of localized occurrence in the Yukon Territory but known as far north as the Bell River.
Equisetum palustre L. marsh horsetail ✒ Stems deciduous, 20–80 cm long, 1–3 mm thick, erect, solitary or clustered, and growing from shiny black to brown occasionally tuber-bearing rhizomes. Central cavity one-sixth to one-third diameter of stem; vallecular cavities about same size as central cavity and alternating with 5–10 prominently angled smooth or rough ridges; stomata in single wide band in valley. Sheaths green with teeth long, narrow, black, scarious-margined. Branches (in some few to none) spreading in regular whorls from middle nodes, with first internode shorter than subtending stem sheath; sheaths with 5–6 teeth similar to stem teeth but with less obvious scarious margins. Cones 1–3.5 cm long, not apiculate, deciduous, peduncled at end of main stems. Spores shed from June to August. ✿ Wet woods and meadows, shores, and shallow waters. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to New York, Minnesota, Idaho, and California; perhaps more common in the Yukon Territory than indicated on the map, but frequently confused with E. arvense; readily distinguishable from E. arvense by length of first internode of branches being shorter than subtending teeth.
30
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum pratense Ehrh. meadow horsetail ✒ Stems deciduous, of two kinds, sterile and fertile, both upright, mostly solitary from dull black rhizomes. Sterile stems whitish green, to 50 cm long and 1–3 mm thick; central cavity from one-sixth to onethird diameter of stem, with small vallecular cavities alternating between 8–18 ridges; silica spicules long, thin, in 3 rows on ridges of middle and upper internodes; stomata in 2 bands in valleys; sheaths pale, with teeth narrow, persistent, white-margined, and dark-centred; branches whorled, horizontal to drooping, with 3 ridges; deltoid teeth slightly incurved, with thin white margins. Fertile stems apparently not common, at first unbranched and lacking chlorophyll, precocious and fleshy, becoming green and branched after spores shed; sheaths and teeth about twice as long as those of sterile stems; peduncled cones to 2.5 cm long, blunt, deciduous, shedding spores from late April to early July. ✿ Moist woods or meadows, in sun or partial shade. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Montana, Michigan, and New York; found northward in the Yukon Territory to latitude 68°23’ N, just south of the eastern British Mountains.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Hippochaete scirpoides (Michx.) Farwell dwarf scouring-rush ✒ Stems evergreen, 3–20 cm long or longer, slender, 0.5–1.0 mm thick, usually unbranched, ascending or prostrate, arched-recurving and flexuous, caespitose from fine branching rhizomes; centre of stem solid, with 3 or rarely 4 vallecular cavities alternating with deeply grooved ridges; stomata in single lines on either side of ridges; silica rosettes in lines on crests of ridges. Sheaths green below, black above, loose, with 3 or rarely 4 deltoid teeth; teeth scarious-margined, subpersistent, but their subulate tips usually soon breaking off. Cones small, 2–3 mm long, apiculate, black, shedding spores in July or August, or persisting unopened until following spring. ✿ Tundra, mossy places and woods; stems often partly buried in humus. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador to Alaska, south to New England, Washington, and Illinois; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Equisetum sylvaticum L. wood horsetail, woodland horsetail ✒ Stems deciduous, of two kinds, sterile and fertile, both erect, mostly solitary, from shiny light brown smooth hairy occasionally tuber-bearing rhizomes. Sterile stems up to 70 cm long and 1.5–3 mm thick; central cavity one-half to two-thirds diameter of stem, and prominent vallecular cavities alternating with 10–18 ridges; silica tubercules in 2 rows on ridges; stomata borne in 2 bands in valleys; sheaths loosely inflated, with reddish brown papery teeth persistent, usually united into 3 or 4 groups;
Equisetum
31
branches whorled, arched, appearing lacy from secondary branches; branches with 3 or 4 (rarely 5) ridges, with stomata in single line on either side of valleys, and with teeth narrow, pointed, and spreading. Fertile stems at first unbranched and lacking chlorophyll, precocious and fleshy, becoming green and branched after spores released; sheaths and teeth usually larger than in sterile stems. Peduncled cones to 3 cm long, blunt, deciduous, shedding spores in April and May, or later at higher latitudes. Wood horsetail readily recognizable by lacy appearance of its secondary branches and the loosely inflated reddish brown sheaths. ✿ Moist open woods, wet banks, swamps, and meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America from southern Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Washington, Montana, Michigan, and Virginia; found northward through the Yukon Territory to the valley of the Porcupine River.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ssp. variegatum Hippochaete variegata (Schleich.) Bruhin variegated horsetail ✒ Stems 6–50 cm long, 0.5–3.0 mm thick, evergreen, usually unbranched, ascending, tufted from smooth branching rhizomes; central cavity one- to two-thirds diameter of stem; large vallecular cavities alternating with 3–12 furrowed ridges; stomata in single lines on each side of ridges; silica tubercules in 2 lines on ridges, separated by furrow. Sheaths green at base, black above, slightly spreading; teeth lanceolate to lancedeltoid, obtuse, persistent, with or without filiform tips, and with brown central portion and with wide white margins. Cones 5–10 mm long, apiculate, shedding spores in July or August or more often persisting unopened until following spring.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ssp. alaskanum (A.A. Eat.) Hultén ✒ Distinguishable by its more robust stature and by its teeth incurved, completely black, or at most narrowly white-margined, with black covering part or most of sheath. ✿ Tundra, moist sand, riverbanks, and meadows. ● Ssp. variegatum circumpolar, in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Oregon, Utah, Michigan, New York, and New England and found throughout the Yukon Territory; ssp. alaskanum from Alaska through southwestern Yukon Territory, south along the British Columbia coast to Vancouver Island.
32
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE adder’s-tongue family Botrychium Sw. moonwort, grape fern
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium
Perennial more or less succulent herbs. Sporophyte bearing 1 to several fronds from an erect unbranched rootstock. Roots thick and fleshy. Sterile segment sessile or stalked, pinnately or palmately once to many times decompound; venation dichotomous, open. Fertile segment stalked; spike simple (rarely) to pinnately compound. Sporangia naked and distinct, borne laterally on its branches; spores thick-walled. Gametophyte subterranean, usually without chlorophyll and associated with an endophytic mycorrhiza. A. Sterile blade deltoid, tripinnate B. Sterile blade attached near base of stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. multifidum var. multifidum B. Sterile blade attached above middle of stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. virginianum var. europaeum A. Sterile blade once or twice pinnate C. Blade simply pinnate D. Segments of blade flabellate, often overlapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. lunaria D. Segments of blade cuneate to oblong or spatulate to flabellate E. Blades stalked; margins of segments deeply and sharply dentate . . . . . . . . . . . B. ascendens E. Blades usually sessile; margins of segments entire or lower ones often cleft with wide sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. spathulatum C. Blade pinnate-pinnatifid, with lowermost pinnae longest, all more or less pointed F. Blades deltoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. lanceolatum F. Blades oblong or ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. boreale ssp. obtusifolium
Botrychium ascendens W.H. Wagner ✒ Fronds 10–12(20) cm high. Blades bright yellow-green, narrowly oblongtriangular, up to 6 cm long and 2 cm wide; segments up to 6 pairs, cuneate to oblong, strongly ascending, with margins deeply and sharply dentate and serrate and dichotomous veins conspicuous; stalk 1–30% the length of the blades. Fertile segments mostly simple except for lower segments having 1–3 branchlets. ✿ Grassy meadows. ● Western North America; in the Yukon Territory, British Columbia, western Alberta, Montana, and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory known from single locality at Dawson and occurring with B. lunaria.
Botrychium
33
Botrychium boreale Milde ssp. obtusilobum (Rupr.) Clausen ✒ Fronds erect, up to 26 cm long, stout, fleshy. Blades pinnately divided, sessile, inserted above middle; primary divisions of blades oblong, obtuse at apex. Fertile segment simple or paniculate. Spores mature in June and July. ✿ Grassy and rocky slopes and alpine meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; from Alaska and Yukon south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Washington and Montana; rare in southern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981) and at one locality in the Richardson Mountains.
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. var. lanceolatum lance-leaved grape fern ✒ Fronds 20 cm long or longer, stout, fleshy. Blades sessile, broadly deltoid, inserted near summit; segments of blades lanceolate, pinnatifid. Fertile segment paniculate. Spores mature in July and August. ✿ Alpine meadows and grassy places. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland, south through Newfoundland, eastern Quebec, and northern Maine; from Aleutian Islands, south through British Columbia to Washington, Wyoming, and Colorado; rare in southern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. moonwort ✒ Fronds up to 25 cm long, somewhat leathery. Blades more or less oblong, sessile, inserted at or below middle, pinnate; segments of blade opposite, flabellate and often overlapping, with margins entire or somewhat incised. Fertile segment racemose or paniculate. ✿ Open turfy or gravelly slopes, shores, and meadows, usually on basic soils. ● Circumpolar; in boreal North America from Greenland and Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Wyoming, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory local occurrences as far north as the Babbage River.
34
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. multifidum leathery grape fern ✒ Fronds 10 cm or more high; stem and blade coriaceous evergreen, long-petioled, ternate, attached near base of plant; ultimate segments of blade crowded, sometimes imbricate, varying from flabellate to ovate, but more or less same size, obtuse or somewhat acute. Fertile segment paniculate. ✿ Old gravel roadbed. ● Circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory known from single collection southeast of Dawson.
Botrychium spathulatum W.H. Wagner ✒ Fronds 12–18 cm high. Blades shiny yellowish green, narrowly deltoid, sessile or nearly so, 4.5–9.0 cm long and 1.5–3.0 cm wide; segments up to 7 pairs, somewhat ascending and oblique, with basal pair commonly folded over rachis; segments mostly separate to remote, spatulate to flabellate, widest at apex, with outer margins of lower ones often cleft with wide sinuses. Fertile segments mostly simple or lower ones branched. ✿ Open fields and sand dunes. ● North America; from Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec to southeastern Alaska, barely entering northern Michigan and northern Montana; in the Yukon Territory known from single collection in the upper Rose River valley adjacent to the Canol Road.
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. var. europaeum Angstr. rattlesnake fern ✒ Fronds to 30 cm long or longer, glabrous or nearly so, deciduous. Blades leathery, broadly deltoid, sessile, attached above middle, ternately decompound; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate, usually overlapping. ✿ Thickets and often coniferous woods. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador to Alaska, south to the northern United States; barely entering the Yukon Territory in the extreme southeast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Cryptogramma
35
PTERIDACEAE
PTERIDACEAE
Cryptogramma R. Br. rock brake
Cryptogramma
Small rock ferns with dimorphic fronds arising from short much-branched or slender elongate rhizomes. Blades glabrous, evergreen or deciduous; veins free. Sori marginal, covered by a continuous indusium formed by reflexed margin. A. Fronds densely tufted from short much-branched rhizome, evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. crispa A. Fronds scattered on elongated slender rhizome, deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stelleri
Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. var. acrostichoides (R. Br.) C.B. Clarke C. acrostichoides R. Br. mountain-parsley, parsley fern, American parsley fern ✒ Fronds dimorphic, winter green, densely clustered from short-creeping mostly ascending rhizomes. Sterile fronds up to 15 cm long; stipes straw-colored; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, bipinnatepinnatifid; pinnae short-petioled; ultimate segments thick, ovate, oblong or obovate, obtuse with crenate or toothed margins. Fertile fronds standing stiffly above sterile fronds, with fewer linear-oblong entire segments; margins of segments broadly reflexed, often to midrib, but opening as sporangia mature. Sori eventually covering surface of fertile pinnule.
Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. var. sitchensis (Rupr.) C. Chr. ✒ Similar to var. acrostichoides, but with sterile fronds broadly triangular, finely dissected; ultimate segments obovate. ✿ Crevices, ledges, and talus slopes and in pockets of organic soil. ● Var. acrostichoides in Kamchatka and in western North America from southern Alaska, through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta south to California and New Mexico, east across the Precambrian Shield to northwestern Ontario and adjacent United States, and rare in southern Yukon Territory; var. sitchensis in southern Alaska to the Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie, south into northern British Columbia, and rare in southeastern Yukon Territory.
36
PTERIDACEAE
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl slender cliff-brake ✒ Fronds dimorphic, scattered along horizontal rhizome. Sterile fronds almost flaccid, 3–10 cm long; stipes pale to purplish; blades ovate to ovate-deltoid, bipinnate; pinnules oblong, ovate, or obovate flabelliform. Fertile fronds stiffer than sterile fronds, 9–21 cm long; pinnules lanceolate to oblong. Sori situated around margins of fertile pinnules; inrolled margin forming a false indusium. ✿ Usually calcareous crevices and cliffs, moist and shaded. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south into the northern United States, but interrupted because of habitat restrictions; rare in the Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981) where known only from the Ogilvie Mountains, one location on the Porcupine River, and one near the District of Mackenzie border just south of latitude 68° N.
Athyrium
ASPIDIACEAE
37
ASPIDIACEAE
Small to large ferns, with pinnate to decompound fronds forming a crown at top of a stout rhizome or singly along a fine rhizome. Sori dorsal, usually roundish, but in some somewhat elongate; indusium opening on one side, peltate or absent. A. Sporangia partly or wholly covered by rolled-up pinnules of a distinctly modified fertile frond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matteuccia A. Sporangia not in rolled up pinnules; fertile fronds not distinctly modified B. Sori elongate or horseshoe-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athyrium B. Sori round or nearly so C. Indusia present D. Indusia segmented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodsia D. Indusia not segmented E. Indusia hood-shaped, attached by its base on side toward midrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cystopteris E. Indusia round, reniform, or somewhat elongate F. Sori somewhat elongate, often curved over ends of veins; indusia attached on one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athyrium F. Sori round or reniform G. Indusia reniform or with a deep sinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryopteris G. Indusia round, without a deep sinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum C. Indusia absent H. Fronds in a crown at end of a stout rhizome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athyrium H. Fronds borne singly along a cordlike rhizome I. Fronds more or less ternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnocarpium I.
Athyrium Roth
Fronds pinnate-pinnatifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phegopteris
Athyrium
Rather large ferns with large rootstocks. Fronds pinnate to tripinnatifid; veins either simple or somewhat forked. Sori curved or straight, borne along veins; indusium attached on one side of sorus or lacking. A. Ultimate segments of frond very narrow and distant; sori roundish; indusium lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpestre ssp. americanum A. Ultimate segments of frond broad and close together; indusium curved or horseshoe-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. filix-femina var. cyclosorum
38
ASPIDIACEAE
Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands ssp. americanum (Butters) Lellinger A. distentifolium Tausch. ssp. americanum (Butters) Hultén A. americanum (Butters) Maxon ✒ Fronds up to 80 cm long, forming large clumps at ends of stout erect or somewhat decument scaly rhizomes; stipe short, sparsely scaly; blades glabrous, subcoriaceous, linear to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, twice pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae narrowly deltoid, gradually acuminate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate to narrowly triangular; ultimate segments narrow and distant. Sori roundish, lacking indusia. ✿ Moist and open rocky subalpine slopes and alpine meadows. ● Athyrium alpestre s.l. circumpolar with gaps; ssp. americanum in Greenland, Newfoundland, and Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec and in western North America from southeastern Alaska through western and southern British Columbia to California, Nevada, and Colorado; rare in the Yukon Territory, known from one site near the District of Mackenzie border at about latitude 63° N (Cody and Britton 1989).
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. cyclosorum (Ledeb.) Moore A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. sitchense Rupr. lady fern ✒ Fronds up to 80 cm long (longer southward) tufted and erect-spreading from stout chaffy erect or ascending rhizomes; stipes brittle, scaly near base; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate, bipinnate to tripinnate; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate to attenuate; pinnules with broad bluntish teeth. Sori oblong to horseshoe-shaped; indusia often toothed, ciliate, and attached by their inner side to a veinlet. ✿
Around hot springs and in wet meadows.
●
Athyrium filix-femina s.l. circumpolar; var. cyclosorum in Alaska south to California; in the Yukon Territory rare (Douglas et al. 1981) and localized in the south.
Cystopteris Bernh. bladder fern
Cystopteris
Delicate medium-sized ferns, with bipinnate or tripinnate or ternate fronds arising from short creeping rhizomes. Veins free. Indusium hood-shaped, thin, and withering, attached at one side and arching over rounded sori. A. Fronds bipinnate to tripinnate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. fragilis A. Fronds ternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. montana
Dryopteris
39
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Filix fragilis (L.) Und. fragile fern, brittle fern ✒ Fronds 10–35 cm long or longer, tufted from short creeping rhizomes; blades lanceolate, 3–8 cm wide or wider near base, bipinnate; pinnae pinnatifid to lobed, and at least basal pinnules varying from orbicular to triangular; veins mostly ending in a tooth or on unnotched margin. Indusium up to 1 mm long and more or less cleft at apex; spores echinate.1 ✿ Sheltered crevices in cliffs, talus slopes, and moist banks. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Texas, and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Bernh. mountain bladder fern ✒ Fronds 30 cm long or longer, arising singly from along a widely creeping slender rhizome; stipes usually longer than the blade, sparsely chaffy; blades ternate, broadly deltoid-ovate; two lower divisions somewhat narrower and shorter than the upper one; pinnae bipinnate to tripinnate; ultimate segments ovate, rounded, often cleft at apex; veins ending in sinuses between minute teeth. Indusium whitish, roundish, irregularly toothed, inconspicuous. ✿ Cool moist woods and rocky slopes, mainly in calcareous places. ● Circumpolar; in North America in southern Greenland, Quebec, north shore of Lake Superior, Alaska, British Columbia, southwestern District of Mackenzie, and western Alberta and the mountains of Colorado; in the Yukon Territory rare in the Ogilvie Mountains and in the southwestern parts.
Dryopteris Adans. wood fern
Dryopteris
Usually large (one species small) ferns, with fronds arising in clusters from stout creeping or erect rootstocks; stipes continuous with rootstalk, not jointed; blades bipinnatifid or pinnate to nearly bipinnate, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; veins usually free, simple or forked. Indusium roundish reniform, attached in centre, covering the sori. A. Blades usually small, copiously scaly on undersurface; old fronds or their bases forming a conspicuously persistent curled tuft at base of plant; indusia large, glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. fragrans A. Blades usually large, scales few or absent B. Lower basal pinnule on each basal pinna closer to upper basal pinnule than to second upper one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. carthusiana B. Lower basal pinnule on each basal pinna closer to second upper pinnule than to basal upper one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. expansa 1A taxon in which the spores are rugose has been called C. dickieana Sim (or treated variously as a subspecies, variety, or form of C. fragilis), but
is in need of further study.
40
ASPIDIACEAE
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs D. spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt Thelypteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl. Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Muell.) Sw. spinulose wood fern ✒ Fronds 30–80 cm long, forming crown at top of a stout ascending rhizome; stipes with ovate brown scales, particularly near base; blades lanceolate, 10–20 cm wide, bipinnate or bipinnate-pinnatifid; pinnules oblong, with spine-tipped teeth; blade and rachis not glandular; inner lower pinnule of basal pinnae usually longer than next one to it. Sori round; indusia not glandular. ✿ Moist to wet woodlands, thickets, and stream banks. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador to locally in British Columbia, and southward into the United States; very local in southern District of Mackenzie and known only from one location in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Dryopteris expansa (Presl) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy D. assimilis S. Walker D. dilatata Am. auth. pro parte D. austriaca Am. auth. pro parte northern wood fern ✒ Fronds to 1 m long, winter green in the West, forming large more or less upright crown at end of the stout erect or ascending chaffy rhizome; stipes usually shorter than blade, with brownish often dark-centred ovate-lanceolate scales; blades broadly triangular to ovate or broadly oblong, abruptly acuminate, twice pinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate; pinnae short-stalked, acuminate; basal pinnae broadly ovate or triangular, inequilateral; lower basal pinnule on each basal pinna closer to second upper pinnule than to basal upper one; ultimate segments of pinnae serrate; teeth mucronate. Sori medial; indusia glabrous, with some populations finely glandular. ✿ Cool moist woods and thickets. ● Circumpolar, with gaps; from southern Greenland and Labrador and northern Newfoundland to Algoma, Thunder Bay, and Rainy River districts in Ontario, western Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found only in the southern one-third, not common.
Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott D. fragrans (L.) Schott var. remotiuscula Komarov Aspidium fragrans (L.) Sw. Thelypteris fragrans (L.) Nieuwl. fragrant cliff fern, fragrant fern ✒ Fronds up to 30 cm long or longer, forming spreading or ascending crown from a stout rhizome; old fronds curled, shriveled, persistent; stipes 1–15 cm long, glandular, chaffy; blades coriaceous, tapering from middle to base and apex; pinnae overlapping,
Gymnocarpium
41
often inrolled, densely chaffy with brown to reddish scales; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pinnately incised or crenate; rachises and pinnae glandular. Indusia large, often overlapping, whitish, becoming brown, with their margins often ragged. ✿ Cliffs and talus slopes (most somewhat calcareous). ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and northern British Columbia; extremely abundant near Lake Superior; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Gymnocarpium Newm. oak fern
Gymnocarpium
Small ferns, with delicate more or less ternate fronds, glabrous, or glandular, arising singly along slender rootstocks; veins free, simple, or forking. Sori round; indusium absent. A. Blades membranous, with 2 lower divisions nearly as long as terminal one; rachis essentially glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. dryopteris A. Blades firm and somewhat stiff, with 2 lower divisions about half as long as terminal one; rachis, at least at junction of second and third pinna pair, densely glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. jessoense ssp. parvulum
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. ssp. dryopteris Dryopteris disjuncta Am. auth. D. linnaeana C. Chr. Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson Carpogymnia dryopteris (L.) A. & D. Löve oak fern ✒ Fronds up to 30 cm long or longer, arising singly from a slender forking blackish rhizome; blades glabrous or almost so, triangular, ternate; three divisions pinnatepinnatifid; pinnules oblong, blunt. Sori small, situated near margin. ✿ Cool rocky woods, swamp margins, and shaded slopes. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland and to British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska, south to Virginia, Michigan, and Wisconsin; in the Yukon Territory uncommon north to about latitude 66° N.
Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. ssp. parvulum Sarvela G. continentale (Petrov) Pojak G. robertianum sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte and Douglas et al. (1981) Nahanni oak fern ✒ Fronds up to 30 cm long, arising from a slender forking blackish rhizome; blades glandular, narrowly triangular, bipinnatepinnatifid; proximal basal pinnules usually only slightly longer than corresponding upper pinnules; lobes of pinnules of central part of basal pinnae oblique to rachis or curved. Sori small, situated near margin. ✿ Limestone or basic rock cliffs and moist rocky woods.
42
ASPIDIACEAE ● Northern Eurasia; in North America from upper Great Lakes in Ontario to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Minnesota and Wisconsin; in the Yukon Territory known from the Dawson–southern Dempster Highway area, the vicinity of Mayo, and Frances Lake (Rosie 1991), and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Matteuccia Todaro
Matteuccia
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Morton Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern. P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Boivin ostrich fern ✒ Fronds dimorphic, forming a crown at end of stout widely creeping and forking rhizome; sterile fronds up to 1.2 m long or longer and 12–24 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid, abruptly narrowed to base; pinnae broadly linear, acuminate; pinnules oblong, bluntish; fertile fronds much shorter than sterile fronds, persistent over winter; pinnae greenish, becoming dark brown at maturity; veins free, not forked, on both sterile and fertile pinnae. Sori borne on margins of shallowly lobed tightly inrolled and podlike pinnae. ✿ Damp shady places, adjacent to hot springs. ● Matteuccia struthiopteris s.l. circumpolar; var. pensylvanica in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, southwestern District of Mackenzie, southeastern Yukon Territory and Alaska, south to Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and South Dakota; in the Yukon Territory known only from hot springs along the Beaver River in the extreme southeast part where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Phegopteris Fée
Phegopteris
Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt P. polypodioides Fée Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) Chr. Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson long beech fern ✒ Small- to medium-sized ferns, with more or less pubescent fronds arising singly along slender elongate horizontal rhizomes. Fronds 15–35 cm long or longer; blades triangular, longer than broad, 8–20 cm long or longer, 6–16 cm wide or wider, pinnate-pinnatifid, tapering to tip; pinnalike divisions lance-acuminate, with all but lower pair (usually projected downward and forward) connected by a wing; pinnules oblong, rounded at tip, more or less hairy on both faces and on rachis; stipe and rachis with brown scales. Sori small, round, situated near margin; indusium absent. ✿ Alpine cliff ledges and rocky slopes. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland and Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan, Iowa, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory known only in the eastern part at Mount Sheldon and in the Itsi Range, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Woodsia
Polystichum Roth
43
Polystichum
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth Aspidium lonchitis (L.) Sw. Dryopteris lonchitis (L.) O. Kuntze holly fern, mountain holly fern, northern holly fern ✒ Fronds 10–60 cm long, arising from short stout chaffy rhizomes; stipes very short, chaffy; blades evergreen, leatherytextured, linear to narrowly linear-oblanceolate, acuminate, tapering to base; middle and upper pinnae oblonglanceolate, falcate; bases of pinnae auriculate above and cuneate below; basal pinnae deltoid, often very small, equilateral, serrate-dentate; teeth spreading-spinulose. Sori round, in 2 rows, occurring midway between midvein and margin; indusium round, attached at centre, entire. ✿ Limestone cliffs, moist rocky slopes, and talus slopes. ● Circumpolar, but with large gaps because of restricted habitat; in the Yukon Territory known only from southern Kluane National Park and the Itsi Range near the District of Mackenzie border (Cody and Britton 1989); considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Woodsia R. Br. woodsia
Woodsia
Small tufted ferns, with free veins, arising from compact rootstocks. Indusium of threador plate-like segments, attached below, and more or less arched over round sori. A. Stipes jointed at base, with persistent bases appearing about same length B. Fronds delicate, glabrous; stipes and rachises green or stramineous; rachises chaffless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. glabella B. Fronds more or less firm; stipes and rachises brown; rachises chaffy at least toward base C. Fronds hairy and usually chaffy below; stipes usually very chaffy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. ilvensis C. Fronds glabrous or glabrate, chaffless; stipes chaffless or with a few deciduous scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. alpina A. Stipes not jointed at base, with persistent broken bases of various lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. scopulina
Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F. Gray W. bellii (Lawson) A.E. Porsild northern woodsia ✒ Fronds up to 15 cm long, 0.5–2.5 cm broad, linear to oblong-lanceolate; pinnae suborbicular to oblong or lanceolate, crenate to pinnatifid, flat, glabrous, and with no chaff; stipes without chaff or somewhat scaly, jointed near base. Sori separate or confluent and occurring near margins; indusia of ciliated platelike lobes. ✿ Rock crevices and rock screes, usually on calcareous or nonacid rocks. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Ontario, Michigan, and Minnesota; in the Yukon Territory in the British Mountains, Ogilvie Mountains, and in the south.
44
ASPIDIACEAE
Woodsia glabella R. Br. smooth woodsia ✒ Fronds to 16 cm long or longer, 1.5 cm wide, linear to linear-lanceolate; pinnae thinmembranous, suborbicular to ovate, toothed or lobed, glabrous; stipes jointed near base, usually with chaff only below the joint. Sori distinct or confluent; indusia composed of 5–8 ciliate-like segments. ASPIDIACEAE ✿ In moss or humus among rocks or in protected cool moist calcareous crevices. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska and south to the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Ontario, northern British Columbia, New York, and Minnesota; in the Yukon Territory, mostly in the mountainous areas of the north and west.
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. rusty woodsia, fragrant woodsia ✒ Fronds 5–25 cm long or longer, 2–3 cm wide, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate; pinnae oblong-lanceolate; margins of segments crenate and usually somewhat inrolled; stipes jointed, with old stipe-bases persistent; rachis and undersurface of blade usually brown-chaffy. Sori round, numerous, and close together on undersurface; indusia of up to 20 long ciliate-like segments. ✿ Dry and often exposed usually acid rocks and crevices of cliff faces. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland to Alaska and south to Banff in Alberta, central British Columbia, North Carolina, Michigan, and Illinois; in the Yukon Territory uncommon at scattered locations and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). Woodsia
Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eat. W. oregana D.C. Eat. var. lyallii (Hook.) Boivin W. appalachiana T.M.C. Taylor Rocky Mountain woodsia ✒ Fronds to 40 cm long or longer, 1.5–8 cm wide; pinnae oblong-lanceolate to ovate; pinnules oblong, denticulate; rachis and blade with scattered white multicellular hairs mixed with glandular pubescence (which often stains drying papers yellow). Sori round, near margins; indusia composed of flat platelike segments mostly hidden under sori. ✿
Among rocks and in crevices of cliffs (usually calcareous).
● North America; in Gaspé County in Quebec, Algonquin Park and Thunder Bay District in Ontario, western Alberta, British Columbia, southern Yukon and Alaska, south to Arkansas, Tennessee, California, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only in the south from the vicinities of Champagne and MacRae where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Asplenium
ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium L. spleenwort
45
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium
Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum L. A. viride Huds. green spleenwort ✒ Small ferns, from small compact rhizomes. Fronds 2–14 cm long; stipes darkened below, green above; rachis green; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae rounded or rhomboid-ovate, crenate; veins free. Sori elongate, borne near indistinct midrib, becoming confluent at maturity; indusium membranous, attached lengthwise along one side of sorus. ✿ Among talus and in usually protected crevices of limestone. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Ogilvie Mountains where considered rare (Douglas et al. 1981).
46
POLYPODIACEAE
POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium L. polypody
POLYPODIACEAE
Polypodium
Polypodium sibiricum Siplivinsij P. virginianum sensu Cody and Britton (1989) pro parte P. vulgare L. ssp. virginianum sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) pro parte P. vulgare L. ssp. columbianum sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte rock polypody, wall fern ✒ Small- to medium-sized ferns, from widely creeping branching chaffy and somewhat acrid rhizomes. Fronds evergreen, up to 35 cm long, jointed to rhizome; scales often with dark central stripe, deeply cordate; blades oblong-lanceolate; segments linear-oblong to deltoid, entire to remotely dentate, blunt or acutish at tip; veins free. Sori round, naked, situated midway between midvein and margin, occurring on upper segments. ✿ In shallow humus on rocks, in crevices, and on woodland banks. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across North America north of latitude 53° N to northern Quebec; rare in southern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
Juniperus
CUPRESSACEAE cypress family Juniperus L. juniper
47
CUPRESSACEAE
Juniperus
Low shrubs, erect or spreading or prostrate. Leaves opposite or whorled, scalelike or awl-shaped. Female cones indehiscent, fleshy, green, becoming blue and berrylike at Wmaturity. A. Leaves awl-shaped, jointed to stem, often in whorls of 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. communis A. Leaves scalelike, decurrent on stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. horizontalis
Juniperus communis L. s.l. ✒ Low or prostrate shrub (treelike in ssp. communis). Leaves awl-shaped, crowded in whorls of 3. Represented in the Yukon Territory by two subspecies:
J. communis L. ssp. alpina (Neilr.) Celak. J. communis L. ssp. nana (Willd.) Syme J. communis L. var. montana Ait. J. communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. mountain juniper ✒ Shrub very depressed and trailing. Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–10 mm long; glaucous stomatal band 2–3 times as broad as each green margin.
J. communis L. ssp. depressa (Pursh) Franco J. communis L. var. depressa Pursh ground juniper ✒ Depressed shrub. Leaves linear, acuminate-subulate, 1.0–1.6 mm long; glaucous stomatal band about as broad as each green margin. ✿ Ssp. alpina in alpine and exposed situations; ssp. depressa in clearings and wooded areas, usually in lowlands. ● Juniperus communis s.l. circumpolar; in North America north to, and in some places slightly beyond, the northern limit of trees; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Juniperus horizontalis Moench creeping juniper ✒ Prostrate and mat-forming shrub, with long-trailing and freely rooting main branches. Leaves blue-green, in very young plants acicular as in J. communis, but soon becoming scalelike and imbricated. ✿ Bluffs, alluvial fans, terraces, and rocky slopes. ● North America; from Newfoundland and southern Labrador to southwest Alaska south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 65° N.
48
PINACEAE
PINACEAE pine family
PINACEAE
Resinous trees, with needle-shaped mainly evergreen leaves. Flowers mainly monoecious, borne in scaly aments or cones; male cones small, deciduous; female cones larger, dry; seeds borne on upper surface of scales. A. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to many B. Leaves 2 together, evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus B. Leaves in dense clusters, deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larix A. Leaves evergreen, attached singly to branches C. Leaves 4-angled, pointed and prickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picea C. Leaves flat, blunt D. Cones 6–10 cm long, upright; scales deciduous; branches smooth where needles have fallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abies D. Cones 1.5–2.5 cm long, hanging; scales persistent; branches rough where needles have fallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tsuga
Abies Mill. fir
Abies
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. var. fallax (Eng.) Boivin alpine fir ✒ Small tree (in the Yukon Territory), becoming shrublike or even prostrate at timberline; bark smooth, grayish, and usually covered with resin blisters. Leaves linear, 5–20 mm long, flattened in cross section, leathery, shiny green above, somewhat whitish beneath, blunt, all tending to turn upward. Cones erect, maturing in 1st year and then promptly disintegrating, leaving spikelike axes that remain long after rounded fan-shaped scales have fallen. ✿ Mountain slopes, usually on acid rock, extending up to tree line. ● North America, cordilleran; from New Mexico and Arizona north through British Columbia to just north of latitude 64° N in the Yukon Territory; disjunct in south central Alaska; closely related to the eastern balsam fir, A. balsamea, essentially a lowland tree of the boreal forest.
Larix Mill. larch, tamarack
Larix
Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch var. alaskensis (Wight) Raup L. alaskensis Wight tamarack, Alaska larch ✒ Tree to 6 m (taller southward); bark thin and scaly. Leaves in small lateral clusters of 12–20, pale green (turning bright yellow in autumn), deciduous. Male and female aments globular or egg-shaped, at the ends of very short peglike
Picea
49
shoots; female cones erect, their scales dark red at flowering time, but becoming leathery and brown in age. ✿ Muskegs and wet places, usually preferring lime soils. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found in the southeastern part and in the drainage of the Peel and Porcupine rivers in the north.
Picea A. Dietr. spruce
Picea
Large evergreen trees, with scaly bark. Leaves needlelike, quadrangular in cross section, arranged spirally, and standing out in all directions, deciduous after several years from above the base; twigs roughened with persistent peglike leaf bases. A. Branchlets glabrous; cones 3–6 cm long, soon falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. glauca A. Branchlets pubescent; cones short-ovoid, 1.5–3 cm long, persisting on tree for many years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. mariana
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss s.l. white spruce ✒ Tree to 25 m tall and diameter up to 50 cm; branchlets glabrous. Leaves bluegreen, sharply pointed. Cones subcylindrical, with thin rounded smooth-margined scales, deciduous. Represented in the Yukon Territory by two not entirely clear races:
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss var. albertiana (S. Brown) Sarg. western white spruce ✒ Narrowly pyramidal or spirelike; bark rough; cone scales wedge-shaped at base.
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss var. porsildii Raup ✒ Conical or narrowly ovate in outline; bark smooth and at least in youth with resin blisters similar to those of Abies balsamea; cone scales more rounded. ✿ Var. albertiana usually in well-drained exposed situations but also in bogs and muskegs, forming both alpine and northern tree line and there becoming low and shrublike; var. porsildii found on rich alluvial soils in lowlands. ● Picea glauca s.l. in boreal North America, from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, in the Yukon Territory and District of Mackenzie P. glauca forming northern tree line whereas eastward in the District of Keewatin P. mariana extending further north than P. glauca; var. albertiana and var. porsildii occurring from Keewatin and northern Saskatchewan westward, and found throughout the Yukon Territory.
50
PINACEAE
Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. black spruce
Pinus ✒ Small slender often scrubby tree, up to 10 m; bark rough and scaly; branchlets pubescent. Leaves pale bluish green, blunt or somewhat pointed. Cones subglobose to short ovoid, with rounded slightly erose scales, persisting for several years and often forming tight masses in tree tops. ✿ Dominant tree in lowland muskegs, on poorly drained clays, and glacial tills in alpine valleys and slopes. ● Boreal North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory extending northward to the Porcupine River valley.
Pinus L. pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield P. contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. lodgepole pine ✒ Evergreen tree to 12 m or more in height; bark thin and scaly, brownish to blackish. Leaves in fascicles of 2, 1.5–7.5 cm long, semicylindrical, often twisted, persistent. Cones 3–5 cm long, lopsided, reflexed on stems, persisting for many years; scales bearing a sharp prickle; cones open by the heat of forest fires to release seeds. ✿ Forming dense stands on sandy soils in southeastern part of the Territory, but scattered in usually well-drained situations elsewhere. ● Western North America; from northern California north nearly to latitude 64° N in central Yukon Territory, eastward to foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta and the southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie there hybridizing with eastern Pinus banksiana Lamb.
Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. hemlock
Tsuga
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. western hemlock ✒ Evergreen tree to 50 m or more high; bark thick, furrowed; branches horizontal, with branchlets and twigs drooping; twigs with short hairs and long multicellular hairs, at first pale yellow-brown, becoming dark reddish brown. Needles 2-ranked, petioled, 3–15 mm or more long, flattened, grooved, and shiny green above, and with 2 white bands of stomata below. Cones 1.5– 2.5 cm long, oblong-ovoid; scales thin, with more or less wavy edges; seeds about 4 mm long, with an oblong wing 5–6 mm long. ✿ Deep moist porous soils to near tree line. ● Western North America; coastal southern Alaska south through British Columbia to California, Idaho, and Montana; a specimen labeled White Horse Rapids collectedin1898,suggesting thatspeciesmightoccurinsouthwestern Yukon Territory, might have been mislabeled because suitable habitat is unlikely there.
Typha
TYPHACEAE cattail family Typha L. cattail
51
TYPHACEAE
Typha
Typha latifolia L. common cattail ✒ Stout perennial 1 m or more tall from a thick fleshy rhizome. Leaves linear, flat, 6–15 mm wide, light green, often overtopping the stems. Flowers monoecious, with staminate at top but contiguous with pistillate below, crowded in a dense terminal spike, dark brown, cylindrical, 7–15 cm long, and up to 3 cm thick. ✿ Shallow water in marshes. ● Circumpolar; rare in the Yukon Territory where known only from vicinity of Mayo (Douglas et al. 1981).
52
SPARGANIACEAE
SPARGANIACEAE bur-reed family Sparganium L. bur-reed
SPARGANIACEAE
Sparganium
Perennial grasslike rooted aquatics, with slender leafy jointed stems. Leaves linear, alternate, sheathing at the base, erect or floating. Flowers small and inconspicuous, unisexual, in globular sessile or pedunculate heads, with uppermost containing the male and lowermost the female flowers; fruit a nutlet or achene, obovoid to ellipsoid. A. Staminate heads 2 to several; achenes prominently beaked B. Leaves 2–5 mm wide, rounded on back; pistillate heads 1–2 cm broad; achene beak about 2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. angustifolium B. Leaves 5–10 mm wide, flat; pistillate heads more than 2 cm broad; achene beak more than 2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. multipedunculatum A. Staminate head 1; beak of achene short or none C. Achene short-beaked; pistillate heads axillary, separate from staminate head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. minimum C. Achene beakless; staminate head nearly contiguous with upper pistillate head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hyperboreum
Sparganium angustifolium Michx. narrow-leaved bur-reed ✒ Stems submersed or floating, with elongated 2–5 mm broad leaves, flat or convex on back; fruiting heads 1–3, 1–2 cm in diameter, with lowermost often pedunculate; staminate heads 2 to several, mostly close together. ✿ Quiet shallow or deep water of ponds, lakes, and streams. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in the Yukon Territory found south of latitude 65° N.
Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. ✒ Stems 10–30 cm long, slender, weak. Leaves 10–50 cm long, 2–4 mm wide, with upper part usually floating on surface. Staminate head 1, contiguous with uppermost pistillate one; pistillate heads 1–3, with lowermost one stalked, 5–13 mm in diameter; achenes ellipsoid, 3.5–4.5 mm long, beakless, or nearly so. ✿ Shallow bog pools to 1 m or more in depth. ● Circumpolar, subarctic; in the Yukon Territory scattered northward to the Porcupine River drainage, but perhaps overlooked.
Sparganium
53
Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Fries ✒ Stems 15–45 cm or more long, floating or emersed. Leaves floating or erect, 2–8 mm wide. Plant similar in habit to S. hyperboreum. Staminate heads usually 1, remote from upper pistillate one; pistillate heads 2 or 3, with lowermost one peduncled, or with all sessile, 5–15 mm in diameter; achenes 3–4 mm long, tapering to 1.0–1.5 mm long beak. ✿ Shallow bog pools to 60 cm in depth. ● Circumpolar, subarctic; known from Alaska north of the Arctic Circle, to the east in the Mackenzie Delta region (Porsild and Cody 1980), and to the south just south of the British Columbia border (Brayshaw 1985); in the Yukon Territory widely scattered and perhaps overlooked, but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. S. emersum Rehmann var. multipedunculatum (Morong) Reveal S. angustifolium Michx. ssp. emersum (Rehman) Brayshaw var. multipedunculatum (Morong) Brayshaw ✒ Plant similar to S. angustifolium but coarser; leaves ribbonlike, flat, often floating, up to 10 mm wide. Fruiting heads up to 2.5 cm in diameter, with lowermost ones often long-pedunculate; achene beak more than 2 mm long. ✿ Ponds and shallow water along shores of lakes. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to the Porcupine River.
54
POTAMOGETONACEAE
POTAMOGETONACEAE pondweed family
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Rooted aquatic herbs, with jointed leafy stems. Leaves sheathing at base or stipulate. Flowers small, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, lacking perianth. Fruit an achene. A. Leaves mostly alternate B. Plants with submersed or floating leaves, of fresh or rarely brackish water; flowers and fruits in spikes or heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton B. Plants wholly submersed, occurring in alkaline water; leaves linear-capillary; fruits long-pedicellate, umbellate on an elongated spiraling peduncle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruppia A. Leaves opposite, 3–10 cm long, capillary; fruits, 2–4, sessile, umbellate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zannichellia
Potamogeton L. pondweed
Potamogeton
Mostly flaccid perennial rooted aquatic plants, with leafy jointed stems, some wholly submersed, some with floating and submersed leaves and with emergent spikelike inflorescences. Leaves alternate or opposite, with submersed ones mostly thin and linear, oblong, or lanceolate, and with floating ones of firmer texture and shiny, always different in shape from submersed leaves. Flowers small and inconspicuous, bisexual, lacking perianth, mostly 4-parted, in spikes or axillary clusters. Fruit an ovoid to subglobose achene, often covered with a thin spongy pericarp. Several species, especially those reaching subarctic regions, rarely producing mature fruits but reproducing vegetatively, some by axillary winter buds, others mainly by rooting stolons or root tubers. A. Floating leaves usually present B. Stipules firm, 4–10 cm long; submersed leaves linear, very narrow, soon disintegrating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. natans B. Stipules soft, 1–3 cm long C. Submersed leaves 5–20 cm long; whole plant with a reddish tinge; floating leaves not always present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alpinus C. Submersed leaves 3–8 cm long; plant green, floating leaves normally present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. gramineus A. Leaves all submersed and alike D. Spike contiguous, oblong or capitate; stipules free, not united to leaf base E. Leaves not linear, 4 mm wide or wider, many-nerved F. Stipules 3–5 cm long, white; leaves half-clasping, more than 10 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. praelongus F. Stipules inconspicuous, soon disintegrating; leaves cordate-clasping, less than 10 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. richardsonii E. Leaves all linear, less than 4 mm wide G. Leaves 9- to 35-nerved (often apparent only under magnification) H. Plant bright green; leaves 2–4 mm wide, 15- to 35-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . P. zosteriformis H. Plant dull green or fulvous, leaves 1.5–2.0 mm wide, 9- to 17-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. subsibiricus G. Leaves 3- to 7-nerved I.
Stipules connate, with margins united two-thirds their length
Potamogeton
J.
Stipules strongly fibrous, in age breaking into shreds; leaves 5- to 7-nerved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. friesii
J.
Stipules membranaceous or scarious; leaves 3- to 5-nerved
Potamogeton
55
K. Gland present at base of leaf; peduncles 1–5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . P. berchtoldii K. Gland none; peduncles less than 1 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. foliosus I. Stipules not connate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. obtusifolius D. Spike moniliform; stipules united with leaf base or petiole; leaves 1- to 3-nerved L. Stipular sheaths prominent, 2–5 cm long; leaves blunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. vaginatus L. Stipular sheaths inconspicuous, less than 2 cm long M. Leaves with long-tapering acute tips; fruits 3–4 mm long; beak up to 0.7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pectinatus M. Leaves mostly obtuse-tipped; fruits 2–3 mm long; stigma sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. filiformis
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis ssp. tenuifolius (Raf.) Hultén ✒ Entire plant commonly reddishtinged. Stems elongate, up to 1 m or more long, simple or branched, from a slender creeping rhizome. Submersed leaves translucent, linear-lanceolate to oblong, up to 25 cm long, usually eight times as long as broad, rounded at apex, tapering to a sessile base. Floating leaves when present mostly opposite, slender-petioled, with blade narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, broader than submerged ones. Spikes dense, cylindric, on peduncles 8–15 cm long. Achenes flattened-ellipsoid, about 3 mm long, including curved terminal beak, with a sharp dorsal keel. ✿ Still waters, northward to the limit of trees. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Michigan, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Old Crow drainage.
Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieb. P. pusillus sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) P. panormitanus Biv. var. major G. Fisch. ✒ Plant wholly submersed, with slender and much-branched stems 20–40 cm long. Leaves fresh green, linear, 2–5 cm long, 0.5–1.5 mm wide, normally 3-veined, with central nerve prominent and with lateral ones obscure, and with translucent glands at base; stipular sheath free from leaf bases, membranous. Spike capitate, 3–15 mm long, on short curved peduncles arising from upper nodes; flowers in 1–4 whorls; achenes 1.5–3.0 mm long; beak up to 0.5 mm long. ✒ Quiet water to 1 m or more in depth. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska south throughout the United States to Guatemala; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to the Peel River valley.
56
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. borealis (Raf.) St. John fine-leaved pondweed ✒ Wholly submersed perennial, with widely creeping filiform stolons terminating in slender white tubers. Stems filiform, branched, 10–15 cm long, bearing clusters of flaccid filiform leaves; leaves up to 10 cm long, acute at apex, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; stipular sheath membranous, adnate to leaf most of its length. Peduncles 5–10 cm long, filiform. Spike moniliform; achenes obovoid, 2–3 mm long, with a sessile stigma. ✿ In shallow lakes and ponds. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Colorado, and Utah; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as latitude 67°41’ N, but to be looked for in the Porcupine River valley and still further north. POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. ✒ Rhizome filiform. Stems threadlike, up to 1 m long, flattened, simple or branching. Leaves bright green, narrowly linear, obscurely 3-nerved, lacking translucent glands at base. Sheath free from leaf base, with connate margins below when young. Spikes subcapitate, often of 2–3 whorls, on short peduncles rising from upper nodes; achene about 2 mm long, with a conspicuous undulate dorsal keel, and with a beak up to 0.5 mm long. ✿ Forming dense colonies on muddy bottom of shallow still waters. Rare or perhaps often overlooked. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, Kansas, New Mexico, and California; in central Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Potamogeton friesii Rupr. ✒ Submersed plant with slender rhizomes, usually perennating by winter buds borne at ends of short axillary branchlets; stems compressed, freely branching, 0.5–1.5 m long. Leaves all bright green and translucent; blade linear, 4–7 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, 5- to 7-nerved, rounded or mucronate at tip, usually with 2 small yellowish translucent glands at base; stipules conspicuous, connate when young but shredding into persisting fibers. Spikes short-peduncled, short-cylindric, often of 3 whorls; peduncles flattened; fruit 2.0– 2.5 mm long. ✿ Calcareous or brackish waters. ● Circumpolar (with large gaps in Siberia); in the Yukon Territory known to occur northward to near the Arctic Circle.
Potamogeton
57
Potamogeton gramineus L. variable-leaved pondweed ✒ Plants very variable depending upon ecological situation. Rhizome slender, producing elongate tubers late in the season. Stems slender, up to 40 cm long, usually freely branched below. Submersed leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, tapering to base and to acute or acuminate tips, sessile, 3- to 11-nerved, in youth finely denticulate. Floating leaves firm, shiny, ovate to elliptic, mostly shorter than petioles. Peduncles emergent; spikes dense, 1.0–2.5 cm long; achenes obovate, 1.7–2.8 mm long, with a dorsal keel, and with a short straight beak. ✿ Common in still water 0.5–3.0 m deep; northward to the limit of trees. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Indiana, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only as far north as about latitude 64° N.
*Potamogeton natans L. ✒ Stems simple or slightly branched, up to 2 m long. Floating leaves longpetioled, with their blades coriaceous, ovate, cordate or rounded, many-nerved, grayish green. Submersed leaves, narrowly linear, often disintegrating before end of summer leaving fibrous and very durable pegike stipules. Spike compactcylindrical, 3–5 cm long; fruits obovoid, green. ✿ Lakes and quiet streams. ● Circumpolar with some gaps, nonarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Mexico, and California; Hultén (1968) indicated a collection near the Alaska–Yukon border about latitude 62.5° N, Porsild and Cody (1980) reported this species from Rabbitkettle Lake in the southern Richardson Mountains, and Brayshaw (1985) recorded it from just south of the Yukon–British Columbia border; to be looked for in the Yukon Territory.
Potamogeton obtusifolius Mertens & Koch ✒ Submersed plant, somewhat similar to P. friesii; stems slightly zigzag. Leaves translucent, green or reddish, broadly linear, up to 10 cm long and 4 mm wide, usually with 3 veins; stipules about 2 cm long, open on side opposite leaf base, eventually shredding into persisting fibers. Spikes shortpediceled, 1–2 cm long; achenes 3–4 mm long, with a straight beak up to 0.7 mm long. ✿ Small shallow lakes and ponds. ● Amphi-Atlantic; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and very scattered sites in the western Canadian provinces; recorded from localities in British Columbia from just south of the Yukon border (Brayshaw 1985); in the Yukon Territory known only from near Mount Sheldon along the Canol Road and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
58
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton pectinatus L. sago pondweed ✒ Stems slender, freely branched and repeatedly forking, often 60–100 cm long, arising from a slender tuber-bearing rhizome. Leaves in flattened comblike fascicles, filiform, 2–12 cm long, 0.2–1.0 mm wide, tapering to a sharply pointed tip or bluntish. Stipular sheath membranous, adnate for most of its length. Peduncles filiform, 3–10 cm long; spike moniliform, with 2–6 whorls; flowering under water; achenes reddish brown, 3.0–4.5 mm long, with a beak up to 0.7 mm long. ✿ In slow-moving often calcareous water to more than 2 m in depth. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Missouri, Texas, and Mexico; occasional in the southern parts of the Yukon Territory, but known as well from the vicinity of Mayo and along the Macmillan River.
Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. white-stemmed pondweed ✒ Completely immersed perennial, with erect stems 2 m or more long; stems 2–3 mm thick, branched toward top. Leaves sessile, shiny, 7–30 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, with cordate or subcordate bases, widest below the middle and gradually tapering to rounded apex. Stipular sheaths 3–10 cm long, stiff, whitish, free from leaf bases, persistent or eventually disintegrating. Spikes up to 5 cm long, standing above surface on stout 10–50 cm long peduncles, with 6–12 tightly packed whorls of flowers; achenes 4–8 mm long, distinctly keeled; beak 0.5–1.0 mm long. ✿ Deep water of clear lakes. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Ohio, Indiana, Colorado, and California; apparently rare in the Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981) but occurring as far north as the Porcupine River valley.
Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. P. perfoliatus L. var. richardsonii Benn. P. perfoliatus L. ssp. richardsonii (Benn.) Hultén ✒ Stems wholly submersed, up to 1 m long, arising from a creeping rhizome, very leafy. Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, 0.8–1.5 cm wide, clasping at base; stipules whitish but distintegrating into white shreds. Peduncles arising from upper leaf axils, often curved and not much longer than spikes. Spikes 2–4 cm long, dense, consisting of 4–12 whorls of flowers; achenes obovoid, 2.5–4.0 mm long; beaks 0.5–1.0 mm long. ✿ Quiet lakes and streams in water up to 3 m in depth.
Potamogeton
59
● North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, Ohio, Nebraska, Colorado, and California; closely related to the circumpolar P. perfoliatus; in the Yukon Territory occurring to north of latitude 68° N.
Potamogeton subsibiricus Hagstr. P. porsildiorum Fern. ✒ Perennial with filiform stems, simple or somewhat branched toward summit. Leaves linear, 2–8 cm long, with 1 prominent median and 8–16 lateral nerves, subacute or mucronate at apex; stipules 1–2 cm long, free from leaf, not connate, whitish. Spike cylindrical, up to 1.3 cm long, shortpedunculate; flowers in 3–4 whorls; fruit 3–4 mm long, oblong-ovoid, carinate; beak 0.3–0.5 mm long. ✿ Shallow water. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending across Alaska to the Mackenzie Delta; disjunct to James Bay, eastern Hudson Bay, and Ungava Bay regions; known in the Yukon Territory from a single collection along the Canol Road where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. giant pondweed ✒ Submersed perennial, up to 1.5 m long, resembling P. filiformis and P. pectinatus, but much coarser, arising from 2–4 mm thick creeping rhizomes bearing 4–5 mm long white tubers. Leaves linear, up to 10 cm or more long, 1–2 mm wide, with tips obtuse to rounded; stipular sheaths on main stems 2–4 cm long, loose, adnate to leaves for most of their length. Spikes long-peduncled, moniliform, with 3–9 whorls of flowers; achenes obovoid, 3–4 mm long, beakless. ✿ Lakes and slow-moving rivers to a depth of 3 m. ● Circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory known north to about latitude 67°45’ N.
Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. P. zosterifolius Schum. ssp. zosteriformis (Fern.) Hultén flat-stemmed pondweed ✒ Stems to 2 m or more in length, freely branching, distinctly compressed, winged. Leaves fresh green, flat, grasslike, 2–4 mm wide, as long as the internodes, abruptly pointed, many-nerved; stipular sheaths white, open on one side, eventually shredding. Spikes cylindrical 2.0–2.5 cm long, on rather stout stiff peduncles much longer than the spike; achenes broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 4–6 mm long; beak 0.6– 1.0 mm long. ✿ In lakes to a depth of 2 m or more. ● Circumpolar; in North America, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Virginia, Ohio, Nebraska, and California; in the Yukon Territory known from only two collections—one in the southwest and the other north of latitude 64 ° N—but to be searched for elsewhere.
60
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Ruppia L. ditch-grass
Ruppia
Ruppia spiralis L. R. maritima L. var. spiralis (L.) Aschers. R. occidentalis S. Wats. ✒ Submersed freely branching aquatic. Stems slender, bearing alternate linearcapillary 5–15-cm long leaves, with membranous sheaths. Flowers usually 2, one above the other on a peduncle arising from a leaf axil; peduncles becoming long, spiraling as fruit matures; fruit on elongated stalks, pear-shaped, about 2 mm long, tipped by blunt stigma. ✿ Shallow alkaline waters. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; John Matthews (Geological Survey of Canada, pers. comm.) collected fossil seeds of a Ruppia species in the Old Crow Basin; a recent collection of immature plants of Ruppia from Needlerock Creek probably R. spiralis; R. spiralis also recorded from Nahanni National Park in southwestern District of Mackenzie.
Zannichellia L. horned pondweed
Zannichellia
Zannichellia palustris L. ✒ Fully submersed freely branched aquatic. Stems slender, fragile, bearing whorls of filiform 3–8-cm long leaves, from sheathing stipules. Flowers uni-sexual, 3–5 in leaf axils. Fruit an oblong narrow achene, about 2 mm long, terminated by a beaklike persistent style, borne on a short straight or slightly curved stalk. ✿ Shallow water along edge of pond. ● Circumpolar; in the northern part of its range perhaps often overlooked; in the Yukon Territory known only from southern Kluane National Park (Douglas and RuyleDouglas 1978b, Douglas et al. 1981). The specimen upon which this species was based in the Yukon Territory has been revised to an alga, Nitella flexilis.
Triglochin
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE arrow-grass family
61
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Smooth perennial marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves. Flowers terminal, perfect, in spikes or racemes; perianth of 3 green sepals and 3 similar petals. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1- or 2-seeded. A. Stem scapose from tuft of basal leaves. Flowers small in a narrow spikelike raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin A. Stems leafy. Flowers in a short few-flowered raceme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scheuchzeria
Scheuchzeria L.
Scheuchzeria
Scheuchzeria palustris L. ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén S. palustris L. var. americana Fern. ✒ Herbaceous yellowish green plant, with a creeping freely branched rhizome. Stems simple, flexuous, 10–20 cm high, sheathed at base by a few rather stiff and tightly rolled leaves. Inflorescence racemose, few-flowered, with each flower supported by a sheathing bract; flowers with 3 oblong petals, and with 3 oblong persistent sepals; fruit inflated, formed of 3 diverging 1- or 2-seeded follicles; seeds ellipsoid, 4–5 mm long, black. ✿ Bogs and quagmires. ● Scheuchzeria palustris s.l. circumpolar with large gaps; ssp. americana from Newfoundland and southern Labrador to Alaska, but sites in central Yukon Territory and Alaska apparently widely disjunct from the main range; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Triglochin L. arrow-grass
Triglochin
Glabrous herbs, with linear somewhat fleshy basal leaves. Flowers small, regular, 3-parted, bisexual, arranged in an elongated spikelike raceme. A. Fruit ovate, splitting into 6 segments; coarse tufted plants, up to 30–40 cm high, from obliquely ascending rhizome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. maritimum A. Fruit linear-clavate, splitting into 3 segments; delicate plants, from short erect rhizome, with short filiform bulb-bearing stolons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. palustre
Triglochin maritimum L. seaside arrow-grass ✒ Coarse tufted plant, with smooth stiff 30–50-cm high scapes. Leaves short, linear, somewhat fleshy, from an obliquely ascending thick rhizome. Inflorescence oblong, 4–5 cm long, much-elongated in fruit. Flowers small, with greenish sepals and petals. ✿ Saline or alkaline flats or river meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Ohio, Iowa, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory of very scattered occurrence but known from as far north as the Firth River in the British Mountains at about latitude 69° N.
62
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Triglochin palustre L. marsh arrow-grass ✒ Delicate plant, with slender terete scapes 15–30 cm high arising from bulblike rhizomes; rhizomes producing also filiform bulb-bearing stolons. Leaves filiform. Inflorescence a few-flowered spikelike raceme; fruit linear-clavate, splitting into 3 segments. ✿ Wet and brackish places. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, Ohio, New Mexico, and California; in the District of Mackenzie found north to the Arctic coast; in the Yukon Territory known north as far as Dawson and then disjunct to the Porcupine River drainage.
Sagittaria
63
ALISMATACEAE (ALISMACEAE) water plantain family ALISMATACEAE (ALISMACEAE) Sagittaria L. arrowhead
Sagittaria
Sagittaria cuneata Sheld. ✒ Glabrous perennial, with scapelike stems and with sheathing leaves arising from a nodose tuber-bearing rhizome; juice milky. Leaves long-petioled, with a saggitate or sometimes lanceolate blade 6–18 cm long, with the narrow lobes somewhat spreading. Flowers verticillate, with 3 large white deciduous petals, and with 3 green persistent sepals; fruiting heads 10–15 mm in diameter; achenes about 2 mm long, obovate, with a wide rounded dorsal keel. ✿ Emergent aquatic in shallow water along calcareous muddy shores. ● North America; from Gaspé County in Québec to central Alaska; in District of Mackenzie known around Great Slave Lake with disjunct stations at 65°53’ N 128°13’ W and in the Mackenzie Delta and in Alaska north of the Arctic Circle; in the Yukon Territory known in the extreme south where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
64
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) grass family
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Annual or perennial (ours mainly the latter) herbaceous plants, with jointed usually terete and hollow culms, and with linear alternate 2-ranked flat canaliculate or convolute leaves, each composed of a sheath and a ligule and a blade. Flowers much-reduced, usually bisexual in spikelets of 2-ranked scalelike leaves; in spikelet the lower scales (glumes) sterile, with each flower supported by an outer scale (lemma) and usually enclosed by a smaller inner scale (palea); stamens usually 3; stigmas plumose, 2; ovary superior; fruit a grain. Spikelets variously arranged in panicles, racemes, or spikes (see below). a. Rachilla b. First glume c. Second glume d. Lemma e. Palea f. Ovary g. Stigma h. Filament i. Anther Stylized grass spikelet. j. Sterile floret
Key to the groups of grasses
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
A. Spikelets pedicellate forming a panicle or raceme B. Spikelets 1-flowered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group I (Fig. 1) p. 64 B. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered C. Spikelets with 1 terminal functional flower and 2 lateral staminate or sterile florets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group II (Fig. 2) p. 66 C. Spikelets normally with only bisexual flowers D. Lemmas (except Sphenopholis) with a bent awn arising from the back; glumes usually as long as the spikelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group III (Fig. 3) p. 66 D. Lemmas awnless or with an apical awn; glumes shorter than first floret (except in Dupontia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group IV (Fig. 4) p. 66 A. Spikelets sessile or subsessile in spikes or spikelike racemes E. Spikelets on one side of rachis; spikes usually more than 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group V (Fig. 5) p. 67 E. Spikelets on opposite sides of rachis; spike mostly solitary and terminal . . . Group VI (Fig. 6) p. 67 GROUP I A. Inflorescence cylindrical or ovoid, spikelike B. Glumes awnless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alopecurus B. Glumes awned C. Articulation above glumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phleum C. Articulation below glumes, with spikelets falling entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
65
A. Inflorescence not spikelike D. Inflorescence narrow and short; glumes minute, much shorter than lemma; fruit at maturity loosely enclosed in lemma; dwarf arctic-alpine species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phippsia D. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; fruit at maturity adherent to lemma E. Lemmas membranaceous F. Spikelet disarticulating below glumes; broad-leaved forest species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinna F. Spikelet disarticulating above glumes G. Lemmas surrounded at base by a tuft of stiff hairs, in some species reaching to tip of lemma; lemmas awned dorsally . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis G. Lemmas lacking tuft of hairs at base H. Glumes longer than lemma; lemma with or without dorsal awn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis H. Glumes shorter than lemma I.
I.
Lemmas awnless J.
Coarse broad-leaved grasses with 10–20-cm long panicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctagrostis
J.
Medium to small wiry grasses; panicle rarely over 12 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhlenbergia
Lemmas awned from tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhlenbergia
66
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
E. Lemmas hard, firmly encasing fruit with long terminal awns; callus bearded; prairie or woodland species K. Awn not twisted, less than three times as long as lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oryzopsis K. Awn twisted and bent, 4–10 times as long as lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stipa GROUP II A. Inflorescence evidently paniculate; spikelets 3-flowered, with central floret perfect and lateral ones staminate; medium to small grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hierochloe A. Inflorescence dense, spikelike; spikelets appearing 1-flowered, with central floret perfect and lateral ones reduced to sterile scales; tall coarse broad-leaved grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris GROUP III A. Articulation below glumes, with spikelet falling entire; glumes dissimilar, with second one obovate; lemma awnless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sphenopholis A. Articulation above glumes B. Lemmas bifid at apex, with a flat bent awn attached between lobes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Danthonia B. Lemmas merely toothed at apex, awned from back of body C. Glumes 2.0–3.5 cm long; spikelets pendulous, 2-flowered; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avena C. Glumes not over 1 cm long; spikelets not pendulous; perennial D. Spikelet 3- to 6-flowered, 1.0–1.5 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helictotrichon D. Spikelet 2- to 4-flowered, less than 1 cm long E. Lemmas keeled, awned from above the middle F. Awn straight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Koeleria F. Awn bent and exserted G. Awn long-exserted, scabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trisetum G. Awn barely exserted, smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vahlodea E. Lemmas convex, awned from below the middle H. Glumes shorter than spikelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deschampsia H. Glumes equaling or exceeding uppermost floret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aira GROUP IV A. Lemmas densely villous on callus, 7-nerved; tall coarse prairie grasses of wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scolochloa A. Lemmas not villous on callus, 3- to 5-nerved B. Glumes distinctly longer than spikelet; arctic plants of wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dupontia B. Glumes shorter than spikelet C. Lemmas bifid at apex, awned from notch or just below D. Callus of floret bearded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizachne D. Callus of floret not bearded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus C. Lemmas not bifid at apex; if awned the awn apical E. Glumes nearly as long as lowermost floret F. Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters; introduced species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dactylis F. Spikelets not in dense one-sided clusters; species mostly of arctic range
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
67
G. Tall marsh plants from a creeping rhizome; leaves broad and flat, yellowish green or purplish; ligules lacerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctophila G. Dwarf terrestrial tufted plants with crinkly roots; leaves flat or folded, yellowish green with a metalic lustre; ligules entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colpodium E. Glumes shorter than lowermost floret H. Lateral nerves of lemma arched or converging; lemmas awnless, acuminate or awned I.
Lemmas distinctly rounded on the back J.
Lemmas awned or with acuminate tip K. Perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca K. Annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vulpia
J. I.
Lemmas awnless; tip blunt or erose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa
Lemmas distinctly keeled; tip blunt or erose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa
H. Lateral nerves of lemma parallel; lemmas awnless, with blunt or rounded tip L. Lemmas prominently nerved M. Rhizomes present; leaf sheaths closed, rupturing later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glyceria M. Rhizomes absent; culms rooting at nodes; leaf sheaths split to base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torreyochloa L. Lemmas obscurely nerved; glumes minute much shorter than lowermost lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puccinellia GROUP V
Spikelets 1- to 2-flowered, in two rows along one side of a slender continuous rachis; coarse annual slough grass. Represented in the Yukon Territory by only one genus, Beckmannia. GROUP VI
The taxonomy of this group is extremely difficult and authors differ greatly on the alignment of genera and species within genera. I have followed the generic treatment of Clayton and Renvoize (1986). A. Spikelets in groups of 2 or more at each node B. Spikelets 1-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum B. Spikelets 2- to 9-flowered C. Leaf blades stiff, harsh, xeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leymus C. Leaf blades soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus A. Spikelets borne singly at each node D. First glume absent except in terminal spikelet; spikelets placed edgewise to rachis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lolium D. Both glumes present in all spikelets; spikelets placed flatwise to rachis E. Plants annual (cultivated grains) F. Glumes ovate, 3-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triticum F. Glumes subulate, 1-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secale E. Plants perennial G. Spikelets more or less pectinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agropyron G. Spikelets not pectinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus
68
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Agropyron Gaertn. wheat grass
Agropyron
Caespitose (ours) long-lived perennial grasses. Inflorescence a more or less pectinate spike, with solitary spikelets; glumes awn-tipped or awnless; lemmas firm, faintly 5-or 7-nerved, awned or awnless. A. Spikes distinctly pectinate; leaves narrow, inrolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. pectiniforme A. Spikes more or less pectinate; leaves wider, flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sibiricum
Agropyron pectiniforme R. & S. A. cristatum of American authors, pro parte crested wheat grass ✒ Culms to 60 cm or more high, somewhat geniculate at base, 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter in lower part. Leaves rigid, inrolled. Spikes 2–6 cm long, distinctly pectinate; spikelets divergent from rachis, horizontal to ascending, about 1.5 cm long; glumes and lemmas short-awned; lemma awns (1.0)2.0–3.0(4.0) mm long. ✿ Roadsides and waste places, frequently seeded as a soil binder. ● Introduced from Russia; in the Yukon Territory occasional as far north as Faro.
Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) PB. ✒ Culms to 70 cm or more high, somewhat geniculate at base, 1.5–2.0 mm in diameter in lower part, coarser than A. pectiniforme. Leaves flat, 4–5 mm wide. Spikes 3–7 cm long, more or less pectinate; spikelets ascending, about 2 cm long; glumes and lemmas awnless or shortawned; lemma awns (0)0.2–3.5(6.0) mm long. ✿ Waste areas. ● Introduced native of south-central Russia; in the Yukon Territory known only from Whitehorse and Carmacks.
Agrostis L. bent grass
Agrostis
Tufted rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials. Panicle mostly open, with numerous 1-flowered spikelets, disarticulating above glumes; lemma awned or awnless; palea well-developed or rudimentary or absent. A. Lemma with prominent geniculate awn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. mertensii A. Lemma with a short straight awn or awnless B. Caespitose; native species C. Panicle narrowly contracted, almost spikelike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. exarata C. Panicle loose and open D. Lemma nearly as long as glumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. filiculmis D. Lemma half to two-thirds as long as glumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. scabra B. Stoloniferous; introduced species
Agrostis
69
E. Plants 30–50 cm high; panicle branches not spikelet-bearing at base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. capillaris E. Plants 50–100 cm high; panicle branches usually spikelet bearing at base. . . . . . . . . . A. gigantea
Agrostis capillaris L. A. tenuis Sibth. colonial bent grass ✒ Perennial; somewhat stoloniferous but also with short rhizomes; culms 20–50 cm or more high. Leaf blades 2–5 mm wide, flat or folded; ligules of middle culm leaves 0.5–1.5 mm long. Panicle diffuse, open, 4–10 cm long; branches filiform; spikelets usually purple; glumes acute about 2.5 mm long; lemmas shorter than glumes, awnless or with a short awn; palea about half as long as lemma. ✿ Plant of waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in Canada mainly in moister areas of the Maritime Provinces and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory reported only from along a path to the tower at Nisutlin Delta.
Agrostis exarata Trin. spike redtop ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 20–50 cm or more high. Leaf blades scabrous, flat, 2–10 mm wide; ligule prominent, up to 10 mm long. Panicle almost spikelike, with numerous short branches, very dense and narrow, green; glumes 2.0–2.5 mm long, longer than lemma; lemma awnless or very short awned; palea minute or lacking. ✿ Moist springy places, usually adjacent to hot springs. ● Western North America, from the Aleutians and coastal Alaska south through British Columbia to Texas, Nebraska, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory, isolated in the southeastern part where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and also in McArthur and Ethel lakes area; also isolated in southwestern District of Mackenzie.
Agrostis filiculmis M.E. Jones A. clavata Trin. ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 30–50 cm high. Leaf blades flat, about 1.5 mm wide; ligules lacerate. Panicle loose; branches capillary, ascending; peduncles of florets clavate; glumes about 2 mm long, slightly longer than lemma; lemma awnless. ✿ Wooded slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; rare in central Alaska and known in the Yukon Territory only from Moosehide Mountain at Dawson where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
70
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Agrostis gigantea Roth. A. alba L. var. gigantea (Roth.) Griseb. A. stolonifera L. var. major (Gandoger) Farw. creeping bent grass, redtop ✒ Perennial, with creeping or stoloniferous rhizome; culms up to 1 m tall, sometimes decumbent or geniculate at base. Leaf blades flat or folded, 1–10 mm wide; ligule 2–4 mm long. Panicle 5–20 cm, pyramidal, but contracted after flowering; whorls of branches widely spaced; glumes 2–3 mm long; lemma shorter than glumes, awnless or sometimes with a short straight awn; palea about half the length of lemma. ✿ Introduced in waste places in the Yukon, but possibly native elsewhere in North America. ● Circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory previously known only from an early collection at Dawson but recently collected at Carmacks.
Agrostis mertensii Trin. ssp. mertensii A. borealis Hartm. red bent grass ✒ Densely tufted perennial, with erect leafy shoots at base; culms 10–30 cm high. Leaf blades flat, 1.5–3.0 mm wide; ligules 1.5–2.0 mm long. Panicle open, with spreading or ascending branches; glumes 2.5–3.5 mm long, longer than lemma; lemma densely scabrous, with a usually twisted geniculate exserted awn attached below the middle; palea very small; anthers 0.6–1.2 mm long. ✿ Arctic and alpine tundra on stream banks and open slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; from Alaska south in the Cordilleran region to Utah and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory known in the McQuesten area, in the Mackenzie Mountains adjacent to the Canol Road, in the Richardson Mountains, and in the extreme southeast; to be looked for elsewhere in the mountains in the Territory; ssp. borealis (Hartm.) Tzvel. occurring in northeastern North America.
Agrostis scabra Willd. var. scabra tickle grass, rough hair grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 30–60 cm or more high, very slender, erect or ascending. Leaves flat or folded, very scabrous, 1–3 mm wide; ligules 2–4 mm long. Panicle large and diffuse, 5–25 cm long, with erectspreading, hairlike, scabrous branches 5–20 cm long; spikelets crowded near tips; glumes usually becoming purple, 2–3 mm long, acuminate, scabrous on keel, twothirds as long as awnless lemma; palea wanting.
Alopecurus
71
Agrostis scabra Willd. var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen A. hiemalis (Walt.) BSP. var. geminata (Trin.) Hitchc. A. geminata Trin. ✒ Differing from var. scabra in having mature panicle broadly ovoid and smaller (one-sixth to one-third the height of whole plant) and having an awned lemma; awn usually as long as or slightly longer than glumes. ✿ Var. scabra on floodplains and riverbanks and occasionally in bogs; a very common pioneering species in disturbed ground along roadsides, where forming dense stands and lending a purplish aspect as plants mature in August. Var. geminata in moist sandy thickets and on roadsides. ● North American; from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward; var. scabra in the Yukon Territory frequent north to about latitude 65° N and then disjunct to the Porcupine River valley; var. geminata in vicinity of Whitehorse and Dawson where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Aira L. hair grass
Aira
Aira caryophyllea L. silver hair grass ✒ Annual; culms mostly single, up to 20 cm high. Leaves scabridulous, 0.3– 0.7 mm wide. Panicle open, up to 6 cm long and nearly as wide; spikelets about 3 mm long, 2-flowered, silvery shiny, clustered near ends of capillary branches; florets included within glumes; lemmas awned from below the middle; awns 3–4 mm long, exserted; callus short-hairy. ✿ Waste places and along roadsides. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America mainly west of the Cascades; in the Yukon Territory known from a single collection at Mile 988 Alaska Highway (between Bear Creek and Champagne (Hultén 1950)), but to be looked for elsewhere.
Alopecurus L. foxtail
Alopecurus
Tufted stoloniferous or rhizomatous perennials. Panicles dense and spikelike; spikelets 1-flowered. A. Panicle ovoid-short cylindrical; culms erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpinus A. Panicle narrowly cylindrical; culms erect or decumbent B. Culms 15–50 cm or more high; anthers about 1 mm long; plant of wet places . . . . . . . . . A. aequalis B. Culms 50–100 cm high; anthers 3 mm or more long; introduced plant of waste places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. pratensis
72
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. short-awned foxtail ✒ Culms tufted, 10–50 cm or more high, erect, geniculate or decumbent, and rooting at nodes. Leaf blades usually flat, scabrid on ribbed upper (adaxial) surface; leaves flaccid when floating. Panicle narrowly cylindrical, 1.5–7.5 cm long, pale green; glumes 2.0–2.5 mm long, villous on the nerves, more or less silky between nerves; lemmas about same length as glumes; awn attached near middle of lemma, included or extending only slightly beyond glumes; anthers about 1 mm long, orange, becoming yellowish white. ✿ In shallow often summer-dry ponds. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory extending north of lat. 67° N to the Porcupine River valley.
Alopecurus alpinus J.E. Smith A. alpinus J.E. Smith ssp. glaucus (Less.) Hultén Alopecurus alpine foxtail ✒ Perennial from a short rhizome. Culms 15–30 cm or more high, erect. Leaf blades short, flat, somewhat hispid on raised veins of upper surface; upper leaf sheaths somewhat inflated. Panicle ovoid-short cylindrical; glumes about 3.5 mm long, strongly woolly; lemma shorter than glumes, awned at or below the middle; awn straight or geniculate, as long as or much longer than glumes; anthers about 2 mm long. Specimens from the interior and south of the Yukon Territory generally much taller and may have awns quite visible, otherwise inseparable. ✿ Wet tundra and dunes near the seacoast and in fertilized situations; in the mountains in moist alpine and subalpine tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Arctic south in the mountains to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory along the Arctic coast with widely separated localities in the mountains south of latitude 64° N.
Alopecurus pratensis L. meadow foxtail ✒ Tufted and more or less stoloniferous perennial. Culms 50–100 cm high. Leaves flat, scabrous on both surfaces. Panicle narrowly cylindrical, 3–8 cm long; glumes 4–6 mm long, long-ciliate on nerves and keel; lemma about as long as glumes, awned from near base; awns straight or geniculate, slightly longer or as much as 5 mm longer than glumes; anthers 3 mm or more long. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced to North America from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, and Kansas; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinities of Dawson, Faro, and Kathleen Lake south of Haines Junction.
Arctophila
73
Arctagrostis Griseb. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. s.l. A. latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. var. arundinacea (Trin.) Griseb. A. latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. ssp. arundinacea (Trin.) Tzvelev A. arundinacea (Trin.) Beal A. angustifolia Nash (type from Dawson) A. macrophylla Nash (type from Dawson) A. poaeoides Nash (type from Dawson)
ssp. latifolia
ssp. arundinacea
Arctophila Rupr.
✒ Stoloniferous perennial. Culms smooth, 25–140 cm high, solitary or in tufts. Leaf blades flat to involute, 2–10(15) mm wide, scabrous. Panicle open to more or less contracted; spikelets 1-flowered, articulate above glumes; glumes acute to acuminate, awnless; lemma 3-nerved, awned at apex or awnless; anthers 1.3–4.0 mm long. ✿ Common in damp and turfy tundra, heathland, and open woodland. ● Circumpolar; in northwestern North America at least, extremely variable, among other characters, in stature, width of leaves, branching of the inflorescence, size and shape of lemmas and glumes, and length of stamens. In the Yukon Territory most specimens from north of latitude 67° N relatively short in stature, with more or less compressed panicles, and agreeing with ssp. latifolia, but, in this area in particular, usually taller plants with more-open panicles also occurring and agreeing with description as an amphi-Beringian ssp. arundinacea; other characters overlap extensively both here and southward.
Arctophila
Arctophila fulva (Trin.) Rupr. Colpodium fulvum (Trin.) Griseb. ✒ Coarse yellowish green marsh grass, with a stout creeping rhizome; culms 30–50 cm high, smooth, leafy. Leaves broad, flat, and smooth; sheath open only near apex; ligule membranous, lacerate. Panicle pyramidal, with long drooping capillary branches; spikelets 2–7 flowered, articulate above glumes; glumes 3.0–3.7 mm long, shorter than spikelet, obtuse, with margins broadly hyaline; lemmas 2.7–4.0 mm long. Near its northern limit often sterile propagating vegetatively. ✿ Shallow tundra ponds and sloughs and banks of slow-moving streams. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to northern British Columbia and Alaska; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
74
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Avena L. oats
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Avena sativa L. oats ✒ Tufted annual; culms to 100 cm high. Leaves flat, coarse, rough. Panicles lax, 10–30 cm long; spikelets large, about 20 mm long, 2- or 3-flowered; lemma glabrous, shorter than glumes, 2-toothed at apex, awned or awnless. ✿ Waste places. ● Cultivated grain, occasionally escaping but not persisting; found at scattered locations in central and southeastern Yukon Territory.
Beckmannia Host.
Beckmannia
Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host ssp. baicalensis (Kuzn.) Hultén slough grass ✒ Tufted annual. Culms up to 1 m high, smooth. Leaves pale blue-green, flat, 2–10 mm wide, finely scabrous. Panicle 10–20 cm long, narrow, with ascending branches; spikelets 1- to 2-flowered, compressed laterally, subcircular, 2.0–3.2 mm long, nearly sessile and closely imbricated in two rows along the slender continuous rachis, disarticulating below glumes and falling entire; glumes sub-equal, 3-nerved, membranaceous, acute; lemmas 5-nerved, acute, awnless. ✿ Wet meadows and sloughs subject to spring flooding; possibly introduced in some situations. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Missouri, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as the Porcupine River.
Bromus L. brome grass
Bromus
Annual or perennial tufted or rhizomatous. Leaves broad and flat. Panicle consisting of large, many-flowered, ascending or pendulous spikelets on slender, flexuous branches. A. Annual B. Lemmas lanceolate; awns 10 mm or more long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. tectorum B. Lemmas broad; awns 3–9 mm long C. Panicle erect, contracted and rather dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. hordeaceus C. Panicle open; branches spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. secalinus A. Perennial D. Lemmas keeled; first glume 3- to 5-nerved; second glume 5- to 9-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . B. carinatus D. Lemmas rounded; first glume 1-nerved; second glume 3-nerved
Bromus
75
E. Plants tufted, lacking rhizomes; lemmas pubescent only on margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. ciliatus E. Plants rhizomatous F. Lemmas glabrous, scabrous or hirsute across the base or on the nerves; awns 1–2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. inermis F. Lemmas villous, especially toward margins; awns 1–6 mm long. . . . . . . . . B. pumpellianus
Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. B. marginatus Nees California brome ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 30–90 cm or more high. Leaf sheaths glabrous to pilose; ligules 1–3 mm long; blades 3–10 mm wide, glabrous to scabrous or pilose. Panicle 5–20 cm long; branches erect to spreading or reflexed; spikelets 20–35 mm long, 5- to 10-flowered; glumes unequal, with first usually 3-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, pubescent; awn 3–10 mm long, straight; anthers 4–5 mm long. ✿ North America; from British Columbia and Alberta south to Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico; introduced eastward and northward to Alaska and extreme southern Yukon Territory.
Bromus ciliatus L. ✒ Perennial; culms slender, tufted or growing singly, 70–120 cm high; nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths short pilose; ligule short, 0.4–1.0 mm long; blades soft, up to 10 mm wide, often with scattered long soft hairs on both surfaces. Panicle 15–25 cm long, open; branches drooping, with lowermost up to 15 cm long; spikelets 15–25 mm long, 4- to 9-flowered; glumes glabrous, unequal, with first 1-nerved and with second 3-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, 10–15 mm long, long-ciliate, glabrous across the back; awn 3–5 mm long; anthers variable, 1.0– 1.8 mm long. ✿ Moist open woods and rich meadows. ● Eastern Asia to Newfoundland; in North America south to the New England States, and in the west to Texas, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to Dawson but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Bromus hordeaceus L. B. mollis L. B. racemosus L. soft chess ✒ Annual; culms 20–80 cm or more high; nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous to hairy; ligules 1.0–1.5 mm long; blades soft, flat, to 4 mm wide, more or less hairy on both surfaces. Panicle erect, narrow, 4–15 cm long; spikelets about 15 mm long, 5- to 7-flowered; glumes subequal, acute, with lower one lanceolate, and with upper one ovate; lemma 6.5–8.0 mm long, ovate, firm, minutely scabrous; awn 5–9 mm long; anthers 1.5–3.0 mm long.
76
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) ✿
Along roadsides. Widely introduced from Europe; known only from an early collection at Dawson but not observed in recent years in the Yukon Territory. ●
Bromus inermis Leyss. smooth brome ✒ Perennial with extensive rhizomes; culms erect, to 100 cm or more high. Leaf sheaths usually glabrous; ligules 0.5–3.0 mm long; blades flat, up to 5 mm wide, usually glabrous. Panicle spreading, 15–25 cm long; spikelets 15–30 mm long or longer; glumes unequal, with first usually 1-nerved, 4–8 mm long, glabrous; lemmas oblongelliptic, glabrous to finely puberulent; awns absent or very short (1–2 mm long); anthers 4–6 mm long. ✿ Roadsides and waste ground in townsites. ● Widely introduced in North America; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as Eagle Plains on the Dempster Highway.
Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. var. pumpellianus B. inermis Leyss ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon ✒ Perennial; culms erect, 50–100 cm high, solitary from a creeping rhizome or appearing to be tufted. Leaf sheaths glabrous or pubescent; ligules about 0.5 mm long; blades 3–8 mm wide, glabrous or pubescent. Panicle 5–30 cm long, erect to spreading; spikelets 15–25 mm long, 5- to 15-flowered; glumes unequal, with first usually 1-nerved; lemmas about 12 mm long, lance-oblong to oblong-elliptic; awns 1–6 mm long; anthers 3.5–6.0 mm long.
Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. var. arcticus (Shear) A.E. Porsild B. arcticus Shear ✒ Differing from var. pumpellianus in having somewhat lower stature; glumes hirsute to densely villous rather than glabrous; lemmas hirsute to densely villous rather than villous only along marginal nerves; leaf sheaths more or less pubescent. ✿ Riverbanks, grassy slopes, and disturbed situations. ● Eastern Asia; western and northwestern North America south to Colorado and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory both varieties found northward to the Arctic slope, but apparently absent in the southeast.
Calamagrostis
77
Bromus secalinus L. cheat ✒ Tufted annual; culms 30–80 cm high; nodes pubescent. Leaf sheaths pubescent or glabrous; ligules 1.5–3.0 mm long; blades 2–5 mm wide, pubescent or glabrous. Panicle 5–20 cm long, lax, usually nodding; spikelets 12–20 mm long; glumes unequal, with first one lanceolate and 3- to 5-nerved, and with second one ovate; lemmas 6.5–9.0 mm long, ovate, inrolled, with margins minutely scabrous; awns 3–6 mm long or much-reduced; anthers 1–2 mm long. ✿ Waste ground at Dawson. ● Widely introduced in North America from Eurasia; not observed in the Yukon Territory in recent years.
Bromus tectorum L. downy brome ✒ Tufted annual; culms 10–80 cm or more high. Leaf sheaths pilose; ligules 5–6 mm long, lacerate; blades to 5 mm wide, hairy on both surfaces. Panicle 5–15 cm long; branches drooping; spikelets 10–20 mm long; glumes unequal, pubescent, hyalinemargined; lower glume subulate, with upper one lanceolate; lemmas lanceolate, about 10 mm long, pubescent, hyaline-margined; awns 10 mm or more long. ✿ Waste ground at Dawson. ● Widely introduced in North America from Eurasia; not observed in the Yukon Territory in recent years.
Calamagrostis Adans. reed bent grass
Calamagrostis
Narrow-leaved perennials, with creeping rhizomes; culms 15–150 cm high. Leaves flat to involute; ligules membranous. Inflorescence an open to contracted panicle; spikelets 1-flowered, articulate above glumes; glumes unequal; lemma equaling or shorter than glumes; awn straight to geniculate, attached below middle of lemma; rachilla with a tuft of long hairs; callus hairs from less than one-quarter length of lemma to longer than lemma. A. Awn longer than glumes, twisted and bent when dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. purpurascens var. purpurascens A. Awn shorter than or equaling glumes, straight or twisted B. Awn geniculate, once or twice twisted when dry, with tip usually protruding from side of spikelet C. Panicle compact and spikelike, with branches short-appressed; plants of well-drained slopes in the interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. purpurascens var. laricina C. Panicle branches spreading, few-flowered at tips; plants of arctic coastal meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. deschampsioides B. Awn straight or twisted less than once, only slightly geniculate
78
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
D. Panicle usually open and lax; callus hairs not tufted, as long as lemma E. Panicle branches 3–8 cm long, sparsely to densely flowered along upper half; culms with 3–8 nodes, often branched in upper part; glumes 3–6 mm long F. Glumes 3.0–4.5 mm long, usually scabrous and thin, hyaline along margins; awn usually delicate and inconspicuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. canadensis ssp. canadensis F. Glumes 4–6 mm long, thicker and less often hyaline along margins; awn slender, sometimes somewhat twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. canadensis ssp. langsdorffii E. Panicle branches shorter, up to 4 cm long; culms with 2 or 3 nodes, unbranched; glumes 4.0–5.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lapponica D. Panicle stiff, erect, its branches appressed except at time of flowering; callus hairs one-third to almost as long as the lemma G. Longest callus hairs half to three-quarters as long as lemma; glumes 2.0–4.5 mm long, thin, often hyaline along margins; leaf blades thin, 2–4 mm wide, often involute; ligules 1–3 mm long, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stricta ssp. stricta G. Longest callus hairs two-thirds to almost as long as lemma; glumes 3–6 mm long, thicker, usually indurate and opaque; leaf blades 3–6 mm wide, usually flat, scabrous above; ligules 3–6 mm long, lacerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stricta ssp. inexpansa
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. ssp. canadensis blue-joint ✒ Culms 50–150 cm high, with 3–8 nodes, often branching at upper nodes. Leaf blades lax, flat, scabrous on both surfaces, 3–8 mm wide, 5–30 cm long; ligules 3–8 mm long, lacerate. Panicle usually open, at least during anthesis, lax, 6–30 cm long, 2–10 cm wide; spikelets numerous on upper half of branches; glumes subequal, 3.0–4.5 mm long, usually purple-tinged, scabrous, hyaline along margins, acute to acuminate; lemma thin, 2.5–4.5 mm long; awn delicate, extending to or just beyond tip of lemma; callus hairs all about same length, about as long as lemma. ✿ Meadows, open woods, riverbanks, and wet places.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. ssp. langsdorffii (Link) Hultén C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. langsdorffii (Link) Inman C. langsdorffii (Link) Trin. ✒ Differing from ssp. canadensis in its usually taller stature; glumes longer and narrower, very acute, herbaceous, very scabrous on the keel. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows and thickets.
Calamagrostis
79
● Calamagrostis canadensis s.l. circumpolar; ssp. canadensis from Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Ohio, Missouri, New Mexico, and California, and widespread in the Yukon Territory except for extreme north; ssp. langsdorffii from Greenland to Alaska and northwestern Asia, south to Newfoundland, New York, Minnesota, and Colorado, and widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Calamagrostis deschampsioides Trin. ✒ Culms geniculate-erect, 15–45 cm high, with 2 or 3 nodes, solitary or few together from a thin creeping rhizome. Basal leaves smooth, flat or somewhat involute, 1–3 mm wide, much shorter than culm; culm leaves 3–5 cm long. Panicle lax, pyramidal, 3–10 cm long; spikelets small at end of usually smooth branches; glumes 3–6 mm long, smooth or somewhat scabrous on keel; lemma usually shorter than glumes, minutely scabrous; awn attached near middle of lemma and extending to or just beyond tip; callus hairs about half the length of lemma. ✿ Littoral species of damp tundra. ● Circumpolar, arctic, spotty and disrupted range; in the Yukon Territory known only on the Arctic coast.
Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartm. Calamagrostis C. lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartm. var. nearctica A.E. Porsild ✒ Loosely caespitose plant, with a short thin rhizome; culms solitary or few together, slender, erect, 30–60 cm high, glabrous except just below panicle, with 2 or 3 nodes. Cauline leaves flat or strongly involute, scabrous above, smooth below; ligule 1.5–4.0 mm long, entire. Panicle lax, narrow, 4–12 cm long, 1.5 cm wide; branches appressed to somewhat spreading; glumes 4.0–5.5 mm long, slightly lustrous and strongly suffused with purple, turning bronze at tip, abruptly acuminate, hispidulous only along keel; lemma 3.5–5.0 mm long; awn slender, straight or somewhat twisted, reaching tip of lemma; callus hairs copious, unequal, with longest ones as long as the lemma. ✿ Stable dunes, or in peaty soil of open heath or muskeg. ● Circumpolar; in North America from west Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in British Columbia to about latitude 52° N; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
80
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. var. purpurascens C. purpurascens R. Br. ssp. maltei (Polunin) A.E. Porsild C. yukonensis Nash ✒ Coarse and tufted plant; culms stiff and usually scabrous, 20–70 cm high. Leaves glaucous, much shorter than culms, very scabrous especially on margins, flat, becoming strongly involute in age. Panicle 6–8 cm long, narrowly pyramidal in youth, dense or interrupted below, purplish to bronze; branches short, floriferous to base; glumes firm, about 6 mm long, scabrous, especially on prominent keel; lemma thin, two-thirds as long as glume; awn attached near base of lemma, coarse, geniculate, exserted; callus hairs much shorter than lemma. Calamagrostis ✿ Well-drained calcareous sandy or stony places. ● Amphi-Beringian; in Asia extending from the east to central Siberia, south to Kamchatka and Sakhalin; in North America common in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and District of Mackenzie south through the mountains to California; localized in northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, District of Keewatin, Ungava, Newfoundland, eastern Arctic islands, Greenland, and upper Great Lakes. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. var. laricina Louis-Marie ✒ Differing from var. purpurascens in its more compact and spikelike panicle; glumes 4.5–6.0 mm long; awn about 4 mm long, slightly geniculate but rarely extending beyond tip of glumes. ✿ Found in habitats similar to those of var. purpurascens. ● Occurs sporadically throughout the range of var. purpurascens; in the Yukon Territory known only in the southwest.
Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. stricta C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. C. robertii A.E. Porsild ?C. holmii Lange in Holm ✒ Stoloniferous and often turf-forming plant; culms slender, unbranched, 20–60 cm or more high, with 2 or 3 nodes; leaves 5–30 cm long, 2–5 mm wide, often involute, smooth to scabrous above, smooth or nearly so below; ligule 1.0–3.5 mm long, usually entire. Panicle dense and spikelike or rarely narrowly pyramidal, 5–12 cm long; spikelets 2.0–4.5 mm long; glumes subequal, purplish or bronze or greenish, smooth or weakly scabrous on keel; lemma 2–4 mm long, with a slender straight awn attached below middle and extending to about tip of glumes; callus hairs unequal, up to one-half to three-quarters as long as lemma.
Cinna
81
Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. inexpansa (Gray) C.W. Greene C. inexpansa Gray ✒ Differing from ssp. stricta in its taller and more robust growth; culms 40–100 cm or more high, with 2–4 nodes. Leaf blades usually somewhat stiffer, quite scabrous above and more or less scabrous below; ligules 2.0–5.5 mm long, entire or lacerate. Panicle pale, usually dense and spikelike, 5–20 cm long, with ascending branches very scabrous; glumes 3–6 mm long, smooth to scabrous, usually tinged with purple; lemma 2.5–5.0 mm long, with the usually stout awn attached below the middle and extending slightly beyond the tip; callus hairs unequal, 2/3 to as long as lemma. ✿ Wet meadows, river flats, and lakeshores. ● C. stricta ssp. stricta circumpolar; in North America from southern Greenland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and New England to Alaska and British Columbia south to northern California; ssp. inexpansa in northeastern Asia, and in North America from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and south to New York, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern California; both subspecies in the Yukon Territory to north of latitude 68° N.
Cinna L. wood reedgrass
Cinna
Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. ✒ Tall tufted perennial; culms to 150 cm high. Leaf sheaths glabrous; ligules conspicuous, 4 mm or more long; blades short, 4–10 mm wide, flat, pale green, finely scabrous on veins and margins. Panicle 5–20 cm long, pale green, open and usually nodding; branches scabrous; spikelets 1-flowered disarticulating below glumes; glumes 3.0–3.5 mm long, often purplish, hispid on midvein; lemmas about 3 mm long, short-awned. ✿ Rich moist deciduous woods and about hot springs. ● Circumboreal; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, New Mexico, Nevada, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast (Scotter and Cody 1979), where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
82
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Colpodium Trin.
Colpodium
Colpodium vahlianum (Liebm.) Nevski Puccinellia vahliana (Liebm.) Scribn. & Merr. ✒ Densely caespitose perennial; roots pale, fibrous, crinkly; foliage yellowish green, with a peculiar metallic lustre; culms stout, erect, 8–25 cm tall, bearing 2–3 lax and flat leaves; ligules about 1 mm long, somewhat pointed, broader than long; withered basal leaf sheaths very soft, early decaying. Panicle, 1.5–5.0 cm long, contracted; branches in twos or threes, glabrous, ascending, bearing only a few spikelets; spikelets lanceolate, 6.0–7.5 mm long, dark purple, shining, 2- to 4-flowered; glumes and lemmas thin, translucent, subacute, with their tips erose in age; glumes subequal, 3.5–4.0 mm long; lemmas 4.0–4.5 mm long, copiously hairy in their lower part; palea keels long-hairy; anthers 0.8–1.2 mm long; grains about 2 mm long. ✿ Wet seepage areas on mountain slopes. ● Amphi-Atlantic, high-arctic; in North America mainly in the Arctic Archipelago, but also along the Arctic coast and disjunct to the Mackenzie Mountains and southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Dactylis L.
Dactylis
*Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 50–100 cm high. Leaf blades flat, 2–10 mm wide, scabrous on margins. Panicle 3–15 cm long; branches usually stiffly ascending; spikelets 5–9 mm long, 3- to 6-flowered, in dense 1-sided clusters; glumes unequal, with the first 5–6 mm long, and with the second 6–7 mm long, keeled, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas about 8 mm long, keeled, ciliate on the keel, mucronate or short-awned; anthers 3–4 mm long-keeled. ✿ Roadsides and waste places. ● Widely introduced in North America from Eurasia; from Newfoundland to British Columbia south to Alabama, New Mexico, and California; known from extreme northwestern British Columbia, and to be looked for in adjacent Yukon Territory.
Danthonia DC. wild oat grass
Danthonia
Tufted perennials. Leaves narrow; old sheaths and blades marcescent; ligules composed of a fringe of hairs and a narrow nonauriculate rolled blade. Inflorescence a few-flowered panicle, open or spikelike; glumes persistent, mostly longer than uppermost floret; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; lemmas obscurely nerved, strongly bifid, with a flattened twisted and more or less geniculate awn attached between lobes. A. Lemmas 7–10 mm long; leaves involute to flat, 1–3 mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. intermedia A. Lemmas 4–5 mm long; leaves 0.5–2.0 mm broad, usually involute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. spicata
Deschampsia
83
Danthonia intermedia Vasey timber oat grass ✒ Culms 30–50 cm high; sheaths glabrous except at the throat. Leaves involute to flat, 1–3 mm broad, often pilose dorsally. Panicle narrow, 3–6 cm long, with 5–10 spikelets; glumes acuminate, about 15 mm long, purplish in youth, turning papery white; lemmas 7–10 mm long, with their lobes aristate. ✿ Open grassy places. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska with gaps, and south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory scattered occurrence north to about latitude 63° N.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. var. pinetorum Piper poverty oat grass ✒ Culms 20–50 cm high; sheaths glabrous to pilose. Leaves usually involute, 0.5–2.0 mm broad, glabrous or pilose. Panicle 2–5 cm long, its branches short and usually erect; glumes 9–12 mm long; lemmas 4–5 mm long, their lobes acute to acuminate. ✿ Vicinity of hot springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory known from a single locality in the southeast near the Beaver River.
Deschampsia Beauv. hair grass
Deschampsia
Plants tall, medium to low, annual or perennial. Spikelets 2-flowered, somewhat glossy, purplish, in terminal panicles; glumes unequal, exceeding the lower and sometimes the upper floret; lemmas with a slender awn, as long as or much longer than floret; callus hairs short. A. Awn about twice as long as floret, long-exserted B. Annual with few basal leaves; spikelets 5–8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. danthonioides B. Perennial, densely tufted; spikelets 3–5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. elongata A. Awn much shorter than to twice as long as floret, not or only slightly exserted C. Plants rarely more than 30 cm high; panicle contracted; glumes and lemmas herbaceous, usually dark purple; awns attached below middle of lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. brevifolia C. Plants taller; panicle open and more or less pyramidal, at least at maturity; glumes and lemmas thin and translucent; awns attached near base of lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. caespitosa
84
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Deschampsia brevifolia R. Br. ✒ Densely tufted perennial; culms usually 10–30 cm high in the Yukon Territory but shorter in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Basal leaves narrow and short, but occasionally up to half the length of the culm; blade of stem leaf very short. Panicle contracted, oblong or ovate; branches upright, bearing spikelets to near base; glumes unequal, strongly suffused with purple or bronze, with longer one 3.2–4.0 mm long; lemma 2.7–3.5 mm long, awned from below the middle; awn shorter than or extending to apex of lemma. ✿ Usually moist alpine meadows, tundra, and rocky slopes. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North Amercia, Greenland to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory frequent in the British and Richardson mountains but also occasional in the Ogilvie Mountains and southward.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Deschampsia D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. ssp. orientalis Hultén tufted hair grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms to 70 cm high, glabrous. Leaves narrow, mostly basal, flat or folded, scabrous on upper surface. Panicle usually open, up to 25 cm long; branches more or less scabrous; glumes straw-colored or purplish, 3.0–4.5 mm long or longer; florets 2 or 3, with uppermost one often extending beyond glumes; lemmas awned from near base; awns up to 4 mm long, straight or slightly curved; callus hairs about one-quarter as long as lemma. ✿ Wet meadows, lakeshores, and gravel bars. ● Deschampsia caespitosa s.l. circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Ohio, Minnesota, Arizona, and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory; the Arctic coastal plant referred by Hultén (1968) to ssp. orientalis; some specimens (particularly from along the Dempster Highway) quite variable, seeming to merge with D. brevifolia.
Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro D. calycina Presl ✒ Annual; culms 15–50 cm or more high, glabrous; ligules 1–5 mm long, acute. Leaves mostly basal; blades involute, to 1 mm wide, glabrous. Panicle 5–25 cm long, narrow but open; branches ascending, minutely scabrous; spikelets greenish or straw-colored, at ends of branches; glumes unequal, longer than florets; lemma awned near middle; awn up to 6 mm long, distinctly geniculate; callus hairs about onequarter as long as lemma. ✿ Disturbed situations.
Elymus
85
● Western North America; from California to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory introduced at Dawson in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but not observed in that area recently; the map in Hultén (1968) indicates a collection from near Haines Junction, but no specimens from that area have been seen.
Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro ✒ Tufted perennial; culms to 70 cm high, very minutely scabrous. Leaves mostly basal; basal leaves filiform, glabrous or minutely scabrous; culm leaves flat or involute. Panicle up to 20 cm long, narrow, with minutely scabrous branches appressed; spikelets numerous; glumes often purplish at apex, usually exceeding upper floret; lemma awned from near the middle; awn 3–4 mm long, straight or somewhat curved; callus hairs half as long as lemma. ✿ Disturbed situations. ● Western North America; from Alaska to northern Mexico; in the Yukon Territory introduced at Dawson and White Horse Rapids but not seen in recent years.
Dupontia R. Br.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Dupontia fisheri R. Br. s.l. D. fisheri R. Br. ssp. psilosantha (Rupr.) Hultén D. psilosantha Rupr. ✒ Rhizomatous turf-forming perennial; culms 15–35 cm or more high, smooth. Leaf blades flat to more or less involute, glabrous or scabrous on upper surface; ligules 1–4 mm long. Panicle narrow or open; branches appressed-ascending or spreading or lower ones drooping; branches smooth; spikelets 1- to 4-flowered; glumes about 5 mm long, purplish at base with bronze tips, bluntish to long-acuminate; lemmas green to purplish with bronze tips, and with a tuft of hairs at base; anthers purple, 1.7–3.0 mm long. Characters used to separate ssp. fisheri from ssp. psilosantha not consistent in the Yukon Territory, hence the conservative treatment. ✿ Wet meadows and brackish lagoon shores where occasionally flooded by high tides. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found along the Arctic coast and on Herschel Island.
Elymus L. wild rye
Elymus
Perennial. Spike linear; spikelets 3- to 9-flowered, borne singly or occasionally in pairs (or up to 4 in E. canadensis), appressed to rachis; glumes linear or lanceolate to narrowly oblong, obtuse to shortly awned; lemmas coriaceous, 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or bidentate, muticous or awned. The following hybrids are known in the Yukon Territory: (×Elyhordeum macounii (Vasey) Barkworth & Dewey (×Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage; Elymus macounii Vasey;
86
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Elymus trachycaulus × Hordeum jubatum) and × Elyhordeum chatangensis (Roshev.) Tzvelev (Elymus chatangensis Roshev.; Elymus macrourus × Hordeum jubatum). A. Lemmas with awns longer than body B. Spikelets solitary at each node C. Awns straight D. Awns thin, usually less than 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. trachycaulus ssp. glaucus D. Awns stout, 2–3 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus C. Awns arcuate at maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. spicatus B. Spikelets usually more than 1 at each node E. Spikes long and thin, flexuous and nodding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. sibiricus E. Spikes upright or only slightly curved F. Spikes dense; spikelets up to 4 per node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. canadensis F. Spikes slender; spikelets mostly 2 per node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. glaucus A. Lemmas with awns shorter than body G. Lemmas and glumes densely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. calderi G. Lemmas and glumes glabrous to somewhat hairy or scabrous H. Glumes narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, gradually tapering from middle toward tip, with narrow hyaline-scarious margin I. I.
Anthers 4–5 mm long; plants with long creeping yellowish and wiry rhizomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. repens Anthers shorter; plants tufted or occasionally with short rhizomes J.
Glumes about one-half the length of spikelet, usually 3-ribbed K. Lemmas glabrous usually with awn up to 2 cm long, arcuate at maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. spicatus K. Lemmas hairy, at least in lower part, awnless or with a straight awn shorter than body of lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. macrourus
J.
Glumes about three-quarters the length of spikelet L. Lemmas hairy in lower part, becoming glabrous toward apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. trachycaulus ssp. andinus L. Lemmas scabrous at apex, glabrous toward base M. Spikes slender; spikelets rarely reaching bases of those above on same side N. Glumes acute; nodes of culm glabrous . . E. trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus N. Glumes blunt; nodes of culm short-hairy . . E. trachycaulus ssp. teslinensis M. Spikes thicker; spikelets overlapping . . . . . . E. trachycaulus ssp. novae-angliae
H. Glumes usually narrowly obovate or broadly oblanceolate, with broad scarious margins; margins conspicuously wider near apex O. Glumes large, only slightly shorter than spikelet; nodes of culm glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. trachycaulus ssp. violaceus O. Glumes one-half to two-thirds the length of spikelet; nodes of culm hairy P. Glumes and lemma densely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus P. Glumes glabrous Q. Lemmas glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. alaskanus ssp. borealis Q. Lemmas more or less hairy toward apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. alaskanus ssp. alaskanus
Elymus
87
Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Löve ssp. alaskanus Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov ssp. alaskanum (Scribn. & Merr.) Melderis Elymus ✒ Tufted perennial. Culm 30–90 cm high; nodes nearly always short-hairy. Leaves 2.5–6.0 mm wide, flat or inrolled, usually scaberulous. Spikes erect, rather dense; spikelets with 4–6 florets; glumes 5–8 mm long, oblong or broadly oblanceolate, usually abruptly narrowed into a short awn, with hyaline-scarious margin wider near apex; lemmas 8–10 mm long, with a short awn; anthers 1.5–2.0 mm long. Other subspecies recognized and distinguished in the key are as follows:
Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Löve ssp. borealis (Turcz.) Löve & Löve Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov ✒ Differing from ssp. alaskanus in having lemmas completely glabrous rather than more or less hairy toward apex.
Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Löve ssp. hyperarcticus (Polunin) A. & D. Löve Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov ssp. hyperarcticum (Polunin) Melderis A. violaceum (Hornem.) Lange var. hyperarcticum Polunin ✒ Differing from ssp. alaskanus in having glumes and lemma densely hairy. ✿
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Sandy and gravelly riverbanks and bars and open hillsides. ● Ssp. alaskanus endemic to Alaska, Yukon Territory, and northwestern District of Mackenzie; ssp. borealis circumpolar with large gaps, occasional in north and central Yukon Territory; ssp. hyperarcticus from Greenland to Alaska, occasional in north, central, and southwest Yukon Territory.
88
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Elymus calderi Barkworth E. yukonensis sensu A. & D. Löve non Scribn. & Merr. Agropyron yukonense auct. plur. non Scribn. & Merr. E. lanceolatus (Scribn. & Smith) Gould ssp. yukonensis A. Löve non Scribn. & Merr. ✒ Rhizomatous plant; culms 50–100 cm high. Leaves mostly basal, usually glaucous, flat or more or less involute, 1–4 mm wide, scabrous above. Spikes erect, 6–10 cm long; spikelets with 3–6 florets; glumes broadly lanceolate, 3.5–12.5 mm long, 3-ribbed, acute or short-acuminate, densely hairy; lemmas 6–13 mm long, awnless, or with an awn up to 2 mm long, densely villous; anthers 2.5–5.5 mm long. ✿ Dunes, sandy and gravelly hillsides, benches, and roadsides. ● North America; endemic to northwestern British Columbia, east-central Alaska, and southern Yukon Territory.
*Elymus canadensis L. Canada wild rye
Elymus POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
✒ Loosely tufted plant; culms up to 1.5 m high, erect, or ascending at base, smooth, glaucous. Cauline leaves coarse, 5–15 mm wide, glabrous or somewhat scabrous above. Spikes dense, up to 20 cm long, erect or slightly nodding; spikelets in groups of 3 or 4; glumes narrow, strongly nerved, scabrous, with an awn about as long as the body; lemmas villous-hirsute, strongly nerved, with a curved or arching awn more than twice as long as the body. ✿ Sandy and gravelly places and eroding riverbanks. ● North America; from New Brunswick to British Columbia and extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie southward into the United States; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Elymus glaucus Buckl. western rye grass, blue wild rye ✒ Culms 50–100 cm high. Leaves thin, flat, glabrous to somewhat scabrous. Spikes erect, 5–20 cm long; spikelets mostly 2 per node, with 2–5 florets; glumes linear to linear-lanceolate, 2- to 5-nerved, acuminate or with a short awn; lemmas 8 to 12 mm long, with a straight or curved awn 1–3 cm long. ✿ Meadows and rocky woods. ● North America; from southeastern Alaska south to California eastward to Ontario, Colorado, Iowa, and Indiana; in the Yukon Territory found in the extreme southwest where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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89
Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev Agropyron macrourum (Turcz.) Drobov A. sericeum Hitchc. ✒ Plant tufted, or occasionally with short rhizomes. Culms 35–100 cm high. Leaves flat, 3–8 mm wide, glabrous or scabrous above. Spikes erect, loose, 5–20 cm long; spikelets 12–20 mm long, with 5–7 florets; glumes 5–9 mm long, with narrow hyaline margins, acuminate, 3- to 5-ribbed, with scabrous ribs; lemmas 8–11 mm long, short pilose especially in lower part, awnless or with awns to 7 mm long; anthers 1–2 mm long. ✿ Riverbanks, lakeshores, and open slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the western half of the Yukon Territory into northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski quack grass, couch grass ✒ Strongly rhizomatous perennial. Culms up to 80 cm high. Leaves thin, flat, 5–8 mm wide, green or glaucous and soft pilose; sheaths often pubescent. Spikes thin and elongated, 5–15 cm long; glumes 7–12 mm long, 3–7 ribbed, acute or abruptly awned; lemmas 8–11 mm long, awnless or with awns as long as body; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long. ✿ Waste places and roadsides. ● Cosmopolitan weed; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory as yet known only from Dawson and Faro.
*Elymus sibiricus L. (see Addendum) Siberian wild rye ✒ Plant tufted or with short runners. Culms 70–120 cm high. Leaves thin, flat, 3–16 mm wide, scabrous on both sides. Spikes up to 30 cm long, pendulous, occasionally branching at base; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved, much shorter than spikelet, attenuate into a short awn; lemmas 8–12 mm long, 5-nerved, scabrous, with spreading awns 1–3 cm long. ✿ Eroding riverbanks and cabin clearings. ● Introduced in south-central Alaska from Siberia, and also found in northern British Columbia and southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in the Yukon Territory, particularly in the headwaters of the Liard River.
90
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Elymus spicatus (Pursh) Gould Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith ✒ Tufted perennial. Culms 40–100 cm high. Leaves 1–4 mm wide, flat to involute, puberulent to pilose on upper surface. Spike slender, erect, loose, 4–20 cm long; spikelets with 5–8 florets, 12–15 mm long, about as long as internodes; glumes 5–8 mm long, glabrous, obtuse to acute, usually 4-ribbed; lemmas about 10 mm long, glabrous, with strongly divergent awns 1–2 cm long; anthers 4–5 mm long. ✿ Dry riverbanks and slopes. ● Western North America, with isolated populations in the east, in central Alaska, and in central, southwestern, and northern Yukon Territory.
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. trachycaulum A. pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc. ✒ Tufted plant. Culms 30–100 cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves flat or more or less involute, 1.5–6 mm wide, scabrous, glabrous or puberulent above. Spikes erect, 4–20 cm long; spikelets with 3–6 florets; glumes three-quarters to about as long as spikelet, lanceolate to oblanceolate, hyalinemargined, 3- to 7-ribbed, acute to awned; lemmas glabrous to scaberulous or puberulent, awnless or with awns up to 2.5 cm long; anthers 1–2 mm long. The following subspecies are recognized and distinguishable in the key:
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. andinus (Scribn. & Smith) A. & D. Löve Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange ssp. andinum (Scribn. & Smith) Melderis ✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having lemmas hairy in lower part, becoming glabrous toward apex rather than scabrous at apex, glabrous toward base.
Elymus
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. glaucus (Pease & Moore) Cody Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte ✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having lemmas with awns longer than body rather than shorter than body.
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Tzvelev Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. A. pauciflorum (Schwein) Hitchc. ssp. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Melderis
ssp. glaucus
ssp. novae-angliae
✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having spikes thicker and spikelets overlapping rather than spikes slender and spikelets rarely reaching bases of those above on same side.
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) Gould Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Malte A. subsecundum (Link) Hitchc. ✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having the awns stout, 2–3 cm long rather than shorter than the body of lemma.
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. teslinensis (Porsild & Senn) A. Löve Agropyron teslinense Porsild & Senn A. pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc. ssp. teslinense (Porsild & Senn) Melderis
ssp. subsecundus
ssp. teslinensis
✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having glumes blunt and nodes of culm short-hairy rather than glumes acute and nodes of culm glabrous.
91
92
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. violaceus (Hornem.) A. & D. Löve Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange A. latiglume (Link) Malte ✒ Differing from ssp. trachycaulus in having glumes usually narrowly obovate or broadly oblanceolate with broad scarious margins and with margins conspicuously wider near apex rather than glumes narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, gradually tapering from middle toward tip, with narrow hyaline-scarious margin. ✿
Floodplains, riverbanks, and invading roadside clearings. Elymus trachycaulus s.l. in North America: ssp. trachycaulus from Quebec to Alaska south into the United States, in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine drainage; ssp. andinus from Alaska and Yukon Territory south of 64° N south through British Columbia to Colorado and Nevada, rare north to above 68° N; ssp. glaucus from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward, in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine drainage; ssp. novae-angliae from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward, in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° 30’ N ; ssp. subsecundus from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward, in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N; ssp. teslinense endemic to south-central Yukon Territory; ssp. violaceus from Greenland and Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska, throughout much of the Yukon Territory. ●
Festuca L. fescue
Festuca
Annual or perennial (ours), caespitose or rhizomatous grasses; culms hollow. Leaves mostly involute, with or without auricles. Panicles open to contracted; spikelets 2- to 10-flowered; glumes somewhat unequal; lemmas rounded on the back, terminating in a short awn. A. Leaves 5–10 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. arundinacea A. Leaves folded or involute B. Rhizomatous C. Lemmas 6.0–7.5 mm long, scabrid toward apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. rubra s.l. C. Lemmas 4.5–6.0 mm long, densely pilose to partially pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. richardsonii B. Tufted D. At least upper florets with leaflike proliferations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. vivipara D. All florets perfect E. Plants tall, usually more than 40 cm F. Panicle open, 10–20 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. altaica F. Panicle up to 10 cm long, with short branches, becoming spikelike after flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. trachyphylla E. Plants usually shorter than 40 cm G. Anthers 1.7–3.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. lenensis G. Anthers shorter
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93
H. Upper part of culms puberulent with short upwardly curved hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. baffinensis H. Culms glabrous or nearly so I. Plants usually more than 30 cm high; panicle usually more than 5 cm long; anthers 1.0–1.6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. saximontana I.
Plants usually less than 20 cm high; panicle about 3 cm long; anthers 0.8–1.0 mm long J. Blade of flag leaf usually more than 1 cm long; sheaths of flag hardly if at all inflated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. brachyphylla J. Blade of flag leaf shorter; sheaths of flag leaf distinctly or at least somewhat inflated K. Foliage fine and setaceous; lemmas 2.2–3.4 mm long; plants of the Kluane region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. minutiflora K. Foliage various; lemmas (3) 4–6 mm long; distribution more widespread L. Plants loosely tufted; culms often geniculate or semiprostrate, up to twice as long as foliage tuft; leaves often glaucous; branches of panicle erect at anthesis; anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. brevissima L. Plant densely tufted; culms erect, usually more than twice as long as foliage tuft; leaves not glaucous; branches of panicle spreading at anthesis; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . F. hyperborea
Festuca altaica Trin. northern rough fescue
Festuca
✒ Plant densely tufted; tussocks firm; old sheaths and leaf bases persist for many years; culms erect, smooth, 25–100 cm high. Leaf blades coarse, involute, 15–30 cm long, scabrous along margins. Panicle lax and open, 10–20 cm long, with 3–8-cm long branches spreading, drooping in age; spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, 12–15 mm long, purplish bronze; glumes lanceolate, glabrous; lemmas ovate, long-acuminate or short-awned, prominently 5-nerved and finely hispid; plants with yellowish green spikelets described as f. pallida Jordal. ✿ Open woods, alpine grassland, and tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the Mackenzie River valley and Great Bear Lake and disjunct to Quebec, Newfoundland, and Michigan; a frequent species throughout the Yukon Territory; f. pallida likely anywhere in the area.
94
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Festuca tall fescue, reed fescue ✒ Densely caespitose plant, often with short rhizomes; culms 0.5–1.0 m high, with persistent sheaths at base, leafy. Leaves grayish green, 5–10 mm wide, flat or involute, scabrous on upper side; ligules up to 0.5 mm long. Panicle 15–35 cm long, nodding; spikelets 8–15 mm long, with 3–5 florets; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, with the first shorter than the second; lemmas acute or somewhat awned, glabrous, green or purplish; anthers 3–4 mm long. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Eurasia; widespread in North America; rare in southern Yukon Territory.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Festuca baffinensis Polunin ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 5–15 cm high; upper part of culm puberulent with short upwardly curved hairs; sheaths at base of culm persistent. Leaf blades folded, less than 1 mm wide, somewhat scabrous; ligules up to 0.5 mm long. Panicle dense, 2–4 cm long, up to 1 cm wide, purplish; spikelets 7–10 mm long, 3- to 5-flowered; glumes lanceolate; lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the mid nerve; awn about 3 mm long; anthers 0.2–0.7 mm long. ✿ On calcareous soil in sandy and gravelly places. ● North American, high-arctic–alpine; south in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory apparently localized in suitable habitats mainly in the western half.
Festuca brachyphylla Schultes & Schultes fil. F. ovina L. ssp. brachyphylla (Schultes & Schultes fil.) Piper ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 10–40 cm high, smooth, wiry. Leaves stiff, bristlelike, smooth. Panicle narrow and spikelike, greenish or somewhat purplish; glumes lanceolate; lemmas ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, somewhat scabrous on the back; awns 1–3 mm long; anthers 0.6–1.0 mm long. ✿ Frequent in exposed sandy, gravelly, or rocky places. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, higharctic–alpine; south through the cordilleran mountains to California and in the east to Newfoundland, Gaspé, Quebec, and Vermont; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
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95
Festuca brevissima Jurtz. F. ovina L. ssp. alaskana Holmen F. ovina L. var. alaskana (Holmen) Welsh ✒ Densely tufted plant, with numerous leaf sheaths of dead leaves; culms 5–12 cm high; culms just below panicles glabrous and smooth or rarely with very short hair or spinules. Leaves one- to two-thirds as long as scapes, usually curved about the tuft, minutely scabrous on inrolled margins. Panicles narrow, 0.7–2.0 cm long, with less than 8 spikelets; branches with spinules along edge, or glabrous, bearing 1 spikelet only; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered; glumes acute, finely ciliate on margins; lemmas 3.0–3.7 mm long, finely pubescent toward apex; awns 0.5–2.5 mm long; anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long. ✿ Alpine tundra; rare. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America in the mountains of northern Alaska and the Yukon Territory; in the Yukon Territory known only from the British, Richardson, and Ogilvie mountains.
Festuca hyperborea Holm ex Frederiksen northern fescue ✒ Plant loosely caespitose; outer culms geniculate or semiprostrate; culms 5–15 cm high, glaucous or pruinose. Leaves involute, stiffish, somewhat arched, glabrous, one-third to half the length of the culm; blade of flag leaf very short. Panicle erect, spikelike 1.0–2.5 cm long; spikelets few, ascending, with 3–4(6) florets; glumes shorter than spikelets, unequal, glabrous, with erose or ciliate margins; lower glume 2.0–2.5 mm long, with 1 vein; upper glume 2.7–3.5 mm long, with 3 veins; lemma 3.0–3.5 mm long, scaberulous at apex; awn short, subterminal, often curved or bent, 1.4–2.0 mm long; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm long. ✿ Gravel and clay barrens. ● Circumpolar, arctic and subarctic, south in the east to northern Quebec and disjunct to the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in the central Yukon Territory known from a single collection from the Ogilvie Mountain region.
Festuca lenensis Drob. F. auriculata Drob. F. ovina L. ssp. alaskana sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 10–50 cm high; culms just below panicle usually finely upwardly scabrous. Leaves one-quarter to about one-half the length of the culm, often arcuate, usually fairly densely pilose on upper surface and somewhat scabrous on inrolled margins. Panicles 1.0–2.5 cm long, with a ragged appearance; branches ascending (spreading at anthesis), scabrous along edges; spikelets 4-or 5-flowered, pale
96
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) green and often tinged pinkish violet; glumes glabrous; lemmas 4.0–5.5 mm long, minutely scabrous toward apex; anthers 1.7–3.0 mm long. ✿ Alpine tundra and rocky slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America in the mountains of Alaska, in Kluane National Park and the British and Richardson mountains in the Yukon Territory, and extreme northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Festuca minutiflora Rydb. ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms usually less than 10 cm high, somewhat spreading. Leaves involute, slender and lax, almost as long as culms. Panicle narrow, 2–4 cm long; branches short, erect, glabrous or only slightly scabrous; spikelets 2-to 3-flowered; glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long; lemmas 2.0–3.5 mm long, somewhat scabrous toward apex; awn to 1.5 mm long; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine tundra. ● North America; in Utah and Colorado; rare northward in the mountains of British Columbia and extreme southwestern Yukon Territory.
Festuca richardsonii Hook. F. rubra L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Hultén F. rubra L. ssp. arenaria auct. non Osbeck. F. rubra L. ssp. arctica (Hack.) Govor. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, rhizomatous; culms 20–40 cm or more high. Basal leaves narrow and setaceous. Panicles closed or somewhat open, 3.5–7.0 cm long; spikelets 7–13 mm long, 5- to 7-flowered, usually violet; lower glume 2.5–3.5 mm long; upper glume 3.5–5.0 mm long; lemmas 4.5–6.0 mm long, densely pilose to partially pubescent; awns 0.5–1.6 mm long; anthers 2.5–3.0 mm long. ✿ Sandy riverbanks, sand dunes, and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar; in North America from northern Quebec and Labrador to northwestern British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found northward to the Arctic coast.
Festuca rubra L. s.l. red fescue ✒ Loosely tufted or matted plant, with freely branching rhizomes and extravaginal offshoots emerging from base of culms; culms erect or geniculate from base, smooth, 20–60 cm high. Basal leaves narrow and setaceous. Panicle 4–10 cm long, open, with ascending or slightly spreading branches; spikelets green or purplish, 9–14 mm long, 4- to 8-flowered; lower glumes 3.0–4.5 mm long; upper glumes 4.5–6.4 mm long; lemmas lanceolate 6.0–7.5 mm long, scabrid toward acuminate apex; awns 0.6–3.2 mm long; anthers 2.4–3.5 mm long.
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97
✿
Disturbed situations, roadsides. Ssp. rubra widely introduced to North America from Europe but difficult to separate from native North American entities possibly present; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about latitude 65° 30’ N. ●
Festuca saximontana Rydb. var. saximontana Rocky Mountain fescue ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 20–50 cm or more high, mostly glabrous. Leaves 5–15 cm long, involute, scaberulous, pale glaucous. Panicle linear, 2–8 cm long; branches short, erect, scabrous; spikelets 2to 4-flowered; glumes lanceolate 2–3 mm long; lemmas lanceolate to lance-attenuate, 3.5–4.0 mm long, scaberulous on back toward apex; awns 1–2 mm long; anthers 1.0–1.6 mm long.
Festuca saximontana Rydb. var. purpusiana (Saint-Yves) Frederiksen & Pavlick ✒ Differing from var. saximontana in usually having culms shorter (8–30 cm high), usually 2–3 times height of their basal tuft of leaves rather than 3–5 times height of their basal tufts; also characters of sclerenchyma. ✿ Var. saximontana in dry grassy and rocky places; var. purpusiana on open rocky alpine and subalpine slopes. ● Var. saximontana in North America, from Fort Chimo and coast of Hudson and James bays in Quebec, western Newfoundland, the Great Lakes, and northwestern Ontario to British Columbia and central Alaska, south to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found northward to latitude 65° N; var. purpusiana in western North America from southern Yukon Territory to southern California.
Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina F. longifolia Thuill. F. ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch hard fescue ✒ Plant coarse, densely tufted; culms to 60 cm or more high. Leaves stiff, smooth, to 10 cm or more long, involute, 0.5–1.2 mm wide. Panicle up to 10 cm long, becoming spikelike after flowering; branches short, upright; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; glumes lanceolate, 3–4 mm long, scabrous on margins and back toward apex; lemmas 3–4 mm long, scabrous toward apex; awn 0.8–2.0 mm long, scabrous; anthers about 2.2 mm long. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced across North America from Europe; in the Yukon Territory known only from a collection made in 1949 at Dawson.
98
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Festuca vivipara (L.) Sm. ssp. glabra Frederiksen ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 6–30 cm high, minutely scabrous in upper portion. Leaves one-third to one-half as long as culms, inrolled, glabrous or somewhat scabrous toward apex. Panicles 1–6 cm long; branches ascending, scabrous; spikelets with at least upper florets with leaflike proliferations (viviparous), and with lower ones sometimes fertile. ✿ Alpine tundra and rocky slopes. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in the Yukon Territory apparently rare in the British, Ogilvie, and Kluane mountain areas; southward to the southeast corner of British Columbia and adjacent Alberta.
Glyceria R. Br. manna grass
Glyceria
Rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennial aquatic or marsh grasses; culms simple, medium to tall, glabrous. Leaves flat. Panicles open or closed, often quite large, erect or nodding; spikelets compressed; glumes unequal, usually scarious; lemmas broad, usually obtuse, scarious at apex, usually prominently nerved. A. Spikelets linear, nearly terete, 10 mm long or more; panicle narrow, erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. borealis A. Spikelets ovate or oblong, rarely more than 5 mm long; panicle lax and often nodding B. First glume less than 1 mm long; lemmas small, prominently nerved . . . . . . . . G. striata var. stricta B. First glume 1.0–1.5 mm long C. Plant stout, often more than 1 m high, with a large compound panicle . . . . . . . . . . . . G. grandis C. Plant slender, rarely more than 50 cm high; panicle less than 20 cm long, few-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. pulchella
Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder northern manna grass ✒ Culms erect or ascending from a creeping and decumbent base, slender, 60–100 cm high. Leaf blades flat or folded, often 2–4 mm wide, elongate, often floating. Panicle 20–40 cm long, simple or with few stiffly erect or spreading branches; spikelets numerous, narrowly cylindrical, 1.0–1.5 cm long, 7- to 13-flowered; glumes about 1.5 and 3.0 mm long, scarious margined; lemmas 3–4 mm long, obtuse, scarious at apex, 7-nerved, scabrous on the mid nerve. ✒ In shallow water or very wet meadows. ● Boreal North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southward in the United States; in the Yukon Territory occurring as far north as Dawson but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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99
Glyceria grandis S. Wats. G. maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. ssp. grandis (S. Wats.) Hultén American manna grass, tall manna grass ✒ Culms usually clustered, stout, to 1.5 m high. Leaf blades flat, 6–12 mm wide. Panicle large, much-branched, 20–40 cm long, open and nodding at top; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 5–6 mm long; glumes acutish, pale or whitish, about 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas purplish, 1.5–2.0 mm long, with nerves prominent; anthers 0.6–0.8 mm long. ✿ Lakeshores, wet river meadows, and swampy areas. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory apparently infrequent north to about latitude 65° N on the Dempster Highway.
Glyceria pulchella (Nash) K. Schum. ✒ Culms erect to 1 m high, smooth, arising from a creeping rhizome. Leaf blades flat, 2–6 mm wide with somewhat involute margins, minutely scabrous; lowermost sheaths rough. Panicle lax, erect-ascending, with its capillary branches smooth, somewhat flexuous, and with lowermost branch 8–10 cm long; spikelets 5–6 mm long, 4- to 6-flowered; glumes obovate, 1.5–2.0 mm and 2.0–2.3 mm long, thin, pale purplish brown or whitish; lemmas minutely scabrous, firm, with broad erose scarious margins; anthers about 0.6 mm long, pale. ✿ Wet meadows and borders of ponds. ● Boreal North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia and central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory infrequent north to Dawson.
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern. fowl manna grass ✒ Culms loosely to densely tufted, slender, 30–85 cm high. Leaf blades erect or ascending, flat or folded, 2–6 mm wide; sheaths minutely scabrous. Panicle ovoid, lax and open, with capillary branches in age becoming divergent or even reflexed; spikelets greenish or purple, 3- to 7-flowered, 2–4 mm long; glumes small, with the first less than 1 mm long, greenish or purplish; lemmas about 2 mm long, greenish or purplish with broad scarious tips, prominently veined; anthers about 0.3 mm long; florets disarticulating soon after maturity. ✿ Wet meadows, stream margins, and adjacent to hot springs. ● Boreal North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to southern District of Mackenzie and British Columbia and disjunct to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found only in the extreme southeast near the British Columbia border where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); to the south, replaced by ssp. striata.
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Helictotrichon Besser spike oat
Helictotrichon
Helictotrichon hookeri (Scribn.) Henrard Avena hookeri Scribn. Avenochloa hookeri (Scribn.) Holub ✒ Coarse densely tufted perennial. Culms 20–40 cm high. Leaves mostly basal, glabrous, flat or folded, firm, 1.5–3.0 mm wide; leaf margins faintly outlined in white. Panicle 8–12 cm long, narrow, with branches erect or ascending; spikelets with 3–6 florets, about 1.5 cm long; glumes thin and greenish, somewhat shiny, about as long as spikelet; lemmas toothed at apex; awn attached near middle of lemma, 1.0–1.5 cm long, geniculate, twisted. ✿ Dry grassy slopes. ● Western North America; from southern Manitoba to northeastern British Columbia, barely entering southern District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory, and south to Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory now known from several localities in the southwest, as far north as Faro.
Hierochloë R. Br. holy grass
Hierochloë
Glabrous, rhizomatous, perennials; culms erect. Leaves flat, narrow, mostly basal. Panicles terminal; spikelets somewhat shiny, yellowish brown; lemmas bifid at apex. Entire plant fragrant in drying. A. Culms from short rhizomes, often appearing densely tufted; lemma of second staminate floret with a long geniculate and twisted awn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. alpina A. Culms solitary from a creeping rhizome; awn straight or lacking B. Panicle narrow, composed of a few spikelets; dwarf arctic species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. pauciflora B. Panicle pyramidal; tall subarctic species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. hirta ssp. arctica
Hierochloë alpina (Sw.) R. & S. ssp. alpina alpine holy grass ✒ Culms 10–30 cm high, arising from short rhizomes, often appearing tufted. Basal leaves narrow, involute, with their sheaths conspicuously purplish; culm leaves short, wider; ligules up to 1 mm long, with a conspicuous fringe of hairs. Panicle contracted, 2–5 cm long; branches ascending; glumes subequal, 5–7 mm long, about as long as florets; staminate lemmas pubescent; awn of first lemma straight, 2–4 mm long, arising at base of bifid apex; awn of second lemma firmer, longer, twisted, geniculate, arising from below middle of lemma; fertile lemma unawned, pubescent toward apex. ✿
Usually found on dry tundra and in rocky alpine situations.
Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south into Vermont and Montana in the United States; throughout the Yukon Territory in alpine and rocky situations. ●
Hordeum
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Hierochloë hirta (Schrank) Borbas ssp. arctica G. Weim. H. odorata pro parte sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) sweet grass, vanilla grass ✒ Culms 20–60 cm or more high, from thin creeping rhizomes. Basal Leaves few, lax, up to two-thirds as long as culm; cauline leaves short and broad, tapering to tip; sheaths not conspicuously purplish; ligules to 6 mm long, truncate, obtuse or acute. Panicle pyramidal, 4–10 cm long; branches ascending, or spreading to reflexed; glumes 4.0–5.6 mm long, gold to brown and glittering, becoming purplish at maturity; lemmas of staminate florets 3.0–5.0 mm long, with a coarse awn or rarely mucronate, and with dense marginal hairs; fertile lemmas 2.9–3.5 mm long, with spreading hairs toward apex. ✿ Sandy stream banks, lakeshores, and meadows. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic–alpine; in North America, from Quebec to Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to about latitude 67° 30’ N and rare northward to near the Bell River.
Hierochloë pauciflora R. Br. arctic holy grass ✒ Delicate perennial, arising from a thin creeping rhizome; culms slender, 5–25 cm high. Basal leaves, narrow, involute, glabrous; culm leaves very short, with sheaths straw-colored or purplish; ligule short, short-ciliate. Panicle narrow, 1–3 cm long; branches appressed-ascending; spikelets 4–6 mm long; glumes equal to or shorter than florets, broadly ovate, purplish to straw-colored; staminate lemmas puberulent, awnless; fertile lemma pubescent toward apex, awnless. ✿ Generally growing in sphagnum in wet tundra; although not littoral, a distinctly coastal and lowland species. ● Circumpolar (but absent in Greenland); in the Yukon Territory rare along the Arctic coast.
Hordeum L. barley
Hordeum
Annual or perennial. Spike oblong to linear; spikelets 3 at a node, sessile or pediceled, 1-flowered, with central 1 bisexual and lateral 2 staminate or barren; glumes narrowly lanceolate, weakly 3-nerved, flat or awnlike; lemma rounded on the back, obscurely nerved, tapering into a usually long awn. A. Annual; awns of lemma 10–15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. vulgare A. Perennial; awns of lemma 1–6 cm long B. Awns of lemma about 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. brachyantherum B. Awns of lemma 2–6 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. jubatum
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski H. jubatum L. ssp. breviaristatum Bowden H. nodosum auth. ✒ Tufted perennial. Culms geniculate at base, 60–100 cm high. Leaves flat, 3–8 mm wide. Spikes 2–5 cm long; rachis very brittle; glumes setaceous, scabrous; lemma of fertile spikelet lanceolate, glabrous; awns about 1 cm long; lemma of lateral spikelets rudimentary. ✿ Bordering moist areas along roadsides. ● North America; from coastal Alaska southward and extending inland to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, disjunct to Saguenay, Quebec, and northern Newfoundland; in the Yukon Territory probably introduced at the Dawson site but native and rare at Carcross.
Hordeum jubatum L. Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski Sitanion jubatum (L.) J.G. Smith foxtail, foxtail barley, squirreltail, squirreltail barley ✒ Tufted perennial. Culms geniculate at base, erect-ascending, 30–60 cm high. Leaves 2–5 mm wide, scabrous. Spikes 5–10 cm long, nodding; glumes awnlike, spreading, 2–6 cm long; lemmas with long finely scabrous often purplish-tinged awns as long as glumes. Hordeum jubatum hybridizing with H. brachyantherum to form H. × caespitosum Scribn. (H. jubatum ssp. × intermedium Bowden; H. jubatum var. caespitosum (Scribn.) Hitch.), and with Elymus trachycaulus to form × Elyhordeum macounii (Vasey) Barkworth & Dewey (× Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage; Elymus macounii Vasey), both occurring in the Yukon Territory. ✿ Common in waste places and in townsites or in disturbed situations; in August often giving roadsides a purplish cast similar to that presented by Agrostis scabra. ● North America and eastern Asia; introduced in Europe; in the Yukon Territory primarily along the roads but found as far north as the Porcupine River valley.
Hordeum vulgare L. barley ✒ Annual. Culms erect, to 100 cm high. Leaf blades flat, 5–15 mm wide, auriculate at base. Spike 2–10 cm long, exclusive of awns; all spikelets usually fertile; glumes flat, tapering into the awn; lemma about 1 cm long, tapering into 10–15-cm long straight awn. ✿ Casual introduction along disturbed roadsides. ● Widely cultivated cereal originated in Eurasia; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Canol Road and Alaska Highway east of Watson Lake.
Koeleria
Koeleria Pers.
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Koeleria
Tufted or rhizomatous perennials. Culms low (ours). Leaves short, folded, involute or in some species flat. Inflorescence a crowded spikelike panicle; spikelets with 2–4 florets, articulate above glumes; glumes unequal, with second one about as long as first floret; lemmas short-awned from just below apex, or awnless. A. Culms finely pubescent; lemmas and glumes purplish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. asiatica A. Culms glabrous or only scabrous or somewhat pubescent in upper part; lemmas and glumes yellow-green, some slightly tinged with purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. macrantha
Koeleria asiatica Domin K. cairnesiana Hultén ✒ Loosely tufted plant, often with elongate rhizomes. Culms slender, 10–25 cm high, finely pubescent. Basal leaves numerous, flat or involute; culm leaves short. Panicle dense and contracted; glumes and lemmas often purplish or bronze-colored; lemmas finely pilose. ✿ Dry to moist tundra, shale screes, and ground squirrel burrows. ● Amphi-Beringian; in Alaska inland from Arctic coast, disjunct to the Richardson Mountains of northeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and northwestern District of Mackenzie and the mountains of southwestern Yukon.
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes K. cristata sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) K. gracilis Pers. K. nitida Nutt. K. yukonensis Hultén June grass ✒ Densely tufted plant. Culms erectascending, 20–50 cm high, glabrous or only scabrous or somewhat pubescent in upper part. Leaves mostly basal, short, narrow. Panicle 4–15 cm long, cylindrical and spikelike, densely flowered; glumes and lemmas yellowish, shiny, smooth or slightly scabrous. ✿ Dry grassland, open woods, and roadsides. ● Siberia; in North America from Maine to British Columbia and southward; in the Yukon Territory rare in the southwestern sector (Douglas et al. 1981).
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Leymus Hochst.
Leymus
Rhizomatous perennials. Leaves flat or convolute, stiff. Spike linear, erect; rachis tough; spikelets usually in pairs, each with 3–6 florets; rachilla disarticulating above glumes; glumes lanceolate to linear-subulate, about half the length of first floret; lemmas lanceolate. A. Nonglaucous; glumes narrowly subulate; plant of dry open forest or grassland. . . . . . . . . . L. innovatus A. Glaucous; glumes lanceolate; plant of seashore dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. mollis ssp. villosissimus
Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pilger Elymus innovatus Beal ✒ Culms 30–100 cm high, tufted from long creeping rhizomes. Cauline leaves short, 2–5 mm wide, firm, glabrous; sheaths glabrous. Spike erect, short, dense, 5–12 cm long; spikelets with 3 or 4 florets; glumes narrowly subulate, with 1 often reduced, rudimentary or absent; lemma longer than glumes, with a 2–4-mm long awn; anthers purple. ✿ Calcareous slopes and riverbanks. ● North America; from northern Ontario to central and northern Alaska; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 66° N and then disjunct to the British Mountains.
Leymus mollis (Trin.) Pilger ssp. villosissimus (Scribn.) A. Löve Elymus arenarius L. ssp. mollis (Trin.) Hultén var. villosissimus (Scribn.) Hultén lyme grass ✒ Culms 15–100 cm high, soft and villous in upper part, arising from long stout creeping rhizomes; basal leaves marcescent. Leaves firm, flat or involute, 3–15 mm wide, glaucous. Spike erect, stiff, dense, 10–30 cm long; spikelets with 3–7 florets; glumes lanceolate, densely long-villous or lanate; lemma villous, awnless. ✿ Coastal dunes. ● Baffin Island to eastern Siberia; in the Yukon Territory found only along the Arctic coast.
Lolium L. rye grass
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Tufted annual, biennial, or perennial. Inflorescence a simple spike; spikelets sessile, borne singly on alternate sides of rachis; inner glume absent on all but terminal spikelet; lemmas awned or awnless. A. Glume longer than spikelet; annual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. temulentum A. Glume equal to or shorter than spikelet B. Lemmas awnless or with an awn less than 1 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. perenne ssp. perenne B. At least some lemmas with an awn more than 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . L. perenne ssp. multiflorum
Muhlenbergia
105
*Lolium perenne L. ssp. perenne perennial rye grass ✒ Perennial; culms 20–80 cm high, with 2–4 nodes. Leaf blades flat or folded, 2–5 mm wide, glabrous to somewhat scabrous. Spikes 10–25 cm long; spikelets 12–20 mm long, 2- to 10-flowered; glumes lanceolate to narrowly oblong, onethird as long to slightly longer than spikelet; lemmas oblong to oblong-lanceolate, usually awnless or with an awn less than 1 mm long.
Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot L. perenne L. var. aristatum Willd. L. multiflorum Lam. Italian rye grass ✒ Annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial. Differing from ssp. perenne in having culms with 4–5 nodes; at least some of lemmas with an awn more than 1 mm long; vegetative leaf blades convolute rather than conduplicate. ✿ Roadsides and disturbed situations in townsites. ● Both subspecies native to Europe; widely introduced and planted in North America; ssp. perenne expected in southern Yukon; ssp. multiflorum collected at Dawson in the early 1900s, then recently found along the Alaska Highway in southeastern Yukon and at the Pelly River Ranch.
Lolium temulentum L. darnel ✒ Annual; culms to 80 cm or more high, with 3–5 nodes. Leaf blades somewhat scabrous at apex and margins above, glabrous and glossy to somewhat scabrous below. Spikes 10–25 cm or more long; spikelets 10–20 mm long, 5- to 10-flowered; glumes lanceolate, 7–30 mm long, longer than spikelets, or nearly so; lemmas 5–8 mm long, usually with a scabrid awn up to 20 mm or more long. ✿ Roadsides and waste places in townsites. ● Native of Europe; widely introduced in North America; in the Yukon Territory collected only from Dawson in the early 1900s.
Muhlenbergia Schreb. muhly
Muhlenbergia
Rhizomatous perennials (ours). Panicle narrow and contracted (ours); spikelets 1 flowered, less than 3 mm long; glumes usually shorter than lemma, keeled; lemma acute, awnless or long-awned from apex, often purplish-blotched. A. Leaves flat; glumes awl-shaped B. Leaf sheaths rounded on the back, close, with midvein usually not conspicuous; culm internodes usually retrorse-hispidulous throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. glomerata B. Leaf sheaths loose, compressed, keeled; culm internodes hispidulous below the nodes only or glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. mexicana A. Leaves involute; glumes ovate, obtuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. richardsonis
106
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. ✒ Culms erect, leafy, rarely branching at base, 30–50 cm or more high, arising from elongated slender scaly rhizomes; internodes usually retrorse-hispidulous. Leaves ascending, flat, 2–6 mm wide, firm and scabrous. Panicle greenish purple, narrow and spikelike, 2.0–6.5 cm or more long; spikelets 4–7 mm long; glumes awl-shaped, longer than lemma; lemma long-pilose in lower part; anthers 1.0–1.5 mm long. ✿ Wet rocky or peaty places along sheltered lakeshores. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia south into the northern United States, and in the north barely entering southern District of Mackenzie and southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. ✒ Culms erect or ascending, 12–22 cm high (much taller southward), branching in upper part; internodes hispidulous below nodes only or glabrous; rhizomes elongated, slender, scaly. Leaves lax, strongly ascending, 1.5–4.0 mm wide, scabrous. Panicle narrow, with numerous short appressed densely flowered branches; glumes awlshaped, about as long as lemma; lemma sharply pointed or awn-tipped, long-pilose below; anthers about 0.5 mm long. ✿ Gravel bar by hot spring. ● North America; from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, and south to California but not as far south as Mexico as suggested in name; apparently infrequent west of Manitoba; the site at the Larsen Creek Hot Springs in southeastern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), apparently disjunct from the Liard Hot Springs in northern British Columbia.
Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. mat muhly ✒ Tufted or matted plant, from a short freely branched rhizome; culms wiry, 20–40 cm or more high, erect-ascending. Leaves usually involute. Panicle very slender, interrupted and spikelike, often 5–7 cm long and 2–4 mm wide; spikelets lancesubulate; glumes ovate, awnless, much shorter than lemma, scabrous on midrib; lemma strongly involute, lead-colored, glabrous, slender-pointed but awnless, scabrous toward apex. ✿ Wet calcareous and gravelly lakeshores and riverbanks. ● North America; from New Brunswick to British Columbia, southwestern District of Mackenzie, and the Yukon Territory and south to California, Arizona, and Michigan; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 62°45’ N, but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Phalaris
Oryzopsis Michx. mountain rice
107
Oryzopsis
Tufted perennials. Panicles narrow to somewhat diffuse; spikelets 1-flowered, articulate above glumes; glumes subequal, acute; lemma broad, indurate, about equaling glumes, hairy, awned at or near apex; awn straight or curved, deciduous. A. Leaves flat; spikelets (exclusive of awn) 6–8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. asperifolia A. Leaves involute; spikelets (exclusive of awn) 3–4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. pungens
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. ✒ Culms 30–60 cm high. Basal leaves erect, scabrous, 4–10 mm wide, flat or with involute margins, not much shorter than culms; culm leaves with a blade 1 cm long or less. Panicle contracted, spikelike, 5–12 cm long; branches simple and erect; glumes glabrous, 6–8 mm long, short ciliate at apiculate summit, many-nerved; lemma whitish, sparingly pubescent, with a tuft of hairs at base; awn 7–10 mm long. ✿ Dry open pinewoods and thickets. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south in the United States to West Virginia, Utah, and Washington, and north into southwestern District of Mackenzie and barely entering southeastern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. mountain rice ✒ Culms 15–40 cm high, forming dense tussocks. Basal leaves 10–30 cm long, ascending; culm leaves setaceous, appressedascending. Panicle 2–6 cm long, with erect-ascending branches; spikelets 3–4 mm long; glumes subequal, obtuse, glabrous; lemma appressed pubescent, as long as the glumes, with the awn 0.5–2.0 mm long, deciduous. ✿ Dry peaty or turfy slopes. ● Boreal North America; from western Labrador and Quebec to British Columbia south to New York, Illinois, and Colorado; northward in the District of Mackenzie to the south shore of Great Bear Lake, but in the Yukon Territory barely entering the extreme southeast, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Phalaris L. canary grass
Phalaris
Glabrous annual or perennial grasses. Panicle narrow and spikelike or oval; spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret, and with 2 sterile lemmas below; glumes longer than lemmas; lemmas awnless, with sterile ones scalelike, and with fertile ones firm and often glossy. A. Coarse rhizomatose perennial; panicle elongated, open in anthesis, contracted in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arundinacea A. Slender tufted annual; panicle ovoid, compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. canariensis
108
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canary grass ✒ Smooth species, with erect leafy culms 60–150 cm high, from a stout horizontally creeping rhizome. Leaf blades 10–25 cm long, 6–18 mm wide. Panicle 8–20 cm long, open in anthesis, tightly contracted in fruit; spikelets lanceolate, laterally flattened, 5–6 mm long; glumes boat-shaped, with a scabrous keel; fertile lemma pubescent. ✿ Moist shores of a sandy lake and on riverbanks. ● Circumpolar with gaps, nonarctic; this species widely escaped from cultivation where used as a forage grass in southern Canada is native from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Alaska and southward to Kentucky, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory where might be either native or adventive, known only in the southern parts to about latitude 61°30’ N and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Phalaris canariensis L. canary grass ✒ Annual; culms tufted, erect, 30–80 cm or more high, leafy. Leaves 3–8 mm wide, scabrous. Panicle ovoid, compact; glumes 7–8 mm long, with white and green stripes, abruptly pointed, keeled; keel with a broad wing; fertile lemma shorter than glumes, densely appressed-pubescent. ✿ Introduced in settled areas and probably ephemeral. ● Native of the Mediterranean region and widely introduced in North America; the only known collection from the Yukon Territory at Pelly Farm near Fort Selkirk in 1941.
Phippsia R. Br.
Phippsia
Phippsia algida (Sol.) R. Br. ✒ Diminutive caespitose plant; culms 2–15 cm or more high, ascending, barely overtopping the leaves. Leaves flat or folded, prowlike at apex, yellowish green; sheaths inflated. Panicle narrow, usually congested, 0.8–4.0 cm long; spikelets 1.0–1.2 mm long, 1-flowered; glumes unequal, much shorter than lemma; lemma yellowish green or sometimes purplish, glabrous or slightly pubescent; fruit protruding beyond lemma, broadest above the middle; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long. ✿ Wet alpine slopes and river flats in the mountains. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic alpine; in North America disjunct from the Canadian north to the mountains of Colorado; in the Yukon Territory known from the British, Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Poa
Phleum L. timothy
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Phleum
Tufted perennial; culms slender, leafy below. Panicle cylindrical, spikelike, dense; spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally; glumes equal, abruptly contracted into a short firm awn, coarsely ciliate on the keels; lemma membranous, shorter than glumes, white or silvery, awnless. A. Sheath of upper cauline leaf inflated; panicle spikelike, short-cylindrical or ovoid; native and alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alpinum A. Sheath of upper cauline leaf not inflated; panicle cylindrical, many times longer than broad; introduced but becoming naturalized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pratense
Phleum alpinum L. P. commutatum Gaud. var. americanum (Fourn.) Hultén alpine timothy ✒ Culms 15–50 cm high, arising singly or tufted from a prolonged creeping rhizome. Leaves smooth; blade short and flat; sheath of upper cauline leaf inflated. Panicles 1.0–4.5 cm or more long; awns of glumes to 3 mm long; anthers 1.0–1.6 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine slopes, in moss by alpine brooks and in disturbed situations in alpine regions. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Greenland south to Newfoundland and Gaspé Co., Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire, disjunct to Lake Superior and in the west from western Saskatchewan to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New Mexico and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64° N.
Phleum pratense L. timothy ✒ Culms slender, up to 150 cm high, solitary or in clumps from a often bulblike base. Leaves scabrous; blade flat, usually long tapering; sheath of upper cauline leaf not inflated. Panicles 1.5–8.0 cm or more long; awns of glumes to 2.0 mm long; anthers 1.6–2.0 mm long. ✿ Waste places along roadsides and in townsites. ● A forage grass introduced from Eurasia and found throughout most of North America; in the Yukon Territory mostly south of latitude 61° N but known from Dawson and north of latitude 66° N on the Dempster Highway.
Poa L. blue grass
Poa
Ours perennial (except introduced P. annua), tufted or turf-forming grasses. Leaf blades mostly rather narrow and often involute, ending in a boat-shaped tip. Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets more or less laterally compressed to terete, 2- to several-flowered;
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
flowers perfect (except in dioecious P. porsildii); uppermost floret sterile or rudimentary; glumes boat-shaped, 1- to 3-nerved, somewhat unequal, distinctly keeled (except in P. scabrella); lemmas awnless, glabrous or hairy, often somewhat membranaceous, scarious-tipped, keeled or rounded back, with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral veins converging near apex; some species with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs (web) at base of lemma; stigmas plumose; stamens often 3 or 2 or 1, or lacking; anthers from 0.5–3.2 mm long, with their length usually constant within the species and, therefore of some diagnostic value. A large and taxonomically difficult genus. A. Plants rhizomatous B. Culms conspicuously flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. compressa B. Culms terete, or at most very slightly flattened C. Surface between nerves of palea finely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arctica C. Surface between nerves of palea glabrous D. Culms stout, usually more than 30 cm high; lowermost branches of panicle usually in whorls of 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pratensis ssp. pratensis D. Culms slender, rarely exceeding 30 cm in height; nodes 1 or 2; lowermost panicle branches usually in pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pratensis ssp. alpigena A. Plants tufted E. Anthers less than 1 mm long F. Lemmas distinctly webbed at base G. Annual; leaves yellowish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. annua G. Perennial; leaves green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. leptocoma F. Lemmas not distinctly webbed at base H. Panicle ovate, open; branches long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pseudoabbreviata H. Panicle oblong to pyramidal, contracted; branches short I.
Lemma pubescent at base between keel and marginal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. abbreviata ssp. abbreviata
I.
Lemma glabrous between keel and marginal nerve . . . . . . P. abbreviata ssp. pattersonii
E. Anthers more than 1 mm long J.
Lemmas distinctly webbed at base K. Upper ligules 4–5 mm long; first glume narrow, curved, very acute; nerve between keel and marginal nerve of lemma prominent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. trivialis K. Upper ligules shorter; first glume narrow or broader; nerve between keel and marginal nerve of lemma less prominent L. Spikelets usually glaucous; culm with 2 or rarely 3 nodes; uppermost culm leaf short, below middle of culm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. glauca L. Spikelets not glaucous; culm with 4 or 5 nodes (some nearly basal) M. Panicle usually flexuose; upper ligules broader than long. . . . . . . . . . . P. nemoralis M. Panicle rigid and open; upper ligules mostly 2–3 mm long, longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. palustris
J.
Lemmas not distinctly webbed at base
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N. Lemmas with long lanate hairs between keel and marginal nerve O. Surface between nerves of palea finely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arctica O. Surface between nerves of palea glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alpina N. Lemmas without long lanate hairs between keel and marginal nerves POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) P. Lemmas glabrous Q. Plants dioecious; leaves about 1 mm wide, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. porsildii Q. Plants monoecious; leaves filiform, scabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. cusickii P. Lemmas scabrous or puberulent R. Lemmas rounded on back; keel obscure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. secunda R. Lemmas compressed; keel distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. glauca
Poa abbreviata R. Br. ssp. abbreviata ✒ Caespitose dwarf perennial, often forming small flat or hemispherical tussocks; culms 5–15 cm high, smooth, somewhat arching. Leaves convolute, densely crowded, somewhat curved, nearly as long as culms; ligules short; sheaths papery, white, inflated. Panicle dense, 10–15 mm long, 5–8 mm wide; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered; glumes purplish, with broad membranaceous margins; lemma distinctly shortpubescent in lower part, lacking a tuft of cobweb hairs at base; anthers 1 mm long. ✿ Shattered limestone tundra. Poa ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America in northern Greenland, the arctic islands and adjacent mainland, northern Alaska and in the Yukon Territory known only from Ogilvie, British, and Richardson mountains where considered rare.
Poa abbreviata R. Br. ssp. pattersonii (Vasey) A. Löve et al. P. pattersonii Vasey P. jordalii A.E. Porsild P. abbreviata R. Br. ssp. jordalii (A.E. Porsild) Hultén P. pseudoabbreviata sensu Hultén (1968), non Roshev. ✒ Caespitose dwarf perennial; culms 8–12 cm long, glabrous, striate. Basal leaves usually much shorter than culms, narrow, inrolled; cauline leaves near base of culms; ligules truncate, very short. Panicle short, dense, rarely more than 2 cm long; spikelets 2-to 3-flowered; glumes subequal, purplish; lemmas puberulent toward base of keel and marginal nerves, glabrous between, lacking a tuft of cobweb hairs at base; anthers 0.5–0.75 mm long. ✿
Alpine turf.
● Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending southward through British Columbia and western Alberta to California, Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming; north of 60° N latitude in Canada known only from Kluane National Park in southwestern Yukon Territory and the southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie where considered rare.
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Poa alpina L. alpine blue grass ✒ Densely tufted perennial; culms wiry, 15–30 cm high, smooth; stout crowded bases of culms covered by persistent white sheaths. Basal leaves short, flat, abruptly pointed, fresh green; culm leaves 1 or 2, flat; sheaths smooth. Panicle oval to broadly pyramidal, 1.5–7.0 cm long, green or purplish; branches eventually spreading; spikelets 3to 6-flowered; glumes ovate, broadly hyaline, minutely scabrous on the mid nerve; lemmas pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves, not webbed at base; anthers 1.35–2.0 mm long; viviparous plants (f. vivipara L.) found rarely. ✿ Alpine and subalpine communities, open meadows, and gravel bars. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic–alpine; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia south to Michigan, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Poa annua L. annual blue grass ✒ Tufted annual or biennial; culms ascending, 5–20 cm long or longer, smooth. Basal leaves light green, soft, flat or folded, much shorter than culms; culm leaves 1 or 2; sheaths smooth, hyaline. Panicles narrow to open-pyramidal; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, purple to green; glumes unequal, boatshaped; lemmas more or less pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, not webbed at base; anthers 0.5–1.0 mm long. ✿ Waste ground in townsites and along roadsides. ● Widely introduced in North America from Europe; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as Dawson, but uncommon.
Poa arctica R. Br. s.l. arctic blue grass ✒ Very variable perennial, with short ascending rhizomes (tufted in ssp. caespitans). Culms erect-ascending, more or less geniculate, usually several together, 15–40 cm or more high. Leaves short, usually involute. Panicle pyramidal; spikelets mostly 2-flowered, 3–4 mm long; glumes equal; lemmas more or less pubescent at base; tuft of cobweb hairs prominent or not; surface between nerves of palea finely hairy. The following subspecies found in the Yukon Territory:
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. arctica ✒ Rhizomatous plant; culms 15–25 cm high; leaves flat or involute; lower half of lemma pubescent; tuft of cobweb hairs distinct; plants with viviparous spikelets of rare occurrence south to 64° N (var. vivipara Hook.).
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. caespitans (Simmons) Nannf. ✒ Tufted plant, with arcuate sterile shoots; leaves broad; anthers sterile.
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. lanata (Scribn. & Merr.) R.J. Soreng
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. arctica var. vivipara Hook.
✒ Plant somewhat tufted like ssp. caespitans, but with definite rhizomes; culms to 40 cm high; leaves flat or folded, 2–4 mm wide; lemmas obtuse, with broad hyaline margins, villous on lower half of keel and on marginal nerves, densely webbed at base.
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113
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. longiculmis Hultén ✒ Rhizomatous plant; culms tall and slender; basal leaves long, filiform; lemmas not very pubescent toward base, somewhat scabrous toward apex.
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. williamsii (Nash) Hultén ✒ Rhizomatous plant; culms to 20 cm high; lemmas nearly lanate, with long soft hairs, prominently webbed at base. ✿ Poa arctica s.l. common in not too moist tundra, by lakeshores, and streams. ● Poa arctica ssp. arctica circumpolar, wide-ranging, arctic-alpine found in suitable habitats throughout the Yukon Territory; ssp. caespitansr circumpolar but with many gaps, in the Yukon Territory found only in the Richardson, British,
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp arctica
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. caespitans (Simmons) Nannf.
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. lanata (Scribn. & Merr.) R.J. Soreng
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. arctica
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. caespitans (Simmons) Nannf.
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. lanata (Scribn. & Merr.) R.J. Soreng
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. longiculmis Hultén
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. williamsii (Nash) Hultén
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. williamsii (Nash) Hultén
114
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains; ssp. lanata cordilleran, reaching easternmost Siberia, occasional in the Yukon Territory; ssp. longiculmis endemic to Alaska and Yukon Territory; ssp. williamsii amphi-Beringian, extending across southern Alaska to southwestern Yukon Territory.
Poa compressa L. Canada blue grass ✒ Bluish green perennial, with slender rhizomes; culms geniculate-ascending, wiry and strongly flattened, 30–40 cm high; leaf blades rather short, 1–4 mm broad. Panicle 3–10 cm long, often with short paired branches; spikelets crowded, 3- to 6-flowered. ✿ Waste places about townsites. ● Introduced widely in North America from Eurasia; thus far known only from the southern Yukon Territory.
Poa cusickii Vasey ✒ Densely tufted perennial; culms 20–60 cm high; ligules very short; leaf blades filiform, scabrous, mostly basal. Panicle compact, narrow, oblong; branches mostly short, ascending; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; glumes subequal, usually 3-nerved; lemmas keeled, prominently 5-nerved, usually scabrous on keel, glabrous or scabrous or scabrid-puberulent over most of surface. ✿ Open grassy slopes. ● North America; from southern British Columbia to southern Manitoba, south to North Dakota, Colorado, and California; Packer (1983) mapped a site on Lake Athabasca in northeastern Alberta; in southwestern Yukon Territory considered introduced at a site near Bear Creek along the Alaska Highway but appears native in the Stony Creek area.
Poa glauca Vahl P. rupicola Nash ✒ Densely tufted perennial; very variable; culms stiff, 15–25 cm high, slightly longer than leaves; culms and leaves usually glaucous; culm faintly scabrous, at least below panicle; ligule very short and truncate. Panicle narrowly lanceolate; branches scabrous; glumes broadly lanceolate; lemmas scabrous, with the keel and lateral nerves pubescent; cobweb hairs usually absent from base of lemma. ✿ Dry open slopes in sandy and gravelly places. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in western North America south in the mountains to California and New Mexico; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Poa
115
Poa leptocoma Trin. P. paucispicula Scribn. & Merr. ✒ Densely tufted plant; culms slender, smooth, 15–30 cm high. Basal leaves numerous, thin, narrow; culm leaves 2 or 3, flat. Panicle open; branches paired, capillary, smooth, with lowermost somewhat remote and often drooping; spikelets 1–3, near apex of each branch; spikelets strongly compressed, 2- to 3-flowered, green to dark purple, turning bronze in age; lemma 3 mm long, 5-nerved, broadly obtuse, with hyaline margins, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, webbed at base; anthers short, rarely more than 0.7 mm long. ✿ Damp places by alpine brooks and near snow beds. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending eastward to the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie, and south through the cordilleran chain to Washington and central Montana; in the Yukon Territory occasional in alpine situations.
Poa nemoralis L. wood blue grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 30–70 cm or more high; ligules about 1 mm long, blunt; leaf blades flat or involute, 1–3 mm wide. Panicles narrow, erect to drooping; spikelets compressed, 2- to 5-flowered; lemmas more or less pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, scantily webbed at base. ✿ Moist stream banks and meadows. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southern part, where presumably introduced.
Poa palustris L. fowl-meadow grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms firm, 30–70 cm tall, with 4–6 nodes, from a somewhat geniculate and often purplish base; ligules 3–5 mm long; leaf blades 1–2 mm wide, scabrous. Panicle narrowly pyramidal to ellipsoid; branches filiform, spreading, in rather distant fascicles of 3 to 10; spikelets 2to 4-flowered; glumes 2–3 mm long, lanceolate; lemma 2–3 mm long, usually bronzed at tip, with silky pubescence on keel and marginal nerves, and copiously webbed at base. ✿ Floodplain meadows and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, Missouri, Utah, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory found west of longitude 135° W and north to the Porcupine River.
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Poa porsildii Gjaerevoll P. vaseyochloa sensu Hultén, non Scribn. ✒ Perennial, strictly dioecious, loosely tufted, often forming large matlike tussocks; culms 25–40 cm high, smooth, with 1 or 2 nodes. Basal leaves very numerous and crowded around base of culm; basal sheaths pale, persisting; leaf blades about 2 mm wide, but often so tightly rolled as to appear terete when less than 1 mm in diameter; ligule 0.5–1.0 mm in length, hyaline, very fragile. Panicle 2–8 cm long, with branches single or in pairs, and with lowermost ones often slightly deflexed; spikelets mostly crowded near end of branches, 6.0–7.5 mm long, 3- to 5-flowered; glumes unequal, prominently nerved, suffused with bronze-purple; lemma 3.5 mm long, totally glabrous to somewhat scabrous; anthers 2.5–3.2 mm long. ✿ Turfy alpine tundra and heath. ● North America; endemic to unglaciated mountains of central Alaska and central Yukon Territory and on the east slopes of the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains in the District of Mackenzie; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Poa pratensis L. ssp. pratensis ?P. agassizensis Boivin & D. Löve Kentucky blue grass ✒ Stoloniferous perennial; culms tufted, smooth 30–100 cm high. Leaves soft, flat or folded, 2–4 mm wide; basal leaves often very numerous. Panicle open, pyramidal or oblong, 10–35 cm long; lowermost branches often in whorls of 4–5. Spikelets crowded, 3to 5-flowered, 3–6 mm long. Lemmas copiously webbed at base, silky-pubescent on lower half of the keel and marginal nerves, otherwise glabrous, strongly webbed at base. ✿ Waste places and riverbanks near habitations. ● Introduced from Eurasia; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south into much of the United States; various cultivars are grown for forage and lawn grasses; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64° 30’ N and disjunct to the Porcupine River.
Poa pratensis L. ssp. alpigena (Blytt) Hiit. P. alpigena (Blytt) Lindm. P. pratensis s.l. of some authors on arctic flora ✒ Turf-forming plant, with rather stout widely creeping rhizomes; culms mostly solitary, 20–30 cm or more high, smooth, somewhat longer than the folded or rarely flat leaves. Spikelets 2to 3-flowered; glumes equal; lemmas obscurely 5-nerved, long, soft-pilose on median and lateral nerves, with a copious tuft of cobebby hairs at base. ✿ Occasional to common in sandy tundra and in meadows by streams and lakeshores, where often forming a firm turf. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging arctic-alpine tundra species; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and northern British Columbia; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
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117
Poa pseudoabbreviata Roshev. P. brachyanthera Hultén ✒ Loosely tufted plant; culms 5–20 cm in height, glabrous. Leaves much shorter than culms, narrow. Panicle ovate, open; branches long, slender, glabrous; spikelets with 2–4 florets; glumes 3.0–3.5 mm long, acute at apex, purple with a narrow pale margin, glabrous or with a few short hairs on the back and minutely scabrous on keel; lemmas purple, becoming bronze and then pale at apex, glabrous between the keel and puberulent marginal nerve, lacking tuft of cobweb hairs at base; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long. ✿ Open well-drained alpine slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; rare in the Yukon Territory where known from only two sites in the British Mountains and also in the northern Richardson Mountains of the District of Mackenzie where known from a single site.
Poa secunda Presl P. scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. P. ampla Merrill P. canbyi (Scribn.) Howell P. nevadensis Vasey P. stenantha sensu Hultén pro parte ✒ Densely tufted glaucous very variable perennial; culms smooth, 20–50 cm high, more than twice as long as flat or involute leaves. Panicle 3–10 cm long, narrow, dense; spikelets 2- to 7-flowered, dark green, tinged with purple, not compressed; lemmas rounded on the back, puberulent on lower half, lacking a web at base. ✿ Meadows and open woods. ● Western North America; from Yukon Territory at latitude 64° N southward to northern Mexico, eastward across the plains, with isolated populations north of the Great Lakes and on the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec.
Poa trivialis L. rough blue grass ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 30–80 cm or more high, decumbent and rooting at base; ligules 3–5 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 1.5–4.0 mm wide, scabrous. Panicle lax, ovate to oblong; branches scabrous, 3–5 together at base; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered; first glume, narrow, curved, 1-nerved, very acute; second glume longer, 3-nerved, scabrous on keel; lemma glabrous except for slightly pubescent keel, or with prominent lateral nerves rarely pubescent; conspicuous web at base of lemma. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced into North America, particularly in the extreme east and west; in the Yukon Territory collected at Bennett in 1909 by A.S. Hitchcock and at Whitehorse by S.J. Enander in 1922, and more recent collections made from southern Canol Road and near Carcross.
118
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Polypogon Desf. beard grass
Polypogon
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. rabbit-foot grass ✒ Annual; culms 1 or several together, erect or decumbent, 10–50 cm or more high, glabrous. Leaves flat, 1–6 mm wide, scabrous; sheaths open, inflated. Panicle dense, 1–6 cm long, tawny yellow when mature; branches scabrous; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes hispidulous, about 2 mm long, slightly lobed at apex, awned from between lobes; awns 4–6 mm long; lemma half the length of glumes, smooth, shiny. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from southern Europe; widely scattered throughout the United States and southern Canada; in the Yukon Territory collected only from Dawson in 1909.
Puccinellia Parl. goose grass
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Puccinellia
Caespitose or stoloniferous grasses, yellowish green, smooth, usually growing near seashore, although several growing nonlittoral in alkaline or saline soil far inland. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered in open or narrow panicles; glumes very unequal in length, much shorter than spikelet. A. Arctic species, with erect-ascending culms often less than 20 cm high, inhabiting arctic tundra or seashores B. Glumes and lemmas entire, not evidently erose-ciliolate even in age C. Anthers 1.2–2.0 mm long D. Stoloniferous; anthers without pollen; plant propagating vegetatively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. phryganodes D. Caespitose, and without stolons; plant fertile E. Lemmas distinctly nerved, often with a few spines on the back; keels of palea densely ciliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arctica E. Lemmas obscurely nerved, not spiny on back; keels of palea sparsely ciliate to almost glabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. agrostidea C. Anthers 0.5–1.0 mm long F. Lemmas herbaceous throughout, prominently veined, often with hairs at their base; anthers about 0.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. langeana F. Lemmas firm throughout, or at most scarious-translucent in upper one-third; veins not prominent; anthers 0.6–1.0 mm long G. Lemmas glabrous or only sparsely hairy on nerves near base; keels of palea glabrous or sparsely spinulose near summit; glumes and lemmas often coarsely toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. andersonii G. Lemmas conspicuously hairy, especially in lower part; keels of palea often wooly-haired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. angustata
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119
B. Glumes and lemmas erose-ciliolate, at least in age H. Glumes always ciliolate; panicle comparatively large, one-third to one-half the length of culm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. vaginata H. Glumes and lemmas entire, becoming erose or toothed but not ciliolate in age I. I.
Lemmas 3–4 mm long; anthers 1.0–1.5 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. grandis Lemmas 1.8–2.5 mm long J. J.
Lemmas distinctly nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arctica Lemmas obscurely nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. agrostidea
A. Nonarctic nonlittoral species, with culms 20–55 cm high, inhabiting floodplains, riverbanks, and waste places K. Glumes more or less keeled; lemmas acute or subacute L. Glumes and lemmas glossy, translucent; keels of glumes often sparsely spinulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nuttalliana L. Glumes and lemmas firm, pruinose; keels of glumes without spinules . . . . P. deschampsioides K. Glumes not keeled; lemmas obtuse or truncate M. Spikelets loose; rachilla joints about 0.8 mm long; lemmas often 2.2–2.4 mm long, distinctly hairy on veins in lower quarter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. borealis M. Spikelets rather tight; rachilla joints about 0.5 mm long; lemmas often 1.8–2.2 mm long, sparsely hairy at base or almost glabrous N. Anthers 0.8–1.0 mm long; leaves 2–5 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. distans N. Anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long; leaves 1–2 mm wide O. Glumes obtuse; lemmas thin, often opaque, truncate, hairy on nerves at base; panicle cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. hauptiana O. Glumes somewhat acute; lemmas rather firm, shining, obtuse, not truncate, almost glabrous; callus hairs present; panicle pyramidal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. interior
Puccinellia agrostidea Th. Sør. ✒ Caespitose plant, slender; culms erect, 20–30 cm high, with about 3 long-sheathing leaves. Ligules very thin, about 2 mm long, truncate, often lacerate. Panicle intensely purple, glossy, contracted, linear-lanceolate, with capillary subglabrous fascicled branches; pedicels scaberulous; spikelets 4–6 mm long, 2- to 4-flowered; glumes and lemmas thin, translucent, obscurely nerved, entire; glumes acutish; first glume 0.8–1.0 mm long; second glume 1.8–2.0 mm long; lemmas obtuse or abruptly pointed, 2.3–3.0 mm long, faintly pilose at very base; anthers 1.2–1.5 mm long. ✿ Nonlittoral species of turfy places in tundra. ● North America; endemic to the western Arctic; in the Yukon Territory known only from the southwest where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and to be looked for along the Arctic coast.
120
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Puccinellia andersonii Swallen ✒ Caespitose glaucescent plant; culms stout, geniculate, 10–20 cm high. Leaves rather rigid, abruptly pointed; ligules 1.5–2.0 mm long, acute, decurrent. Panicle up to 8 cm long; branches glabrous, often in pairs, stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets rather few, comparatively large, 6–9 mm long, 4- to 7-flowered, pale purple or reddish, with upper ones subsessile, appressed; glumes and lemmas usually coarsely toothed; glumes firm, acute, evidently alternately inserted on more or less thickened pedicels; first glume 1.5–2.0 mm long; second glume 2.5–3.0 mm long; lemmas rather firm, thinner, and with a peculiar fatty lustre toward margin, 3–4 mm long, sparsely pilose below; anthers 0.8–1.0 mm long; grains 1.8–2.0 mm long. ✿ Wet grassy places by the seashore. ● North America, high-arctic; from east Greenland across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Banks Island, and widely disjunct at Richards Island in the Mackenzie Delta and Point Lay in northwestern Alaska (type locality); in the Yukon Territory known only from the Arctic coast.
Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redf. ✒ Densely caespitose plant; culms stout, 15–30 cm tall, erect or prostrate, bearing only 1–2 leaves. Leaf blades, especially those of innovations, comparatively wide and flat; ligules thin, 2–4 mm long, tapering. Panicle purple, 4–10 cm long, often contracted; branches stout, more or less scabrous, ascending, in pairs or with accessory weaker branchlets from lower node; spikelets lanceolate, 6–8 mm long, 3- to 5-flowered; glumes usually acute, variable in shape, with tips rarely erose; lemmas about 3–4 mm long, tapering, often with hyaline tips, more or less hairy on nerves in their lower part; anthers 0.6–0.8 mm long; grains 1.9–2.1 mm long. ✿ Nonlittoral species often growing in moist clay spots in otherwise dry barrens. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; in North America from northern east Greenland westward across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; in Yukon Territory rare on the Arctic coast.
Puccinellia arctica (Hook.) Fern. & Weath. ✒ Caespitose plant; culms stout, erect, often geniculate at base, 20–40 cm high, mostly 2-leaved. Leaves deeply furrowed or involute when dry; ligule lacerate, 1.5–2.0 mm long. Panicle 5–11 cm long, lanceolate-oblong; branches ascending, smooth or slightly scabrous, slender, 2 or 3 from each node, with each bearing 1–3 spikelets on slender pedicels; spikelets purplish tinged, 6–11 mm long, 5- to 9-flowered; glumes and lemmas very thin and translucent, distinctly nerved; first and second glumes about 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm long respectively, obtuse; lemmas 3.0 mm or slightly over, obtuse, strongly arched, beautifully variegated, with lower part purple, and with tips bright
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golden yellow and slightly erose; nerves of lemma slightly pilose; callus hairs short; keels of palea strongly ciliate above; anthers 1.8–2.0 mm long. ✿ Beaches and strand flats subject to flood; of weedy habit and often taller and more lush near nesting sites of seabirds and near human habitations. ● North America; endemic to arctic northwest Canada; thus far know only from the Arctic coast of Canada between Herschel Island and Cape Bathurst, and from southern Banks Island and Cambridge Bay on Victoria Island; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Puccinellia borealis Swallen ✒ Caespitose plant; culms somewhat geniculate at base, 25–40 cm high; basal sheaths reddish in lower part, with most a little longer than the internodes. Blades flat, 1–2 mm wide; ligule about 2 mm long. Panicle 10–16 cm long, open and pyramidal in age; branches slender, spreading, with lower ones often in pairs, 4–8 cm long; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, green or purplish-tinged in age, short-pediceled; first glume 1.0–1.5 mm long; second glume 1.5–2.0 mm long; lemmas 2.0–2.3 mm long; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm long. ✿ Nonlittoral species of weedy habit, and readily spread by humans and animals. ● Amphi-Beringian; in the Yukon Territory usually about settlements in the southern part but also found along the Arctic coast.
Puccinellia deschampsioides Th. Sør. ✒ Densely caespitose glaucous plant; culms 30–50 cm high, decumbent at base, stout, stiffly erect, 2-leaved, naked in upper part. Leaves stiff, strongly involute, with scabrous margins, and with short sheaths; basal sheaths marcescent; ligule 2 mm long, truncate. Panicle stiff, 10–15 cm long; branches often paired, elongated, naked below, scabrous, stiffly ascending, spreading in age, bearing 5–15 spikelets; spikelets compact, 4–7 mm long, 3- to 5-flowered, variegated, reddish purple and golden yellow, shiny or pruinose; first glume 1.0–1.5 mm long; second glume 1.8–2.1 mm long; lemmas 2.4–2.8 mm long; anthers 0.7–0.9 mm long. ✿ Dry and mildly alkaline or saline flats. ● North America, arctic; described from continental parts of west Greenland but known also from isolated and disjunct stations in Canada from Ungava in Quebec and southwest Yukon Territory, north to Great Bear Lake and Liverpool Bay on the Arctic coast; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 5–40 cm or more high. Leaves involute to folded, 2–5 mm wide; ligules 0.6–1.5 mm long, more or less puberulent. Panicle 5–19 cm long, cylindrical; branches ultimately spreading, or with lower ones reflexed, scabrous; spikelets 3–5 mm long, 3–7 flowered; glumes ovate; first glume 0.7–1.8 mm long; second glume 1.2–2.0 mm long; lemma elliptic to obovate, obscurely veined, glabrous or short-pilose at base, scabrous on margins toward broadly obtuse to truncate tip; first lemma 2.1–3.5 mm long; anthers 0.8–1.0 mm long. ✿ Roadsides and waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America from Nova Scotia to British Columbia south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory rare in the south.
Puccinellia grandis Swallen ✒ Densely caespitose plant; culms to 90 cm high, erect or geniculate at base. Leaves flat, 2–3 mm wide, drying involute; ligules 2–3 mm long, obtuse. Panicle pyramidal; branches scabrous, at first appressed, later spreading; spikelets purpletinged; first glume 1-nerved, obtuse to subacute; second glume 3-nerved, wider than the first, obtuse, often minutely toothed; lemmas 3–4 mm long, obscurely nerved, abruptly narrowed to obtuse or subacute apex, sparsely pilose at base; anthers 1.0–1.5 mm long. ✿ Saline marshes. ● North America; from southern Alaska and British Columbia near the coast, south to northern California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southern part where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Puccinellia hauptiana (Krecz.) Kitagawa ✒ Caespitose plant; culms to 60 cm high. Leaves narrow, 1–2 mm wide. Panicle at first contracted but becoming open in age; branches long, capillary, scabrous; spikelets elongate, 6 to 8-flowered; glumes ovate; lemmas obscurely nerved, obovate to broadly rounded, obtuse, ciliolate, somewhat pilose at base; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. ✿ Moist situations in the interior. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending eastward to the vicinity of Mayo in central Yukon Territory, and considered rare in the Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
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Puccinellia interior Th. Sør. ✒ Densely caespitose glaucous plant; culm erect, 30–55 cm high, 2-to 3-leaved. Upper sheaths much longer than lower ones; leaf blades 1.5–2.0 mm wide, involute; ligule 1.8–2.3 mm long; blades of sterile innovations comparatively short and bristlelike when dry. Panicle pyramidal, 15–20 cm long; branches fascicled and more or less distant, long and capillary, naked in their lower part, bearing numerous clustered and approximate spikelets on short somewhat thickened pedicels; spikelets pale yellow or variegated, more or less shiny, mostly 3- to 4-flowered; glumes oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acute, erose-ciliate; lemmas obtuse, broadly hyaline-margined, erose, obscurely 5-nerved, hairy toward base; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. ✿ Moist situations. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska and southwestern Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N and apparently introduced about habitations in the Mackenzie River valley.
*Puccinellia langeana (Berl.) Th. Sør. P. paupercula (Holm) Fern. & Weath. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, often reddish-tinged; culms stout, erect, somewhat geniculate or even procumbent, usually 5–10 cm high, rarely higher. Leaves folded, abruptly pointed; ligules 1.5–2.0 mm long, acutish. Panicle 3–5 cm long, contracted or sometimes spreading; branches often in pairs, glabrous; spikelets purple or greenish-variegated, 4–6 mm long; florets 3–7, loosely imbricated, appressed, with upper ones often sessile; glumes and lemmas firm, herbaceous, entire, distinctly nerved; glumes 1–2 mm long, acutish, subcarinate; lemmas 1.5–2.5 mm long, incurved, obtuse or bluntly acute; lemma and palea keels glabrous; callus hairs absent; anthers about 0.5 mm long; grains 1.2–1.4 mm long. ✿ An obligate littoral species. ● East Asia; low-arctic; also in North America, in west Greenland, and Hudson Bay, with a large gap to Alaska; to be looked for along the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory.
Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.) Hitchc. ✒ Tufted plant; culms slender, stiff, erect, up to 60 cm high. Leaves narrow, 1–2 mm wide. Panicle up to half the length of culm, with ascending or spreading strongly scabrous branches; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, with scattered florets; glumes thick, eroseciliate; first glume 1-nerved; second glume 3-nerved, longer than first; lemma ovate, blunt or subacute at apex, erose-serrulate, with nerves pubescent in lower part; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm long. ✿ Alkaline situations. ● Western North America from Manitoba to British Columbia and Alaska south into the United States; disjunct stations to the east in Ontario and New Brunswick where introduced; in the Yukon Territory, found in the southwest and rare north to the Arctic coast.
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. ✒ Turf-forming plant, matted, with widely trailing stolons; shootlets arising from leaf axils of stolons, short, rooting, easily detached; flowering plant often caespitose, with sessile innovations; culms geniculate at base or procumbent, with upper leaf sheath elongated, often reaching panicle. Leaves of flowering plant rigid, folded, abruptly pointed, glaucous; leaves of stolons often flat, bright green. Panicle narrow and thin, made up of a few comparatively large spikelets; branches glabrous, stiffly ascending or reflexed; spikelets variable, up to 1 cm long or longer, 3- to 6-flowered, pale purple or whitish; glumes more or less flattened, obtuse; lemmas 3.5–4.5 mm long, obtuse or even emarginate, entire, glabrous throughout; callus hairs absent; anthers often 1.5–2.0 mm long, thin, lacking pollen; grains not developing. ✿ An obligate littoral species. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in the Yukon Territory apparently rare or perhaps overlooked along the Arctic coast.
Puccinellia vaginata (Lange) Fern. & Weath. ✒ Caespitose plant; culms 10–20 cm high, slender, ascending. Leaves soft, involute in age; uppermost leaf sheath usually subinflated. Panicle comparatively large, barely exerted; branches often in pairs, slender, somewhat scabrous, ascending or drooping; spikelets pediceled, more or less purple, glossy, oblong, 5–10 mm long, 4- to 6-flowered; glumes and lemmas thin, translucent, erose-ciliolate; glumes rounded, very faintly nerved; lemmas obtuse, 2.5–3.0 mm long, sparsely pilose at very base; anthers 0.6–0.8 mm long; grains 1.7–1.9 mm long. ✿ On clay by the seashore; often forming large tussocks near bird cliffs and human habitations. ● Arctic from east Greenland to Bering Strait and disjunct to the Russian Arctic coast; in the Yukon Territory apparently rare on the Arctic coast but perhaps overlooked.
Schizachne Hack.
Schizachne
Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen false melic, purple oat grass ✒ Loosely tufted perennial; culms smooth, slender, decumbent at base, 30–60 cm high, much longer than basal leaves. Leaves flat, smooth, 1–4 mm wide; sheaths closed. Panicle open; branches usually in pairs, capillary, scabrid, erect, or drooping in age, each bearing 1 or rarely 2 spikelets; spikelets 2.0–2.3 cm long including awns, with 3 to 5 florets; glumes unequal, purplish, with pale hyaline margins; lemmas 8–10 mm long, bifid at apex; awn about as long as lemma, or longer, straight
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or somewhat spreading, attached just below notch. ✿ Mature spruce forest. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America a woodland species known in Canada from Newfoundland to British Columbia, with disjunct stations in Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known along the Canol Road and in the extreme southeast.
Scolochloa Beauv.
Scolochloa
Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc. sprangletop ✒ Culms leafy, erect, stout, 1.0–1.5 m high, somewhat spongy at base, from extensively creeping, whiplike rhizomes. Leaf blades flat, often up to 10 mm wide, scabrous on upper surface; sheaths large, somewhat papery and inflated. Panicle open, 20 cm or more long; branches in distant fascicles, with lowermost 10–15 cm long; spikelets about 8 mm long, 3- to 4-flowered; glumes unequal, thin, with longer ones about as long as florets; anthers 3–4 mm long. ✿ In shallow water or wet marshes. ● Wide-ranging from western Europe to western Siberia, with large gaps in western North America; in North America north of latitude 60° N entering southern District of Mackenzie to just north of the west end of Great Slave Lake and then formerly disjunct to the vicinity of Beaver on the Yukon River in east-central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory recently collected north of Carmacks.
Secale L. rye
Secale
Secale cereale L. rye ✒ Tufted annual; culms 60–150 cm high, smooth to somewhat pubescent above. Leaves flat, 3–10 mm wide, smooth to somewhat scabrous; sheaths open. Spikes terminal, 8–15 cm long, usually nodding; spikelets 2-flowered; glumes shorter than lemmas, subulate; lemmas keeled, strongly ciliate on keel and exposed margins, longawned. ✿ Waste places. ● Cultivated cereal, frequently escaping; in the Yukon Territory collected only at Watson Lake.
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Sphenopholis Scribn. wedge grass
Sphenopholis
Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. S. obtusa (Michx.) Scribn. var. major (Torr.) Erdman ✒ Tufted perennial; culms slender, smooth, shiny, 30–70 cm high. Leaf blades 5–15 cm long, flat, 2–5 mm wide; sheaths open. Panicle 5–15 cm long, fairly dense but not spikelike, 1.0–2.5 cm thick; spikelets densely crowded on short ascending scabrous branches; spikelets pale green, usually 2-flowered, 2.5–3.0 mm long; glumes subequal, scabrous on keel, with the first linearsubulate, and with the second obovate; lemma pale green, with scarious margins, awnless. ✿ Stream banks and about hot springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, north to southern District of Mackenzie and extreme southeastern Yukon Territory and disjunct to central Alaska.
Stipa L. feather grass, needle grass
Stipa
Tall tufted perennial prairie grasses. Spikelets 1-flowered, in terminal open or contracted panicles; glumes somewhat papery, narrow, keeled, acute or bristle-tipped; lemma indurate, more or less terete and strongly involute so margins overlapping and tightly enveloping both palea and grain, usually with a sharp-pointed retrorse-hairy callus at base, and terminating in a long persistent sharply bent awn; awn twisted spirally, with numerous tight turns below the bend. A. Glumes 18 mm long or more; awns 10–15 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. comata A. Glumes 7–10 mm long; awns 2–3 cm long B. Panicle loose, open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. richardsonii B. Panicle narrow, dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. nelsonii ssp. dorei
Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. needle-and-thread ✒ Culms 30–60 cm high, smooth. Basal leaves filiform, 10–30 cm long, crowded; culm leaves involute; uppermost sheaths conspicuously inflated and usually enclosing base of panicle. Panicle open, 7–20 cm long; branches erect or nearly so, with spikelets from below middle; glumes slender, long-attenuate, 1.8–2.5 cm long, glabrous; lemmas 8–12 mm long, indurate, pubescent; awn 10–15 cm long, twisted, geniculate. ✿ Dry open slopes and river benches. ● North America; from southern Manitoba to British Columbia and south to Texas and California; in the Yukon Territory as yet known only from near Whitehorse, Tantalus Butte near Carmacks, Pelly Ranch, and Hutshi Lake.
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Stipa nelsonii Scribn. ssp. dorei Barkworth & Maze S. columbiana sensu A.S. Hitchc. & Chase S. occidentalis Thurb. ex Wats. var. minor (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. ✒ Culms 30–80 cm high. Basal leaves filiform, involute, one-third to one-half the length of culm; culm leaves flat or involute, usually less than 1 mm wide; sheaths not inflated. Panicle narrow, 8–20 cm long; branches erect or ascending, with spikelets from below middle; glumes 9–11 mm long, acute, purplish; lemmas 5–8 mm long, pubescent; awn 2.0–2.5 cm long. ✿ Dry open grassy slopes. ● North America; from Saskatchewan to British Columbia and south to Texas, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory rare north to about latitude 61° N.
Stipa richardsonii Link ✒ Culms slender, 50–100 cm high. Basal leaves involute, one-third to one-half the length of culm, tightly packed; culm leaves involute, up to 1 mm wide, few. Panicle open, 10–20 cm long, with slender branches distant and spreading, and with 2–4 spikelets near ends; glumes 7–10 mm long, acute, purplish with scarious margins, scabrous on spine; lemmas firm, 5–6 mm long, pubescent; awn 2–3 mm long. ✒ South-facing open grassy and rocky slopes. ● North America; from central Manitoba to British Columbia and south to South Dakota, Colorado, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory known only from near Atlin and Whitehorse.
Torreyochloa Church
Torreyochloa
Torreyochloa pauciflora (Presl) Church Glyceria pauciflora Presl Puccinellia pauciflora (Presl) Munz ✒ Perennial; culms 30–100 cm high, smooth, often somewhat geniculate at base and rooting at lower nodes. Leaves flat, thin, 8–20 cm long, 4–10 mm wide, finely scabrous at least on upper surface; ligules 5–6 mm long; sheaths open, smooth or somewhat scabrous, septate. Panicle open, 10–20 cm long; branches ascending to spreading or drooping, scabrous; spikelets at ends of branches, 4–5 mm long, oblong to ovate, 3- to 7-flowered; glumes unequal; first glume 0.8–1.2 mm long; second glume 1.2–1.8 mm long, 3-nerved; margins of glumes erose-scarious; lemmas 2.0–2.5 mm long, prominently 5-nerved, usually with 2 faint marginal nerves, rounded or truncate at apex, broadly scarious and often erose, finely scabrous on the nerves.
128
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) ✿
Wet meadows, marshes, and lakeshores. North America; from southern Alaska and Yukon south to California, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Watson Lake, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
Trisetum Pers.
Trisetum
Tufted or rhizomatous perennials. Leaf blades flat. Panicles spikelike or open; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered; glumes unequal, membranous, persisting after maturity; lemmas 2-toothed at apex, with the twisted awn inserted below apex. A. Plants short, rhizomatous; panicle more or less open, culm glabrous below panicle B. Culms 15–40 cm high; panicle 3.5–8.0 cm long, dense, oval in outline . . . . T. sibiricum ssp. litorale B. Culms 40–70 cm high; panicle open, 8–22 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. sibiricum ssp. sibiricum A. Plants tufted; panicle dense, spikelike; culm pubescent to glabrous below panicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. spicatum
Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. ssp. sibiricum ✒ Short rhizomatous plant; culms 40–80 cm high, glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or somewhat hairy above. Cauline leaves longer than 10 cm. Panicle open, lax, ovoid to elongate, 8–22 cm long; spikelets 5.2–8.5 mm long; glumes hyaline, somewhat scabridulous; lemma 4.5–5.8 mm long; awn 5–10 mm long, attached between the middle and apex, strongly curved; rachilla hairs about 1 mm long. ✿ Willow–alder thickets and stream banks. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending into the Yukon Territory where known only in the interior on the Porcupine River and at Coffee Creek on the Yukon River.
Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. ssp. litorale (Rupr.) Roshev. ✒ Culms 15–40 cm high. Cauline leaves less than 10 cm long. Panicle 3.5–8.0 cm long, dense, oval in outline. ✿ Moist grassy slopes adjacent to arctic seas. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending into the Yukon Territory where known only on the Arctic coast between King Point and Kay Point, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. T. spicatum (L.) Richt. ssp. molle (Michx.) Hultén T. spicatum (L.) Richt. ssp. majus (Vasey) Hultén ✒ Caespitose plant; culms 10–50 cm high, glabrous to thinly hirsute. Leaves flat, more or less pubescent. Panicle usually dense and spikelike, lanceolate-oblong, purplish or green; spikelets 4.2–7.5 mm long; lemmas 5–6 mm long; awns 2–6 mm long, attached between the middle and apex; rachilla hairs about 0.5 mm long. T. spicatum has been separated into numerous races, subspecies, and varieties throughout its circumpolar arctic-alpine range; Randall and Hilu (1986) have demonstrated that although the North American populations reveal extreme variations, they cannot be separated on a morphological basis. A viviparous form from the Ogilvie Mountains has been described (f. vivipara A.E. Porsild). ✿ Common in rocky and gravelly places and in dry tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south in the west to Colorado and Mexico and southward, and in the east to the New England states and the mountains of North Carolina; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Triticum L. wheat
Triticum
Triticum aestivum L. ✒ Annual; culms branching at base, 60–100 cm high, hollow. Leaf blades flat, 1–2 cm wide, auriculate at base, pubescent when young. Spikes linear, 5–12 cm long, quadrangular in cross section; spikelets 2- to 5-flowered; rachilla disarticulating above glumes; lemmas broad, keeled, manynerved, long-awned or awnless. ✿ Waste places. ● Widely cultivated grain originating in the Old World; in the Yukon Territory it has been collected at Dawson, Whitehorse, and Sheldon Lake on the Canol Road.
130
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Vahlodea Fries
Vahlodea
Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Fries ssp. latifolia (Hook.) A.E. Porsild Vahlodea latifolia (Hook.) Hultén Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele var. latifolia (Hook.) Scribn. ✒ Loosely tufted essentially glabrous perennial; culms from 20–60 cm high. Leaves glabrous or slightly scabrous on the nerves, flat, short acuminate; basal leaves with blades up to 30 cm long and 6 mm wide; leaves of culm shorter, with their sheaths often purplish. Panicle open, few-flowered, from 5–15 cm long, often somewhat flexuous or nodding, with the lowermost branches in tall plants up to 5 cm long; spikelets 2-flowered, dark purple, turning bronze; glumes about 5 mm long, subequal, lanceolate, enclosing florets; lemma firm, truncate, 3 mm long; awn attached above the middle of lemma, usually somewhat geniculate and protruding from the side of spikelet; callus hairs about half as long as lemma. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows, often below snowbeds. ● Vahlodea atropurpurea s.l. circumpolar with large gaps; in North America ssp. latifolia from Aleutian Islands south through British Columbia to California, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, and in the Yukon Territory adjacent to the Canol Road from Mount Sheldon to the South Macmillan River and near Bennett Lake in the south.
Vulpia Gmel.
Vulpia
Vulpia myuros (L.) Gmel. V. megalura (Nutt.) Rydb. Festuca myuros L. F. megalura Nutt. ✒ Annual; culms single or tufted, 10–50 cm high, erect. Leaves flat, convolute when dry, pubescent on upper surface, somewhat hispid near apex. Panicle narrow, 5–15 cm long, erect or slightly nodding; spikelets 6–10 mm long (excluding awns); glumes unequal, with the first 0.4–2.5 mm long and much shorter than the second; lemmas 4.5–7.5 mm long, with a terminal awn 7–15 mm long. ✿ Usually in dry situations in waste areas. ● Introduced mainly to western North America from west, central, and southern Europe; in the Yukon Territory formerly known only from the Dawson area.
Carex
CYPERACEAE sedge family
131
CYPERACEAE
Perennial grass- or rush-like plants, with solid 3-angled or terete culms. Leaves 3-ranked, with closed sheaths and narrow linear blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual, arranged in 1 or more spikes; perianth sacklike, composed of bristles, or lacking; stamens mostly 3, with slender filaments and 2-celled anthers; ovary superior, 1-celled; stigmas 2 or 3; fruit an achene. A. Flowers mostly perfect; perianth represented by bristles B. Bristles much elongated in fruit, silky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophorum B. Bristles short, inconspicuous or absent C. Base of style enlarged, bulbiform, separated from summit of achene . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis C. Base of style not enlarged, continous with achene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scirpus A. Flowers unisexual, with staminate and pistillate ones in same or in different spikes D. Achene enclosed in a spathe open on one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kobresia D. Achene completely enclosed in a bottle-shaped sack (perigynium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex
Carex L. sedge
Carex
Perennial monoecious or rarely dioecious grasslike plants, with 3-ranked long and narrow leaves, and with triangular solid culms; inflorescence composed of 1 or several spikes, with flowers either wholly staminate, or pistillate, or both staminate and pistillate; the latter either with staminate flowers at summit of the spike and pistillate below (androgynous), or with pistillate above staminate (gynaecandrous). Position of staminate and pistillate flowers constant within the spike for each species. Flowers lacking floral envelopes, borne in axil of a scalelike bract; staminate flower with 3 stamens; pistillate flower with a single bifid or trifid style emerging from neck of a bottle-shaped sack (perigynium); sack enveloping the 3-angled or lens-shaped achene. Mature fruits essential for determining some species of Carex.
Key to groups of sedges A. Spike solitary, terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group I p. 131 A. Spikes compound B. Spikes all bisexual and sessile; stigmas mostly 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group II p. 132 B. Spikes mostly unisexual, with the terminal often staminate, less often with pistillate flowers at base (androgynous), or with pistillate flowers at summit (gynaecandrous); spikes pedunculate (although peduncle in some so short as to appear sessile) C. Stigmas 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group III p. 134 C. Stigmas 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group IV p. 135 GROUP I A. Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants (dioecious) B. Stigmas 2; perigynium smooth .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. gynocrates B. Stigmas 3; perigynium pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. scirpoidea
132
CYPERACEAE
A. Staminate and pistillate flowers on same spike (monoecious) C. Stigmas 2 D. Spike gynaecandrous (pistillate flowers at summit, staminate flowers at base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. ursina D. Spike androgynous (staminate flowers at summit, pistillate at base) E. Spikes globular with apiculate staminate apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. capitata E. Spike oblong F. Perigynium narrow, spreading or reflexed at maturity; pistillate scales early deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pyrenaica F. Perigynium elliptic to lance-ovate; pistillate scales not deciduous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nardina C. Stigmas 3 G. Perigynium beakless or with a short beak H. Perigynium beakless, flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. leptalea H. Perigynium with a short beak, trigonous I.
Densely tufted
I.
Rhizomatous J.
Perigynium puberulent on margins and beak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. filifolia
J.
Perigynium glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pyrenaica K. Rhizome brown; perigynium dull, castaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rupestris K. Rhizome purplish black; perigynium shiny dark brown . . . . . . . . . C. obtusata
G. Perigynium with a long beak L. Perigynium reflexed; pistillate scales early deciduous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. microglochin L. Perigynium not reflexed; pistillate scales not deciduous M. Densely tufted; leaves involute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. circinata M. Rhizomatous; leaves flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. anthoxanthea GROUP II A. Spikes androgynous B. Inflorescence moniliform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. disperma B. Inflorescence not moniliform C. Rhizome short; plant tufted D. Leaf sheaths pale or whitish ventrally; heads little interrupted; perigynia widely divergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. diandra D. Leaf sheaths brown or bronze ventrally; heads usually interrupted below; perigynia appressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. prairea C. Rhizome long, creeping E
Perigynium wing-margined; beak acutely bidentate; bog plant . . . . . . . . . . C. chordorrhiza
E. Perigynium not winged; beak obliquely cut or in some bidentate; plants of various habitats but not bogs F. Spikes few, densely aggregated; perigynium inflated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. maritima F. Spikes 5 or more; perigynium not inflated G. Culms terete, smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stenophylla G. Culms sharply triangular, scabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. praegracilis A. Spikes gynaecandrous
Carex
133
H. Bracts leaflike, many times exceeding inflorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. sychnocephala H. Bracts not prominent I.
Margins of perigynium more or less winged J.
Spikes forming a dense head K. Lower bracts 1–6 cm long, exceeding the head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. athrostachya K. Lower bracts not exceeding the head L. Inflorescence triangular-ovoid; perigynium conspicuous M. Scale margins and perigynium tips and dorsal suture margins white-hyaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. macloviana M. Scale margins and perigynium tips and dorsal suture margins not white-hyaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pachystachya L. Inflorescence more or less oval; perigynium not conspicuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. phaeocephala
J.
Spikes not forming a dense head N. Perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate O. Perigynium lanceolate-subulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. crawfordii O. Perigynium ovate-lanceolate P. Perigynium 3.4–4.3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. microptera P. Perigynium 6–7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. petasata N. Perigynium ovate or oblong-lanceolate Q. Beak of perigynium terete, not margined to apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. praticola Q. Beak of perigynium flattened, serrulate and margined to apex R. Perigynium widest near middle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. foenea R. Perigynium widest near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. aenea
I.
Margins of perigynium not winged S.
Perigynium white-puncticulate, beakless or with a short not decidedly bidentate beak T. Plant loosely tufted, with stolons; spikes few-flowered U. Spikes aggregated at top of culm; perigynium ellipticoblong, faintly nerved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tenuiflora U. Lower spikes well spaced out; perigynium elliptic to lanceolate, prominently nerved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. loliacea T. Plant tufted, lacking stolons; spikes usually several, densely flowered V. Spikes 2–4, more or less congested W. Leaves flat, 2 mm wide, culm stiff X. Perigynium lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a short but prominent beak, few-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lachenalii X. Perigynium elliptic-ovate, beakless, or with a very short beak with margins curved, many-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. marina W. Leaves narrow, canaliculate; culms weak or stiff Y. Culms smooth, weak, ascending, somewhat flexuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. glareosa Y. Culms stiff, very scabrous above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. heleonastes V. Spikes 4–8, with lower more or less remote
134
CYPERACEAE
Z. Beak of perigynium smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lapponica Z. Beak of perigynium scabrous on margins
S.
a.
Perigynium loosely spreading; beak with a distinct dorsal cleft; leaves not glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. brunnescens
a.
Perigynium appressed-ascending; beak short, entire or merely emarginate; leaves glaucous b.
Perigynium about 2 mm long; spikes small, subglobose; scales dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bonanzensis
b.
Perigynium 2.0–2.5 mm long; spikes larger; scales hyaline, yellowish with a green midrib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. canescens
Perigynium not white-puncticulate; beak long, bidentate c.
Leaves 2–3 mm wide, soft, pale green; spikes pale, ovate, about 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. deweyana
c.
Leaves 1–2 mm wide, dark green; spikes subglobose, small d. Spikes congested into an oblong-triangular head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. arcta d. Spikes moniliform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. interior
GROUP III A. Perigynium membranous, more or less inflated; beak distinct, bidentate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. saxatilis A. Perigynium neither membranous, inflated or shiny B. Inflorescence nearly flat-topped, formed by 3–5 dark spikes at top of culm . . . . . . . C. eleusinoides B. Inflorescence otherwise C. Lowest bract with sheath; perigynium almost beakless D. Sheath of lowest bract 2–4 mm long, with black auricles at the mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bicolor D. Sheath of lowest bract lacking black auricles E. Terminal spike staminate or with a few perigynia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. aurea E. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. garberi C. Lowermost bract sheathless or very short-sheathed F. Lowermost bract shorter than inflorescence G. Aphyllopodic runners lacking; leaves narrow, about 1.5 mm wide; lowermost bract setaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lugens G. Aphyllopodic runners present; leaves wider; lowermost bract foliaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. consimilis F. Lowermost bract longer than inflorescence H. Culms phyllopodic (sterile shoots often aphyllopodic) I.
Perigynium ovate, nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lenticularis var. lipocarpa
I.
Perigynium rounded, nerveless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. aquatilis
H. Culms aphyllopodic J.
Culms 3.8–15.0 cm long; cauline leaves 1–2 mm wide; proximal bract strongly invaginate at base; perigynia 1.0–1.8 mm wide; lowest spike 0.5–1.4 cm long, 2.0–4.0 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. subspathacea
J.
Culms 14.0–38.0 cm long; cauline leaves 2–4 mm wide; proximal bract weakly invaginate at base; perigynia 1.6–2.4 mm wide; lowest spike 1.6–2.4 cm long, 4.0–7.0 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. ramenskii
Carex
135
GROUP IV A. Beak of perigynium with truncate mouth B. Bracts sheathless or with very short sheaths C. Spikes sessile, few-flowered, aggregated D. Perigynium glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. supina ssp. spaniocarpa D. Perigynium pubescent E. Perigynium hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. peckii E. Perigynium finely pubescent F. Culms shorter than to equaling the leaves; perigynium 3.5–4.2 mm long, with lanceolate beak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rossii F. Culms longer than leaves; perigynium 2.2–3.0 mm long, with a short thick beak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. deflexa C. Spikes sessile or peduncled, larger, with more numerous flowers G. Terminal spike staminate H. Pistillate scales small, 1.5–2.5 mm long, obovate; spikes approximate I.
Staminate spike small, hidden between pistillate spikes; scales and perigynium black; style not long-exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. holostoma
I.
Staminate spike above pistillate spikes; scales purplish black; style long-exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stylosa
H. Pistillate scales larger, obtuse, acutish, acuminate or longaristate; spikes usually separated J. J.
Pistillate scales long-aristate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. macrochaeta Pistillate scales acutish or short-acuminate K. Culms aphyllopodic, with well-developed stem leaves and short scalelike leaves at base L. Pistillate scales sooty black, obtuse, with midvein obscure toward apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. podocarpa L. Pistillate scales dark reddish to purplish black with conspicuous and often excurrent midrib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. spectabilis K. Culms phyllopodic, lacking stem leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. microchaeta
G. Terminal spike gynaecandrous M. Pistillate scales awned or cuspidate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. buxbaumii M. Pistillate scales not awned or cuspidate N. Perigynium 5 mm long, much longer than scales, light yellowish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. mertensii N. Perigynium shorter, dull green to brown when ripe O. Rhizome long; leaves smooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. sabulosa ssp. leiophylla O. Rhizome short; leaves scabrous toward apex P. Pistillate scales with conspicuous white-hyaline margins Q. Pistillate scales shorter than perigynium R. Perigynium obovoid to oblong-obovoid, pale greenish white, becoming light brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. media R. Perigynium obovate, dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. norvegica Q. Pistillate scales about as long as perigynium
136
CYPERACEAE
S.
Pistillate scales obtuse, reddish brown with hyaline margins and green midvein . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S.
Pistillate scales acutish, purplish black with hyaline margins and apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. albo-nigra
C. parryana
P. Pistillate scales without conspicuous hyaline margins or apex T. Culms scabrous above; spikes cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. atratiformis ssp. raymondii T. Culms glabrous; spikes oblong-ovoid U. Pistillate scales about as long as perigynium; beak of perigynium emarginate, purplish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. atrata U. Pistillate scales shorter than perigynium; beak of perigynium short, minutely bidentate, yellowish green or purplish spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. atrosquama B. Bracts with distinct sheaths V. Perigynium pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. concinna V. Perigynium glabrous W. Leaves narrow, 0.2–1.0 mm wide, canaliculate or involute X. Pistillate scales purplish black; lowest bract with a setaceous blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. glacialis X. Pistillate scales yellowish white; lowest bract bladeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. eburnea W. Leaves wider, flat (or canaliculate in C. limosa) Y. Pistillate spikes densely flowered, drooping Z. Sheath of lowest bract long, tubiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. laxa Z. Sheath of lowest bract short, spathiform a. a.
Lowest bract leaflike, longer than inflorescence; scales narrower than perigynium, long-acuminate . . . . . . C. magellanica ssp. irrigua Lowest bract subulate, shorter than inflorescence b. Leaves canaliculate; spikes with 8–30 perigynia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. limosa b. Leaves flat; spikes with 2–10 perigynia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rariflora
Y. Pistillate spikes erect, loosely flowered c.
Perigynium elliptic, nearly beakless; leaves glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. livida
c.
Perigynium ovate, long-beaked; leaves green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. vaginata
A. Beak of perigynium with more or less bidentate mouth d. Leaves septate-nodulose e. e.
Teeth of beak subulate, 1 mm long or longer; perigynium firm, subcoriaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. atherodes Teeth of beak shorter; perigynium membranaceous f. f.
Perigynium pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lasiocarpa ssp. americana Perigynium glabrous g. Plant with long stolons; leaves involute, narrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rotundata g. Plant without long stolons; leaves flat h. Pistillate spikes 1–2 cm long; scales purplish black i.
Spikes long-peduncled, drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. saxatilis
i.
Spikes sessile, erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. membranacea
Carex
137
h. Pistillate spikes 5–12 cm long; perigynium and scales yellowish green j. j.
Perigynium 6–10 mm long; at least the lower perigynia reflexed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. retrorsa Perigynium 3–6 mm long, not reflexed k. Leaves strongly papillose on upper surface, involute, glaucous; culms round or obtusely trigonous, smooth below inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rostrata
k. Leaves smooth or scabrous on upper surface, more or less flat, yellow or olive green; culms sharply trigonous, scabrous below inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. utriculata d. Leaves not septate-nodulose l.
Perigynium flat, ciliate-serrulate on margins m. Terminal spike androgynous; plants rhizomatous n. Pistillate scales reddish brown; spikes 4–6; culms 40–90 cm high; leaves almost as long as culm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. franklinii n. Pistillate scales purplish black; spikes 3–5; culms 30–40 cm high; leaves shorter than culms, somewhat curly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. petricosa m. Terminal spike gynaecandrous; plants caespitose or with ascending stolons o. Pistillate scales purplish black; perigynium rounded at base, about as long as scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. atrofusca
l.
o. Pistillate scales dark brown; perigynium narrowly lanceolate, long-beaked, longer than scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. misandra Perigynium trigonous, not ciliate-serrulate on margins p. Spikes on capillary peduncles, drooping at maturity q. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. capillaris ssp. robustior q. Terminal spike staminate r. Leaves flat; perigynium nerveless except for marginal nerves; beak ciliate on margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. capillaris r.
Leaves setiform, involute; perigynium with few nerves; beak smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. williamsii
p. Spikes on stout, erect peduncles s. Lower perigynia deflexed; beak about as long as the body of perigynium, curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. flava s.
Lower perigynia not deflexed; beak distinctly shorter than body of perigynium, nearly straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. viridula
Carex aenea Fern. ✒ Plant densely caespitose, from a short ascending rhizome; culms 40–70 cm or more high, smooth and somewhat flexuous near summit, leafy toward base. Leaves soft, flat but rather thick, 2–4 mm wide, tapering to tip. Inflorescence open, moniliform, slightly nodding; spikes 5–6, oblong, 6–8 mm long, pale green turning light bronze; pistillate scales ovate, acute or short-acuminate, nearly as wide as perigynia and concealing them; perigynia ovate, wing-margined, 4–5 mm long, 1.25–2.0 mm wide, tapering into the serrulate bidentate beak; beak about half the length of body; stigmas 2.
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CYPERACEAE ✿
Sandy woodland meadows and clearings. North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Alaska south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 64° N. ●
Carex albo-nigra Mack. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from a stout ascending rhizome; culms 20–40 cm high, very stiff, smooth and obtuse-angled, leafy at base. Leaves much shorter than culms, 3–4 mm wide, tapering to tip, scabrous on margins toward tip; old leaves purplish red at base. Spikes 3, in a head 2–3 cm long and subtended by a short foliaceous bract; terminal spike gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate, short-peduncled; pistillate scales ovate, nearly concealing perigynia, dark brown with a broad white-hyaline margin; perigynia about 3 mm long, obovate, dark yellowish brown, abruptly short-beaked; stigmas 3. ✒ Turfy places in dry alpine tundra. ● Cordilleran from Alaska south to Colorado, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62° 30’ N, but rare (Douglas et al. 1981).
Carex anthoxanthea Presl ✒ Rather delicate rhizomatous species; culms triangular, scabrous above, 10–40 cm high, arising from along yellow-brown cordlike scaly rhizomes. Leaves arising from near base of culm, flat, about 2 mm wide, up to as long as culms, but with lower leaves short and yellowish sheaths at base lacking blades. Spikes solitary, androgynous or occasionally dioecious, 1–3 cm long; lower pistillate scales cuspidate or awned, with upper ones more obtuse, brown with a greenish midrib, about as long or longer than perigynia; perigynia few, about 4 mm long, fusiform, smooth, many-nerved, stipitate; stigmas usually 3. ✿ Grassy and boggy situations. ● Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, and western British Columbia; extreme eastern Siberia; in the Yukon Territory known only from a collection by Enander in vicinity of Whitehorse in 1922.
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ✒ Coarse species, forming small dense tufts; each tuft composed of several sterile leafy shoots around 1 or more fertile culms; horizontal stolons issuing from base of culm stout, scaly, yellowish or brown; culms smooth, obtuse-angled, up to 1 m high, very leafy. Leaves almost as long as culms, flat or channeled, 2–5 mm broad, glaucous; sheaths and marcescent leaf bases purplish black. Staminate spikes terminal, more than 1, with upper one usually 2 cm long; pistillate spikes 2–6, cylindric, erect, 2–5 cm long, with each subtended by a foliaceous bract overtopping the inflorescence; pistillate scales narrowly ovate, black, with a pale
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midvein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia elliptic, obovate 2.5–3.0 mm long, pale green, nerveless; beak very short, entire; stigmas 2. ✿ Shallow water by margins of ponds and sloughs and sheltered river flats; often forming nearly pure stands. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast; near the Arctic coast occasional specimens approach what has been called C. aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. stans (Drej.) Hultén (C. stans Drej.) of the high Arctic but are best treated as ssp. aquatilis.
Carex arcta Boott ✒ Densely tufted plant, from a short thick rootstalk; culms slender, soft, 40–60 cm high, sharply triangular, scabrous in upper part. Leaves about as long as culms, glaucous, flat, 2–3 mm wide. Spikes usually 10–12, forming dense oblong pale green to straw-colored heads up to 3 cm long; pistillate scales ovate, acutish, hyaline margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblongovate, with a distinct beak, faintly nerved dorsally, about 3 mm long; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet woodland bogs and marshes where it often forms large tussocks. ● Boreal North America, Labrador and New Brunswick to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Michigan, Minnesota, Idaho and California; in the Yukon Territory known from only a few sites in the southeastern part north to the Macmillan Pass area along the Canol Road and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex atherodes Spreng. ✒ Loosely tufted plant, from long scaly stolonlike rhizomes; culms very leafy, up to 1 m high; bases of culms covered by dark purplish leaf sheaths. Leaf blades 4–10 mm wide, septate-nodulose; underside of leaves and upper sheaths hairy. Inflorescence 15–20 cm long, overtopped by a foliaceous bract; terminal 1 or 2 spikes staminate; pistillate spikes 2–3, often 5–7 cm long, sessile or nearly so; pistillate scales ovate, rough-aristate, narrower than and either longer or shorter than perigynia, 3-nerved, hyaline margined; perigynia ascending, strongly ribbed, lanceolate, 8–10 mm long, including the slender beak; beak with prominent spreading teeth as long or longer than itself; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet calcareous lakeshore meadows. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New York, Indiana, Missouri, Utah, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found locally as far north as Dawson.
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CYPERACEAE
Carex athrostachya Olney ✒ Tufted plant, from a short rhizome; culms up to 70 cm high, with smooth rounded angles, leafy toward base. Leaves flat, 1.5–4.0 mm wide, yellowish green, scabrous toward apex. Spikes gynaecandrous, numerous, densely aggregated in an ovoid 2 cm long light brown head, subtended by 2–3 narrow leaflike bracts 1–6 cm long; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, brownish with a green midrib and white-hyaline margins, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 3.5 mm long, pale, smooth, tapering into a shallowly bidentate ciliateserrulate beak, wing-margined to near the base; stigmas 2. ✒ In wet meadows. ● Cordilleran-Pacific; extending southward from British Columbia to California, Colorado, Arizona, and North Dakota and apparently disjunct in Alaska and near Mayo in the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
*Carex atrata L. ✒ Caespitose species; rootstocks short, covered with purplish brown sheaths; culms to 50 cm high, leafy toward base. Leaves shorter than culms, flat, 3–5 mm wide, scabrous toward apex. Spikes 3–5; terminal spike gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, peduncled, weakly erect or with lower one sometimes nodding; lowest bract foliaceous, exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate to oblong-ovate, acutish, black, about as long as perigynia; perigynia broadly oval to obovate, 3–4 mm long, abruptly purplish papilose; stigmas 3. ✿ Mountain meadows. ● Amphi-Atlantic; the map in Hultén (1968) depicts a disjunct site in southern Yukon Territory, but the specimen upon which it was based could not be found; to be looked for in that area.
Carex atratiformis Britt. ssp. raymondii (Calder) A.E. Porsild C. raymondii Calder ✒ Caespitose species; rhizome short, stout, ascending; culms slender, sharply triangular, scabrous above, 30–70 cm high, leafy in lower part. Leaves soft, glaucous, flat and 3–4 mm broad; margins scabrous; sheaths dark, reddish brown. Inflorescence of 3–6 slender short-cylindric pedunculate spikes; lowermost spike subtended by a foliaceous bract overtopping the inflorescence; terminal spike gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate and somewhat drooping, on short slender peduncles; pistillate scales narrowly ovate, acute to subacuminate, dark purplish red, hyaline-margined, usually shorter than perigynia; perigynia 2.5–3.5 mm long, golden yellow, ovate-oblong, tapering into a bidentate dark brown beak; stigmas 3. ✿
Open coniferous woods and meadows.
● Western North America from Manitoba to northeastern British Columbia and Alaska; closely related to the eastern C. atratiformis s. str. but in most cases easily distinguished by its two-colored reddish brown spikes; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as Dawson.
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Carex atrofusca Schk. ✒ Loosely caespitose species; culms erect, slender, smooth, 15–30 cm high. Leaves flat, revolute-margined, scabrous toward apex, glaucous. Spikes 3–4; terminal spike staminate, erect, club-shaped; pistillate spikes ovoid, 1–2 cm long, drooping on capillary peduncles and subtended by sheathing bristle-pointed bracts; pistillate scales narrowly lanceolate, purplish black, as long as perigynia; perigynia purplish black, ovatelanceolate, nerveless, tapering into long bidentate hyaline-margined beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet places in tundra. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Arctic coast but apparently not common.
Carex atrosquama Mack. C. atrata L. ssp. atrosquama (Mack.) Hultén ✒ Densely tufted plant, with a short horizontal rhizome; culms 20–50 cm high, slender, sharp-angled, smooth or minutely roughened, leafy above. Basal leaves 2.0– 3.0 mm wide, flat or with revolute margins; sheaths dark reddish purple. Spikes often 3, oblong-elliptic and short-peduncled, aggregated into an oval, 2.5–3.0-cm long head, subtended by a short herbaceous bract, often drooping in age; terminal spike gynaecandrous; pistillate scales broadly lanceolate, ebony black, shorter than perigynia; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, abruptly contracted into a short minutely bidentate beak, yellowish green or purplish spotted, finely papillate; stigmas 3. ✿ Alpine meadows and moist slopes. ● Cordilleran; from southeastern Alaska and Yukon Territory and western District of Mackenzie south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Carex aurea Nutt. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, with long stolons; culms 5–50 cm high, slender, triangular, shorter than to much-longer than leaves, leafy toward base. Leaves light green, 2–4 mm wide, tapering toward tip, flat, channeled below, scabrous in upper part. Terminal spike staminate, linear, or with a few perigynia at apex; pistillate spikes 3–5, linear-oblong, erect, or with lower ones somewhat arching on long pedicels; bracts leaflike, sheathing at base and often exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate to ovate-orbicular, shortcuspidate to obtuse, reddish brown with hyaline margins and green midrib, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia almost globular, 2–3 mm long, golden yellow, drying brown, puncticulate, beakless, or nearly so; stigmas 2. ✿
Wet meadows and damp shores.
North America; from Newfoundland to central Alaska and south in the west to California, Colorado, and New Mexico, and in the east to the New England states and Pennsylvania; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 65° N. ●
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CYPERACEAE
Carex bicolor All. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, or with usually short slender yellowish rhizomes; culms leafy, 5–20 cm in length, weak, slender, often recurved to spreading on ground at maturity. Leaves flat, pale glaucous, almost as long as culms. Spikes 2–5, approximate; terminal spike staminate at base; lateral spikes pistillate, short-peduncled; bract shorter than to as long as the inflorescence, sheathing at base and with dark auricles at mouth of the sheath; pistillate scales reddish brown, with a pale mid vein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia elliptic, about 2.5 mm long, nerveless or very finely nerved, papillose, beakless; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet sand and silt by streams and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to northern British Columbia where rare; in the Yukon Territory rare south of latitude 63°30’ N and disjunct to northern Richardson Mountains, known on coastal District of Mackenzie and in Alaska.
Carex bonanzensis Britt. ✒ Plant forming small compact tussocks, from a short ascending rhizome; culms slender, stiffly erect, sharply trigonous, scabrous near summit. Leaves flat, shorter than culms, 2 mm wide, rough-margined. Inflorescence of 7–10 spikes, crowded above, remote below; spikes ovate, 4–5 mm long, subtended by 1 or more hyaline deciduous bracts, with the lowermost one often with a filiform awnlike projection 1 cm or more long; scales ovate with a pale hyaline margin, shorter than perigynia; perigynia about 2 mm long, plano-convex, prominently nerved and finely punctate on both sides, terminating in a minutely bidentate short and conical beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Riverbanks and alluvial river flats. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America from central Alaska to western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River; the type collected at Bonanza Creek near Dawson.
Carex brunnescens Poir. ✒ Plant densely to loosely caespitose; culms slender, stiff, scabrous above, 20–40 cm or more high. Leaves usually much shorter than culms, light green, flat, 1–3 mm wide. Inflorescence of 5–7 spikes, to 5 cm or more long; spikes gynaecandrous, ovate-globose, 3–5 mm long; scales oval, brownish, hyaline-margined, with darker centres, usually shorter than perigynia; perigynia about 2 mm long, elliptic ovate, tapering into a short distinct scabrous beak with a distinct dorsal cleft; stigmas 2. ✿ Meadows and turfy slopes. ● Carex brunnescens s.l. circumpolar; in North Amercia, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 65° N; Yukon specimens have been referred to ssp. alaskana Kalela.
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143
Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from long slender scaly rhizomes; culms 60–70 cm high, sharply angled, scabrous toward summit. Leaves flat or with somewhat revolute margins, 1–2 mm wide, shorter than culms, bluish green. Inflorescence 3–5 cm long, composed of 3–5 spikes; terminal spike largest, clavate, gynaecandrous; lower spikes smaller, pistillate, ovate; lowest bract leafy, about as long as the inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, prominently awned, purplish black, narrower and usually longer than perigynia, acuminate or awned; perigynia elliptic or obovoid, 2.5–4.0 mm long, minutely beaked, glaucous green, papillose; stigmas 3. ✿ Swamps, bogs, and borders of lakes. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, Arkansas, Colorado, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory uncommon north to about latitude 62° N.
Carex canescens L. C. curta Good. ✒ Plant loosely tufted; culms 25–30 high, soft, smooth. Leaves soft, flat, shorter than culms, 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescence 3–4 cm long, somewhat bent; spikes 3–7, oblong to ovoid, 5–6 mm long, usually wellseparated; terminal spike and in some cases lateral spikes gynaecandrous; scales ovoid, narrower than perigynia, hyaline, yellowish with a green midrib; perigynia light green, becoming pale brown, 2.0–2.5 mm long, elliptic ovate, tapering to a subcuneate beak with small clear marginal teeth; stigmas 2. ✿ River meadows and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 67°30’ N.
Carex capillaris L. ssp. capillaris ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms 5–20 cm high, filiform, smooth. Leaves mostly basal, yellowish green, shorter than culms, 0.75–2.0 mm wide, flat or somewhat canaliculate. Terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes 2–4, usually 4- to 10-flowered, short-peduncled and aggregated near summit, overtopping and often hiding the staminate spike; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, with broad hyaline margins; perigynia 2–3 mm long, lance-ovoid to fusiform, distinctly beaked, nerveless, lustrous; stigmas 3. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● ? Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, Colorado, and Utah; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
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CYPERACEAE
Carex capillaris L. ssp. chlorostachys (Steven) Löve et al. C. capillaris L. var. elongata Olney C. capillaris L. var. major Drej. ✒ Similar to ssp. capillaris, but with culms 20–30 cm tall. Leaves fresh green, often up to 3 mm broad, soft, flat. Pistillate spikes loose-flowered, with up to 20 perigynia; lowermost spikes often very distant, on long capillary peduncles; pistillate scales readily deciduous; stigmas 3. ✿
Moist open woods and bogs north to the limit of trees.
North America; from Newfoundland to central Alaska; widespread in the Yukon Territory. ●
Carex capillaris L. ssp. robustior (Drej. ex Lange) Böcher C. krausei sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Resembling a tall ssp. capillaris, but with the terminal spike always gynaecandrous. Pistillate spikes 6–7, 10to 20-flowered; lowermost spikes often remote but not drooping as in ssp. chlorostachys, occasionally fastigiate; perigynia fusiform, not lustrous; pistillate scales persistent; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry calcareous or alkaline soils; mainly restricted to dry continental parts. ● Arctic and alpine; from Iceland over east and west Greenland, across arctic Canada to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah; in the Yukon Territory found south to latitude 64° N.
Carex capitata L. ✒ Plant caespitose; culms 10–40 cm high, slender, wiry. Leaves, involute, filiform, pale green, attached near base of culms; old leaves persistent; sheaths chestnut to purplish brown. Spikes solitary, androgynous, globose or ovoid, 0.4–1.0 cm long; pistillate scales ovate to elliptic, shorter than perigynia, dark brown with wide hyaline margins; perigynia ovate, 2.0–3.8 mm long; beak 0.4–0.8 mm long, white-hyaline at apex; stigmas 2. ✿ Meadows, bogs, and shrubby open woods. ● Circumpolar, boreal-alpine; in North America south to New Hampshire, Colorado, and California; throughout the Yukon Territory but apparently rare north of latitude 65° N.
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Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L. f. ✒ Culms flattened-triangular, smooth, 10–20 cm long, arising singly from old prostrate culms; fertile culms from upper nodes of old culms, sterile culms from lower nodes, becoming prostrate. Leaves canaliculate, attenuate, scabrous toward apex, light green. Spikes 3–8, androgynous, aggregated into an ovoid head; scales acute or acuminate, brownish with hyaline margins, hiding the perigynia; perigynia 2.5–3.5 mm long, ovoid, short-beaked, strongly nerved; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet sedge bogs. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America south to Vermont, Indiana, and Iowa; in the Yukon Territory occasional to rare north to near the Arctic coast, but perhaps overlooked because of difficulty in accessing its habitat; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex circinnata C.A. Meyer ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 5–25 cm long, about as long as the leaves. Leaves involute, stiff, usually curved, less than 1 mm wide. Spikes solitary, narrow, 1.5–2.5 cm long, androgynous; pistillate scales lanceolate to elliptic, obtuse to acute, shorter or longer than perigynia, brownish with hyaline margins; perigynia 4.5–6.0 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, serrulate on margins; beak 1–2 mm long, reddish with apex white-hyaline; stigmas 3. ✿ Stony situations in the mountains. ● Aleutian Islands, coastal Alaska, and British Columbia; this species is included here with some reservation because the specimen from near Kluane Lake cited by Porsild (1966) and mapped by Hultén (1968) has been revised to C. nardina. However Hultén (1968) also plotted another site adjacent to the British Columbia border for which no voucher could be traced; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex concinna R. Br. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from a widely creeping slender dark brown rhizome; culms slender and arching, 10–20 cm high, leafy at base. Leaves flat, somewhat curved, 2–3 mm wide, tapering to tip. Inflorescence congested; terminal spike staminate, exerted or sometimes concealed among pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes sessile or short-pedicellate, 4–5 mm long; pistillate scales obovate, brown with pale midribs and scarious margins, much shorter than perigynia; perigynia about 3 mm long, greenish to yellowish white, trigonous, very short-beaked, densely gray-hairy; stigmas 3, rarely 2. ✿ Calcareous gravelly situations usually in open woodland. ● North America; from Newfoundland to central Alaska south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory reaching north of the Porcupine River but in the District of Mackenzie extending to the Arctic coast.
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CYPERACEAE
Carex consimilis Holm C. bigelowii sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte C. ? scopulorum sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from stout ascending stolons; culms stiff, sharply trigonous, 25–40 cm high, leafy only below. Leaves dark green, 3–5 mm wide, flat with revolute margins, shorter than culms; sheaths and marcescent bases purplish brown and somewhat shiny. Inflorescence of 3–5 subsessile spikes; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes short cylindric, 0.8–1.4 cm long; uppermost spikes often with a few staminate flowers at their summits; pistilate scales with sooty black centre and a pale edging along sides and tip; perigynia about 2 mm long, elliptic-obovate, flat, purplish tipped, with a very short entire beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Deep peaty soil in spruce bogs. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across central and northern Alaska and Yukon Territory eastward to longitude 133° W and into northwestern District of Mackenzie; the type of C. consimilis was collected near Dawson.
Carex crawfordii Fern. ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms up to 70 cm high, stiff, sharp-angled, scabrous toward summit. Leaves flat, 1–3 mm wide, scabrous on margins toward tip, nearly as long as culms. Inflorescence dense, somewhat flexuous, oblong, up to 2.5 cm long; spikes 4–8 or more, gynaecandrous; lowest bract fine, scabrous, often nearly as long as inflorescence; pistillate scales ovatelanceolate, acute, light brown with a greenish midrib, as wide as but shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate-subulate, 3–4 mm long, tapering into long narrowly winged scabrous margined bidentate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Moist open situations. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska south into the northern United States; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex deflexa Hornem. ✒ Loosely tufted plant, from a short ascending rhizome; culms 10–30 cm high, naked, slender and arching, extending above leaves. Leaf sheaths reddish purple; leaf blades pale green, 1.5–2.0 mm wide, flat or somewhat involute. Inflorescence short and congested; terminal spike staminate, often hidden among the few-flowered pistillate spikes; lower spikes with short foliaceous bracts; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, broadly lanceolate, dark brown with pale centre and margins; perigynia 2.2–3.0 mm long, obovate, stipitate, pubescent; beak 0.4–0.7 mm long, bidentate; stigmas 3.
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✿ Gravelly or sandy places, or in lichen mats of open forest chiefly on soils derived from acid crystalline rocks. ● Subarctic-alpine; North America; from Greenland to northern British Columbia and central Alaska, south to Massachusetts and Michigan; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 66° N on the Dempster Highway.
Carex deweyana Schw. ✒ Loosely tufted plant, from a short rhizome; culms weak, triangular, scabrous in upper part, often 50–80 cm high, leafy in lower one-third. Leaves flat, pale bluegreen, much shorter than culms, 2–5 mm wide, scabrous on margins toward apex; dried up leaves of previous year usually present. Inflorescence of 2–7 pale green, sessile spikes, flexuous and often nodding; upper spike usually and sometimes lower spikes gynaecandrous; upper spikes approximate; lowest spike remote, subtended by a long filiform scabrous bract; pistillate scales lanceolate, hyaline with a green midrib, short awned or cuspidate, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 4–5 mm long, lanceolate, tapering to a flattened wing-margined scabrous bidentate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Moist stream bank. ● North America; from southern Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Alaska, south to California, Colorado, Nebraska, and the New England States; in the Yukon Territory known only from near Dawson where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex diandra Schrank ✒ Densely tufted plant, with a short ascending rhizome; culms to 1 m high, obtuse-angled, smooth below but very scabrous toward summit. Leaves brownish green, soft, flat or channeled, as long or nearly as long as culms; sheaths characteristically brown-black. Inflorescence cylindrical, 2–3 cm long, composed of from 5–7 dark brown almost contiguous spikes; spikes androgynous; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, ovate, acute to shortawned, brown with hyaline margins and greenish or brownish midrib; perigynia about 3 mm long, broadly ovate, tapering into a long flattened serrulate beak, convex on the back, dark brown, lustrous; stigmas 2. See also C. prairea. ✿ Wide-ranging marsh species often growing in water on the floating margin of woodland bogs. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to latitude 64° N but then disjunct to the Porcupine River.
148
CYPERACEAE
Carex disperma Dewey ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, from long slender light brown rhizomes; culms 30–40 cm high, slender, weak. Leaves flat, narrow, 0.75–2.0 mm wide, often partly buried in Sphagnum carpet. Inflorescence moniliform, of 3–4 sessile spikes; spikes androgynous, with 4–6 perigynia in terminal spike and 1–3 perigynia in lower spikes; pistillate scales ovate, narrower and shorter than perigynia, white-hyaline with a green midrib; perigynia about 2.5 mm long, elliptic-ovoid and abruptly contracted to a minute beak, finely nerved, light green, white-punctate; stigmas 2. ✿ Bogs, wet meadows, and in moist moss of coniferous woods. ● Circumpolar; from Labrador to Alaska south to New England, Indiana, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64° N.
Carex eburnea Boott ✒ Plant caespitose, short stoloniferous; culms 10–30 cm high, capillary, smooth. Leaves basal, filiform, less than 1 mm wide, up to two-thirds as long as culm. Inflorescence corymbose; terminal spike staminate but hidden among pistillate spikes at maturity and thus seemingly absent; lateral 2–4 spikes pistillate, small, erect or ascending; pistillate scales ovate to obovate, obtuse or acutish, whitish to pale brown, shorter than perigynia, deciduous in age; perigynia elliptic, 1.7–2.0 mm long, abruptly beaked, becoming dark brown; beak short, narrow cylindrical, hyaline at apex; stigmas 3. ✒ Moist calcareous woodland. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southern Alaska south to Virginia and Texas; rare in the Yukon Territory where known only from the Alaska Highway at White River and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex eleusinoides Turcz. C. kokrinensis A.E. Porsild C. lenticularis Michx. var. dolia sensu L.A. Standley pro parte ✒ Plant loosely caespitose; culms 20–30 cm long, arching or reclining. Leaves short, flat, yellowish green, shorter than culms; sheaths purplish brown, bladeless. Spikes 4–5, cylindrical, 1.2–2.0 cm long; terminal spike gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate, pedunculate, approximate to the terminal spike; lowest bract leaflike, longer than the inflorescence, sheathless; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse or acutish, purplish black, with a conspicuous green centre; perigynia ovate, about 2 mm long, short-beaked, smooth, straw-colored with a purplish apex; stigmas 2. ✿
Moist alpine riverbanks and floodplain meadows.
Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
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Carex filifolia Nutt. C. elynaeformis A.E. Porsild ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms 20– 30 cm high, slender and wiry, somewhat arching, gray-green. Leaves 2 or 3 to a culm, clustered near base, involute, stiff, acicular, shorter than culms; old basal sheaths conspicuous and durable, yellowish brown. Spike solitary, 15–20 mm long, androgynous; male part linear, prominent; pistillate scales ovate to obovate, sometimes mucronate, with brown centres and margins conspicuously broadly hyaline, completely covering perigynia; perigynia triangular, obovoid, somewhat inflated, 3–4 mm long, puberulent on margins and short beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry hillsides and sandy situations. Carex ● North America; prairie and foothill species from Manitoba to British Columbia extending southward in the United States to California and Texas; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 133° W and north to about latitude 62°30’ N and disjunct to the Bonnet Plume River. CYPERACEAE
Carex flava L. ✒ Plant caespitose; culms 10–30 cm or more high, trigonous. Leaves attached near base of culm, flat or channeled below, 3–5 mm wide, light green. Terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes subglobose, sessile or with lower ones short-pedicellate; bracts leaflike, erect or divergent, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, yellowish brown with a green midvein, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia 5–6 mm long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, prominently veined, yellowish green, spreading or reflexed; beak 2–3 mm long, finely serrulate, bidentate; stigmas 3. ✿ Moist lakeshore. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America Newfoundland to Ontario, south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, western Alberta, British Columbia, southern coastal Alaska and extreme southeastern Yukon Territory where rare, and to be looked for in the Bennett Lake area.
Carex foenea Willd. C. siccata Dewey ✒ Rhizome cordlike, 2–3 mm thick, light brown, fibrillose, widely creeping just below surface of ground; culms leafy toward base, erect, slender, somewhat flexuous, 25–40 cm high, arising singly or several together at intervals along rhizome. Leaves flat, pale green, 1.5–3.0 mm wide, shorter than culms, tapering to tip. Spikes 4–8, aggregated into a 2–3 cm long ovate-oblong light brown head, or with lower spikes somewhat separated; terminal spike gynaecandrous and often clavate; lower spikes androgynous or with mixed male and female flowers; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, reddish or yellowish brown with white hyaline margins and with a green midrib, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, 3–6 mm long, abruptly contracted into the serrulate bidentate beak; stigmas 2.
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CYPERACEAE ✿
Dry sandy open slopes. North America; from southwestern Quebec to British Columbia, north into southern District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory, south into the northern United States. ●
Carex franklinii Boott ✒ Loosely tufted plant, with long cordlike and fibrous rhizomes with well-spaced fascicles of sterile or fertile shoots; culms 30–80 cm high, slender, obtuse-angled, smooth. Leaves nearly as long as the culms, flat or somewhat revolute-margined, 1.5– 2.0 mm broad, tapering into long curly and whiplash points; bases of leaves pale brown, fibrous. Inflorescence of 4–6 spikes, nodding on peduncles 2–3 cm long; terminal spike clavate, staminate; next 2 spikes pistillate but with a few staminate flowers at summit; lower spikes entirely pistillate; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, broadly lanceolate, reddish or chestnut brown with paler midvein and margins, short-awned; perigynia lanceolate, 5–6 mm long, with a short hyaline-tipped beak; stigmas 3(2), long-exserted. ✿ Sandy riverbanks and alluvial flats to alpine slopes and screes. ● North America; northern cordilleran mountains north to the Mackenzie and British mountains and central Alaska; infrequent in the Yukon Territory.
Carex garberi Fern. ssp. bifaria (Fern.) Hultén ✒ Plant loosely tufted, with short ascending stolons; culms weak, somewhat arching, 20–30 cm high, leafy. Leaves flat, 2 mm wide, blue-green, shorter than or equaling culms. Terminal spike gynaecandrous, clavate; pistillate spikes short-peduncled, 1.0–1.5 cm long, with a foliaceous bract usually overtopping inflorescence and subtending the lowermost spike; pistillate scales ovate-oblong, brown with a broad pale green midvein, equaling or shorter than perigynia; perigynia 2.0–2.5 mm long, obovate, pale green, prominently nerved, beakless; stigmas 2. ✿ Damp calcareous mud in wet lakeshore and riverbank meadows. ● North America; from eastern Quebec to British Columbia and north to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known north to about latitude 64° N.
Carex glacialis Mack. ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms smooth, 8–15 cm long. Leaves narrow, flat, strongly keeled, somewhat curved, shorter than culms; leaf sheaths reddish brown. Spikes of inflorescence close together; terminal spike staminate; lateral 2 or 3 spikes pistillate, erect, short-peduncled, fewflowered; lowermost spike supported by a sheathing bract terminating in a bristlelike blade; pistillate scales about as long as the perigynia, obtuse, broadly ovate, with a pale midvein and broad hyaline margins; perigynia 2.0–2.5 mm long, smooth, ovoid
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or obovate, brown, distinctly beaked; beak 0.3–0.5 mm long, truncate, hyaline at apex; stigmas 3. ✿ Calcareous sandy and gravely places in arctic and alpine tundra. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in Canada south to northern British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan, and the vicinity of Banff in Alberta and in the east to Newfoundland; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W.
Carex glareosa Wahlenb. C. glareosa Wahlenb. var. amphigena Fern. C. glareosa Wahlenb. ssp. amphigena (Fern.) Hultén ✒ Plant loosely to densely caespitose; culms slender, ascending, up to 30 cm high, generally somewhat flexuous, scabrous. Leaves glaucous, narrow, 0.75–1.5 mm wide, glaucous. Spikes usually 3, close together, ovoid; terminal spike club-shaped, gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate, sessile; pistillate scales brown with a paler midvein, about as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovate, grayish brown, shortbeaked, many-nerved; stigmas 2. ✿ Sand and clay seashores. ● Circumpolar with large gaps, arctic; var. amphigena more northern but seeming to merge with typical variety; in the Yukon Territory considered rare along the Arctic coast by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex gynocrates Wormskj. C. dioica L. ssp. gynocrates (Wormskj.) Hultén ✒ Plants dioecious or occasionally monoecious, rhizomatous; culms 5–15 cm high, filiform. Leaf sheaths straw-colored to brownish; leaves filiform, shorter than culms. Spikes solitary; staminate spikes 5–10 mm long, 1–2 mm wide; pistillate spikes 6–10 mm long, 4–8 mm wide; pistillate scales ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish with hyaline margins, shorter or longer than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovate, about 3 mm long, glabrous, finely veined, greenish to brown, somewhat shiny, at first ascending but spreading when mature; stigmas 2. ✿ In springy wet places and fens, generally on calcareous soil. ● Low-arctic; from west Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to northern British Columbia, Alaska, and Siberia, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory, north to nearly latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River.
152
CYPERACEAE
Carex heleonastes Ehrh. ✒ Plant tufted, from a short ascending rhizome; culms solitary or few together, 20–40 cm high, with sharp and scabrous angles on upper half. Leaves flat, 1–2 mm wide, gray-green, slightly shorter than culms. Spikes 3 or 4, sessile, crowded, forming a dense head, gynaecandrous; pistillate scales ovate, acutish, pale brown with a green midrib, scarious-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia about 3 mm long, ovate to ovate-elliptic, ash-colored, papillate, faintly nerved; beak short, somewhat scabrous with margins inward-curved; stigmas 2. ✿ Peat bogs. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; known in the Mayo area of the Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex holostoma Drej. ✒ Plant stoloniferous; culms rather stout, smooth, 15–20(30) cm high, leafy toward base. Leaves shorter than culms, 1–2 mm wide, flat, light green, scabrous on margins; basal sheaths dark purplish. Spikes 3; terminal spike staminate and minute, often concealed between cylindrical and mostly opposite stiffly erect short-peduncled 8–15 mm long pistillate spikes; bract leafy, scabrous-margined, shorter or equaling inflorescence, with a short dark white hyaline-margined sheath; pistillate scales ovate, blackish brown, with a faint midvein, about as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovate-obovate, smooth, nearly beakless, pale green or brownish blotched; stigmas 3. ✿ In turfy places in tundra and by the edge of small ponds; a pronounced acidophyte. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, with gaps; in the Yukon Territory known only from along the Dempster Highway by the Blackstone River; considered as rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex interior Bailey ✒ Plant caespitose, from ascending darkcolored rhizome; culms slender and wiry, 15–30 cm high, smooth except below inflorescence, leafy toward base. Leaves fresh green, shorter than culms, flat or canaliculate, 1–2 mm wide, tapering to apex, scabrous in upper part. Inflorescence 2–3 cm long, of 2–5 subglobose sessile spikes; terminal spike gynaecandrous, clavate; pistillate scales ovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acutish, brownish with a green midvein and broad hyaline margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia spreading, 2.2–3.3 mm long, lanceolate, tapering to a flattened sharp-edged scabrous beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet wooded lowlands and about warm springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southeastern Yukon Territory south to Virginia and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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Carex lachenalii Schk. C. bipartita All. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, or with short rhizomes; culms stiff, 15–40 cm high. Leaves flat, rather short; leaf sheaths brownish to straw-colored. Spikes sessile, or with lower ones short-pedicellate, gynaecandrous, 3–4, in an oblong head 1–2 cm long; terminal spike tapering at base; lowermost spike often somewhat distant; pistillate scales brown with a pale midvein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 2–4 mm long, smooth or faintly scabrous-margined, lanceolate, few-nerved, rather abruptly narrowbeaked, turning a rich golden brown when mature; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet sand and turfy places by brooks and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, in the east extending south to Gaspé, Quebec and in the west to Colorado and Utah; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory but seemingly absent between latitudes 65° and 68° N.
Carex lapponica O.F. Lang C. canescens L. var. subloliacea Laest. ✒ Culms usually solitary or few together, erect, 15–30 cm or more high. Leaves stiff, shorter than culms, narrow. Inflorescence of 3–7 usually well-separated spikes; spikes short-ovoid to subglobose, 4–7 mm long, gynaecandrous, few-flowered; pistillate scales ovate, pale brown with a greenish midrib, usually shorter than perigynia; perigynia 1.8–2.0 mm long, light green to brownish, papillate, ovate to elliptic, abruptly contracted to a short smooth beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet woodland meadows and bogs. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; rare in central and northern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. ✒ Plant tufted, from a horizontal rhizome; culms slender, smooth, obtuse-angled, up to 1 m high, leafy toward base. Leaves smooth, narrow, involute or folded, shorter than culms. Inflorescence 10–12 cm long, usually of two linear and contiguous staminate spikes placed well above sessile and widely separated 1.5–2.0 cm long ovate-oblong pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes subtended by long foliaceous bracts; pistillate scales narrowly triangular, acute to cuspidate or awned, purplish brown with a broad pale midvein and dull-hyaline margins; perigynia about 4 mm long, densely short-hirsute, ovate, tapering into a short but sharply bidentate beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet margins of peat-bog ponds.
154
CYPERACEAE ● Carex lasiocarpa s.l. circumpolar, nonarctic; ssp. americana from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south-central Alaska south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory thus far known from only two sites: Mount Haldane and Eagle Lake west of Burwash Landing; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex laxa Wahlenb. ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 15–30 cm high, slender, leafy toward base. Leaves bluish green, 1–2 mm wide, shorter than culms. Terminal spike staminate, with a long peduncle; lateral spikes 1 or 2, pistillate, on long somewhat arching peduncles; bract of lowermost spike leaflike, with a 1-cm or more long basal sheath; pistillate scales elliptic to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, brown with a yellowish green midvein, as long as or longer than perigynia; perigynia elliptic to lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 mm long, obscurely veined, greenish to straw-colored, shortbeaked; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet tundra bogs. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America known only from two stations in Alaska, one in the Mackenzie Delta, and two localities in central Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
*Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lipocarpa (Holm) L.A. Standley C. kelloggii Boott ✒ Plant caespitose; culms 15–90 cm high, triangular with acute or rounded angles, glabrous or scabrous. Leaves 10 cm long to longer than culms, 2–4 mm wide; sheaths often with brownish spots. Inflorescence 4–8 cm long; lowest bract leaflike, usually longer than inflorescence; terminal spike staminate; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, obtuse, purplish with a green midnerve and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia 2.0–3.2 mm long, stipitate, abruptly short-beaked, nerved, pale green; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet shores of lakes and rivers. ● Carex lenticularis s.l. from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Alaska south into the United States; var. lipocarpa from southern Alaska and southern District of Mackenzie south through the Rocky Mountains to California, Utah, and Colorado; map for C. kellogii in Hultén (1968) indicated collection sites from just north of the British Columbia border in the Yukon Territory, but no substantiating specimens found.
Carex leptalea Wahlenb. var. tayloris Boivin ✒ Plant loosely matted and tufted, from a mass of fine elongated rhizomes; culms slender, erect, 15–30 cm high. Leaves arising from lower part of culm, narrow, flat or channeled, soft, lax, pale green, almost as long as the culms. Spikes solitary, androgynous, linear-oblong, erect, 4–9 mm long; staminate part of spike short; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular and somewhat acute, about half the length of perigynia, brown with a green midnerve; perigynia few, ovate-elliptic, beakless, 2.0–3.5 mm long, conspicuously nerved; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet calcareous fens. ● Carex leptalea s.l. in North American boreal forest, from Labrador to Alaska south to Florida, California, and Texas; var. tayloris in Alaska, southern Yukon, Alberta, and British Columbia.
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Carex limosa L. ✒ Rhizomes slender, long, scaly; roots cordlike, densely covered by yellow velvety felt; culms mostly solitary, 15–60 cm high, sharply triangular, leafy toward base. Leaves shorter than culms, deeply channeled, more or less glaucous, 1–3 mm wide. Terminal spike staminate, linear, longpeduncled, erect or drooping; pistillate spikes 1–3, on filiform peduncles, pendulous; lowest bract 2–5 cm long, short sheathing with dark auricles; pistillate scales ovate to elliptic, acutish to cuspidate, reddish brown, persistent, concealing perigynia; perigynia ovate, 2.5–4.0 mm long, prominently nerved, glaucous green, papillate, minutely beaked; stigmas 3. ✿ Peat bogs and wet meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Minnesota, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory to north of latitude 68° N but not frequently collected.
Carex livida Willd. ✒ Plant stoloniferous; stolons scaly; culms 20–40 cm high. Leaves pale bluegreen, in fascicles from along the stolons; fascicles either sterile or usually with only 1 culm. Terminal spike staminate, linear, 1–2 cm long, projecting well above pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes mostly 2, about 1 cm long, sessile, subsessile, or with lowermost ones in some plants subradical and longpeduncled, subtended by a scabrous sheathing foliaceous bract equaling or overtopping the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse to somewhat acute or mucronate, shorter than but partially enveloping perigynia, pale brown with a broad pale centre and white-hyaline margins; perigynia about 4 mm long, pale, glaucous, fusiform or oblong-ovoid, 2-keeled and very faintly nerved, puncticulate, beakless; scales pale brown, with a broad pale centre; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet calcareous lakeshore meadows. ● Circumpolar with large gaps, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Minnesota, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory found near Watson Lake, Rancheria, in the Nisling River area, and along the Dempster Highway from Km 85 to Km 1128; treated as rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex loliacea L. ✒ Loosely caespitose plant, with slender stolons well-buried in the Sphagnum mat; culms slender 15–40 cm long, scabrous below inflorescence. Leaves about half as long as the culms, flat, about 2 mm wide, attenuate. Spikes 3–5(8), gynaecandrous, subglobose, few-flowered; lowermost spike well-spaced, subtended by a short setaceous bract; pistillate scales ovate, hyaline-margined, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia elliptic to lanceolate 2.5–3.0 mm long, light-green, conspicuously many-nerved, beakless; styles 2.
156
CYPERACEAE ✿
Sphagnum bogs, marshes, and stream banks. Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America from northern Ontario to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory uncommon but occurring north to the Porcupine River valley. ●
Carex lugens Holm C. yukonensis Britton ✒ Plant caespitose, often forming very large and rather dense tussocks; culms slender, 20–50 cm high, stiff and wiry, sharply trigonous, scabrous on edges. Leaves bluegreen, flat or somewhat revolute, about 2 mm wide, much shorter than culms. Inflorescence 2–3 cm long, composed of 3 or 4 spikes; terminal spike staminate, linear; lower spikes pistillate or with a few male flowers at summit, short-cylindrical or ovate, often about 1 cm long, subsessile; pistillate scales narrowly ovate, black with pale margins; perigynia 2 mm long, plump, obovate, with a short entire beak, purplishmottled in upper part; stigmas 2 or rarely 3. ✿ Damp mossy tundra by lakes and streams. ● Amphi-Beringian, subarctic-alpine; extending over central and northern Alaska and Yukon Territory to northwestern District of Mackenzie, with disjunct stations on Banks and Victoria islands and in central District of Keewatin; type of C. yukonensis collected near Dawson.
Carex macloviana d’Urv. C. macloviana d’Urv. spp. pachystachya sensu Hultén ✒ Plant densely caespitose, forming large tough tussocks from firmly interwoven brownish and fibrillose rhizomes; culms stout, 20–35 cm or more high, sharply trigonous and rough above, leafy toward base. Leaf blades flat, pale green, 2.4–4.0 mm wide, shorter than culms; remains of previous year ’s leaves persistent. Inflorescence densely aggregated into a triangular-ovoid copper-colored head, up to 14–20 mm long; spikes 3–8, gynaecandrous, but staminate flowers inconspicuous; pistillate scales ovate, acutish, lustrous, reddish to dark brown with a greenish midrib and hyaline margins, about as wide and long as the perigynia; perigynia 3.5–4.5 mm long, greenish, turning copper-brown, with a broad wing gradually tapering into a slender winged serrulate-scabrate beak, faintly nerved dorsally; suture margins of beak white-hyaline; distance from top of achene to tip of the beak half or less than the length of perigynia; stigmas 2. ✿ Gravelly lakeshores and riverbanks, moist meadows and slopes, and disturbed sites along roadsides. ● World distribution of C. macloviana bipolar; described from the Falkland Islands and known also from southern South America; in North America known from the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Labrador, northern Quebec, Greenland, and from Great Bear Lake to Alaska and south through British Columbia and disjunct to the mountains of Wyoming and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 65° N.
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Carex macrochaeta C.A. Mey. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from scaly rootstalks; culms 20–50 cm or more high, leafy below the middle, erect, sharply triangular and roughened toward summit. Leaves shorter below, light green, flat, with revolute margins, 2–5 mm wide, tapering toward tip, scabrous. Terminal spike staminate, oblong-linear, 1.5–2.5 cm long; pistillate spikes 2–4, 1–3 cm long, shortpeduncled and erect to long-peduncled and drooping; pistillate scales ovate-oblong, black, narrowly white-hyaline margined, narrower and shorter than perigynia, and with midrib excurrent as a slender scabrous cusp; perigynia oblong-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5–6.0 mm long, tapering to beak; stigmas 3 or rarely 2. ✿ Alpine meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; mainly coastal but known from a few interior sites in southern Alaska and southwestern Yukon Territory; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hiit. C. paupercula Michx. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from short to long rhizomes; roots covered with a yellowish brown tomentum; culms to 55 cm or more high, leafy in lower part. Leaves shorter than culms, 2–4 mm wide, with slightly revolute margins. Terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes 1–4, on slender peduncles, drooping or somewhat erect; lowest bract leaflike, slightly sheathing at base; pistillate scales long-acuminate, narrower and conspicuously longer than perigynia, castaneous, deciduous in age; perigynia broadly ovoid, about 4 mm long, prominently nerved, glaucous green, papillate, minutely beaked; stigmas 3. ✿ Minerotrophic woodland fens or bogs. ● Circumpolar; from southern Greenland, Labrador, and the Maritime Provinces to British Columbia, south to Colorado; infrequent in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Carex marina Dewey C. amblyorhyncha Krecz. ✒ Plant loosely tufted; culms slender but wiry, scabrous below inflorescence, 15–30 cm high. Leaves flat, 1–2 mm wide, shorter than culms. Spikes 2–4 sessile, more or less crowded, gynaecandrous; pistillate scales ovate to ovate-elliptic, rarely acutish, broadly scarious-margined, shorter than perigynium; perigynium elliptic-ovate, ovate, yellowish brown, densely papillate, faintly nerved; beak broadly conical, with margins outwardly curved, glabrous or slightly scabrous; stigmas 2. ✿ Wet bogs. ● Circumpolar, arctic; map in Hultén (1968) depicting sites in both arctic Alaska and coastal northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory known only from Herschel Island, the lower Blow River delta, and the Malcolm River delta.
158
CYPERACEAE.
Carex maritima Gunn. Carex C. maritima Gunn. ssp. yukonensis A.E. Porsild C. maritima Gunn. var. yukonensis (A.E. Porsild) Boivin C. incurva Lightf. ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 5–30 cm high, somewhat curved, leafy toward base, in a row from creeping rhizome. Leaves grayish green, curved, 0.5–2.0 mm wide, flat or involute, tapering to tip, often longer than culms; blades of lower sheaths short or absent. Inflorescence globose or ovoid, 7–20 mm long, composed of 3–5 densely aggregated spikes; spikes sessile, androgynous; pistillate scales light brown with broad hyaline margins, ovate to lanceolate, acute to obtuse, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to elliptic, 2.8–3.7 mm long, short-stipitate, veined, tapering to a slender 0.5–1.0 mm long brown beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Sandy, gravelly, or turfy places near the seacoast and inland on dunes, flats, and floodplains adjacent to Kluane Lake. ● Circumpolar, and usually littoral; in the Yukon Territory some inland plants about Kluane lake (type locality of ssp. yukonensis) much larger than those usually found along the Arctic coast, but equally large specimens from coastal dunes also seen; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) CYPERACEAE.
Carex media R. Br. C. norvegica Retz. ssp. inferalpina (Wahlenb.) Hultén. ✒ Plant loosely tufted; culms slender, 30–40 cm high, leafy at base. Leaves fresh green, flat, 2–3 mm wide; basal sheaths characteristically bright reddish purple. Spikes usually 3, subsessile in a headlike cluster subtended by a short foliaceous bract; terminal spike gynaecandrous; pistillate spikes short-oblong to orbicular; pistillate scales broadly lanceolate, acutish to obtuse, dark brown with hyaline margins, much shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid to oblong-obovoid, 2.0–3.5 mm long, trigonous, pale greenish white, becoming light brown, distinctly puncticulate, short-beaked; stigmas 3. ✿ Frequent in moist spruce woods and fens. ● Circumpolar, but lacking in Greenland, southward into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Porcupine River.
Carex membranacea Hook. ✒ Rhizomes elongate, horizontal; culms stout, stiff, 15–40 cm high, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy toward base; base covered by marcescent leaves and their reddish purple sheaths. Leaves flat, somewhat curled, with revolute margins, 3–5 mm wide, septate-nodulose, as long as or shorter than culms. Inflorescence spikes 3–5, somewhat crowded; terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes 2–5, sessile or short-peduncled, erect or somewhat spreading, denseflowered, cylindrical, 1–3 cm long; lowermost spike subtended by a long leafy
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non-sheathing bract; pistillate scales obtuse to acute, dark brown or purplish black, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 3.5–4.5 mm long, inflated, tightly crowded, suborbicular, membranaceous, purplish black, lustrous, abruptly beaked; stigmas 3, rarely 2. ✿ In turfy places in dry tundra. ● Arctic North America; extending westward into eastern Siberia and south into northern British Columbia and Quebec; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
*Carex mertensii Prescott ✒ Plant densely caespitose, from short stout rootstocks; culms up to 1 m high, sharply triangular, scabrous on the angles, leafy on lower half. Leaves flat, 4–7 mm wide, shorter than culms, scabrous toward apex; sheaths loose, brownish. Inflorescence of 5–10 approximate spikes drooping on slender stalks; spikes cylindric, up to 4 cm long; terminal spike gynaecandrous to nearly completely staminate; lateral spikes pistillate or in some plants with a few staminate flowers at base; lower bracts leaflike, extending above inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to mucronate, dark reddish brown with hyaline margins and greenish midnerve, much narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly ovate to obovate, about 5 mm long, tapering to a short truncate beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet places. ● Coastal southern Alaska south through British Columbia to northern California, central Idaho, and western Montana; Taylor (1983) included southern Yukon Territory in his range for this species but no corroborating specimens were found; Taylor ’s map shows collections from near the Yukon border and a specimen from Km 96 (Haines Highway, 44 km from the border) has been seen (DAO).
Carex microchaeta Holm ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from a horizontal stout scaly rhizome; culms 20–30 cm high, leafy. Leaves short, 2–5 mm wide. Terminal spike staminate, clavate; lateral spikes 1–3, drooping on slender peduncles; pistillate scales black with a pale midvein, pointed but not awned, concealing perigynia; perigynia elliptic, about 4 mm long, brown to blackish, abruptly contracted to a short beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Arctic-alpine; from Alaska to the east slope of the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains in the District of Mackenzie; throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Carex microglochin Wahlenb. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, with short brown scaly stolons; culms smooth, stiff, erect, 10–20 cm high. Leaves short, strongly involute. Spike few-flowered, androgynous; at time of flowering, perigynia erect but soon becoming reflexed; pistillate scales light chestnut brown, with hyaline margins, acute to obtuse, wider than and about half as long as the perigynia, early deciduous; perigynia about 6 mm long, straw-colored, subulate-lanceolate, tapering to a long beak from which stiff bristlelike rachilla projecting beyond the 3 stigmas. ✿
In wet springy places on calcareous soil.
Circumpolar with large gaps, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory thus far only known around Kluane Lake, the Canol Road south of Ross River, two sites adjacent to the southern Dempster Highway, and a site in the western British Mountains. ●
160
CYPERACEAE.
Carex microptera Mack. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose; culms stiff, 20–60 cm or more high, sharply trigonous, leafy toward base. Leaf blades stiff to lax, 2.0–4.0 mm wide, shorter than culms. Inflorescence densely aggregate, elliptic-ovoid to triangular-ovoid; spikes 4–20, gynaecandrous, but with staminate flowers inconspicuous; pistillate scales dull to lustrous, brown to reddish brown, with a greenish median stripe, acute, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia light green to dark brown, narrowly to broadly ovate, 3.5–4.3 mm long, tapering into winged serrulate-scabrous dark-tipped beak; distance from top of achene to tip of beak 1/2 or less the length of perigynia; styles 2. ✿ Moist meadows, open riverbanks and lakeshores, borders of swamps and bogs, disturbed embankments and roadsides. ● North America: from aspen parkland of Manitoba to Alberta, southern District of Mackenzie, and southern Yukon Territory south through the mountains of British Columbia to California, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Carex misandra R. Br. ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms slender, smooth, more or less flexuous, 15–30 cm or more high. Leaves short, flat, 1–3 mm wide, yellowish green and somewhat curled. Spikes 3–4; terminal spike clubshaped, staminate at base; lower spikes pistillate throughout, ovoid, 10–15 mm long, erect or somewhat nodding, on long capillary peduncles; lowermost spike subtended by a long-sheathing bract, terminating in a bristlelike or narrow leaflike blade; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, oblanceolate, dark brown with pale membranaceous margins, or sometimes straw-colored at the base; perigynia 3.5–5.0 mm long, lanceolate, dark brown, scabrous margined, tapering to a flattened white-hyaline tipped beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry turfy places in tundra and rocky places. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, high-arctic and alpine; in the Yukon Territory frequent in the Ogilvie, Richardson, and British mountains but apparently rare elsewhere.
Carex nardina Fries C. hepburnii Boott C. circinata sensu A.E. Porsild (1966), Hultén (1968—pro parte), Welsh (1974—pro parte) ✒ Plant densely caespitose, forming small firm compact tufts with persistent brown sheaths; culms 10–20 cm high. Leaves equaling or slightly shorter than culms, narrow, trigonous, often somewhat curved. Spikes solitary, androgynous, ovoid, about 10 mm long and 5–6 mm wide; staminate part inconspicuous; pistillate scales dark brown with an inconspicuous
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161
pale midvein, broader than perigynia; perigynia 3.0–4.5 mm long, elliptic to lance-ovate, distinctly stipitate, tapering to the 0.2–0.5-mm long ciliate to scabrous bidentate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Calcareous sand and gravel and on dry grassy or rocky slopes. ● Amphi-Atlantic, arctic-alpine; in North America eastern and western populations separated; western population extending from the tip of Siberia through northern and eastern Alaska and the Yukon Territory south in the mountains to Washington and Colorado; eastern population called var. atriceps Kük. by some authors.
Carex norvegica Retz. C. vahlii Schkuhr ✒ Plant caespitose; culms stiff, 30–40 cm high, sharply trigonous, scabrous. Leaves soft, flat or slightly involute, 2.0–3.0 mm broad, scabrous, much shorter than culms; basal bladeless sheaths shiny dark purple. Spikes usually 3, forming a dense headlike inflorescence supported by a leaflike bract equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; terminal spike club-shaped, staminate at base; lateral spikes pistillate, 5–7 mm long, subsessile or short-peduncled; pistillate scales ovoid, blackish, with a very faint midvein, about as long as the perigynia; perigynia obovate, dark brown, papillose, and faintly nerved, broadest above the middle and abruptly beaked, 1.8–2.2 mm long; stigmas 3. ✿ Turfy places in dry tundra and on grassy slopes. ● Amphi-Atlantic; extending westward to about longitude 100° W and then disjunct to the Ogilvie Mountains in central Yukon Territory and, according to Hultén and Fries (1986), to the mountains of western Alberta.
Carex obtusata Liljeb. ✒ Plant rhizomatous; rhizomes cordlike, purplish black; culms 5–25 cm high, usually well-spaced along rhizome. Leaves, flat, about 1 mm wide, attached near base of culm; leaf sheaths purplish brown; old leaves conspicuous. Spikes solitary, androgynous, 5–12 mm long, with staminate part conspicuous; pistillate scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to obtuse, pale brown with hyaline margins, about as long as the perigynia; perigynia few, obovate, 3–4 mm long, dark brown, shiny; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry calcareous and gravelly situations. ● Western arctic-alpine; from Alaska to western District of Mackenzie south to New Mexico; Eurasia; in the Yukon Territory in the southwest north to about latitude 64° N and then reappearing in the Porcupine River valley and the British and Richardson mountains where apparently rare.
162
CYPERACEAE.
Carex pachystachya Cham. C. macloviana d’Urv. ssp. pachystachya (Cham.) Hultén, non sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Plant caespitose; culms 25–70 cm high, striate, leafy toward base. Leaf blades stiff to lax, 2.0–3.5 mm wide. Inflorescence aggregate, ovoid to elliptic-ovoid or wide ovoid, spikes 3–8, gynaecandrous, but with staminate flowers inconspicuous; pistillate scales lustrous, reddish to dark brown, acute to obtuse, nearly as long as the perigynia, with or without a narrow hyaline margin; perigynia lustrous, reddish to coppery brown or darker, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 3.0–4.5 mm long, tapering into winged serrulate-scabrate beak; suture margins of beaks concolorous with the beak to narrow hyaline; distance from top of the achene to tip of the perigynia one-half or less than the length of the perigynia; stigmas 2. ✿ Moist or wet open areas, riverbanks and lakeshores, and disturbed situations. ● North America; in southern Alaska near the coast, the Alaskan Panhandle, the southern two-thirds of British Columbia, central Alberta, and disjunct to the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south to California and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory rare in the extreme southwest.
Carex parryana Dewey ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, with long slender horizontal rhizomes; culms 15–40 cm high. Leaves stiff, attached near base of culm, flat with revolute margins, up to 3 mm wide, tapering to tip. Spikes 3–5, cylindrical; terminal spike gynaecandrous; lateral spikes pistillate, upright, sessile, or with lower ones short-peduncled; lowest bract shorter than inflorescence, sheathless or very short sheathing; pistillate scales suborbicular, acuminate or aristate, about as long as the perigynia, dark brown with a green midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia 2.0–2.5 mm long, obovate, substipitate, with a short beak, straw-colored or purplish toward apex, ciliate; stigmas 3. ✿ Open silt and marl flats and birch–willow thickets in alkaline situations. ● Western North America; sites in southwestern Yukon Territory apparently disjunct from those in Alaska and Hudson Bay, and from the main range across the prairies from Manitoba to southern British Columbia; also in North Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado; considered rare in southwestern Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex peckii Howe ✒ Plant loosely tufted, from short ascending rhizome; culms 10–50 cm high, reddish purple at base. Leaves much shorter than culms, 1.5–3.0 mm wide, soft, pale green. Inflorescence erect, 0.3–2.5 mm long; terminal spike staminate, often hidden by pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes usually clustered; lowest bract leaflike, shorter or longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales light reddish brown with broad whitehyaline margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia pubescent, narrowly obovoid,
Carex
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prominently stipitate, 3–4 mm long; beak slender, 0.4–0.6 mm long, hyalinemargined at bidentate apex; stigmas 3. ✿ Open woodland in sandy soil. ● North America; from New Brunswick to Alberta, with disjunct stations in western District of Mackenzie, at Dawson in the Yukon Territory, and in central Alaska; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex petasata Dewey ✒ Plant caespitose, from a short ascending rhizome; culms 20–80 cm high, very stiffly erect, smooth except immediately below inflorescence. Leaves flat, to 3 mm wide, much shorter than culms, tapering to tip; leaf bases of previous years persistent. Inflorescence aggregated into an erect head 2–4 cm long; spikes 2–6, gynaecandrous; scales ovate, acute, light reddish brown with a lighter midrib and broad silverywhite hyaline margins, about as long and wide as the perigynia; perigynia boatshaped, 6–7 mm long, widest near top of achene, wing-margined, serrulate, tapering to shallowly bidentate beak; styles 2. ✿ Open woods and rocky meadows. ● North America; from Saskatchewan to British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory south to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.
Carex petricosa Dewey C. petricosa Dewey var. edwardsii Boivin C. franklinii Boott var. nicholsonis Boivin C. magnursina Raymond ✒ Plant stoloniferous, with long scaly rhizomes; culms slender, 15–35 cm high, obtusely angled, smooth. Leaves 2–3 mm broad, revolute-margined, grayish green, somewhat curly, shorter than culms. Spikes 3–5, oblong-oblanceolate, 10–15 mm long; uppermost 1 or 2 spikes staminate or in some plants pistillate at base; lower spikes entirely pistillate, or with a few staminate flowers at their summit, erectascending, long-peduncled; lowermost spike usually remote; bracts longsheathing; blade of bracts long and leaflike; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, dark brown with pale membranaceous margins and a pale midvein, slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovate-elliptic, 4–5 mm long, dark brown, scabrous-beaked; stigmas 3, or rarely 2. ✿ Stony calcareous slopes. ● North America; from northern Canadian Rocky Mountains, north to the Arctic coast and western islands of the Canadian Archipelago, Yukon Territory, and Alaska; infrequent.
164
CYPERACEAE.
Carex phaeocephala Piper ✒ Plant densely caespitose, with short horizontal rhizomes; culms slender, somewhat flexuous, 15–20 cm or more high, leafy toward base. Leaves about 2 mm wide, channeled or involute, tapering toward tip, scabrous in upper part, shorter than culms. Spikes 2–5, gynaecandrous, aggregated into a 2–3 cm long head; pistillate scales ovate, acute, reddish brown with broad hyaline margins and greenish midribs, completely covering perigynia; perigynia oblongovate, 4–6 mm long, abruptly contracted into winged serrulate-margined beak; beak white-hyaline tipped; stigmas 2. ✿ Rocky alpine slopes. ● Cordilleran; from extreme southwestern Yukon Territory and southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie, south to California and Colorado; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex podocarpa R. Br. ✒ Plant densely tufted, from a stout ascending rhizome covered by shredded and fibrillose remains of dead leaves; culms slender, smooth, 30–60 cm high, bearing 3 or 4 leaves. Leaves shorter below, 2–4 mm wide, abruptly tapered to a short point, scabrous toward tip. Terminal spike staminate, clavate; lateral spikes 2, or rarely 3, pistillate, drooping on slender peduncles; pistillate scales sooty black, lanceolate, tapering to a short obtuse point, almost as long as the perigynia; perigynia elliptic, abruptly contracted to a short beak about 4 mm long, black; stigmas 3. ✿ Common in not too dry subalpine herbmat-meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across the mountains of Alaska and the Yukon Territory east to the Mackenzie Valley, with a few disjunct stations along the Arctic coast east to Bathurst Inlet (longitude 103° W), and south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Idaho, and Montana.
Carex praegracilis Boott ✒ Rhizomes stout, black, fibrillose, widely creeping, 4–5 cm below surface of ground; culms slender, erect, somewhat flexuous, 25–50 cm high, acutely angled, scabrous, surrounded by a cluster of leaves. Leaves in tufts along rhizome, flat or channeled, scabrous on margins, nearly as long as the culms. Spikes mostly 7–15, densely aggregated into a linear-oblong 2.0–2.5-cm long head; each spike subtended by a short hyaline-margined and strongly keeled bract of which only lowermost longer than its spike; pistillate scales ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, chestnut brown with brown hyaline margins and a prominent pale midrib, tightly covering the ovate-lanceolate perigynia; perigynia 4–5 mm long, dark brown, long-beaked; stigmas 2. ✿
Alkaline meadows and in openings in dwarf birch-willow thickets.
North American; prairies and foothills; from British Columbia to Manitoba and in recent years introduced in “waste” areas, along railways, and particularly on saline verges of multilane highways in southern Ontario as far east as the ●
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165
vicinity of Montreal, Que.; in the Yukon Territory in the southwest, the Pelly River valley, and at Dawson; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex prairea Dewey in Wood prairie sedge ✒ Caespitose plant; rootstocks short; culms to 1 m high, sharply angled, scabrous on angles, aphyllopodic. Leaves 3 or 4 on fertile culm; blades flat, 10–30 cm long, 2–3 mm wide; sheaths prolonged, strongly tinged with brown or bronze at mouth. Inflorescence 3–8 cm long, composed of numerous spikes usually interrupted below; spikes androgynous; lowest bract setaceous; pistillate scales as long as perigynia, reddish brown, lance-ovate; perigynia 2.5–3.0 mm long, stipitate, serrulate above, strawcolored or brownish; beak 1 mm long, serrulate, bidentate with suture, hyaline-margined; stigmas 2; staminate flowers inconspicuous. ✿ Muskeg. ● North America; from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Ohio, and Iowa; disjunct to southwestern District of Mackenzie and south-eastern Yukon Territory where rare.
Carex praticola Rydb. ✒ Plant forming small caespitose clump; culms to 50 cm or more high, flexuous, leafy toward base. Leaves up to 3.5 mm wide, tapering to tip, scabrous on margins in upper part. Inflorescence moniliform, flexuous, nodding; spikes 2–7, gynaecandrous; pistillate scales ovate, acute, with green midveins and white-hyaline margins, as wide and as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–6.5 mm long, wingmargined, tapering to shallowly bidentate hyaline-tipped beak; styles 2. ✿ Mountain meadows, open woods, and stream banks. ● North America; from Greenland and Labrador to central Alaska south in the western United States to Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and California and in the east to Gaspé, Quebec, and northern Maine; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb. C. pyrenaica Wahlenb. ssp. micropoda sensu Hultén (1968) and Welsh (1974) pro parte ✒ Plant very densely tufted; culms wiry, 10–20 cm high at time of flowering, shorter than leaves but rapidly elongating to as high as 30 cm as fruits ripen. Leaves linear, flat or convolute, 0.5–1.0 mm wide. Spike androgynous, 1–2 cm long, linear-oblong; pistillate scales shorter than to almost as long as the perigynia, ovate, acute to obtuse, chestnut brown with paler midvein and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia about 3 mm long, spindle-shaped, shiny, nerveless, falling as soon as achenes ripen; stigmas 3 or rarely 2.
166
CYPERACEAE. ✿
A high-alpine snowbed species, found on moist slopes and in ravines. Amphi-Beringian; in the Yukon Territory north to Macmillan Pass on the Canol Road, south through British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado; according to Calder and Taylor (1968); ssp. micropoda (C.A. Meyer) Hultén is a weak coastal race extending from the Queen Charlotte Islands through the Aleutian Islands to the Kuril Islands north of Japan. ●
*Carex ramenskii Kom. ✒ Plant tufted with brown runners; culms to 30 cm high, triangular, smooth; sheaths reddish brown. Leaves flat, 2–4 mm wide, longer than culms. Inflorescence of 3–5 spikes; terminal 1 or 2 spikes staminate at apex, ovate or cylindrical, short-peduncled; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, blunt, dark brown with a lighter midvein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovate or elliptical, about 3 mm long and 1.6–2.4 mm wide, with a truncate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Brackish coastal meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; reported by Hultén (1968) from the Arctic coast of Alaska and the Mackenzie Delta, however these specimens now revised mostly to C. subspathacea (J. Cayouette, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, personal communication, 1993).
Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm. ✒ Plant stoloniferous; roots with a rusty tomentum; culms erect, smooth, 8–30 cm or more high, obtusely triangular, leafy on lower one-third. Leaves short, flat, about 2 mm wide, glaucous; lower leaves much shorter than upper leaves; sheaths brown. Terminal spike staminate, erect; pistillate spikes 1–3, short- cylindrical; peduncles capillary, arching at maturity; bracts with short dark sheaths, subulate to leaflike; pistillate scales broadly ovate, obtuse or mucronate, purplish black with a conspicuous pale midvein, broader but usually slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia 3.5–4.5 mm long, elliptic, faintly nerved, nearly beakless, pale green; stigmas 3. ✿
Wet peaty places on tundra, bogs, and borders of ponds.
Circumpolar, low-arctic; in eastern North America extending south to Gaspé, Quebec, and Maine, but in the Yukon Territory occurring south only to about latitude 64°30’ N; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
*Carex retrorsa Schw. ✒ Plant forming tussock; culms stout, obtusely triangular, up to 1 m high, mostly shorter than leaves. Leaves 4–10 mm wide, septate-nodulose. Staminate spikes 1 to several, sessile, linear; pistillate spikes 3–4, cylindric, 3–6 cm long, sessile and densely crowded, or with lowermost ones somewhat remote and subtended by an up to 60 cm long leafy bract; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 6–10 mm long, densely crowded, inflated, horizontally spreading or even reflexed at maturity; beak slender, as long as body of the perigynium, 2-toothed; stigmas 3. ✿
Woodland marshes.
Carex
● A North American species occurring from Nova Scotia and Quebec to British Columbia, south in the east to Pennsylvania and in the west to Washington, Colorado, and Utah; known as far west as Fort Liard on the Liard River in southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Carex
Carex rossii Boott
167
CYPERACEAE
✒ Plant densely tufted, from a short ascending rhizome; culms of various lengths in the tuft, 20–30 cm high, much shorter than to equaling leaves. Leaves flat, 2–3 mm wide. Terminal spike staminate, linear; lower spikes pistillate, aggregate or somewhat separated, spreading or ascending, subtended by leafy bracts 1–5 cm long; long-peduncled pistillate spikes often concealed by leaves, occasionally arising from base of the culm; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous, pale brown with prominent green keels, shorter than to as long as the perigynia; perigynia 3.5–4.2 mm long, elliptic to obovate, stipitate, pubescent, pale greenish to straw-colored; beak 0.9–1.3 mm long, bidentate; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry rocky slopes and sandy situations. Carex ● Western North America; from the Great Lakes to British Columbia and southeastern Alaska, south to California and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 66° N on the Dempster Highway.
Carex rostrata Stokes ✒ Culms up to 1 m high, singly or few together in rooted leafy fascicles, from stout widely spreading scaly stolons, round or obtusely trigonous, smooth below the inflorescence. Leaves septate-nodulose, as long as the culms, 1.5–5(7) mm wide, flat or involute, strongly papillose on upper surface, glaucous, with scabrous margins. Terminal spikes 1–3, staminate, linear, 4–6 cm long, projecting well above the often 2, cylindric, 4–6 cm long, sessile or short-peduncled pistillate spikes subtended by leafy bracts; lowermost bract overtopping inflorescence; perigynia 3–4 mm long, light brown, lustrous, ovoid, nerved, abruptly tapering to a slender minutely 2-toothed beak; pistillate scales dark brown, with lighter midvein and margins, narrow, acute, shorter than and not concealing perigynia; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet floating mats or edges of pools in poor fens. ● Circumpolar; in North America from the east coast to central Alaska, and barely south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory found only in the Porcupine River drainage and along the Alaska Highway at about 63°45’ N, apparently rare but perhaps overlooked because of its very specific habitat.
Carex rotundata Wahl. ✒ Plant forming small caespitose clumps with pale cordlike subterranean stolons; culms slender, smooth 2.5–5.0 cm high, leafy toward base; bases of culms tightly enclosed in pale gray-green leaf sheaths. Leaves as long as or slightly shorter than culms, involute, curly-tipped. Spikes 3–4; terminal spike staminate and linear, 2.0–2.5 cm long; lateral spikes 2 (or rarely 3) pistillate, well-separated, sessile or nearly so, oblong or short-cylindric, about 1 cm long; lowermost spike subtended by a foliaceous bract about as long as the inflorescence; pistillate scales orbicular to broadly oval, obtuse or acute, to membranaceous,
168
CYPERACEAE brown or purplish black, usually shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia orbicular-ovate, 3.0–3.5 mm long, chestnut brown, crowded, shiny, inflated, abruptly contracted into a short beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Moist turfy tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory over the District of Mackenzie, southwestern District of Keewatin, and northwestern Manitoba to the Hudson Bay coast of Ontario and northern Quebec where rare and localized; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981), but recent collections show it widespread, at least in the northern part of the Territory.
Carex rupestris All. ● Plant forming small tufts, from slender cordlike brown rhizomes; culms 8–15 cm high, stiffly erect, slightly scabrous. Leaves about as long as the culms, flat to channeled or involute, scabrous, somewhat curly; sheaths dark reddish purple. Spikes solitary, cylindrical, 6–20 mm long, androgynous, mostly staminate with a few pistillate flowers near base; pistillate scales usually obtuse, ovate, wider than and about as long as the perigynia, dark brown with a broad hyaline margin; perigynia 3–4 mm long, obovate to oblanceolate, obtusely trigonous, faintly nerved, dull, castaneous; beak 0.3 mm long; stigmas 3. ✿ In dry turfy places in tundra, on gravelly ridges, and on rocky ledges. A pronounced calcicole, often associated with Dryas integrifolia. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in the west of North America disjunct south to Colorado and in the east south to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec; occasional in the arctic and alpine parts of the Yukon Territory but perhaps overlooked.
Carex sabulosa Turcz. ssp. leiophylla (Mack.) A.E. Porsild C. leiophylla Mack. ✒ Plant rhizomatous, forming large mounds on sand dunes; culms 15–35 cm long, weak, arching with mature fruiting heads touching ground, thickly leafy at base. Leaves grayish green, flat, with involute margins or involute, 1–3.5 mm wide, shorter or longer than culms, tapering to a fine tip; sheaths purplish. Inflorescence 2–5 cm long, of 3–5 spikes; terminal spike gynaecandrous, club-shaped; lateral spikes pistillate, aggregated or with lower ones separated, sessile or on stiff short erect pedicels; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, as long as the perigynia, purplish black with a lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia 4–5 mm long, ovate to suborbicular, yellowish green, blotched with brown, stipitate; beak about 1 mm long, bidentate, brown marked; stigmas 3. ✿ Sand dunes. ● Endemic; known only from southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); type of C. leiophylla collected at Carcross; ssp. sabulosa Asiatic-Siberian in distribution.
Carex
169
Carex saxatilis L. C. physocarpa Presl ✒ Coarse plant arising from a stout creeping rhizome; culms single or several together, 30–50 cm high, purplish at base, smooth or slightly scabrous above. Leaves almost as long as the culms, 3–4 mm broad, revolute-margined, somewhat keeled, pale green. Uppermost 1 or 2 spikes staminate, linear; pistillate spikes 1–3, cylindrical, 1.5–3.5 cm long and 8–10 mm wide; upper fertile spikes subsessile and erect, with lowermost one drooping on a long capillary peduncle subtended by a short-sheathing foliaceous bract as long as the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute to acuminate, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovate, 4–5 mm long, distinctly and abruptly short-beaked, dark brown, lustrous; stigmas 2, rarely 3. ✿ In shallow water along sheltered margins of ponds or in springy calcareous places in wet tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America extending southward through British Columbia and western Alberta, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the east to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Carex scirpoidea Michx. ✒ Plants dioecious; culms leafy toward base, stiff, sharply trigonous, arising singly or several together from a stout black scaly rhizome. Leaves shorter than culms, flat, 3–4 mm wide, scabrous. Spikes single, erect; male spikes obovate; female spikes linearcylindrical, 20–30 mm long, 3–5 mm wide; pistillate scales obovate-oblong, blackish with pale narrow hyaline margins, ciliate and puberulent, shorter than perigynia; perigynia about 3 mm long, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, abruptly narrowed to a short beak, reddish-tinged, white-pubescent; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry turfy places; usually on calcareous soil. ● North America; from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New England, New York, the Great Lakes, Colorado, North Dakota, and Montana; eastern Siberia and northern Norway; common in arctic and alpine Yukon Territory.
Carex spectabilis Dewey ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, with stout fibrous matted rootstocks; culms up to 90 cm high, sharply triangular, leafy in lower half. Leaves flat, 2–5 mm wide, shorter than culms. Spikes 3–5; terminal 1 or 2 spikes staminate; lower spikes pistillate, pedunculate, some widely separated; lower spikes with leafy bracts; pistillate scales oblongovate, dark reddish to purplish black, with a conspicuous midrib often excurrent as a short cusp, narrower but about as long as the perigynia; perigynia oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, 4–5 mm long, abruptly constricted to a short bidentulate beak, light green splotched with purple; stigmas 3. ✿ Moist situations.
170
CYPERACEAE ● North America; from British Columbia and mountain slopes of western Alberta south to California, Idaho, and Wyoming, barely entering southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. ssp. eleocharis (Bailey) Hultén ✒ Matted plant, with slender dark branched cordlike rhizomes, and with masses of fine crinkly roots; culms 5–20 cm high, slender, stiffly erect, arising singly or tufted. Leaf sheaths brown to gray-brown; leaves filiform, involute or canaliculate, finely scabrous on margins, usually shorter than culms. Spikes 3–5, aggregated into a dense ovoid 1.0–1.5-cm long head; spikes androgynous; stamens very prominent during anthesis; pistillate scales shorter or longer than perigynia, ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish with broad hyaline margins; perigynia 2.5–3.0 mm long, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, brown to strawcolored, tapering to a slender usually serrulate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ Prairie species of summer-dry and often somewhat alkaline hollows, edges of sloughs, and open grassy slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America from southwest Manitoba to southcentral Alaska and south into the United States, but the northwestern population apparently disjunct from Canada’s prairie population; in the Yukon Territory in the southwest to about latitude 63° N.
Carex stylosa C.A. Mey. ✒ Plant caespitose, with stout fibrilose rootstocks; culms to 50 cm high, triangular, scabrous on angles. Leaves flat, 1.5–2.0 mm wide, with scabrous margins, shorter than culms. Inflorescence 3–6 cm long, erect or somewhat nodding; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes pistillate, short pedunculate; lowest bract shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse to acute, purplish black with a lighter midvein and hyaline margins, shorter or longer than perigynia; perigynia ovate to elliptic, 2.5–3.5 mm long, short stipitate, short beaked, in age with a thick protruding style; stigmas 3. ✿ Muskegs. ● North America; from Alaska south through British Columbia to Washington, and barely crossing the Bering Strait; in the Yukon Territory known at Dawson and from the extreme southwest where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); in eastern North America represented by var. nigritella (Drej.) Fern.
Carex
171
Carex subspathacea Wormskj. C. salina Wahlenb. var. subspathacea (Wormsk.) Tuck. ✒ Turf-forming dwarf species, with creeping rhizomes; culms very short, erectascending, frequently hidden among leaves. Leaves curved, short, channeled, 1–2 mm wide, yellowish green. Bract of inflorescence leafy, strongly invaginate at base; terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes 1–4, short- peduncled, somewhat remote, few-flowered; pistillate scales light brown with a pale midvein, longer than perigynia; perigynia ovate to elliptic, 2.4–3.5 mm long, 1.0–1.8 mm wide, greenish to straw-colored, with a short truncate beak; stigmas 2. ✿ In wet clay on sheltered beaches flooded by high tide. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; in eastern North America south to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but in the Yukon Territory known only from Herschel Island and the Arctic coast; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex supina Wahl. ssp. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Hultén ✒ Dwarf tufted plant, with slender brown stolons; culms 8–15 cm high, erect, sharply trigonous, scabrous. Leaves crowded, narrow, 1.0–1.5 mm wide, scabrous, shorter than culms. Spikes 3; terminal spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes pistillate, few-flowered, subglobose, sessile; lowermost spike supported by short scalelike bract; pistillate scales broadly ovate, acute, chestnut brown with broad translucent pale margins and prominent midrib, slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovateglobose, brown, shiny, prominently beaked; stigmas 3. ✿ In noncalcareous dry rocky and sandy places. ● Low-arctic; North America; in the Yukon Territory found northward to nearly latitude 65° N.
Carex sychnocephala Carey ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms smooth, leafy near base, 10–60 cm high but near its northern limit rarely more than 20 cm high. Leaves flat, thin, soft, light green, about as long as the culm, scabrous on margins. Inflorescence compact, ellipsoid or ovoid; bracts 3 or 4, leaflike, 10–15 cm long; spikes 4–10 or more, gynaecandrous; pistillate scales lanceolate-acuminate, greenish white with hyaline margins and a green midrib, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia subulate-lanceolate, tapering into a flat sharply bidentate beak; beak narrowly winged, scabrous; stigmas 2. ✿ Moist meadows and shores. ● North America; from southwestern Quebec to interior British Columbia and southern District of Mackenzie and disjunct in central Alaska and southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), extending southward to New York, South Dakota, Colorado, and northern Washington.
172
CYPERACEAE
Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. ✒ Plant loosely tufted, with slender stolons; culms very slender, 50–60 cm high, scabrous below inflorescence. Leaves flat or canaliculate, shorter than culms, 1.0–1.5 mm broad. Spikes 2–3, gynaecandrous, fewflowered, subglobose, aggregated into a nearly spherical head 5–7 mm in diameter; pistillate scales ovate to elliptic, blunt, greenish with a white-hyaline margin, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipticoblong 3.0–3.5 mm long, faintly nerved, beakless; stigmas 2. ✿ Sphagnum bogs. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Maine, Michigan, southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia and north to near the limit of trees; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 67°30’ N.
Carex ursina Dewey ✒ Dwarf densely caespitose species; culms ascending, 4–6 cm long, barely emerging above leaves, trigonous. Leaves tufted, involute, scabrous on margins, longer than culms. Spikes single, globose, 4–5 mm long, 4 mm wide, staminate at base; pistillate scales ovate, dark brown with a lighter midvein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly ovate, faintly nerved, nearly beakless, straw-colored; stigmas 2. ✿ A pronounced littoral species of sheltered sea and lagoon shores, subject to flood by high tide. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; rare along the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981); in eastern North America south to southern Hudson Bay.
Carex utriculata Boott C. rhynchophysa Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall. C. rostrata pro parte of American authors ✒ Culms to 1 m or more high, sharply trigonous, scabrous below inflorescence, leafy, arising from long-creeping rhizomes. Leaves longer than culms, 5–12 mm wide, flat, yellow- or olive-green, smooth or scabrous on upper surface, scabrous on margins. Terminal spikes 2–4, staminate, linear, 4–8 cm long, well above 2–4 cylindric 5–7-cm long sessile or short-peduncled pistillate spikes subtended by leafy bracts; lowermost bract overtopping inflorescence; perigynia up to 6 mm long, light brown, lustrous, ovoid, nerved, abruptly tapering to a slender minutely 2-toothed beak; pistillate scales dark brown with lighter midvein and margins, narrow, acute, as long as or longer than perigynia; stigmas 3. ✿
Margins of sloughs, lakes, and streams.
Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Pennsylvania, Iowa, Colorado, New Mexico, and Baja California; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to Dawson and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley. ●
Carex
173
Carex vaginata Tausch C. sparsiflora (Wahlenb.) Steud. ✒ Plant stoloniferous; culms stiff, 15–20 cm high, leafy at base. Leaves short, flat, 1–4 mm wide. Terminal spike staminate, linear, on a stout often somewhat divergent peduncle; pistillate spikes 1–2 or occasionally more, lax-flowered, cylindrical, 1–2 cm long, usually somewhat distant, on erect or somewhat divergent short and rather stout peduncles each subtended by a sheathing leafy bract; pistillate scales lanceolate-ovate, light brown, with a broad green midvein, shorter than perigynia; perigynia yellowish green, ovoid, nerveless, smooth, somewhat obliquely beaked; stigmas 3. ✿ Moist calcareous rocky and turfy places. ● Circumpolar; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Carex viridula Michx. C. oederi Retz. var. pumila (Cosson & Germ.) Fern. C. oederi Retz. ssp. virdidula (Michx.) Hultén ✒ Plant caespitose, forming small tufts; culms usually less than 20 cm high. Leaves flat or channeled toward base, 1–4 mm wide, yellowish green, often longer than culms. Inflorescence of 4–5 spikes; terminal spike staminate, linear; lower spikes pistillate, short-cylindric or globular, crowded, or with lowermost one somewhat remote, short- to long-peduncled; lowermost spike subtended by a long foliaceous bract; pistillate scales membranous, ovate, obtuse to acute, brownish with hyaline margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 2–3 mm long, orbicular-ovate, abruptly tapered into a prominent beak half as long as the body, strongly nerved, green, densely crowded, spreading; stigmas 3. ✿ Damp calcareous lakeshores and wet meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and eastern Alaska south into the New England States and Michigan; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as Mayo and considered as rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Carex williamsii Britt. ✒ Plant caespitose; culms 3–20 cm high. Leaves bristlelike, canaliculate to convolute; sheaths purplish brown. Inflorescence 1.5–4.5 cm long, erect or more or less nodding; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes pistillate, few-flowered; pistillate scales shorter than perigynia, yellowish brown, hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5– 3.5 mm long, lanceolate, greenish to reddish brown, prominently few-nerved, characteristically bent outwards toward tip; stigmas 3. ✿ Calcareous sandy soil, often on hummocks by the edge of small ponds. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); type collected near Dawson.
174
CYPERACEAE
Eleocharis R. Br. spike-rush
Eleocharis
Perennial (ours) herbs of marshy habitats; culms simple, erect, terete or triangular, scapelike, mostly tufted from horizontal rhizomes. Leaves reduced to bladeless basal sheaths. Spikes solitary and terminal, erect, ovoid to linear; flowers perfect; bristles often 6; stamens 1–3; style 2- or 3-cleft; base of style tubercule-like, persistent on summit of the achene; achene lens-shaped or triangular. A. Bulbiform base of style nearly continuous with summit of achene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. quinqueflora A. Bulbiform base of style articulate with achene B. Culm and rhizome capillary; achene with prominent longitudinal ridges; plant often completely submersed and sterile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. acicularis B. Culm and rhizome not capillary; achene with smooth or variously sculptured surface C. Basal scales of spike 2 or 3; culm stout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. palustris C. Basal scale of spike solitary, suborbicular, usually completely encircling base of spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. uniglumis
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. hair grass, least spike-rush, slender spike-rush ✒ Plant forming soft green carpet, from thin creeping rhizomes; culms filiform, loosely tufted, 3–6 cm or more high. Spikes 3–4 mm long, ovate to lanceolate; scales membranous, with a green midrib and reddish brown sides, and with scarious margins; achenes obovoid or ellipsoid, 0.7–1.0 mm long, whitish, with distinct longitudinal ridges and with many fine transverse cross-ridges; tubercule confluent, pyramidal. ✿ Submersed on muddy bottoms of shallow ponds and on wet shorelines; near its northern limit nearly always sterile and submerged (f. submersa Hj. Nilss.). ● Circumpolar, subarctic, wide-ranging in North America extending southward to Florida, New Mexico, and southern California; in the Yukon Territory known as far north as latitude 65° N, but then disjunct to the Arctic coast.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. ✒ Culms stout, 20–30 cm or more high, 2–3 mm in diameter, terete or somewhat flattened, arising from stout freely branching rhizomes; sheaths firm, reddish brown, with a distinctly oblique summit. Spike oblong-linear, 5–15 mm long, 2–3 mm wide; achenes yellowish brown, narrowly obovoid, 1.5–1.7 mm long; tubercule spongy, much longer than wide, separated from achene by a definite constriction; basal scales 2 or 3, firm; fertile scales oblongovate, obtuse to subacute, reddish brown with a pale scarious margin.
Eriophorum
175
✿ Often forming dense colonies, rooted in soft mud along sheltered margins of lakes and ponds. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America extending southward to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wyoming, and northern California; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as latitude 65°30’ N.
Eleocharis quinqueflora (F. Hartm.) Schwartz E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. fernaldii Svens. ✒ Tufts small, arising from slender elongated rhizomes often producing tiny bulblike tubers; culms 10–25 cm or more high, capillary, grooved. Spike few-flowered, lanceolate to elliptic, somewhat flattened, 4–8 mm long; scales ovate, obtuse, dark brown with hyaline margins; achenes 2.0–2.5 mm long, obovoid, triangular or planoconvex, grayish brown, reticulate; tubercule conic, barely differentiated. ✿ Calcareous seepages along riverbanks and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar with large gaps in Eurasia; in North America south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Arizona, and California, nonarctic; in the Yukon Territory uncommon, extending northward to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. E. macrostachya sensu Cody (1960) ✒ Plant loosely stoloniferous; culms 15–30 cm or more high, nearly filiform but wiry, subterete or somewhat compressed; sheaths reddish brown, with summit square or barely oblique. Spikes ovate to lanceolate, 5–12 mm long; basal scale 1, ovate, entirely circling the spike; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with a yellowish green midrib, reddish brown sides, scarious margins; achenes obovate, 1.2– 1.4 mm long, reddish brown when mature; tubercule triangular, about as long as broad, separated from achene by a definite constriction. ✿ Calcareous or saline seepages along riverbanks or lakeshores, but unlike E. palustris, rarely growing in water. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America from Labrador to British Columbia, south in the west to North Dakota, Wyoming, and Oregon; considered rare in the southern part of the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981) and disjunct to the Porcupine River drainage.
Eriophorum L. cotton-grass
Eriophorum
Perennial caespitose or stoloniferous bog or marsh plants; culms smooth, obtusely triangular or terete, terminating in from 1 to several spikes. Flowers numerous, perfect, each subtended by a single scale; perianth bristles long and silky in fruit; stamens 1–3; achenes compressed, 3-angled. A. Spikes several, drooping or clustered, subtended by 1 or 2 foliaceous bracts B. Leaves linear, trigonous, 1.0–1.5 mm broad; bract usually only 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Leaves broader, flat, conduplicate or involute; bracts 2 or 3
E. gracile
176
CYPERACEAE
C. Midrib of scales prominent, extending to very tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. viridi-carinatum C. Midrib of scales slender, not reaching tip D. Peduncles glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. angustifolium D. Peduncles scabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. triste A. Spikes solitary, not subtended by leafy bracts E. Plants stoloniferous F. Anthers minute (1 mm long, or less); fruiting head globose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. scheuchzeri F. Anthers 1.5 mm long, or longer; fruiting head oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. russeolum var. albidum E. Plants caespitose G. Scales monochrome, without pale margins, not spreading or reflexed at maturity; fruiting heads obovate; anthers 1–2 mm long H. Culm slender, often 30–60 cm high; uppermost sheath mostly above middle of culm; anthers more than 1 mm long; mature bristles dull white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. brachyantherum H. Culm stout and stiff, often 20–30 cm high; uppermost sheath often below middle of culm; anthers not more than 1 mm long; mature bristles with a sheen, mostly pure white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. callitrix G. Scales pale-margined, divergent or spreading at maturity; fruiting spikes globose; bristles dull white; anthers 2–3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. vaginatum
Eriophorum angustifolium Honckn. ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 20–60 cm or more high; basal sheaths persistent, brownish to purplish. Basal leaves onethird to nearly as long as the culms, flat, but becoming folded or triangular toward apex, distinctly veined, septate-nodulose; cauline leaves 2 or more. Involucral bracts 2 or more, purplish toward base; spikes 2–10, nodding; peduncles glabrous; scales grayish, ovate to lanceolate, acutish, midvein not reaching apex; bristles white to cream; anthers 2.5–5.0 mm long; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm long. ✿ Wet bogs or shallow water bordering ponds. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic, in North America extending southward to New York, Illinois, New Mexico, and Oregon; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. E. opacum (Björnstr.) Fern. ✒ Plant loosely tufted; culms slender, terete, 20–60 cm high; sheaths remote, with uppermost ones above middle of the culm. Basal leaves filiform, with grayish brown basal sheaths. Spike small, solitary, more or less tapering to base; scales lance-attenuate, lead-colored; bristles dull white or yellowish; anthers 0.8–1.4 mm long; achenes 1.8– 2.4 mm long. ✿ Lowland muskeg and tundra. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as the Porcupine River valley.
Eriophorum
177
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ✒ Plant forming small solitary compact tuft; culms stiff, slender, 10–20 cm high; sheaths septate-nodulose, with uppermost sheath usually below middle of culm. Basal leaves stiff, filiform, channeled. Spike solitary, erect, usually broadly tapering toward base; scales lance-attenuate, blackish; bristles pure white, with a silky sheen; anthers about 1 mm long; achenes 1.8–2.1 mm long. ✿ In calcareous turfy places. ● Circumpolar, with large gaps; arcticalpine; in North America from Newfoundland to northern British Columbia and Alaska; infrequent in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135°30’ W.
Eriophorum gracile Koch ✒ Culms slender, smooth, up to 50 cm high, loosely tufted or turf-forming, arising from slender creeping much-branched rhizomes. Leaves shorter than culms, triangular, channeled, wilting early. Involucral bracts 1 or 2, short, greenish; spikes 2–5 on crisp-puberulent often arching or drooping peduncles of unequal length; bristles short, bright white; anthers 1.5 mm long. ✿ Wet peaty bogs and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Coal River area in the extreme southeast.
Eriophorum russeolum Fries var. albidum Nyl. E. russeolum Fries var. leucothrix (Blomgr.) Hultén E. chamissonis C.A. Mey. var. albidum (Nyl.) Fern. ✒ Plant stoloniferous; culms 20–50 cm high; sheaths only slightly expanded above. Leaves filiform, channeled. Spikes single, erect, oblong-cylindrical to subglobose; scales blackish to grayish, ovate to ovatelanceolate, acutish; bristles white or very pale rusty; anthers 1.5–3.0 mm long; achenes 1.6–2.3 mm long. ✿ In mud by shallow ponds. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found mainly north of latitude 64° N; uncommon.
178
CYPERACEAE
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 15–70 cm or more high, mostly solitary, with brownish septate-nodulose sheaths toward base. Basal leaves few, filiform, usually channeled. Spikes solitary, erect, subglobose; outer scales ovate-lanceolate; inner scales lanceattenuate, blackish to grayish; bristles white; anthers 0.5–1.0 mm long; achenes 1.7–2.3 mm long. ✿ Common in wet meadows and in shallow water by the edge of ponds, where often forming pure stands. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south in the west to Colorado; found in arctic-alpine situations throughout the Yukon Territory.
Eriophorum triste (Fries) Hadac & A. Löve E. angustifolium Honckn. ssp. triste (Fries) Hultén E. angustifolium Honckn. var. triste Fries ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 15–25 cm high; basal sheaths persistent, brownish. Basal leaves half to nearly as long as the culms, flat, but becoming folded or triangular near apex, narrower than those of E. angustifolium, distinctly veined, indistinctly septate-nodulose; cauline leaves 1 or 2, darkened at base. Involucral bracts 1 or 2, blackish and purplish toward base; spikes 3–6, subcapitate, at least some nodding; peduncles distinctly scabrous; scales blackish, bristles white to cream; anthers 1.5–3.3 mm long. ✿ In mineral soil, often in open clay spots in tundra and by the edge of snowbeds, never in water by the edge of ponds. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Greenland west to Alaska, south into northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory in the mountainous areas.
Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. vaginatum ✒ Plant densely caespitose, forming large and compact tussocks; culms stout, 20–40 cm or more high; uppermost sheath usually below middle of the culm; sheaths expanding upwards. Leaves filiform, trigonous, with a broader and persistent sheathing base. Spikes solitary, erect; scales grayish to blackish, ovate-lanceolate to lance-acuminate, translucent; basal scales often reflexed at maturity; anthers 1.5–3.0 mm long; achenes 1.9–2.8 mm long; bristles white. ✿ Wet peaty places. ● Eriophorum vaginatum s.l. circumpolar; ssp. spissum (Fern.) Hultén reported from coastal Alaska and from east of longitude 100° W, but not yet reported from the Yukon Territory; ssp. vaginatum in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W and quite frequent in the northern part.
Kobresia
179
Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. ✒ Plant bright green, forming small tufts, from a thin rhizome; culms slender, 30–100 cm high. Leaves mainly basal, flat, except at apex. Involucral bracts green with a light brown base, usually overtopping inflorescence; spikes 4–10, usually drooping on slender scabrous peduncles; scales greenish, turning lead gray, with conspicuous midrib extending to tip; anthers 1.0–1.3 mm long; achenes 3–4 mm long; bristles creamy white to tawny. ✿ Peaty meadows and rich bogs. ● Subarctic North America; from Newfoundland to southwestern Alaska, south to New York, Michigan, Colorado, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory apparently restricted to the southeastern part north to about 61°23’ N latitude and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Kobresia Willd.
Kobresia
Densely tufted grasslike perennials, similar in general habit and appearance to certain species of the genus Carex subgenus Vignea. Terminal spike composed of few to several spikelets; achene enclosed in a membranous scale, open on one side. A. Spike linear, composed of numerous small 2-flowered spikelets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. myosuroides A. Spike oval-oblong, composed of several spikelets B. Spikelets bisexual, with 1 staminate and 2–3 pistillate flowers; scales 4–5 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. sibirica B. Spikelets unisexual, 1- to 2-flowered; upper spikelets staminate and lower ones pistillate; scales shorter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. simpliciuscula
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori & Paol. K. bellardii (All.) Degl. ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms slender, more or less terete, 10–40 cm high. Leaves numerous, somewhat flexuous, narrow and convolute, shorter than culms; old sheaths long-persistent, densely packed, fibrillose, brown. Spike linear, 10–15 mm long and 2.0–2.5 mm wide; spikelets few to numerous, each usually with 1 staminate and 1 pistillate flower; scales 2.5–3.5 mm long, brown with hyaline margins; achenes 1.5–2.0 mm long, 3-angled; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry locations, usually calcareous sandy heath and windswept ridges. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Labrador to Alaska, south in the mountains to Utah and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory mostly west of longitude 133° W.
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CYPERACEAE
Kobresia sibirica Turcz. K. arctica A.E. Porsild K. hyperborea A.E. Porsild ✒ Plant densely caespitose, with a short stout ascending rhizome; culms stout, 12–35 cm high. Leaves linear to filiform, shorter than culms; sheaths brownish. Spike solitary, 10–18 mm long, 5–8 mm wide; spikelets several to as many as 20; each spikelet with 1 staminate and 2 or 3 pistillate flowers; scales 4–5 mm long, dark chestnut brown, paler in centre; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm long, 3-angled; stigmas 3. ✿ Dry peaty tundra and heathy slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward in the north to the Boothia Peninsula and disjunct to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found in the British, Richardson, Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains.
Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. K. simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. var. americana Duman ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms 10–30 cm high. Leaves strongly convolute, somewhat flexuous, shorter than culms. Inflorescence compound, oblong-ovoid, 15–25 mm long, 5–8 mm wide, in tall specimens with lowermost spikes somewhat remote; spikelets numerous, usually 2-flowered; terminal spikelet staminate, with lateral ones staminate above or pistillate and 1-flowered; scales about 2.5 mm long, brownish with broad hyaline margins; achenes about 2.3–3.0 mm long, 3-angled; stigmas 3. ✿ In damp calcareous gravelly places in open tundra. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America south to northern British Columbia, then apparently disjunct to the Rocky Mountain Trench; in the Yukon Territory occasional in the south and in the Ogilvie Mountains but rare in the British and Richardson mountains.
Scirpus L. bulrush
Scirpus
Stoloniferous rhizomatous or tufted perennials (ours), with terete or triangular culms, sheathed at base. Leaves grasslike or in some species reduced to a basal sheath. Inflorescence capitate or umbellate, subtended by 1 or more involucral scaly or leaflike bracts. Spikes 3-to several-flowered; flowers perfect; stigmas and stamens 2–3; perianth consisting of 1 to several bristles; achenes triangular or lenticular, mostly obovate. A. Inflorescence subtended by outermost and deciduous scale of terminal spike or spikelet; spike solitary B. Culms wiry, terete, smooth; perianth bristles not elongating C. Coarse plant, forming dense firm tussocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. caespitosus ssp. austriacus C. Delicate stoloniferous plant, forming small tussocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rollandii B. Culms soft, 3-angled, scabrous; perianth bristles elongating, white, simulating those of Eriophorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hudsonianus A. Inflorescence subtended by persistent foliaceous bracts
Scirpus
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D. Bracts single, terete, appearing as a continuation of culm Scirpus E. Culm triangular, leafy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pungens E. Culm terete, naked; leaves reduced to sheaths with a short blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. validus D. Bracts leaflike; culm leafy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. microcarpus
Scirpus caespitosus L. ssp. austriacus (Pallas) Asch. & Graeb. CYPERACEAE Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms wiry, terete, smooth, erect-ascending, 10–15 cm high; bases of culms firmly encased in brown sheaths persisting for many years; uppermost sheaths bearing short calloustipped bractlike blades. Spike terminal, 3–5 mm long; involucral scale about as long as the spike; scales ovate, yellowish brown, with a blunt awn; achenes 1.5–2.0 mm long; bristles 6, about twice as long as the achene. ✿ Forming firm tussocks in peaty soil, in springy tundra, and along streams. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Minnesota, Utah, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to the southern part of the Dempster Highway, then apparently disjunct to north of the Porcupine River where apparently rare.
Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. Eriophorum alpinum L. ✒ Plant loosely to densely tufted, from a slender horizontally creeping rhizome; culms yellowish green, 15–30 cm high, triangular, rather weak; acute angles of culm scabrous. Spike terminal, narrowly ovoid, 4–7 mm long; involucral scale with an excurrent median nerve, shorter than the spike; scales lanceolate to lance-ovate; achenes 1.3–1.6 mm long; bristles white, about three times as long as the spike, persistent. ✿ Peat bogs and wet meadows. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, and Minnesota; in the Yukon Territory rare north to about latitude 64° N.
Scirpus microcarpus Presl S. rubrotinctus Fern. ✒ Perennial from a thick stoloniferous caudex; culms stout and leafy, up to 1 m high. Leaves flat, 10–15 mm wide, scabrous below, often reddish toward base. Inflorescence large, compound-umbellate; involucral bracts leaflike, sometimes exceeding the inflorescence; spikes 6–7 mm long, in small glomerules; scales and involucres greenish black; achenes whitish, about 1 mm long, distinctly flattened and thin; bristles whitish, about twice as long as the achenes. ✿
Wet marshes and lakeshores.
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CYPERACEAE ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southward, disjunct to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory thus far known from a single disjunct site along the Yukon River near its junction with the Stewart River.
*Scirpus pungens Vahl S. americanus Pers. ✒ Plant rhizomatous; culms 20–80 cm high, distinctly triangular. Leaves attached near base of the culm, 5–30 cm long, linear, flat, or folded. Involucral bract erect, acute; spikelets 1–7, sessile, oblong or ovoid, 5–12 mm long; scales ovate, cleft at apex, short-awned; achenes 2–3 mm long, apiculate; bristles slightly exceeding achene. ✿ Marshes, lakeshores, and wet meadows. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southward; disjunct to the hot spring area at Circle, Alaska; to be looked for at hot spring sites in the Yukon Territory.
Scirpus rollandii Fern. Scirpus pumilus Vahl ssp. rollandii (Fern.) Raymond Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Thell. var. rollandii (Fern.) Hultén ✒ Plant in small tufts, from a deeply buried slender rhizome; culms 5–17 cm high, fresh green, slender, delicate; old basal sheaths brownish; upper sheaths with a short involute callous tipped blade. Spikes ovoid, few-flowered, 3–4 mm long; outermost scale about half the length of spikelet, blunt-tipped; inner scales obtuse to acutish, lustrous brown with hyaline margins; achenes plano-convex, dull black. ✿ Moist calcareous ground. ● Cordilleran (with a few widely disjunct stations in Quebec and southern Labrador); in the Yukon Territory restricted to the southwestern part where apparently rare.
Scirpus validus Vahl S. lacustris L. ssp. validus (Vahl) Koyama S. tabernaemontanii sensu Douglas et al. (1981) ✒ Creeping rhizome, stout, fibrousrooted; culms smooth, spongy, easily compressed, 0.5–2.0 m high; basal sheath membranous, with hyaline margin becoming lacerate, usually bladeless. Inflorescence umbelliform, of short-peduncled glomerules; involucral bract erect, up to 7 cm long; spikes ovoid, 5–10 cm long; scales round-ovate, 2.5–3.0 mm long, more or less pubescent, marked with red, rounded at apex or notched and short mucronate; achenes obovate, planoconvex, 1.5–2.5 mm long; bristles about equaling achene. ✿ In water up to 1 m deep along sheltered lakeshores and in ponds and marshes. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southeast and central Alaska, south to Georgia, Missouri, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), but now known to be more widespread in the southern part.
Calla
ARACEAE arum family
183
ARACEAE
Herbaceous and perennial bog or fen plants, with acrid watery juice; rhizome stout and fleshy. Leaves simple (ours), veiny. Flowers small, crowded in a dense fleshy spike or spadix subtended by a persistent leaflike spathe.
Calla L. water-arum
Calla
Calla palustris L. wild calla ✒ Low glabrous herb, arising from a creeping fleshy rhizome rooting at nodes. Leaves long-petioled, ovoid-cordate. Scapes solitary; spadix short-cylindric, subtended by showy pure white and petaloid spathe; berries bright red, in a tight ovoid head or cluster, nonedible. ✿ Wet boggy areas. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, Colorado, and Texas; populations in the northern and west-central parts of the Yukon Territory apparently contiguous with the Alaskan population, but separated from the main North American population by the Mackenzie Mountains.
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LEMNACEAE
LEMNACEAE duckweed family
LEMNACEAE
Minute, aquatic plants floating or submersed in stagnant pools; each plant consisting of a simple or branched frond. Tiny monoecious flowers, rarely present, occurring along edge or on upper surface. Plants multiply mainly from tiny buds formed along the edge of parent frond, or on the upper surface. Overwintering is mainly by tiny bulblets formed in the fall; bulblets sink to the bottom, remaining there until spring.
Lemna L. duckweed
Lemna
A. Fronds 2–5 mm long, round or elliptic, floating on surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. minor A. Fronds 6–10 mm long, 3-lobed and stalked, forming tangled and mostly submerged mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. trisulca
Lemna minor L. common duckweed ✒ Fronds round- to elliptic-ovate, 2–5 mm in diameter, thickish, obscurely 3-nerved, with a single rootlet from lower surface. ✿ Often forming a green scum on the surface of shallow stagnant pools. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only west of longitude 135° W and north to about latitude 64° N, but perhaps overlooked.
Lemna trisulca L. star duckweed ✒ Fronds oblong-elliptic to oblonglanceolate, 6–10 mm long, obscurely 3-nerved, green, finely white-punctate, seemingly trilobed when budding; stipe about as long as the limb; fronds connected, often forming large submersed mats; rootlets not always present. ✿ Forming submerged tangled mats, often among the stems of sedges and other plants in quiet streams and beaver ponds. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Texas, California, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 65° N, then apparently disjunct to north of the Porcupine River.
Juncus
JUNCACEAE rush family
185
JUNCACEAE
Mostly perennial essentially glabrous and grasslike herbs. Leaves linear, flat or canaliculate (in Juncus often reduced to scalelike bracts). Flowers cymose or capitate, small and inconspicuous, with 3 scalelike sepals and petals, with 3–6 stamens, with a single short style, and with 3 stigmas; fruit a 3-valved capsule. A. Capsule many-seeded; plant totally glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus A. Capsule 3-seeded; leaves and sheaths, at least in youth, with a few soft and white hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luzula
Juncus L. bog rush
Juncus
Annual or perennial glabrous grass- or rush-like herbs. Leaves flattened, or channeled and more or less terete. Inflorescence a tight or loose cyme; stamens 3 or 6, when 3 then opposite the 3 sepals; seeds minute, often with tail-like appendages at ends. A. Annual, much-branched dwarf species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. bufonius A. Perennials B. Inflorescence appearing lateral, at base of a terete bract looking like continuation of culm; culm leafless, but with firm persistent sheaths at base; coarse plants, mostly with stout subligneous horizontal rhizomes C. Flowers few, 2–5; plant densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. drummondii C. Flowers several; plants with creeping rhizomes D. Bract slender, as long or longer than stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. filiformis D. Bract stout, much shorter than stem E. Inflorescence dense; anthers about same length as filaments; involucral bract short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. balticus var. alaskanus E. Inflorescence open; anthers longer than their thick and short filaments; involucral bract long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. balticus var. littoralis B. Inflorescence appearing terminal, or if lateral, with bract flat, not like a continuation of the culm; culm with well-developed green leaves from base; rhizomes various but not subligneous F. Inflorescence capitate (in J. mertensianus sometimes with several heads) G. Inflorescence few-flowered; sepals and mature capsules pale, straw-colored or pale reddish brown H. Bract leaflike, exceeding the mostly 2-flowered inflorescence; capsule retuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. biglumis H. Bract scalelike, equaling or slightly longer than inflorescence; capsule acuminate I.
Flowering stems mostly solitary or few together, filiform, 10–30 cm high, with 1–3 leaves in lower one-third; seeds 3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. stygius ssp. americanus
I.
Flowering stems tufted, 5–15 cm high, rather stout; leaves all basal J.
Capsule longer than perianth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. triglumis ssp. triglumis
J.
Capsule about the same length as perianth . . . . . . . . . J. triglumis ssp. albescens
G. Inflorescence many-flowered, spherical, dark brown or black; leaves septate or nodulose (tall densely tufted Cordilleran species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. mertensianus
186
JUNCACEAE
F. Inflorescence compound K. Leaves distinctly septate-nodulose, terete L. Stems from slender rhizome; heads 1–3, spherical, manyflowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. nodosus L. Stems tufted, heads not spherical, few-flowered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. alpinoarticulatus K. Leaves not septate-nodulose, canaliculate M. Heads dark, short-peduncled; lowest branch short . . . . . . . . J. castaneus ssp. castaneus M. Heads pale, long-peduncled; lowest bract longer . . . . . . . J. castaneus ssp. leucochlamys
Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix in Vill ssp. americanus (Farwell) Hämet-Ahti J. alpinus Vill. ssp. nodulosus auct. J. alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus auct. ✒ Loosely tufted perennial, from a rather stout horizontal rhizome. Culms 15–45 cm tall, bearing 2–3 short stiff leaves; basal sheaths yellowish or pinkish. Glomerules elongate to hemispherical, few to several, on stiffly erect branches; flowers 3–5, sessile or short-peduncled; capsules dark brown; seeds spindle-shaped, about same length or longer than perianth parts, 0.5 mm long, without tails. ✿ Wet calcareous gravelly beaches and riverbanks, north to the tree line. ● Juncus alpinoarticulatus s.l. circumpolar; in North America, southern Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory ssp. americanus north to about 64°30’ N latitude and then disjunct to the Porcupine River; occasional.
Juncus balticus Willd. s.l. ✒ Perennial with a stout scaly rhizome. Culms 20–50 cm high, terete, stiff, wiry; sheaths at base of culms reddish brown, firm, somewhat lustrous, blunt or apiculate. Inflorescence of several clusters of short-pedunculate flowers; capsule light brown, elliptic, with a short conical point; seeds 0.8–1.0 mm long. ● Juncus balticus s.l. circumpolar, in the Yukon Territory represented by two rather distinct and usually easily separated races: var. alaskanus (Hultén) A.E. Porsild and var. littoralis Engelm.
Juncus balticus Willd. var. alaskanus (Hultén) A.E. Porsild J. arcticus Willd. ssp. alaskanus Hultén ✒ Variety distinguished from other North American races of J. balticus by more slender growth; bract rather short, involucral; inflorescence rather dense; anthers about same length as their filaments. ✿ Arctic-alpine. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory eastward at least to Bathurst Inlet on the Arctic coast of the District of Mackenzie.
Juncus
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Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. J. arcticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hultén ✒ Variety differing from other North American varieties by shorter and often bright yellow rhizome; bracts longer, involucral; inflorescence more open; flowers on dichotomous branches up to 5 or 6 cm long; anthers 1.5–2.0 mm long, much longer than the short stout filaments. ✿ Alluvial river flats. ● North American; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Missouri, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Juncus biglumis L. ✒ Tufted perennial; culms 10–25 cm high, channeled on one side, usually with 1 nearly basal terete leaf, and with several bladeless sheaths below. Inflorescence terminal, usually slightly surpassed by single dark brown ovate-lanceolate bract; perianth dark brown; stamens 6; anthers shorter than filaments; capsules narrowly club-shaped, conspicuously retuse, dark brown, longer than perianth; seeds about 1 mm long, brown with broad white tails. ✿ Borders of ponds, streams, and lakes; often in gravel. ● Circumpolar; wide-ranging, higharctic–alpine; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the west in the mountains of British Colombia and Alberta; occasional in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 131° W.
Juncus bufonius L. s.l. toad rush ✒ Tufted annual; stems leafy, erect or decumbent, branched dichotomously, to 25 cm but often less than 10 cm. Flowers remote in an open cyme, occasionally viviparous; anthers 6, shorter than filaments; capsule cylindric-ovoid, chestnut brown; seeds ovoid, 0.3–0.5 mm long. ✿ Damp sandy and silty roadsides, townsites, and moist meadows. ● Cosmopolitan, nonarctic, weedy; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, Texas, and California; in central Yukon Territory found as far north as about latitude 66° N.
188
JUNCACEAE
Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. castaneus ✒ Perennial from a stolonlike rhizome; culms stiff, 10–30 cm or more high, with well-developed leaves at base. Inflorescence of 1–3 somewhat distant chestnut brown heads, with each composed of 4–10 flowers; lowermost bract flat, leafy, green, longer than inflorescence; stamens 6; anthers longer than filaments; capsules about 0.6 mm long, longer than perianth, castaneous to purplish black; seeds about 3 mm long, with white tails longer than body of the seed. ✿ In wet sand or clay on lakeshores or by brooks. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, arctic-alpine; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Colorado and New Mexico; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Juncus castaneus Smith ssp. leucochlamys (Zinz.) Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. castaneus by its usually longer culms, with several long-peduncled heads; lowest bract longer; capsule slightly larger, slightly acute, paler. ✿
Wet places. Amphi-Beringian; occasional in southern Yukon Territory north to Dawson and the Ogilvie Mountains. ●
Juncus drummondii E. Mey. ✒ Densely tufted perennial, from a short ascending rhizome; culms slender, wiry, 20–50 cm high, with straw-colored sheaths at base, bladeless. Inflorescence compact, few-flowered; bracts rarely exceeding inflorescence; stamens 6; anthers about as long as the filaments; capsule blunt and slightly retuse, dark brown, about same length as perianth; seeds 1.5–2.0 mm long, including tail-like appendage. ✿ Alpine snowbeds and damp slopes. ● Cordilleran; from Alaska south to California, New Mexico, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Juncus
Juncus filiformis L. ✒ Perennial with a thin creeping and branching rhizome; culms gray-green, very slender, finely fluted, often in a row. Leaves basal, reduced to bladeless sheaths, or with blade merely a short bristle. Involucral bract almost as long as the stem proper; inflorescence few-flowered; stamens shorter than filaments; capsules spherical; seeds 0.5 mm long, tail-less. ✿ Sandy lakeshores, borders of streams, and in meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to West Virginia, Michigan, Utah, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 65° N.
Juncus mertensianus Bong. ✒ Loosely tufted perennial, from a muchbranched rhizome; culms leafy, 20–30 cm high, with brown or purplish basal sheaths. Leaves flat, green. Inflorescence capitate, solitary or some with a second and smaller pedunculate head; perianths coal black and shiny; anthers 6, much shorter than filaments; capsules oblong-ovate; seeds tailless. ✿ Alpine; found in gravelly stream beds and meadows. ● Pacific coast, cordilleran; from Alaska south to California, New Mexico, and western Alberta; mainly in southeastern Yukon Territory south of the Canol Road and adjacent to the Haines Highway.
Juncus nodosus L. ✒ Perennial from a creeping thin white and tuber-bearing rhizome; culms leafy, 20–30 cm high, rising singly or a few together. Leaves slender, half rounded, prominently septate. Inflorescence with from 2–3 spherical burlike many-flowered reddish brown heads; stamens 6; anthers subequal to or shorter than filaments; capsule lance-ovoid, longer than perianth; seeds 0.4 mm long, tail-less. ✿ On moist banks and in open wet areas. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward to Virginia, Indiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory rare, known only from Needlerock Creek and in the extreme southeast.
189
190
JUNCACEAE
Juncus stygius L. ssp. americanus (Buch.) Hultén J. stygius L. var. americanus Buch. ✒ Perennial; culms loosely tufted, or single, filiform, leafy. Leaves filiform. Inflorescence terminal, few-flowered, subtended by a short scarious awl-shaped bract; stamens 6; anthers much shorter than filaments; capsules ovate, yellowish brown, longer than perianth; seeds about 3 mm long, including their broad tails. ✿ Wet margins of woodland bog pools or seepage. ● Juncus stygius ssp. stygius Eurasian; ssp. americanus from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and southward, wideranging but apparently in a series of disjunct populations; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Mayo and Elsa where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Juncus triglumis L. ssp. triglumis ✒ Caespitose perennial; culms stiffly erect to 25 cm or more high. Leaves shorter than culms, filiform, with reddish brown sheaths. Inflorescence terminal in a 3- to 5-flowered head, subtended by 2 or 3 dark spathiform bracts mostly shorter than head; perianth segments becoming dark reddish brown in age; capsule apiculate, dark reddish brown in age, about one-third longer than perianth; seeds including tails about 2 mm long. ✿ Lakeshores and meadows. ● Eurasia; extending into northern Alaska and central Yukon Territory where found adjacent to the Dempster Highway in the Ogilvie Mountains.
Juncus triglumis L. ssp. albescens (Lange) Hultén J. triglumis L. var. albescens Lange J. albescens (Lange) Fern. ✒ Similar to ssp. triglumis, but usually more slender; heads usually smaller; lowest bract in some longer than inflorescence, narrower, lighter in color; capsule about same length as perianth; seeds about 1.8 mm long, including tails. ✿ Bordering ponds or in calcareous clay or sand. ● North American, arctic-alpine; from Greenland and Labrador to Alaska and southward in the western mountains to New Mexico; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Luzula
Luzula DC. wood rush
191
Luzula
Perennials with hollow stems. Leaves flat or longitudinally grooved, usually with soft white hairs along leaf margins and in inflorescence. Fruit a capsule containing 3 smooth seeds, with a short tail or a caruncle or tail-less. A. Flowers solitary at end of ultimate branches of paniculate or umbellate somewhat drooping inflorescence; branches capillary B. Inflorescence umbellate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. rufescens B. Inflorescence a loose compound cyme C. Bracts entire to slightly ciliate; bractlets entire to lacerate but never strongly ciliate; cauline leaves (3)4 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. parviflora C. Bracts and bractlets strongly long-ciliate D. Lowest bract 0.4–1.0 cm long; cauline leaves 2, thin, more or less shiny green; seeds dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. wahlenbergii D. Lowest bract 1.5–2.5 cm long; cauline leaves 3, thick, dull bluish to grayish green; seeds pale yellowish brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. piperi A. Flowers crowded in few- to many-flowered glomerules or spikes E. Leaves involute F. Inflorescence spikelike, drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. spicata F. Inflorescence often composed of several glomerules on erect or spreading stiff branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. confusa E. Leaves flat G. Bracts of the inflorescence short and inconspicuous H. Leaves 3–5 mm wide, with blunt, callous tips I. Inflorescence capitate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. arctica I. Inflorescence of several erect-ascending stalked glomerules . . . L. arctica ssp. latifolia H. Leaves 2–3 mm wide, with thin attenuate tips; stems slender; inflorescence of several few-flowered drooping glomerules on capillary branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. arcuata G. Bracts of inflorescence usually conspicuous, exceeding inflorescence; inflorescence often dense and glomerate, occasionally with smaller lateral and stalked glomerules J.
Perianth parts 2.0–3.5 mm long; seeds 1.1–1.4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. multiflora ssp. frigida var. contracta
J.
Perianth parts 2.0–2.5 mm long; seeds 0.8–1.1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. groenlandica
Luzula arctica Blytt ssp. arctica L. nivalis (Laest.) Beurl. Plant densely caespitose; culms stiffly erect, 8–20 cm high, often dark brown, leafy. Basal leaves flat, 3–5 mm wide, marcescent. Inflorescence subcapitate, subtended by a leafy bract, occasionally with 1 or 2 lateral stalked glomerules; bractlets with white membranaceous lacerated margins; sepals ovate or lanceolate, dark brown, shorter than capsules; capsules ovate, mucronate.
192
JUNCACEAE
Luzula arctica Blytt ssp. latifolia (Kjellm.) A.E. Porsild L. tundricola Gorodk. ✒ Readily distinguished from ssp. nivalis by its strikingly open and branched inflorescence simulating that of L. arcuata, and by its distinctly paler leaves and inflorescence. ✿ Common in heath and not too dry tundra; on snowbeds frequently associated with Cassiope tetragona. ● Ssp. arctica circumpolar, high-arctic; in North America south to northern Quebec and continental Northwest Territories; throughout the Yukon Territory west of longitude 130° W; ssp. latifolia amphi-Beringian, in the Yukon Territory west of about longitude 135° W and in northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. ssp. unalaschkensis (Buch.) Hultén L. arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw. ssp. arcuata sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Plant loosely caespitose, with short underground rhizomes; culms 10–25(35) cm high, slender and somewhat arched, bearing 1–3 leaves. Basal leaves narrow, flat or more or less involute, shorter than culm. Inflorescence open, with arching filiform branches, each with 1 or more few-flowered glomerules; bracts linear, scarious; upper bracts tipped with white hairs; bractlets with membranous hairy margins; sepals narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, as long as the capsules; capsules ovate, dark brown. ✿ Alpine slopes, gravelly or sandy beaches and moraines. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching eastward across the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie and south through the mountains of British Columbia to Washington; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N and disjunct to the Richardson and Barn mountains.
Luzula confusa Lindebl. ✒ Plant loosely caespitose; culms 10–30 cm high, stiffly erect and leafy. Leaves narrow, channeled or involute, often somewhat curled; basal sheaths dark brown, sometimes purplish, persisting for many years. Inflorescence capitate, or with lateral glomerules on stalked erect or arching branches; subtending bract short, scalelike; bractlets with membranaceous hairy margins; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the capsules; capsules ovate, dark brown. ✿ Common in dry turfy places in tundra or on rocky slopes and ledges. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, arctic-alpine; in North Amercia, Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the east to Maine and in the west to northwestern British Columbia; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Luzula
193
Luzula groenlandica Böcher ✒ Plant densely tufted; culms 10–30 cm high, leafy. Basal leaves flat, often reddish brown, much shorter than culm. Inflorescence glomerate, or occasionally with an additional pair of small short-stalked glomerules, subtended by an obliquely projecting leafy bract; perianth parts 2.0– 2.5 mm long, chestnut brown, with a broad membranaceous margin; seeds 0.8–1.1 mm long, with a short caruncle. ✿ Turfy tundra, often by lakes and ponds, and on gravelly alpine flats. ● North America; subarctic barrens; from western Greenland and Labrador to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Ogilvie Mountains, and considered as rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. ssp. frigida (Buch.) Krecz. var. contracta Sam. ex Kartesz & Gandhi L. campestris var. alpina sensu Raup (1947) ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms 10–35 cm high, leafy. Basal leaves flat, 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescence mostly subumbellate, with 1 large and several smaller heads on stiffly erect branches; lowermost bract of inflorescence leaflike, with a callous tip; perianth parts 2.5–3.5 mm long, blackish brown; seeds 1.1–1.4 mm long, with a long caruncle. ✿ Turfy places, often at the edge of ponds. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska; occasional in the Yukon Territory where found mostly west of longitude 136° W.
Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. ssp. parviflora ✒ Plant tufted or solitary, from elongate rhizomes; culms 25–50 cm high. Culm leaves 3–5, with lowest one 5–7 mm wide; basal leaves flat, 6–10 mm wide, linear, abruptly acuminate, somewhat ciliate or glabrous. Inflorescence cymose; branches few-flowered, arching or some drooping; bracts of inflorescence sub-entire to lacerate or somewhat ciliate; flowers single or in pairs, on elongate pedicels; perianth segments 2.0–2.5 mm long, acute, brownish; capsule ovoid, about as long as the perianth, dark brown. ✿ Open woods, willow thickets, sheltered ravines, and on herbmat slopes. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, Arizona, and California; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
194
JUNCACEAE
Luzula piperi (Cov.) M.E. Jones L. wahlenbergii Rupr. ssp. piperi (Cov.) Hultén ✒ Plant caespitose; stems 20–30(35) cm high. Basal leaves 5–10 cm long, 3–4 mm wide, dull bluish to grayish green; cauline leaves 3, linear, 3–7 cm long, 3–5 mm wide. Inflorescence nodding; bracts and bractlets brown, strongly ciliate, with long curly cilia; lowest bract 1.5–2.5 cm long; perianth 1.8–2.2(2.5) mm long, dark brown; capsule exceeding perianth; seeds 1.0–1.2 mm long, light yellowish brown. ✿ Alpine meadows and grassy, rocky, and heathy slopes. ● Amphiberingian; from southern Kamchatka to northern Kuril Islands, Aleutian Islands, southern coastal Alaska, and south through British Columbia and western Alberta to northern California, Idaho, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 63° N.
Luzula rufescens Fisch. & Mey. ✒ Plant loosely tufted; culms leafy, 10–30 cm high. Basal leaves flat, narrow, 1.0–3.7 mm wide, reddish at base, with long white hairs on margins. Inflorescence umbellate; branches filiform, each with a single flower; bracts much shorter than inflorescence; bractlets erose, scarious; perianth segments broadly lanceolate, chestnut brown, scarious-margined, shorter than capsule; capsule pale, acuminate; seeds plump, 1.1 mm long, with a short thin yellowish tail. ✿ Borders of bogs and marshes and on moist sand and gravel bars. ● Amphi-Beringinan, extending eastward to the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory occasional west of longitude 135° W.
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. ✒ Plant densely caespitose; culms slender, leafy, 20–35 cm high. Leaves narrow, channeled, acute; base of leaf brown or tan, pubescent on margins. Inflorescence spikelike, interrupted, nodding, subtended by a narrow leafy bract; bractlets lanceolate, with narrow white membranaceous ciliated margins; perianth segments lanceolate, bristle-pointed, about as long as the capsules, with broad hyaline margins; capsules broadly ovate, dark brown. ✿ Dry sunny slopes or rocky ledges. ● Circumpolar with several large gaps, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Manitoba and disjunct to Alberta and British Columbia, south to New York, Colorado, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about latitude 64° N.
Luzula
Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr. ✒ Densely caespitose plant, with short rhizomes; stems 15–30(35) cm high. Basal leaves 5–10 cm long, 3–5 mm wide, numerous, green, shiny, thin; cauline leaves 2(1), 3–5 cm long, 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescence cymose; branches few-flowered, arching or somewhat drooping; bracts and bractlets strongly ciliate, with curly cilia, brown; lowest bract 0.4–1.0 cm long; perianth 2.0– 2.5 mm long, brown; capsule slightly exceeding perianth, brown; seeds 1.2–1.4 mm long, dark reddish brown. ✿ Hummocky meadows and alpine slopes. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, northern Quebec to northern Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found north of latitude 67° N.
195
196
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE lily family
LILIACEAE
Perennial herbaceous (ours) plants, many of which poisonous. Flowers regular and symmetrical, mainly 6-parted and usually perfect; ovary superior, 3-locular; fruit a fewto many-seeded capsule, or a berry. A. Flowers in a terminal umbel; plant onion-smelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium A. Flowers borne singly or in a raceme B. Stem leaves whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria B. Stem leaves not whorled C. Flowers axillary, 1 or 2 together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptopus C. Flowers borne singly or in a terminal raceme D. Leaves linear E. Flowers solitary or few together; segments of perianth creamy with purple veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lloydia E. Flowers numerous, racemose F. Plants with bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zygadenus F. Plants with rhizomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tofieldia D. Leaves wide G. Stout plants with leafy stems, up to 2 m high; fruit a capsule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veratrum G. More delicate plants with stems up to 50 cm high; fruit a berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maianthemum
Allium L. onion
Allium
Allium schoenoprasum L. ssp. sibiricum (L.) Celak A. schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. wild onion ✒ Scapose perennial, arising from an oblong-ovate papery-coated bulb; scapes 15–45 cm high. Leaves shorter than scapes, hollow; onion-smelling. Flowers umbellate; perianth 6-parted, dark pink to purple with darker veins; sepals 7–12 mm long, lanceolate-attenuate; capsule about half as long as the perianth. ✿ Moist to turfy places along river and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, Colorado, and Oregon; found at lower altitudes throughout much of the Yukon Territory north to the Firth River on the north slope of the British Mountains.
Maianthemum
Fritillaria L.
197
Fritillaria
Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. black lily, Kamchatka fritillary, Kamchatka lily ✒ Perennial; bulbs comprised of several large fleshy scales surrounded by ricelike bulblets; stems simple, 20–50 cm or more high. Leaves in 2–4 whorls above middle of the stem, with a few scattered ones toward inflorescence, lanceolate, blunt, 3–6 cm or more long. Flowers 1–6, on short pedicels; perianth segments lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, 2–4 cm long, purplish black, often striped with green; capsule obtusely angled, 2–3 cm long. ✿ Rich subalpine meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; through southern Alaska and the Panhandle to the state of Washington; in the Yukon Territory known from a single collection in the mountains of southern Kluane National Park and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Lloydia Salisb. alp lily
Lloydia
Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb. ✒ Dwarf perennial caulescent herb; stems erect, with 1–4 leafy bracts, 5–20 cm high; bulb small, oblong, fibrous-coated. Leaves basal, narrow and grasslike, about half as long as the stems. Flowers mostly solitary; perianth 6-parted, with segments ovate, about 1 cm long, creamy with purplish veins, with a gland at the base; capsule 3-loculed, ovoid, about 8 mm long. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Eurasian, wide-ranging, alpine or subarctic; in North America extending over Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of the District of Mackenzie, southward to Nevada and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 134° W.
Maianthemum Webber false lily-of-the-valley
Maianthemum
Perennial rhizomatous plants; stems leafy. Leaves 2 or 3 or numerous, alternate, broad, many-nerved, sessile or petioled. Raceme terminal; perianth segments 4 or 6; stamens 4 or 6; berry globose, 1- or 2-seeded. A. Perianth 4-parted; leaves 2 or 3, pedicellate, cordate or nearly so B. Leaves pubescent on undersurface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. canadense ssp. interius B. Leaves glabrous on undersurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. dilatatum A. Perianth 6-parted; leaves 2 or 3 or numerous, sessile, lanceolate or elliptic C. Stems with numerous leaves, 15–50 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. stellatum C. Stems with 2 or 3 leaves, 4–20 cm high. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. trifolium
198
LILIACEAE
*Maianthemum canadense Desf. ssp. interius (Fern.) A. & D. Löve M. canadense Desf. var. interius Fern. wild lily-of-the-valley, two-leaved Solomon’s-seal ✒ Solitary stems 5–25 cm high. Stem leaves rounded to more or less cordate at base, acute at apex, 3–10 cm long, pubescent on undersurface. Raceme erect, 2–5 cm long; perianth segments 4, about 2 mm long, becoming reflexed, cream or white; berry 3–4 mm in diameter, pale red. ✿ Sandy pine woods and rich woodland. ● Boreal North America; from Ontario and western New York to northeastern British Columbia and extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie where known from the Liard River within 12 km of the Yukon border and in northern British Columbia from as near as Coal River on the Alaska Highway at latitude 59°36’ N; to be looked for in southeastern Yukon Territory.
*Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) Nels. & Macbr. deerberry ✒ Solitary stems 10–30 cm or more high. Stem leaves broadly cordate to sagittate, acute at apex, 5–15 cm long, glabrous on undersurface, scabrous on margins. Raceme erect, 2–6 cm long; perianth segments 4, 2–3 mm long, becoming reflexed, cream or white; berry 5–6 mm in diameter, spotted, drying dark red. ✿ Moist woods. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America from southern Alaska and the Alaska Panhandle south through coastal British Columbia to California and Idaho; to be looked for in extreme southwestern Yukon Territory.
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. star-flowered Solomon’s-seal ✒ Rhizome stout; stems slightly flexuous, 25–50 cm high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, clasping and partly folded, finely pubescent below. Raceme usually few-flowered; flowers short-peduncled; perianth segments 6, creamy white, 4–7 mm long; anthers yellow; berries green with black stripes, turning black when ripe. ✿ Occasional in dry open woodlands and on calcareous riverbanks or lake- shores. ● Boreal America; from Newfoundland and the Maritime Provinces to British Columbia and Alaska and south to Virginia, Ohio, Kansas, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found northward to latitude 62° N.
Streptopus
199
Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. three-leaved Solomon’s-seal ✒ Rhizome slender; stems slender, 5–20 cm high. Leaves 2 or 3, sessile, elliptic, glabrous. Raceme few- to several-flowered; perianth segments 6, 3–4 mm long, creamy white; anthers purple or dotted with purple; berries dark red when ripe. ✿ Peat bogs in lowland and boreal regions. ● Eastern Siberia, boreal America; from Newfoundland to northern British Columbia and southeastern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Minnesota.
Streptopus Michx. twisted-stalk
Streptopus
Rhizomatous perennial herbs; stems branching or simple, leafy. Leaves alternate, sessile or clasping, ovate-oblong, many-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs; perianth 6-lobed, yellowish white, greenish or pinkish; stamens 6; berry red. A. Stems forking; leaves clasping; perianth rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. amplexifolius ssp. americanus A. Stems simple; leaves sessile; perianth campanulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. streptopoides
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. ssp. americanus (Schultes) A. & D. Löve S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. americanus Schultes ✒ Rhizome short, thick; stems flexuous, usually forking, up to 90 cm high. Leaves glaucous, cordate, clasping, membranaceous, glabrous, 5–12 cm long. Flowers on slender jointed peduncles; perianth whitish green; sepals recurved; anther longer than filament; ovary 3-loculed; berry red, ellipsoid to globose, about 1.5 cm long. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows and moist woods. ● Streptopus amplexifolius s.l. circumpolar, with large gaps; ssp. americanus from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Alaska and south to North Carolina, Michigan, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about 63° N latitude but apparently rare.
*Streptopus streptopoides (Ledeb.) Frye & Rigg ssp. brevipes (Baker) Calder & Taylor ✒ Rhizome fine, elongated; stems simple, slender, 10–20 cm high. Leaves sessile, 3–5 cm long. Flowers single; pedicels usually recurved; perianth greenish, often purplish-tinged, campanulate; sepals 3–4 mm long, slightly recurved at acuminate tip; berry red, round, 5–6 mm in diameter. ✿ Moist and often dense coniferous woods. ● North America; southern Alaska, Alaska Panhandle, and western British Columbia south to northern Idaho; to be looked for in extreme southwestern Yukon Territory.
200
LILIACEAE
Tofieldia Huds. false asphodel
Tofieldia
Tufted perennial, arising from a short rhizome. Leaves 2-ranked, linear, basal, or nearly so. Flowers racemose on scapelike stems; perianth 6-parted, persistent; styles 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. A. Stems glabrous B. Stems scapose, pale green; flowers yellowish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. pusilla B. Stems with 1 or more leafy bracts, dark-colored; flowers purplish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. coccinea A. Stems glandular-pubescent, especially toward inflorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. glutinosa
Tofieldia coccinea Richards. ✒ Stems low, up to 15 cm high, often purplish-tinged, leafy-bracted. Leaves in fanlike tufts, usually 5-nerved. Inflorescence dark purplish brown; capsules reflexed when mature, about 2.5 mm long; seeds not appendaged. ✿ Mainly alpine or beyond the limit of trees, and perhaps always on calcareous soils. ● Nearly circumpolar; from east Greenland to central-east Asia with a large gap in northern Europe, south to northern Quebec and northern British Columbia, arcticalpine; occasional to common in the Yukon Territory mainly north of latitude 64° N, but rare in the southwest and southeast.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. ssp. brevistyla Hitchc. T. occidentalis S. Wats. ✒ Stems stout, 12–35 cm high, glutinous, occasionally with a single bract. Leaves broadly linear, 4-to 8-nerved, usually more than half the length of the stem. Inflorescence elongating up to 4 cm at maturity; perianth segments creamy white; capsules erect, about 6 mm long, yellow to red; seeds with a twisted tail-like appendage at each end. ✿ Moist calcareous seepages and lakeshores, usually at low elevations. ● Boreal, wide-ranging; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, and California; in the Yukon Territory found in the extreme south, and apparently disjunct to near Mayo; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Zygadenus
201
Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers. T. palustris Huds. ✒ Stems green, 5–25 cm high, bractless or occasionally bracted near base. Leaves in fanlike tufts, usually 3-nerved, narrower than in T. coccinea. Perianth segments greenish white; capsules erect, about 2.5 mm long, green or straw-colored; seeds not appendaged. ✿ Common locally in moist calcareous turfy places, north beyond the limit of trees. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland south to Gaspé, Quebec, Lake Michigan, and Montana; south in the mountains of British Columbia and Alberta to about latitude 50° N; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Veratrum L. false hellebore
Veratrum
Veratrum viride Ait. ssp. eschscholtzii (Gray) A. & D. Löve V. eschscholtzii Gray white hellebore, itchweed, Indian poke ✒ Perennial with stout leafy stems, up to 2 m or more high, from a thick rhizome. Leaves large, veiny, pubescent on undersurface, clasping, with lower ones oval, flat and blunt, and with upper ones elliptic to lance-elliptic and acute, and often folded. Inflorescence an open drooping and branched panicle; flowers numerous, pedicellate, turning upwards as flowers open; perianth 6-parted; segments yellowish green, about 1 cm long; ovary 3-lobed; each lobe with a short recurved style; fruit a many-seeded capsule. ✿ Rare to occasional in wet meadows near tree line. ● Pacific coast, cordilleran timber line, snowbed species from Alaska to the Mackenzie Mountains, south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Idaho, Montana, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory northward to just north of latitude 64° N.
Zygadenus Michx. death-camass
Zygadenus
Zygadenus elegans Pursh ✒ Somewhat glaucous perennial bulbous herb; stems erect, up to 60 cm high. Leaves elongate-linear, attached near base of stem. Inflorescence a bracted raceme; perianth 6-parted; sepals similar, oblongovate, 6–10 mm long, greenish yellowish white, with a large gland near base; ovary 3-lobed; fruit an ovate-lanceolate manyseeded capsule about 1.5 cm long. Note: All parts of the plant contain the poisonous alkaloid zygadenine. ✿ Frequent in open woods, on riverbanks, and gravelly places to moist alpine slopes and tundra. ● North America; from plains of Manitoba to the mountains of British Columbia and Alaska and southward to Oregon, South Dakota, Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico; found throughout the Yukon Territory northward to the north slope of the British Mountains.
202
IRIDACEAE
IRIDACEAE iris family
IRIDACEAE
Perennial herbs, with short rhizomes. Leaves narrow and elongate. Flowers regular or nearly so, subtended by spathelike bracts; perianth of 6 segments in 2 series of 3 each; stamens 3; ovary inferior, 3-loculed; fruit a loculicidal capsule; seeds numerous. A. Flowers 2–4 cm long; sepals and petals unlike; leaves 0.5–1.5 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris A. Flowers 8–12 mm long; sepals and petals alike; leaves 1–5 mm wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisyrinchium
Iris L. flag
Iris
Iris setosa Pallas ssp. interior (Anders.) Hultén I. setosa Pallas var. interior Anders. wild iris, flag ✒ Plant densely tufted; stems usually once-branched, 30–70 cm high. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, about half as long as the stem; stem leaves 2 or 3. Flowers few, in a terminal cluster; sepals 5–6 cm long, broad and abruptly contracted into a short claw, bluish to purplish, veined; petals up 2 cm or more long, narrow with an acute or subulate tip; capsule ovate, obtusely angled, 3–4 cm long. ✿ Meadows and lakeshores; rare. ● Interior of Siberia and interior of Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Snag and Whitehorse and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Sisyrinchium L. blue-eyed grass
Sisyrinchium
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene S. angustifolium auth., non Mill. ✒ Tufted grasslike herb; rhizome short with fibrous roots. Stem simple, flattened, wing-margined, 20–30 cm high. Leaves basal, about half the length of the stem; flowers umbellate, 3- to 6-flowered, between two greenish bracts; perianth 6-parted; segments 8–12 mm long, blue-violet, oblongovate, apiculate; capsule globose, 6–12 mm long, opening at top; seeds ovoid, black. ✿ Occasional to frequent in meadows and on open hillsides and riverbanks. ● Boreal North America; from southwest Greenland and Newfoundland to District of Mackenzie and northeastern British Columbia, south to West Virginia, Indiana, Colorado and California; apparently disjunct to local populations in southwestern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE orchid family
203
ORCHIDACEAE
Terrestrial (ours) perennial herbs, with rhizomes or fleshy roots or root tubers or corms or bulbs, and with simple entire leaves or mere sheathing scales in saprophytic Corallorhiza. Flowers perfect, zygomorhic, 3-merous, often showy; sepals mostly 3, green or colored; petals 3, of which lateral two alike but differing from middle and lower; lower petal or lip spurred in some genera at base; ovary inferior, 1-celled; fruit a 3-valved capsule containing innumerable minute seeds. A. Plants entirely saprophytic, lacking green leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corallorhiza ORCHIDACEAE A. Plants with normal green leaves B. Lip inflated, pouch- or boat-shaped, or saccate at least at base C. Flowers 1–3, large and brightly colored D. Lip bearded; flowers solitary, variegated in purple and yellow and pink; leaf solitary, at base of stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calypso D. Lip smooth, with margins inrolled; flowers 1–3; leaves 2 or more . . . . . . . . . . Cypripedium C. Flowers numerous, small, in a spike or spikelike raceme; leaves fleshy, wintergreen, forming a rosette at base of stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyera B. Lip not inflated or boat-shaped E. Spur conspicuous F. Petals spotted with pink; leaf solitary, basal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amerorchis F. Petals white, or yellowish green; leaves more than 1, except in Platanthera obtusata G. Lip notched or 2- or 3-toothed at apex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coeloglossum G. Lip not notched H. Flowers small, 4–5 mm long, in a loose raceme; leaves usually withered at flowering time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperia H. Flowers usually larger, in dense spikes or racemes; leaves not withering early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platanthera E. Spur lacking I. I.
Leaves 2, opposite, about middle of stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Listera Leaves several, alternate and mostly basal J. J.
Stem arising from elongated fleshy roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiranthes Stem arising from solid, tuberlike corm or bulb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malaxis
204
ORCHIDACEAE
Amerorchis Hultén orchis Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks) Hultén Orchis rotundifolia Banks round-leaved orchis ✒ Rhizome short, with fleshy fibrous roots; scape 10–20 cm high. Leaf solitary, basal or nearly so, orbicular to elliptic, 3–7 cm long. Flowers few, showy, in a shortbracted raceme; sepals and lateral petals whitish to pink; sepals 3- to 5-nerved, 6–10 mm long; petals 2- to 3-nerved, 5–6 mm long; lip 5–10 mm long, 3-lobed, white with purple spots; spur 3–7 mm long; capsule ellipsoid, about 15 mm long. ✿ Moist shaded stream banks and mossy spruce woodland. ● Boreal North America; from southwest Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory found northward to the southern Richardson Mountains.
Calypso Salisb. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes fairy-slipper, calypso ✒ Corm fleshy, oblong or globose; stems to 15 cm in height, with 2 or 3 brown sheaths. Leaf solitary, petiolate, basal. Flower solitary, showy, variegated with purple and pink and yellow; sepals 12–23 mm long; petals 15–23 mm long; lip pendant, 15–25 mm long, bearded, slipperlike; capsule erect, ellipsoid, 2– 3 cm long. ✿ Occasional to rare in damp moss, usually in Picea glauca forest. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Colorado, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory found northward to Dawson at latitude 64° N.
Coeloglossum Hartm. Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. ssp. bracteatum (Muhl.) Hultén C. viride (L.) Hartm. var. virescens (Muhl.) Luer Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Fern. bracted green orchid ✒ Roots palmate, fleshy; stems leafy 15– 30 cm high. Leaves several, obovate to oblong or lanceolate. Raceme usually dense; bracts particularly lower ones much longer than flowers, spreading; flowers small, green; sepals 3–6 mm long; petals 3–5 mm long; lip narrowly oblong-spatulate, with
Cypripedium
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apex 2-toothed (rarely also with a small median tooth); spur short, saccate, less than half as long as the lip; capsule about 12 mm long, semi-erect. ✿ Moist meadows and tundra. ● Coeloglossum viride s.l. circumpolar; ssp. bracteatum amphi-Beringian, extending across boreal North America to Newfoundland; in the Yukon Territory known only from the south in the vicinity of Little Atlin Lake and in the north adjacent to the Bonnet Plume River, and considered as rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Corallorhiza Chat. coralroot Corallorhiza trifida Chat. ✒ Rhizome coral-like, brittle; saprophytic; stems erect, yellowish brown, 0.5–2.5 cm or more high, leafless but clothed with membranous sheaths. Inflorescence a few-flowered raceme of small flowers; sepals and lateral petals similar, 4–5 mm long, greenish yellow; lip broadly ovate, notched at tip, with a pair of small lobes at base, whitish and often spotted with purple; capsule reflexed, 8–12 mm long. ✿ Occasional to common locally in turfy open places, mainly on calcareous soils. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Colorado, and Oregon; found throughout the Yukon Territory and reaching the Arctic coast at Shingle Point.
Cypripedium L. lady’s-slipper
Cypripedium
Stems leafy (ours), from a short or elongate rhizome with coarse fibrous roots. Flowers showy, leafy-bracted; sepals 3, or 2 of them united under saclike lip (lower petal); lateral petals oblong or linear; capsules large, ovate-cylindrical. A. Leaves 2, subopposite on lower one-third of stem; flower solitary; lip white, spotted with purple; plant turns black in drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. guttatum A. Leaves 3 or more B. Sepals shorter than lip; lip 1.0–1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. passerinum B. Sepals longer than lip; lip 2–3 cm long C. Lip yellow with purple veins, slipper-shaped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. calceolus ssp. parviflorum C. Lip white with purple veins, globose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. montanum
Cypripedium calceolus L. ssp. parviflorum (Salisb.) Hultén C. calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. C. parviflorum Salisb. small yellow lady’s-slipper ✒ Stems leafy, 15–30 cm high. Leaves 3–5, 5–12 cm long, lanceolate to elliptic. Flowers 1–3, fragrant; sepals madder purple; lateral sepals united; lateral petals 3.5–5.0 cm long, longer than lip; lip saclike, 2–3 cm long, yellow, often purple-spotted on inner surface, especially near mouth; capsule upright.
206
ORCHIDACEAE ✿
Moist calcareous woodlands. Species circumpolar with gaps; ssp. parviflorum in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, Yukon Territory, and southeast Alaska southward into the United States; in the Yukon Territory known from near the Alaskan border at about latitude 66° N, the Bonnet Plume River, and near Faro, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
Cypripedium guttatum Sw. spotted lady’s-slipper ✒ Stems slender, 10–20 cm high, pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves 2, 7–15 cm long, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, subopposite on lower one-third of stem. Flowers solitary; sepals 1.3–2.8 cm long; lateral petals ovate, tapering to a blunt tip, white, blotched with purple; lip saclike, about 2 cm long, white and blotched like the petals; capsule glandular-pubescent, drooping. ✿ Open mossy woods and perhaps always restricted to calcareous soils. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward into the District of Mackenzie to Great Bear and Great Slave lakes; in the Yukon Territory localized west of longitude 135° W but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
*Cypripedium montanum Dougl. ex Lindl. mountain lady’s-slipper ✒ Stems leafy, 25–70 cm high, pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves 4–6, broadly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5–16 cm long. Flowers 1–3; sepals 3–6 cm long, brownish purple to dark green splotched with purple; petals similar, linearlanceolate and twisted; lip 2–3 cm long, globose, white with purple veins; capsule glandular-hairy, suberect. ✿ Open moist woodland reaching to subalpine slopes. ● Western North America; from the Alaskan Panhandle south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California, Wyoming, and Idaho; to be looked for in extreme southwestern Yukon Territory.
Cypripedium passerinum Richards. sparrow’s-egg lady’s-slipper, small white lady’s-slipper ✒ Stems leafy, 10–35 cm high, pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves 3–5, 5–16 cm long, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, viscid pubescent. Flowers 1–3, small, fragrant; lateral sepals about 1.5 cm long, free almost to base; lateral petals white, linearelliptic to oblong, about as long as the lip; lip 1.5–2.0 cm long, egg-shaped, pure white, but so translucent that purple spots on inner surface faintly visible; capsule elliptical, 2–3 cm long, erect. ✿ Mossy woods and lake margins. ● Boreal North America; from Alaska to James Bay, with disjunct stations on the northeast shore of Lake Superior, and on Mingan Islands on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River; in the Yukon Territory found westward from about longitude 133° W and northward almost to latitude 68° N.
Listera
207
Goodyera R. Br. rattlesnake-plaintain Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. dwarf rattlesnake-plaintain ✒ Plant rhizomatose; scapes 10–25 cm high, bracted, glandular-puberulent. Leaves in a basal cluster, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, 2–3 cm long, reticulate-veined. Flowers greenish white, in a bracted onesided and often twisted raceme; sepals 1-nerved, 3.0–3.5 mm long; lip 3.0–3.5 mm long, saccate; capsules ovoid, 5–9 mm long, ascending to divergent, tipped by marcescent flowers. In the field, plants with leaves green throughout, or white-reticulate (var. ophioides Fern.), frequently found growing side by side. ✿ Damp mossy spruce woods. ● Circumpolar, boreal; in North America from southern Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory occasional northward to about latitude 65°30’ N.
Listera R. Br. twayblade
Listera
Small slender plants, with fibrous roots. Leaves 2, opposite, sessile near or slightly above middle of stem. Inflorescence few-flowered, in an open raceme of small and bracted flowers. A. Flowers purplish, or less often yellowish green; leaves ovate-cordate or deltoid; lip deeply cleft into 2 narrow lobes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. cordata A. Flowers green; leaves ovate-elliptic; lip oblong, narrowest in middle, notched at apex, with 2 lobes near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. borealis
Listera borealis Morong northern twayblade ✒ Stems 5–20 cm high, glandularpubescent above. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 1–6 cm long. Flowers green or yellowish green; sepals 1-nerved, 4–7 mm long; petals 1-nerved, 4–6 mm long; lip broadly oblong, 8–13 mm long, broadly notched at apex, with 2 rounded lobes at base; capsule ovoid, to 5 mm in length. ✿ Occasional to common in rich open spruce forest. ● Boreal North America from Quebec to Alaska, south in the west to Washington and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to Dawson but rare as far north as the Porcupine River.
208
ORCHIDACEAE
Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. heart-leaf twayblade ✒ Stems 8–25 cm high, glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate or deltoid, 1–4 cm or more long. Flowers yellowish green to purplish; sepals 2–3 mm long; petals 1.5–2.5 mm long; lip 3–6 mm long, deeply cleft into 2 linear spreading lobes; capsule ovoid, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Moist woodland. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan, Minnesota, and California; in southern Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Malaxis Sw. adder’s-mouth *Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Ktze. ✒ Slender herb, from a small solid bulb (corm); stems 5–20 cm high; new small bulbs formed in axils of leaves. Leaves 2–5, in a basal cluster, sheathing at the base, 1–3 cm long, elliptic or obovate. Racemes slender, tapering to tip, several- to many-flowered; flowers minute, yellowish green; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2.0–2.5 mm long, 2 erect and 1 drooping; petals 1.0–1.5 mm long; lip ovate, 1–2 mm long, erect, with conspicuous green nerves; spur absent; capsules ovoid, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Sphagnum in black spruce muskeg. ● Circumpolar with many large gaps; in North America from Ontario to Alaska and south to Minnesota; rare in extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie and southern Alaska; to be looked for in southern Yukon Territory.
Piperia Rydb. *Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb. Platanthera unalascensis (Spreng.) Kurtz Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. Alaska bog orchid ✒ Stems slender, 20–50 cm high, bracted above, arising from a pair of ovoid tuberoids. Leaves 1–4, basal, erect or spreading, 6–12 cm long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, withering early. Raceme elongate, many-flowered; flowers yellowish to greenish; sepals and petals 2–4 mm long, 1-nerved; petals and upper sepals forming a hood; lip lanceolate to ovate, 2.5–4.5 mm long; spur cylindrical, about as long as the lip; capsule ellipsoid, 6–10 mm long. ✿ Woodlands and clearings. ● North America; from southern coastal Alaska south through British Columbia to Colorado, Utah, and Mexico and disjunct to Manitoulin Island and Bruce Peninsula in Ontario and Anticosti Island, Quebec; known from the Haines Cut-off in extreme northwestern British Columbia; to be looked for in adjacent southwestern Yukon Territory.
Platanthera
Platanthera L.C. Rich. bog orchid
209
Platanthera
Small-flowered glabrous plants, with leafy or scapose stems from fleshy or tuberlike roots. Flowers in a terminal and bracted raceme or spike; sepals and lateral petals about the same length; lip entire or notched at apex, spurred; capsule oblong to ovoid, ascending or spreading. A. Stem scapose B. Leaves 2, orbicular-oval, shiny above, 10–20 cm in diameter, often flat on the ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. orbiculata B. Leaves mostly 1, oblanceolate, erect-ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. obtusata A. Stem leafy C. Spur cylindrical; stem with a few foliaceous bracts D. Flowers greenish, lip not conspicuously dilated at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. hyperborea D. Flowers pure white; lip conspicuously dilated at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. dilatata C. Spur broadly clavate to saccate; stem with numerous scalelike bracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. stricta
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. white orchid ✒ Stems leafy, 15–40 cm high. Leaves 10–30 cm long, linear to oblong or lanceolate. Raceme dense, cylindrical; bracts lanceolate, appressed and thus appearing shorter than flowers; flowers very fragrant, white; sepals 3–9 mm long, 3-nerved; petals 4–8 mm long, 1-or 2-nerved; lip 5–10 mm long, dilated at base; spur filiform, usually longer than lip. ✿ About hot springs and in muskegs and grassy meadows. ● North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, South Dakota, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory mainly south of latitude 61° N.
Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. northern green orchid ✒ Stems leafy, 10–55 cm high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Raceme dense; bracts appressed so appearing shorter than flowers; flowers greenish; sepals 3-nerved, 3–9 mm long; petals 1- to 2-nerved, 3–7 mm long; lip lanceolate, tapering to blunt apex; spur about as long as the lip. ✿ Moist grassy riverbanks and lakeshores, in mossy spruce woods and muskegs. ● Wide-ranging, boreal North America; from Greenland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico, California, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory occasional to common north to about latitude 64°30’ N, and then apparently disjunct to near the Arctic Circle on the Porcupine River near the Alaska border.
210
ORCHIDACEAE
Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindl. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. northern bog orchid ✒ Scape 6–20 cm high. Leaf usually solitary, 3–15 cm long, oblanceolate, bluntish, ascending. Raceme usually open, few to many-flowered; flowers greenish, small; sepals 3–7 mm long, 3-nerved; petals 4.0–5.5 mm long, 1-nerved; lip 6–10 mm long, linear, with a somewhat dilated base; spur equal to or shorter than lip, tapering from a broad base; capsule up to 10 mm long, ellipsoid, erect. ✿ Bogs, swamps, and moist open to dense coniferous woodland. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska, south into the northern United States; frequent in the Yukon Territory to north of latitude 68° N.
*Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. round-leaved orchid ✒ Scape with 1 to several bracts. Leaves 2, basal, orbicular-oval, 10–20 cm in diameter, usually flat on the ground. Raceme open; flowers pedicellate, greenish white; lip linear-oblong, blunt, about 10 mm long; spur club-shaped, twice as long as the lip. ✿ Moist Picea woodland. ● Reported by Szczawinski (1959), Luer (1975), and Porsild and Cody (1980) as occurring in the Yukon Territory but no substantiating specimens located; Porsild and Crum (1961) reported Habenaria orbiculata from Liard Hot Springs in northeastern British Columbia and Jeffrey (1961) collected it at Flett Creek, a tributary of the Liard River about 55 km east of the Yukon border at latitude 60° N in southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be searched for in southeastern Yukon Territory.
Platanthera stricta Lindl. Habenaria saccata (Greene) Hultén slender bog orchid ✒ Stems leafy, 15–50 cm or more high. Leaves pale, 4–12 cm long, lanceolate or oblanceolate, diminishing in size upwards on stem. Inflorescence slender; flowers green, usually remote; bracts linear-lanceolate, ascending; sepals and petals 3–6 mm long, ovate to lanceolate; lip linear to lanceolate, 4–7 mm long; spur shorter than lip, broadly clavate; capsule ellipsoid, about 10 mm long. ✿ Wet margin of alkaline lake. ● North America; from southern Alaska through British Columbia and Alberta, to Northern California, Idaho, and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory known from a single collection from near Whitehorse.
Sprianthes
Spiranthes Richard ladies’-tresses
211
Sprianthes
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. & Schlecht. hooded ladies’-tresses ✒ Stem 8–20 cm high, from thick tuberous roots, leafy in lower half. Leaves several, mostly basal, oblanceolate to linear. Flowers white, very fragrant, in a bracted densely many-flowered spirally twisted spike; 3 sepals and 2 petals partly united forming an upward-arching hood 7–10 mm or more long; lip 5–11 mm long, strongly constricted below the broadly deltoid to rounded summit; capsule up to 10 mm long. ✿ Bogs, wet meadows, and woodlands. ● Amphi-Atlantic; in Europe known only from the British Isles; in boreal North America from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia south to Texas; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 68°30’ N.
212
SALICACEAE
SALICACEAE willow family
SALICACEAE
Dioecious trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, entire or at most serratemargined, stipulate. Flowers in erect or drooping cylindrical male or female catkins (aments); flowers without perianth, but with each subtended by a tiny bract; stamens 1 to several; ovary solitary; fruit a dehiscent capsule containing numerous small seeds; each seed bearing a tuft of long silky down; stigmas 2–4, often 2-lobed. A. Catkins erect-ascending; each flower with 1–4 basal glands; winter buds covered by a single scale; mainly shrubs (ours) or small trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix A. Catkins soon pendulous; each flower arising from a basal cup-shaped disc; winter buds covered by several scales; treelike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Populus
Populus L. poplar
Populus
Trees; buds often resinous, covered with several scales. Flowers in drooping catkins, appearing in early spring and maturing as leaves expanding; male flowers with several to many stamens on a broad disc; female flowers with 2–4 stigmas. A. Petioles round in cross section; leaves lanceolate-cordate, 6–12 cm long shiny above, with strong balsamic fragrance, especially when young; large tree with dark deeply furrowed bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. balsamifera A. Petioles flattened laterally; leaf blade small, 3–5 cm long, suborbicular, crenulate; slender tree up to 12 m high, with smooth greenish gray or whitish bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. tremuloides
Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera P. tacamahacca Mill. balsam poplar ✒ Tall trees usually no more than 10–12 m (in Yukon), often much shorter; bark smooth and greenish when young but becoming dark gray and deeply furrowed in age. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, subcordate to truncate or acute at base, 4–12 cm long, shiny above, with lower surface pale. Pistillate catkins 6–16 cm long; capsules 4–7 mm long, usually with 2 valves, glabrous; stamens 12–20 per floret.
Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (T. & G.) Brayshaw P. trichocarpa T. & G. ✒ Differing from ssp. balsamifera in generally having 3-valved pubescent capsules, with 40–60 stamens per floret. ✿ A common floodplain species. ● North America; ssp. balsamifera boreal, from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Oregon; in the Yukon found as far north as the British Mountains; ssp. trichocarpa from southern Alaska south through
Salix
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British Columbia and western Alberta to California; in the Yukon Territory reported by Porsild (1951) and Hultén (1968) from the Pelly River area. Brayshaw (1965) discussed the introgression of these subspecies in Alberta and British Columbia. The wood is used locally for building purposes.
Populus tremuloides Michx. trembling aspen ✒ Slender trees to 12 m in height in favorable situations, but much shorter and with some prostrate at higher altitudes; bark smooth, white or greenish, but with some furrowed in age. Mature leaves oval to ovate, short-acuminate, 3–7 cm in length; petioles long and slender, flattened laterally. Capsules slenderly conic, 3–5 mm long. ✿ Common forest species on dry burntover slopes and ridges; in fall the leaves turning golden yellow, in sharp contrast to dark green of spruce forest; wood suitable only for firewood; leaves quivering in slightest breeze, hence the common name. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Porcupine River.
Salix L. willow
Salix
Erect shrubs to dwarf or trailing alpine or arctic shrubs or trees; buds covered by a single scale; catkins expanding before, with, or after leaves; male flowers with 2–8 stamens; female flowers with 2 entire or divided stigmas. A taxonomically difficult genus represented in the Yukon Territory by some 34 species. The following key is adapted from George W. Argus (1973): The genus Salix in Alaska and the Yukon. A. Dwarf or prostrate trailing shrubs, under 20 cm high B. Pistillate and staminate flowers with 2 nectaries, 1 on either side of stipe; leaves prominently reticulate and pale beneath; aments borne on prominent subterminal floriferous branchlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. reticulata B. Pistillate flowers with 1 nectary between stipe and ament axis; aments borne on lateral floriferous branchlets C. Pistils pubescent, sometimes only on beak D. Leaves distinctly and minutely serrulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. chamissonis D. Leaves entire or toothed only on lower half E. Leaves green or pale green beneath, nonglaucous F. Branches clothed with persistent skeletonized leaves; leaf margins usually ciliate; nectaries usually shorter than stipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. phlebophylla F. Branches without persistent skeletonized leaves; leaf margins rarely ciliate; nectaries 2–5 times as long as stipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. polaris E. Leaves glaucous beneath
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SALICACEAE
G. Styles 0.1–0.5 mm long H. Leaves obovate to elliptic, 1.7–2.7 times as long as wide, glabrous above, margins distinctly toothed on lower half; pistils sparsely pubescent, with ferruginous trichomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. fuscescens H. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 2.0–3.7 times as long as wide, pubescent on both sides; margins entire; pistils densely pubescent, with white trichomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada G. Styles longer than 0.5 mm I.
Pistils sparsely pubescent with crinkly refractive trichomes; nectaries shorter than stipes; branchlets slender and trailing, glabrous; leaves glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. arctophila
I.
Pistils sparsely or densely pubescent with nonrefractive trichomes; nectaries equal to or longer than stipes; branchlets and leaves various J.
Pistils densely pubescent; leaves dark green and usually glossy above, cuneate to rounded at base; branchlets trailing to erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. arctica
J.
Pistils glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the beak; leaves dull above, usually cuneate but sometimes acute at base; branchlets trailing and rooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sphenophylla
C. Pistils glabrous K. Leaves green (nonglaucous) beneath L. Decumbent or trailing forest shrubs; leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 2–5 cm long; margins crenate to crenate-serrulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. myrtillifolia L. Dwarf sometimes trailing arctic shrubs; leaves circular to obovate or narrowly elliptic, 0.5–1.4 cm long; margins entire or toothed only at base M. Pistillate aments 4–12(15)-flowered; leaves (5)10–14 mm long, 0.9–1.3 times as long as wide; petioles 1.4–2(3) mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rotundifolia ssp. rotundifolia M. Pistillate aments 2–4(9)-flowered; leaves 4–6 mm long, 1.7–2.7 times as long as wide; petioles 0.8–1.6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rotundifolia ssp. dodgeana K. Leaves glaucous beneath N. Branchlets usually densely woolly; leaves lemon green, coriaceous, obovate to narrowly obovate, tapering to a short petiole; petioles 0–0.3 mm long; bracts tawny, with apex often retuse; pistils brick red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. setchelliana N. Branchlets glabrous to sparsely pubescent; leaves thin, obovate, elliptic to subcircular; petioles 2–20 mm long; bracts brown to blackish; pistils reddish or purplish or greenish O. Pistillate nectaries shorter than stipes; leaf margins distinctly toothed on lower half; petioles 2.0–5.6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . S. fuscescens O. Pistillate nectaries longer than or equal to stipes; leaf margins usually entire; petioles usually 4–20 mm long
Salix
215
P. Leaves dull above, base usually cuneate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sphenophylla P. Leaves glossy above, base acute to rounded or subcordate Q. Leaves obovate, elliptic or broadly elliptic; pistillate aments generally shorter; pistils 2.5–4.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. ovalifolia var. ovalifolia Q. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2.5–4.6 cm long; pistillate aments 2.0–2.5 cm long; pistils 5.2–9.6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis A. Erect shrubs, exceeding 20 cm high, or trees R. Catkins expanding before leaves S.
Pistils glabrous T. Stipules persistent for several years, linear to ovate, with apex attenuate; styles longer than 1.2 mm; nectaries 2–3 times as long as stipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. lanata ssp. richardsonii T. Stipules not persistent for more than 1 year, elliptic to broadly ovate, with apex rounded; styles shorter than 1.2 mm; nectaries shorter U. Aments precocious, on floriferous branchlets 0–0.5 cm long; styles 0.8–1.2 mm long; branchlets sparsely pubescent; leaves elliptic or obovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. monticola U. Aments subprecocious, on floriferous branchlets 0.3–1.3 cm long; styles 0.5–0.75 mm long; branchlets glabrescent; leaves narrowly oblong-obovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rigida
S.
Pistils pubescent V. Leaves densely white lanate beneath, bright green above; stipes 0–0.4 mm long W. Branchlets densely white yellow, villous-woolly and nonglaucous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. alaxensis ssp. alaxensis W. Branchlets glabrescent and glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. alaxensis ssp. longistylis V. Leaves sericeous or densely villous to sparsely pubescent or glabrescent beneath; stipes 0.2–2.0 mm long X. Branchlets with thick glaucescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. drummondiana X. Branchlets nonglaucous (rarely thinly so in S. planifolia) Y. Buds and stipules oily; stipules broadly ovate, margins prominently glandular; leaves white or gray sericeouslanate beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. barrattiana Y. Buds and stipules not oily; stipules ovate to linear, not prominently glandular; leaves glabrous, glabrate or sericeous beneath Z. Branchlets velutinous; styles 0.2–0.5 mm long; stipes 0.8–2.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. scouleriana Z. Branchlets pubescent to villous; styles 0.5–1.8 mm long; stipes 0.2–0.8 mm long a.
Stipules narrowly elliptic, not persistent for more than 1 year, 0.8–2.8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. planifolia ssp. planifolia
a.
Stipules linear, often persistent for 2–4 years, 3.5–14, up to 32 mm long
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SALICACEAE
b.
Branchlets glabrous or sparsely pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. planifolia ssp. pulchra var. pulchra
b.
Branchlets densely white-gray, villous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. planifolia ssp. pulchra var. yukonensis
R. Catkins expanding at same time or after leaves c. Pistils glabrous d. Leaves green or pale beneath, nonglaucous e.
Leaves linear, 7–18 times as long as wide, margins distantly denticulate; aments often branched; bracts deciduous after flowering; stipes pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. exigua
e.
Leaves not linear, only 2–5 times as long as wide; margins serrulate or crenate; aments unbranched; bracts persistent; stipes glabrous f.
Leaves coarsely villous on both sides; margins glandular serrulate or partly entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. commutata
f.
Leaves glabrous or glabrescent; margins glandular, crenate to crenate-serrulate g. Shrubs decumbent, 0.1–0.9 m high; stipules minute to 1–2 mm long; styles 0.3–0.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. myrtillifolia g. Shrubs erect, 0.6–4 m high; stipules 1–5 mm long; styles 0.5–0.9 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. novae-angliae
d. Leaves glaucous beneath h. Immature leaves membranaceous and translucent, glabrate and green on both sides, becoming glaucous beneath; leaves and buds with persistent balsamlike fragrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pyrifolia h. Immature leaves thicker and opaque, glabrous to pubescent, lacking a balsamlike fragrance i.
Petioles glandular near base of leaf; stamens 5; leaf apex acuminate to caudate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. lasiandra
i.
Petioles nonglandular; stamens 2; leaf apex acute to rounded j.
Styles 0.1–0.4 mm long k. Stipes 2.0–3.2 mm long, glabrous; leaves coriaceous, glabrous; styles 0.1–0.2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pedicellaris k. Stipes 0.4–1.2 mm long, pubescent; leaves thin, glabrescent with ferruginous trichomes persistent along midrib; styles 0.2–0.4 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hastata
j.
Styles 0.5–2 mm long l.
Leaves elliptic or obovate m. Leaves entire or glandular-crenate; petioles yellowish; bracts lemon yellow or bicolor, glabrous; branchlets glabrous; nectary equal or longer than stipe; styles 0.6–0.8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. raupii m. Leaves distinctly glandular-serrate; petioles green; bracts dark brown or bicolor, pubescent; branchlets villous; nectary half as long as stipe; styles 0.6–1.6 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. barclayi
l.
Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly obovate, with immature ones reddish and translucent; petioles reddish; branchlets glabrescent; styles 0.5–0.75 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. prolixa
Salix
c.
217
Pistils pubescent n. Stipes 2.8–4.8 mm long, about 10 times as long as nectaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. bebbiana n. Stipes 0–2 mm long, 1–2 times as long as nectaries o. Leaves sericeous beneath, margins glandular serrulate to distantly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. arbusculoides o. Leaves densely pubescent to glabrescent beneath, not sericeous p. Leaves pale green (nonglaucous) and glabrescent beneath, margins prominently glandular dotted to glandular serrulate; immature leaves sericeous, with a mixture of white and ferruginous trichomes; stipes 0.8–2 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . S. maccalliana p. Leaves glaucous beneath, variously pubescent; margins entire; stipes 0.1–1.5 mm long q. Leaves densely dull white lanate-floccose beneath, floccose to glabrescent above, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 3.5–7 times as long as wide; styles red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. candida q. Leaves not pubescent as above, obovate to broadly or narrowly elliptic, 2–4 times as long as wide; styles yellow-green r.
Leaves with ferruginous trichomes sparsely distributed on both sides, especially on immature leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. athabascensis
r.
Leaves without ferruginous trichomes s. Petioles 3–15 mm long, yellowish; stipes 0.5–2.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. glauca s.
Petioles 1–3 mm long, often reddish; stipes 0–0.5 mm long t.
t.
Pistillate aments subglobose, densely flowered; styles 0.5–0.8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa Pistillate aments cylindrical, loosely flowered; styles 0.2–0.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada
Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov. ssp. alaxensis ✒ Erect shrub or small tree, to 4 m in height, with gnarled trunk and branches; young twigs and branches permanently and conspicuously velvety-tomentose. Mature leaves oblanceolate-elliptic, 4–8 cm long, 2.0–2.5 cm wide, velvety-tomentose beneath, dull green above; apex acute; base narrowly cuneate; margins revolute, entire or glandular and undulating; petioles 5–15 mm long, yellowish; stipules persistent, linear. Catkins sessile, appearing before leaves; pistillate catkins 6–12 cm or more long; pistils green, sparsely pubescent; capsules 4–5 mm long, glabrescent; nectaries 0.6–1.0 mm long, as long as or longer than stipes; bracts acute or obtuse, dark brown to black, villous, with long straight hairs.
218
SALICACEAE
Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov. ssp. longistylis (Rydb.) Hultén S. alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov. var. longistylis (Rydb.) Schneid. S. alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov. f. longistylis (Rydb.) Boivin S. longistylis Rydb. ✒ Differing from ssp. alaxensis in usually taller stature; branches glaucous; branchlets sometimes sparsely pubescent but soon becoming glabrescent. ✿ Ssp. alaxensis thicket-forming on gravel bars and river terraces and along streams and around lakes, also in alpine meadows; ssp. longistylis on river alluvium and glacial moraines, in immature forests, and in subalpine and alpine tundra. ● Ssp. alaxensis amphi-Beringian, east to Hudson Bay and northern Ungava and south into northern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta; ssp. longistylis from Alaska to western District of Mackenzie and northern British Columbia; both subspecies found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Salix arbusculoides Anderss. ✒ Erect shrub or slender tree, up to 5 m or more high; twigs smooth, reddish and shiny. Leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 2–6 cm long; margins finely glandular serrate or in some nearly entire; lower surface of leaf silky, with short appressed hairs. Catkins appearing with leaves, sessile or on short leafy peduncles; pistillate catkins up to 5 cm long, loosely flowered; pistils sericeous; capsules 4–5 mm long, sparsely sericeous, with white or ferruginous hairs; stipes 0.6–0.9 mm long; nectaries rodlike, as long as or longer than stipe; bracts oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, pubescent with curly or long straight hairs. ✿ Stream banks; muskegs; openings in Picea glauca–Betula forests. ● Boreal North America; extending from Hudson Bay westward to central Alaska; common in the Yukon Territory northward to the edge of arctic tundra and altitudinally to the edge of alpine tundra.
Salix arctica Pall. S. anglorum Cham. S. crassijulis Trautv. S. hudsonensis Schneid. arctic willow ✒ Decumbent often-matted but never erect shrub; branches trailing or ascending, glabrous. Leaves variously shaped, entiremargined; mature leaves elliptic-obovate to broadly rounded-ovate, 2.5–7.0 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide, glabrate to glabrous and dull green above, scarcely paler beneath, with sparse but long-villous pubescence; petioles about one-third the length of blade; stipules absent or linear, up to 10 mm
Salix
219
long. Catkins on leafy peduncles, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins not stiffly erect as in S. arctophila, 3–7 cm long; ovaries and capsules permanently short-pubescent; bracts with a dark brown or blackish tip, and with a pale base, long-bearded; nectaries 0.4–1.8 mm long, usually much longer than stipes. ✿ In a variety of habitats from sedge meadows to dry sandy tundra and heath sites. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec to Alaska and south in the west to Montana, New Mexico, and California; an extremely variable species, variously divided into infraspecific taxa; frequent throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Salix arctophila Cockerell ✒ Prostrate shrub; branches trailing, brownish green, tending to turn black in drying. Leaves short-petioled, elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate, 2–4 cm or more long, acutish or rounded at tip, totally glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, distinctly paler beneath. Catkins large, on leafy peduncles, usually stiffly erect, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 3–10 cm long at maturity; bracts brown, bearded at apex; ovaries and capsules reddish purple, thinly pubescent, with short flat crinkled refractive trichomes, becoming glabrescent or totally glabrous in f. leiocarpa (Anderss.) Fern.; stipes 0.8–2.1 mm long; nectaries about half as long as the stipes. ✿ Wet to dry mossy tundra. ● Eastern North American Arctic; extending westward to northeastern Alaska and south to western Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec; rare in the Yukon Territory where known from the Arctic coast (Argus 1973), the northern Richardson Mountains, and Macmillan Pass along the Canol Road (Douglas et al. 1981).
Salix athabascensis Raup ✒ Erect shrub, 0.3–1.2 m high; branches gray-brown, with an exfoliating epidermis; branchlets reddish brown, densely to sparsely pubescent, with short curved hairs. Leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate, 1.5–3.7 cm long, acute at apex, rounded or acute at base, green above, paler and glaucous beneath; both surfaces thinly silkypubescent, glabrate in age; margins entire and slightly involute or distantly glandular serrulate toward base; petioles up to 6 mm long. Catkins appearing with leaves, on leafy floriferous branchlets; pistillate catkins 1.2–3.7 cm long; pistils densely sericeous; capsules 5.6–7.2 mm long, reddish or greenish, short-pubescent to glabrescent; nectaries in some 2-lobed, about half as long as the stipes; bracts ovate, tawny or sometimes bicolor, pubescent or glabrescent. ✿ Woodland species. ● Boreal North America; from Hudson Bay to south central Alaska; apparently occurring only occasionally in southern Yukon Territory south of latitude 63 N.
220
SALICACEAE
Salix barclayi Anderss. ✒ Thicket-forming shrub, with stems often 2–3 m high but much lower in alpine situations; branches dark reddish brown, glabrous or with a persistent indumentum for 2 years; branchlets yellowish green, densely to sparsely villous. Leaves green above, glaucous beneath, drying black, 3–8 cm long and about half as wide, ellipticobovate, with acute tips and tapering or rounded bases; margins finely glandular serrate or in some entire; petioles short, those of vigorous sterile shoots often with leafy stipules up to 1 cm long. Catkins on leafy peduncles, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins up to 7 cm long; pistils green, glabrous; capsules up to 5.0–6.5 mm long, glabrous; styles 0.6–1.6 mm long; nectaries about half as long as the stipes; bracts narrowly oblong, acute to attenuate, light to dark brown, or bicolor, pubescent with long hairs. ✿ Occurring on glacial moraines, lake- and river-shores, subalpine and alpine slopes, and occasionally in muskegs and fens. ● North cordilleran–Pacific coast; from southern coastal Alaska across southern Yukon Territory to western District of Mackenzie southward through British Columbia and western Alberta to Washington state.
Salix barrattiana Hook. ✒ Upright much-branched gnarled shrubs, 0.3–1.0 m high, forming dense and often pure thickets; twigs and branches black, sparsely but permanently pubescent, ragged from black remains of stipules of former years. Leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 3–9 cm long, appressedtomentose above, gray-silky beneath, subsessile or short-petioled; margins of leaves entire or glandular to very finely glandular serrulate; stipules oblong, glandular-margined. Catkins appearing before leaves, sessile; pistillate catkins upright, often 4–7 cm or more long, gray-shaggy from densely gray-silky capsules and from their black long-pilose bracts; stipes 0.2–0.6 mm long; nectary 1, as long as or longer than stipes. Readily recognizable in the field by characteristic blue-green color of leaves, even from a distance; an oily substance exuded from the buds and stipules stains and penetrates the drying papers. ✿ Moist alpine meadows and hillsides, river bottoms, and gravel in stream channels. ● North cordilleran; from Alaska, Yukon, and the Mackenzie Mountains of the District of Mackenzie south to northwestern Montana; in southern and central Yukon Territory and in the British Mountains.
Salix bebbiana Sarg. S. rostrata Richards. non Thuill S. depressa L. ssp. rostrata (Richards.) Hiit. long-beaked willow, beaked willow ✒ Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m or more high; branches reddish brown, pubescent to glabrescent; branchlets densely pubescent, with straggly hairs. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 2–6 cm long and about half as wide, acute to obtuse at apex, round to obtuse at base; margins entire to crenate; surfaces tomentose when young, glabrescent or glabrous in age; petioles 2–9 mm long, pubescent; stipules
Salix
221
deciduous. Catkins on leafy peduncles, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 3–5 cm long; pistils long-beaked, greenish or rarely reddish, sericeous; capsules not crowded, 6–8 mm long including slender beak, gray-pubescent; stipes 3–4 mm long; nectaries short, about one-tenth the length of stipes; bracts narrowly oblong, acuminate, tawny, sparsely pubescent; styles short, almost obsolete. ✿ A common component of the understory in open Picea glauca, Betula papyrifera, and Populus tremuloides woodland on dry well-drained riverbanks and uplands, wet lowland thickets, and prairie margins. ● North American boreal forest; from Newfoundland and Labrador west to Alaska, and north to near the limit of trees and south to Delaware, New Mexico, and California.
Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. brachycarpa ✒ Low upright and freely branching shrub, often less than 1 m high; branches reddish brown, pubescent, with a usually persistent indumentum; branchlets densely white or gray villous-lanate. Leaves obovate, 2–3 cm long and 0.7–1.0 cm broad, entire, densely gray-hirsute beneath, less so above, becoming glabrescent in age; petioles 0.5–3.0 mm long, often reddish. Catkins appearing with leaves, on short leafy peduncles; pistillate catkins often 1–2 cm long, short-cylindrical to nearly globose; pistils densely white lanate; capsules crowded, 5–6 mm long, gray-woolly, sessile or with stipes very short; nectaries about half as long as pistil; bracts elliptic, light brown; styles short, 0.5–0.8 mm long.
Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Argus S. niphoclada Rydb. S. glauca L. ssp. niphoclada (Rydb.) Wiggins S. brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. mexiae Ball S. niphoclada Nutt. var. muriei (Hultén) Raup ✒ Differing from ssp. brachycarpa among other characters in having pistillate catkins narrowly cylindrical, loosely flowered; styles shorter (0.2– 0.5 mm long); leaves coarsely pubescent. ✿ Ssp. brachycarpa a calciphilous boreal forest shrub, forming low thickets near top of limestone screes; ssp. niphoclada on arctic tundra, in thickets on stream margins, in sandy blowouts, and on dry alpine slopes. ● Ssp. brachycarpa from Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island, Que. to Alaska; rare in the Yukon Territory where known only south of latitude 61° N (Douglas et al. 1981); ssp. niphoclada from Hudson Bay to central Alaska, in the Yukon Territory in mountainous areas mainly west of longitude 133° W.
222
SALICACEAE
Salix candida Flügge hoary willow ✒ Upright shrub, to 1 m in height; branches dark brown, glabrescent; branchlets densely lanate to floccose. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 2–10 cm long, acute at both ends; leaf margins smooth, somewhat inrolled; undersurface dull, velvety, white-tomentose; upper surface dark green, glabrescent. Catkins appearing before leaves; pistillate ones 2–5 cm long, on short leafy peduncles; styles about 1 mm long; capsules densely white-lanate, becoming glabrescent or sparsely lanate; pedicels about 1 mm long; nectary 1, red in life, one-half to as long as the stipe; bracts narrowly oblong, pale to dark brown, pubescent on both sides. ✿ Occasional in open alkaline fens, in birch–willow thickets bordering ponds, and on river terraces. ● North America; from Newfoundland to east-central Alaska and south to New Jersey, South Dakota, Colorado, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as Mayo.
Salix chamissonis Anderss. ✒ Prostrate shrub, with trailing reddish brown smooth branches; branchlets yellowgreen, glabrous or sparsely pubescent and becoming glabrescent. Leaves obovate to elliptic-obovate, petioled; largest blades 3–4 cm long and 2–3 cm wide, with obtuse rounded or even slightly retuse tips, and with finely glandular- serrate margins, deep green and lustrous above, somewhat paler beneath. Catkins appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 3–6 cm long, on stout fewleaved branchlets; capsules 5–7 mm long, sparsely pubescent, with refractive trichomes, glabrous in age; styles 2 mm long; bracts about 2 mm long, oval, long-bearded; nectary 1, adaxial, 0.3–0.6 mm long, dark red, about as long as the stipe; staminate catkins 2.2–3.2 cm long. In habit somewhat similar to the eastern S. arctophila whose western range just overlaps that of S. chamissonis, but at once distinguished by its finely serrate and broadly obovate leaves. ✿ Wet alpine meadows and banks of alpine streams and lakes and below late snow patches. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across northern Alaska to the British and Richardson mountains of the Yukon territory and barely entering the District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) but now known from numerous collections throughout the Richardson Mountains.
Salix
Salix commutata Bebb
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✒ Thicket-forming shrub, rarely more than 1 m high; branches dark brown under a loose floccose pubescence; branchlets densely white-lanate to sparsely villous. Leaves elliptic or slightly obovate, tapering at both ends, 3–7 cm long and half as wide; margins of leaves finely glandular-serrate (sometimes visible only under a lense); upper side of leaves yellow-green, villous, with lower side green, villous-lanate; petioles short; stipules glandular-serrulate, falling quickly. Catkins on leafy peduncles, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 3–6 cm long; pistils 2–4 mm long; capsules pyriform, 4.4–6.4 mm long, glabrous, with a reddish tinge; stipes 0.3–1.2 mm long; nectaries about half as long as the stipes; bracts narrowly oblong, acute, tawny, dark brown or bicolor, pubescent with short or long hairs. ✿ Alpine meadows near and above timberline. ● Cordilleran; extending eastward to the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie and southward through British Columbia to California and Wyoming; in southern Yukon Territory as far north as the Canol Road.
Salix drummondiana Barratt S. drummondiana Barratt var. subcaerulea (Piper) Ball SALICACEAE S. subcaerula Piper ✒ Shrubs to 4 m high; branches dark reddish brown, glabrous or glabrescent, glaucous; branchlets brownish green to reddish brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, glaucous. Leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic-obovate, 4–8 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, acute at both ends; margins entire or glandular-crenate, revolute; immature leaves densely white-sericeous; upper surface of mature leaves dark green, sparsely whitepubescent; lower surface of mature leaves densely to sparsely pubescent with white or ferrugineous hairs. Catkins precocious, sessile on branches; pistillate catkins 3–8 cm long; pistils about 2.4 mm long, densely sericeous; capsules 2.5–6.0 mm long, greenish tawny, sericeous; styles 0.7–1.3 mm long; stipes 0.6–1.4 mm long; nectaries 2, abaxial and adaxial, as long as to twice as long as the stipes; bracts ovate, acute at apex, brown to dark brown, pubescent with long straight hairs. ✿ Wet meadows and stream margins. ● Cordilleran; extreme southern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), south through British Columbia and Alberta to California and Nevada.
Salix exigua Nutt. S. interior Rowlee S. interior Rowlee var. pedicellata (Anderss.) Ball S. longifolia Muhl. sandbar willow ✒ Upright colonial shrub, rarely over 2 m high (ours); branches with smooth brown or grayish bark; branchlets reddish brown, sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrescent. Leaves linear, 4–11 cm long, about 10 times longer than wide, glabrate or thinly appressed pubescent; margins of leaves entire or more often with minute widely spaced teeth. Catkins sessile or very short petioled, on leafy branches, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins spreading or even somewhat
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SALICACEAE pendulous, 5–8 cm long; capsules yellowish brown, glabrous; styles very short; stipes short, 0.6–0.8 mm long; nectaries 2, 2–3 times as long as the stipes; bracts oblong, acute, tawny to yellow-green, promptly deciduous. ✿ A pioneering species on sandbars and mudflats. ● North America; from Quebec to Alaska, south to California in Cordillera and the northern United States; not common in the Yukon Territory where found along the Yukon River and its tributaries and the Liard River.
Salix fuscescens Anderss. S. arbutifolia sensu Porsild (1943) ✒ Stems from a central caudex, creeping and freely rooting; twigs and branches reddish brown, glabrous, smooth and shiny. Leaves obovate to elliptic, up to 2 cm long and half as wide, obtuse or rounded at tip, dark green and lustrous above, paler and glaucous beneath; veins prominent, margins usually revolute, entire or at most with a few teeth near base; petioles short; stipules absent or minute. Catkins upright on leafy peduncles, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins loosely flowered, 3–5 cm long; capsules long-beaked, reddish brown, sparsely pubescent, with appressed ferruginous trichomes, or glabrous; styles short or nearly obsolete; stipes 0.8–2.5 mm long; nectaries about half as long as the stipes; bracts dark brown at apex, tawny at base, pubescent with long trichomes. ✿ Damp and mossy tundra and sedge and grass meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; from arctic-alpine Alaska to northern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), northern District of Mackenzie to the west shore of Hudson Bay and northern Manitoba; apparently nowhere common in Canada.
Salix glauca L. s. l. blue-green willow ✒ Erect or spreading shrubs, occasionally up to 2 m high, but in unfavorable situations much lower or even depressed; branches reddish brown to grayish, glabrate or variously pubescent; branchlets pubescent to white-villous. Leaves mostly oblanceolate, 3–5 cm long and about half as wide, obtuse or acute at base, obtuse or somewhat rounded to acute at apex; margins entire; upper surface of leaves dull green; lower surface of leaves glaucous, pubescent or even densely hairy on both surfaces when young, but often glabrescent above. Catkins appearing with or soon after leaves, on leafy peduncles; pistillate catkins often 3–5 cm long; capsules densely and permanently gray-pubescent; styles usually less than 1 mm long; pedicels none or very short; nectaries half as long to twice as long as the stipes; bracts ovate to narrowly elliptic, half as long as the capsules, sparsely pubescent, pale yellowish brown.
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Argus (1973) recognized two intergrading phases of S. glauca in the Yukon Territory: var. acutifolia (Hook.) Schneid. and var. villosa (Hook.) Anderss. These may be distinguished as follows: ✒ Salix glauca var. acutifolia—shrubs prostrate to 4.5 m high; leaves 4–10 cm long, obovate to narrowly obovate, 2.8–4 times as long as wide; stipules 4–10(17) mm long, prominent; pistillate catkins 3.5–7 cm long. ✒ Salix glauca var. villosa—shrubs (0.3)0.9–1.2(3) m high; leaves 2.4(5) cm long, elliptic to obovate, 1.6–3.0 times as long as wide; stipules minute to 2–6 mm long, generally inconspicuous; pistillate catkins 2–4 cm long. ✿ In Picea mariana muskegs var. acutifolia common along drainage channels, also in P. glauca woodland, on river floodplains, in subarctic Salix–Betula glandulosa thickets, and alpine tundra; var. villosa occurring along creeks, in openings in spruce woods, and in thickets on subalpine slopes. ● S. glauca s.l. circumpolar; var. acutifolia boreal and montane, from central Alaska across the Yukon Territory eastward to Great Bear and Great Slave lakes and south into northern British Columbia; var. villosa boreal and montane, from southern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia to Utah and New Mexico, and eastward to Hudson Bay.
Salix hastata L. S. farriae sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Thicket-forming freely branching shrub, up to 1.5 m high; branches brown, usually glabrescent; branchlets reddish brown, usually white-villous with short curved hairs. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 2.5–7.0 cm long and about half as wide, with acute tips, and with narrowly rounded bases; leaf margins entire; mature leaves glabrous, but with ferruginous trichomes often persistent on upper midrib, green above and paler beneath; petioles short, reddish; stipules oval, soon deciduous. Catkins appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 2.5–5.0 cm long, on leafy peduncles; pistils 2–4 mm long, green and more or less reddish at base, glabrous; capsules 3.2–8.0 mm long, remaining reddish at base; stipes 0.4–0.8 mm long; nectaries about half as long as the stipes; bracts narrowly oblong, acute, light brown or bicolor, sparsely pubescent, with long straight hairs. ✿ Along rivers and streams. ● Nearly circumpolar; in North America in arctic montane Alaska, entering the Yukon Territory in the vicinity of Dawson and the Ogilvie Mountains, and extending across the northern part of the Territory into northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Salix lanata L. ssp. richardsonii (Hook.) Skvortsov S. richardsonii Hook. Richardson’s willow ✒ Shrubs 0.5–4.0 m or more high; branches reddish brown, pubescent; branchlets densely white-lanate. Leaves elliptic, 3.5–6.5 cm long; margins of leaves entire to glandular serrulate or crenate; upper and lower surfaces glabrous or sparsely villous, with lower surface glaucous; stipules often large, linear to ovate, glandular serrulate to irregularly toothed, usually persistent for several years. Pistillate catkins precocious, 4.5–9.0 cm long; rachis densely white-lanate at base; capsules 4.5–7.0 mm long, glabrous; pedicels 0.2–0.5 mm long; nectary 1, 2–3 times as long
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SALICACEAE as the stipe; bracts dark brown, pubescent with long white or in some yellowish hairs. ✿ Gravelly lakeshores and riverbanks, wet meadows, and in thickets on mountain slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; from Alaska to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island south into northern British Columbia and southern Hudson Bay; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Salix lucida Muhlenb. ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murray S. lasiandra Benth. S. lasiandra Benth. var. lancifolia (Anderss.) Bebb S. lasiandra Benth. var. recomponens Raup ✒ Tall shrub, up to 8 m high, but (ours) rarely treelike; branches light brown, glabrescent or sparsely lanate; branchlets reddish brown, lanate to sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, brittle. Leaves lanceolate or with some leaves long-acuminate to caudate, 7–12 cm long; margins of leaves glandular serrate-crenate to serrulate; immature leaves often reddish, densely lanate; upper side of mature leaves glabrescent, green and glossy; lower side sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrescent; petiole short, with two small glands at its base. Pistillate catkins 5–10 cm long, on leafy peduncles, appearing with the leaves; capsules glabrous, 5–7 mm long; pedicels short, slender; nectary 1, usually less than half as long as the stipe; bracts narrowly oblong, acuminate, tawny, pubescent on lower half, deciduous after flowering; stamens 5. ✿ Sandbars and mud flats of the Yukon and Liard rivers and their tributaries; infrequent. ● North America; from Alaska to California and New Mexico, eastward to Saskatchewan; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about latitude 64° N.
Salix maccalliana Rowlee ✒ Upright much-branched shrub, rarely over 1 m high; branches shiny, dark reddish brown, glabrous; branchlets chestnut brown or reddish brown, glossy, puberulent with short incurved hairs or glabrous in some. Mature leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, 5–7 cm long, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded or acute at base; margins of leaves finely glandular-serrate; upper surface glabrous and fresh green; lower surface slightly paler beneath; petioles very short. Catkins appearing with leaves, on short leafy branchlets; pistillate catkins 2–6 cm long, densely flowered, but becoming open in fruit; pistils 6–8 mm long, densely sericeous; capsules about 8 mm long, sericeous-villous; nectaries about half as long as the stipes; bracts oblong, papery, light brown or lemon green, threequarters the length of capsule; styles very short, but thick. ✿ Peat bogs, muskegs, fens, and river margins. ● Boreal North America; from northwestern Quebec to southeast Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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Salix monticola Bebb S. padophylla Rydb. non Anderss. S. pseudomonticola Ball ✒ Upright shrub, often 2–3 m or more in height; branches dark reddish brown to yellow-brown, glossy; branchlets yellowgreen, glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves thin, narrowly ovate-elliptic to obovate, coming to a sharp tip, rounded at base, 4–6 cm long and almost half as wide; leaves of sterile shoots 6–8 cm long, with up to 1-cm long stipules; upper surface green and glabrous; lower surface glaucous, prominently veined; margins glandular crenate-serrulate; young leaves often reddish purple, translucent. Catkins appearing before leaves, sessile on twigs, or on very short branchlets; pistillate catkins 4–9 cm long; pistils about 4.5 mm long, green, glabrous; capsules 5.5–6.5 mm long, glabrous; nectaries 1, about one-half to two-thirds the length of stipes; bracts narrowly oblong, 1.2–2.4 mm long, dark brown, or bicolor in some. ✿ Thicket-forming on alluvial riverbanks, Picea mariana muskegs, and Populus balsamifera forests. ● Boreal North America; from Saskatchewan to central Alaska, north to latitude 64°15’ N in the Yukon Territory, and south in the cordilleran chain to Colorado and New Mexico.
Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. ✒ Low shrub, to 90 cm in height but generally much lower, often decumbent and rooting along stem; branchlets greenish brown to dark reddish brown, glabrescent. Mature leaves of fertile branches lanceolate, with finely crenate- dentate margins, green and lustrous above, slightly paler beneath; leaves of sterile shoots much larger and often with well-formed stipules. Catkins on leafy branchlets, appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 2–4 cm long; capsules glabrous, pale yellowish green; styles less than 1 mm long; pedicels 0.6–1.6 mm long; nectaries less than half as long as the stipes; bracts usually bicolor, glabrous to sparingly pubescent; staminate catkins very sweetly scented. ✿ Damp mossy woodland fens, muskegs, wet stream banks, and lakeshores. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, northward to near the limit of trees.
Salix novae-angliae Anderss. S. pseudocordata Rydb. S. myrtillifolia Anderss. var. pseudomyrsinites Ball ex Hultén ✒ Erect shrubs, 0.6–2.0 m or more high; branches grayish brown to dark reddish brown, glabrate; branchlets usually densely white-villous, becoming sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, with largest leaves 3.2–6.8 cm long and 1.0–2.7 cm wide; margins of leaves crenate or glandular crenateserrulate; immature leaves reddish and
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SALICACEAE villous; upper side of mature leaves glabrescent, but with midrib remaining pubescent with white or sometimes rusty hairs; lower side of leaves usually glabrescent, glossy and pale green. Catkins appearing with leaves, on leafy branchlets; styles 0.5–0.9 mm long; capsules green, glabrous 4.4–6.4 mm long; stipes 0.8–1.4 mm long; nectaries about one-quarter as long as the stipes; bracts oblong, usually bicolored, pubescent with long wavy trichomes or glabrescent. ✿ In thickets on shores of lakes and streams, muskegs, and prairie margins. ● North America; from central Alaska through central and southern Yukon Territory and adjacent District of Mackenzie south to California and east to Saskatchewan.
Salix ovalifolia Trautv. var. ovalifolia S. flagellaris Hultén ✒ Dwarf trailing shrubs, arising from a stout caudex, with a strong taproot; branches yellow or greenish brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent and becoming glabrescent; branchlets long and trailing, yellow-brown or greenish brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent toward tip, becoming glabrescent. Leaves obovate or broadly elliptic, 1.3–2.8 cm long, obtuse or acute at apex, acute to subcordate at base; margins of leaves entire, somewhat revolute in some, often ciliate; upper surface of leaves glabrescent, glossy, reticulate-veined; lower surface sparsely villous to glabrescent, glaucous, purplish, reticulateveined; petioles 2–7 mm long, reddish or yellow. Catkins appearing with leaves on leafy branchlets; pistillate catkins 0.9–2.8 cm long; pistils 2.5–4.0 mm long, dark purple or reddish, glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent, glaucous; capsules 5.2–6.5 mm long, greenish or reddish brown, glabrous, glaucus; nectaries 1, or rarely 2, lobed, up to 3 times as long as the stipes; bracts oblong, 1.2–2.0 mm long, dark brown, or bicolor in some, sparsely pubescent with straight hairs.
Salix ovalifolia Trautv. var. arctolitoralis (Hultén) Argus S. arctolitoralis Hultén ✒ Differing from var. ovalifolia in having larger narrowly elliptic leaves, 2.5–4.6 cm long; petioles 4–16 mm long; pistillate catkins 2.0–2.5 cm long; floriferous branchlets longer, 1–4 cm rather than 0.3–1.2 cm long. ✿ Both varieties occurring at or near the seacoast, on coastal beach ridges, sand spits, tundra meadows, and shores of lakes and lagoons. ● Var. ovalifolia amphi-Beringian, from Chukotsk Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, and Seward Peninsula northward around the Alaskan coast, barely entering the Yukon Territory where found at the mouth of the Firth River; var. arctolitoralis, from latitude 64° N to 70° N in western coastal Alaska, disjunct to the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie Delta, where rare; both subspecies considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
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Salix pedicellaris Pursh S. pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fern. ✒ Erect shrub, seldom more than 1 m high; branches gray-brown, glabrous or glabrescent; branchlets reddish brown or reddish yellow, minutely puberulent or glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 2–5 cm long, about one-third as wide, firm and somewhat leathery; apex acute to round; upper surface of leaf glabrous, green; lower surface glaucous; margins entire or often glandular-dotted. Catkins sessile, appearing with leaves, on leafy twigs; pistillate catkins about 2–3 cm long; pistils 2.4–4.8 mm long, reddish, glabrous; capsules 5.6–6.4 mm long, tawny, glabrous; nectaries 1, one-fifth to one-half as long as the stipes; bracts ovate or narrowly oblong, tawny or reddish, glabrous on back. ✿ Wet Carex–Betula glandulosa–Salix–Larix laricina fens; muskegs. ● Boreal eastern North America; westward to southern District of Mackenzie and British Columbia and south into northern United States from New England to Minnesota; just entering southeastern Yukon Territory near Watson Lake where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Salix phlebophylla Anderss. skeleton willow ✒ Small mat-forming shrub, with thick stems arising from a taprooted caudex; branches reddish brown, glossy, glabrous; branchlets glabrous, nonglaucous. Leaves firm and leathery, narrowly obovate to broadly obovate or elliptic, rarely more than 1 cm long, cuneate to base; upper side glossy; lower side with long straight caducous trichomes, glossy and nonglaucous; margins entire; leaves marcescent on twigs for many years, eventually becoming skeletonized. Pistillate catkins 1.5–2.5 cm long, appearing with leaves; capsules thinly pubescent with refractive hairs or occasionally pubescent on beak or glabrous, dark purplish black, on very short pedicels; bracts dark brown to black, with long white hairs; styles short and thick; nectaries shorter than, or equal to, stipes. ✿ Gravelly alpine tundra ridges. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; in the Yukon Territory found in the Ogilvie, British, and Richardson mountains; barely entering northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia ✒ Much-branched erect or spreading shrub, becoming 2–3 m high in southern part of the Yukon Territory; branches dark brown or reddish brown, glabrescent; branchlets brownish to greenish brown, glossy. Leaves glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, 3.5–5.0 cm long, acute at both ends; margins entire or remotely dentate; upper surface dark green and lustrous; lower surface glaucous; petioles short; stipules minute, soon falling. Catkins sessile, appearing before leaves; female catkins 1.5–6.0 cm long; pistils 2.0–2.8 mm long,
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SALICACEAE densely sericeous; capsules 5–6 mm long, tawny or greenish, sparsely sericeous; nectaries 1, equal or up to 3 times the length of stipes; bracts oblong, acute to rounded, blackish, pubescent with usually long hairs.
Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus var. pulchra S. pulchra Cham. S. phylicifolia L. var. subglauca (Anderss.) Boivin ✒ Differing from ssp. planifolia in several characters: leaves frequently marcescent; linear stipules 3–15 mm or more long, often persisting 2–4 years.
Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus var. yukonensis (Schneid.) Argus S. pulchra Cham. var. yukonensis Schneid. ✒ Differing from var. pulchra in having branches glabrescent or with patches of indumentum; branchlets usually densely white-gray villous; mature leaves usually pubescent on midrib; petioles persistently villoustomentose. ✿ Ssp. planifolia forming thickets in Carex fens and at borders of streams and lakes, in Picea mariana muskegs, and in openings in P. glauca woodland; ssp. pulchra found in arctic and alpine tundra, forming thickets along streams and lakeshores and in Picea mariana and P. glauca woodlands; var. yukonensis occurring along lakes and streams, in muskegs, fens, and into alpine tundra situations. ● Ssp. planifolia across North America, from Newfoundland to British Columbia, northward into the District of Mackenzie, southern Yukon Territory, and southeastern Alaska and southward; ssp. pulchra amphi-Beringian, extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to western District of Mackenzie and extreme northern British Columbia; var. yukonensis found in much the same area as var. pulchra but less frequent.
Salix polaris Wahlenb. S. pseudopolaris Flod. S. polaris Wahlenb. ssp. pseudopolaris (Flod.) Hultén snow-bed willow ✒ A tiny creeping shrub; stems slender, thin, freely rooting, glabrous, pale yellowish, as a rule deeply buried in moss. Mature leaves obovate to narrowly elliptic, usually 1.0–1.5 cm (rarely 2.0–2.5 cm) long, thin, fresh green on both sides, somewhat lustrous above and prominently veined beneath, glabrous or rarely ciliate toward margins; margins of leaves entire, flat, often reddish. Catkins appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 2–4 cm long; capsules 4.8–6.4 mm long, thinly pubescent, glabrous in age, dark purplish
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brown; stipes 0.2–0.7 mm long; nectaries 2–5 times as long as the stipes; bracts obovate-orbicular, often retuse, reddish purple, drying black, white villous to glabrescent. ✿ In not too dry mossy tundra, late snow beds, and alpine scree slopes. ● North America; east from the mountains of Alaska, through the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains in the District of Mackenzie, and to the Caribou Hills east of the Mackenzie Delta.
Salix prolixa Anderss. S. rigida auct. pro parte S. mackenzieana (Hook.) Barratt ex Anderss. S. rigida var. mackenzieana (Barratt) Cronq. ✒ Tall shrub, up to 3 m in height, with spreading branches; branches rich brown, smooth; branchlets reddish brown to yellow-green, glabrous. Leaves narrowly oblong-obovate, 5–10 cm long, smooth and dull green above, paler beneath, glabrescent; margins of leaves finely glandulardenticulate, rarely smooth; leaves of sterile shoots 10–15 cm long, with each supported by a pair of small green narrowly elliptic to ovate stipules; young leaves densely to sparsely pubescent, translucent, often dark reddish brown. Catkins appearing with leaves, on short leafy branchlets; pistillate catkins 3–5 cm long; pistils glabrous, reddish or greenish; capsules 4–5 mm long, pale green, glabrous; pedicels 1–3 mm long; nectaries one-quarter to one-half as long as the stipes; bracts narrowly elliptic, acute, reflexed in fruit, brownish, sparsely villous. ✿ Thicket-forming on damp sandy riverbanks and mud flats. ● Western North America; from British Columbia to Saskatchewan, north into southwestern District of Mackenzie, and south to California, Utah, and Wyoming; barely entering southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Salix pyrifolia Anderss. balsam willow ✒ Upright shrub, rarely over 2 m high in the Yukon Territory; branchlets glabrous, shiny reddish purple; buds and leaves with a balsamlike fragrance. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 3–6 cm long, acute at apex, rounded to cordate at base, thin and in youth delicate and almost translucent; margins finely serrate; upper surface fresh green; lower surface glaucous and prominently veined; stipules small or often lacking. Catkins appearing with leaves, on leafy peduncles; pistillate catkins loosely flowered, 3–6 cm long; capsules glabrous, dark green in youth, turning dark purplish, spreading or reflexed; nectary 1; bracts linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm long, light brown under persisting woolly pubescence; styles less than 1 mm long. In drying, leaves giving off an agreeable spicy odor persisting in some untreated herbarium specimens for many years (hence the vernacular name). ✿ Moist woodland clearings. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to southern District of Mackenzie, with two widely disjunct stations in southeastern and north-central Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
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SALICACEAE
*Salix raupii Argus ✒ Shrubs 1.2–1.8 m high; branches grayish brown; branchlets glabrous, glossy, chestnut brown. Leaves elliptical or rarely obovate, 3.2–5.8 cm long, 1.2–1.9 cm wide, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded to acute at base; margins entire or glandular crenate, slightly revolute; immature leaves glabrous, ciliate in some; lower side of mature leaves plane, prominently glaucous; petioles 5–9 mm long, yellowish, glabrous; stipules linear to narrowly elliptical, 1–3 mm long. Catkins appearing at same time as leaves; pistillate catkins 2.0–3.5 cm long; capsules 4.4–8.0 mm long, glabrous or with 2 longitudinal bands of short fine hairs; styles 0.4–1.2 mm long; stigmas 0.4 mm long; nectaries simple or 2-forked, equaling or slightly longer than stipes; bracts elliptical, 1.6–2.5 mm long, rounded at apex, pale lemon yellow to bicolored and then pink or brownish at apex, glabrous on outer side, sparsely sericeous on inner side in some. ✿ Thickets in moist open Picea glauca–Populus tremuloides woods, on gravel floodplains, and in Picea mariana treed bogs. ● North America; endemic to extreme western Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in southeastern Yukon Territory.
Salix reticulata L. ssp. reticulata net-veined willow ✒ Prostrate shrub; branches light brown, rather stout, freely rooting; branchlets green to greenish brown, glabrous, fewleaved. Leaves orbicular-elliptic, with largest 1.2–6.5 cm long and 0.8–5.0 cm wide, leathery, glabrous, dark green and rugose above, glaucous and strongly reticulate beneath; underside of leaves silky-pubescent, becoming glabrescent; margins of leaves subentire to indistinctly glandular crenate, revolute. Catkins small, appearing with leaves on floriferous branchlets, but borne on subterminal slender naked and usually villous peduncles; bracts oblong to ovate, dark red, usually sericeous, at least around margins; capsules sericeous; nectaries 2, one on either side of stipe, as long as to twice as long as the stipe. ✿ Tundra turf, partly stabilized dunes, sedge meadows, and forested areas within the mountains. ● Circumpolar arctic-alpine; absent in Greenland; in North America from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and throughout the mountainous parts of the Yukon Territory south to central British Columbia and western Alberta.
Salix rotundifolia Trautv. ssp. rotundifolia ✒ Dwarf shrub; branches slender, largely under the surface of the ground, arising from a taprooted caudex; branches yellowbrown, glabrous; branchlets yellow-brown to reddish green, bearing 2 or 3 leaves. Leaves orbicular, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, with largest leaves 5–14 mm long and 4–9 mm wide; base of leaf rounded, or in narrower leaves cuneate; margins entire, reddish, ciliate in some, revolute; upper side of mature leaves glossy and glabrous; leaves marcescent but not becoming skeletonized. Catkins borne on floriferous branchlets bearing 2 leaves; capsules 4–7 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at tip, glossy and reddish brown; bracts uniformly brown or bicolor, sparsely pubescent with long trichomes appearing as cilia around margin; nectary reddish, equal or up to 3 times as long as the stipe.
Salix
233
✿
Alpine tundra. Amphi-Beringian; extending through the mountains of Alaska to southwestern Yukon Territory; rare. ●
Salix rotundifolia Trautv. ssp. dodgeana (Rydb.) Argus S. dodgeana Rydb. S. phlebophylla sensu A.E. Porsild (1945) and Raup (1947) ✒ Differing from ssp. rotundifolia in being densely caespitose and matforming; leaves smaller and narrower, 4–6 mm long and 1.7–3.6 mm wide; venation on upper side of leaves less prominent. Leaf petioles shorter (0.8–1.6 mm long); pistillate catkins often with only 2–4 flowers. In pressed specimens, capsules sometimes almost hidden by leaves. ✿ Moist turf in high alpine situations on calcareous plateaus and scree slopes. ● Cordilleran race originally known only from northwestern Wyoming and adjacent Montana; disjunct to the Mackenzie, Richardson, Kluane, Ogilvie, and British mountains in the Yukon Territory where from recent collecting now known as much more widespread than previously.
Salix scouleriana Barratt ✒ Shrub or small tree in the Yukon Territory; branches dark reddish brown to yellow-brown, glossy, pubescent; branchlets densely pubescent. Leaves 5–8 cm long, rather thick and firm, obovate, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, acute at apex, cuneate at base; margins entire to glandular serrate; immature leaves velutinous; upper surface of leaves becoming dark; lower surface of leaves green, shiny, and glabrescent, characteristically rust-colored beneath because of emergence from beneath velvety pubescence of variously branched thick flattened and shiny reddish brown trichomes; petioles permanently hoary; stipules minute or lacking. Catkins sessile, appearing before leaves; pistillate catkins 2–5 cm long; pistils 4.8–5.0 mm long, gray-green, densely sericeous; nectaries 1, one-third to one-half as long as the stipes; bracts narrowly ellitpic, acuminate; capsules 4.5–11.0 mm long, permanently hoary, black, or bicolor in some under long silky pubescence. ✿ Well-drained not too densely wooded slopes or riverbanks. ● Boreal North America; from Manitoba to central and southeastern Alaska and southward to California and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N, with a disjunct location on the Porcupine River near the Alaskan border.
234
SALICACEAE
Salix setchelliana Ball ✒ Prostrate or semiprostrate shrubs, up to 25 cm in height; branches gray-brown to reddish brown, often gray-lanate; branchlets reddish, densely white-lanate. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly obovate, 2.5–6.5 cm long, round to obtuse or acute at apex, tapering at base; margins entire to glandular serrate or crenate; upper surface of leaves lemon yellow, glabrous, with venation impressed; undersurface glabrous, glaucescent or pale yellow-green; petioles short, up to 3 mm long. Pistillate catkins appearing with leaves, on leafy branchlets; pistillate catkins 1.5–2.5 cm long; pistils 3.5–4.8 mm long, brick red, glabrous; capsules 3.6–10 mm long, gray-brown to brick red; nectaries 1, equal to or slightly longer than stipes; bracts obovate, rounded at apex, papery, yellowish, glabrous or ciliate. ✿ Glacial moraine, sandy beaches, and sandy gravel borders of glacial streams. ● Montane North America; endemic to southwestern Yukon Territory and adjacent south-central Alaska and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
*Salix sphenophylla A. Skvortsov ✒ Prostrate shrub; branches trailing on the ground, brownish, glaucous; branchlets somewhat ascending, greenish brown, glabrous. Leaves broadly to narrowly elliptic, 2–5 cm long, acute to obtuse at apex, acute to cuneate at base; margins of leaves entire; upper surface light green, glabrous; lower surface glabrous or with a few long hairs, glaucous, the venation prominent. Catkins appearing with leaves; pistillate catkins 2–5 cm long; pistils about 4 mm long, greenish or reddish, glabrous or somewhat pubescent on the beak; capsules 5–6 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; nectaries 1, equal to or twice the length of the stipes; bracts elliptic, dark brown, sparsely pubescent. ✿ Polygonal tundra near the coast. ● Amphi-Beringian; in Alaska known from Barter Island, Seward Peninsula, and the Arctic coast near the Yukon border; Argus (1973) also cited a collection from Cape Dalhousie east of the Mackenzie Delta in the District of Mackenzie; to be searched for in coastal Yukon Territory.
Myrica
MYRICACEAE wax-myrtle family Myrica L.
235
MYRICACEAE
Myrica
Myrica gale L. sweet gale ✒ Low mostly dioecious shrubs, with strongly ascending brown branches, rarely more than 1 m high (ours). Leaves deciduous, strongly aromatic, cuneate-oblanceolate, 1–6 cm long, sparingly toothed toward apex. Pistillate aments conelike, borne near tip of last year ’s wood. ✿ Marshlands, bogs, and borders of small lakes. ● Eurasia and North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland west to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Virginia, Michigan, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory infrequent north to about latitude 65°30’ N.
236
BETULACEAE
BETULACEAE birch family
BETULACEAE
Monoecious trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple and usually prominently serrated. Flowers in catkins or aments appearing before leaves; staminate catkins mostly drooping; pistillate catkins spikelike, solitary, sessile or peduncled, or in pairs; fruit (in ours) a small 1-seeded winged or narrow-margined nutlet. A. Bracts of pistillate catkins thin, 3-lobed, deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Betula A. Bracts of pistillate catkins firm, woody, persistent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alnus
Alnus Mill. alder
Alnus
Shrubs or small trees; bark reddish or grayish brown. Stamens 4; fruiting catkins woody, persistent; nutlets with or without a membranaceous wing. A. Leaves serrulate or biserrulate with sharp teeth; nutlet broadly wing-margined B. Leaves slightly cuneate at base, not lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. crispa ssp. crispa B. Leaves truncate or somewhat cordate at base, more or less irregularly lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. crispa ssp. sinuata A. Leaves doubly serrate or serrate-dentate, undulate of shallowly lobed; nutlet wingless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. incana
Alnus crispa (Drylander ex Ait.) Pursh ssp. crispa A. viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. crispa (Drylander ex Ait.) Turrill green alder ✒ Ascending and bushy shrubs, to 3 m in height; branches more or less glutinous when young, becoming glabrous. Leaf buds sessile; leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with sharp teeth, rounded or cuneate to base, glabrous above, pubescent on nerves below. Flowers developed with leaves on the twigs of the season; cones on long slender pedicels; nutlets broadly wing-margined.
Alnus crispa ( Drylander ex Ait.) Pursh ssp. sinuata (Regel) Hultén A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh var. sinuata (Regel) Breitung A. viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. sinuata (Regel) A. & D. Löve ✒ Differing from ssp. crispa by its larger and thinner somewhat cordate undulate or doubly-serrate leaves. ✿ Common; forming thickets on stream banks, mountain slopes, in woods, and on tundra.
Betula
237
● Amphi-Beringian; ssp. crispa extending across boreal North America to the Maritime Provinces, Labrador, and West Greenland and found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast; ssp. sinuata extending across central and southwestern Yukon Territory through much of British Columbia to western Alberta and the extreme northwestern United States.
Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung grey alder, hoary alder ✒ Large shrub or small tree, to 5 m in height. Leaf buds stipitate; leaves oval to broadly ovate, doubly serrate or serratedentate, undulate or shallowly lobed, grayish green above, paler beneath, pubescent when young. Flowers developed before leaves in early spring; cones shortpeduncled; nutlets wingless, merely margined. ✿ Common on riverbanks and lakeshores. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia and Alaska, and south into the northwestern United States; in the Yukon Territory found northward to the Porucupine River.
Betula L. birch
Betula
Trees or shrubs with white reddish or gray-brown bark; branchlets often dotted with wartlike glands. Leaves deltoid, ovate, oval, elliptic or obovate, serrate or dentate. Stamens 2; fruiting catkins deciduous; nutlets winged. Various hybrid combinations reported. A. Trees with white to reddish exfoliating bark; wings of nutlet wider than nutlet B. Leaves deltoid in outline, truncate to broadly cuneate at base; twigs densely resinous glandular, usually glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. neoalaskana B. Leaves ovate, rounded or truncate at base; twigs with or without scattered glands, pubescent with short and long hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. papyrifera A. Shrubs or small trees with yellow-brown to brown nonexfoliating bark; wings of nutlet narrower than to about as wide as nutlet C. Shrubs or small trees with shiny bark; leaves serrate to doubly serrate; wing of nutlet about as wide as the nutlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. occidentalis C. Shrubs with dull bark; leaves crenate to crenate-serrate; wing of nutlet narrower than nutlet D. Veination on underside of leaves indistinct; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs; bracts resiniferous; wing of nutlet about one-quarter width of nutlet . . . . . . . . . . . B. glandulosa D. Veination on underside of leaves distinct; wing of nutlet wider E. Leaves round or ovate, pale below; lateral nerves 4 or 5 pairs . . B. pumila var. glandulifera E. Leaves truncate at base, green below; lateral nerves 3 pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . B. nana ssp. exilis
238
BETULACEAE
Betula glandulosa Michx. ground birch, dwarf birch ✒ Shrubs with 1 to several main stems, 0.3–2.0 m or more high, often forming thickets; twigs densely covered with resin glands. Leaves short-petioled; blades 1–2 cm long, orbicular, crenate on margin except on cuneate base, dark green above, yellowish below, somewhat glutinous, with 3 or 4 pairs of veins. Bracts with spreading lateral lobes, and with a resiniferous hump on the back of the base; wings of nutlets about one-quarter width of nutlets. ✿ Low-arctic tundra, woodland muskegs, and peat bogs. ● Boreal and subarctic North America; from southwest Greenland to Alaska, south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Minnesota, Colorado, and northern California; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Betula nana L. ssp. exilis (Sukatsch.) Hultén B. glandulosa Michx. var. sibirica (Ledeb.) Blake ✒ Much-branched dwarf decumbent shrub; young branchlets densely covered with resin glands. Leaves short-petioled; blades 0.5–1.0 mm long, orbicular to broader than long, crenate on margin, dark green above, paler below, glabrous or with a few glands, and with 3 pairs of veins. Bracts with 3 nearly parallel lobes, lacking a resiniferous hump on the back of the base; wings of nutlets about half as wide as the nutlets. ✿ Tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America east to the District of Keewatin; in the Yukon Territory found mainly in the extreme northern part.
Betula neoalaskana Sarg. B. papyrifera Marsh var. neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup B. papyrifera Marsh var. humilis sensu Fern. & Raup B. resinifera Britton Alaska birch ✒ Trees up to 15 m tall, usually with a single trunk; bark white (brown in youth) marked with horizontal lenticels, exfoliating; twigs normally rough and densely resinous-glandular, usually glabrous. Leaves 2.5–7.0 cm long, deltoid, acute, truncate to broadly cuneate at base, biserrate, usually glabrous, with scattered fine glands below. Catkins pendulous; bracts with lateral lobes shorter than median lobe; wings of nutlets at least as wide as the nutlets or wider. ✿ Acid and peaty not too wet situations. ● North America; from Manitoba and southwest District of Keewatin through Saskatchewan, District of Mackenzie, northern British Columbia, and Yukon Territory to central Alaska; the common paper birch in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 68° N.
Betula
239
Betula occidentalis Hook. B. microphylla Am. auct. non Bunge B. fontinalis Sarg. water birch ✒ Shrubs or small trees, with several trunks 3–6 m in height; bark shining reddish brown, with pale longitudinal lenticels, not or scarcely exfoliating; twigs glabrous to pubescent, with yellowish to reddish resin glands. Leaf blades ovate, 1.5–5.0 cm long, acute or abruptly acuminate, obtuse to rounded or cuneate at base, sharply serrate to doubly serrate. Pistillate catkins 1.5–4.0 cm long; bracts puberulent, ciliate; wings of nutlets about as wide as the nutlets. ✿ Dry ridges and slopes. ● Boreal North America; from western James Bay to central Alaska, south in the west to California, Utah, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory, occasional at lower altitudes north to the Porcupine River.
Betula papyrifera Marsh. B. papyrifera Marsh. var. commutata (Regel) Fern. B. papyrifera Marsh. var. occidentalis Sarg. non B. occidentalis Hook. paper birch ✒ Trees 5–20 m or more tall, usually with a single trunk; bark creamy-white to reddish, marked with horizontal lenticels, exfoliating; twigs with or without scattered glands, pubescent with short and long hairs. Mature leaves 4–8 cm long, ovate, rounded or truncate at base, usually double-serrate. Pistillate catkins 1.5–4.0 cm long; median lobe of bracts longer than lateral lobes; wings of nutlets wider than nutlets. ✿ Open woodland at lower altitudes. ● Boreal North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, New York, Minnesota, Nebraska, Colorado, Montana, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to the southern Dempster Highway area.
Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel B. glandulifera (Regel) Butler ✒ Erect and spreading shrub, 1–3 m high; branchlets reddish brown, with a few yellowish resinous glands; bark not exfoliating, dark brown. Leaves obovate to elliptic or ovate, 1.0–3.5 cm long, rounded to obtuse or acute at apex, cuneate to obtuse at base, once crenate-serrate on margins, entire basally, with 4 or 5 pairs of veins. Catkins 1.2–2.5 cm long; bracts lacking a resiniferous hump on the back, with lateral lobes abruptly divergent and shorter than abruptly truncate middle lobe; wing of nutlet slightly narrower than body. ✿ Bogs. ● Boreal North America; from Quebec to British Columbia north into western District of Mackenzie and extreme southeastern Yukon Territory where rare, and south into the northern United States.
240
URTICACEAE
URTICACEAE nettle family
URTICACEAE
Herbs (ours) or shrubs or small trees, mostly with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate. Flowers small, clustered; calyx 3- to 5-lobed; petals lacking; ovary 1, superior, 1-loculed; fruit an achene (ours). A. Leaves alternate, entire; stinging hairs lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parietaria A. Leaves opposite, toothed; stinging hairs present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urtica
Parietaria L. pellitory
Parietaria
Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ✒ Annual; stem simple or branched, erect or ascending, 5–20 cm or more high, sparsely to thickly pubescent but lacking stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blades lanceolate, ovate to elliptic, 1–8 cm long. Inflorescence bracteate, with axillary clusters of staminate and pistillate flowers; calyx lobes 4, 1–2 mm long; achene about 1 mm long, shiny reddish brown. ✿ Moist shaded area by hot spring. ● North America; from southern Quebec, southern Ontario, southern Prairie Provinces, and British Columbia, disjunct to the Liard Hot Springs in northern British Columbia and the extreme southeast of the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Urtica L. nettle
Urtica
Herbaceous annual or perennial, with stinging hairs, monoecious or dioecious; stems erect, simple or branching. Leaves opposite, petiolate, stipulate; blades toothed. Flowers small, green, in axillary spicate cymes; staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft calyx, with 4 stamens, and with a rudimentary ovary; pistillate flowers with 4 sepals of which the inner 2 larger and enclosing the ovary in fruit; ovary superior; stigma tufted; fruit a flattened achene. A. Rhizomatous perennial; stipules more than 5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. dioica A. Taprooted annual; stipules less than 5 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. urens
Urtica
241
Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander U. gracilis Ait. U. lyallii S. Wats. common nettle, stinging nettle ✒ Perennial with tough simple or branched stems, to 1 m or more high, bearing stinging hairs. Leaf blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed, up to 15 cm long. Flowers small, green; staminate and pistillate flowers often in separate elongated and drooping racemes from upper nodes; achenes 1.0–1.5 mm long, ovate, tan to brown. ✿ Thickets and rich damp soil. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska south into the United States; although most collections from the Yukon Territory gathered from about settlements from as far north as Rampart House on the Porcupine River, at least some undoubtedly indigenous.
Urtica urens L. dog nettle ✒ Annual with a taproot; stems 10–50 cm high, somewhat pubescent and armed with stinging hairs. Leaf blades elliptic to ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed, 1–4 cm long. Flowers inconspicuous, in clusters much shorter than leaves; achenes triangular. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced; in the Yukon Territory known only from a collection at Dawson in 1904.
242
SANTALACEAE
SANTALACEAE sandalwood family
SANTALACEAE
Perennial herbs (ours), with extensive creeping subterranean rhizomes and with simple erect leafy stems. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, lanceolate. Flowers small, mostly perfect; calyx of 5 petaloid sepals; petals lacking; stamens 5; ovary inferior, 1-loculed; style 1; fruit a 1-seeded drupe (fleshy or dry). A. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles; fruit dry, nutlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comandra A. Flowers axillary; fruit red and juicy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geocaulon
Comandra Nutt. bastard-toadflax
Comandra
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl C. pallida A. DC. pale comandra ✒ Stems glabrous, 10–25 cm high, erect to ascending from whitish to bluish rhizomes; parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves 1–4 cm long, oblanceolate to lanceolate or elliptic. Flowers in terminal cymes; sepals 2–5 mm long, oblong to lanceolate; fruit 4–9 mm in diameter, greenish or purplish. ✿ Prairie grassland and dry open coniferous woodland. ● Comandra umbellata s.l. North America, from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south into the United States; ssp. pallida from Manitoba to British Columbia, and in the Yukon Territory at Kluane Lake and Five Finger Rapids on the Yukon River, and considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Geocaulon Fern. northern comandra
Geocaulon
Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. Comandra livida Richards. ✒ Stems glabrous, 10–30 cm high, erect to ascending; parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves short-petioled, oval, bluntish at apex and narrowed to base. Flowers 2–4, slender stalked in axillary cymules; usually only middle flower fertile; sepals 1.0–1.5 mm long; fruit 5–8 mm long, near globose, red, edible. ✿ Mossy floodplain spruce and poplar forest. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to latitude 65° N but also known in the Porcupine River valley at about latitude 67°30’ N.
Koenigia
POLYGONACEAE buckwheat family
243
POLYGONACEAE
Herbs (ours) with alternate simple leaves, and with membranaceous sheathing stipules above the swollen joints of stem, or scapose (Eriogonum). Flowers small, perfect, regular, in spikelike racemes or panicles or axillary clusters; petals lacking; sepals 3–6, petaloid in some; stamens 4–12; ovary superior, 1-locular; styles 1–3; fruit an achene. A. Scapose; flowers subtended by an involucrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum A. Stems leafy; flowers without an involucre B. Sepals 3; diminutive arctic or high-alpine annual, often only a few centimetres high, with slender simple or branched stems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Koenigia B. Sepals more than 3; larger plants C. Stigmas tufted; sepals 4 or 6 D. Leaves reniform; sepals 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxyria D. Leaves not reniform; sepals 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex C. Stigmas capitate; sepals 5, often petaloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum
Eriogonum Michx. umbrella plant
Eriogonum
Eriogonum flavum Nutt. var. aquilinum Reveal ✒ Scapes to 15 cm high, from a branching caudex, tomentose. Leaves petiolate, simple, narrowly elliptic, 1.0–3.5 cm long, graytomentose, persistent, crowded at apex of caudex. Inflorescence umbelliform, subtended by leaflike bracts; flowers pedicellate, from several cuplike involucres; perianth 3–5 mm long, deeply 6-lobed, silky-pubescent; stamens 9; styles 3; achenes 3-angled, sparsely pubescent. ✿ Sand and gravel slope. ● E. flavum s.l. North America, in southern Prairie Provinces and British Columbia and southward; var. aquilinum from the type locality on the Yukon River in Alaska, rare in southwestern Yukon Territory where known from single locality.
Koenigia L.
Koenigia
Koenigia islandica L. ✒ Dwarf annual; stems filiform, leafy, 2–15 cm high. Leaves few, alternate, sessile, obovate, 2–9 mm long, often reddish purple. Flowers few to several, in small terminal umbel-like clusters, subtended by small leafy bracts; perianth 1.0–1.4 mm long, with 3 glabrous segments; stamens usually 3, alternate with perianth segments; styles 2 or 3; achenes 3-angled, longer than perianth. ✿ Wet moss or springy places or in wet sand or silt bordering small lakes or ponds. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine, with many gaps; in North America, Greenland to Labrador and District of Keewatin with a few widely disjunct sites into the Rocky Mountains; in the Yukon Territory known from only a few sites north to about latitude 64°30’ N, but easily overlooked.
244
POLYGONACEAE
Oxyria J. Hill mountain sorrel, scurvy-grass
Oxyria
Oxyria digyna (L.) J. Hill ✒ Perennial herb; rhizome short, fleshy; flowering stems scapose or few-leaved, 10–30 cm high. Leaves mostly basal, simple, alternate, long-petioled, reniform, 0.5–5.0 cm long. Flowers numerous, in panicles 2–20 cm long; perianth 1.5–2.5 mm long, 4-cleft, glabrous; stamens 6; styles 2; achenes 3–6 mm wide, flattened, wing-margined. Succulent leaves and stems edible, may be eaten raw or cooked. ✿ Moist alpine and tundra situations, often about late snowbeds. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to New Hampshire and in the west through British Columbia and western Alberta to Colorado; found throughout the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory.
Polygonum L. knotweed
Polygonum
Perennial or annual, mostly terrestrial but some aquatic herbs, often with swollen joints. Leaves alternate, entire. Inflorescence spicate-racemose or axillary; flowers small, mostly perfect; calyx mostly 5-parted; stamens 3–9; stigmas 2–3; achenes lenticular or triangular. A. Perennials B. Stems simple, unbranched; terrestrial plants from a cormlike short rhizome; inflorescence spikelike C. Spike narrow, of normal (but often sterile) white or pinkish flowers in upper part, and bulbils in lower part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. viviparum C. Spike usually over 1 cm thick, short-cylindric, always lacking bulbils; flowers often deep pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. bistorta ssp. plumosum B. Stems freely branching; terrestrial or marsh plants D. Aquatic or amphibious or marsh plants, with spikelike racemose inflorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. amphibium ssp. laevimarginatum D. Terrestrial coarse plants, with up to 2 m high simple or branched stems; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, 5–10 cm long; inflorescence in open many-flowered panicles from upper leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alaskanum A. Annuals, often weedy E. Stems twining; leaves ovate-sagittate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. convolvulus E. Stems erect-ascending or prostrate; leaves lanceolate or elliptic-oblong F. Inflorescence of terminal or axillary spikes G. Ocreae with conspicuous hairs on upper margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. persicaria G. Ocreae eciliate or with very short ciliae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lapathifolium F. Inflorescence of small axillary clusters H. Stems filiform; leaves homophyllous, short-petiolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. caurianum H. Stems coarser; leaves sessile or nearly so
Polygonum
245
I.
Leaves heterophyllous; inflorescences mostly in axils of reduced upper leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. aviculare
I.
Leaves homophyllous; inflorescences axillary all along stems J. Leaves oval to obovate or elliptic; perianth united about two-thirds the length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. achoreum J.
Leaves obovate to oblanceolate; perianth divided two-thirds–three-quarters to the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. buxiforme
Polygonum achoreum Blake striate knotweed ✒ Annual; stems prostrate to ascending, striate, with whole plant coarser than more common P. aviculare s.l. Leaves rather densely crowded on branches, oval to obovate or elliptic; petiole short, jointed basally; stipules shredded. Flowers axillary; perianth united about two-thirds the length, 5-lobed, bottle-shaped; lobes greenish with white to pink margins, with outer ones usually broader than inner ones; achenes triangular, 2.4–3.3 mm long, olivaceous, dull, uniformly papillose, with 1 narrow concave and with 2 broad more or less convex sides. ✿ Gardens, disturbed situations, and roadsides. ● North America, nonarctic; from Labrador to Alaska and southward; probably introduced in central and southwestern Yukon Territory.
Polygonum alaskanum Wight ex Hultén P. alpinum All. var. lapathifolium Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Essentially glabrous perennial, from a much-branched crown and woody rhizome. Stems hollow, simple or branching, occasionally up to 2 m high. Leaves all cauline, short-petioled or subsessile; blade lanceolate or lanceolate-oval, 5–20 cm long, including attenuate tip, strongly crisped along margins, dark green above, paler beneath; stipules sparingly hirsute, papery, pale brown, 1.5–2.0 cm long. Flowers small, numerous, in terminal or axillary panicles; perianth greenish white; achenes ovate, triangular in cross section, light brown. The succulent young stems and leaves are edible and provide an acceptable substitute for fresh rhubarb. This taxon is occasionally mistaken for species of the genus Rumex, from which it is readily separated by its 5 petaloid sepals of about the same size and joined at base, rather than 6 not petaloid sepals, with the 3 outer being much smaller than the inner. ✿ Pioneer species on freshly exposed clay of recent landslides where may form pure stands. ● Subarctic-alpine; North America in Alaska and the Yukon Territory except the southeastern and south-central parts, barely reaching northwestern District of Mackenzie. ● In a recent publication P.-Y. Hong (1991) has placed this entity in the genus Aconogonon and its name should be A. hultenianum (Yurtz.) Tzvel., with two varieties, var. hultenianum and var. lapathifolium (Cham. & Schlecht.) P.-Y. Hong.
246
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum amphibium L. ssp. laevimarginatum Hultén P. amphibium L. var. stipulaceum (Coleman) Fern. water smartweed ✒ Perennial marsh or aquatic species, with a thick subwoody base. Flowering stems leafy. Leaves oblong-elliptic, longpetioled, 8–14 cm long, somewhat leathery. Inflorescences 1 to several panicles of cylindric spikes, with each spike rarely over 3 cm long; segments of perianth distinct to below the middle, bright pink; achenes lensshaped, dark brown. Aquatic forms with very long-petioled leaves. ✿ Borders of shallow ponds and on muddy lakeshores at least as far north as Dawson. ● Polygonum amphibium s.l. circumpolar; ssp. laevimarginatum from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
Polygonum aviculare L. knotweed ✒ Annual; stems prostrate to suberect, freely branched, up to 1 m or more long. Leaves heterophyllous, short-petiolate to sessile, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute, with largest leaves on main stem 2.5–6.0 cm long, progressively reduced on branches; ochreae 4–8 mm long, becoming brown and lacerate. Inflorescence 3- to 6-flowered, mostly in axils of reduced upper leaves; perianth 2.9–4.0 mm long, divided about three-quarters to the base; segments of perianth overlapping, with white margins, and with flat apices; achenes 2.2– 3.0 mm long, dark brown, striate-papillose, with 3 subequal concave sides. ✿ Disturbed sites mainly in townsites. ● Introduced from Europe throughout much of North America; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N.
Polygonum bistorta L. ssp. plumosum (Small) Hultén bistort ✒ Perennial with a thick hard usually contorted rhizome. Basal leaves elliptic or elongated, cuneate or rounded at base, with winged petioles; leaves dark green above, grayish beneath. Inflorescence a thick spike of pink flowers. Similar to circumpolar and wideranging P. viviparum but a much stouter plant with a thicker spike composed entirely of fertile and nearly always deep pink flowers. As in P. viviparum the starchy rhizome is edible. ✿ Moist peaty tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; over Alaska and unglaciated central and northern Yukon Territory, eastward slightly beyond the Mackenzie Delta. Other subspecies occurring in Europe and Asia.
Polygonum
247
Polygonum buxiforme Small ✒ Annual; stems prostrate, muchbranched, prominently ribbed, somewhat woody in lower nodes, up to 1 m or more in length. Leaves distinctly short-petiolate, gray-glaucescent, obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, 5–25 mm long; ochreae hyalinesilvery, up to 5 mm long, entire to slightly lacerate. Inflorescence 2-to 6-flowered; perianth 2–3 mm long; segments of perianth divided two-thirds to three-quarters to the base, overlapping, with white to pink margins, and with cucullate apices; lower part of perianth asymmetric, with a pouchlike protrusion; achenes 2.0–2.8 mm long, dark brown, striate-papillose, with 3 concave sides, wholly included in perianth. ✿ Weed of waste places. ● North America; native weedy species in the Yukon Territory now known from as far north as latitude 66°13’ N on the Dempster Highway.
Polygonum caurianum Robins. ✒ Annual; stems prostrate, filiform, 2–15 mm or more long, branching mostly from base. Leaves homophyllous, shortpetiolate, greenish purple, elliptic, 3–12 mm long, rounded to obtuse; ochreae less than 3 mm long, brown, lacerate. Inflorescence 2to 6-flowered; perianth 1.6–2.3 mm long; segments of perianth 1.0–1.6 mm long, divided about two-thirds to base, with purple margins, and with flat and flared apices; achenes 1.5–2.2 mm long, dark brown to purple, smooth to roughened, with 1 narrow concave side, and with 2 more or less concave sides. ✿ Gravel and sandy riverbanks, muddy flats, borders of ponds, and disturbed situations. ● North America; from District of Mackenzie to western Alaska; considered as rare in central Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981) and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley, but perhaps overlooked or ignored because of its similarity to weedy introduced species of the P. aviculare complex.
Polygonum convolvulus L. bind-weed, wild buckwheat ✒ Weedy annual; stems simple or branched, twining. Leaves petioled; blades ovate-sagittate, dull green, 2–6 cm long, 1–4 cm broad, alternate. Flowers small, greenish white, in axillary clusters or open racemes; achenes 3-angled, 3–4 mm long. ✿ Occasional in gardens and on cultivated land near settlements. ● Cosmopolitan; in the Yukon Territory uncommon, but found as far north as Dawson.
248
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum lapathifolium L. s.l. P. lapathifolium L. var. prostratum Wimm. P. pensylvanicum L. ssp. oneillii (Brenckle) Hultén P. scabrum Moench willow weed, pale smartweed ✒ Annual; stems ascending or decumbent, 10–20 cm or more long, branching near base. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, longcuneate basally, 2–6 cm or more long, pubescent on undersurface, scabrous on margins; ocreae glabrous or somewhat pubescent, ciliate or glabrous on margins. Spikes several to many, terminal or axillary; pedicels glandular-dotted; calyx 2–3 mm long, pink to greenish or whitish; styles 2; achenes lens-shaped, biconcave, light brown, shiny. ✿ Wet lake margins. ● Circumpolar; in North America widely introduced and weedy; in the Yukon Territory known from Mayo and west of Carmacks along the Old Dawson Road.
Polygonum persicaria L. lady’s-thumb ✒ Annual; stems to 30–100 cm long, erect or ascending. Leaves petiolate to subsessile; blades lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, acute to cuniate at base, 3–15 cm long, ciliate, usually with a purple splotch on upper surface; ocreae with conspicuous hairs on margins. Spikes several to many, terminal or axillary; calyx pink or purplish, about 2.5 mm long, not glandular-dotted; styles 2 or 3; achenes 3-angled or lens-shaped, 2.5–3.0 mm long. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe but widespread across North America; thus far in the Yukon Territory known only from a road camp on the Canol Road.
Polygonum viviparum L. alpine bistort ✒ Perennial herb; rhizome short, often contorted or twisted, starchy, terminating in a cluster of leaves; stems solitary, simple, from a few to 30 cm high, usually bearing 1 or 2 short-petioled or sessile leaves. Leaves 2–13 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, dark green, somewhat shiny, with lower ones long slender-petioled. Inflorescence a terminal spike 2–10 cm long in which lowermost flowers replaced by bulbils often sprouting while still on mother plant; flowers on upper half of the spike white or pale pink, appearing normal, but mostly sterile, occasionally producing mature and viable achenes. The pecan-sized, starchy and slightly astringent rhizome of the bistort may be eaten raw but is more palatable when cooked.
Rumex
249
✿ Turfy places, rocky barrens, as well as in moist grassy herbmats; strongly favoring manured places and attaining luxuriant growth near human habitations, animal dens, or below bird cliffs. ● Circumpolar, widely distributed, arctic-alpine; in North America Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, Minnesota, Michigan, Utah, New Mexico, and Oregon; found often or even ubiquitously throughout the Yukon Territory.
Rumex L. dock, sorrel
Rumex
Coarse or delicate mostly perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers small, axillary or spicate; perianth of 6 petaloid segments of which the inner 3 enlarging at maturity to form valves enclosing the achene; achenes 3-angled, in some species with a grainlike tubercle. A. Flowers dioecious B. Leaf blades hastate, with basal lobes triangular; rhizome short, ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. acetosa ssp. alpestris B. Leaf blades hastate, with basal lobes linear to oblong, or somewhat triangular; rhizome slender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. acetosella A. Flowers perfect C. Annual or biennial; perianth with marginal spinules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. maritimus ssp. fueginus C. Perennial; inner perianth parts entire or merely denticulate D. Stem decumbent or ascending, with axillary shoots . . . . . . . . . R. salicifolius ssp. triangulivalis D. Stem erect, without axillary shoots E. Inner perianth parts with at least l grainlike tuberosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. crispus E. Inner perianth parts lacking grainlike tuberosities F. Leaves broadest at the middle, undulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. longifolius F. Leaves broadest near base, not undulate G. Leaves narrowly oblong, mostly with an obtuse tip and with a cuneate base; plant strongly suffused with purple . . . . . . . . . . . . R. arcticus G. Leaves oblong, usually with an acute tip and with a truncate base; plant usually green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. occidentalis
Rumex acetosa L. ssp. alpestris (Scop.) A. Löve ✒ Glabrous dioecious perennial; stems erect, 30–60 cm high, from a short ascending rhizome. Cauline leaves subsessile; lower leaves long-peduncled; blade hastate, broadly lanceolate-ovate, with a broad sinus. Inflorescence narrowly paniculate, 10–20 cm long; flowers small; staminate flowers soon falling; in the pistillate flower the valves enclosing the maturing achene reticulate-veined and wine-colored; achenes 2.0–2.5 mm long. ✿ Indigenous and often growing in moist alpine or subalpine meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; rare in the Yukon Territory where known only from north of Kluane Lake, near Upper Liard, and in the Richardson Mountains; ssp. acetosa naturalized and often weedy in the agricultural regions of Canada.
250
POLYGONACEAE
Rumex acetosella L. sheep sorrel ✒ Glabrous dioecious perennial; stems erect, 10–60 cm high, from slender rhizomes. Cauline leaves subsessile to shortpetiolate; basal leaves long-petiolate; blades variable, 1–8 cm long, oblong to ovate, linear, lanceolate to elliptic, hastately lobed at base. Flowers small, numerous in leafless panicles; inner segments of perianth enlarging only sufficient to enclose achene; achenes 1–2 mm long. ✿ Weed of waste places in townsites. ● Naturalized from Europe and widespread across Canada; in the Yukon Territory rare in the southern part and near Dawson.
Rumex arcticus Trautv. arctic dock ✒ Glabrous perennial; stems erect, simple, 20–100 cm or more high, from a stout fleshy rhizome. Leaves mostly basal; blade dark green and somewhat fleshy, oblongoval to narrowly lanceolate, 7–30 cm long, 2–5 cm wide. Inflorescence a simple or short-branched panicle of small reddish flowers; perianth 2–3 mm long in flower; inner segments enlarging to 4–7 mm long at maturity, ovate to lance-ovate, irregularly denticulate to subentire; achenes 3–4 mm long. ✿ Common locally in damp turfy places. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; in North America east to Bathurst Inlet in northern District of Mackenzie and south to northern British Columbia where rare; in the Yukon Territory found throughout the tundra regions.
Rumex crispus L. curled dock ✒ Perennial; stems erect, 30–100 cm or more high, from a taproot. Basal leaves long-petiolate; blades oblong-lanceolate, 8–30 cm long, acute to rounded at base, acute to acuminate at apex, undulatecrisped on margins; cauline leaves shortpetiolate, becoming smaller upwards. Flowers in panicles, numerous, with large leafy bracts; pedicels jointed; perianth 1.5–2.0 mm long in flower; inner segments enlarging to 3–5 mm long at maturity, cordate to deltoid or ovate, denticulate to entire, and usually each bearing a grainlike tuberosity; achenes 2–3 mm long, brown, lustrous. ✿ Weed of disturbed places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America widely distributed across Canada and the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Dawson area.
Rumex
251
Rumex longifolius DC. R. domesticus Hartm. ✒ Perennial; stems erect, 20–100 cm or more high, from a taproot. Basal leaves long-petiolate; blades oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 10–50 cm long, subcordate to truncate or acute at base, acute to acuminate at apex, flat to much undulate; cauline leaves short-petiolate, only slightly smaller upwards. Flowers in panicles, numerous, with large leafy bracts; pedicels jointed; perianth 1.5–2.0 mm long in flower; inner segments enlarging to 4–7 mm long, reniform-ovate, rounded to obtuse at apex, denticulate to entire, lacking grainlike tuberosities; achenes 2.5–3.0 mm long, brown, lustrous. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America mainly from Newfoundland to Ontario with a few sites west to British Columbia; occasional in the Yukon Territory on the Dempster Highway.
Rumex maritimus L. ssp. fueginus (Phil.) Hultén R. maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusén golden dock ✒ Annual, or probably always biennial (ours); stems erect, thick and hollow, simple or branching, reddish purple, 10–60 cm or more high, from a taproot. Cauline leaves linear-oblong, with a truncate base, 4–15 cm long; basal leaves smaller; flowers numerous, small, 2–3 mm long, in tight reddish brown axillary glomerules; pedicels jointed near base; perianth 1–2 mm long in flower; inner segments enlarged to 3–7 mm long at maturity, ovate, with 1–3 bristlelike lobes on each margin, and with an elongate grainlike tuberosity; achenes 1.5–2.0 mm long, brown, lustrous. ✿ Marshy sometimes alkaline margins of lakes and ponds. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia, southeastern Alaska and south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 64° N.
Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. R. fenestratus Greene western dock ✒ Stout essentially glabrous perennial, with yellowish green or reddish stems 1 m or more high, from a taproot. Leaves mainly basal, long-petioled; blade oblong-lanceolate, up to 30 cm long, cordate at base, crisp-margined. Inflorescence paniculate, very large, with erect branches; pedicels 5–7 mm long, filiform, obscurely jointed near middle; flowers verticillate, very numerous, nodding or reflexed; perianth segments 2–4 mm long in flower; inner segments enlarging to 4–10 mm long at maturity, ovate to denticulate to entire, reddish brown, reticulate-veiny, lacking grainlike tuberosities. ✿ Marshy places.
252
POLYGONACEAE ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska and south into the northwestern United States; in the Yukon Territory north to latitutde 64° N.
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. ssp. triangulivalvis Danser R. mexicanus Meisn. R. transitorius Rech.f. R. sibiricus Hultén R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. R. utahensis Rech.f. ✒ Decumbent ascending or even erect glabrous perennial, from a branching taproot; stems leafy below, 20–60 cm high, branching at lower nodes. Leaves mostly cauline, linear-lanceolate; blades 5–15 cm long. Inflorescence up to 30 cm long, with ascending branches; pedicels jointed near base; flowers in whorls, small, reddish purple; perianth segments 1–2 mm long in flower; inner segments 2–4 mm long at maturity, deltoid-cordate, strongly reticulate, each with a large lanceolate tuberosity or occasionally lacking. ✿ Common locally on moist riverbanks, lakeshores, and disturbed gravelly situations. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska south to New York, Ohio, Indiana, New Mexico, and California and westward into Siberia; in the Yukon Territory northward to north of latitude 68° N.
Atriplex
CHENOPODIACEAE goosefoot family
253
CHENOPODIACEAE
Mostly annual herbs (ours), with many of weedy habit. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, lacking stipules. Flowers small and inconspicuous, greenish, often arranged in clusters or in compound inflorescences; perianth of 5 (or fewer) sepals; stamens 1–5; pistil 1; fruit small, 1-seeded, often enclosed by persistent perianth lobes or by bracts. A. Stems jointed; leaves succulent, scalelike; flowers axillary, sunk into fleshy stem . . . . . . . . . . . Salicornia A. Stems not jointed B. Perennial with a woody base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eurotia B. Annual C. Flowers monoecious or dioecious D. Flowers monoecious; stigmas 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex D. Flowers dioecious; stigmas 4 or 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spinacia C. Flowers perfect E. Fruit mostly free, not enclosed by calyx lobes F. Flowers appearing in axils of upper and mostly hastate leaves . . . . . . . . . . . Monolepis F. Flowers with nonleafy bracts; leaves linear, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corispermum E. Fruit mostly enclosed in persisting calyx G. Leaves not fleshy, entire or toothed, glabrous or mealypuberulent annuals, mostly of weedy habit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium G. Leaves fleshy, entire, glabrous, narrowly linear or oblong; dwarf nonweedy annual of damp saline places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suaeda
Atriplex L. orach
Atriplex
Annual. Leaves triangular, or oblong to lanceolate. Flowers small, monoecious, in dense axillary clusters; pistillate flowers with bracteoles enlarging and becoming hardened in fruit, often rough from sharp projecting points (tubercules); stigmas 2. A. Bracteoles herbaceous or membranous throughout; no spongy inner tissue present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. patula A. Bracteoles more or less thickened especially toward base by presence of spongy inner tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. subspicata
Atriplex patula L. spear orach ✒ Annual; stems erect or occasionally prostrate, simple or branched, straight, angular, green and stramineous-striped, becoming woody toward base; branches opposite to subopposite. Lower leaves 6–12 cm long, lanceolate, with a pair of falcate forward-pointing basal lobes, irregularly serrate above lobes, or lacking lobes and entire, cuneate to petiole; upper leaves narrow-lanceolate to oblong-linear, entire, or with basal lobes and irregularly serrate. Inflorescence interrupted spiciform, consisting of more or less densely packed glomerules; bracteoles 3–7 mm or more
254
CHENOPODIACEAE long, rhombic-triangular to triangular-hastate, green but blackening at maturity, lacking an inner spongy layer; seeds of 2 types: brown, 2.5–3.0 mm wide, round, and black, 1.0–2.0 mm wide, oval. ✿ Alkaline margins of ponds and sloughs. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and California; found only in southwestern Yukon Territory.
Atriplex subspicata(Nutt.) Rydb. ✒ Annual; stems erect or semierect, angular, with light green to green or occasionally reddish stripes, becoming woody at base; branches opposite at base, alternate above. Leaves 3–12 cm long, lanceolate to linearlanceolate or rarely ovate to oblong, frequently with a pair of out-pointing basal lobes. Inflorescence of short glomerules on short to long stalks in axils of upper leaves; bracteoles 3–10 mm long, triangular to ovate-triangular, thick, green, blackening at maturity, and usually with 1 or more tubercules on dorsal surface, and with an inflated spongy layer; seeds of 2 types: brown, 1.5–3.0 mm wide, wider than long, and black, 1.0–2.0 mm wide, wider than long. ✿ Shore of saline pond. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory known from a single site west of Whitehorse.
Chenopodium L. goosefoot
Chenopodium
Annuals (ours) of weedy habit, some glabrous, some mealy-coated. Flowers small, sessile, green or reddish, perfect, in small glomerules aggregated in interrupted axillary spikes or panicles; calyx 5-lobed, persisting, enveloping single lenticular seeds. A. Plants glabrous, green or reddish B. Perianth fleshy, at maturity bright red, juicy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. capitatum B. Perianth not fleshy or red C. Stamens 1–2; leaves rhombic-ovate, coarsely sinuate-dentate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rubrum C. Stamens 5; leaves ovate, with rounded or subcordate base and triangular lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. simplex A. Plants gray or glaucous, mealy at least on underside of leaves; leaves linear to ovate, with broadly triangular-dentate or entire margins D. Plants branched at base E. Leaves undulate-dentate on margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. salinum E. Leaves entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. dessicatum D. Plants branched above F. Primary leaves linear, at least 5 times as long as wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pratericola F. Primary leaves deltoid, rhombic, oblong or ovate, 3 times longer than wide G. Pericarp alveolate-reticulate or reticulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. berlandieri G. Pericarp smooth or mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. album
Chenopodium
255
Chenopodium album L. lamb’s-quarters ✒ Annual; stems rarely over 60 cm (ours), erect or ascending, simple to muchbranched. Leaf blades 1–12 cm long, ovatelanceolate to rhombic-lanceolate, farinose to nearly glabrous, usually twice as long as the petioles. Inflorescence with small flowers clustered in elongate spikes of contiguous glomerules; perianth lobes with a keeled midrib, usually united; seed horizontal, 1.1–1.6 mm long, round, shiny black; pericarp nonadherent, smooth or nearly so. ✿ Weed of waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; widespread in Canada; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64° N.
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp. zschackei (Murr.) Zobel Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (Murr.) Murr. ✒ Annual; stems to 60 cm (ours), erect or ascending, simple or branched. Leaf blades 1.5–9.0 cm long, ovate to lanceolate, rhomboid, entire or dentate, farinose on undersurface, petioled. Inflorescence with long spikes of rounded glomerules, farinose; perianth lobes prominently keeled; seed horizontal 1.1–1.4 mm long, round; pericarp adherent, honeycombed. ✿ Moist disturbed situations, often weedy. ● North America; from western Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska and southward into the United States; in the Yukon Territory uncommon, but known from as far north as the Porcupine River.
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. strawberry-blite ✒ Annual; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, up to 60 cm high. Leaves up to 10 cm long, shorter above, triangular to triangular-hastate, entire to dentate, somewhat fleshy, long-petioled toward base. Inflorescence of globose clusters of small flowers, axillary or in terminal spikes; perianth lobes ovate, not keeled, becoming fleshy and reddish; pericarp smooth, adherent; seed vertical, 0.7–1.2 mm long, 0.6–0.9 mm wide. ✿ Clearings, roadsides, and disturbed situations. ● Amphi-Atlantic; in North America, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and central Alaska, south in the western United States; in the Yukon Territory to north of latitude 66° N.
256
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium dessicatum A. Nels. C. leptophyllum sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Annual; stems 5–15 cm or more high, semierect to spreading, branched from base, densely farinose. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong-elliptical, entire; lower surface densely white-mealy. Inflorescence a more or less leafy and compact panicle; perianth lobes strongly keeled along midrib; pericarp nonadherent; seed horizontal, about 1 mm in diameter. ✿ Ground squirrel burrow on grassy alkaline flats. ● North America; in Canada in the southern one-fifth of the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia disjunct to the Yukon Territory as far north as Dawson where its rarity may represent a casual introduction.
Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. ✒ Annual; stems to 80 cm high, erect, branched or unbranched above. Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, with 1 or 2 lobes near base, and with margin either entire or lobed. Inflorescence a more or less leafy compact panicle; perianth lobes not strongly keeled along midrib; pericarp smooth, nonadherent; seeds horizontal, round, 0.9–1.3 mm in diameter. ✿ Slough margins and disturbed situations in townsites. ● North America; from extreme western Ontario to British Columbia south to California, Texas, and Missouri; in the Yukon Territory presumably introduced.
Chenopodium rubrum L. red goosefoot ✒ Annual; stems simple or muchbranched, angular, glabrous, erect or ascending, rarely more than 30 cm high (ours). Leaves 1–3 cm (ours) long, fleshy, triangular to rhomboid, cuneate to petiole, deeply sinuate-dentate on margins. Flowers in a terminal panicle or clustered in axillary spikes; perianth lobes lanceolate to elliptic, united only at base; pericarp smooth, nonadherent; seed vertical or occasionally horizontal, 0.7–0.9 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. ✿ Borders of alkaline ponds. ● Circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory known mostly from south of latitude 62°46’ N, but also from a collection north of latitude 68° N.
Corispermum
257
Chenopodium salinum Standley C. glaucum L. var. salinum (Standley) Boivin C. glaucum L. ssp. salinum (Standley) Aellen C. glaucum L. var. pulchrum Aellen ✒ Annual; stems up to 40 cm high, erect or spreading, branched at base. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, to 4 cm long, cuneate at base, acute at apex, undulate-dentate on margins, densely white-mealy on lower surface. Inflorescence bracteate, with flowers in small glomerules in terminal or axillary spikes; perianth lobes oblong, thin, obtuse on the back; pericarp smooth, nonadherent; seed vertical to occasionally horizontal in lateral flowers, 0.6–0.9 mm long. ✿ Saline flats. ● Western North America from Manitoba to British Columbia; introduced eastward; in the Yukon Territory known only in the extreme south where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. C. gigantospermum Aellen C. hybridum L. ssp. gigantospermum (Aellen) Hultén ✒ Annual; stems up to 1.5 m high, erect, branched. Leaves up to 15 cm long, oval, thin, deeply sinuate-dentate, acute at apex, on long slender petioles. Inflorescence axillary and terminal; perianth lobes ovate to broadly linear; pericarp smooth, nonadherent, yellowish green; seed horizontal, dark brown, 1.3–1.9 mm long, round. ✿ Waste places. ● North America; from New Brunswick to British Columbia, south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory apparently introduced at Dawson.
Corispermum L. bugseed
Corispermum
*Corispermum hyssopifolium L. bugseed ✒ Annual; stems 20–30 cm high, branched from base, gray-green villous from simple or variously branched hairs. Leaves linear, 2–5 cm long, about 2 mm wide, alternate. Flowers small, perfect, in axils of short leafy bracts, arranged in a short and dense terminal spike; fruit 3–4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, winged. ✿ Gravel bars in rivers. ● North America; apparently localized from the east coast to British Columbia and south in the United States; known along the Mackenzie River in the District of Mackenzie, and Yukon and Porcupine rivers in Alaska; to be looked for in the Yukon Territory along the Yukon and Porcupine rivers.
258
CHENOPODIACEAE
Eurotia Adans.
Eurotia
Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. winterfat ✒ Perennial; stems woody at base, 8–40 cm high; stems and leaves pubescent, with stellate hairs intermixed with longer straight hairs; hairs white, becoming yellowish. Leaves alternate, simple, 1–4 cm long, linear to narrowly lanceolate, entire, revolute margined, sessile, or with lower ones somewhat petioled. Flowers in axillary clusters; staminate flowers with 4 perianth segments, 1.5–2.0 mm long; pistillate flowers 2–4, subtended by 2 connate densely villous bractlets; bractlets at maturity 3–6 mm long, enclosing the fruit. ✿ Steep mountain slopes. ● North America; from Saskatchewan to Washington state south to Texas and California; in the Yukon Territory disjunct sites adjacent to Kluane Lake, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Monolepis Schrad.
Monolepis
Monolepis nuttalliana (Schultes in R. & S.) Greene povertyweed ✒ Glabrous or somewhat fleshy annual; stems branching from base, often reddish. Leaves slender-petioled or nearly sessile in upper half of branches; blades lanceolate, with a pair of divergent lobes near cuneate base. Flowers in small glomerules in upper leaf axils; sepals 1, green, bractlike; pericarp pitted; seeds vertical, 1.1–1.3 mm long. ✿ Roadsides, often in alkaline soil. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia and southern Alaska, south to California; in the Yukon Territory north to Dawson and Klo Kut on the Porcupine River, probably introduced.
Salicornia L. glasswort
Salicornia
Salicornia europaea L. s. lat. slender glasswort, samphire ✒ Annual; stems 10–25 cm high, glabrous, branched or unbranched, jointed, fleshy, turning reddish toward maturity. Leaves opposite, scalelike, translucent. Flowers 3 together, perfect, hidden in thickened upper joints. ✿ Alkaline flats. ● Circumpolar with gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Kansas, Nevada, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the area between Whitehorse and Haines Junction and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Suaeda
Spinacia L. spinach
259
Spinacia
Spinacia oleracea L. garden spinach ✒ Annual or biennial; stems to 40 cm (ours), simple or somewhat branched, glabrous. Leaves triangular-hastate, somewhat succulent, petiolate. Dioecious; staminate flowers in terminal spikes or panicles; staminate calyx 4- to 5-parted; pistillate flowers usually axillary, clustered, subtended by 2 perianth-like bracts growing together to form a 2- to 4-spined capsulelike tube surrounding the utricle; utricle 3.5–5.0 mm long, ovate to round; stigmas 4 or 5. ✿ Garden escape. ● Cosmopolitan; widely grown as a potherb; in the Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction.
Suaeda Forsk. sea-blite
Suaeda
Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. S. depresssa sensu S. Wats. non Pursh S. maritima sensu Porsild and Cody (1968) S. occidentalis sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Annual; stems 3–25 cm high, branched, decumbent to erect, glabrous. Leaves alternate, linear, with entire margins, fleshy or succulent, green or occasionally purple, 1–4 cm long, greatly reduced in inflorescence. Flowers 1–4, perfect, crowded in axils of main stem and lateral branches and leaves; perianth lobes irregular or unequal, distinctly hooded and occasionally keeled; seeds black, 1.0–1.5 mm wide. ✿ Alkaline flats. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, James Bay, and Manitoba to British Columbia, south into the United States; rare north to the Arctic coast of District of Mackenzie and in southwestern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
260
PORTULACACEAE
PORTULACACEAE purslane family
PORTULACACEAE
Perennial or annual mostly somewhat fleshy herbs. Leaves simple, alternate, opposite or basal. Flowers in cymes or racemes, perfect, regular; sepals 2, free or joined at base; petals and stamens 3–5 (ours); ovary superior; pistil 1, composed of 3 carpels; fruit a capsule, dehiscing by 3 valves, containing from 1 to several black shiny seeds. A. Annuals with fibrous roots, or perennials with slender rhizomes or stolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia A. Perennials with thickened taproots or corms B. Capsules opening by 3 valves; petals and stamens usually 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia B. Capsules opening by a circumscissile lid; petals and stamens more than 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewisia
Claytonia L. spring beauty
Claytonia
Perennial arising from a corm. Basal leaves 1 to many, or absent; stem leaves 2, opposite, bractlike, subtending the inflorescence. Flowers in terminal corymbose racemes, 1 to several, showy; sepals 2, persistent; petals 5, distinct or united at base; style 1, 3-cleft; capsules with 3 valves; seeds 2–6. A. Stem leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, tapering to base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tuberosa A. Stem leaves orbiculate, abruptly contracted to petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. ogilviensis
Claytonia ogilviensis McNeill ✒ Corm orbicular to elongate, 1.0–8.0 cm long, 1.0–2.5 cm wide, buried up to 15 cm. Basal leaves orbicular, about 1 cm wide, long-petiolate, often absent; cauline leaves ovate, abruptly contracted to petiole; blades 1.0–2.3 mm long, petiolate. Flowers 2–6; petals dark purple. ✿ Alpine slopes and talus. ● North America; endemic to the Ogilvie Mountains of west-central Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Claytonia tuberosa Pall. ✒ Corm 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter, spherical, normally deeply buried; stems very slender and brittle, 10–15 cm high. Basal leaves (often wanting in herbarium specimens) lanceolate, tapering into a narrow petiole; stem leaves sessile, opposite, well below the inflorescence. Flowers 3–5; petals white or more often pink; seeds black, shiny. ✿ Moist alpine situations. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains of western district of Mackenzie.
Montia
Lewisia Pursh
261
Lewisia
Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robins. ✒ Perennial from a thick taproot; stems 1 to several, 2–6 cm high, with a pair of opposite bractlike leaves at or below the middle. Leaves basal, linear, 2–10 cm long, few to numerous. Flowers solitary; sepals 2, ovate, 3–6 mm long, glandular dentate, strongly veined; petals 5–9, 6–10 mm long, pink to white; capsules 3–6 mm long, circumscissile near base; seeds about 15 per capsule, 1.0–1.2 mm long, dark brown, shiny. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● North America; from southern British Columbia to southwestern Alberta, south to California and Utah; disjunct in the Yukon Territory at a single site near Kluane Lake and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Montia L.
Montia
Annual with fibrous roots, or perennial with slender rhizomes or stolons. Stems with 2 opposite or several opposite or alternate leaves; basal leaves petiolate or lacking. Flowers in small axillary or terminal racemes, showy or not; sepals 2, persistent; petals usually 5, basally united or distinct; style 1, deeply 3-cleft; capsules 3-valved; seeds 1–6. A. Cauline leaves alternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. bostockii A. Cauline leaves opposite B. Annual; stems with several pairs of opposite leaves; petals 1.0–1.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . M. fontana B. Perennials; stems with a single pair of opposite leaves; petals 10–12 mm long C. Basal leaves with narrowly oblong-spatulate to linear blades, and with conspicuously sheathing membranous bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. scammaniana C. Blades of basal leaves broadly elliptic to ovate or spatulate, tapering to the petiole and not conspicuously sheathing at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sarmentosa
Montia bostockii (A.E. Porsild) Welsh Claytonia bostockii A.E. Porsild ✒ Perennial rhizomatous, stoloniferous; stems 6–12 cm high. Basal leaves 1–3 cm long, linear-oblanceolate, petiolate, not sheathing; stem leaves 2–3 or more, linear to narrowly oblong, alternate. Flowers 2–6, with lowermost subtended by a bract; sepals 2, 3.5–6.0 mm long; petals 10–12 mm long, whitish with pink veins. ✿ Moist springy alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to the White Mountains of eastern Alaska and the Ogilvie Mountains in southwestern Yukon Territory, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
262
PORTULACACEAE
Montia fontana L. M. lamprosperma Cham. blinks ✒ Small pale green or yellowish somewhat succulent annual; stem simple or forked, weak. Leaves opposite, narrow, ligulate, 0.5–1.5 cm long. Flowers small, solitary or in pairs, from leaf axils or from tip of the stem; sepals 2, 1.0–1.5 mm long, wider than long; petals 3–5, 1–2 mm long, united at base, white; capsule 1-locular, containing a few black and highly lustrous seeds. ✿ Wet springy places among mosses. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, Idaho, Nevada, and California, but with large gaps; in the Mackenzie Mountains known from near the Yukon border at Tungsten; rare in the Yukon Territory, known only from Shingle Point on the Arctic coast (Douglas et al. 1981) but probably overlooked elsewhere.
Montia sarmentosa (C.A. Mey.) Robins. Claytonia sarmentosa C.A. Mey. ✒ Perennial loosely matted, spreading by slender subterranean rhizomes as well as by rooting filiform runners (often lacking in herbarium specimens). Basal leaves longpetioled; blade elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 cm long; cauline leaves sessile, opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence a fewflowered raceme; sepals 2, 4–6 mm long, oval to ovate; petals pink with a yellow claw, 10–14 mm long. ✿ Alpine herbmats and on snowbeds. ● Amphi-Beringian; throughout much of Alaska and in the extreme northern part of British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 62° N.
Montia scammaniana (Hultén) Welsh Claytonia arctica sensu A.E. Porsild (1975) C. porsildii Jurtz. C. scammaniana Hultén ✒ Perennial from elongate rhizomes; stems 4–6 cm high. Basal leaves membranous, sheathing at the base; blades linear to oblong-spatulate, tapering to long petioles; cauline leaves 2, opposite, elliptic to broadly lanceolate. Flowers 1 or 2, nodding in bud; sepals 2, 4–7 mm long, oval to orbicular; petals 5, 10–18 mm long, pink, fading white. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● North America; endemic to the mountains of Alaska and the Yukon Territory; in the Yukon Territory known from the mountains of the central part and the British Mountains.
Arenaria
CARYOPHYLLACEAE pink family
263
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Herbs with opposite entire leaves, often united at the base. Flowers regular, bisexual, often 5-merous, with distinct calyx and corolla; styles 2–5; fruit a 1-locular (except Wilhelmsia) capsule, dehiscing at apex by teeth or valves of equal or twice the number of the styles; seeds few to many, often reniform. A. Sepals and petals free, not united below; petals white B. Leaves without stipules C. Petals deeply cleft, notched, or none D. Styles usually 3; capsule ovoid or ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria D. Styles usually 5; capsule cylindrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerastium C. Petals entire or shallowly notched E. Leaves linear, acute; styles 3 or 4 or 5 F. Styles 4 or 5; flower buds spherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagina F. Styles normally 3; flower buds oblong G. Capsules dehiscing by 3 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minuartia G. Capsules dehiscing by 6 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arenaria E. Leaves broad, oval or oblong; styles 3 H. Capsules inflated, 3- to 4-locular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilhelmsia H. Capsules 1-locular I.
Capsule opening with 3 valves; leaves fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Honckenya
I.
Capsule opening with 6 valves; leaves not fleshy J.
Seeds shiny, with a pale spongy appendage; leaves elliptic or lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohringia
J.
Seeds dull, without a spongy appendage; leaves lanceolate-oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arenaria longipedunculata
B. Leaves with scarious stipules K. Leaves opposite; styles 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia K. Leaves whorled; styles 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergula A. Sepals united into a tube; petals free, pink or white L. Styles 2 M. Calyx angled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccaria M. Calyx not angled N. Flowers solitary or few in branching cymes; petals pink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dianthus N. Flowers in an open corymbiform panicle; petals white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gyposphila L. Styles more than 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene
Arenaria L. sandwort
Arenaria
Low perennial herbs. Flowers small, terminal, 1–3; petals 5, entire; styles 3; capsule opening with 6 valves. A. Stems 10–25 cm high; leaves filiform, 5–8 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. capillaris A. Stems low, tufted or matted; leaves imbricated, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3–5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. longipedunculata
264
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Arenaria capillaris Poir. A. capillaris Poir. var. nardifolia sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Perennial densely tufted, from a stout somewhat woody caudex; stems 10–25 cm high, glabrous. Basal leaves in dense fascicles, filiform, scabrous on margins; stem leaves opposite. Inflorescence 1- to severalflowered, with pairs of scarious bracts; sepals 3.0–6.5 mm long, scarious-margined, obtuse to acute, glabrous; petals white, 5–10 mm long. ✿ Gravelly terraces, hillsides, and talus slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; east across Alaska to southwestern Yukon Territory and disjunct to a single location along the Dempster Highway adjacent to the District of Mackenzie border, and then along the Arctic coast to Banks Island and disjunct to Great Bear and Great Slave lakes.
Arenaria longipedunculata Hultén A. humifusa sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) pro parte ✒ Perennial; loosely matted, with paler filiform subterranean runners. Leaves opposite, 2–6 mm long, lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, obtuse to acutish, glabrous or somewhat ciliate on margins toward base. Flowering stems decumbent or ascending, pubescent above, usually with a single flower; pedicels 1–2 cm long, puberulent; sepals ovate, obtuse to acutish, 0.3–0.4 mm long, indistinctly 3-nerved, glabrous or puberulent; petals white, narrowly oblong, about as long as the sepals; capsule ovate, narrower at apex, slightly longer than calyx. ✿ Gravel wash. ● North America; from Alaska south to British Columbia and western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory occasional in the mountains north to the Porcupine River valley.
Cerastium L. mouse-ear chickweed
Cerastium
Matted or tufted pubescent or glabrate perennials, or weedy short-lived annual herbs. Flowers in cymes or umbels; sepals 5; petals 5, white, bilobed or rarely entire; styles (ours) opposite the petals; capsule 1-locular, many-seeded; seed rough. A. Annual; leaves ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. glomeratum A. Perennial; leaves linear, lanceolate, lance-attenuate or oblong B. Petals 16–24 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. maximum B. Petals smaller C. Petals about as long as sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. fontanum ssp. triviale C. Petals longer than sepals D. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-subulate; conspicuous axillary shoots usually present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. arvense D. Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong; axillary shoots not present . . . . . . . . . . C. beeringianum
Cerastium
265
Cerastium arvense L. C. campestre Greene field chickweed ✒ Matted or loosely caespitose perennial, with depressed or trailing basal branches; flowering stems erect-ascending, 10–30 cm or more high, spreading hairy in the middle internodes and densely glandular above. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linearsubulate, 0.5–2.0 cm long, often with conspicuous axillary shoots. Inflorescence fewto many-flowered, on slender elongate peduncles; sepals 4.0–6.5 mm long, glandularhairy; petals white, twice as long as the sepals, deeply bilobed. ✿ Gravel slopes, open thickets, and subalpine meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory known north to latitude 64° N.
Cerastium beeringianum Cham. & Schlecht. C. beeringianum Cham. & Schlecht. var. grandiflorum (Fenzl) Hultén ✒ Stoloniferous perennial, in loose to dense mats or clumps, from taproots; stems 3–30 cm high, decumbent to erect, glabrous to densely hairy and frequently glandular above. Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, 0.3–3.0 cm long, more or less pubescent on both surfaces. Inflorescence a small cyme, with 3–6 flowers; sepals 3–7 mm long, glandular-hairy; petals white, about twice as long as the sepals, deeply bilobed. ✿ Rocky, gravelly, or sandy places from alpine tundra to heath, woodlands, and meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Canada to the Atlantic Provinces and south through the Rocky Mountains into the western United States; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. triviale (Link) Jalas C. vulgatum auct. common mouse-ear chickweed ✒ Loosely to densely matted perennial, short-lived, hirsute and glandular-viscid; stems 5–40 cm long, decumbent to erect, somewhat villous, and sometimes glandular. Leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, 0.5–2.0 cm long, pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate. Inflorescence a terminal cyme; sepals 5–7 mm long, spreading-hairy; petals white, about as long as the sepals, bilobed. ✿ Disturbed situations. ● Adventive from Eurasia; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from a few sites north to Dawson.
266
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. C. viscosum auct. ✒ Annual with a slender taproot; stems 5–30 cm long, decumbent to erect, usually branched, more or less villous, often glandular. Leaves 0.5–1.5 cm long, ovate, pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate. Inflorescence in subumbellate clusters; sepals 3–5 mm long, pubescent; petals about as long as the sepals, bilobed, white. ✿ Disturbed situations. ● Adventive from Eurasia; in North America known in Ontario, British Columbia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Oregon, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from Dawson.
Cerastium maximum L. ✒ Viscid-pubescent perennial; stems 20–50 cm or more high, arising singly or several together from rhizomatous branches. Leaves lance-attenuate, 2–10 cm long, more or less pubescent, short-ciliate on margins. Flowers erect, 3–10 in open or congested cymes; sepals 8–12 mm long, more or less glandular-hairy; petals white, twice as long as the sepals, deeply bilobed. ✿ Meadows, grassy slopes, and open thickets. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the extreme northwest of the District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found in two areas: north of the Porcupine River and mainly south of latitude 64° N and west of longitude 137° W.
Dianthus L. pink, carnation
Dianthus
Perennial herbs; stems erect or ascending, leafy; leaves opposite, lacking stipules. Flowers solitary or few in branching cymes; sepals 5, united to near apex; petals 5, showy, toothed; stamens 10, connate; ovary 1-loculed, stipitate. Many species in cultivation. A. Leaves linear, tapering to a sharp point; calyx cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. plumarius A. Leaves lance-linear to oblong to linear, acute; calyx urn-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. repens
Gypsophila
267
Dianthus plumarius L. garden pink, cottage pink, grass pink ✒ Plant caespitose, with erect tufts of glaucous linear-attenuate leaves; stems to 30 cm or more high, with several pairs of opposite leaves. Leaves up to 4 cm long. Flowers showy, 1 or several together; calyx cylindrical, purplish; petals pink. ✿ Garden escape. ● Introduced from Europe; in the Yukon Territory known only from near Haines Junction.
Dianthus repens Willd. ✒ Tufted glaucous and glabrous perennial, from a stout taproot; stems 10–20 cm high. Leaves glaucous, linear-lanceolate, 3–4 cm long, acute. Flowers showy, terminal, mostly solitary; calyx urn-shaped, greenish purple, 1.0–1.4 cm long; petals deep pink or purple, 2–3 cm long. ✿ Gravelly riverbanks, terraces, and slopes of unglaciated areas. ● Amphi-Beringian; entering the Yukon Territory in the British Mountains, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Gypsophila L. baby’s-breath Gypsophila elegans Bieb. ✒ Annual; stems to 40 cm or more high, glabrous, much-branched. Leaves spatulate below, lance-acuminate above, shortconnate at base. Inflorescence an open corymbiform panicle, with pedicels up to 3.5 cm long; calyx 3–5 mm long, divided to near base into 5 ovate obtuse whitemargined lobes; petals white, emarginate, 2–3 times as long as the calyx; seeds rugosetuberculate. ✿ Garden escape. ● Native of Eurasia; in North America locally spread from cultivation; in the Yukon Territory known only from Ross River.
Gypsophila
268
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Honckenya Ehrh.
Honckenya
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. var. diffusa (Hornem.) Mattf. Arenaria peploides L. var. diffusa Hornem. seabeach-sandwort ✒ Glabrous fleshy perennial, with muchbranched and freely rooting stems deeply buried in sand. Leaves elliptic or oblonglanceolate, yellowish green. Flowers in terminal few-flowered leafy cymes, or from upper leaf axils; sepals ovate to lanceolate, more or less acute; petals white, inserted on a conspicuous 10-lobed disk, about as long as the sepals; styles 3, capsule globular, leathery, 6–12 mm in diameter, containing 5 or 6 large smooth seeds. ✿ Sandy seabeaches. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from King Point and Herschel Island on the Arctic coast, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Minuartia Loefl. sandwort
Minuartia
Small loosely tufted or mat-forming perennials. Leaves linear, mostly sessile, lacking stipules. Flowers small, solitary or in few-flowered cymes; styles 3; sepals 5; petals 5, entire, or barely notched, white; stamens 10; capsule few- to many-seeded, opening with 3 valves. A. Leaves stiff, prominently 3-nerved (best seen in last year’s marcescent leaves) . . . . . . . . . . . . M. rubella A. Leaves 1-nerved, or appearing nerveless (obscurely 3-nerved in M. macrocarpa) B. Stems and leaves glabrous C. Stems always 1-flowered D. Densely pulvinate or tufted; sepals oblong-ovate, obtusish, 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1-nerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. rossii D. Loosely tufted; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3.0–3.5 mm long, often 3-nerved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. elegans C. At least some stems 2- to several-flowered E. Long-lived perennial, from a much-branched taproot; sepals obtuse; seeds brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. stricta E. Short-lived perennial, from a weak taproot; sepals acute; seeds black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. dawsonensis B. Stems and leaves pubescent, or the latter at least ciliate-margined F. Leaves very narrow, 7–8 times longer than broad, appearing glabrous, but distinctly ciliate-margined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. yukonensis F. Leaves obtuse, 4–5 times longer than broad G. Petals narrowly oblong, rarely much longer than sepals; seeds smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. biflora G. Petals spatulate or clawed, much longer than sepals; seeds tuberculate
Minuartia
269
H. Leaves narrowly linear, stiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. obtusiloba H. Leaves soft I.
Leaves obscurely 3-nerved, ciliate; flowers shortpeduncled; capsules more than three times as long as calyx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. macrocarpa
I.
Leaves 1-nerved; flowers long-peduncled; capsule not much longer than calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. arctica
Minuartia arctica (Stev.) Aschers. & Graebn. Arenaria arctica Stev. ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial, from a much-branched base. Leaves linear, blunt, glabrous or sparsely ciliate toward base. Flowers solitary, well-raised above plant cushion, on slender leafy and usually about 5-cm long glandular-pubescent branches; sepals glandular-puberulent, obtuse, 3-nerved, usually dark purple; petals white or often pink or purple-tinged, not much longer than sepals; capsule, blunt, not much longer than calyx; seeds chestnut brown; testa finely sculptured, but otherwise smooth. ✿ Alpine snowbed slopes or stony tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching east to Great Bear Lake; in the Yukon Territory frequent in the British, Richardson, and Ogilvie mountains, but rare in the southwest.
Minuartia biflora (L.) Schinz. & Thell. Arenaria sajanensis Willd. ✒ Densely matted plant, with widely creeping firm and almost subligneous stems. Leaves crowded, 5–10 mm long, somewhat fleshy, flat, linear, obtuse, fresh green, somewhat ciliate. Flowering stems minutely glandular-pubescent above, with 1–3 flowers; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, prominently 3-nerved, more or less glandular-pubescent, distinctly shorter than petals; petals oblanceolate, pure white; capsule longer than petals. ✿ Alpine tundra and snowbeds. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 64°30’ N and disjunct to the Barn Mountains.
Minuartia dawsonensis (Britt.) House Arenaria dawsonensis Britt. A. stricta Michx. ssp. dawsonensis (Britt.) Maguire ✒ Glabrous short-lived loosely tufted perennial, from a weak fibrous root. Leaves linear, fresh green, 1-nerved, with fascicles of smaller leaves in lower axils.
270
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Flowering stems 10–20 cm long, slender, green, spreading, erect or declining, branching above; inflorescence a few-flowered cyme; sepals acuminate, strongly 3-nerved; petals shorter than sepals or absent; seeds globose or slightly ovate, about 0.7 mm in diameter; testa coal-black, dull, finely sculptured. ✿ Moist sandy and gravelly situations. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found northward to latitude 66°11’ N.
Minuartia elegans (Cham. & Schlecht.) Schischk. M. rossii (R. Br.) Graebn. var. elegans (Cham. & Schlecht.) Hultén M. rossii (R. Br.) Graebn. ssp. elegans (Cham. & Schlecht.) Rebr. ✒ Loosely tufted perennial, up to 30 cm in diameter, glabrous. Leaves linear, 3–10 mm long, ascending; small leafy fascicles present in axils of primary leaves. Flowers solitary; pedicels 1–4 cm long; sepals ovatelanceolate, 2–4 mm long, acute, weakly 3-nerved, purple; petals oblong to obovate, shorter than to as long as the calyx, white; capsule about as long as the calyx. ✿ Alpine slopes and open gravelly areas. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie and south into northern British Columbia and western Alberta.
Minuartia macrocarpa (Pursh) Ostenf. Arenaria macrocarpa Pursh ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial, with decumbent trailing branches up to 40 cm or more long. Leaves soft, flat, linear, blunt, ciliate along margins, 3-nerved, persistent. Flowers solitary; peduncles glandularpubescent, up to 2 cm long; sepals 2.5–4.0 mm long, linear, obtuse, green, softly glandular-pubescent; petals white, or sometimes purplish, much longer than sepals; mature capsule 15–18 mm long, more than twice as long as the calyx. ✿ Stony well-drained alpine tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending east across the mountains of Alaska and Yukon Territory into the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory rare in the southwest and Ogilvie Mountains but frequent in the far north.
Minuartia
271
Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House Arenaria obtusiloba (Rydb.) Fern. ✒ Densely caespitose perennial, matted, from a subligneous taproot. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse to acutish, short-ciliate. Flowering peduncles up to 10 cm long, glandular-pubescent, with several pairs of bracts, terminating in a 1- to 3-flowered cyme; sepals glandular-pubescent, 3-nerved, linear-oblong, obtuse, 4–5 mm long, purplish-margined; petals white, longer than sepals; capsule slightly longer than calyx; seeds reddish brown, rugose. ✿ Dry alpine slopes and terraces. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to northwestern District of Mackenzie and south through the mountains to Oregon, Idaho, and New Mexico.
Minuartia rossii (R. Br.) Graebn. Arenaria rossii R. Br. ✒ Perennial densely pulvinate to loosely tufted, up to 10 cm in diameter, glabrous. Leaves 2–4 mm long, trigonous, keeled, subulate, obtuse, imbricated. Flowers solitary and on pedicels 5–20 mm long, or lacking with plant reproducing vegetatively by small globular fascicles of leaves in axils of primary leaves; sepals purple, 1.5–2.5 mm long, oblong-ovate, obtuse to acuminate, 1-nerved, keeled; petals white, longer than sepals, obovate to spatulate. ✿ Dry turfy gravelly or sandy calcareous barrens. ● North American, high-arctic–alpine; Greenland and northern Quebec to Alaska, south in the west to British Columbia and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Arctic coast and in the Kluane area.
Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Graebn. ex Asch. & Graebn. Arenaria verna L. var. pubescens (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fern. A. rubella (Wahlenb.) Sm. ✒ Perennial, forming tufts or mats, glandular-hirtellous. Leaves crowded on basal shoots, linear-subulate, 3–5 mm long, prominently 3-nerved. Flowering stems 3–6 cm long, decumbent at base, 1- to several-flowered; sepals lanceolateacuminate, slightly longer than petals, 3-nerved, greenish purple, spreading in flower; petals oblanceolate, 2.5–5.0 mm long, white; capsules 3–5 mm long; seeds 0.4–0.6 mm long, reddish brown. ✿
Frequent in dry gravelly sandy or rocky places.
Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska and south in the west to New Mexico, Nevada, and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory. ●
272
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern, non Arenaria stricta Michx. Arenaria uliginosa Schleich. ✒ Glabrous loosely tufted perennial, from a much-branched taproot. Leaves narrowly linear, faintly nerved, blunt; leafy fascicles often in axils of primary leaves. Flowering stems very slender, erect or ascending, often 5–10 cm high; flowers 1 or rarely 2, on slender and usually purplish peduncles; sepals oval, greenish purple, faintly 1- to 3-nerved; petals shorter than sepals or lacking; seeds globular, 0.5 mm in diameter, chestnut brown; testa very finely sculptured, faintly lustrous. ✿ Wet places in alpine or arctic tundra. ● Circumpolar with many and large gaps; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, Great Bear Lake, Yukon, and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 64°45’ N.
Minuartia yukonensis Hultén Arenaria laricifolia sensu Hultén non Schinz & Thell. ✒ Caespitose perennial, from a muchbranched subligneous taproot; leafy shoots trailing, repeatedly branched, 5–10 cm long. Leaves linear-subulate, fresh green, glabrous or short-ciliate, 7–8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, in dense fascicles. Flowering peduncles 8–15 cm long, glandular-pubescent, with several pairs of bracts, terminating in a 1- to 4-flowered cyme; sepals glandularpubescent, 3-nerved, linear-oblong, obtuse to somewhat acute; petals white, 1–1.5 times as long as sepals; capsule slightly longer than calyx; seeds kidney-shaped, about 1 mm long, tuberculate on the back. ✿ Alpine slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska to the east slope of the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found west of longitude 135° W.
Moehringia L.
Moehringia
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl Arenaria lateriflora L. ✒ Perennial; stems simple or branching, crisply puberulent, 10–25 cm high, from filiform more or less horizontal rhizomes. Leaves cauline, in 2–5 pairs, sessile, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute to obtuse, glabrous to puberulent, ciliate or not. Flowers solitary or several in few-flowered cymes, on slender 2-bracted peduncles; sepals 5, glabrous, ovate or oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined; petals obovate, white, 2–3 times as long as the sepals; stamens 10; styles 3; capsules ovate, about twice as long as the sepals, opening with 6 valves. ✿
Willow thickets and open woodland.
Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River system. ●
Sagina
Sagina L. pearlwort
273
Sagina
Small tufted perennial (ours) herbs. Leaves filiform, subulate. Flowers small, inconspicuous, terminal or axillary; petals 4 or 5 white, entire or notched, or none; styles as many as the sepals; capsules many-seeded, 4- or 5-valved. A. Plants caespitose, forming low cushions; cauline leaves subulate; sepal margins purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. nivalis A. Plants tufted, with ascending branches or procumbent in some; cauline leaves linear or sometimes linear-subulate; sepal margins white or rarely purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. saginoides
Sagina nivalis (Lindbl.) Fries S. intermedia Fenzl ✒ Plant glabrous, forming small flat or depressed and usually reddish green tufts, from few to several centimetres in diameter; stems spreading or ascending, mostly 1-flowered, leafy, radiating from central leafy rosette. Cauline leaves subulate, connate at base. Petals 4, white, barely longer than sepals; sepals 1.5–2.0 mm long, orbicular to elliptical, with usually purplish hyaline margins; stamens 8 or 10; capsules 2.0–3.0 mm long. ✿ Occasional in moist sand or gravel by lakeshores or in wet clay in open tundra. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Labrador to Alaska and northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory occurring north to the Arctic coast and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Sagina saginoides (L.) Karst S. linnaei sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Plant small, tufted, glabrous; branches ascending or sometimes procumbent. Cauline leaves linear, linear-subulate in some; connate leaf bases usually not conspicuous; axillary fascicles of linear leaves frequent on procumbent stems. Flowers axillary or terminal, usually 5-parted; sepals 2.0–2.5 mm long, elliptical, with hyaline margins white or rarely purple; petals elliptical, white, shorter than to equaling the sepals; stamens 10 or occasionally 5; capsules 2.5–3.0 mm long. ✿ Moist gravel, lake margins, banks of streams and seepages. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Gaspé, Quebec to Alaska, south in the west to New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory occasional, known only in the southern part north to the Canol Road.
274
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Silene L. campion
Silene
Perennial herbs, with a strong taproot. Leaves opposite, entire, mostly basal. Flowers tubular or ovoid; calyx 5-lobed, more or less inflated, often prominently striped; petals 5, CARYOPHYLLACEAE clawed, often included, bilobed or variously cleft; styles 3 or 5. A. Plant densely pulvinate; flowers solitary, pink B. Leaves flat and short; flowers subsessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. acaulis ssp. acaulis B. Leaves narrow, 1.0–3.5 cm long; flowers peduncled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. acaulis ssp. subacaulescens A. Plant not pulvinate C. Plants glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. vulgaris C. Plants variously pubescent D. Flowers nodding in anthesis; petals purple, short-exserted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. uralensis D. Flowers upright; petals white or pink, exserted E. Calyx purple or green F. Calyx purple, sometimes with faint stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. repens F. Calyx green G. Calyx tubular-urceolate, 12–15 mm long, prominently veined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. douglasii G. Calyx shorter, not prominently veined H. Calyx campanulate, 5–7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. menziesii H. Calyx urceolate-cylindrical, about 12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. williamsii E. Calyx with broad striped veins I. I.
Calyx cylindrical to ovoid, purple-veined; seeds winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. involucrata Calyx subcylindrical, green-veined; seeds angular, wingless . . . . . . . . . . S. taimyrensis
Silene acaulis L. ssp. acaulis S. acaulis L. var. exscapa (All.) DC. moss campion ✒ Caespitose glabrous perennial, forming compact hemispherical or flat cushions up to 50 cm or more in diameter; branches densely crowded, clothed with marcescent leaves. Leaves linear to lance-linear, flat, acute, short-ciliate with stiff hairs, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers erect, solitary, short-peduncled, monoecious or perfect, fragrant; calyx tubular, 4–6 mm long; lobes 1–2 mm long, ciliate; petals 8–12 mm long, pink or lilac or pale purple or rarely white (f. albiflora Hartz.); capsules about as long as the calyx. ✿ Arctic or alpine tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec and in the west to northern British Columbia; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 67° N.
Silene
275
Silene acaulis L. ssp. subacaulescens (F.N. Williams) Hultén ✒ This ssp. merging into ssp. acaulis but differing by its narrower longerciliate and usually much longer leaves; flowering peduncle elongating so that maturing capsules raised well above the plant cushion; calyx and capsule cylindrical, much longer than in ssp. acaulis; petals as ssp. acaulis, or rarely white (f. albiflora Cody). ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Cordilleran; Alaska to Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found mainly north of latitude 64° N.
*Silene douglasii Hook. ✒ Perennial with a branching caudex, and with stout taproot; stems several, in loose clumps, decumbent at base, 15–50 cm high, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, 1-veined, somewhat connate at base. Flowers erect, in few-flowered cymes; calyx tubular-urceolate, 12–15 mm long, strongly nerved, pubescent to almost glabrous; teeth 1.5–3.0 mm long, broadly scarious, ciliate; petals 12–16 mm long, white to greenish; blades bilobed; appendages 1–2 mm long; capsule 8–12 mm long. ✿ Dry slopes. ● North America; from southern British Columbia south in the United States to California, Nevada, and Utah; disjunct to northern British Columbia and to near the Yukon border; to be looked for in the extreme south of the Yukon Territory.
Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schlecht.) Bocquet ssp. involucrata Melandrium affine J. Vahl M. furcatum (Raf.) Hultén Lychnis furcata (Raf.) Fern. ✒ Caespitose plant, from a taproot and a much-branched caudex; stems erect or nearly so, 5–30 cm high, white-villous below, becoming glandular-villous above; hairs multicellular, often with purplish cross walls. Basal leaves oblong-spatulate to oblanceolate, 1.5–5.5 cm long, acute to obtuse, glabrous to glabrate, ciliate; stem leaves in 2 or 3 pairs, similar but smaller upwards, pubescent. Flowers 1–3, erect, on short pedicels elongating by maturity; calyx cylindrical to ovoid, 5–7 mm long at anthesis, 9–12 mm long at maturity, purplish veined, usually pubescent; petals white to pinkish, bilobed; seeds small, reniform, less than 2 mm in diameter, including the narrow wing. ✿ Moist stony, gravelly, or sandy places. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Greenland and northern Labrador to Alaska; widely scattered in the Yukon Territory.
276
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Silene involucrata (Cham.& Schlecht.) Bocquet ssp. elatior (Regel) Bocquet Lychnis brachycalyx Raup Melandrium affine J. Vahl var. brachycalyx (Raup) Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. involucrata in having thicker stems; leaves larger, narrowly elliptical, up to 8 cm long; calyx larger, urceolate, 11–13 mm long at anthesis, 12–14 mm long at maturity. ✿ Rock crevices. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching eastward to the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie; rare in the Yukon Territory north of Mayo.
Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schlecht.) Bocquet ssp. tenella (Tolm.) Bocquet Melandrium tenellum (Tolm.) Tolm. M. taylorae (Robins.) Tolm. Lychnis taylorae Robins. L. funstonii W.F. Wight ✒ Differing from ssp. involucrata in having taller (30–50 cm) finer stems; leaves usually narrower; calyx smaller, cylindrical, 6–9 mm long; petals shorter. ✿ River terraces and rocky ledges. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward at least to the Eskimo Lakes in northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory at lower altitudes west of about longitude 136° W.
Silene menziesii Hook. ✒ Low perennial, loosely tufted or matted, minutely pubescent or glabrate, from a slender much-branched rhizome; stems leafy, freely branched, often 10–20 cm high. Leaves mainly cauline, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, sessile, 2–4 cm long. Flowers solitary, or more often in simple and terminal few-flowered and leafy cymes; calyx campanulate, 5–7 mm long, several-nerved; petals white, exerted; seeds 0.8 mm in diameter, shiny, black. ✿ Sunny slopes and open aspen or spruce woods, often pioneering and weedy on disturbed soils. ● Cordilleran; in North America, Manitoba to Alaska, south to New Mexico and California; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as Dawson.
Silene
277
Silene repens Patrin S. repens Patrin ssp. purpurata (Greene) Hitchc. & Maguire ✒ Perennial from a freely branching rhizome; stems solitary or fascicled, simple or rarely branched, 20–50 cm high, crisply pubescent, especially toward inflorescence. Inflorescence an elongating raceme composed of several axillary and bracted cymes; calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, 10–15 mm long, usually dark purple, finely crisp-pubescent; petals white or more often roseate, 15–20 mm long, bilobed, with appendages 0.7–1.2 mm long; seeds 0.8–1.0 mm long, brown, rough. ✿ Meadows, sandy lakeshores and riverbanks, to alpine slopes and screes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska to about longitude 135° W in southern Yukon Territory and across the northern part of the Territory to the Eskimo Lakes in northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Silene taimyrensis (Tolmatchev) Bocquet Lychnis ostenfeldii (Porsild) Boivin L. taimyrensis (Tolmatchev) Polunin L. triflora R. Br. var. dawsonii Robins. Melandrium dawsonii (Robins.) Hultén ✒ Densely caespitose plant, often with a stout taproot, and with a much-branched caudex; stems 20–40 cm or more high, erect, conspicuously glandular-hairy above; hairs multicellular, with purplish cross walls. Basal leaves linear-spatulate, acute to obtuse, 1.5–6.0 cm long, hoary canescent; stem leaves in 2–4 pairs, similar but smaller upwards. Flowers 1–8, in small dense clusters, erect; calyx subcylindrical, with broad, greenish stripes, glandular-viscid; petals narrow, much-exserted, deeply notched, white or pale pink; seeds about 0.8 by 0.6 mm, angular, wingless, dark brown, granulate. ✿ Sandy and rocky open slopes and cliffs. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward in the District of Mackenzie to about longitude 108° W and south into northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory occasional south of latitude 65° N.
Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. uralensis Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. arcticum sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Stems 5–20 cm or more high, from a branching caudex and taproot, erect to ascending, somewhat flexuous, purplish, white-hairy below becoming viscid-pubescent above; hairs multicellular, with purplish cross walls. Basal leaves 1–6 cm long, linearoblong to oblanceolate, obtuse, glabrous to glabrate, ciliate, crowded around base of stems; stem leaves in 1–3 pairs, smaller than basal leaves. Flower usually solitary,
278
CARYOPHYLLACEAE nodding during anthesis, but as capsule matures becoming erect; calyx inflated, bladderlike, purple-striped; petals purple, short-exserted; seeds reniform or circular in outline, 1.5–2.4 mm in diameter, including the somewhat swollen prominent wing. ✿ Moist alpine slopes and meadows, seepage areas, and coastal dunes. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and northern Quebec to Alaska, and south in the mountains of British Columbia to Montana, Idaho, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W.
Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. ogilviensis (Porsild) Brunton Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. ogilviense Porsild ✒ Differing from ssp. uralensis in longer stems, up to 60 cm; flowers usually 2 or 3 rather than 1; chromosome number higher (2n = 48). ✿ Calcareous soils. ● In the Yukon Territory endemic to the Ogilvie Mountains between Km 130 and 240 on the Dempster Highway and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke S. cucubalus Wibel bladder campion ✒ Plant glaucous, usually glabrous; stems erect or ascending, to 70 cm high, single or several together, from a branching or substoloniferous caudex. Leaves ovate to nearly linear, pointed at apex, with at least the upper ones rounded at base. Flowers in an open cyme; calyx conspicuously inflated, 20-veined; petals whitish, deeply bifid with a distinct claw. ✿ Waste ground and disturbed situations. ● Adventive from Europe; in Canada from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory localized in the vicinity of Dawson.
Silene williamsii Britt. S. menziesii Hook. ssp. williamsii (Britt.) Hultén ✒ Viscid-pubescent perennial; stems 10–35 cm high; branches widely ascending. Leaves mainly cauline, lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, sessile, entire, 2–3 cm long, acuminate at apex. Inflorescence a terminal cyme, few-flowered; mature calyx urceolate-cylindrical, about 12 mm long, several-nerved; petals white, notched, exserted; seeds 0.7–1.2 mm long, reddish brown, roughened. Similar to S. menziesii but may be separated by its narrower leaves, longer calyx, and reddish brown seeds.
Stellaria
279
✿
Disturbed situations and open to shaded slopes. Endemic to central Alaska and western Yukon; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
Spergula L. spurry
Spergula
Spergula arvensis L. corn spurry ✒ Annual; stems prostrate to ascending, up to 80 cm long, arising from taproot. Leaves in well-spaced whorls of 8–10, 1–5 cm long, narrowly linear, glandularhairy to glabrate. Flowers in terminal or occasionally axillary cymes, on slender pedicels, erect, spreading or descending; sepals 5, 2–6 mm long, scarious-margined; petals white, 2–5 mm long; styles 5; capsules 2.5–6.0 mm long, opening by 5 valves. ✿ Weed of gardens and disturbed areas. ● Cosmopolitan; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Virginia, Missouri, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from an early collection at Dawson.
Spergularia J.& C. Presl sand spurry
Spergularia
Spergularia rubra (L.) J.& C. Presl Arenaria rubra L. purple sand spurry ✒ Annual; stems 5–25 cm long, branched, forming small clumps, from a taproot. Leaves opposite or fascicled, linear, 0.5– 2.0 cm long, mucronate; stipules triangulartenuate, white-membranous. Inflorescence a leafy cyme, many-flowered, usually glandular-pubescent; sepals 5, 3.5–5.0 mm long, hyaline-margined, glandular-hairy; petals shorter than sepals, pinkish; stamens usually 10; styles usually 3; capsules 3–5 mm long, 3-valved. ✿ Roadside weed. ● Naturalized from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; a recent introduction to the Yukon Territory probably being spread by road graders.
Stellaria L. chickweed
Stellaria
Essentially glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with ascending prostrate or creeping and freely rooting stems. Leaves opposite, sessile (except in S. media). Flowers rather small, solitary or cymose, or appearing lateral by prolongation of the stem from upper leaf axils. Petals 5 (or absent in some), deeply cleft, white; styles 3; capsule 1-locular, opening by 6 valves.
280
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
A. Plants densely pulvinate, with a central taproot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. dicranoides A. Plants upright or matted B. Lower leaves long-petioled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. media B. All leaves sessile C. Leaves firm, keeled, green or often glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. longipes C. Leaves soft, not prominently keeled, fresh green D. Flowers in axils of small scarious bracts or scarious-margined leaves E. Flowers subumbellate; petals shorter than sepals or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. umbellata E. Flowers not subumbellate F. Flowers solitary or sometimes 2; leaves lanceolate to elliptic, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. alaskana F. Flowers in open cymes; leaves linear to elliptic, finely serrulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. longifolia D. Flowers in axils of green leaves, or if cymose, with leafy bracts G. Plants of matted habit; leaves somewhat fleshy H. Leaves oval-elliptic; seeds smooth; seashore plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. humifusa H. Leaves linear-oblong, thin; seeds rugose; plants of wet meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. crassifolia G. Plants not matted; leaves not fleshy I. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, occasionally ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, up to 6 cm long; leaf veins other than midrib usually not visible; stems usually more or less papillate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. borealis I. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, mostly less than 2.5 cm long, thin, reticulate-veined; stems never papillate . . . . . . . . . . S. calycantha
Stellaria alaskana Hultén ✒ Perennial, forming small clumps, from elongate rhizomes; stems 3–10 cm high, glabrous. Leaves sessile, near base of flowering stem, lanceolate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, 0.8–2.0 cm long. Flowers 1 or 2 in axils of long scarious bracts; sepals 6.5–9.0 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, acute; petals white, shorter than sepals, deeply lobed. ✿ Alpine tundra and scree slopes. ● North America; endemic to southcentral Alaska and southwestern Yukon Territory; considered as rare in southwest Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Stellaria borealis Bigelow S. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. ssp. interior Hultén S. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. isophylla Fern. S. alsine sensu Porsild (1975) S. crispa sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Perennial, forming clumps, from slender rhizomes; stems weak, erect or ascending, 10–50 cm high, freely branched upward from middle nodes, papillate
Stellaria
281
or glabrous, pubescent in some. Leaves usually lanceolate to linear-lanceolate to elliptic, up to 6 cm long, thick, with veins not normally visible. Inflorescence few- to manyflowered, in terminal cymes, with leaflike bracts; sepals up to 4 mm long, with 1–3 prominent veins; petals absent or if present shorter than sepals, deeply lobed; capsules ovoid; styles 0.9–2.0 mm long. ✿ Moist thickets, clearings, riverbanks and lakeshores, and disturbed situations. ● Circumpolar; boreal North America from southern Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska south to Virginia, Illinois, Colorado, and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory north almost to latitude 68° N.
Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. ✒ Perennial, forming clumps, from slender rhizomes; stems weak, erect or ascending, 10–40 cm high, freely branched upward from middle nodes, glabrous, never papillate. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, usually less than 2.5 cm long, thin, reticulate veined. Inflorescence few- to many-flowered, in terminal cymes, with leaflike bracts; sepals up to 2.5 mm long, with obscure veins; petals absent, or if present shorter than sepals, deeply lobed; capsules globose to broadly ovoid; styles 0.4–0.9 mm long. ✿ Alpine slopes, meadows, shores of lakes and streams. ● Western North America; from Alaska south to California and New Mexico; rare in the southern part of Yukon Territory.
Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. ✒ Perennial, forming mats or clumps, arising from slender rhizomes; stems 3–30 cm long, freely branching, depressed, glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lance-linear, acute to attenuate, sessile, 2–10 mm long, glabrous, flaccid. Flowers solitary or in small leafy cymes; sepals 2.5–4.0 mm long, 3-veined, eciliate; petals white, 2.5–5.0 mm long, deeply cleft, about as long as or shorter than sepals; also reproducing vegetatively by means of axillary wintering buds (f. gemmificans Norman). ✿ Occasional in wet meadows, often forming mats at the bases of tall grasses and sedges. ✒ Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Minnesota, North Dakota, and Colorado; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory, but perhaps often overlooked.
282
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Stellaria dicranoides (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fenzl Arenaria dicranoides (Cham. & Schlecht.) Hultén A. chamissonis Maguire Cherleria dicranoides Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Perennial, with branching caudex, arising from a taproot, forming dense clumps to 10 cm or more across; caudex branches erect or ascending, thickly clothed with marcescent leaves. Basal leaves about 5 mm long, oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, acute or abruptly acuminate to obtuse; cauline leaves shorter. Flowering stems erect, 0.4–1.0 cm long; flowers erect, solitary; sepals 2–4 mm long, acute, glabrous; petals lacking; stamens 10; filaments dilated at base to form a ring. ✿ White dolomite scree slopes at high altitudes. ● North America; endemic to mountains of Alaska where several apparently discrete populations existing, adjacent Siberia, and the northern Ogilvie Mountains in the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Stellaria humifusa Rottb. ✒ Densely matted perennial; stems long trailing or ascending, freely rooting, glabrous. Leaves often crowded, ovate-elliptic, acute to obtuse, 0.4–1.5 mm long, somewhat fleshy, glabrous or with a few cilia. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered leafy cymes; sepals 4–5 mm long, glabrous; petals white, 4–6 mm long, deeply bilobed. ✿ Sheltered sandy beaches along seashores and in brackish and occasionally flooded meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the east to Maine and in the west to Oregon; in the Yukon Territory known only along the Arctic coast, and considered as rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. S. longifolia Muhl. var. eciliata Boivin S. atrata (J.W. Moore) Boivin ✒ Perennial, forming loose clumps, from elongate rhizomes; flowering stems 10–40 cm long, weak, glabrous or scabrous. Leaves sessile, linear to narrowly elliptic, acute, 0.8–4.0 cm long, glabrous or somewhat ciliate, finely serrulate. Flowers in open cymes, few to many; branches of inflorescence usually widely angled; pedicels 8–20 mm or more long; bracts small, scarious, glabrous or scabrous; sepals 2–3 mm long, scarious-margined, ciliate or eciliate, obscurely 3-veined; petals white, about as long as the sepals, deeply lobed. ✿
Meadows bordering lakes and streams.
Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, and eastern Alaska extending southward to South Carolina, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north almost to latitude 68° N. ●
Stellaria
283
Stellaria longipes Goldie s.l. S. ciliatosepala Trautv. S. edwardsii R. Br. S. laeta Richards. S. monantha Hultén S. stricta Richards. S. subvestita Greene ✒ Extremely variable perennial, arising from slender rhizomes, matted or forming large to small clumps; flowering stems 3–30 cm or more long, glabrous, glabrate or villous in upper part. Leaves sessile, lanceolate to lance-attenuate, 0.4–3.0 cm long or longer, somewhat pubescent, glabrate, or glabrous, smooth and shiny or glaucous. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered terminal cymes; bracts when present small, scarious or scarious-margined; sepals 3–5 mm long, scarious-margined, 3-veined, pubescent on the back or glabrous, ciliate or eciliate; petals white, 3–8 mm long, deeply lobed. ✿ Prairie and alpine slopes and meadows, rocky slopes, and disturbed situations. ● Circumpolar; in North America extending from Arctic regions south to New York, Minnesota, Arizona, New Mexico, and California; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ✒ Annual or biennial from a taproot; stems 10–60 cm long, terete, branching, trailing or often matted, pubescent with multicellular hairs in lines. Lower leaves ovate, petiolate; petioles often ciliate; upper leaves sessile. Flowers solitary or in fewflowered leafy cymes; sepals 3–6 mm long, ciliate toward base, pubescent with multicellular hairs on the back; petals white, shorter than sepals, deeply cleft. ✿ Weed in disturbed situations. ● Widespread, introduced from Eurasia; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to Dawson.
Stellaria umbellata Turcz. S. gonomischa Boivin ✒ Perennial, from a weak spindly root; plant glabrous; stems 5–20 cm long, thin. Flowers 1–5, subumbellate; pedicels 0.7–4.0 cm long, more or less divaricate, reflexed in age, minutely bracted at base; sepals ovate, acute, 2.5–3.0 mm long; petals lacking. ✿ Moist alpine slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska to the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie and disjunct to the mountains of southwestern Alberta, southern British Columbia, Oregon, and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), known only from three widely separated localities in the St. Elias, Ogilvie, and British mountains.
284
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Vaccaria Medic.
Vaccaria
Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert V. pyramidata Medic. Saponaria vaccaria L. cowherb, cowcockle ✒ Annual; stems to 60 cm high, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, 3–8 cm long, acute, connate-clasping to short-petiolate, glabrous. Flowers in open cymes; calyx tube sharply angled, 5-lobed; lobes 1–2 mm long; petals 5–8 mm long, pink, retuse; seeds reddish black, 1.7–2.1 mm long. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Wyoming, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from Dawson.
Wilhelmsia Rchb.
Wilhelmsia
Wilhelmsia physodes (Fisch.) McNeill Arenaria physodes Fisch. in DC. Merckia physodes (Sev.) Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Matted perennial habit, with freely branching and rooting stems; stems pubescent with gland-tipped purplish crosswalled hairs. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm long, sessile, opposite, with soft-ciliate margins. Flowers terminal and solitary; sepals 3–6 mm long, ovate, acute, often purplish; petals linear-oblong, white, longer than sepals; styles 3; capsule spherical and inflated, with 3 reddish brown, shiny, leathery valves; seeds 1.2–1.5 mm long, yellowish brown. ✿ Wet sheltered riverbanks, lakeshores, and shores of brackish lagoons. ● Amphi-Beringian; in northwestern North America in Alaska, the Yukon Territory mostly west of longitude 133° W, and reaching into northwestern District of Mackenzie to Franklin Bay east of the Mackenzie Delta.
Ceratophyllum
CERATOPHYLLACEAE hornwort family Ceratophyllum L.
285
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum
Ceratophyllum demersum L. hornwort, common coontail ✒ Submersed nonrooted aquatic; stems slender, freely branched. Leaves finely dichotomously divided into stiff linear serrate divisions. Flowers axillary, monoecious, lacking a true perianth; ovary 1-locular; achene narrowly elliptic, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Forming extensive mats on the bottoms of small lakes in water 0.5–1.5 m deep. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Texas, California, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Old Crow Flats and a site southeast of Mayo, but easily overlooked; to be searched for elsewhere.
286
NYMPHAEACEAE
NYMPHAEACEAE water-lily family
NYMPHAEACEAE
Perennial aquatics, with fleshy rhizomes. Leaves long-petioled, floating, oblong, deeply cordate. Flowers axillary, solitary, long-peduncled, emergent. A. Rhizome horizontal, long; leaf blades up to 25 cm long from sinus to apex, with their lobes rounded; sepals petal-like, yellow; petals small, scalelike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuphar A. Rhizome short, erect-ascending; leaf blades up to 6 cm long from sinus to apex, their lobes acute; sepals green; petals white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nymphaea
Nuphar Sm. yellow pond-lily
Nuphar
Rhizome thick, cylindrical, with numerous leaf scars. Leaves floating, large, with a deep sinus at base, long-petioled. Flowers single, emergent; sepals yellow, leathery, but petallike; petals numerous, scale- or stamen-like, hidden by stamens; stigma disk-like; fruit ovoid. A. Sepals 7–9, yellow; anthers reddish; petioles terete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. polysepalum A. Sepals 6 or fewer; inner sepals red at base inside; anthers yellow; petioles flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. variegatum
Nuphar polysepalum Engelm. N. luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. polysepalum (Engelm.) Beal yellow pond-lily, yellow water-lily ✒ Leaf blades floating or emergent, ovate, sagittately lobed, up to 25 cm long from sinus to apex, leathery; petioles to 1 m or more long, round. Flowers emergent; sepals 7–12, 3–6 cm long, yellow or tinged with green; petals yellowish to purple; anthers reddish; fruit ovoid to subglobose, 4–6 cm long. ✿ Slow streams and ponds. ● Western North America; from Alaska south to California, Utah, and Colorado; found in the Yukon Territory north nearly to latitude 68° N but little collected because of its habitat.
Nuphar variegatum Engelm. N. luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. ssp. variegatum (Engelm.) Beal bullhead-lily ✒ Leaf blades similar to N. polysepalum; petioles to 1 m or more long, flattened, wing-margined on upper side. Flowers emergent; sepals 6, 2.0–3.5 cm long, yellow or greenish; petals yellow or greenish; anthers yellow; fruit ovoid, about 4 cm long. ✿ Slow streams and ponds. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to the Yukon Territory; apparently rare in the Yukon Territory from the southeast corner north to Mayo (Douglas et al. 1981).
Nymphaea
Nymphaea L. water-lily
287
Nymphaea
*Nymphaea tetragona Georgi ssp. leibergii (Morong) Porsild dwarf water-lily, pygmy water-lily ✒ Leaf blades floating, ovate to obovate, sagittately lobed at base, 2.5–6.0 cm long from sinus to apex; petioles to 50 cm or more long, arising from a submerged short erect-ascending rhizome. Flowers solitary, arising from the rhizome, longpedunculate; sepals 5, 1.8–2.5 cm long, greenish; petals 10–12, about as long as the sepals, white or occasionally pinkish; stamens many, shorter than petals; capsules ovoid, 1–2 cm long. ✿ In water of shallow lakes, ponds, and swamps. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Quebec to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Idaho, and Washington; erroneously reported from western Yukon Territory by Hultén (1968), Welsh (1974), and Packer (1983); to be looked for in the southern parts.
288
RANUNCULACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE crowfoot family
RANUNCULACEAE
Perennial (ours) herbs, with colorless acrid juice. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, lacking stipules, but often with petioles dilated at base. Flowers symmetrical or zygomorphic, polypetalous or apetalous, with petaloid calyx; fruit an achene, or a many-seeded pod or follicle opening along one side, or a berry in Actaea. A. Fruit berrylike; flowers small, white or greenish, in a dense cylindrical raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actaea A. Fruit not berrylike B. Fruit a follicle, opening along one side C. Flowers regular D. Flowers yellow or white; petals without spurs E. Follicles sessile; leaves simple or merely cleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caltha E. Follicles stipitate; leaves ternately cleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coptis D. Flowers purple and white; petals spurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquilegia C. Flowers irregular, blue F. Upper sepal hooded; flowers few, in an open raceme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aconitum F. Upper sepal with long spur; flowers numerous, in a spikelike raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium B. Fruit a dry achene borne in a head, or in a dense short-cylindric spike G. Petals wanting, sepals petaloid H. Flowers large and showy, 1 to several I.
I.
Styles long and plumose; sepals purple or blue or yellow J. Plants tufted; sepals purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulsatilla J. Trailing or climbing vines; sepals blue or yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clematis Styles short, not plumose; sepals yellow or white or pale blue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemone
H. Flowers small and numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thalictrum G. Petals normally present; sepals 3 or 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus
Aconitum L. monkshood
Aconitum
Aconitum delphinifolium DC. ssp. delphinifolium ✒ Perennial with a cormlike rhizome; stems simple, 20–50 cm or more high, glabrous. Leaves alternate, few, palmately lobed and deeply cleft. Flowers 3–5, in open racemes, irregular, 2–4 cm in diameter, deep blue; sepals 5, petaloid; upper sepal hoodshaped; petals 2, enclosed by the hood, hooked at apex; follicles erect, 1.5–2.0 cm long. ✿ Moist meadows and thickets. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie and south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta.
Actaea
289
Aconitum delphinifolium DC. ssp. paradoxum (Rchb.) Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. delphinifolium in its smaller stature; usually single flower; petals not hooked at apex. ✿
Alpine tundra and rocky slopes. Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending into the Yukon Territory in the British and Richardson mountains and in the southwestern part. ●
Actaea L. baneberry
Actaea
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. ssp. rubra red baneberry ✒ Stems 1 to several, 50–100 cm high, from a thick fleshy rhizome, sparsely pubescent. Leaves thin, very large, 2 or 3, ternately divided; ultimate segments cleft and sharply toothed. Flowers numerous, small, in a terminal raceme; petals white, 2.0–3.5 mm long; stamens longer than petals; fruit berrylike, bright red or rarely pink, poisonous.
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hultén A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. var. arguta (Nutt.) Lawson ✒ Differing from ssp. rubra in having leaves more dissected, with ultimate segments of leaves caudate, and more acute; whole plant somewhat more pubescent. ✿ Woods. ● North America; ssp. rubra in boreal forest from Newfoundland to Alaska, in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 67° N and south to West Virginia and Ohio; ssp. arguta from southern Alaska and Yukon Territory at latitude 64° N south into the western United States.
290
RANUNCULACEAE
Anemone L. anemone, windflower
Anemone
Perennial herbs. Radical leaves petioled; leaves of flowering stem whorled and forming a leafy involucrum below the solitary or umbellate flowers. Petals lacking; sepals colored and petaloid; fruit a dry achene, glabrous or pubescent. A. Plants rhizomatous B. Sepals yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. richardsonii B. Sepals white, tinged with blue beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. parviflora A. Plants tufted; sepals white or bluish or red C. Achenes small, densely woolly; style not hooked D. Plant rarely more than 20 cm high; flowers solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. drummondii D. Plants 20–40 cm high; flowers 1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. multifida C. Achenes elongated, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. narcissiflora
Anemone drummondii S. Wats. var. lithophila (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. A. lithophila Rydb. A. multiceps (Greene) Standley Pulsatilla multiceps Greene ✒ Tufted plant; stems 20–30 cm high; taproot stout, dark brown, branching. Leaves and flowering peduncle soft silkypubescent, becoming glabrate in age; basal leaves long-peduncled; blade 3- to 4-cleft into linear segments; involucral leaves similar, sessile. Flowers usually solitary, 2–3 cm in diameter; sepals ovate, appressed- pubescent, white or often pale blue on outer side; fruiting head globose or ovate, 8–16 mm long; achenes densely woolly; styles long and straight, creamy white to wine red, persisting. ✿ Scree slopes, dry rocky ledges, and heathy areas. ● Cordilleran; Alaska through British Columbia and western Alberta to Montana; in the Yukon Territory found in mountainous areas north to the Arctic coast.
Anemone multifida Poir. s.l. cut-leaf anemone, cut-leaved anemone ✒ Tufted plant, 20–40 cm or more high, from a strong many-headed taproot. Flowering stems and leaves silky-villous; basal leaves long-peduncled; blade 2–4 times ternately divided; lobes narrowly oblong or lanceolate, acute; involucral leaves similar, sessile or nearly so. Flowers solitary or rarely 2 or 3, on long, erect peduncles; sepals oblong to oval, 5–10 mm long, creamy white or sometimes red or purplish (f. sanguinea (Pursh) Fern.); fruiting heads globose to short-cylindric; achenes 3–4 mm long, silky-villous; styles 0.7–1.2 mm long. ✿ A variable species common on gravelly calcareous slopes, riverbanks, lakeshores, and disturbed situations. ● North America; from Newfoundland to eastern Alaska south to New York, Minnesota, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64°30’ N.
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291
Anemone narcissiflora L. s.l. ✒ Tufted plant, from a thick fibrous erectascending rhizome; flowering stems 30–60 cm high, sparingly villous, glabrescent in age. Basal leaves long-petioled; blades ternately cleft, with cuneate divisions deeply incised into linear segments; involucral leaves sessile, similar but smaller. Flowers 1–5, on pedicels 1–15 cm long; sepals oval, creamy white or bluish tinged, 1.0–1.5 cm long; fruiting head globose; achenes 6–9 mm long, flat, with a narrow wing, glabrous, blackish green; styles 0.8–1 mm long. ✿ Woods and heathlands to arctic tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and throughout the Yukon Territory to western District of Mackenzie and northern British Columbia and disjunct to the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming.
Anemone parviflora Michx. A. parviflora Michx. var. grandiflora Ulbr. ✒ Rhizomes slender, dark fibrilose; stems 10–20 cm high, white-pubescent. Basal leaves ternate, dark green, lustrous, petioled; lobes bluntly toothed; involucral leaves similar but sessile. Flowers single, 2–4 cm in diameter; sepals usually 6, white, silky, tinged with blue beneath; fruiting head spherical; achenes 2–3 mm long, densely woolly; styles 1.2–2.0 mm long. ✿ Open spruce woods and river flats to alpine tundra and heathlands. ● East Asia, North America; from Newfoundland across northern Canada to Alaska and British Columbia south to California, Montana, and Idaho; common throughout the Yukon Territory.
Anemone richardsonii Hook. ✒ Rhizomes filiform; stems 5–20 cm high, pubescent below. Leaves spaced along the rhizome; blade palmately lobed and toothed, 1.0–4.5 cm long; involucral leaves 3-cleft, sharply toothed. Flowers single, 1.5– 2.5 cm in diameter; sepals yellow; fruiting heads subglobose; achenes few, 3–4 mm long, glabrous; beak slender, 4–6 mm long, hooked at apex. ✿ Moist herbmats and willow thickets. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across northern Canada to northern Labrador and western Greenland, south to British Columbia and western Alberta; frequent throughout the Yukon Territory.
292
RANUNCULACEAE
Aquilegia L. columbine
Aquilegia
Stems simple, erect, arising from taproots. Basal leaves biternate; cauline leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or several in bracteate terminal racemes, showy; sepals 5; petals 5, spurred; pistils 5; follicles 5, many-seeded. A. Flowers bluish purple; styles of mature follicles 2–5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. brevistyla A. Flowers orange red or yellow; styles of mature follicles 10–15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. formosa
Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. small-flower columbine ✒ Stems slender, 30–80 cm high. Leaves glabrous, glaucous below; basal leaves long-petioled, trifoliate; cauline leaves much smaller, short-petioled or sessile. Flowers often 1–4, nodding, 1.5–2.5 cm long; sepals blue; petals white, with pale bluish spurs; mature follicles stiffly erect, 2.0–2.5 cm long; styles 2–5 mm long. ✿ Moist open woods, meadows, and stream banks. ● North America; from western James Bay to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. western columbine ✒ Stems 30–90 cm or more high. Leaves glabrous to villous, paler and glaucous below; basal leaves long-petioled, trifoliate; cauline leaves with shorter petioles, or sessile. Flowers 2–4, nodding, 2.0–3.5 cm long; sepals reddish; petals yellowish with reddish spurs; mature follicles stiffly erect, 1.5–2.5 cm long; styles 10–15 mm long. ✿ Moist open woods and slopes. ● North America; from southern Alaska and southern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California, Montana, and Utah; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 61°45’ N, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Caltha L. marsh-marigold
Caltha
Low soft-stemmed glabrous herbs. Leaves simple, petioled, cordate or reniform. Sepals petaloid; petals none; fruit composed of several to many carpels; follicles dehiscent on ventral suture. A. Stems erect, scapose or with a single leaf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. leptosepala A. Stems ascending or decumbent, floating or creeping B. Stems ascending or decumbent; flowers yellow; carpels 6–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. palustris B. Stems floating or creeping; flowers white; carpels about 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. natans
Caltha
293
Caltha leptosepala DC. mountain marsh-marigold ✒ Stems erect, simple, 5–40 cm high, scapose or with a single leaf, arising singly from a fibrous root. Blade of basal leaves cordate, 1.5–5.0 cm long from sinus to apex; petioles 2–20 cm or more long. Flowers 1 or 2; sepals 6–12, 12–27 mm long, whitish or tinged with purple on outside; follicles 12– 15 mm long, divergent, short-stipulated; beaks straight. ✿ Alpine pools, streams, and wet meadows. ● North America; from southern Alaska south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Utah, and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory found only in the extreme south, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Caltha natans Pall. ✒ Creeping or floating marsh plants; stems up to 1 m long, rooting at nodes. Leaf petioles up to 20 cm or more long; blades cordate-reniform, 3–5 cm broad, usually with a narrow sinus, entire or crenate. Flowers axillary or terminal, small; peduncles, up to 6 cm long; sepals white, 4–5 mm long; follicles 4–6 mm long, forming a dense head up to 1.5 cm in diameter; beaks straight. ✿ Ponds, ditches, and marshy meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian, boreal; extending eastward from central Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and southern Northwest Territories to Hudson Bay and extreme northwestern Ontario; in the Yukon Territory infrequent west of longitude 135° W north to the Old Crow flats, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Caltha palustris L. ssp. arctica (R. Br.) Hultén C. palustris L. var. arctica (R. Br.) Huth. C. arctica R. Br. marsh-marigold ✒ Stems 10–60 cm long, erect or ascending, eventually rooting at nodes. Basal leaves petioled; petioles 10–20 cm long; blades reniform to oval-cordate, crenate, up to 6 cm wide; stem leaves short-petioled to subsessile, smaller. Flowers terminal; sepals 5, yellow, 1–2 cm long; follicles 10–12, appressed-ascending; beaks bent. ✿ Marshes, pools, and slow-moving streams. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and western and northern Yukon Territory to the western Arctic Archipelago and northern District of Keewatin; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 137° W.
294
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis L. clematis, virgin’s-bower
Clematis
Trailing or climbing vines. Leaves opposite, long-stalked. Flowers axillary, showy; petals none or present as small staminoides; sepals 4; fruit an achene with a long persistent feathery style. A. Leaves with 3 leaflets; sepals violet blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. occidentalis A. Leaves with 5 leaflets; sepals yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tangutica
Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. ssp. grosseserrata (Rydb.) Taylor & MacBryde C. occidentalis Hormem. var. grosseserrata (Rydb.) Pringle purple clematis ✒ Stems 0.25–2.0 m or more long. Leaves long-petioled, simply ternate; leaflets longstalked, thin, lance-ovate to deltoid, 2–7 cm or more long, with entire to more or less crenate-serrate margins. Flowers solitary, long-pedunculate; sepals lance-ovate, 3–6 cm long, acuminate, violet blue; stamens numerous; achenes numerous, pilose; fruiting styles 3–7 cm long, plumose. ✿ Open woods. ● Western North America; from northern British Columbia southward through southern Alberta and the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan south in the western United States to Utah and Colorado; in Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Clematis tangutica (Max.) Korsh. golden clematis ✒ Stems 0.3–1.0 m or more long. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets short-stalked, lanceolate, 2–6 cm or more long, toothed or lobed. Flowers usually solitary, longpedunculate; sepals lance-ovate, 2–5 cm long, bright yellow; achenes numerous, pilose; fruiting styles 3–7 cm long, plumose. ✿ Waste ground along road. ● Escaped from cultivation; native of northwestern China; in the Yukon Territory known only from Whitehorse.
Delphinium
Coptis Salisb. goldthread
295
Coptis
*Coptis trifolia Salisb. C. groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. ✒ Dwarf perennial; rhizomes threadlike, bright yellow; scapes 3–10 cm high, filiform. Leaves basal, trifoliate; leaflets 0.7–2.0 cm long, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed; petioles 1.5–11.0 cm long. Flowers solitary, 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter; sepals petaloid, narrowly oblanceolate, white; petals yellowish green, about one-third as long as the sepals, inconspicuous; follicles spreading on slender stalks, with each containing a few large shiny black seeds. ✿ Sheltered turfy places. ● From eastern Asia to Greenland and Newfoundland; apparently rare in the area between northern Ontario and the region of British Columbia and southern coastal Alaska; to be looked for in the Yukon Territory.
Delphinium L. larkspur
Delphinium
Erect herbs, from thick subligneous fibrous much-branched ascending rhizomes. Leaves palmately lobed or cleft. Flowers in a terminal raceme, blue or purple; sepals 5, petal-like; upper sepal prolonged backward into a spur; petals 4, irregular; carpels few, ripening into follicles; seeds black, angled or winged. A. Flowers about 2 cm long, few; follicles densely pubescent; pedicels villous . . . . . . . . . D. brachycentrum A. Flowers 1.0–1.5 cm long, many; follicles glabrous or nearly so; pedicels pilose . . . . . . . . . . . . D. glaucum
Delphinium brachycentrum Ledeb. ✒ Stems to 50 cm or more high, more or less hairy almost to base. Leaf blades 1.5–6.5 cm long, with 5–7 main lobes, pubescent at least on the veins, ciliate; petioles 2.5–14.0 cm long. Racemes 2- to 10-flowered; sepals bluish or purplsh; upper sepal including spur 2.2–3.5 cm long; follicles pubescent. ✿ Alpine meadows and valleys. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching eastward from Alaska to the Richardson Mountains in northern Yukon Territory and to Kluane Lake in the south; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
296
RANUNCULACEAE
Delphinium glaucum S. Wats. D. brownii Rydb. tall larkspur ✒ Stems stout, glabrous, often purplish tinged, 1–2 m high. Leaves mainly cauline, palmately lobed; leaf sections deeply incised, glabrous and glaucous above, glabrous or short-pubescent beneath. Flowers bluish or purplish, very numerous, 2.0–2.5 cm long, in an elongating up to 40-cm long raceme; follicles 2–3 together, about 1 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. ✿ Moist woodland meadows and clearings. ● North America; cordilleran foothills north through western District of Mackenzie to the Arctic coast, west to Alaska; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Pulsatilla Pers. prairie-crocus, pasque-flower
RANUNCULACEAE Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nutt.) Heller Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritzel A. patens L. var. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch ✒ Tufted perennial, with a stout branched ascending rhizome; stems to 50 cm high at maturity. Leaves long, silky villous; basal leaves developing after flowering, longpetioled, ternately divided; leaflets divided into long linear segments; stem leaves sessile, deeply cleft into linear segments. Flowers solitary, terminal; sepals 5–7 purple, 3–5 cm long, spreading; styles plumose, rapidly elongating, becoming 2–3 cm long in fruit. ✿ Sandy well-drained situations. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America from Manitoba to central Alaska, south to northern Michigan, Illinois, Texas, Utah, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast. RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus L. buttercup, crowfoot
Ranunculus
Mostly perennial aquatic or terrestrial herbs, with acrid juice; stems erect, ascending or prostrate and stoloniferous. Leaves mainly basal, petioled; blade variously dissected, usually different in shape and cut from the mostly sessile or short-petioled cauline leaves. Flowers yellow or less often white, 1 to several, on long pedicels; sepals and petals mostly 5; stamens mostly numerous; carpels from 5 to many, each with a single ovule; fruit a globose or oblong head of variously beaked achenes. A. Stoloniferous, rooting at nodes; flowers yellow or white B. Aquatic or amphibious plants, with creeping or floating stems C. Aquatic plants, with white flowers, and with finely dissected leaves
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D. Leaves flaccid; flowers rarely emergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. aquatilis var. eradicatus D. Leaves rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn from water; flowers normally emergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. aquatilis var. subrigidus C. Amphibious plants; flowers yellow or white E. Primary divisions of leaves entire F. Flowers white; plant coarse fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. pallasii F. Flowers yellow; plant low, creeping, often matted; emergent or submersed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. hyperboreus E. Primary divisions of leaves again divided; floating leaves firm; submersed leaves flaccid G. Plant delicate; leaves rarely more than 1 cm in diameter. . . . . . R. gmelinii ssp. gmelinii G. Plant more robust; leaves 2–3 cm in diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. gmelinii ssp. purshii B. Terrestrial plants with yellow flowers H. Plants scapose; sepals 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. lapponicus H. Plants decumbent, rooting at nodes or with filiform runners; sepals 5 I.
Leaves ternate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. repens
I.
Leaves entire J.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. flammula
J.
Leaves reniform-ovate, 0.5–2.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. cymbalaria
A. Tufted terrestrial or paludal plants, with erect or ascending stems K. Basal leaves entire, cordate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. abortivus K. Basal leaves always lobed or incised L. Plants glabrous or very nearly so M. Stems fistulose; species nonarctic paludal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. sceleratus ssp. multifidus M. Stems firm; arctic or alpine species (except R. occidentalis) N. Petals not longer than sepals; dwarf species O. Radical leaves deeply lobed or cleft P. Segments merely 3-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. pygmaeus P. Segments again ternately divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. gelidus ssp. grayi O. Radical leaves cuneate, merely 3-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. sabinei N. Petals longer than sepals Q. Basal leaves merely 3-lobed R. Sepals densely brown or black hairy S.
Receptacle glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. nivalis
S.
Receptacle with reddish brown hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. sulphureus
R. Sepals sparsely pale yellowish pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. eschscholtzii Q. Basal leaves deeply incised; flowering peduncle hirsute T. Leaves pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. occidentalis T. Leaves glabrous U. Sepals elliptic-oblong, with conspicuous black tip; petals pale yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. pedatifidus ssp. affinis U. Sepals linear-lanceolate; petals shiny, deep golden yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. turneri L. Plant distinctly pubescent or hirsute, especially on leaf petioles; nonarctic lowland species
298
RANUNCULACEAE
V. Terminal or middle segment of radical leaves not stalked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. macounii V. Terminal or middle segment of radical leaves stalked W. Petals shorter than sepals; fruiting head cylindric-oblong . . . . . . . . . . . R. pensylvanicus W. Petals as long or longer than sepals; fruiting head globose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. macounii
Ranunculus abortivus L. small-flowered buttercup ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, with slender fibrous roots; stems 1 to several, 20–60 cm high, simple or in taller specimens forked several times, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Basal leaves long-petioled; blade cordate or reniform, shallowly crenulate; cauline leaves short-petioled or sessile, mostly ternately divided into linearlanceolate lobes. Flowers small; sepals 2–3 mm long, reflexed; petals pale yellow, shorter than to about as long as the sepals; fruiting head globose or ovate; achenes orbicular, with a minute beak. ✿ Moist thickets, along streams, and in disturbed situations. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southern Alaska south to Florida, Michigan, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory north to Dawson.
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. eradicatus Laest. R. trichophyllus Chaix. var. eradicatus (Laest.) W.B. Drew R. confervoides Fr. white water buttercup ✒ Totally submersed, much-branched aquatic. Leaves finely divided, flaccid, collapsing when withdrawn from water. Flowers solitary; peduncles 1–6 cm long; petals 4–6 mm long, pure white, 2–3 times longer than sepals; achenes characteristically transverse wrinkled. ✿ In shallow ponds or in running water in some places, less often in brackish lagoons. ● Circumpolar, boreal-arctic; in North America from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory occurring to north of latitude 68° N.
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. subrigidus (W.B. Drew) Breitung R. subrigidus W.B. Drew R. circinatus Sibth. var. subrigidus (W.B. Drew) L. Benson R. trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus ✒ Similar to var. eradicatus but leaves stiffer, holding their shape when removed from water. ✿ In shallow calcareous ponds. ● North America, boreal-subarctic; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found north almost to latitude 66° N.
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Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh northern seaside buttercup ✒ Low caespitose glabrous somewhat fleshy herb; stolons widely trailing, freely rooting at nodes. Leaves long-petioled; blade reniform-ovate, 5–25 mm long, crenately toothed or shallowly lobed. Scapes 1to several-flowered, 2–10 cm or more long; flowers 5–9 mm in diameter; petals bright yellow, narrowly oblanceolate, slightly longer than sepals; fruiting head shortcylindrical; achenes small, obovate, longitudinally ribbed; beak short, erect. ✿ Saline meadows or brackish shores, in moist clay or sand. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Arkansas, Texas, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory mainly in the southwest, but also known from Dawson and as far north on the Dempster Highway as the Ogilvie River and disjunct to the Arctic coast.
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. ✒ Tufted perennial; stems 5–25 cm high, glabrous. Basal leaves petioled; blades variable, oval to reniform, 3-cleft and again lobed; cauline leaves 1–3, alternate. Flowers usually 1 or occasionally 2; sepals 5, 4–8 mm long, usually pubescent with yellowish hairs, deciduous; petals 5, 7–12 mm long, yellow; fruiting head cylindrical; receptacle glabrous or with a few clear hairs. ✿ Moist alpine meadows and herbmats. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the Mackenzie Delta area and south to California, Utah, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found mainly south of latitude 64° N but known as far north as latitude 68°25’ N.
Ranunculus flammula L. R. filiformis Michx. R. reptans L. creeping spearwort ✒ Low essentially glabrous perennial, forming flat leafy rosettes; stolons arched or prostrate, rooting freely at nodes. Leaves filiform, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5–7 cm long, entire-margined. Flowers solitary, on bracted ascending short peduncles; sepals glabrous, shorter than petals; petals pale yellow, about 6 mm long; achenes subglobose, with a short stout beak. The following varieties have been described: var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook., with filiform or linear leaves, and var. ovalis (Bigel.) L. Benson (R. reptans L. var. ovalis (Bigel.) T. & G.), with blade narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a filiform petiole. ✿
Moist clayey and sandy shores and wet meadows.
Var. filiformis circumpolar, wide-ranging, north beyond the limit of trees; var. ovalis in North America, nonarctic; in the Yukon Territory var. filiformis occurring northward almost to latitude 65° N along the Dempster Highway, and var. ovalis rare in the southwest. ●
300
RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus gelidus Karel. & Kiril. ssp. grayi (Britt.) Hultén R. grayi Britt. ✒ Dwarf gray-green essentially glabrous perennial, forming small firmly rooted tussocks, with a branching caudex; stems usually several, 2–10 cm high, usually bent upwards. Basal leaves cordate, 1–2 cm in diameter, biternately lobed; lobes blunt; petioles 1–8 cm long; cauline leaves sessile or short-petioled. Flowers mostly solitary; peduncle 3–7 cm long; sepals 2.5–5.0 mm long, greenish, reflexed, deciduous; petals 3–5 mm long, pale yellow, often with a purplish tinge; fruiting head a cylindrical cluster; achenes lenticular, smooth, 2.6–3.0 mm long; beak stout, curved. ✿ Moist gravelly talus slopes, chiefly alpine. ● Amphi-Beringian, with widely disjunct stations south to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory known from the Richardson, Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains.
Ranunculus gmelinii DC. ssp. gmelinii R. gmelinii DC. var. yukonensis (Britt.) L. Benson ✒ Submerged or emergent perennial aquatic; stems 10–50 cm long, rooting at nodes, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves mostly cauline, alternate, 0.8–1.5 cm wide, 3-parted and then again divided, usually into linear segments. Flowers terminal or axillary; sepals 2.5–3.0 mm long; petals yellow, 3.5–4.0 mm long; achenes in an ovoid cluster, 1.0–1.5 mm long, glabrous; beak 0.6–0.8 mm long, curved.
Ranunculus gmelinii DC. ssp. purshii (Richards.) Hultén R. gmelinii DC. var. hookeri (G. Don) L. Benson R. purshii Richards. ✒ Differing from ssp. gmelinii in having larger leaves; sepals 4–6 mm long; petals 4–7 mm long. ✿ Shallow water of ponds, borders of lakes, mud flats, and swamps. ● R. gmelinii s. lat. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, South Dakota, New Mexico and Oregon; ssp. gmelinii nearly circumpolar, and in the Yukon Territory occurring northward to the Arctic coast; ssp. purshii in North America from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, and in the Yukon Territory northward to latitude 64° N.
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301
Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. arctic buttercup ✒ Low creeping densely matted amphibious perennial; stems prostrate, 10–50 cm long, rooting at nodes. Leaves mostly cauline, alternate, small, with blades 3–8 mm long, 3–5 lobed, truncate to rounded at base. Flowers axillary, solitary, tiny; sepals 2–3 mm long, greenish, glabrous; petals 2–4 mm long, yellow; achenes in a globose cluster, 0.6–0.8 mm long; beak about 0.1 mm long, hooked at apex. ✿ Shallow fresh or brackish ponds, on mud flats, or among tall sedges and grasses bordering ponds. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Labrador, south in the west through British Columbia and Alberta to Idaho, Montana, and Colorado; reaching the northern extremity of Ellesmere Island; in the Yukon Territory found mainly in the southern half, but also known from the Arctic coast.
Ranunculus lapponicus L. Lapland buttercup ✒ Terrestrial perennial, with filiform creeping rhizomes deeply buried in moss; stems slender, simple or forking, scapose or 1-leaved, from a few to 25 cm high. Basal leaves long-petioled, solitary or a few together; blade reniform and deeply 3-cleft; lobes broadly obovate and coarsely crenate; cauline leaves solitary or absent. Flowers solitary, sweet-scented, about 1 cm in diameter; sepals 3, yellowish green; petals 6–10, pale yellow or whitish, longer than sepals; fruiting head globose, of from 3–15 achenes; achenes 3.5–5.0 mm long, glabrous; beak 1.5–2.0 mm long, hooked. ✿ In damp moss, often under willows or in Sphagnum bogs. ● Nearly circumpolar, wide-ranging, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador south to Maine, Minnesota, and Manitoba to British Columbia; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory in suitable habitat.
Ranunculus macounii Britt. ✒ Perennial; stems erect to ascending, 30–70 cm high, rooting at nodes in some, freely branching and forked above, pubescent with long spreading hairs or occasionally glabrous. Basal leaves longpetioled; blade divided into 3 stalked and deeply incised segments, usually coarsely yellowish hirsute; cauline leaves alternate. Flowers small, rarely more than 1.0 cm in diameter; sepals 5, 4–7 mm long, yellowish or purplish, hispid, soon deciduous; petals 5, yellow; fruiting head globose; achenes plump, ovate, 2.5–3.0 mm long, with a straight beak 1.0–1.2 mm long. ✿ Wet meadows, stream banks, and thickets. ● North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to central Alaska, south to Michigan, Nebraska, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 64° N.
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RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus nivalis L. snow buttercup ✒ Tufted essentially glabrous perennial, from a short fibrous base; stems few to several, slender, erect, 5–10 cm high, 1- to 3-leaved, much-elongated in fruit. Basal leaves petioled; blades reniform, deeply 3-lobed, each lobe cleft half-way to base. Flowers 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; sepals 5, densely brownish black villous on the back, deciduous; petals 5, dark yellow, twice as long as the sepals; fruiting head ovoid to short-cylindrical; receptacle naked or with a tuft of dark hairs at apex; achenes 1.5–2.0 mm long, with a short straight beak. ✿ In wet moss by brooks and in herbmats, often near the edge of melting snowbanks. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador south to northern British Columbia; found through much of the Yukon Territory.
Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var. brevistylis Greene western buttercup ✒ Perennial; stems erect, 50–70 cm high, glabrous or pubescent. Basal leaves usually long-petioled; blades 3-lobed, with lobes again lobed; stem leaves alternate. Pedicels appressed-pubescent; sepals 5, 4–8 mm long, greenish, pubescent, reflexed; petals 5, 6–12 mm or more long, yellow; fruiting head globose; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous; beak 0.5–2.0 mm long, curved. ✿ Moist alpine slopes and meadows. ● Western North America; in southern Alaska and western British Columbia, entering southwestern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Ranunculus pallasii Schlecht. Pallas’ buttercup ✒ Glabrous and somewhat fleshy marshor emergent-aquatic plant; stem creeping or floating, freely branched, rooting at nodes. Basal leaves with petioles 10–30 cm long; blades deeply cleft, ternate or entire in some; flowering stems erect-ascending, bearing 1 or 2 reduced leaves, and 1 or rarely 2 long-pedunculate flowers from leaf axils. Flowers strongly perfumed, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; sepals 5 or 4, greenish or purplish tinged; petals 6–10, elliptic-oblong, 6–13 mm long, white; fruiting head globose; achenes 4.5–6.0 mm long; beak about 1–2 mm long, straight. ✿ Wet brackish meadows and sloughs. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic, with several large gaps; in North America, Labrador and southern Baffin Island to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory along the Arctic coast and south to about latitude 67°45’ N.
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303
Ranunculus pedatifidus Sm. ssp. affinis (R. Br.) Hultén R. pedatifidus Sm. var. leiocarpus (Trautv.) Fern. R. affinis R. Br. ✒ Tufted essentially glabrous perennial, from a short erect and fibrous base; stems 10–30 cm high, few to several, erect, slender, often short-pubescent, simple or slightly forking. Basal leaves long-petioled, cordate to reniform in outline, pedately cleft nearly to the centre into 5–9 entire linear or lobed segments; lowermost cauline leaves sessile or short-petioled, similar to basal leaves; upper cauline leaves merely 3-cleft into linear segments. Sepals 5, greenish, 4–6 mm long, thinly gray-villous on the back; petals 5 obovate or almost orbicular, from pale to bright yellow, 5–10 mm long; fruiting heads ovoid or short-cylindrical; achenes plump, glabrous, about 2 mm long, with a curved subulate readily deciduous beak 0.6–1.0 mm long. ✿ Calcareous gravelly, sandy, or grassy places. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; in the Yukon Territory apparently restricted to the western and northern parts.
*Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. ✒ Annual or short-lived perennial; stems 30–70 cm or more high, hispid-pubescent, branching. Basal leaves ternate, hirsute; leaflets short-petioled, deeply cleft and acutely toothed; middle leaflet 3-parted; lateral leaflets 2-parted. Sepals 5, 4–5 mm long, bristly, yellowish, reflexed; petals pale yellow, shorter than sepals; fruiting head hemispheric to cylindrical; receptacle silvery-hirsute; achenes 4–6 mm long; beak 0.6–0.9 mm long, straight. ✿ Wet meadows and moist disturbed situations. ● Boreal North America; from Labrador to Alaska and southward; to be looked for in southern Yukon Territory.
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. dwarf buttercup ✒ Tufted glabrous dwarf perennial; base simple or branched; stems 10–15 cm long, few to many, pubescent with white hairs or glabrous, slender, weak, ascending or spreading, 1-flowered. Basal leaves numerous, slender-petioled; blade flabelliform to reniform, deeply palmately cleft into 3–5 oblanceolate-cuneate lobes; cauline leaves alternate, 1 or 2 or wanting. Flowers 5–8 mm in diameter; sepals 5, 2.0–3.5 mm long, greenish; petals pale yellow, readily deciduous; fruiting head globular to subcylindrical, 3–5 mm long; achenes about 1 mm long; beak straight or somewhat curved. ✿
Moist grassy and turfy places, often bordering snowbeds.
Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Greenland, Labrador and Gaspé, Quebec to Alaska and British Columbia south through the mountains to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory widespread in mountainous areas. ●
304
RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus repens L. creeping buttercup ✒ Perennial with thick fibrous roots; stems to 50 cm or more long, erect or more often decumbent and rooting at nodes, pubescent with long hairs, or glabrate. Leaves ternate; leaflets petioled, deeply 3-lobed and again toothed; cauline leaves alternate. Sepals 5, 5–7 mm long, hirsute, greenish, deciduous; petals 5–9, 6–17 mm long, bright yellow; fruiting head subglobular; achenes 2–3 mm long; beak 0.7–1.2 mm long, somewhat curved; receptacle pubescent. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Michigan, and in the west, Alaska south to California and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Alaska Highway near the Alaska border.
*Ranunculus sabinei R. Br. R. pygmaeus Wahlenb. ssp. sabinei (R. Br.) Hultén ✒ Tufted glabrous dwarf perennial, from a simple nonfibrous caudex; flowering stems 1 to several, 3–10 cm high, rather stout, stiffly erect, 1- to 2-leaved. Basal leaves somewhat fleshy, petioled; blade flabellatereniform in outline, shallowly 3- to 5-lobed; cauline leaves more deeply 3-cleft. Flowers solitary, 8–10 mm in diameter; sepals 5, 4–7 mm long, purplish tinged, gray-villous on the back; petals 5, 5–8 mm long, oblanceolate, pale yellow; fruiting heads globular to short cylindrical; achenes 1.0–1.5 mm long; beak about 0.5 mm long, straight, or somewhat curved. ✿ Moist gravelly or turfy places. ● Amphi-Beringian, high-arctic; reaching northwest Greenland; reported from Herschel Island by Hultén (1968) and Douglas et al. (1981), but no supporting specimens located.
Ranunculus sceleratus L. ssp. multifidus (Nutt.) Hultén celery-leaved buttercup ✒ Annual or short-lived perennial, with a fibrous root; stems glabrous, fistulose, erect-ascending, 15–60 cm high. Basal and lower cauline leaves petioled; cauline leaves alternate; blade reniform, ternately divided; divisions cuneate and again variously toothed or dissected. Flowers small; sepals and petals reflexed, soon deciduous; sepals 5, greenish, almost as long as the petals; petals 5, yellow, linear-oblong, 6–7 mm long; fruiting head cylindric to globose; achenes small, very numerous, 0.8–1.0 mm long; beak about 0.1 mm long. ✿ Wet peaty places by pools, streams, or lakes and in springy places. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America from western Quebec to Alaska south to California and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as McDougall Pass in the Richardson Mountains.
Thalictrum
305
Ranunculus sulphureus Sol. sulphur buttercup ✒ Tufted perennial, coarser than R. nivalis; stems erect, 3–30 cm high, 1- to 3-leaved, glabrous or brown hairy. Basal leaves petioled; blades rounded in outline, crenately lobed. Flowers 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; sepals 5, densely brown hairy, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 8–12 mm long, longer than sepals; fruiting head ovoid to short-cylindrical; receptacle with stiff brown hairs; achenes 1.8–2.0 mm long; beak 0.9–1.0 mm long, straight. ✿ Moist alpine and arctic tundra and wet meadows. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America in Greenland and northern Quebec to Alaska; rare in northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W and northward to the British Mountains.
Ranunculus turneri Greene ✒ Glabrous or sparsely hirsute perennial; stems few to several, pubescent with long hairs, 20–40 cm or more high, from a branching fibrous root. Basal leaves longpetioled; blade ternate, cordate to truncate; lobes cleft or merely toothed; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, often divided into linear segments. Flowers large, 1–3; sepals 5, 6–10 mm long, greenish, sparingly pale hairy, soon reflexed; petals 5 or 6, deep yellow, shiny, 1.5–1.8 cm long; fruiting head globose; achenes 2.0–3.0 mm long; beak 1.0–2.0 mm long, prominently curved into a broad hook. ✿ Subalpine meadows and moist stream banks. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across northern Yukon Territory to the east flank of the Richardson Mountains, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Thalictrum L. meadow rue
Thalictrum
Erect perennial rhizomatous herbs. Leaves alternate or basal, 2- to 3-ternately compound, glabrous. Flowers small, paniculate or racemose, perfect or dioecious; carpels several, becoming grooved or ribbed achenes. A. Stems upto 20 cm high, scapose or rarely with 1 leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. alpinum A. Stems 30–60 cm or more high, leafy B. Lobes of leaflets acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. dasycarpum B. Lobes of leaflets blunt
RANUNCULACEAE
C. Flowers perfect; carpels decidedly oblique, long-stipitated . . . . T. sparsiflorum ssp. richardsonii C. Flowers dioecious; carpels not decidely oblique, sessile or shortstipitated D. Peduncles wide-spreading, about the same length; achenes spreading or reflexed; filaments 5–10 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. occidentale D. Peduncles ascending, of varying lengths; achenes ascending or erect; anthers 2.0–3.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. venulosum
306
RANUNCULACEAE
Thalictrum alpinum L. alpine meadow rue ✒ Tufted; stems 8–20 cm high, capillary, scapose, or rarely with 1 leaf. Basal leaves dark green, glossy as if varnished; leaflets 3–8 mm long, flabellate. Raceme small, simple, few-flowered; flowers apetalous, bisexual; sepals 4–5, petaloid, purplish tinged, promptly deciduous; anthers bright yellow, nodding on slender filaments; achenes 2.0–3.5 mm long, sessile or nearly so. ✿ Alpine herbmats. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Greenland south to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec and western District of Mackenzie to Alaska and northern British Columbia; found in the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory. RANUNCULACEAE
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch., Mey. & Avé-Lall. purple meadow rue ✒ Stems 1 m or more high, often purplish, arising from a short thick ascending caudex. Leaves large, few; upper leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets firm, oblong or obovate, usually acutely 3-lobed, dark green above, pale and strongly veined below, with margins somewhat revolute. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; flowers dioecious or polygamodioecious; anthers oblong, about 3 mm long, apiculate, on long slender filaments; achenes 3–5 mm long, with corky ribs, on short stipes. ✿ Hay meadows. ● North American; from northwestern Ontario to southeastern British Columbia south to Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Idaho, and northeastern Washington; in the Yukon Territory introduced east of Dawson where all the plants appear to have nearly perfect flowers. Thalictrum
Thalictrum occidentale Gray T. breitungii Boivin ✒ Stems 30–70 cm or more high. Leaves mostly cauline, 10–25 cm long, 3–4 times ternate; leaflets round to obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed, with lobes deeply dentate. Inflorescence paniculate; peduncles nearly of equal length, widely spreading; flowers dioecious; sepals greenish to purplish; filaments not dilated; anthers 1.5–4.0 mm long; achenes ovate, 4–10 mm long, short-stipitated. ✒ Meadows and moist woods. ● North America; from southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), south through British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills) to California, Utah, and Colorado.
Thalictrum
307
Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. ssp. richardsonii (Gray) Cody T. sparsiflorum Turcz. var. richardsonii (Gray) Boivin ✒ Stems 30–100 cm high. Leaves mostly cauline, 6–20 cm long, 2–3 times ternate; leaflets 5–20 mm long, rounded or cordate at base, 3-cleft to coarsely crenate. Inflorescence paniculate, small; flowers perfect; sepals whitish or greenish and often tinged with pink; filaments dilated in upper part; anthers 0.6–0.8 mm long; achenes stipitate, 4–6 mm long, half-moon–shaped; style long, straight. ✿ Meadows and moist woods. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across central and southern Alaska east to Hudson and James bays and south into northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory known from as far north as the Porcupine River.
Thalictrum venulosum Trel. T. turneri Boivin ✒ Stems 20–90 cm high. Leaves both basal and cauline, 3-foliate, petioled, except for that subtending the inflorescence; leaflets orbicular to cuneate, 0.7–1.4 cm long, 3-lobed, toothed, pale beneath, veiny. Inflorescence paniculate, narrow, dense; peduncles ascending, of varying lengths; sepals greenish yellow with purplish tips; anthers 2.0–3.5 mm long; filaments thickened above; achenes sessile, 3–5 mm long, ribbed. ✿ Border of fields and among open shrubs. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia south to Wisconsin, Minnesota, Idaho, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory known only from near Dawson where Douglas et al. (1981) considered it introduced.
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PAPAVERACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE poppy family Papaver L.1 poppy
PAPAVERACEAE
Papaver
Caespitose perennial herbs, scapose (ours), hispid-hairy to glabrate, with milky juice. Leaves pinnately lobed or divided. Flowers solitary, showy, on scapes; flower buds nodding; sepals 2, soon deciduous; petals thin, normally 4; fruit a barrel-shaped capsule opening by small pores near margin of stigmatic disc; seeds numerous, small. A. Leaves glabrous, 3-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. walpolei A. Leaves pubescent, 5- to many-lobed B. Capsules as long as broad or nearly so; leaves glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. mcconnellii B. Capsules longer than broad; leaves green C. Capsules more than 4 times longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. macounii C. Capsules 1.5–2 times longer than broad D. Bristles of capsule ivory-colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nudicaule ssp. americanum D. Bristles of capsule light to dark brown and black E. Garden escape or growing along roadsides; populations of mixed colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nudicaule ssp. nudicaule E. Native species; flowers yellow or white or pink F. Stems straight; scapes greater than 20 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lapponicum F. Stems curved; scapes less than 15 cm high G. Petals sulphur yellow; scapes with sparse and soft spreading pubescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. radicatum G. Petals white or pale yellow or pinkish yellow; scapes densely villous from spreading brown or black hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. radicatum ssp. polare
Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh. ✒ Loosely caespitose plant. Leaves more or less thinly white-pubescent on both sides; blades ovate or ovate-oblong, pinnate, with lower pair usually widely separated; lower pinnules frequently deeply lobed; scapes more than 20 cm high, pubescent with brown hairs, especially in upper part; flowers cup-shaped; petals yellow; capsules pear-shaped to elliptical, pubescent with stiff brown hairs; disc flat or vaulted. ✿ Alpine tundra turf, steep rocky slopes, and gravel of creek and river beds. ● Amphi-Beringian; in the Yukon Territory found mostly north of latitude 64° N, but also in the southwest.
1 Key and text adapted from D.F. Murray’s Flora North America (in preparation).
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309
Papaver macounii Greene ssp. discolor (Hultén) Randel P. keelei A.E. Porsild ✒ Loosely caespitose plant. Leaves longpetioled, about 5 cm long; blades oblong to ovate, pinnate with pinnae occasionally lobed, pubescent to nearly glabrous. Scapes mostly solitary, to 25 cm or more high, more or less pubescent with soft spreading or ascending hairs; flowers large, to 6 cm in diameter; petals yellow; capsules more than 4 times longer than broad, narrowly obovoid, pubescent with stiff brownish hairs; stigmatic disc conical, with 4(5) rays converging into a small but prominent point. ✿ Moist alpine herbmats or tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across northern and central Alaska and the Yukon Territory eastward into western districts of Mackenzie and Franklin.
Papaver mcconnellii Hultén ✒ Loosely caespitose plant. Leaves glaucous, 5–8 cm long, sparsely pubescent; blade short, bipinnate, with linear and obtuse-pointed divisions; petiole about as long as the blade. Scapes 5–15 cm long, somewhat arching, sparsely pubescent with soft pale brown spreading hairs. Flowers relatively large, 4–6 cm in diameter; petals sulphur yellow, drying yellow; capsule obovate, 9–10 mm long, becoming distinctly turbinate in age; stigmatic disc prominently vaulted, broader than capsule, with 5 or 6 rays meeting in a small but distinct central point. ✿ Shaly slopes and sandy gravelly soil. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, Yukon, and extreme northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), but now widely known, particularly in the northern part of the Territory.
Papaver nudicaule L. ssp. nudicaule Iceland poppy, arctic poppy ✒ Loosely caespitose plant. Leaves to 20 cm or more long, 1- to 2-pinnatifid with 5–11 main lobes, more or less pubescent with coarse whitish hairs. Scapes to 50 cm high, pubescent with whitish to brownish hairs denser in upper part. Flower buds 0.5–1.0 cm long, with white to yellowish and rarely brown hairs; flowers 4–8 cm in diameter; petals yellow, red, orange, white or pink; ovary short-cylindrical, without a point; capsules 9–12 mm long, club-shaped, pubescent with stiff brown hairs. ✿ Garden escape. ● Described from Siberia; seeded along roadsides in Alaska; localized in central Yukon Territory.
310
PAPAVERACEAE
Papaver nudicaule L. ssp. americanum Randel ✒ Differing from ssp. nudicaule in having the leaf pinnae narrow-linear, with the terminal part greatly elongated; leaf only sparsely pubescent to almost bare; flower buds 1 cm long or longer, with dark brown hairs; petals sulphur yellow; stigma disc mainly with a short point; capsules pubescent, with stiff ivory-colored hairs. ✿ Gravel banks to subalpine slopes and alpine saddles. ● Endemic to central Alaska and central Yukon Territory; rare.
Papaver radicatum Rottb. ssp. radicatum P. freedmanianum D. Löve P. kluanensis D. Löve ✒ Densely caespitose plant. Leaves short and crowded, blue-green; blade lanceolate, usually 3- to 5-lobed; lobes occasionally notched, sparsely pubescent on both sides. Scapes less than 15 cm high, curved, pubescent with soft spreading hairs; flowers relatively large; petals sulphur yellow; capsule obovoid, 1.0 cm long, 0.6 cm in diameter; stigma flat, with 8 or 9 rays. ✿ Open gravelly places. ● Circumpolar, arctic and alpine; in North America, Greenland and northern Quebec to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from the British Mountains.
Papaver radicatum Rottb. ssp. polare Tolm. P. polare (Tolm.) Perfilijev P. cornwallisensis A. Löve ✒ Differing from ssp. radicatum in having the scapes densely villous from spreading brown or black hairs; petals pale yellow or white or pinkish yellow, 1.5–2.0 cm long; capsule less than 1 cm long and almost as broad just below the stigma. ✿ Wet calcareous gravelly places. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic and high-alpine; in North America, District of Franklin south to Southampton Island, Yukon, and northern Alaska; in the Yukon Territory at isolated localities north of latitude 62°45’ N.
Papaver
Papaver walpolei Porsild ✒ Densely caespitose plant. Leaves 3-lobed to subentire, glabrous, dark green, shiny and somewhat leathery, shortpetioled, up to 4 cm long. Scapes 4–11(15) cm high, sparsely pubescent above; flowers mostly about 2 cm in diameter, white or pale yellow; capsule obovoidpyriform, 8–10 mm long, tapering from broad and strongly arching stigma. ✿ Alpine tundra and rocky outcrops. ● Amphi-Beringian; in the Yukon Territory found only in the Ogilvie and Wernecke mountains where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
311
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FUMARIACEAE
FUMARIACEAE fumitory family Corydalis Medic corydalis
FUMARIACEAE
Corydalis
Tender glabrous herbs, annual or biennial or perennial, with watery juice. Leaves dissected. Flowers hypogynous, irregular, diadelphous; sepals small, scalelike; corolla spurred below; fruit a slender podlike 2-valved capsule; seeds small, black, shiny. A. Perennial, from a small spherical deeply buried tuber; flowers blue or purple, in a few-flowered raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pauciflora A. Annual or biennial, from a weak taproot; flowers in elongating racemes B. Stems much-branched, spreading; corolla yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. aurea B. Stems simple, or branched above, erect; corolla pink with yellow tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. sempervirens
Corydalis aurea Willd. golden corydalis ✒ Glaucus annual or biennial; stems much-branched, spreading. Leaves 1–4 times pinnately compound. Racemes several-flowered; sepals 1–3 mm long, yellowish; corolla 12–16 mm long, golden yellow; spur 3–6 mm long; capsules 1.5–2.5 cm long, spreading or somewhat pendulous, torulose. ✿ Gravelly slopes and roadsides, often weedy and pioneering on disturbed soil. ● Boreal North America; from Quebec to Alaska south to Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory extending north of latitude 64° N.
Corydalis pauciflora (Steph.) Pers. few-flowered corydalis ✒ Glaucous perennial; stems 10–20 cm high, usually solitary. Leaves few, from lower part of stem, peduncled; blade ternately compound; leaflets 3–4 cleft; segments blunt. Raceme dense, 2- to 6-flowered; sepals 1–2 mm long, purplish; corolla 15–22 mm long, sky-blue or rarely white (f. albiflora (Porsild) Boivin); spur 6–10 mm long; capsule 1–2 cm long, pendant. ✿ Damp herbmats, near and above timberline. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains and southward into northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory extending north of latitude 68° N.
Corydalis
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. pink corydalis, rock-harlequin ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 1 to several, erect, up to 60 cm high, mainly branched above. Leaves petioled, pinnate; pinnae lobed; lobes blunt. Racemes stalked, 3- to 6-flowered, from upper leaf axils; sepals 3–4 mm long; corolla 10–17 mm long, pink with a yellow tip; spur 2–4 mm long; capsules 2–5 cm long, erect-ascending. ✿ Rocky clearings in coniferous woods, disturbed situations, and roadsides. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, and south in the east to Georgia; in the Yukon Territory scattered north to the vicinity of Dawson and disjunct in the Ogilvie and Richardson mountains.
313
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BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) mustard family
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Annual or biennial or perennial herbs, with acrid watery juice. Leaves alternate, lacking stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs, regular, cruciform, with 4 deciduous sepals, with 4 petals, and with 6 stamens; fruit a 2-valved pod or silique, 2-locular by a BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) thin membranaceous partition or septum stretched between the marginal placenta. A. Fruit short, not more than three times as long as broad B. Plant essentially glabrous C. Petals yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba C. Petals white D. Siliques wingless E. Leaves subulate; small submerged aquatic plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subularia E. Leaves elliptic-oblong; terrestrial plants F. Basal leaves roundish, somewhat fleshy; seashores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cochlearia F. Basal leaves lanceolate, not fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba D. Siliques broadly winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thlaspi B. Plant pubescent G. Hairs simple H. Petals purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parrya H. Petals white or yellow I.
Basal leaves entire or toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba
I.
Basal leaves pinnatifid or pinnate J.
Valves of silique winged; seeds solitary in each locule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium
J.
Valves not winged; seeds several in each locule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rorippa
G. Hairs forked, branched or stellate, mixed with simple hairs in some K. Petals deep purple; siliques ovoid, oblong or terete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smelowskia K. Petals white or yellow L. Petals white M. Siliques obcordate-triangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capsella M. Siliques not obcordate-triangular N. Plant densely pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smelowskia N. Plant not densely pubescent O. Siliques torulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Braya O. Siliques not torulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba L. Petals yellow (or creamy white in Smelowskia calycina) P. Plant short-gray–pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smelowskia P. Plant not densely gray-pubescent Q. Siliques flat R. Siliques obovate-orbicular, 1- to 2-seeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alyssum R. Siliques oblong, several-seeded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba Q. Siliques globular S.
Siliques l-seeded (non-native) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neslia
S.
Siliques several-seeded (native) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesquerella
A. Fruit more than three times as long as broad
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
315
T. Plants with glabrous stem and leaves U. Petals purplish V. Leaves pinnate; valves of silique veinless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine V. Leaves not pinnate; valves veined W. Siliques terete; style long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parrya W. Siliques linear, flat; style short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis U. Petals white, pale lavender or yellowish X. Leaves pinnate, digitate or 3-parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine X. Leaves simple Y. Basal leaves sessile or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis Y. Basal leaves long-petioled Z. Low densely tufted alpine-arctic plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine Z. Tall not densely tufted plants a.
Stem leaves clasping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thellungiella
a.
Stem leaves not clasping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eutrema
T. Plant pubescent, with simple forked branched or stellate hairs b. Hairs all simple c.
Petals purplish d. Stems about 2 cm high; stem leaves crowded below inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphragmus d. Stems longer e.
e.
Basal leaves lyrate or pinnate or simple f.
Valves of siliques veined; leaves simple or lyrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine
f.
Valves of siliques veinless; leaves pinnate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis
Basal leaves simple, entire, toothed or sinuate g. Silique 4–5 mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parrya g. Siliques narrower h. Siliques torulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Braya h. Siliques not torulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis
c.
Petals white or yellow i.
Petals white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis
i.
Petals yellow or yellowish j.
Stems about 2 cm high; stem leaves crowded below inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphragmus
j.
Stems longer k. Lower leaves bi- or tri-pinnate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Descurainia k. Leaves not bi- or tri-pinnate l.
Siliques with stout beak, one-quarter to as long as or longer than valves; seeds globular m. Beak of siliques flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sinapis m. Beak of siliques terete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassica
l.
Siliques beakless; seeds oblong n. Stem angular; lower leaves lyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbarea n. Stem terete
316
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
o. Siliques linear, up to 10 cm long .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisymbrium o. Siliques oblong-elliptic, terete to orbicular, 2-to 4-valved, rarely up to 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rorippa b. Hairs forked or branched or stellate, mixed with simple hairs in some p. Petals purplish q. Stem scapose or 1- to 3-leaved; siliques torulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Braya q. Stem with several leaves; siliques not torulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis p. Petals white or yellow r.
Petals white s. Stem leaves clasping t. t. s.
Stems erect, simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis Stems much-branched, spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halimolobos
Stem leaves not clasping u. Plant densely pubescent, with short grayish hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smelowskia u. Plant not densely pubescent, with short grayish hairs v. Siliques torulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Braya v. Siliques not torulose, flat w. Siliques less than 15 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba stenoloba
r.
w. Siliques longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabis Petals yellow; lower leaves pinnate x. x.
Stems with appressed forked hairs attached in the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum Stems without such hairs y. Siliques linear, terete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Descurainia y. Siliques flat, inflated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smelowskia
Alyssum L.
Alyssum
Alyssum americanum Greene ✒ Perennial with a branched caudex, and with stout taproot; branches 5–30 cm long, slender, ascending or arching, subligneous, leafy. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate or ligulate, mostly less than 1 cm long, but occasionally longer; leaves and stems densely gray-canescent, from appressed flat stellulate glassy hairs; each hair attached to a short stalk, with its 4–5 branching radii interlocking with those adjacent. Inflorescence a terminal corymb or raceme; sepals 4, deciduous; petals 4, pale yellow, 3–4 mm long; silique 2-seeded, flat, elliptic, 3–5 mm long, stellate-pubescent; style persistent, 2 mm long, slender. ✿ Gravelly river terraces and benches. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North American, Alaska and occasional in the Yukon Territory east to about longitude 135°45’ W.
Arabis
Aphragmus Andrz.
317
Aphragmus
Aphragmus eschscholtzianus Andrz. ✒ Small stoloniferous perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Basal leaves simple, entire, spatulate-ovate, with long underground petioles greatly expanded at base; expanded petioles persistent. Flowering stems about 2 cm high; stem leaves crowded below short subumbellate raceme; petals 2–3 mm long, white or purple with purplish veins, longer than purplish sepals; siliques oblong-ellipsoid, with a short style; seeds 4–10. ✿ Alpine tundra and heath, by rivulets, and in solifluction areas. ● North America; endemic to Seward Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, and southwestern Yukon Territory where rare (Douglas et al. 1981).
Arabis L. rock cress
Arabis
Biennial, or short-lived perennials, mostly pubescent below and glabrous above, from a taproot, and from branching base; stems leafy, erect-ascending or somewhat spreading. Basal leaves rosulate, and often very different from those of the stem (except in A. alpina). Flowers in terminal elongating racemes, white or yellow or pale purple or pinkish; fruit a linear flat or flattened silique, 2–8 cm long, 1–3 mm wide; seeds numerous, mostly winged. A.1 Bases of middle cauline leaves all attenuate, cuneate, obtuse to truncate, never clasping stems B. Siliques stongly descending to pendulous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. exilis B. Siliques ascending to erect C. Siliques erect; surfaces of caudex leaves with short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long), semidendritic to dendritic trichomes mostly 0.12 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. murrayi C. Siliques ascending; surfaces of caudex leaves, with simple or mediumto long-stalked (0.06 mm long or longer), 1- to 2-branched, forked or rayed trichomes from 0.25–1.50 mm long or wide D. At least some of caudex leaf blades with a large terminal segment, and with 2 to many much smaller lateral segments or prominent lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. kamtschatica D. All caudex leaf blades entire, sparingly toothed or with 1 to few pairs of shallow to deep lobes; no blades with a large terminal segment and smaller lateral segments or prominent lobes 1 Key adapted from G.A. Mulligan (1995).
318
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
E. Petals (4.5)7.0–8.0 mm long; outer sepals prominently saccate; surfaces of caudex leaves mostly with simple trichomes 0.75–1.50 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. nuttallii E. Petals 4.0–5.5 mm long; outer sepals weakly saccate; surfaces of caudex leaves glabrous or mostly with branched or rayed trichomes less than 0.75 mm long or wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. media A. Bases of middle cauline leaves auriculate- or hastate- to sagittate-clasping stems F. Rosette or caudex leaves glabrous or becoming absent as plants mature G. Stems 10–100 cm high, erect; siliques erect-appressed to rachis H. Siliques subterete; petals about as long as the sepals, yellow; bases of stems with spreading trichomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. glabra H. Siliques strongly flattened; petals about twice as long as the sepals, whitish to purplish; bases of stems glabrous or with malpighiaceous trichomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. drummondii G. Stems 5–20 cm long, decumbent at base or arching; siliques spreading to ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. media F. Rosette or caudex leaves present and hairy I.
Siliques all strongly descending, pendulous to downwardly appressed to rachis J.
Undersurfaces of caudex leaves mostly with short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long) trichomes; trichomes semidendritic to dentritic, unbranched to few-branched 2-to 3-forked, 0.25–0.35 mm long, often semi-appressed to leaf surfaces and pointing toward apexes . . . . . . . . . A. pinetorum
J.
Undersurfaces of caudex leaves with sessile to short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long) trichomes; trichomes semistellate to stellate, unbranched to few-branched, 3- to 4-rayed, 0.12–0.35 mm wide, spreading to ascending K. At least half of fruiting pedicels semi-geniculate to geniculate at their bases; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with sessile to short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long) trichomes; trichomes stellate, few- to many-branched, 3- and 4-rayed, mostly 0.25 mm wide L. All fruiting pedicels strongly geniculate at their bases; siliques 1.0–1.5 mm wide; middle and upper cauline leaves with revolute margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. holboellii var. retrofracta L. About one-half of fruiting pedicels semigeniculate to geniculate at their bases; siliques 1.5–2.5 mm wide; middle and upper cauline leaves with flat margins. . . . . . A. holboellii var. secunda K. Fruiting pedicels gradually to abruptly reflexed near their bases, never semigeniculate or geniculate; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with sessile to medium-stalked (to 0.12-mm long) trichomes; trichomes semistellate to stellate, unbranched to many-branched, 3-and 4-rayed, 0.12–0.35 mm wide M. Middle cauline leaves weakly auriculate- or hastate- to sagittate-clasping stems; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with short-stalked (less than 0.63 mm long) semistellate trichomes mostly 0.12 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. exilis M. Middle cauline leaves strongly auriculate- or hastate- to sagittate-clasping stems; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with sessile to medium-stalked (0.12-mm long)
Arabis
319
semistellate to stellate trichomes mostly 0.25–0.35 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. lignifera I.
Siliques mostly descending, spreading, ascending, strongly ascending to erect-appressed to rachis N. Surfaces of caudex leaves mostly with long-stalked (over 0.12-mm long) rayed to forked trichomes; simple trichomes present or absent O. Biennials; petals yellow; outer sepals not gibbous; siliques subterete; middle and upper cauline leaves glabrous and glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. glabra O. Biennials to short-lived perennials; petals white to purple; outer sepals gibbous; siliques strongly flattened; middle and upper leaves pubescent at least at the bases; not glaucous P. Petals small, 3–5 mm long; siliques 1 mm wide or narrower, erect-appressed to rachis; outer sepals moderately saccate; cauline leaves approximate to remote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. hirsuta var. pycnocarpa P. Petals larger, (6)7–9(9.5) mm long; siliques 1.25–1.75 mm wide, somewhat divergent; outer sepals very markedly saccate; cauline leaves remote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. eschscholtzii N. Surfaces of caudex leaves mostly with sessile to medium-stalked (to 0.12-mm long) rayed or forked trichomes; simple trichomes absent Q. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves with unbranched to few short-stalked 2- to 3-rayed or forked trichomes R. Siliques erect, often appressed to rachis S.
Undersurfaces of rosette or caudex leaves with malpighiaceous trichomes only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. drummondii
S.
Undersurfaces of caudex leaves mostly with sessile 3-rayed trichomes, or with short-stalked (less than 0.63-mm long) 2- to 3-rayed trichomes T. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves mostly with unbranched sessile 3-rayed trichomes 0.25–0.35 mm wide, with rays appressed to leaf surfaces; bases of middle cauline leaves strongly clasping stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. calderi T. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves mostly with unbranched to few-branched short-stalked (less than 0.63-mm long) 2- and 3-rayed trichomes 0.12 mm wide, with rays and branches divergent; bases of middle cauline leaves cuneate, truncate to weakly auriculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. murrayi
R. Siliques strongly descending to ascending U. Perennials with persistent often-branched caudexes; stems 7–25(40) cm high V. Siliques 2.0–3.5 mm wide, spreading to strongly ascending; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with sessile to short-stalked (less than 0.06-mm long) unbranched to 2-branched 3-rayed trichomes 0.25–0.35 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. drepanoloba V. Siliques 1.5–1.75 mm wide, ascending; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with
320
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
medium-stalked (0.06–0.12-mm long) unbranched to few-branched 2-and 3-forked trichomes 0.12–0.25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. codyi U. Biennials or short-lived perennials with compact caudexes tending to become reduced in size as plants mature; stems (20)30–100 cm high W. Undersurfaces of rosette or caudex leaves with unbranched sessile to nearly sessile 3-rayed trichomes mostly less than 0.35 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. divaricarpa var. divaricarpa W. Undersurfaces of rosette or caudex leaves with unbranched to few weakly branched short-stalked 3-rayed trichomes mostly more than 0.35 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. divaricarpa var. dacotica Q. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves with unbranched to many-branched 3- and 4-rayed or forked trichomes X. Trichomes on undersurfaces of caudex leaves short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long), mostly 0.125 mm wide; siliques 1.25–2.0 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. lemmonii X. Trichomes on undersurfaces of caudex leaves sessile to medium-stalked (to 0.12 mm long), mostly 0.25–0.35 mm wide; siliques 1.75–3.0 mm wide Y. Inflorescences secund; trichomes on undersurfaces of caudex leaves sessile to short-stalked; siliques 2.25–3.0 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. drepanoloba Y. Inflorescenes symmetrical; trichomes on underside of caudex leaves medium-stalked (0.06–0.12 mm long); siliques 1.75–2.0 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. columbiana
Arabis calderi G.A. Mulligan ? A. lyallii sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex; stems erect, 1 to several, simple to once-branched, 7.5–40.0 cm high. Caudex leaves entire, numerous and rosulate, 1–3 cm long, 2–6 mm wide; blades narrowly oblanceolate, slender petiolate; undersurfaces with sparse to scattered sessile unbranched 3-rayed trichomes 0.25–0.35 mm wide; cauline leaves entire, narrowly lanceolate, 1–4 cm long, 1–4 mm wide, sessile, mostly strongly sagittate clasping stems, glabrous. Inflorescences symmetrical, usually congested; sepals purplish, oblong to narrowly oblong, saccate at base, 3–4 mm long, 0.75–1.0 mm wide; petals purplish, narrowly cuneate, 7.0–7.5 mm long, 0.75–1.50 mm wide; fruiting pedicels straight, 6–9 mm long; siliques erect, appressed to rachis, straight, 4.0–6.5 mm long, 1.50–1.75 mm wide; style rudimentary; seeds mostly in 2 rows, brownish, oval, 1.75 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, prominently winged on both sides and apex. ✿ Prairie patches and alpine meadows. ● North America; from southwestern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Washington, California, and Montana.
Arabis
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Arabis codyi G.A. Mulligan ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex; stems erect to ascending, 1 to several, simple, 7–14 cm high. Caudex leaves entire or rarely with 1–2 shallow lobes toward apex, numerous and rosulate, 0.75–1.50 cm long, 1.5–3.0 mm wide; blades narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, slender petiolate; undersurfaces of caudex leaves densely pubescent with shortstalked unbranched to few-branched 2- and 3-forked trichomes 0.12–0.25 mm long; cauline leaves entire, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.5–1.5 cm long, 1.5–3.0 mm wide, sessile and mostly sagittate clasping stems, rarely few-toothed, glabrous or with scattered short-stalked unbranched to few-branched 2- and 3-forked trichomes 0.12–0.25 mm long. Inflorescences symmetrical, open; sepals purplish, oblong, saccate at base, 2.5–3.0 mm long, 1.50–1.75 mm wide; petals purplish, cuneate, 6.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide; fruiting pedicels ascending, straight, 3–5 mm long; siliques ascending, straight to slightly curved, 2.0–3.75 cm long, 1.50–1.75 mm wide, abruptly tapering at apex to a rudimentary style. ✿ Unstable alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to St. Elias Mountains of southwestern Yukon Territory where rare.
Arabis columbiana Macoun A. sparsiflora Nutt. var. subvillosa (Wats.) Rollins ✒ Perennial; stems 1 to several, from a simple or branching caudex, simple or rarely branched above, glabrous above to sparsely hirsute below. Caudex leaves numerous, linear oblanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to irregularly dentate, harshly pubescent on both sides, with coarse dendritic trichomes; cauline leaves approximate, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3–8 cm long, entire or the lower dentate, sagittateauriculate; lower leaves densely pubescent; upper leaves glabrous or nearly so. Inflorescences symmetrical, elongated in fruit; pedicels horizontal, usually hirsute; sepals oblong, 4–6 mm long, purplish, scarious-margined, more or less pubescent with forked trichomes; petals spatulate, 8–14 mm long, pink to purple; siliques 6–12 cm long, strongly arcuate, widely spreading; seeds uniseriate, orbicular, 1.0–1.5 mm wide, narrowly winged. ✿ Open grassy slopes. ● North America; southern British Columbia south to Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and California; disjunct to the Yukon Territory where known only from south of Carmacks and at Rampart House.
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BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Arabis divaricarpa A. Nels. var. divaricarpa ✒ Biennial or rarely perennial, with a weak taproot; stems 40–80 cm high, simple or branched in upper part, glabrous above, pubescent below. Basal leaves 1–6 cm long, oblanceolate or spatulate, entire or somewhat dentate, pubescent with divided trichomes; caudex leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, auriculate to sagittate; undersurfaces of rosette or caudex leaves with unbranched to many prominently branched sessile to shortstalked (less than 0.63-mm long) 3-rayed trichomes mostly less than 0.35 mm wide. Racemes many-flowered, elongating in fruit; sepals about half as long as the petals, scarious-margined; petals 6–10 mm long, pink to purple; siliques 2–8 cm long, loosely ascending.
Arabis divaricarpa A. Nels. var. dacotica (Greene) Boivin ✒ Differing from var. divaricarpa in undersurfaces of rosette or caudex leaves having unbranched to few weakly branched short-stalked 3-rayed trichomes mostly more than 0.35 mm wide. ✿ Dry sandy or gravelly slopes. ● Boreal North America; from Quebec to Alaska, south in the west to California, Colorado, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory var. divaricarpa extending north not quite to latitude 62° N, and var. dacotica known as far north as latitude 64° N.
Arabis drepanoloba Greene ✒ Long-lived perennial, usually with a branched caudex; stems several, 5–20(40) cm high, often somewhat decumbent. Caudex leaves small, oblanceolate; undersurfaces of caudex leaves with short-stalked trichomes; cauline leaves oblong, sessile, auriculate, glabrous or with scattered trichomes particularly on margins. Inflorescences secund; sepals about 2 mm long, auriculate, purple at least on margins, and with scattered trichomes; petals about 4 mm long, cuneate to base, purplish; fruiting pedicels short, slightly curved; siliques 1.5–4.5 cm long, falcate-recurved, 2.25–3.0 mm wide; stigma sessile; seeds in 2 rows, flat, obovoid, narrowly winged. ✿ Alpine meadows and talus slopes. ● North America; in southwestern Alberta, southeastern British Columbia, and adjacent United States, and disjunct to southwestern Yukon Territory where rare.
Arabis
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Arabis drummondii Gray ? A. lyallii sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial; stems 1 to several, 10–70 cm high, simple or branching above, glabrous or pubescent with malpighiaceous trichomes below. Basal leaves oblanceolate, glabrous to more or less pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs, usually persisting as plants mature; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, auriculate, entire to somewhat dentate, glabrous and glaucous. Inflorescence a many-flowered raceme; sepals about half as long as the petals; petals narrowly linear, 5–9 mm long, pinkish; siliques 4–8 cm long, stiffly erect, crowded, glaucous; seeds in 2 rows, oblong, prominently winged at tip and on one side. ✿ Margins of moist woodlands to dry open slopes, disturbed stream gravels, and roadsides. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the east to Delaware, and in the west to California, Colorado, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 63° N along the Canol Road.
Arabis eschscholtziana Andrz. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. ssp. eschscholtziana (Andrz.) Hultén ✒ Loosely tufted biennial or short-lived perennial, from a weak taproot; stems simple, 1 or several, leafy, 15–40 cm or more high, hirsute with spreading simple or forked trichomes. Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 3–8 cm long, 1.5–3.0 cm wide, repand to coarsely dentate or occasionally entire, pubescent on both sides with simple or forked trichomes; cauline leaves remote, 1.5–5.0 cm long, ovate to oblong, auriculate, dentate, usually acutish, pubescent with simple or forked trichomes. Racemes several-to many-flowered, elongating in fruit; outer sepals markedly saccate; petals (6)7–9(9.5) mm long, white or pinkish; siliques erect-ascending, flat 2.0–5.5 cm long, 1.50–1.75 mm wide; stigma usually distinctly bifid. ✿ Lush meadows and prairie and alkaline flats. ● North America; from coastal Alaska south through western British Columbia to Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory found only in the southwest where rare.
Arabis exilis A. Nels. ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, from a weak taproot; stems simple or rarely forked above, single to several, usually less than 30 cm high, pubescent with simple or forked trichomes below, to glabrous above, becoming purplish at maturity. Radical leaves persistent, small, 8–14 mm long, oblong, acute at both ends, with petioles usually shorter than blade, pubescent with short-stalked (less than 0.06 mm long) semistellate trichomes mostly 0.12 mm wide; cauline leaves more or less crowded, with upper leaves sessile but not auriculate, broadly linear or lanceolate and becoming more thickly pubescent toward base, and
324
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) with lowermost leaves petioled. Mature raceme nearly half the length of the plant; pedicels arched downwards; sepals oblong-ovate, with white or purplish margins, less than half the length of the petals, more or less stellate-pubescent; petals linear-spatulate, 10–12 mm long, white or purplish; siliques strongly descending to pendulous, 4–6 cm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide; seeds in 2 rows, oval, about 1 mm long, only slightly winged. ✿ Open grassy and rocky slopes. ● North America; in British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, and northwestern United States and north into central-south Yukon Territory where rare.
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. tower mustard ✒ Biennial; stems 1 to several, 40–100 cm high, glabrous and glaucous above, pubescent with stiff hairs below. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 3–12 cm long, entire or toothed, pubescent with simple or bifurcate or trifurcate trichomes; stem leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile, sagittate or auricled, entire, usually glabrous. Inflorescence a manyflowered raceme, elongating in fruit; sepals 3–4 mm long, green or pinkish, glabrous; outer sepals not gibbous; petals 4.5–6.0 mm long, creamy or yellowish; siliques subterete, 1.5–9.0 cm long, erect, glabrous; seeds in 1 or 2 rows, about 1 mm long, narrowly winged or wingless. ✿ Roadside. ● North America; from Quebec to southwestern Alaska south to California, Minnesota, and Georgia; in the Yukon Territory known only from Johnson’s Crossing, where possibly introduced.
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (Hopkins) Rollins A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. ssp. pycnocarpa (Hopkins) Hultén ✒ Loosely tufted biennial or short-lived perennial, from a weak fibrous root; stems 1 to several, leafy, 20–60 cm high, erectascending, simple or branched, pubescent with spreading simple or forked trichomes at least near base. Earliest basal leaves distinctly lyrate-pinnatifid; later basal leaves oblanceolate in outline, toothed to entire. Inflorescence a short raceme, much-elongated in fruit; sepals 2–4 mm long, greenish, glabrous, moderately saccate; petals 4–8 mm long, white or pale pink; siliques erect-ascending, strongly flattened, 2.0–4.5 cm long, about 1 mm broad; style short, with an entire stigma; seeds in 1 row, 1.0–1.25 mm long, broadly winged. ✿ Moist sandy lakeshores, rocky ledges, and disturbed road allowances. ● North America; from Quebec to Alaska, south to Georgia, Minnesota, Kansas, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Old Crow River valley.
Arabis
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Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. retrofracta (Grah.) Rydb. A. retrofracta Grah. ✒ Perennial; stems erect, 30–90 cm high, simple or often branched from the base, short stellate-pubescent below, glabrous and glaucous above. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire or sinuately dentate, minutely stellate pubescent, soon wilting; cauline leaves linear, with a clasping base, 1–2 cm long, finely stellate-pubescent; middle and upper cauline leaves with revolute margins. Inflorescence an elongating raceme; all fruiting pedicels strongly geniculate at their bases; sepals 2–4 mm long, scarious margined; petals about 8 mm long, white or pale purple. Mature siliques 3–8 cm long and about 1.0–1.5 mm wide, at first spreading but at length reflexed and pendulous; stigma sessile.
A. holboellii Hornem. var. secunda (Howell) Jepson A. secunda Howell ✒ Differing from var. retrofracta in the following characters: middle and upper cauline leaves with flat margins; about one-half of fruiting pedicels semigeniculate to geniculate at their bases; siliques 1.5–2.5 mm wide. ✿ Sunny calcareous slopes, flats, and roadsides. ● North America; var. retrofracta from southern Quebec to British Columbia and central Alaska, south to Colorado, Nevada, and California, and in the Yukon Territory found north to the Dawson area; var. secunda in Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, central Ontario, southern Alaska, and northwestern United States, and occasional in southern Yukon Territory north to Dawson.
Arabis kamchatica (Fisch.) Ledeb. A. lyrata L. var. kamchatica Fisch. ✒ Tufted perennial, freely branching from base; stems erect-ascending or even declining or spreading, 10–30 cm high. Caudex leaves oblanceolate in outline, at least some with a large terminal segment usually broadly ovate to orbiculate, and 2 to many much smaller lateral segments or prominent lobes, glabrous or with few to scattered 2-forked or -rayed trichomes to 0.75 mm long. Raceme lax, elongating in fruit; sepals about half as long as the petals, ovate to oblong-ovate, glabrous; petals white, 5.0–5.5 mm long, oblanceolate; siliques slightly flattened, 2.0–3.5 cm long, about 1.25–1.50 mm wide; beaks usually less than 0.5 mm long, shorter to slightly longer than wide. ✿ Gravelly river flats and floodplains. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending south through British Columbia and the mountains of western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory frequent south of latitude 65° N, and disjunct to the Richardson Mountains.
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BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Arabis lemmonii S. Wats. ✒ Caespitose perennial, with a branched caudex; stems few to several, simple 5–20 cm or more high, more or less pubescent with simple or branched hairs. Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, entire or shallowly toothed, densely pubescent with short branched or stellate trichomes; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to somewhat ovate, sessile, auriculate, pubescent or with upper ones glabrous. Racemes fewflowered, elongating in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse, 2.0–3.5 mm long, nonsaccate, glabrous or pubescent, pinkish; petals spatulate 4–6 mm long, pink to purple; pedicels 2–5 mm long; siliques 2–4 cm long, 2.0–2.5 mm wide, spreading to ascending; seeds uniseriate, orbicular, about 1 mm wide, narrowly winged. ✿ Unstable alpine slopes. ● North America; from southern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta south to California, Montana, and Colorado, and disjunct to southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Arabis lignifera A. Nels. ✒ Perennial with a branched caudex; stems 1 to several, erect, 20–50 cm high, simple or branched above, densely stellatepubescent below to glabrous above. Caudex leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, entire, 2–5 cm long, petiolate, densely pubescent with minute dendritic trichomes; cauline leaves oblong, entire, auriculate, 1–3 cm long, with lower leaves densely pubescent, and with upper leaves sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Inflorescence loosely racemose; sepals oblong, 3.0–4.5 mm long, more or less pubescent with forked trichomes, purplish; petals spatulate to ligulate, 5–8 mm long, pink to purplish; fruiting pedicels arched downwards, 5–12 mm long; siliques 3–6 cm long, straight or somewhat curved, pendulous, 1.50–1.75 mm wide; style very short or obsolete; seeds uniseriate to imperfectly biseriate, orbicular to somewhat oblong, 1.0–1.2 mm wide, narrowly winged. ✿ Open stony ground. ● North America; from southern British Columbia and southern Alberta south to California and Wyoming, disjunct to southern Yukon Territory where rare.
Arabis media N. Busch A. arenicola var. pubescens sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Tufted perennial; stems 2 to several, 5–20 cm long, decumbent at base or arching, glabrous or with stalked once-forked trichomes. Caudex leaves oblanceolate in outline, entire to somewhat toothed to lyrate-pinnatifid, ciliate on margins and more or less pubescent with mediumstalked (0.06–0.12 mm long) 2- to 3-rayed trichomes, especially on upper surface; cauline leaves few, oblanceolate, blunt at apex, with pubescence similar to caudex leaves. Inflorescence an elongating raceme; sepals about half the length of petals, green or purplish, pubescent with simple and stalked once-forked hairs; petals 3.0– 5.5 mm long, white to purplish; siliques
Arabis
327
widely spreading, subterete, with a prominent midvein from base to apex, 1.5–3.0 cm long, about 0.75–1.0(1.25) mm wide; stigma sessile; seeds 1.0–1.5 mm long. ✿ Sand dunes, river deltas, and creek banks. ● Amphi-Berigian; extending across northern Alaska to Ivvavik (Northern Yukon) National Park where rare.
Arabis murrayi G.A. Mulligan ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex; stems erect, 1 to several, simple, 2.5–15 cm high. Caudex leaves numerous, stiffly ascending, 0.50–1.75 cm long, 0.75–1.50 mm wide; blades narrowly oblanceolate, slender petiolate; lower surfaces of caudex leaves with scattered to dense shortstalked unbranched to few branched 2- and 3-rayed trichomes mostly 0.12 mm wide; cauline leaves entire, sessile, lanceolate, 0.3–1.0 cm long, 1–3 mm wide, cuneate to weakly auriculate at base. Inflorescence symmetrical, short, few-fruited, congested; sepals slightly purplish, oblong to narrowly oblong, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, nonsaccate at base; petals whitish, linear-oblong, 6.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; fruiting pedicels erect, straight to slightly curved, 3–4 mm long; siliques erect, appressed to rachis, straight, 2.0–4.5 cm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide; style about 0.12 mm long; seeds mostly in 2 rows, brownish, oval, 1.0 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, prominently winged only at apex. ✿ Unstable alpine slopes. ● North America; in St. Elias Mountains of southwestern Yukon Territory where rare, and disjunct to southern British Columbia and Washington.
Arabis nuttallii Robins. ✒ Perennial; stems several, from a taproot, 10–30 cm high, pubescent with long simple or forked trichomes below, glabrous above. Caudex leaves spatulate-ovate, entire, pubescent with long simple or onceforked trichomes above and below to glabrous below, ciliate; cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire, sessile or nearly so, not auriculate, pubescent below, ciliate. Raceme with few to numerous flowers; sepals 3–4 mm long, with outer leaves prominently saccate, greenish; petals (4.5)7–8 mm long, white to pinkish; siliques 1.2–2.0 cm long, glabrous, ascending; seeds about 0.75 mm long. ✿ Riverbanks and open sunny slopes. ● North America; from southern British Columbia and Alberta south to Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, and disjunct to southern Yukon Territory where found at Whitehorse and near Tagish.
328
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Arabis pinetorum Tidestrom A. holboellii Hornem. var. pinetorum (Tidestrom) Rollins ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial; stems 1 to several, from a simple or branching caudex, 30–90 cm high, pubescent with appressed or spreading trichomes below to glabrous above. Caudex leaves linearoblanceolate to broadly spatulate, 1–5 cm long, entire to more or less dentate, pubescent with many forked or rayed trichomes; bases of middle cauline leaves auriculate- or hastate- to sagittate-clasping. Inflorescence loosely racemose; sepals oblong, 2–4(5) mm long, scarious-margined; petals spatulate, with a narrow claw, (5)6–10 mm long, purplish pink to whitish; pedicels usually arched downward; siliques 4–7 cm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, about 1 mm wide. ✿ Sunny meadows and rocky or sandy grassy slopes. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia south into northwestern United States and north into southwestern District of Mackenzie, Yukon Territory, and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory scattered north to latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
Barbarea R. Br. winter cress
Barbarea
Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. ✒ Glabrous biennial or short-lived perennial; taproot weak, simple or branched; stems 40–60 cm high, purplish tinged. Lower leaves and also those of the middle stem in some lyrate-pinnatifid, also often dark purplish tinged. Racemes 1 to several, from upper leaf axils, small at first but elongating in fruit; flowers small, pale yellow; siliques 1.5–3.5 cm long, linear, terete, upright or spreading; style thick, 0.5–1.0 mm long; seeds 0.8–1.0 mm, pale brown, rugose. ✿ Along streams and sheltered lakeshores and occasionally in disturbed sand and gravel areas. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ● East Asia, North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory to north of latitude 68° N.
Braya
Brassica L. mustard
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Brassica
Brassica rapa L. B. campestris L. bird rape, field mustard ✒ Glaucous usually unbranched herb; stems to 70 cm or more high, glabrous or remotely hispid when young. Basal and lower leaves petioled, toothed or pinnatifid; middle and upper leaves sessile, auriculateclasping, subentire. Inflorescence racemose, with axis becoming elongated in fruit; pedicels long, slender, spreading; sepals 4.5–6.0 mm long, yellowish, erect or somewhat spreading; petals 6–10 mm long, pale yellow; siliques erect, 3–7 cm long, with a slender beak one-third to one-half the length of the valves; valves appearing 1-veined; seeds dark brown. ✿ A garden weed. ● Cosmopolitan; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Ditch Road east of Km 8 on the Dempster Highway, at Whitehorse, and along the Haines Road.
Braya Sternb. & Hoppe
Braya
Perennial, calciphilous, green or purplish-tinged herbs, of tufted habit. Leaves simple, linear or narrowly spatulate, entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers small, white or lilac, in capitate inflorescences becoming markedly elongated in fruit in some species; siliques cylindric and somewhat torulose; valves nerveless; seeds in 2 rows. A. Flowering stems with 1 or more leaves; siliques linear, about 1 mm wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. humilis A. Flowering stems scapose or with a single leaf or bract subtending lowermost flower B. Siliques oblong to narrowly oblong-lanceolate; mature fruiting inflorescences loosely elongated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. glabella ssp. glabella B. Siliques oval-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; mature fruiting inflorescences usually densely compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. glabella ssp. purpurascens
Braya glabella Richards. ssp. glabella B. ? pilosa Hook. ✒ Caudex simple or branched, from a thick taproot; stems 1 to many, erect to ascending, 5–17 cm high, occasionally with a single leaf or bract subtending lowermost flower, green or purplish-tinged. Leaves basal, entire or weakly toothed, linear-lanceolate to broadly spatulate, 0.6–5.0 cm long, somewhat pubescent with simple or bifurcate hairs; leaf bases broadly expanded near point of attachment. Inflorescence mostly capitate, in some becoming scattered and elongate in fruit; sepals 1.9–3.7 mm long, green or purplish; petals 2.4–4.5 mm long, white or purple-tinged; siliques ovalelliptic to oblong-cylindrical or narrowly lanceolate, 5.0–12.5 mm long.
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BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Braya glabella Richards. ssp. purpurascens (R. Br.) Cody B. purpurascens (R. Br.) Bunge ✒ Differing from ssp. glabella in having somewhat shorter stems (3.5– 12.8 cm high); leaves more pubescent, often somewhat fleshy; fruiting inflorescence usually densely compact; siliques oval-elliptic to oblong-elliptic. ✿ Usually barren calcareous gravels, scree slopes, and sea shores. ● Ssp. glabella from Baffin Island to Alaska south to northern Quebec and through the Mackenzie Mountains south to the mountains of southwestern Alberta, in northern and southwest Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); ssp. purpurascens circumpolar, in North America, Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the mainland Arctic coast to northern Alaska, and disjunct to Kluane National Park in the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and to the mountains of southwestern Alberta.
Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) Robins. B. humilis (C.A. Mey.) Robins. ssp. arctica (Böcher) Rollins B. richardsonii (Rydb.) Fern. B. humilis (C.A. Mey.) Robins. ssp. richardsonii (Rydb.) Hultén ✒ Stems simple or branching, 5–35 cm high, 1 to several, from a taproot, erect or ascending. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, toothed or entire, 0.5–4.0 cm or more long, glabrous or pubescent with simple or branching hairs; stem leaves alternate, scattered, 3–8, narrow, entire or toothed, becoming smaller upwards. Inflorescence capitate, becoming much elongated in fruit; pedicels 2–6 mm long, ascending; sepals about half the length of the petals, greenish, deciduous; petals 2.8–5.0 mm long, white or lilac; siliques 0.7–25.0 mm long, linear, about 1 mm wide. ✿ Gravel and scree slopes and occasionally along roadsides. ● Asia; in North America disjunct populations from Greenland to Alaska south to Newfoundland, Vermont, Alberta, and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) but now known to be widespread.
Capsella Medic.
Capsella
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. shepherd’s-purse ✒ Glabrous or somewhat hairy winter annual, with a taproot; stems 10–50 cm high. Basal rosette leaves 3–20 cm long, oblanceolate, subentire, toothed or pinnately lobed; stem leaves alternate, lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to dentate or serrate, clasping at base. Inflorescence racemose; sepals greenish or whitish, about half the length of the petals; petals 4, 2–4 mm long, white or pinkish; siliques obcordate-triangular, 4–8 mm long, flattened at right angles to septum. ✿ Weed of gardens and along roadsides. ● Cosmopolitan introduction; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory scattered north to about latitude 64° N.
Cardamine
Cardamine L. bitter cress
331
Cardamine
Mainly glabrous (ours) perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate (except C. bellidifolia). Flowers white or purple, scentless; siliques linear, flattened or terete, opening elastically from base; seeds in one row. A. Dwarf plant, with ovate entire leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bellidifolia A. Taller plants with pinnate leaves B. Petals 4 mm long or less C. Inflorescence subumbellate; lateral leaflets of cauline leaves obovate to oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. oligosperma ssp. kamtschatica C. Inflorescence elongate; lateral leaflets of cauline leaves linear to oblong or oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pensylvanica B. Petals 5 mm long or longer D. Leaflets of cauline leaves 9–17, linear or ovate, 5–12 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pratensis D. Leaflets of cauline leaves fewer E. Leaflets 5–7, linear, 10–25 mm long; flowers milky white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. digitata E. Leaflets 3–7, round or oval F. Plant totally glabrous; flowers white or purplish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. microphylla F. Plant more or less pubescent, at least above; flowers pink to purple or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. purpurea
Cardamine bellidifolia L. ✒ Dwarf tufted perennial; stems 2–10 cm high, erect-ascending, glabrous. Leaves mostly basal, simple; blades oval, entire, 0.2–1.8 cm long, with slender petioles, glabrous; cauline leaves 1–3, smaller. Inflorescence of 2–5 flowers; sepals about half as long as the petals, purplish; petals milky white, 3.5–5.0 mm long; siliques linear, 10–35 mm long, short-peduncled, stiffly erect, glabrous. ✿ Wet moss and in shaded rock crevices. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Cardamine digitata Richards. C. hyperborea O.E. Schulz C. richardsonii Hultén ✒ Rhizome creeping, slender, fragile, deeply buried in soil; stems simple, ascending, 5–20 cm high. Basal leaves slenderpetioled; leaflets 5–7, linear-lanceolate, somewhat crowded, spreading, 10–25 mm long, 2–5 mm wide. Inflorescence of 10–20 flowers, at first subcapitate but soon elongating; sepals greenish or pinkish, about half the length of the petals; petals 5–10 mm long, milky white; mature siliques erect, 2–4 cm long, 2 mm wide, gradually tapering into a slender 2–3-mm long beak, glabrous.
332
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ✿ Moist turfy places, often growing on the peaty sides of, or between, large hummocks in tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the tundra to northern Hudson Bay; in the Yukon Territory known from the Arctic coast south to latitude 64°30’ N.
Cardamine microphylla Adams C. minuta Willd. ✒ Rhizome slender, horizontal; stems 5–15 cm high, glabrous. Leaves few, mainly cauline; petioles 0.5–3.0 cm long; leaflets 3–7, short-stipitate, orbicular to lance-linear, acute, 0.2–1.2 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, of 5–20 flowers, elongating in fruit; pedicels 5–25 mm long, ascending; sepals less than half as long as the petals, greenish or purplish; petals 6–8 mm long, white or purplish; siliques erect, 2.5–3.5 cm long, linear, glabrous. ✿ Moist alpine herbmats. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory frequent in the British and Richardson mountains.
Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. ssp. kamtschatica (Regel) Cody Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. var. kamtschatica (Regel) Detling C. umbellata Greene ✒ Glabrous perennial; stems leafy, branching, up to 30 cm high. Basal leaves with 1–3 pairs of oval to ovate lateral leaflets; terminal leaflet larger, reniform, and entire to cuneate-ovate or orbicular with lobes; cauline leaves smaller upwards, with lanceolate or oblong leaflets. Inflorescence subumbellate; pedicels ascending to suberect; sepals about half the length of the petals, greenish or purplish; petals 3–5 mm long, white; siliques 15–30 mm long. ✿ Wet meadows and seepy stream banks. ● Kamtchatka; North America; from southern Alaska south through the mountains to California, and eastward across south and central Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains.
Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, from a short fibrous root; stems 15–35 cm high, simple but freely branching above, stiffly erect and leafy below inflorescence. Basal leaves with 7–11 oval to oblanceolate leaflets, soon withering; leaflets of cauline leaves linear to oblanceolate, with the terminal one largest. Inflorescence racemose, much elongating in fruit; pedicels spreading-ascending; sepals about half the length of the petals, pinkish; petals 2–3 mm long, white; siliques filiform, 1.5–2.0 cm long. ✿ Wet gravelly stream banks or lakeshores. ● Boreal forest; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, and California; reaching southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Cochlearia
333
Cardamine pratensis L. s.l. lady’s-smock, cuckooflower, mayflower ✒ Rhizomatous perennial; stems simple, 8–50 cm high, glabrous. Leaflets of basal leaves 7–11, oval to lanceolate or oblanceolate, with the terminal leaflet orbicular to cuneate-oblanceolate; cauline leaves reduced upwards, with lateral leaflets oblanceolate to linear. Inflorescence racemose; pedicels spreading-ascending, 0.5–2.0 cm long; sepals about one-third the length of the petals, pinkish or greenish; petals purplish or white, 9–15 mm long; siliques 1.5–4.0 cm long, linear. ✿ Occasional to common in wet meadows and on floodplains. ● Circumpolar, arctic and subarctic; in more northern situations sometimes completely sterile; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the Great Lakes and northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found at lower altitudes throughout.
Cardamine purpurea Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Tufted plant, from a branching rhizome; stems 0.5–1.5 cm high, pubescent with spreading hairs in the upper part. Basal leaves numerous; rachis broad; leaflets 3–7; lateral leaflets oval to obovate; terminal leaflet broader than long, often subcordate; cauline leaves smaller; leaflets in some only 3 or entire or 3-lobed; raceme short, not much elongating in fruit; pedicels ascending; sepals about one-third the length of the petals, greenish or purplish; petals 5–8 mm long, pink to purple or white (f. albiflora (Hultén) Cody); siliques 13–20 mm long, linear. ✿ Moist alpine herbmats. ● Amphi-Beringian; in the mountains of Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 137° W and north to about latitude 66° N and rare in the Wernecke Mountains.
Cochlearia L. scurvy-grass
Cochlearia
Cochlearia officinalis L. ssp. arctica (Schlecht.) Hultén ✒ Glabrous somewhat fleshy halophytic biennial. Leaves formed in a rosette in the 1st year, reniform, ovate to roundeddeltoid, entire or shallowly dentate, slender-petioled; stem leaves repand-dentate oblong, few and scattered. Flowers small, white, at first hidden among the leaves, appearing early the second season. Elongating racemes and fruiting stems measuring up to 22 cm long, becoming arched or even decumbent; siliques glabrous, ellipsoidoblong, 5–8 mm long, borne on slender erect-spreading peduncles. ✿ Occasional in wet tundra and disturbed gravel along the Arctic coast.
334
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ● C. officinalis s.l. circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador, Hudson Bay to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory ssp. arctica found only along the Arctic coast.
Descurainia Webb & Berth. tansy mustard
Descurainia
Annual or biennial of weedy habit, with gray-green short pubescence of variously forked or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or finely dissected; basal rosette usually withered at flowering time. Flowers small, pale yellow, in elongating racemes; siliques terete, on slender ascending or spreading pedicels. A. Siliques subclavate or broadly linear, 4–8 mm long, rounded to obtuse at apex . . . . . . . . . . . D. pinnata A. Siliques linear to narrowly oblong, acute to acuminate B. Developing siliques overtopping the subumbellate inflorescences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. sophioides B. Developing siliques well below apex of the elongating inflorescences C. Siliques 5–10 mm long, straight or slightly curved; pedicels 2–6 mm long, erect to strongly ascending; stems pubescent with branched trichomes, glandular or eglandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. incana C. Siliques 10–20 mm long, curved; pedicels 8–15 mm long, divaricately ascending; stems sparsely to densely pubescent with branched or simple trichomes, eglandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. sophia
Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Fischer & C.A. Meyer) Dorn D. richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz gray tansy mustard ✒ Stems simple or branching above, 20–100 cm high, leafy in lower part. Leaves oblong, bipinnately divided; pubescence of variously branched and simple hairs, glandular or eglandular. Pedicels strongly ascending, short; siliques straight or slightly curved, 5–10 mm long, with 6–8 seeds in one row within each locule. ✿ Calcareous sandy and gravelly places. ● Boreal North America, Quebec to Alaska, south to Kansas, Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britt. ssp. nelsonii (Rydb.) Detling D. pinnata (Walter) Britt. ssp. filipes sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Stems 10–50 cm high, simple or freely branched, pubescent with stellate hairs at least above. Leaves mostly cauline, once to twice pinnatifid; segments linear to oblong, often stipitate-glandular. Pedicels ascending-spreading, about as long as the siliques; siliques 4–8 mm long, subclavate or broadly linear; seeds 2-ranked in each locule or crowded into one row. ✿ Waste places. ● In North America from southern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and Alberta to California, Colorado and Montana; in the Yukon Territory mapped by Hultén (1968) but no specimens seen, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba
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Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl flixweed ✒ Stems 20–100 cm high, simple or branched, stellate-pubescent. Leaves mainly cauline, bi- or tri-pinnate with linear to oblanceolate segments, thinly stellatepubescent. Racemes elongate; pedicels spreading-ascending; siliques 10–20 mm long, distinctly curved, with 10–20 seeds in one row within each locule. ✿ Roads and waste places. ● Introduced weed from Europe; in North Ameica, Newfoundland to British Columbia south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory infrequent north to the vicinity of Dawson.
Descurainia sophioides (Fisch.) O.E. Schulz ✒ Puberulent or slightly glandular biennial; stems simple or branching, sparsely leaved, 15–100 cm high. Basal rosette of mostly bipinnatifid leaves, remaining green throughout the first winter and usually withering at the time of flowering; cauline leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 3- to 1-pinnate in the upper part. Terminal racemes usually much-elongated toward maturity, but subumbellate when immature; pedicels short, very slender, 5–7 mm long, spreading; siliques from 10–30 mm long, about 1 mm wide, somewhat curved. ✿ Riverbanks, gravel bars, and disturbed situations. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic and subarctic; in western North America east to Hudson Bay and rare in northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found eastward to about longitude 133° W.
Draba L.
Draba
Low caespitose plants, tufted or stoloniferous, chiefly perennial and calciphilous, mostly arctic-alpine; most species conspicuously pubescent. Leaves entire or somewhat obscurely toothed. Flowers small, white or yellow, in a short but often elongating raceme; siliques flat, lanceolate, ovate or oblong, from one to three (or more) times as long as broad. A. Matted perennial, with creeping stolons terminating in leafy rosettes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. ogilviensis A. Annuals or biennials or perennials, with simple or multiple caudex; nonstoloniferous B. Plants completely glabrous C. Petals yellow; style less than 0.15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. crassifolia C. Petals white; style more than 0.15 mm long D. Stem of fruiting plant less than 10 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. lactea D. Stem of fruiting plant more than 10 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. longipes B. Plants at least partly pubescent
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BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
E. Style less than 0.15 mm long F. Annual or biennial plant of nonarctic lowland habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. nemorosa F. Perennial plants of arctic and alpine habitats G. Lower surfaces of leaves glabrous or with simple to multiforked hairs; cruciform to stellate hairs absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. crassifolia G. Lower surfaces of leaves predominantly with cruciform to stellate hairs H. Lower surfaces of leaves predominantly with stellate hairs; cauline leaves 3–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. praealta H. Lower surfaces of leaves predominantly with cruciform hairs I.
Upper surfaces of leaves with mainly trifid and cruciform hairs; stems mainly with cruciform hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. stenoloba
I.
Upper surfaces of leaves with mainly simple or bifid hairs; stems mainly with simple hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. albertina
E. Style more than 0.15 mm long J.
Siliques mainly with short-stalked cruciform or stellate hairs K. Leaf surfaces mainly with stellate hairs only or rarely also with a few simple hairs at base and apex L. Cauline leaves (3)5–8(12); usually some flowers in leaf axils; siliques frequently twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. cana L. Cauline leaves 0–4(5); inflorescence leafless; siliques not twisted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. cinerea K. Leaf surfaces with simple hairs only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. yukonensis
J.
Siliques glabrous or with simple to forked hairs M. Lower surfaces of leaves predominantly with simple to many-forked hairs N. Lower surfaces of leaves with mainly 4- to many-forked hairs O. Petals white; forked hairs concentrated toward apex of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. lactea O. Petals yellow; forked hairs uniformly distributed on lower surfaces of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. alpina N. Lower surfaces of leaves mainly with simple to 3-forked hairs P. Stems glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. fladnizensis P. Stems pubescent Q. Stems with 1 or 2 leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. kluanei Q. Stems leafless R. Petals narrower than sepals; stigma capitate . . . . . . . . . . D. stenopetala R. Petals broader than sepals; stigma bilobed S.
Siliques usually glabrous; lower leaf surfaces with some simple hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. alpina
S.
Siliques puberulent; lower leaf surfaces lacking simple hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. corymbosa
M. Lower surfaces of leaves predominantly with cruciform to stellate hairs
Draba
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T. Style 1.5–2.0 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. murrayi T. Style less than 1 mm long U. Lower surfaces of leaves mainly with cruciform hairs V. Stem leaves (2)3–6(10); fruiting stems usually more than 15 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. borealis V. Stem leaves 0–2(3); fruiting stems usually less than 15 cm high W. Lowest pedicels shorter than siliques; basal leaves compacted X. Petals white; stem leafless or with 1 leaf; upper leaf surfaces with some stellate hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. porsildii X. Petals yellow; stem leafless; upper leaf surfaces lacking stellate hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. macounii W. Lowest pedicels about the same to twice the length of siliques; basal leaves loosely tufted; petals white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. longipes U. Lower surfaces of leaves mainly with stellate hairs Y. Lower surfaces of leaves mainly with long-stalked stellate hairs Z. Long-stalked stellate hairs on both leaf surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. ventosa Z. Long-stalked stellate hairs only on undersurfaces of leaves; upper leaf surfaces with long simple or once- or twice-forked hairs a.
Stem and pedicels with simple rarely forked hairs; leaves greater than 2 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. ruaxes
a.
Stem and pedicels with stellate and forked rarely simple hairs; leaves less than 2 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. paysonii
Y. Lower surfaces of leaves mainly with short-stalked or sessile stellate hairs b.
Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of leaves mainly with 9 or more rays c.
Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of leaves sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. oligosperma
c.
Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of leaves stalked d. Stellate hairs less than 0.2 mm in diameter e.
Both leaf surfaces canescent with stellate hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. nivalis
e.
Stellate hairs mostly on underside of green leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. lactea
d. Stellate hairs more then 0.2 mm in diameter
338
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
f.
Cauline leaves 2–10; stem over 10 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. glabella
f.
Cauline leaves 0–1; stem less than 10 cm high g. Petals yellow; lowest pedicel usually twice length of silique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. incerta g. Petals white; lowest pedicel less than twice the length of silique h. Petals more than 4 mm long; siliques narrowly elliptic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. palanderiana h. Petals 4 mm long or shorter; siliques narrowly oblong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. lonchocarpa
b.
Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of leaves mainly with 8 or less rays i. Flowers yellow; siliques with simple to bifurcate pubescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. scotteri i.
Flowers white; siliques glabrous or pubescent j. j.
Stems leafless or rarely with 1 leaf; siliques glabrous, spreading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. porsildii Stems with 4 or more leaves k. Stems with more than 10 leaves; pedicels appressed to stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. aurea k. Stem with less than 10 leaves; pedicels spreading l. Petals creamy yellow; lowest pedicel about same length to twice length of silique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. praealta l.
Petals white; lowest pedicel shorter than silique m. Style more than 0.5 mm long; siliques pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. borealis m. Style less than 0.5 mm long; siliques glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. glabella
Draba albertina Greene D. stenoloba sensu Am. Auth. pro parte ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, from a simple or branching base; flowering stem 3–30 cm high, glabrescent. Leaves mainly basal, oblanceolate-ovate, obscurely toothed, 0.5–2.0 cm long, with ciliate margins; upper surface with mainly simple hairs; lower surface with mainly cruciform to stellate hairs; stem leaves 1–5. Inflorescence 3- to 6-flowered; sepals with few simple hairs; petals yellow, fading white, 2.5–3.0 mm long; siliques about 1 cm long,
Draba
339
glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, spreading, on slender pedicels about as long as the siliques; style obsolete. ✿ Pioneering on disturbed soil of moist alpine or subalpine slopes. ● North America; from southern Yukon Territory east to the Mackenzie Mountains, south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to California and Colorado.
Draba alpina L. ✒ Densely caespitose perennial; flowering scapes stiffly erect, from a few to 15 cm high, sparsely covered by simple or forked, soft, spreading hairs. Leaves all basal, lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, with a prominent midrib, and ciliate with long, rather stiff hairs; upper and lower surfaces glabrous or with a few simple or variously branched but not stellate hairs. Inflorescence short and corymbose with from 3–10 rather large flowers; petals yellow, 4–5 mm long, about twice as long as the hairy sepals; siliques glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, about 10 mm long or as long as their spreading pedicels; styles prominent, 1 mm long. ✿ Snowbeds, in moist tundra, or in clay on wet gravelly barrens. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic, alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia; occasional in the Yukon Territory.
Draba aurea M. Vahl ✒ Tufted perennial, from a branched leafy caudex; stems 10–35 cm high, leafy. Basal leaves oblanceolate, to 2 cm long, densely stellate-pubescent; stem leaves lanceolate. Inflorescence in an elongating raceme, many-flowered; petals 4–6 mm long, yellow; siliques 10–15 mm long, bearing forked and stellate hairs, often twisted in age; pedicels erect, about 5 mm long; styles long. ✿ Dry calcareous slopes. ● North America; from Labrador and east Greenland to Alaska south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to Idaho, Arizona, and New Mexico and in the east to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec; in southern Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62° N.
Draba borealis DC. D. luteola auct. non Greene D. maxima Hultén ✒ Short-lived perennial, from a simple or branched caudex; stems simple, stiffly erect, solitary or several to many, 15–40 cm high, elongating in fruit; upper part of stem with close pubescence of branched hairs near the base mixed with much longer simple hairs. Basal leaves rosulate, oblanceolate, 1.5–2.0 cm long; stem leaves 6–8, elliptic-oblong, usually dentate in upper third; lower leaves and stem usually dark purplish pigmented under soft indument of simple and
340
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) variously branched hairs. Inflorescence capitate, soon elongating; petals 4–6 mm long, white; siliques sparsely pubescent, lanceolate, rarely over 10 mm long and about half as broad, often somewhat twisted; pedicels shorter than siliques; styles slender, about 1.0 mm long. ✿ Moist sandy or gravelly riverbanks and lakeshores, often among willows. ● Amphi-Beringian, subarctic-alpine; extending east across southern Alaska and the Yukon Territory to Great Bear Lake and south into the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta.
Draba cana Rydb. D. lanceolata sensu Am. Auth. non Royle ✒ Tufted short-lived perennial, from a simple or branching caudex; stems leafy, few to several, simple or somewhat branched, characteristically ascending-erect from the base, mostly stellate-pubescent. Leaves 1.5–2.0 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate, entire, or often with 1 or 2 teeth near apex, cinereous with dense and soft stellate pubescense. Inflorescence of small flowers, greatly elongating in fruit; petals 2–4 mm long, white; siliques lanceolate, 6–14 mm long and 1.5–2.0 mm wide, often twisted, stellate-pubescent; style short. ✿ Open places on calcareous gravelly slopes and river terraces. ● North America, boreal-subarctic; from west Greenland to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, the Great Lakes and in the west through the mountains and foothills to Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Draba cinerea Adams ✒ Densely caespitose perennial; flowering stems simple or forked, 10–25 cm high, stiffly erect or ascending, stellate-pubescent throughout, bearing 1–4 leaves. Leaves 0.5–1.5 cm long, entire, cunneate, oblanceolate or spatulate, ashy gray from a dense feltlike covering of stellate hairs, mixed along margins with a few long simple hairs. Inflorescence 5- to 16-flowered, soon elongating into a lax raceme; petals 3–4 mm long, white; siliques greenish gray from dense stellate pubescence, narrowly lanceolate, usually 7–10 mm long, slightly shorter than their pedicels; styles 0.3–0.6 mm long. ✿ Calcareous rocky barrens and sunny cliffs. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south into northern Quebec (Lac Mistassini), Ontario, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Draba
Draba corymbosa R. Br. D. macrocarpa Adams D. bellii Holm
341
Draba ✒ Densely caespitose perennial, forming rather compact hemispherical tussocks of tighly packed caudices, from a manyheaded taproot; stems 1–5 cm long, pubescent with simple and variously forked hairs, leafless. Leaves marcescent, forming a densely crowded rosette conspicuously villous above with simple and forked hairs and below with variously forked cruciform and long-stalked coarse stellate hairs. Flowers 2–8, in elongating raceme; petals pale yellow; siliques elliptic-oblong, rarely twice as long as broad, conspicuously pubescent with short simple and once-forked hairs; styles 0.3–0.7 mm long. ✿ Alpine rocky and turfy slopes. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland to Alaska and rare in northern British Columiba; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 137° W; rare.
Draba crassifolia Grah. ✒ Dwarf short-lived perennial, from a weak taproot; flowering stems ascending or arching, 2–10 cm high, glabrous, usually without leaves. Leaves tufted, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, or at most ciliate. Flowers few; petals pale yellow, 2 mm long; sepals often suffused with purple; siliques elliptic to lanceolate, glabrous; styles vestigial. ✿ Herbmats, snowbeds, rocky outcrops, and sometimes in disturbed situations. ● Northwest Europe; North America, subarctic-alpine; disjunct eastward to Greenland and south in the West to Nevada and Arizona; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N; rare.
Draba fladnizensis Wulfen ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial; stems 1.5–12.0 cm high, glabrous, sometimes with l leaf. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, pointed, with lower surfaces mainly with simple to 3-forked hairs; midvein less prominent than in D. lactea. Inflorescence few-flowered, elongating in fruit; petals 1.5–2.5 mm long, pure white; siliques ovate to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous; styles short. ✿ Rocky and gravelly alpine slopes. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Quebec and northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found north to the British Mountains.
342
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Draba glabella Pursh D. daurica DC. D. hirta auct. non L. ✒ Coarse tufted or loosely matted perennial; flowering stems simple or forking, 10–30 cm high, soft stellate-pubescent or glabrate above, bearing from 1–7 usually dentate cauline leaves. Basal leaves 1–5 cm long, entire or few-toothed, cuneate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, fresh green, sparingly to densely covered by soft stellate forked or simple hairs. Inflorescence 5- to 15-flowered, at first capitate but soon elongating to a lax raceme; petals 3.5–5.0 mm long, white; siliques glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, 6–15 mm long, usually as long as their pedicels; styles 0.2–0.3 mm long. ✿ Common in not too dry rocky or grassy situations; strongly nitrophilous, favoring animal dung. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, arctic-alpine; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland, south to New York and northern Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia; throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Draba incerta Payson ✒ Loosely tufted or matted perennial, occasionally with up to 200 stems from one plant; stems 5–15 cm long, sparsely covered by short forked hairs, occasionally with a single leaf. Leaves in basal rosettes, linear, 8–12 mm long, about 2 mm wide, with a prominent midrib, loosely covered on both sides by sessile variously stellate and pectinately branched hairs. Petals about 3.5 mm long, pale yellow, fading white; siliques linear-lanceolate, 5–12 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, glabrate or with sparse pubescence of forked hairs; style prominent, 0.5–1.0 mm long or longer. ✿ Calcareous screes. ● North cordilleran; from mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta, north to southeastern Alaska and the British Mountains in the Yukon Territory.
Draba kluanei G.A. Mulligan ✒ Small caespitose perennial; stems 1.5–3.5 cm long, with hairs similar to those of the leaves; stem leaves 1 or 2. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, 4–12 mm long, entire to sparsely toothed; leaf surfaces with mostly long-simple and occasionally trifid hairs. Flowers 3–7; petals white, 1.5–2.0 mm long; silicles narrowly obovate, about 4 mm long, glabrous or with a sparse simple puberulence; styles about 0.25 mm long. ✿ Rocky alpine slope. ● North America; endemic to Kluane National Park and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba
343
Draba lactea Adams D. fladnizensis Wulfen var. heterotricha (Lindbl.) Ball ✒ Dwarf perennial, forming small loose mats; stems 5–10 cm high, glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, ciliate with long simple but usually also with some forked or even stellate hairs especially near apex, keeled by short but prominent midrib particularly noticeable in old marcescent leaves. Inflorescence short-racemose, usually from 3- to 7-flowered, much elongated in fruit; petals 3–4 mm long, creamy white; siliques ovatelanceolate, 6–8 mm long, dark green, glabrous; pedicels spreading, about as long as the siliques; styles about 0.5 mm long. ✿ Turfy places in tundra and on snowbeds. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, and northern British Columbia; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to the British Mountains.
Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial; stems leafless or rarely with l leaf, 2–7 cm high, with upper part and pedicels usually glabrous. Leaves mainly basal, narrowly oblong or ligulate, 0.4–1.5 mm long; lower surfaces with simple short-stalked stellate hairs. Flowers 2–10, in an elongating raceme; petals about 3 mm long, white; siliques 5–10 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, usually somewhat twisted; styles about 0.2 mm long. ✿ Alpine talus slopes, turf, and rock outcrops. ● Cordilleran; in mountains of Alberta, British Columbia, southern District of Mackenzie, southern Yukon Territory, and southeast Alaska.
Draba longipes Raup ✒ Essentially glabrous loosely matted perennial; flowering stems slender, 10–15 cm high, elongating in fruit, usually with 1 or 2 leaves near base. Leaves mainly basal but not rosulate, oblanceolate, up to 2.5 cm long and 8 mm broad, glabrate, fresh green, usually with ciliate margins, entire or obscurely dentate toward obtuse apex. Inflorescence 3- to 15-flowered; petals white, 3.5–4.5 mm long; siliques usually glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, 10–12 mm long, with a short but distinct style; lowermost siliques on spreading pedicels much longer than the siliques. ✿ Frequent in alpine herbmats. ● North America; in Alaska, throughout the Yukon Territory, Mackenzie Mountains, southwestern Victoria Island, northern British Columbia, and southwestern Alberta.
344
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Draba macounii O.E. Schulz ✒ Dwarf caespitose plant, with a branching caudex; flowering stem 2–3 cm long, sparsely pubescent with simple to variously branched hairs, elongating in fruit. Leaves oblanceolate 0.5–1.0 cm long and half as wide, with their margins ciliate, and with tangled simple and variously branched hairs especially on underside. Inflorescence short racemose or corymbose, of 4–8 flowers; petals 3.5–4.5 mm long, pale yellow in life, drying white; siliques glabrous, dark green, oblong-elliptic, 5–7 mm long and about half as wide; peduncles slightly shorter than the siliques, spreading; stigmas about 0.2 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine screes and turf. ● Cordilleran; endemic to mountains of British Columbia north to southwestern District of Mackenzie, the Yukon Territory, and eastern Alaska.
Draba murrayi G.A. Mulligan ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial; stems 11–35 cm high, with 0 to 3 leaves; pubescence of stems mostly simple. Basal leaves entire to sparsely toothed, obovate to ovate, 0.6–2.5 cm long; hairs simple to trifid, but mostly short- to long-stalked cruciform. Inflorescence elongated in fruit, 7- to 20-flowered; petal color unknown; siliques glabrous, narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 8–13 mm long; style 1.5–2.0 mm long. ✿ Cliffs and steep rocky slopes. ● North America; endemic to unglaciated western Ogilvie Mountains in the Yukon Territory, where known only from one site and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and in adjacent Alaska.
Draba nemorosa L. var. leiocarpa Lindbl. wood whitlow-grass ✒ Annual or winter annual, with a leafy simple or much-branched stem, 6–30 cm or more high in fruit; stem with stellate forked or sometimes simple hairs on lower part, glabrous above. Basal leaves elliptic to obovate; stem leaves broadly lanceolate, 2–3 cm long, soft-pubescent on both sides with simple and forked hairs, often toothed. Flowering raceme elongated and lax in fruit; petals 1.2–4.0 mm long, pale yellow; siliques glabrous, narrowly clavate, about 10 mm long; pedicels slender, spreading, twice as long as the siliques; styles vestigial. ✿ Occasional, mainly in settlements and in rather dry disturbed situations. ● Nearly circumpolar; in North America, Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Colorado, Utah, and California; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64°30’ N.
Draba
345
Draba nivalis Liljebl. ✒ Low caespitose perennial, forming small loose mats; flowering stems scapose, or at most with a single cauline leaf below the middle or near its base, 5–10 cm high, stellate-pubescent. Leaves narrowly oblong or ligulate, densely stellate-pubescent. Racemes 3-to 12-flowered; inflorescence much elongated in fruit; petals 2.5–4.0 mm long, white; siliques usually 6–8 mm long, linearelliptic to lanceolate, glabrous, somewhat shiny, usually longer than their pedicels. Characteristic pale glaucous color from dense stellate pubescence making it easily recognizable even at a distance. ✿ Dry rocky or gravelly situations. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Labrador, Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec to Alaska and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 68° N.
Draba ogilviensis Hultén D. sibirica sensu A.E. Porsild (1975) ✒ Loosely matted perennial, with long trailing and freely branching leafy shoots from forks of which arising long and mostly naked flowering peduncles. Leaves deep green, glabrous, or with simple or stalked forked hairs mainly along margins. Inflorescence greatly elongating in fruit; pedicels slender, twice as long as the siliques; petals deep yellow, about 6 mm long; siliques linear-oblong, 6–8 mm long; style short but prominent. ✿ Usually moist alpine herbmats. ● North America; endemic to the western Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie and to the Ogilvie and St. Elias mountains of the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba oligosperma Hook. ✒ Caespitose to matted perennial; scapes glabrous, 3–12 cm long, greatly elongating in fruit. Leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate, prominently keeled, 3–8 mm long, all basal and rather strongly keeled, glabrous or with stellate hairs usually concentrated toward tip. Racemes 3-to 12-flowered; sepals glabous or nearly so; petals about 5 mm long, pale yellow; siliques ovate, 2–5 mm long, sparsely pubescent with simple or rarely branched hairs; pedicels up to twice the length of siliques. ✿ Outcrops and unconsolidated calcareous screes. ● Cordilleran; in North America, western District of Mackenzie to southeastern Alaska, south to Montana, Nevada, and California; in the Yukon Territory reaching northward to almost latitude 62° N.
346
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Draba palanderiana Kjellm. D. caesia auct. non Adams ✒ Loosely caespitose scapose dwarf perennial, from a branching multicipital caudex; scapes 2–12 cm long, pubescent with soft stellate hairs or glabrate. Leaves 6–10 mm long, about 2.0–2.5 mm wide, with a prominent midrib, velvety gray on both sides from minute stalked stellate and pectinately branched hairs, ciliate toward base. Racemes 5- to 15-flowered; petals 4.0–5.5 mm long, white or pale yellow, often drying darker yellow; siliques linear-lanceolate, 5–12 mm long, often somewhat oblique, glabrous; style short, but prominent; pedicels as long or slightly longer than the siliques; some siliques often aborted. ✿ Moist calcareous screes and slopes. ● North America; wide-ranging in mountains of northern and central Alaska and Yukon Territory, eastward to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of the District of Mackenzie.
Draba paysonii Macbride ✒ Caespitose perennial; scapes 0.5–6.0 cm high. Leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, 4–14 mm long, imbricate, marcescent; midrib prominent; upper surface with simple and bifid hairs; lower surface with simple bifid and long-stalked stellate hairs; margins ciliate. Raceme 3- to 10-flowered, congested; petals 2–4 mm long, yellow; siliques 3–8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, with simple to forked hairs. ✿ Limestone scree slopes. ● Cordilleran; from British Columbia and western Alberta, south to California and Wyoming; disjunct to east-central Alaska and the St. Elias Mountains in southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba porsildii G.A. Mulligan ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial; scapes 2.0–6.5 cm high, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, occasionally with a single oblanceolate leaf. Leaves oblanceolate, 3–12 mm long, pubescent with simple forked cruciform and stellate hairs. Inflorescence capitate, 3to 6-flowered; petals white, 2–3 mm long; siliques obovate, 4–8 mm long, glabrous; styles about 0.25 mm long. ✿ Limestone talus slopes. ● Cordilleran; in western Alberta and adjacent British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory in the St. Elias Mountains and south of Ross River and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba
347
Draba praealta Greene ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, with a simple or weakly branched caudex; stems up to 35 cm high, simple, or in strong plants branching from base, bearing 2 to several reduced leaves, pubescent with simple forked or stellate hairs. Inflorescence 3- to 30-flowered, much elongated in fruit; petals 2.0–3.5 mm long, creamy yellow; siliques linear to linear-lanceolate, 5–14 mm long, thinly pubescent with simple to branched hairs; pedicels arching, half as long to twice as long as the siliques; styles about 0.5 mm long. ✿ Dry slopes and rocky ledges. ● Cordilleran; from southern Alaska and Yukon Territory south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Wyoming, and Nevada.
Draba ruaxes Payson & St. John ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial, from a branched caudex usually covered with marcescent leaves; stems leafless, 2–10 cm high, with simple rarely forked hairs. Leaves ovate-elliptic to oblanceolate; upper surface with long simple or 1- or 2-forked hairs; lower surface with long-stalked stellate hairs. Raceme of 2–10 flowers, elongating in fruit; petals yellow, 4–5 mm long; siliques oval to ovate, 5–7 mm long, glabrous or with simple hairs; styles about 0.5 mm long. ✿ Alpine limestone rock and scree slopes. ● North America; from northwestern state of Washington to southeastern Alaska; apparently rare in the Kluane National Park area of southwestern Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
Draba scotteri G.A. Mulligan D. eschscholtzii sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Loosely caespitose perennial; stems 3–12 cm high, with 1 leaf in some; stem hairs mostly stellate. Basal leaves entire, obovate, 3–10 mm long; hairs mostly stellate, shortstalked. Flowers 2–8, in an elongating raceme; petals yellow, 3 mm long; siliques narrowly obovate, 6–10 mm long, with simple to bifurcate pubescence; styles about 0.5 mm long. ✿ Alpine scree slopes. ● North America; endemic to Kluane National Park and mountains adjacent to the Canol Road in southern Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
348
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Draba stenoloba Ledeb. ✒ Short-lived perennial; stems to 18 cm long, sparsely pubescent with forked or cruciform hairs; stem leaves 1–3, ovate, dentate. Leaves mostly basal, ovate to obovate-lanceolate 0.5–1.5 cm long, entire or denticulate, bearing predominantly cruciform hairs on lower surface and mainly cruciform and trifid hairs on upper surface. Flowers few, in an elongating raceme; petals about 3 mm long, yellow, often turning pink toward tips when dried; siliques linear, up to 2 cm long, glabrous; styles very short or lacking. ✿ Alpine meadows and along alpine rivulets. ● Cordilleran; western Alberta and British Columbia north to central Alaska and southern Yukon Territory and disjunct to the British Mountains.
Draba stenopetala Trautv. ✒ Densely caespitose perennial, from a branched caudex thickly covered with marcescent leaves; stems to 1.5 cm long, with simple to 3-forked hairs, leafless. Leaves spatulate, about 3 mm long, with simple to 3-forked hairs. Racemes 2- to 4-flowered; petals yellow, narrow, 2.0–2.5 mm long; siliques orbicular, about 3.5 mm long, glabrous or with simple to few-forked hairs; styles 0.2–0.3 mm long. ✿ Alpine scree and turfy slopes; rare. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward into the St. Elias and Ogilvie mountains of southwestern and central Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Draba ventosa Gray ✒ Caespitose perennial, from a branched caudex usually covered with marcescent leaves; stems 1–3 cm long, with simple to forked to stellate hairs, leafless. Leaves ovate-elliptic to oblanceolate, with longstalked stellate hairs on both leaf surfaces. Racemes 3-to 10-flowered; petals yellow, 4–5 mm long; siliques oval to ovate, 5–8 mm long, with simple to branched to stellate hairs; styles 1.0–1.25 mm long. ✿ Alpine fell-field and scree slopes. ● North America; in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and in southwestern Alberta; disjunct to Kluane National Park in southwestern Yukon where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erysimum
349
Draba yukonensis A.E. Porsild ✒ Biennial with tiny rosettes of leaves; stems 10–20 cm high, elongating in fruit, bearing stellate hairs and 1–3 small sessile leaves. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 8–10 mm long, covered on both sides with predominantely simple rather long stiff hairs. Flowers white; siliques terete, 3–5 mm long, with short soft stellate hairs; style very short. ✿ Open stony ridges and grassy areas. ● North America; endemic to southwestern Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erysimum L. wallflower
Erysimum
Winter annuals or short-lived perennials flowering only once. Leaves and stems with appressed malpighiaceous or 3- to 4-forked sessile or very short-stalked hairs. Inflorescence racemose; flowers yellow or purple; seeds oblong, wingless. A. Flowers purple; siliques usually somewhat curved, 3–9 cm long; arctic-alpine species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pallasii A. Flowers yellow; siliques usually straight; lowland species B. Siliques less than 2 cm long; leaves mainly with forked hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. cheiranthoides B. Siliques longer; leaves mainly with malpighiaceous hairs C. Siliques 3–8 cm long; petals 12–20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. angustatum C. Siliques up to 5 cm long; petals 4–5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. inconspicuum
Erysimum angustatum Rydb. E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. var. angustatum (Rydb.) Boivin ✒ Perennial with a many-headed caudex, from a thick long root; stems several, 10–30 cm or more high, whitened with malphigiaceous hairs. Basal leaves 3–12 cm long, narrowly linear to linear lanceolate, acute, entire, densely covered with malphigiaceous hairs; cauline leaves similar. Inflorescence densely racemose in flower, elongating in fruit; pedicels spreading to ascending; sepals about half the length of petals, oblong, scarious-margined; petals 12–20 mm long, with claw as long as the sepals, bright yellow; siliques 3–8 cm long, pubescent with malphighiaceous hairs. ✿ Rocky outcrops on steep open-wooded slopes. ● North America; endemic to the Dawson area and southwestern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and to Alaska.
350
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. E. cheiranthoides L. ssp. altum Ahti wormseed mustard ✒ Annual or winter annual; stems to 80 cm or more high, pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs, leafy, much-branched. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire or denticulate, with mainly short-stalked 3- to 4-forked hairs. Inflorescence racemose; sepals 2–3 mm long, greenish or yellowish, petals 3–4 mm long, pale yellow; peduncles thin, ascending, about one-half as long as the siliques; siliques 1.2–2.7 cm long, linear, erect to ascending. ✿ In moist turfy places often near human settlements or camps, but sometimes also by lakeshores and on creek banks. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, Missouri, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Porcupine River drainage.
Erysimum coarctatum Fern. (see Addendum) ✒ Erect perennial; stems up to 75 cm high; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire or obsoletely dentate; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire, obtuse to acute; racemes finally elongating below but the summit crowded and corymbiform; pedicels erect, thick; calyx 6-10 mm long; limb of petals 4.5-6 mm long and 2-3 mm wide; siliques 4.5-6 cm long, 1.5 mm broad, 4-angled, cinereous; seeds 1.6-2 mm long. ✿ Open grassy slopes and river terraces. ● North America, Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, District of Mackenzie, and in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Erysimum pallasii (Pursh) Fern. ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial, with a branched or unbranched caudex; stems 3–35 cm high; whole plant with malphighiaceous hairs. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–7 cm long; blade entire or repanddentate, 1–6 cm long, 2–4 mm wide, gradually tapering into a narrow petiole. Inflorescence, racemose, 50- or more-flowered; when first flowers expand, flowering axis so short that the fragrant flowers appearing as if developed at base of and hiding among leaves; sepals 5–8 mm long, purplish; petals about twice as long as the sepals, purple; claw about as long as the sepals; siliques 3–9 cm long, linear, somewhat curved; seeds about 2 mm long. ✿ A pronounced dung-loving calciphile inhabiting sunny grassy places, often near animal burrows or human habitation, or below bird cliffs. ● Circumpolar, high-arctic; in North America from northern Greenland to Alaska, northwestern British Columbia, where rare, and the mountains of western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory known from the British, Richardson, Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains.
Lepidium
Eutrema R. Br.
351
Eutrema
Eutrema edwardsii R. Br. ✒ Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial; taproot slender; stems 1–20, simple, erect, fewleaved, 10–30 cm high. Basal leaves slender, long-petioled, with entire lanceolate-ovate or elliptic blades 1.5–2.5 cm long; cauline leaves 3–7, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, 3to 20-flowered, at first capitate but soon elongating into a 5–10-cm long raceme; flowers small; petals 3.0–4.5 mm long, white, twice as long as the greenish purple sepals; pedicels spreading, shorter than siliques; mature siliques dark purple, linearlanceolate, 10–15 mm long, erect or ascending; valves prominently keeled, with septum always perforated; seeds ovate, about 2.5 mm long, light brown. ✿ In not too dry turfy places in tundra and heathland; strongly nitrophilous and mostly restricted to calcareous soils. ● Circumpolar, arctic or high-arctic; in North America from Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Quebec, Manitoba, and British Columbia; found in the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory.
Halimolobos Tausch
Halimolobos
Halimolobus mollis (Hook.) Rollins Arabidopsis mollis (Hook.) Schulz Arabis hookeri Lange ✒ Coarse biennial of weedy habit; stems 1 to several, erect-ascending, 10–50 cm high, simple or branched, hirsute below, glabrous, or with a few simple hairs above. Basal leaves 3–6 cm long, oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate, densely hirsute with forked hairs; cauline leaves 1–3 cm long, sessile, auricled or sagittate, with dentate to entire margins. Inflorescence at first capitate, soon elongating; flowers small, white; siliques 3–5 cm long, about 2 mm wide, glabrous; valves strongly nerved; seeds sticky when wet. ✿ A dung-loving calciphilous species of peculiar disrupted range, and undoubtedly often dispersed by man and by animals; found along roadsides, rocky outcrops, and riverbanks and in open pine woodland. ● North America, arctic; endemic from Alaska to west Greenland and northern British Columbia where rare; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 131° W.
Lepidium L. pepperwort, pepper-grass
Lepidium
Annual or biennial (ours) of weedy habit, glabrous or sparingly short-hirsute. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate or merely toothed, but often wilted and missing in fruiting specimens. Flowers small, white (ours), in dense terminal racemes; fruit a dehiscent silique, strongly keeled or winged, usually containing a single seed.
352
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
A. Siliques 5–6 mm long; stamens 6; (not native) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. sativum A. Siliques 2.0–3.5 mm long; (native species but perhaps recent introductions within the Yukon Territory) Lepidium B. Siliques puberulent, at least on margin C. Inflorescence congested into numerous axillary as well as terminal racemes; siliques elliptic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. ramosissimum C. Inflorescence in simple or branched racemes; siliques round-obcordate . . . . . . . . L. densiflorum B. Siliques glabrous, ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. bourgeauanum
Lepidium bourgeauanum Thell. ✒ Sparsely to densely puberulent biennial; stems 15–60 cm high, with numerous ascending to nearly appressed branches. Lower leaves incised; middle leaves incised or slightly toothed; upper leaves entire or slightly toothed. Racemes numerous, at ends of the branches; petals white, up to three-quarters as long as the sepals; stamens 2; siliques ovate to obovate, 2.5– 3.0 mm long, narrowed into acutish apical teeth, glabrous. ✿ Waste ground, road allowances, and disturbed situations. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia, District of Mackenzie, and the Yukon Territory; introduced in eastern Canada; in the Yukon Territory in the southern part and north along the Dempster Highway to near latitude 66° N, where undoubtedly introduced.
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. densiflorum common pepper-grass ✒ Annual or winter annual, puberulent to pubescent; stems 10–50 cm high, usually somewhat branched above the middle. Lower leaves mostly oblanceolate, coarsely toothed to pinnatifid; divisions toothed; middle and upper leaves reduced upwards, slightly toothed to entire. Petals white, rudimentary to sometimes as long as the sepals; stamens 2; siliques glabrous, roundobcordate to short oblong-ovate, about 2.5 mm long, with obtuse apical teeth.
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. elongatum (Rydb.) Thell. ✒ Differing from var. densiflorum in being somewhat shorter (10–30 cm high); siliques somewhat larger (3.0– 3.5 mm long), with margins puberulent. ✿
Dry open and often disturbed soil.
North America; var. densiflorum from Newfoundland to British Columbia and north to Dawson in the Yukon Territory; var. elongatum in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory north to Dawson. ●
Lesquerella
353
Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nels. ✒ Densely to sparsely pubescent biennial; stems 10–40 cm high, usually profusely branched. Middle and lower leaves sessile, pinnately or bipinnately divided; upper leaves usually with at least one pair of linear lobes. Racemes numerous, at ends of the branches; petals white, up to three-quarters as long as the sepals; stamens 2; siliques ovate to obovate, 2.5–3.0 mm long, narrowed to abruptly curved into apical teeth, puberulent at least on margins. ✿ Gravel and silt road allowances. ● North America; from western Ontario to extreme eastern British Columbia; presumably introduced in the District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory.
Lepidium sativum L. ✒ Annual; stems solitary, erect, 20–80 cm high, glabrous. Lower leaves long-stalked, lyrate, with toothed obovate lobes; middle and upper leaves bipinnate or occasionally entire and linear. Petals about 2 mm long, white or reddish; stamens 6; siliques broadly elliptical to nearly orbicular, 5–6 mm long, 3–4 mm broad. ✿ Garden areas. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New England, Michigan, Washington, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory collected only once at Dawson.
Lesquerella S. Wats. bladderpod
Lesquerella
Lesquerella arctica (Wormskj.) S. Wats. ssp. arctica arctic bladderpod ✒ Silvery stellate-pubescent caespitose perennial, with a stout taproot, and with simple or branched caudex; stems decumbent, ascending or erect, 5–20 cm long, with a few reduced leaves. Leaves 0.5–8.0 cm long, spatulate to oblanceolate, tapering to a short petiole. Inflorescence racemose, of 2–14 flowers; pedicels stout, ascending to erect; sepals about half as long as the petals; petals 4–7 mm long, about half as wide above the middle, gradually tapering to base; siliques less than 7 mm long, frequently much smaller.
Lesquerella arctica (Wormskj.) S. Wats. ssp. calderi (Mulligan & Porsild) Hultén L. calderi Mulligan & Porsild L. arctica (Wormskj.) S. Wats. var. calderi (Mulligan & Porsild) Welsh ✒ Differing from ssp. arctica by its longer petals (6–10 mm); petals nearly as broad above the middle, abruptly narrowed below the middle; siliques slightly larger (up to 8 mm long).
354
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) ✿
Calcareous cliffs and stony barrens. Ssp. arctica from eastern Greenland to eastern Siberia, south in the east to Newfoundland and Anticosti Island, Quebec, northern Manitoba and British Columbia, and the mountains of western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory known only from the British Mountains, east slopes of the St. Elias Mountains, and adjacent to the Canol Road southwest of Ross River; ssp. calderi endemic to the Ogilvie Mountains, east and west slopes of the Richardson Mountains, and eastern-central Alaska. ●
Neslia Desv.
Neslia
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. ball mustard ✒ Erect annual or biennial; stems leafy, 30–60 cm high, stellate-pubescent, usually freely branched above. Leaves 1.5–7.0 cm long, lanceolate to elliptic, with sagittate or clasping bases, rough-pubescent. Inflorescence racemose, much elongating in fruit; pedicels slender, ascending; sepals about half as long as the petals, greenish; petals pale yellow, 2.0–2.5 mm long; siliques globular, about 2 mm in diameter, glabrous. ✿ Introduced weed of waste places. ● Adventive from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, and South Dakota; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Dawson.
Parrya R. Br.
Parrya
Caespitose essentially glabrous perennials, with thick-branching caudices; stems scapose. Leaves basal, somewhat fleshy. Inflorescence racemose; siliques linear, keeled, torulose and somewhat sinuate; seeds large, with a broad wing formed by honeycombed loosely fitting epidermis of seed coat. A. Petals less than 10 mm long; anthers less than 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arctica A. Petals 12–20 mm long; anthers 1.5–2.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nudicaulis
Parrya arctica R. Br. ✒ Stems scapose, 3–15 cm long. Leaves 5–10 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate to ovate, tapering into short petiole. Inflorescence racemose; pedicels ascending; sepals about 3.0 mm long; petals less than 10 mm long, purple or creamy white (f. albiflora A.E. Porsild); anthers ovate, less than 1 mm long; siliques 2–3 cm long, 3–4 mm wide, strongly keeled when fresh; seeds 2 or 3 per locule, large 4.0 -5.5 mm including broad wing. ✿ Cliff face. ● Endemic of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; in the Yukon Territory known only from Herschel Island.
Rorippa
355
Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel P. nudicaulis (L.) Regel ssp. interior Hultén P. nudicaulis (L.) Regel ssp. septentrionalis Hultén ✒ Stems scapose, 5–30 cm long, glabrous or with stipitate glandular hairs. Leaves, 1.5–12 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, long-petioled, entire to more or less dentate. Inflorescence racemose; pedicels ascending to erect; sepals 5.0–7.5 mm long, glabrous to stipitate-glandular, deciduous; petals rose purple or rarely white (f. albiflora Cody) 10–20 mm long, prominently clawed; anthers linear-oblong, 1.5–2.0 mm long; siliques 1.5–6.0 cm long, 3.5–7.5 mm wide, constricted below seeds; seeds 1–7 per locule, large, about 5.0 x 7.0 mm including broad wing. ✿ Alpine tundra slopes and meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; in North America, northern and western District of Mackenzie to Alaska south to northwestern British Columbia where rare; in the Yukon Territory found in the mountainous parts north to the Arctic coast.
Rorippa Scop. yellow cress
Rorippa
Annual (ours), biennial or short-lived perennials. Leaves pinnate, pinnatifid, or entire. Flowers in racemes; sepals and petals 4; stamens 6; fruit a short-cylindrical or globular silique. A. Siliques globose to pyriform, 4-valved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. barbareifolia A. Siliques ellipsoid or oblongate-cylindrical, 2-valved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. palustris
Rorippa barbareifolia (DC.) Kitagawa R. hispida (Desvaux) Britt. var. barbareifolia (DC.) Hultén ✒ Winter annual; stems 30–90 cm high, simple or somewhat branching, densely hispid-pubescent below to more or less glabrous above. Basal and stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, pinnate or with sinuate margins, tapering to base, slightly to strongly auriculate, more or less hispid. Racemes terminal and axillary; sepals ovate to oblong, as long as or shorter than petals; petals 1.8–3.5 mm long, obovate to broadly spatulate, light yellow; siliques globose to pyriform, 3.5–5.7 mm long, 4-valved, glabrous. ✿ Disturbed situations. ● Amphi-Beringian, nonarctic; extending across Alaska to central Yukon Territory, the Porcupine River valley, and the central Richardson Mountains, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
356
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris R. williamsii Britton R. islandica (Oeder) Borb. ssp. fernaldiana (Butt. & Abbe) Hultén ✒ Annual or short-lived perennial; stems 10–40 cm high, single, or much-branched from base, glabrous or sparingly hirsute below. Basal and lower cauline leaves shortpetiolate to sessile, slightly auriculate and clasping to nonauriculate, irregularly serrate to pinnately divided, glabrous on lower surface. Racemes terminal and lateral; sepals ovate to oblong; petals 1.3–2.5 mm long, oblong to broadly spatulate, shorter than sepals, light yellow; siliques ellipsoid or elongate-cylindrical, 4.0–8.5 mm long, 2-valved, glabrous.
R. palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desvaux) Jonsell R. hispida (Desvaux) Britt. R. islandica (Oeder) Borb. var. hispida (Desvaux) Butt. & Abbe ✒ Differing from ssp. palustris in having stems usually hirsute up to terminal raceme; leaves hirsute on lower surface. ✿ Wet lakeshore meadows and disturbed situations. ● In North America R. palustris s.l., Newfoundland to Alaska, south through much of the United States; circumpolar, wide-ranging, nonarctic; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River system.
Sinapis L.
Sinapis
Annuals with a slender taproot; stems with simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Inflorescence racemose; sepals spreading; siliques distinctly 3-to 7-veined. A. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or entire, petiolate or with upper leaves sessile; beak of fruit about half as long as the valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. arvensis A. Leaves pinnatifid, petiolate; beak of fruit equaling or exceeding the valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. alba
Sinapis alba L. Brassica hirta Moench white mustard ✒ Simple or branching annual; stems 30–80 cm high, with stiff downward-pointing hairs, or glabrous in some. Leaves usually pinnate, with terminal lobe larger than lateral lobes, usually stiffly pubescent, petiolate. Pedicels 5–10 mm long, spreading, slender; sepals 4–5 mm long; petals 7–10 mm long, yellow; siliques 3–5 cm long; beak as long as the valves or longer, often with a seed at base; seeds about 3 mm in diameter, light yellow to light brown. ✿ Garden weed. ● Cosmopolitan; in North America, Prince Edward Island and Quebec to British Columbia and widespread in the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from a collection at Dawson.
Smelowskia
357
Sinapis arvensis L. Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler charlock, wild mustard ✒ Simple or branching annual; stems 30–90 cm high, usually with stiff downwardpointing hairs, at least at base. Leaves alternate, somewhat hairy; lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid; upper leaves sessile, usually coarsely toothed. Inflorescence, elongating in fruit; pedicels short, stout, ascending; sepals 4–5 mm long; petals 8–14 mm long, bright yellow; siliques 2.5–3.8 cm long, somewhat torulose, glabrous or sparsely bristly; beak 0.6–1.3 cm long, often containing a single seed at base; seeds round, about 1.5 mm in diameter, black. ✿ Garden weed. ● Cosmopolitan; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska and south through much of the United States; known only from a few collections in south and central Yukon Territory.
Sisymbrium L.
Sisymbrium
Sisymbrium altissimum L. tumble mustard ✒ Erect freely branching annual, 30–100 cm high, sparsely to densely hirsute especially in lower parts. Leaves oblanceolate, up to 20 cm long, pinnatifid, with long linear segments usually coarsely toothed. Flowers in elongating racemes; petals pale yellow or white, 6–8 mm long, longer than sepals; pedicels spreading-ascending; siliques linear, terete, 5–10 cm long, glabrous. ✿ Occasional weed in gardens and waste places. ● Naturalized from Europe; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, and widespread in the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from Whitehorse and Dawson.
Smelowskia C.A. Mey.
Smelowskia
Low tufted cinereous-pubescent perennials, from a subligneous taproot. Inflorescence racemose, elongating, of small creamy white or purplish flowers; siliques narrowly lanceolate or pear-shaped. A. Flowers purple; stems simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. borealis A. Flowers creamy white; stems mostly branched from near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. calycina
Smelowskia borealis (Greene) Drury & Rollins ssp. borealis Melanidion boreale Greene ✒ Hoary or densely gray-felted perennial, with a long subligneous taproot; caudex usually long and densely clothed by remains of leaf bases of many seasons, simple or branching. Rosette leaves 3–8 cm long, with blade cuneate, narrowing
358
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) to a slender petiole. Plants quite variable, at least in part caused by unstable habitat. Flowering takes place very early, with headlike and rapidly elongating racemes appearing among basal leaves; rachis woolly, simple and erect, or branching from base into half a dozen or more decumbent branches, with each bearing from 20–40 small flowers on ascending or curved 1-cm long hoary peduncles; sepals hoary, persisting; petals about 4 mm long, purple; siliques subclavate, 8–10 mm long, with from 1–3 seeds in each locule; seeds 2–3 mm long, light brown; style filiform, about 1 mm long. A second flowering occurring sometimes later in summer, with slender leafy whiplike shoots issuing from rosettes; leaves of these shoots linear and quite different from those of rosettes; single or paired flowers scattered along shoots.
Smelowskia borealis (Greene) Drury & Rollins ssp. jordalii (Drury & Rollins) Cody S. borealis (Greene) Drury & Rollins var. jordalii Drury & Rollins ✒ Differing from ssp. borealis, among other characters by its caducous calyx; petals longer (4.0–4.5 mm); style very short (0.2–0.5 mm). ✿ Calcareous screes and slide rock. ● North America; ssp. borealis endemic to unglaciated mountains of central and northern Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and western District of Mackenzie; ssp. jordalii in the Brooks Range and Roamanzof Mountains of north and northeast Alaska and in the British Mountains in northwestern Yukon Territory.
Smelowskia calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. s.l. S. calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. ssp. integrifolia (Siem.) Hultén S. calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. var. integrifolia (Siem.) Rollins S. calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. var. media Drury & Rollins S. calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. var. porsildii Drury & Rollins ✒ Densely caespitose thinly canescent perennial, arising from a stout taproot; caudices firm, branched, often greatly elongated, and covered by persistent leaf bases. Stems few to several, simple, 5–15 cm high; basal leaves 1–3 cm long, petioled, with blade entire, lobed, or pinnately divided; cauline leaves few, linear or pinnate. Inflorescence at first capitate, elongated in fruit; pedicels widely divaricate; petals yellowish; siliques oblong, terete, 5–8 mm long, broadest above the middle; style about 0.5 mm long; seeds about 2 mm long, 1 or 2 in each locule. ✿ Alpine ridges or scree slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across northern Alaska to northern Yukon Territory and the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie; an extremely variable species.
Thellungiella
Subularia L. awlwort
359
Subularia
Subularia aquatica L. ssp. americana Mulligan & Calder ✒ Dwarf annual glabrous aquatic herb. Leaves tufted, awl-shaped, 0.8–5.0 cm long, pale green. Flowering scape elongating to 5–10 cm, few-flowered; pedicels erect to ascending, 1–2 mm long; sepals 4, 0.5–0.8 mm long, persistent; petals 0.2–1.0 mm long, white; siliques elliptic, 2–3 mm long. ✿ Silty bottom of shallow clear ponds. ● S. aquatica s.l. circumpolar; ssp. americana in boreal North America, from Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the west to California and Wyoming, and in the east to northern New York; in southern Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62°30’ N and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) but perhaps overlooked.
Thellungiella O.E. Schulz
Thellungiella
Thellungiella salsuginea (Pall.) O.E. Schulz Arabidopsis glauca (Nutt.) Rydb. ✒ Glabrous and glaucous annual; stems from 3–40 cm, but often about 10 cm high, spreading or erect, usually simple but in tall specimens freely branched above. Basal leaves small, round or oblong, on long slender petioles, soon disappearing; cauline leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, clasping. Racemes few- to many-flowered, in strong specimens up to 20 cm long in fruit; petals milky white, about 2 mm long and longer than dark purplish sepals; siliques 1.0–1.5 cm long, somewhat arched, on ascending pedicels 3–4 mm long; style minute. ✿ Borders of saline lakes and meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America found on the Arctic coast near the Mackenzie Delta, and also from a few widely disjunct stations in the Prairie Provinces, the upper Mackenzie Valley, and southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
360
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Thlaspi L. penny cress
Thlaspi
Glabrous (ours) herbs. Leaves entire, clasping or sessile. Flowers small, white, in an elongating raceme; siliques clavate or, if oblong, winged. A. Annual; siliques flat, oblong, about 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. arvense A. Perennial; siliques clavate, 6–7 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. arcticum
Thlaspi arcticum A.E. Porsild ✒ Glabrous perennial, from a short branching caudex; stems 1 to several, 5–15 cm high, simple. Basal leaves 1.0–2.5 cm long, somewhat fleshy, oblanceolate to obovate, entire, or with the earliest leaves obscurely 2-toothed; cauline leaves 2 or 3, smaller above, distinctly sagittate. Inflorescence short-racemose, but greatly enlongated in fruit; pedicels spreading to ascending; sepals 2–3 mm long; petals 4–5 mm long, white; mature siliques 6–7 mm long, 2.0–2.5 mm broad; style 0.5–1.0 mm long. ✿ In turfy places in tundra. ● North America; endemic to Alaska and the Yukon Territory; in the Yukon Territory known from the Arctic slope and the southern Richardson and the St. Elias mountains and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Thlaspi arvense L. penny cress, stinkweed ✒ Annual; stems smooth, erect, up to 30–40 cm high. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 1.5–7.0 cm long, dentate to subentire; lower cauline leaves petioled, narrowly obovate; middle and upper leaves sessile, oblong, sagittate. Pedicels spreading to ascending; sepals 1.5–2.5 mm long; petals 3–4 mm long, white; siliques suborbicular to rounded-oblong, 9–18 mm long, conspicuously wing-margined, deeply emarginate; style very small. ✿ Weedy plant of roadsides and waste places. ● Introduced from Eurasia; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as Dawson.
Drosera
DROSERACEAE sundew family Drosera L. sundew
361
DROSERACEAE
Drosera
Small scapose perennial bog plants. Leaves with sticky gland-tipped hairs on both sides functioning to trap and “digest” small insects. Inflorescence of 3–10 flowers in a circinate cyme, nodding at apex; flowers small, regular, pentamerous; fruit a 1-locular 3-valved capsule containing numerous seeds. A. Leaf blade linear-spatulate to narrowly cuneate-obovate, tapering into a linear petiole much longer than the blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. anglica A. Leaf blade suborbicular to ovate, abruptly tapered into a short petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. rotundifolia
Drosera anglica Huds. ✒ Leaves in a basal rosette, erectascending, shorter than the scape; blades narrowly cuneate-obovate, often reddish. Scape stiffly erect, up to 15 cm long; petals white or pale pink, about 6 mm long; seeds black, spindle-shaped; seed coat longitudinally striate-areolate. ✿ Damp and usually marly wet calcareous margins of bogs and ponds. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Michigan, Idaho, Nevada, and California; in the Yukon Territory localized in several areas east of longitude 136° W, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Drosera rotundifolia L. round-leaved sundew ✒ Leaves in a basal rosette, spreading on or near the ground; blades suborbicular to ovate, abruptly tapered into short petiole, reddish. Scape erect, 3–12 cm long (ours); petals 4–6 mm long, white or rarely pink; seeds spindle-shaped; seed coat prolonged at tips, longitudinally striate. ✿ Sphagnum bogs. ● Circumpolar; in North Amercia, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Florida, Minnesota, Nevada, and California; scattered in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River drainage.
362
CRASSULACEAE
CRASSULACEAE stonecrop family
CRASSULACEAE
Perennial (ours), glabrous or somewhat succulent herbs; stems leafy. Flowers small, perfect or imperfect, regular, in terminal cymes (ours); sepals and petals 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so; stamens 4 or 8 or 10; pistils 4 or 5; fruit a dry dehiscent follicle. A. Flowers dioecious, 4-parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhodiola A. Flowers perfect, 5-parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum
Rhodiola L.
Rhodiola
Rhodiola rosea L. ssp. integrifolia (Raf.) Hara R. integrifolia Raf. Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. ssp. integrifolium (Raf.) Hultén roseroot ✒ Succulent dioecious herb, with a thick and much-branched scaly rhizome; stems numerous, 5–35 cm high, leafy. Leaves alternate, 1–4 cm long, pale, glaucous, somewhat spoon-shaped, oblong-lanceolate, entire or dentate. Flowers in a dense terminal cluster; male flowers yellow, female flowers usually purple; follicles reddish, plump, erect. ✿ Moist rocky alpine ledges and gravelly beaches. ● Ssp. rosea amphi-Atlantic, in North America in Greenland and the Atlantic coastal region south to North Carolina; ssp. integrifolia amphi-Beringian, extending south though the mountains to California, Nevada, and Colorado, and in the Yukon Territory found throughout the mountainous regions.
Sedum L. stonecrop
Sedum
Sedum lanceolatum Torr. ✒ Perennial from a branching subligneous rhizome; flowering stems 15–20 cm high; sterile stems shorter with densely crowded leaves. Leaves of sterile stems 7–20 mm long, linear-oblong, terete or flattish; leaves of flowering stems lanceolate, about twice as long as wide, soon deciduous. Inflorescence a dense cyme of small yellow flowers; follicles erect. ✿ Rocky situations. ● Cordilleran; from southern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California, South Dakota, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 61°15’ N.
Boykinia
SAXIFRAGACEAE saxifrage family
363
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or lobed, usually lacking stipules. Flowers perfect and regular, solitary or more often in a racemose or cymose inflorescence; calyx free or adnate to the ovary; stamens 5–10, usually twice as many as the petals, inserted with petals on calyx; styles usually 2, often partly united; fruit a capsule, follicle, or berry (in Ribes). A. Shrubs; fruit a berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes A. Herbs; fruit a dry capsule B. Petals lacking; low delicate herbs; with 4-merous flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysosplenium B. Petals present, or if lacking, the flowers 5-merous C. Sterile filaments (staminodia) present, alternating with 5 regular stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassia C. Sterile filaments none D. Petals laciniately lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mitella D. Petals not lobed or laciniate E. Stamens 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boykinia E. Stamens 10 F. Leaves evergreen G. Leaves thick and broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptarrhenia G. Leaves narrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saxifraga F. Leaves deciduous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saxifraga
Boykinia Nutt.
Boykinia
Boykinia richardsonii (Hook.) A. Gray Therofon richardsonii (Hook.) Ktze. ✒ Perennial; rhizome stout and ascending, densely covered by brownish persisting leaf sheaths; stems 10–50 cm high, leafy, prominently covered by dark brown, nonmucilaginous, capitate glands. Basal leaves long-petioled; blade reniform, 5–10 cm in diameter, shallowly double-crenate; lower stem leaves petioled, becoming smaller and sessile above; leaf margins and nerves of lower surface of blade with stipitate glands. Inflorescence a congested spikelike panicle; flowers showy; sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, acute, often purplish, glandular; petals 5, oblanceolate, acute, 10–14 mm long, white to pink, with purplish veins; stamens 5, opposite sepals; capsules 9–12 mm long; seeds numerous. ✿ Moist alpine herbmats, with ample snow cover in winter. ● North America; endemic to northern and central Alaska and Yukon Territory.
364
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Chrysosplenium L. golden saxifrage
Chrysosplenium
Small delicate yellowish green perennials; rhizome slender, erect-ascending or creeping. Leaves alternate; blade reniform, shallowly 3- to 7-lobed; lower leaves slender-petioled, becoming short-petioled or sessile above. Flowers small, inconspicuous, solitary or a few together in axils of upper leaves; sepals 4, yellowish green; petals absent; stamens 4–8; seeds small, numerous, shiny. A. Stamens 4; calyx green; petioles glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tetrandrum A. Stamens 8; calyx minutely purple-dotted; petioles usually with long crinkly pale rusty hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. wrightii
Chrysosplenium tetrandum (Lund) Fries ✒ Rhizome slender; stems 1–15 cm long, ascending to erect, branched or unbranched, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves rounded-reniform, cordate, lobed, thin, long- to short-petioled; bracts 3-lobed. Inflorescence a few-flowered cyme; sepals green; stamens 4. ✿ Wet situations. ● Circumpolar; in North America, northern Quebec and Labrador to Alaska, south to Washington and disjunct to Colorado; found throughout the Yukon Territory at lower altitudes.
Chrysosplenium wrightii Franch. & Sav. ✒ Rhizome thickened; stems 2–10 cm long, usually erect, simple or branched, somewhat pubescent. Basal leaves reniformorbicular, cordate, crenate, thick, glabrous or with thick white hairs; petioles with septate reddish brown hairs; bracts sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence a few-flowered cyme; sepals mottled with purple; stamens 8. ✿ Moist alpine tundra and seepage areas. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) but appearing more widespread mainly west of longitude 136° W after recent surveys.
Mitella
Leptarrhena R. Br.
365
Leptarrhena
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia (D. Don) Ser. leather-leaved saxifrage ✒ Perennial with an elongate horizontally spreading rhizome; stems 10–40 cm high, simple, erect, glabrous or more or less glandular, surrounded at base by marcescent leaves and petioles. Leaves mainly basal, ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, leathery, dark green and glabrous above, paler and yellowish brown beneath, short-petioled; stem leaves 1–3, smaller, sessile. Inflorescence in compact cymose panicles, expanding in fruit; sepals 5, ovate, 0.5–1.2 mm long; petals 1–2 mm long, white; fruit consisting of 2 follicles, 5–7 mm long, reddish or purplish. ✿ Moist alpine slopes and meadows. ● Cordilleran; Pacific coast species extending through southern Yukon Territory to the southern Mackenzie Mountains of the District of Mackenzie.
Mitella L. mitrewort
Mitella
Rhizomatous and sometimes stoloniferous perennials; stems glandular-pubescent to glabrous. Leaves mainly basal. Inflorescence racemose; flowers perfect; sepals 5; petals pinnately lobed; fruit a capsule; seeds numerous. A. Stamens 10; leaves rounded reniform, cordate, obscurely lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. nuda A. Stamens 5; leaves orbicular to reniform, with a deep basal sinus, crenatedentate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. pentandra
Mitella nuda L. ✒ Rhizome slender; stolons elongated; stems erect, up to 20 cm high, finely glandular. Leaves basal or nearly so, rounded reniform, cordate, obscurely lobed, with scattered hairs on upper surface; petioles with long glandular hairs. Inflorescence racemose; flowers few to 10, shortpediceled; petals greenish yellow; stamens 10. ✿ Moist spruce woodland. ● East Asia; in North America, Labrador to southeastern Yukon Territory, south to the Great Lakes, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) but appearing more widespread after recent surveys.
366
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Mitella pentandra Hook. ✒ Rhizome thick; stems erect, 15–60 cm high, finely glandular-pubescent. Leaves basal, orbicular to reniform, with a deep basal sinus, crenate-dentate, with scattered gland-tippped hairs, particularly on lower surface; petioles long, with intermixed long and short gland-tipped hairs. Inflorescence racemose; flowers 7–12, short-pediceled; petals green; stamens 5. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows. ● Cordilleran; from southern Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California and Colorado; disjunct to southern mainland Alaska; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Parnassia L. grass-of-Parnassus
Parnassia
Glabrous perennials; rhizome ascending; stems scapose or with a single leaf or leafy bract in the middle. Leaves basal, petiolate. Flowers solitary, perfect, regular; petals white, conspicuously veined; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; staminoidea 5, opposite the petals, gland-tipped; fruit a capsule. A. Petals fimbriate along sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. fimbriata A. Petals entire B. Petals (5)7- to 9-veined, nearly twice as long as the sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. palustris B. Petals 3(5)-veined, equaling or shorter than the sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. kotzebuei
Parnassia fimbriata Koenig ✒ Rhizome stout; scapes 10–30 cm high, with a single clasping reniform leaf near or above the middle. Basal leaves numerous, long-petioled; blades reniform to cordate, 2–3 cm wide. Flowers showy; sepals 4–7 mm long; petals 8–12 mm long, fimbriate toward base, white, 5- to 7-veined; staminoidea 5–9 per fascicle; capsules 9–12 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine ravines and in wet moss by streams. ● Cordilleran; north to about latitude 64° N in the Yukon Territory, and south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California, Montana, and New Mexico.
Ribes
367
Parnassia kotzebuei Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Rhizome short; stems slender, 6–20 cm high, leafless or with a single sessile leaf near base. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate, petioled to nearly sessile; blades 0.3–1.5 cm wide. Sepals oblong, 5–7 mm long, 3- to 7-veined; petals about as long as the sepals, white, 3(5)-veined; staminoidea 4–6 per fascicle; capsules 8–10 mm long. ✿ Wet meadows, sandy lakeshores, and along streams. ● Eastern Asia; North America; from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska south to Washington, Nevada, and Wyoming; throughout the Yukon Territory.
Parnassia palustris L. var. neogaea Fern. P. montanensis Fern. & Rydb. P. palustris L. var. montanensis (Fern. & Rydb.) Hitchc. ✒ Rhizome short; stems 10–45 cm high, with a single leafy bract usually below the middle. Leaves ovate to elliptic, 0.5–2.0 cm wide, short-petioled or nearly sessile. Flowers showy; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5–11 mm long, 5- to 9-veined; petals 8–15 mm long, white, (5)7- to 9-veined; staminoidea 7–15 per fascicle; capsules 8–12 mm long. ✿ Wet meadows, thickets, and by streams and ponds. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Michigan, Minnesota, Wyoming, and Oregon; throughout the Yukon Territory.
Ribes L. currant, gooseberry
Ribes
Shrubs; branches trailing or erect-ascending, smooth or prickly; leaves alternate, palmately lobed, cordate. Inflorescence single-flowered or racemose, in few- to manyflowered racemes; flowers 5-merous; petals shorter than colored calyx; stamens alternating with petals on calyx tube; fruit a berry. A. Stems prickly or spiny B. Flowers mostly single. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. oxyacanthoides B. Flowers in racemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. lacustre A. Stems without prickles or spines C. Leaves glandular-dotted on lower surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. hudsonianum C. Leave not glandular-dotted D. Bark exfoliating; fruit smooth and shiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. triste D. Bark not exfoliating; fruit stipitate-glandular or strigose E. Fruit red; sepals glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. glandulosum E. Fruit purplish black, sepals pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. laxiflorum
368
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Ribes glandulosum Grauer skunk currant ✒ Branches ascending or often trailing. Leaves deeply 5- to 7-lobed, fresh green, glabrous on both surfaces but ciliate on margins, sparsely glandular on veins. Racemes erect, 5- to 8-flowered; berries 6–8 mm in diameter, red, glandular-bristly. ✿ Damp woods and thickets. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia south to New York and North Carolina; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 65° N on the Dempster Highway.
Ribes hudsonianum Richards. northern black currant ✒ Branches erect-ascending, about 1 m high, smooth. Leaves 3-lobed, 5–7 cm in diameter; lower surface pale, resinous-dotted, villous on veins. Racemes ascending, 8- to 10-flowered; petals whitish, 4 mm long; berries 5–12 mm long, black, smooth to somewhat glandular, edible. ✿ Moist woods. ● North America; from northwestern Quebec to Alaska, south to Minnesota, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River valley.
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. bristly black currant ✒ Branches erect-ascending, rarely up to 1 m high, densely prickly. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed; blade 3–4 cm broad, glabrous or nearly so; petioles sparsely bristly. Raceme 6- to 20-flowered, loosely spreading or drooping; calyx saucer-shaped, pink; berries 5–9 mm in diameter, purplish black, glandular-bristly. ✿ Moist open woods. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to Tennessee, Michigan, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Ribes
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh ✒ Branches to 1 m long, decumbent to erect, stipitate-glandular to glabrous, unarmed. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, puberulent and glandular on undersurface. Racemes erect to ascending, 6- to 18-flowered; pedicels and rachis stipitate-glandular; sepals and petals reddish to purplish; berries subglobose, 8–10 mm long, purplish black, stipitate-glandular or simply strigulose. ✿ Subalpine Alnus crispa association. ● Cordilleran; from British Columbia and southern mainland Alaska south to California and Idaho, barely entering southwestern Yukon Territory in Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. oxyacanthoides wild gooseberry, northern gooseberry ✒ Branches prostrate to ascending or erect, with nodal spines and internodal bristles, puberulent. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, glandular-puberulent below. Racemes 1-to 3-flowered; sepals and petals greenish yellow; berries bluish purple, glabrous. ✿ Gravel banks, rocky slopes, and borders of woodland. ● North America; from James Bay to Alaska, south to Minnesota, Wyoming, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 65° N.
Ribes triste Pall. wild red currant ✒ Branches decumbent to ascending, pubescent in youth, rooting at nodes; bark exfoliating. Leaves thin, glabrous or thinly pubescent below in youth. Racemes drooping, 6- to 15-flowered; pedicels often stipitate-glandular; sepals and petals reddish or purplish; berries ovoid, 6–10 mm in diameter, bright red, glabrous. ✿ Moist woods and clearings. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Minnesota, and Oregon; eastern Asia; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
369
370
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga L. saxifrage
Saxifraga
Perennial (ours). Leaves mostly alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers white or yellow or purple or pink; capsule 2-beaked, 2-locular or in some with almost separate follicles; stamens 10. In S. cernua and S. foliolosa at least some flowers normally replaced by axillary bulblets, or by small tufts of leaves rooting when detached from mother plant. Saxifraga radiata and S. rivularis also producing bulbils in axils of leaves at base of SAXIFRAGACEAE flowering stems. A. Leaves opposite and imbricated; low plant with trailing branches and solitary purple flowers on short leafy peduncles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. oppositifolia A. Leaves alternate B. Flowering stems naked or with a few bractlike leaves C. Basal leaves orbicular or oblong, entire or merely serrate D. Plant pulvinate or spreading; flowers small, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. eschscholtzii D. Plant not pulvinate; flowers white or pale pink or yellow E. Leaf blade orbicular, toothed, on a slender petiole F. Inflorescence a spikelike panicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. spicata F. Inflorescence in capitate or corymblike panicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. nelsoniana E. Leaf blade oblong, apically toothed, lacking a distinct petiole G. Leaves cuneate, gradually tapering into petiole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. foliolosa G. Leaves fan-shaped H. Filaments clavate or spindle-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. lyallii H. Filaments subulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. razshivinii C. Basal leaves oval-oblong, with dentate or crenate margins I. I.
Inflorescence a spikelike panicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hieracifolia Inflorescence paniculate, or flowers in a terminal cluster J.
Sepals reflexed; leaves pubescent on both sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. reflexa
J.
Sepals not reflexed; leaves glabrous above K. Underside of leaves with coarse, rust-colored hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rufopilosa K. Underside of leaves lacking such hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. nivalis
B. Flowering stem leafy L. Basal leaves not petiolate M. Petals yellow; leaves not marcescent N. Plant with long flagellate naked stolons terminating in a rooting offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. flagellaris N. Plants without such stolons O. Leaves small, linear, fleshy P. Plant small, delicate, loosely tufted or matted, with small solitary flowers on a slender bracted peduncle. . . . . . . . . . S. serpyllifolia P. Plant coarser and matted; flowers 3 or more, on stout leafy peduncles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. aizoides O. Leaves or at least basal ones oblanceolate, petioled; flowering stem usually 1-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hirculus M. Petals white or cream-colored; leaves leathery, marcescent
Saxifraga
371
Q. Leaves elliptic to spatulate, mucronate; petals clawed at base . . . . . . . . . . S. bronchialis Q. Leaves narrowly cuneate, reddish, shiny, sharply 3-toothed; petals rounded or truncate at base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. tricuspidata L. Basal leaves petiolate, with reniform cordate or cuneate 3- to 5-lobed blade; flowers white or pale pinkish R. Bulbils present in inflorescence or at base of flowering stem S. Inflorescence of 1 terminal and functional flower, and reddish or black bulbils in axils of upper stem leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. cernua S. Inflorescence of normal flowers T. Petals about 1 cm long; white bulbils nearly always present at base of flowering stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. radiata T. Petals usually less than 5 mm long; bulbils only rarely present at base of flowering stem where often replaced by short rooting stolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. rivularis R. Bulbils lacking U. Plant densely matted or tufted; leaves green and somewhat clammy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. caespitosa U. Plant from tiny, rooted, reddish green rosette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. adscendens
Saxifraga adscendens L. ssp. oregonensis (Raf.) Bacigalupi S. adscendens L. var. oregonensis (Raf.) Breitung ✒ Stems 2–10 cm high, from a taproot, simple or branched, few-leaved, glandularpubescent. Basal leaves in a densely imbricated rosette, oblanceolate, entire or 3-toothed, usually reddish purple; cauline leaves several, usually entire. Inflorescence a few- to several-flowered cyme; sepals ovate, reddish purple, about half as long as the petals; petals white, 2–6 mm long; capsule 3–5 mm long. ✿ Moist gravelly and rocky alpine situations. ● Cordilleran; from Alaska and the Yukon Territory south of latitude 64°30’ N, south through southwestern District of Mackenzie, British Columbia, and western Alberta to Oregon, Utah, and Colorado; ssp. adscendens found in Europe.
Saxifraga aizoides L. yellow mountain saxifrage ✒ Vegetative stems matted, leafy; flowering stems 5–14 cm high, leafy, more or less glandular-pubescent. Leaves narrowly oblong to linear, 5–15 mm long, fleshy, spinetipped, more or less glandular-ciliate. Inflorescence few-flowered; sepals 3–4 mm long, greenish; petals linear-oblong, 4–6 mm long, yellow, orange-spotted in some; capsules 4–6 mm long. ✿ Moist calcareous clay and gravel. ● Amphi-Atlantic, arctic-alpine; extending across northern Canada to the Selwyn, Ogilvie, and British mountains in the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and the north coast of Alaska at Putuligayuk River (Schick 1992), south in the east to Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River and in the west to British Columbia.
372
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga bronchialis L. ssp. funstonii (Small) Hultén ✒ Densely matted flat cushions; flowering stems 4–15 cm long. Caudex leaves usually densely imbricated, 5–12 mm long, sessile, more or less elliptic with an acute apex, mucronate, ciliate; stem leaves smaller, mucronate, delicately glandularciliate. Inflorescence few-flowered; sepals 1.7–2.8 mm long; petals 4.5–8.0 mm long, distinctly clawed, white to cream, yellowspotted or rarely red-spotted on inner surface; capsules 7.5–10.0 mm long.
Saxifraga bronchialis L. ssp. codyana (Zhmylev) Cody S. codyana Zhmylev ✒ Differing from ssp. funstonii in having lower stem leaves short glandular-ciliate rather than ciliate; basal leaves glandular-margined and occasionally mixed with cilia toward base rather than completely ciliate. ✿ Alpine tundra, meadows, rocky and bare slopes. ● Ssp. funstonii amphi-Beringian, extending through the mountains of Alaska to northern British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, and the Richardson Mountains of northwestern District of Mackenzie, and in the Yukon Territory in the St. Elias, Ogilvie, British, and Richardson mountains; ssp. codyana endemic to the British and northern Richardson mountains of northern Yukon Territory and the Philip Smith Mountains in the Brooks Range in northern Alaska.
Saxifraga caespitosa L. s.l. ✒ Caudex branches prostrate to ascending; flowering stems 1–15 cm or more high, glandular-pubescent, especially above. Caudex leaves 0.5–2.0 cm long, cuneate-flabellate, 3- or occasionally 5-lobed, more or less glandular-ciliate; lobes linear to oblong; stem leaves 1 to several, entire or with lower ones lobed, reduced. Inflorescence a fewflowered corymb or occasionally a single flower; sepals ovate to oblong, purplish, 1–3 mm long, glandular-pubescent, ciliate; petals creamy white, 3.5–5.5 mm long; capsule 6–10 mm long. ✿ Rocky or gravelly alpine situations. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the west to New Mexico, Nevada, and Oregon; found in the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory.
Saxifraga
373
Saxifraga cernua L. nodding saxifrage ✒ Stems 10–25 cm high, slender, erect, simple, more or less glandular-pubescent, arising from fibrous roots; clusters of white bulblets around base of stems. Basal and lower stem leaves 3- to 5-lobed, reniform; stem leaves smaller above, bractlike, subtending clusters of small purple bulblets. Flowers solitary or lacking, nodding in youth; sepals dark green to reddish purple; petals 5–12 mm long, white; stamens and pistils present but capsules rarely developing. ✿ Moist ledges and gravelly places, sometimes in moss or wet sand by brooks and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, widespread arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, Montana, Idaho, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory found in the mountainous regions.
Saxifraga eschscholtzii Sternb. ✒ Densely caespitose, forming small compact and hemispherical cushions; branches densely compacted, from a slender multicipital taproot. Flowers solitary, inconspicuous, subsessile, mostly dioecious; sepals about 1 mm long, greenish to yellowish or reddish purple, setose-ciliate, spreading to reflexed; petals about as long as the sepals, narrow, yellow; capsules 2–4 mm long, purplish, raised above plant cushion on filiform 1-cm long peduncles. ✿ Rocky outcrops, shale, and calcareous gravel slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward into the British Mountains of northwestern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and disjunct to Prince Patrick Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ssp. setigera (Pursh) Tolm. spiderplant ✒ Stems single, 3–15 cm high, erect, leafy, glandular-pubescent, arising from a basal rosette with fibrous roots; stolons usually several, long, filiform, naked, terminating in a small rooting rosette. Rosette leaves entire, cuneate-oblanceolate, mucronate, ciliate with coarse spiny cilia; stem leaves smaller and frequently glandular-pubescent. Flowers 1 to several, showy; sepals oblong to lanceolate or ovate, 2.5–4.5 mm long, greenish, glandular-pubescent; petals 6–12 mm long, bright yellow; capsules 8–10 mm long. ✿ Alpine turf and rocky slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie, and south into the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta.
374
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. S. stellaris L. var. comosa Retz. ✒ Tufted plant, with a short and often branched caudex, from which often issuing short slender leafy stolons terminating in leafy rosettes; stems 4–25 cm high, slender, erect, glandular-pubescent. Leaves 0.6– 2.0 cm long, cuneate-oblanceolate to spatulate, thin, fresh green, usually toothed above the middle, glabrous to somewhat glandular-ciliate, forming a basal rosette. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, normally with a single terminal flower, and with bulblets or buds on lateral branches; sepals green to reddish purple, 1–2 mm long; petals white, 3–5 mm long, lanceolate, auriculate to hastately lobed at base, with a short claw; capsules 3–5 mm long, rarely developing. ✿ Mossy and springy places, often by the edge of brooks, by lakeshores, or in wet tundra. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, high-arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, disjunct to Newfoundland and Maine; in the Yukon Territory on the Arctic coast and in the Barn, Richardson, and St. Elias mountains, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Saxifraga hieracifolia Waldst. & Kit. ✒ Tufted plant, from a short thick caudex; stems leafless, 10–50 cm high, more or less glandular-pubescent. Leaves 3–10 cm long, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, cuneate at base, short-petioled, remotely dentate to entire, glabrous or more or less reddishpubescent on undersurface. Flowers in small dense clusters in an interrupted, spikelike raceme, subtended by small leaflike bracts; sepals 1.5–3.0 mm long, greenish purple; petals 2–3 mm long, greenish purple; petals 2–3 mm long, elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, purple; capsules 5–7 mm long, purplish black. ✿ Moist turfy and chiefly calcareous habitats. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska south to northern British Columbia where rare; in the Yukon Territory found mainly west of longitude 135° W; occasional.
Saxifraga hirculus L. S. hirculus L. var. propinqua (R. Br.) Simm. yellow marsh saxifrage ✒ Tufted plant, from freely branching caudices; stems 5–25 cm high, bearing 3–7 leaves, glabrous below, rufous-pubescent above. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate, 1–4 cm long, glabrous or nearly so; stem leaves 3–7, sessile, smaller above. Flowers usually solitary, at first nodding; sepals 3–5 mm long, ovate to lanceolate, ciliate; petals 7–15 mm long, bright yellow; capsules 7–12 mm long. ✿
Wet mossy tundra.
Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in the Yukon Territory found mainly west of longitude 135° W. ●
Saxifraga
375
Saxifraga lyallii Engler ssp. hultenii (Calder & Savile) Calder & Taylor S. lyallii Engler var. hultenii Calder & Savile ✒ Tufted plant, from a black fibrousrooted ascending rhizome; stems 20–40 cm high, leafless, mostly glabrous below, to glandular-pubescent above. Leaves basal, 1–6 cm or more long, flabellate, dentate, abruptly tapering into a long petiole, glabrous to pilose. Inflorescence usually an open panicle, few- to several-flowered; sepals 2–4 mm long, green to purplish, reflexed; petals 2.5–5.0 mm long, ovate, clawed, white or reddish; capsules 6–11 mm long. ✿ Moist places by alpine brooks. ● Cordilleran; reaching the east slope of the Mackenzie Mountains and north in the Yukon Territory to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don s.l. S. punctata auth. ✒ Acaulescent plant, from a cordlike rhizome; stems 5–50 cm high, pubescent to glandular-pubescent. Leaves suborbicular to reniform, toothed; petioles often twice as long as diameter of the blades. Inflorescence a compact to open panicle; flowers few to many; sepals ovate to lance-ovate, 1–2 mm long, reflexed; petals 2.5–4.0 mm long, white or pink; capsules 3–6 mm long. Represented in the Yukon Territory by three subspecies:
Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don ssp. nelsoniana S. punctata L. ssp. nelsoniana (D. Don) Hultén ✒ Leaf blades 2–5 cm broad, shallowly to deeply cordate; sinus rarely closed; teeth mammiform; upper surface dark green, paler below; both sides of leaf pubescent with short flat and more or less appressed hairs; leaf margins fringed by crinkled and septate hairs; scapes long-pubescent below, becoming densely short- or glandular-pubescent above; hairs obscurely septate.
Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don ssp. pacifica (Hultén) Hultén S. punctata L. ssp. pacifica Hultén ✒ Leaf blades 2.3–7.7 cm broad, glabrous except slightly ciliate, with a few hairs near petioles; scapes lightly to moderately pubescent below, becoming more or less densely pubescent and glandular above, with hairs obscurely septate.
376
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don ssp. porsildiana (Calder & Savile) Hultén S. punctata L. ssp. porsildiana Calder & Savile ✒ Leaf blades 1.0–3.8 cm broad, glabrous to sparingly pubescent; light green, thinner, with margins sparingly if at all fringed with hairs; scape glabrous to slightly pubescent at base to minutely lanate-pubescent above with eglandular but conspicuously septate hairs. ✿ Moist open hillsides. ● S. nelsoniana s.l. amphi-Beringian; ssp. nelsoniana frequent across northern Yukon Territory to the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie; ssp. pacifica in coastal Alaska from Kodiak Island to the southeast tip of the Alaska Panhandle and in southwestern and central Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); ssp. porsildiana occasional across central and southern Yukon Territory west into eastern Alaska, eastward to central District of Keewatin, and southward through eastern British Columbia to near Banff, Alta.
Saxifraga nivalis L. alpine saxifrage ✒ Tufted plant, with black fibrous roots. Leaves basal, leathery, 2–4 cm long, oblanceolate to spatulate, elliptic or ovate, toothed, cuneate at base, dark green above, reddish purple below, occasionally with some rust-colored hairs on upper as well as on lower surfaces. Scapes erect, slender, solitary or a few together, 5–20 cm high, purple and glandular-viscid; inflorescence simple or branched; flowers in dense clusters, each subtended by a small bract; sepals ovate to triangular, green to purplish, slightly shorter than petals; petals white, 2–3 mm long, somewhat clawed; mature capsules about 6 mm long. ✿ Dry rocky slopes and ledges, chiefly on Precambrian or acid rocks. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to northern British Columbia and western Alberta; rare in the Yukon Territory south of latitude 64° N and in the British Mountains.
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. ssp. oppositifolia purple saxifrage, purple mountain saxifrage ✒ Densely or loosely matted plant; branches numerous, trailing. Leaves scalelike, oblong to broadly obovate, 2–4 mm long, entire, leathery, bristly-ciliate, marcescent, opposite, connate-clasping, 4-ranked. Flowering peduncles 1–3 cm long, dark purple, glandular-pubescent above, usually with a few alternate narrower leaves, single-flowered; sepals ovate, blunt, green to purplish, 2.0–3.5 mm long, glandular-pubescent and bristly-ciliate; petals lilac or purple, rarely white (f. albiflora (Lange) Fern.), 6–9 mm long, ovate, clawed; capsules 6–9 mm long. ✿ Common in moist calcareous gravels and on wet cliffs.
Saxifraga
377
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. ssp. smalliana (Engler & Irmsch.) Hultén ✒ Similar to ssp. oppositifolia but with leaves smaller, thicker; flowering pedicels usually longer. ✿ Broken calcareous and gravels. Ssp. oppositifolia circumpolar, wideranging arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, Hudson Bay, and in the west to Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming; and found throughout much of the Yukon Territory; ssp. smalliana endemic to the mountains of northwestern North America, and in the Yukon Territory found in the Ogilvie and British mountains. ●
Saxifraga radiata Small S. exilis Steph. non Pollini ✒ Stems 6–20 cm high, arising from fibrous roots. Basal leaves short-to longpetioled, with white bulblets hidden in axils; blades reniform to orbicular, 5- to 7-lobed, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem leaves becoming smaller, with shorter petioles and fewer lobes upwards. Inflorescence of 2–4 showy flowers, with the terminal flower the largest; sepals 2–4 mm long, green to purplish; petals 9–15 mm long, white with 3–5 purple veins; capsules 9–12 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine slopes, snowbeds, and bordering streams. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in western District of Mackenzie.
Saxifraga razshivinii Zhmylev S. davurica Willd. ssp. grandipetala sensu N. Amer. auth. ✒ Tufted plant, from a simple or branching erect-ascending rhizome; stems 3–15 cm high, glabrous to glabrate, usually dark purple. Leaves all basal, 3–5 cm long; blade oval-oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, gradually tapering to slender petioles. Inflorescence paniculate, elongating in age; calyx lobes dark purple, reflexed; petals 3–4 mm long, white or purplish, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, slightly longer than calyx lobes; capsules 6–10 mm long, purplish black, stiffly erect. ✿
Moist alpine herbmats.
Amphi-Beringian; reaching the eastern slope of Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in the District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found in the mountainous regions. ●
378
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga reflexa Hook. ✒ Tufted plant, from a short caudex, with black fibrous roots; stem usually single, 9–30 cm high, leafless, glandular-pubescent. Leaves 2–8 cm long, ovate to orbiculate or oblanceolate, with a broad petiole, crenateserrate, green above, usually purplish below, pubescent on both surfaces. Inflorescence open; flowers subtended by small linear purplish bracts; sepals green or sometimes purplish, ovate to lanceolate, 1.2– 3.0 mm long, reflexed; petals 2–3 mm long, white; filaments clavate; capsules 3–6 mm long, usually purplish. ✿ Dry calcareous slopes and ledges. ● Northwestern America, arctic-alpine, endemic from northwestern District of Mackenzie to Alaska, south to northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found west of longitude 132° W.
Saxifraga rivularis L. s.l. S. rivularis L. var. flexuosa (Sternb.) Engler & Irmsch. brook saxifrage ✒ Tufted dwarf plant; stems 2–12 cm high, more or less pubescent with septate hairs. Basal leaves reniform to orbicular, 3to 7-lobed, short- to long-petioled, essentialy glabrous; stem leaves smaller, with fewer lobes, shorter-petioled to sessile. Inflorescence 1- to 5-flowered; sepals ovate to lance-oblong, green to purplish, somewhat glandular-pubescent, shorter than petals; petals 3–5 mm long, white to pink; capsules 4–9 mm long; bublets frequently found in axils of basal leaves. ✿ Wet gravelly places by streams on wet cliffs. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec, Hudson Bay, Colorado, Arizona, and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Saxifraga rufopilosa (Hultén) A.E. Porsild S. nivalis L. var. rufopilosa Hultén S. ? tenuis sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) pro parte (map) ✒ Tufted plant, with black fibrous roots. Leaves basal, 0.2–2.0 cm long, oblanceolate to ovate, toothed, cuneate at base, green above, green splotched with purple below and loosely matted with long crinkly rustcolored hairs below. Scapes erect, slender, solitary or few together, 1–10 cm high purplish, glandular-viscid; inflorescence becoming elongate to racemose-paniculate in fruit; flowers in dense clusters, with each subtended by a small bract; sepals ovate to triangular, about as long as the petals, purple, more or less glandular-pubescent; petals about 2 mm long, narrowly obovate, pink or pale purplish; mature capsules about 3 mm long, dark purple. ✿
Tundra turf and rocky slopes.
North America; endemic to unglaciated parts of central Alaska and southern and central Yukon Territory, and disjunct to the British Mountains. ●
Saxifraga
379
Saxifraga serpyllifolia Pursh ✒ Loosely to densely matted, with trailing sterile or fertile shoots rising from leafy overwintering rosettes; stems 2–8 cm high, stipitate-glandular. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate, 3–10 mm long, entire, shiny, fleshy, blunt, glabrous; stem leaves alternate, linear. Flowers usually solitary; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 1.5–3.0 mm long, green to reddish, reflexed in fruit; petals at least twice as long as the sepals, bright yellow; capsules 5–7 mm long. ✿ Moist gravelly scree slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; reaching the east slopes of the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in the District of Mackenzie with two widely disjunct stations on Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 134°30’ W.
Saxifraga spicata D. Don S. galacifolia Small Micranthes galacifolia (Small) Small ✒ Stems 15–70 cm high, from short thick rhizomes, glandular-pubescent. Basal leaves long-petioled; blades 1.5–5.0 cm long, orbicular or reniform, cordate, sharply toothed, pubescent to glabrate, ciliate; stem leaves several to lacking, ovate to linear, toothed, sessile, becoming smaller and bractlike in inflorescence. Inflorescence in slender compact panicles, glandularpubescent; sepals 1.5–2.5 mm long, lanceolate to triangular, becoming reflexed, yellowish green; petals oblong to ovate, 4–7 mm long, pale yellow or white; capsules 5–8 mm long. ✿ Moist rocky slopes and along streams. ● North America; endemic to Alaska and adjacent Yukon Territory, where known only from the type locality of S. galacifolia near the Indian River at its confluence with the Yukon River.
Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. prickly saxifrage ✒ Densely matted plant, often forming large flat cushions; stems 6–15 cm high, leafy, sparsely glandular-pubescent. Leaves of densely crowded branches rigid, leathery, long marcescent, cuneate-spatulate, 0.6–1.9 cm long, setose-ciliate, with 3 prickly toothlike lobes at apex; stem leaves like basal ones but becoming entire above. Inflorescence corymbose, nodding in youth; branches glandular-pubescent; sepals 1.5– 3.0 mm long, ovate to lanceolate, glandularciliate; petals elliptic-oblong, 5–7 mm long, creamy white, usually orange-dotted in upper part; capsules 4–8 mm long. Plants with all or nearly all leaves entire occurring rarely (f. subintegrifolia (Abrom.) Polunin). ✿
Dry rocky and gravelly places.
North American, wide-ranging arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Labrador, Hudson Bay, northern British Columbia, and western Alberta; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory. ●
380
ROSACEAE
ROSACEAE rose family
ROSACEAE
Herbs mostly with woody base, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound and usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes, cymes, or solitary, perfect (or dioecious in Rubus chamaemorus and Aruncus dioicus), regular; hypanthium saucer-shaped; sepals 4 or 5, often with alternating bractlets, or 8–10; petals 4 or 5 or 8–10 (or absent in Sanguisorba); stamens numerous, rarely less than 10; carpels 1 to many; ovary superior or inferior, separate or united; fruit dry achenes, drupelets, follicles, drupes, or berrylike pomes (in Saxifraga Amelanchier and Sorbus). A. Shrubs or dwarf trees B. Fruit a drupe or berrylike C. Fruit a drupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus C. Fruit berrylike D. Leaves pinnate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorbus D. Leaves simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amelanchier B. Fruit dry E. Leaves compound F. Carpels few; dwarf shrub with biternately dissected leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luetkea F. Carpels numerous G. Bractlets alternating with sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla G. Bractlets none H. Carpels becoming drupelets (raspberry-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus H. Carpels becoming achenes enclosed in fleshy receptacle (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa E. Leaves simple I.
Flowers normally solitary; petals 8–10; fruit a dry achene with a plumose persistent style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryas
I.
Flowers solitary or in compound terminal or axillary panicles; petals 5 J.
Carpels numerous, becoming fleshy aggregates of drupelets . . . . . Rubus chamaemorus
J.
Carpels 2–5; fruit a dry few-seeded follicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiraea
A. Herbs with a woody base, but otherwise herbaceous; leaves compound K. Inflorescence a dense, spikelike head; petals lacking but sepals petaloid . . . . . . . . . . . Sanguisorba K. Inflorescence not spikelike; both petals and sepals present L. Flowers dioecious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aruncus L. Flowers perfect M. Calyx lobes 5, bractlets lacking; carpels numerous, becoming drupelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus M. Calyx lobes 5, alternating with bractlets; carpels 1 to several, becoming dry achenes N. Stamens 5; carpels 5–20; petals equaling the sepals or slightly longer O. Leaves 2- to 4-ternately divided into linear lobes; petals slightly longer than sepals, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaerhodos O. Leaves 3-foliolate, with leaflets wedge-shaped, toothed at apex; petals minute, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sibbaldia
Aruncus
381
N. Stamens 10 or more; carpels 10 to many; petals often larger than sepals P. Basal leaves ternate Q. Petals white; plants with slender, trailing stolons; dry achenes on a fleshy receptacle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragaria Q. Petals yellow; plants without stolons; fruit dry (achenes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla P. Basal leaves with more than 3 leaflets R. Style articulate, deciduous and not plumose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla R. Style persistent and plumose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geum
Amelanchier Medic. serviceberry
Amelanchier
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. saskatoon ✒ Arborescent shrub but never treelike (ours), rarely more than 1 m high, stoloniferous, forming small colonies or thickets; bark gray or dark brown, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-ovate, rounded at apex, with sharply serrate margins at least toward apex, glabrous at least when mature. Flowers in dense axillary racemes; sepals 5, 1.5–3.0 mm long; petals 5, oblanceolate, 5–14 mm long, white; fruit berrylike, juicy, purplish black when ripe, edible, sweet, may be eaten raw or cooked. ✿ Open woodland. ● North America; from Hudson Bay and western Ontario to southeastern Alaska and British Columbia south to California, Arizona, and Nebraska; in the Yukon Territory north to Dawson.
Aruncus L. goatsbeard
Aruncus
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. A. sylvester Kostel Spiraea acuminata Dougl. ex Hook. ✒ Dioecious perennial, from a thick woody root; stems erect or ascending, 1–2 m high. Leaves alternate, ternate to triternate, 10–50 cm long; leaflets broad, longacuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent to glabrous. Panicles 10–50 cm long; flowers short-pedicellate; sepals 5, up to 0.5 mm long; petals 5, about 1 mm long, white; stamens (or staminodes in pistillate flowers) 15–20; pistils (vestigial in staminate flowers) 2–5; follicles glabrous, reflexed, 2–3 mm long. ✿
Gravel river bar.
Eurasia; North America; from southern coastal Alaska and islands south through British Columbia to California and disjunct to eastern North America; in the Yukon Territory known only from southern Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
382
ROSACEAE
Chamaerhodos Bunge
Chamaerhodos
Chamaerhodos erecta (L.) Bge. ssp. nuttallii (Pickering ex Rydb.) Hultén ✒ Hirsute and glandular-pubescent biennial or short-lived perennial, with a strong subligneous taproot; stems 1 to several, 8–30 cm high, usually simple below and branching above. Basal leaves forming a compact rosette, bi-or tri-ternately dissected, 1.5–4.0 cm long; ultimate segments linear to oblong; stem leaves alternate becoming reduced and sessile above. Flowers numerous, in bracted cymes; sepals 5, longtriangular, 1.2–2.5 mm long, sparsely shiny hirsute, alternating with bractlets; petals 5, slightly longer than sepals, white; stamens 5; fruit a brownish achene, 1.2–1.5 mm long. ✿ Dry sandy and gravelly slopes. ● Western North America; extending northward to south-central Alaska and southern Yukon Territory and south to Utah, Colorado, and North Dakota.
Dryas L. mountain avens
Dryas
Low mat-forming undershrubs; branches freely rooting. Leaves leathery, tardily deciduous, petioled, simple, crenate or entire, dark green and mostly glabrous above, whitetomentose beneath; stipules linear-lanceolate, rising from leaf axils, tomentose and usually with gland-tipped hairs. Flowers scapose, normally solitary; hypanthium saucershaped, flattened or convex; sepals and petals 8–10; petals white or pale yellow; stamens and pistils numerous; style terminal, persisting, much-elongated and plumose in fruit. Genus decidedly calciphilous. Hybrids between some species reported. A. Petals yellow; filaments hairy; flowers nodding in anthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. drummondii A. Petals white; filaments glabrous; flowers erect in anthesis B. Midvein on undersurface of leaves with gland-tipped hairs bearing tufts of white or brown hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. octopetala B. Midvein on undersurface of leaves with naked gland-tipped hairs or none C. Midvein on undersurface of leaves with gland-tipped hairs D. Leaves elliptic, 1.5–2.5 times longer than broad; underside of leaves densely tomentose between nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. hookeriana D. Leaves oblong, 2.5–3.5 times longer than broad; underside of leaves glabrate or thinly tomentose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. alaskensis C. Midvein on undersurface of leaves often submerged under tomentum and lacking stalked glands E. Leaf margins crenate to tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. crenulata E. Leaf margins entire or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. integrifolia
Dryas
Dryas alaskensis A.E. Porsild D. octopetala L. ssp. alaskensis (A.E. Porsild) Hultén ✒ Leaves oblong or slightly broader toward apex, 2.5–3.5 times longer than broad, glabrate or thinly tomentose below, toothed, distinctly veined below; midvein and the lateral veins in some with shortstalked capitate glands; petals white. ✿ Open well-watered gravelly floodplains and erosion fans, rarely in tundra or rocky places. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, western and northern Yukon Territory, and mountains of adjacent District of Mackenzie.
Dryas crenulata Juz. ✒ Leaves short, ovate-elliptic, 2–4 times longer than broad, crenate, revolutemargined, cordate at base, densely tomentose on undersurface; midvein with neither stipitate glands nor white-tufted hairs. Petals white. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● ? Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending eastward to the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of the District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Dryas drummondii Richards. ✒ Stems arising from long woody caudex, forming large mats. Leaves elliptic to oblong to obovate, coarsely dentate, dark green and rugose above, densely tomentose below. Flowers nodding in anthesis; petals yellow. ✿ Gravelly floodplains, scree slopes, and disturbed roadside gravels. ● North America; in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and District of Mackenzie and south to Oregon and Montana, disjunct to northern Lake Michigan, Anticosti Island, and Gaspé, Quebec and western Newfoundland; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River valley.
383
384
ROSACEAE
Dryas hookeriana Juz. ✒ Leaves elliptic, 1.5–2.5 times longer than wide, crenate, tomentose on undersurface; midvein stipitate-glandular. Petals white. ✿ Snowbed slopes well above tree line. ● Cordilleran from Colorado to Alaska; disjunct to southern Yukon Territory, the southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie, and the Kenai Peninsula in western Alaska.
Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl ssp. integrifolia ✒ Leaves lanceolate-oblong, about 3 times longer than broad, distinctly broadest below middle, cordate or truncate at base; margins of leaves entire or with a few teeth in lower half, usually more or less revolute, dark green, shiny and glabrous above, and with lower surface white-tomentose; nerves lacking glands or branching hairs. Petals white.
Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl ssp. sylvatica (Hultén) Hultén D. sylvatica Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. integrifolia in having flat leaves, little if at all revolute, cuneate or rounded rather than cordate or truncate at leaf bases. ✿ Ubiquitous pioneer species in rocky or gravelly places such as river flats; less common in tundra or heath where not long surviving competition from more aggressive tundra plants. ● North America; ssp. integrifolia from Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, throughout the Yukon Territory, south to Gaspé, Quebec, Lake Superior and in the west to Montana; ssp. sylvatica in Alaska, in the Yukon Territory where widespread, western District of Mackenzie, and northern British Columbia.
Geum
385
Dryas octopetala L. D. punctata Juz. ✒ Leaves ovate-oblong, 1.5–2.5 times longer than broad, crenate-dentate, with more or less revolute margins, and with cordate or truncate base, strongly rugose, dull, dark green, glabrous or sparingly hirsute above, white tomentose with prominent veins bearing gland-tipped brown hairs and much-branched white hairs below; petals white. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the east slopes of the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of western District of Mackenzie; throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Fragaria L. strawberry
Fragaria
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. glauca (S. Wats.) Staudt F. virginiana Duchesne var. glauca S. Wats. ✒ Perennial with scaly rhizome, and with long slender nodally rooting stolons. Leaves all basal, long-petioled, stipulate, 3-foliate; leaflets rounded to cuneate, obovate, coarsely serrate, silky-pubescent below, glaucous above. Inflorescence a bracteate few-flowered cyme on a slender scape shorter than leaves; sepals 5 with alternating bractlets; petals 5, 6–8 mm long, showy, white; fruit subglobose to ovoid, red when ripe, edible; achenes imbedded on surface of the fruit. ✿ Clearings in woods and open slopes. ● Western North America; extending from central Alaska, latitude 64° N in the Yukon Territory, and the Mackenzie River valley south into the United States to Colorado and Montana.
Geum L. avens
Geum
Perennial herbs, with stout subligneous rhizomes. Leaves basal or cauline, pinnatifid to pinnate, with terminal lobe sometimes longer than the lateral. Flowers solitary or few in bracteate cymes; calyx with persistent bractlets in sinuses between the 5 lobes; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels on a dry conical receptacle; style long, persistent, plumose or sharply curved or hooked and jointed with upper part often deciduous. A. Leaflets more or less alike B. Flowers straw-colored to pale purple (prairie grassland species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. triflorum B. Flowers yellow (alpine or arctic species) C. Leaves and stems conspicuously villous; flowers 4–5 cm in diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . G. glaciale C. Leaves and stems glabrous or glabrate; flowers 2–3 cm in diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. rossii A. Terminal leaflet largest and of different shape to the rest D. Upper cauline leaves divided into 3 distinct leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. aleppicum ssp. strictum D. Upper cauline leaves merely 3-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. macrophyllum ssp. perincisum
386
ROSACEAE
Geum aleppicum Jacq. ssp. strictum (Ait.) Clausen G. aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. yellow avens ✒ Stems to 1 m in height, sparsely hirsute. Basal leaves 20–30 cm long, interruptedly pinnate; terminal and lateral leaflets cuneate, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed; stem leaves short-petioled or subsessile, divided into 3 distinct leaflets. Flowers 1–2 cm in diameter, in an open 3-flowered cyme; sepals reflexed; petals pale yellow, 5–10 mm long; fruiting head globose-ovoid, about 1.5 cm long; receptacle long-hirsute; achenes with long hooked downward-bent hairy beaks, of which apical portion deciduous. ✿ Damp thickets, grassy clearings, and about hot springs. ● North America, boreal; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Brunswick, Pennsylvania, and California; apparently rare and localized; in southern parts of the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Geum glaciale Adams ✒ Densely tufted plant, from a stout subligneous base. Leaves mainly basal, shortpetioled, pinnate, with 5–7 pairs of entire or subentire leaflets; leaflets glabrous above, with their underside as well as petiole and flowering stem densely villous from soft yellowish white hairs. Flowers solitary, 3–4 cm in diameter; bractlets linear, shorter than calyx lobes; petals 5–8, yellow, oval, 1.5–2.0 cm long; achenes hairy with 2–3-cm long plumose styles. ✿ Stony alpine slopes or dry heath where showy flowers appear soon after snowmelt. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; barely entering the District of Mackenzie in the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains; in the Yukon Territory frequent in the British and northern Richardson mountains but rare south to about latitude 63° N.
Geum macrophyllum Willd. ssp. perincisum (Rydb.) Hultén G. macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup G. perincisum Rydb. large-leaved avens ✒ Stems 60–70 cm high. Basal leaves distinctly lyrate, with terminal leaflet cordate and merely crenate-dentate, much larger than progressively smaller lateral leaflets; upper cauline leaves divided into 3 distinct leaflets. Inflorescence with more numerous flowers than G. aleppicum ssp. strictum; sepals reflexed in fruit; petals pale yellow, about 7 mm long; fruiting head globose-ovoid; receptacle glabrous or shorthispid; achenes with long hooked hairy beaks of which apical portion deciduous. ✿ Meadows and damp thickets. ● North American boreal forest, Quebec to Alaska; from near tree line south to California, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Minnesota; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 65° N along the Dempster Highway and then disjunct to the vicinity of Rampart House and Old Crow Village.
Luetkea
387
Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser. ✒ Caudex stout, ascending, subligneous, densely covered by marcescent remains of old leaf bases, terminating in a rosette of leaves; stems erect, 10–28 cm high, at first low but elongating in fruit, with 1–3 reduced leaves below inflorescence. Basal leaves 6–10 cm long, erect, interruptedly pinnate, with about 7 pairs of variously toothed cuneate leaflets. Flowers 1 or 2, showy, 2–3 cm in diameter; petals pale yellow, 1 cm or more long, longer than sepals; styles not much-elongated in fruit, not plumose. ✿ Calcareous clay in moist alpine tundra; common in solifluction lobes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across unglaciated mountains of Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in western District of Mackenzie; disjunct to Melville and Ellesmere islands in the Arctic Archipelago.
Geum triflorum Pursh prairiesmoke ✒ Stems 20–40 cm high; rhizome stout, horizontal, with exposed part covered by shaggy brown hairs. Leaves soft-hirsute, mainly basal, with 6–8 pairs of crowded leaflets; leaflets cuneate-obovate, deeply cleft into linear divisions; cauline leaves few, much-reduced. Inflorescence 1to several-flowered, with flowers nodding in anthesis, upright in fruit; hypanthium and long linear bractlets purplish; petals strawcolored to purplish; styles not jointed, elongating up to 4 cm long, plumose except for early deciduous tips. ✿ Dry prairie and grassland; known in the Yukon Territory only from grassy flats in an opening in dry spruce forest. ● North America; from British Columbia east to Ontario, south to New York, Illinois, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the area between Whitehorse and Minto.
Luetkea Bong.
Luetkea
Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Ktze. ✒ Dwarf evergreen mat-forming shrub, with rhizomes and stolons; stems 8–15 cm high, erect or ascending. Leaves clustered at bases of the stems and in tufts along stolons, bi-ternate 7–20 mm long; segments linearlanceolate to oblong, glabrous; stem leaves similar. Flowers in short bracteate racemes that elongate in fruit; sepals 5, 1.5–2.5 mm long, triangular, glabrous; petals 5, white, about twice as long as the sepals; follicles 4–5 mm long; seeds linear, about 2 mm long. ✿ Alpine herbmats or snowbed slopes. ● North America; from southern Alaska and Yukon Territory south through the Rocky Mountains to California, Idaho, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62° N.
388
ROSACEAE
Potentilla L. cinquefoil
Potentilla
Annual or perennial herbs (or shrubby in P. fruticosa) , with freely branching subligneous caudices covered with marcescent leaves and petioles, or with taproots. Leaves basal or alternate on stems, pinnate or palmately several-foliate. Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple or branched above; flowers 5-parted, solitary or in cymes; sepals alternating with sepal-like bracteoles; petals yellow or white or purplish red; fruits small dry achenes, inserted on the dry often hairy receptacle. A. Petals reddish purple to dark red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. palustris A. Petals white or cream or yellow B. Woody shrubs; ovaries and achenes pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. fruticosa ssp. floribunda B. Herbaceous; ovaries and achenes glabrous C. Plants with long slender freely rooting stolons; flowers solitary D. Leaflets usually 10–12 pairs; stolons pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. anserina D. Leaflets 5–7; stolons glabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. egedii C. Plants lacking stolons; flowers 1 or more E. Basal leaves pinnate, with 5 or more leaflets F. Plants distinctly glandular-villous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. arguta ssp. convallaria F. Plants not glandular-villous G. Basal leaves with leaflets more or less approximate H. Leaves tomentose below and with coarse hairs on veins and margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. rubricaulis H. Leaves tomentose below mixed with long silky hairs . . . . . . . . . . . P. pulchella G. Basal leaves with leaflets usually widely separated I.
Calyx lobes short glandular-pubescent together with long hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. litoralis
I.
Calyx lobes not glandular-pubescent J.
Stems 5–15 cm high; basal leaves usually with 9–12 crowded leaflets, deeply divided into 3–5 linear segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. ovina
J.
Stems 10–60 cm high; basal leaves usually with 5–9 uncrowded leaflets K. Leaflets pinnately divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. bimundorum K. Leaflets merely toothed L. Leaves distinctly pinnate; petals longer than sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pensylvanica L. Leaves appearing subdigitate with leaflets often approximate; petals shorter than sepals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. bipinnatifida
E. Basal leaves 3-foliate or palmately compound with 5 or more leaflets M. Plants annual or biennial N. Leaves pubescent with spreading or appressed hairs and multicellular glandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. biennis N. Leaves lacking glandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. norvegica M. Plants perennial
Potentilla
389
O. Basal leaves 5- or 7-parted P. Leaflets toothed in upper part, cuneate to base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. diversifolia P. Leaflets toothed to base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. gracilis O. Basal leaves 3-parted Q. Leaflets lobed at least to middle R. Leaflets cleft to base into linear lobes; petals 5–8 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. biflora R. Leaflets cleft to near middle into obtuse lobes; petals 2–4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. elegans Q. Leaflets toothed S. Flowers 2–3 cm in diameter; leaflets leathery, dark grayish green above, tomentose and decidedly ribbed below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. villosula S. Flowers smaller; leaflets not leathery nor decidedly ribbed below T. Leaflets soft-pubescent on lower surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. hyparctica T. Leaflets tomentose or densely sericeous on lower surface U. Plants densely tufted or matted, very hirsute or shaggy from long silky guard-hairs; flowers solitary or rarely 2 or 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. uniflora U. Plants loosely tufted; lower surface of leaves white-tomentose; flowers in cymes V. Leaf petioles with long and short more or less straight hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nivea V. Leaf petioles with short crispate and long more or less straight hairs or lacking straight hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. prostrata
Potentilla anserina L. s.l. P. yukonensis Hultén P. egedii Wormskj. ssp. yukonensis (Hultén) Hultén common silverweed ✒ Perennial with long pubescent stolons. Leaves in tufts, pinnately compound, 13–21 main leaflets plus smaller ones interspersed; leaflets oval to oblong, coarsely serrate, green and more or less pubescent above, paler and somewhat pubescent to tomentose below. Scapes glabrous to pubescent, 3–25 cm or more high, bearing single showy flowers; sepals 3–8 mm long, glabrous to pubescent; petals 8–15 mm long, yellow. ✿ Gravelly or sandy lakeshores or riverbanks and moist open grassy areas; common weed near settlements. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Idaho, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Yukon River below Dawson and then disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
390
ROSACEAE
Potentilla arguta Pursh ssp. convallaria (Rydb.) Keck P. convallaria Rydb. tall cinquefoil ✒ Coarse weedy perennial, with stout erect stems up to 1 m high, generally glandular or viscid. Basal leaves tufted, viscid, short-pinnate; leaflets 7–9, obovate, serrate; terminal leaflet largest, with lower ones progressively smaller. Inflorescence flattopped; flowers crowded in one large terminal cyme or in several smaller lateral cymes; calyx lobes glandular, oblonglanceolate, enlarged in fruit; petals pale yellow, drying white, about same length as calyx lobes. ✿ Prairies or grassy riverbanks or roadsides. ● Potentilla arguta s.l. from Alaska to Quebec and southward; ssp. convallaria from southeastern Alaska through southwestern Yukon and British Columbia into the western United States, in the Yukon Territory of scattered occurrence as far north as Dawson.
Potentilla biennis Greene ✒ Annual or biennial from a slender taproot; stems with ascending branches, 10–60 cm high, glandular-pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, mostly cauline; terminal leaflet obovate to oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, pubescent with spreading or appressed hairs and with multicellular glandular hairs. Flowers several, inconspicuous; sepals ovate-triangular, 2–4 mm long, glandularpuberulent, hirsute; petals about as long as the sepals, yellow. ✿ Waste situations. ● Western United States and interior southern British Columbia; collected in the Yukon Territory only once at Dawson in 1902 where introduced.
Potentilla biflora Willd. ✒ Densely caespitose dwarf plant, from a branching caudex densely covered by marcescent shiny oblong 1–3 cm or more long prominently veined stipules. Leaf blades trifoliate; lateral leaflets deeply divided into linear divisions, with revolute margins, sparsely pubescent with long white hairs. Flowering peduncles scapose, 8–12 cm long; flowers often 2 together, about 1.5 cm in diameter; bracteoles and sepals triangular, of equal length; petals obcordate, 5–8 mm long, longer than sepals, pale yellow, drying white; receptacle densely white-pubescent. ✿ Alpine gravelly slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America across alpine parts of Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the east slope of the Mackenzie Mountains, south to the northeast corner of British Columbia.
Potentilla
391
Potentilla bimundorum Sojak P. multifida auth. ✒ Perennial from a much-branched dark brown caudex. Stems leafy, 10–30 cm high, erect or ascending, sparsely to densely pubescent. Basal leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 5–7, deeply dissected into mostly linear segments with inrolled margins, green above, tomentose on lower surface. Cyme leafy-bracted, with branches ascending; sepals ovate-triangular, pubescent with soft white hairs; bractlets linear, acute, as long as the sepals; petals yellow, about as long as the sepals; styles filiform. ✿ Gravel lakeshores, sandy banks, and gravel outwash fans. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in boreal North America from northern Quebec to Alaska; uncommon in the Yukon Territory but known in the southwest and the vicinity of Dawson.
Potentilla bipinnatifida Dougl. ex Hook. P. pensylvanica L. var. bipinnatifida (Dougl. ex Hook.) T. & G. ✒ Perennial with a stout branching caudex; stems 20–50 cm high, erect or decumbent at base, usually with short and long spreading or ascending hairs. Basal leaves pinnate but often appearing digitate; leaflets 5–7, crowded, pectinately divided almost to midrib, sparsely to densely pubescent with long and short hairs; stem leaves similar but short-petiolate. Inflorescence usually many-flowered, sepals 3–4 mm long, ovate; petals shorter than sepals, obcordate, yellow; achenes about 1 mm long. ✿ Open meadows and slopes. ● North American; from Quebec, Hudson Bay, and Manitoba to British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, Alaska, and south in the United States to Minnesota, New Mexico, and Arizona; apparently rare in southwestern and northern Yukon Territory.
Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. ✒ Loosely tufted perennial, with a stout subligneous branching caudex, densely covered with marcescent remains of stipules and petioles; stems 15–40 cm high, often branched above. Basal leaves long-petioled; blade up to 5 cm wide, digitately 5- to 7-parted; leaflets obovate, deeply toothed toward apex, cuneate at base, glaucous, and almost glabrous, at least in age. Inflorescence open with few to several flowers; sepals lanceolate, 4–7 mm long; bracteoles narrowly lanceolate; petals 6–11 mm long, obcordate, yellow. ✿ Moist alpine meadows and slopes. Cordilleran; extending northward into southeastern Alaska, to about latitude 63° N in southern Yukon Territory, and the southern Mackenzie Mountains in the District of Mackenzie and south to Utah, New Mexico, and California.
392
ROSACEAE
Potentilla egedii Wormskj. P. anserina L. ssp. egedii (Wormsk.) Hiit. ✒ Tufted plant, from a short thick branched caudex, stoloniferous; stolons glabrous to glabrate. Leaves 2–7 cm long, pinnate, forming a rosette; leaflets 7–11, ovate to oblong-ovate, toothed, glabrous to silverypubescent below. Flowers single on scapes arising from main rosette or from stolons; sepals 3–4 mm long; petals 7–8 mm long, yellow. ✿ Halophyte; rarely found beyond the tidal zone. ● Circumpolar; in North America found on the coasts of Greenland, Labrador, Hudson Bay, and western Alaska and the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory where rare on Herschel Island and near Shingle Point.
Potentilla elegans Cham. & Schlecht. ✒ Loosely caespitose dwarf perennial; flowering stems erect, ascending from a much-branched caudex; caudex thickly covered with reddish brown marcescent leaf bases. Leaves all basal; blade about 1 cm in diameter; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, deeply cut into blunt lobes, cuneate at base, glabrous or soft-ciliate. Flowers small, single, terminal, barely overtopping leaves; petals obovate, 2–4 mm long, slightly longer than calyx lobes, pale yellow. ✿ High alpine species of rocky or gravelly places. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward into the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie; rare and scattered in the mountains of northern and eastern Yukon Territory.
Potentilla fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington P. floribunda Pursh P. fruticosa Am. auth. shrubby cinquefoil ✒ Much-branched dwarf shrub, up to 1.5 m high but often lower; outer bark shreddy, reddish brown. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, 3- to 5-foliolate; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, about 1 cm long, sparsely silky on both sides; stipules membranous, pinkish, sheathing the petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes, about 2 cm in diameter; petals yellow; achenes hirsute. ✿ Common in open and partly wooded muskeg or tundra north beyond the limit of trees, and in the mountains. Potentilla ● Potentilla fruticosa s.l. circumpolar with large gaps; ssp. floribunda in southern Europe across Asia, across boreal North America and south into the northern United States; common throughout the Yukon Territory.
Potentilla
393
Potentilla gracilis Dougl. P. gracilis Dougl. ssp. nuttallii Potentilla (Lehm.) Keck slender cinquefoil ✒ Perennial from a thick often branching scaly caudex. Stems 30–70 cm high, often decumbent at base, leafy. Basal leaves and lower stem leaves petioled, 5- to 7-digitate; leaflets narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, coarsely serrate to deeply lobed, strigose to tomentose, densely white-tomentose on undersurface in some. Inflorescence an open cyme with ascending branches; flowers 1.5–2.0 cm across; sepals ovate, acuminate; bractlets lanceolate, shorter than sepals; petals yellow, obcordate, longer than sepals. ✿ Open woods and grassland situations. ● North America; from Manitoba to Alaska south to California, New Mexico, Nebraska, and South Dakota, and introduced eastward; in the Yukon Territory scattered north to latitude 64° N. ROSACEAE
Potentilla hyparctica Malte s.l. P. emarginata Pursh non Desf. ✒ Densely tufted plant; branches of caudex covered by marcescent brown stipules; stems erect-ascending, 5–25 cm high, more or less flexuous. Leaves ternate; leaflets obovatecuneate, toothed, green and somewhat villous above, paler and soft- pubescent below. Inflorescence of 1–3 flowers; calyx lobes 4–7 mm long, lanceolate; petals slightly longer than sepals, prominently emarginate, pale yellow. ✿ Rocky slopes and tundra turf. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to southern British Columbia and western Alberta; found mostly in the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory.
Potentilla litoralis Rydb. P. virgulata A. Nels. P. pensylvanica L. var. virgulata (A. Nels.) Wolf ✒ Tufted perennial, from a branching caudex; stems decumbent to ascending, 15–35 cm long, often reddish, with upper part puberulent and sparsely strigose-pubescent and short glandular-pubescent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets deeply dissected to near midrib, short glandular-pubescent and strigose-pubescent. Inflorescence of few to numerous flowers; pedicels ascending; calyx lobes short glandular-pubescent together with long hairs; petals yellow. ✿
Dry open slopes.
Western North America; in northern and southern Alaska, southern Yukon Territory, southwestern District of Mackenzie, James Bay, and according to Hultén (1968) disjunct to the midwestern United States. ●
394
ROSACEAE
Potentilla nivea L. P. nivea L. var. nipharga (Rydb.) Sojak P. hookeriana auct. non Lehm. P. arenosa (Turcz.) Juz. ✒ Loosely tufted perennial, with a freely branched brown caudex; stems 10–30 cm high, erect ascending. Leaves ternate; leaflets ovate, deeply toothed, dark green above, white-tomentose below; veins on lower surface usually visible; petioles with long and short more or less straight hairs. Flowers 1 to several; sepals narrowly triangular, shorter than petals, pubescent; bracteoles oblong-ovate; petals about 5 mm long, obcordate, yellow. ✿ Open rocky and gravelly slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the District of Mackenzie and south to the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Arctic coast.
Potentilla norvegica L. ✒ Annual or biennial; stems simple, or branched above, to 40 cm or more high, leafy, hirsute. Leaves 3-parted, with lowermost with long petioles; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, spreading to appressed hirsute. Inflorescence dense and leafy; flowers small, with pale yellow obovate petals shorter than sepals. ✿ Weedy habit, readily invading areas of disturbed soil, clearings, or burns. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory frequent nearly to latitude 65° N but rare to north of latitude 68° N in the southern British Mountains.
Potentilla ovina J.M. Macoun P. plattensis sensu Boivin (1967) pro parte ✒ Perennial from a branching caudex; caudex covered by reddish brown marcescent stipules. Stems 5–10 cm high (much higher in southern part of its range), erect or spreading. Leaves mostly basal; leaflets 9–18, crowded, ascending, divided nearly to base into 3–5 linear, sericeous-hirsute segments. Inflorescence a 1- to 3(5)-flowered cyme; calyx lobes about 4 mm long, acute to acuminate, sericeous-hirsute, glandular; petals 5–6 mm long, obcordate, light yellow. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Eastern slopes of cordillera; from Jasper National Park south to California, Utah, and New Mexico and disjunct to Kluane National Park west of Kluane Lake in the Yukon Territory.
Potentilla
395
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Comarum palustre L. marsh fivefinger, marsh cinquefoil ✒ Emergent bog perennial, with long freely branching prostrate and submerged subwoody rhizomes from which rise erect or decumbent aerial shoots; stems often dark reddish tinged. Leaves 5- or less often 7-pinnate, also often dark reddish tinged; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, dark green above, pale and somewhat pubescent below. Flowers about 2 cm across, solitary or few together in axils of uppermost leaves; petals shorter than sepals, dark reddish purple; anthers deep purple. ✿ Wet marshes and bogs. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Wyoming, and California; common in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast and Herschel Island.
Potentilla pensylvanica L. P. pectinata auct. non Raf. ✒ Loosely to densely tufted plant, from a simple or branched erect-ascending caudex covered with marcescent stipules; stems few to several, 25–75 cm high, simple or branching above, thinly tomentose, usually with 3–4 evenly spaced cauline leaves each reduced above. Cauline and basal leaves similar, 5- to 9- foliolate, often white tomentose beneath; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, divided halfway or nearly to midrib into linear-oblong segments. Inflorescence somewhat congested in 1 or several clusters; calyx and bractlets short, soft-pubescent; petals bright yellow, not much longer than sepals; style thick and glandular at base. ✿ Dry prairies, bluffs, dunes, and mountain slopes to near tree line. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Quebec to southeast Alaska and south to Minnesota and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory fairly frequent north to latitude 64° N, and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley and along the Firth River in the British Mountains.
Potentilla prostrata Rottb. ssp. prostrata P. nivea auct. non L. Loosely tufted perennial, with a freely branched brown caudex; stems 10–25 cm high, erect ascending, freely branched. Leaves ternate; leaflets ovate, toothed, dark green above, dull white-tomentose below; petioles with short crispate and long more or less straight hairs. Flowers 1 to several; sepals triangular, shorter than petals, pubescent; bracteoles oblong; petals 6–7 mm long, obcordate, yellow.
396
ROSACEAE
Potentilla prostrata Rottb. ssp. floccosa Sojak P. nivea sensu Hultén (1945) and Jurtzev (1984) ✒ Differing from ssp. prostrata in having petioles with soft floccose or crispate hairs (lacking stiff straight hairs); leaflets with 3–6 rather than 2–5 pairs of teeth. ✿ Heath barrens and dry rocky slopes. ● Potentilla prostrata s.l. circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory found in the British and St. Elias mountains near the Alaska border west of Dawson and near the District of Mackenzie border south of the Canol Road.
Potentilla pulchella R. Br. P. pulchella R. Br. var. gracilicaulis A.E. Porsild ✒ Perennial with a branched caudex covered with dark reddish brown marcescent leaf bases; stems to 20 cm high, thinly pubescent. Basal leaves pinnate; leaflets 3–5, linear-lanceolate, deeply incised, glabrate above, silky-tomentose below; first pair of leaflets largest, with second pair smaller or much-reduced or absent; petioles silkyvillous; stipules large, essentially glabrous, rusty brown. Inflorescence of few to several flowers; sepals 3–5 mm long, ovate; petals 3.5–5.0 mm long, yellow. ✿ Coastal sand spits. ● Circumpolar, arctic; in North America from Greenland to northern Alaska, south in the east to James Bay; in the Yukon Territory rare along the Arctic coast (Douglas et al. 1981).
Potentilla rubricaulis Lehmann P. rubricaulis sensu Porsild & Cody pro min. parte P. furcata A.E. Porsild P. hookeriana Lehm. var. furcata (A.E. Porsild) Hultén ✒ Caespitose plant, from a stout subligneous freely branching caudex covered by dark brown marcescent stipules; stems 10–25 cm high, ascending, pubescent with long and short more or less straight hairs. Basal leaves quinate or ternate in some; leaflets deeply narrow-toothed, whitetomentose below; petioles pubescent with long and short more or less straight hairs; stem leaves ternate or reduced above. Inflorescence 2- to few-flowered; sepals oblong-triangular, glandular under long straight hairs, shorter than petals; petals obovate, somewhat emarginate, 4–5 mm long, yellow. ✿ Steep open and rocky slopes. ● North America; from southwest and central Yukon Territory to Great Bear Lake, and disjunct to the Arctic coast and Herschel Island.
Prunus
397
Potentilla uniflora Ledeb. P. ledebouriana A.E. Porsild ✒ Densely to loosely caespitose plant, from firm subligneous branching caudices covered with long-marcescent brown or blackened remains of leaves; stems erect-ascending, 5–25 cm high, simple or branched. Basal leaves petioled, ternately divided, toothed; petioles long silky-pubescent; leaflets broadly cuneate or obovate, with 5–7 acute teeth, green and more or less pubescent above, white-tomentose and long silky-hairy below. Flowers 1–3; sepals ovatelanceolate, 4–6 mm long; petals 6–11 mm long, emarginate, yellow. ✿ Rocky and gravelly alpine slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian, cordilleran; ranging from eastern Siberia across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to western District of Mackenzie, south through British Columbia and the mountains of western Alberta to Montana and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Potentilla villosula Jurtz. P. villosa auth. non Pall. P. nivea L. var. villosa (Pall.) Regel & Tiling ✒ Perennial with branched caudex thickly covered with marcescent dark brown stipules. Stems 5–25 cm high, erect, bearing long spreading hairs. Leaves trifoliate; terminal leaflets obovate, coarsely toothed at apex, entire and cuneate to base; lateral leaflets somewhat asymmetrical; upper surface of leaves grayish green; lower surface with grayish white tomentum and strongly ribbed. Flowers 1 to several, showy; calyx lobes ovate triangular; bractlets elliptic to ovate, about as long as the lobes; petals broadly obcordate, 8–12 mm long, yellow. ✿
Dry rocky alpine slopes and tundra.
Amphi-Beringian; in North America, coastal and southern Alaska south to Washington; in the Yukon Territory apparently rare as far north as Dawson. ●
Prunus L. cherry
Prunus
Shrubs or dwarf trees. Leaves alternate, simple, finely serrate. Flowers umbellate or racemose; sepals 5; petals 5, white; stamens about 20; pistils 1; fruit fleshy, 1-seeded (drupe). A. Flowers in umbellate clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pensylvanica A. Flowers racemose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. virginiana
398
ROSACEAE
*Prunus pensylvanica L. pin cherry ✒ Slender shrub or small tree; bark reddish brown. Leaves 5–10 cm long, lanceolate-acuminate. Flowers few, in terminal or axillary umbellate clusters; fruit globose, 5–7 mm in diameter, light red. ✿ Woods, clearings, and riverbanks. ● North America; from Labrador to British Columbia and southwestern District of Mackenzie, south to Virginia and Colorado; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
*Prunus virginiana L. choke cherry ✒ Slender shrub or small tree. Leaves 5–10 cm long, broadly elliptic to obovate or ovate, obtuse or acute. Flowers in terminal racemes, numerous; fruit ovate, about 8 mm in diameter, deep red becoming purplish black, astringent. ✿ Woods and clearings. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie, south to North Carolina, Texas, and California; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Rosa L. rose
Rosa
Shrubs mostly with prickly or thorny stems. Leaves odd-pinnate; stipules prominent, adnate to petiole. Flowers showy, up to 5 cm in diameter; petals 5, pink; sepals 5; hypanthium (hip) globose or oblong, first green but later reddish orange and pulpy, enclosing ripe hairy achenes. A. Stems and branches densely covered with bristles and with straight terete prickles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. acicularis A. Stems less densely armed and branches often bearing only infrastipular prickles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. woodsii
Rosa acicularis Lindl. s.l. prickly rose ✒ Low shrubs. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 3–7, 1.5–5.0 cm long, simply serrate, puberulent and often glandular on rachis; stipules glandular-ciliate. Flowers usually solitary; sepals erect in fruit, often glandular on the back; petals 2–3 cm long, pink; fruit ellipsoid or pear-shaped. ✿ Frequent on riverbanks and in woodland clearings or burns. ● Nearly circumpolar; in North America, Quebec to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, Colorado, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory found northward nearly to latitude 69° N.
Rubus
399
Rosa woodsii Lindl. western rose ✒ Low shrubs. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 5–9, 1–3 cm long, coarsely serrate, oval to obovate or elliptic, glabrous to puberulent, deep green; stipules glandular and pubescent. Flowers usually corymbose; sepals erect or spreading in fruit; petals 1.5–2.0 cm long, pink or rose; fruit globose. ✿ Dry open slopes. ● Western North America; from western Ontario to British Columbia and central Alaska, south to Nebraska, New Mexico, and northern Texas; in the Yukon Territory known only in the extreme south where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Rubus L. raspberry, bramble
Rubus
Shrubby tufted or trailing perennials. Leaves 3-lobed or 3- to 5-parted, stipulate. Flowers regular, perfect (except dioecious R. chamaemorus); stamens numerous; calyx persistent, 5-lobed; petals 5, deciduous; carpels numerous, becoming fleshy druplets forming an aggregate fruit around enlarged succulent receptacle. A. Erect shrubs with freely branching or bristly canes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. idaeus A. Low mainly herbaceous subshrubs, lacking bristly prickles B. Flowers dioecious, white; leaves round-reniform, mostly 5-lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. chamaemorus B. Flowers perfect; leaves 3-foliate or appearing 5-foliate C. Leaves appearing 5-foliate; flowers white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. pedatus C. Leaves 3-foliate; flowers pink or white D. Canes 15–50 cm, long-tufted, from long trailing freely rooting stolons; flowers white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. pubescens D. Stems 3–30 cm high, tufted, from a woody branching base; flowers pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. arcticus
Rubus arcticus L. ssp. arcticus Herbaceous plant; stems 3–30 cm high, tufted, from a woody branching base; stolons lacking. Leaves 3-foliate; leaflets broadly ovate to rhombic, frequently stipitate; stipules ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers 1–3, usually standing above leaves; sepals short, triangular; petals obovate, occasionally emarginate, not much longer than sepals, pink; fruit globular, dark purple.
400
ROSACEAE
Rubus arcticus L. ssp. acaulis (Michx.) Focke R. arcticus L. var. acaulis (Michx.) Boivin R. acaulis Michx. Differing from ssp. arcticus in usually having single flowers not overtopping leaves; sepals long, caudate; petals narrowly cuneate-obovate, longer than sepals.
Rubus arcticus L. ssp. stellatus (J.E. Sm.) Boivin emend. Hultén R. stellatus J.E. Sm. ✒ Differing from ssp. arcticus in having the leaves 3-lobed rather than 3-parted; flowers solitary, larger. ✿ Subalpine meadows and alpine herbmats. ● Ssp. arcticus amphi-Beringian, extending eastward through central and southern Yukon Territory to beyond the Mackenzie Delta; ssp. acaulis in North America from Labrador to Alaska and south in the east to Gaspé, Quebec and in the west in the mountains to Alberta and British Columbia, Montana, and Colorado, widespread in the Yukon Territory to about latitude 68° N; ssp. stellatus extending eastward into central and southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Rubus chamaemorus L. cloudberry, baked-apple, baked-apple berry, bake-apple ✒ Dioecious glabrous herb, arising from extensively creeping and branching rootstocks; stems simple, erect, 10–20 cm high, bearing 1–3 leaves. Leaves round-reniform, mostly 5-lobed, serrate, somewhat leathery. Flowers solitary; sepals 2.5–16 mm long; petals 6–14 mm long, white, showy; fruit at first bright red, becoming amber-colored and later soft and pale yellow. ✿ Moist peaty and turfy places. ● Circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New York; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Rubus
401
Rubus idaeus L. s.l. R. strigosus Michx. wild red raspberry ✒ Erect shrub, to 1.5 m high, from a branching rhizome; canes biennial, freely branching, prickly. Leaves of primocanes mostly 5-foliate; leaves of floricanes mostly 3-foliate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, doubly serrate, green above, densely whitetomentose below. Flowers in small racemes, axillary or terminal; sepals 4–10 mm long, finely pubescent and with gland-tipped hairs; petals about as long as the sepals, white; fruit red. ✿ Woodland clearings. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, northern Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Porcupine River valley. A plant from adjacent to the Canol Road, Mt. Sheldon, and McMillan Pass reported by Porsild (1951) as R. alaskensis Bailey may represent a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. arcticus.
Rubus pedatus J.E. Sm. ✒ Herbaceous plant, with trailing stoloniferous stems. Leaves 3-foliate but appearing 5-foliate; leaflets obovate, double serrate-dentate, variously pubescent; petioles up to 10 cm long. Flowering stems about as long as the petioles; flowers solitary; sepals 4–11 mm long; petals about as long as the sepals, white; fruit red, juicy. ✿ Moist mossy woods. ● Japanese islands; in North America from southern Alaska south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Montana, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory found only in the extreme south where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Rubus pubescens Raf. dwarf raspberry ✒ Tufted plant, with erect-ascending leafy and nonprickly canes 15–50 cm long arising from a woody base; stolons long, trailing, freely rooting. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets ovate to deltoid, double serratedentate, pubescent to glabrous. Flowers 1 to several; calyx lobes 3–7 mm long; petals 4–8 mm long, white; fruit red, juicy, sweet. ✿ On tufa terraces and under Picea mariana adjacent to mineral springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southwestern District of Mackenzie and southeastern Yukon Territory south into the northern United States; in southeast Yukon Territory and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
402
ROSACEAE
Sanguisorba L. burnet
Sanguisorba
Glabrous perennial herbs, arising from a stout caudex. Leaves pinnate, coarsely serratedentate; stem leaves smaller, alternate; stipules adnate to petioles, persistent. Flowers small, perfect, in a dense long-peduncled spike; petals absent; calyx lobes 4, petal-like; fruit an achene. A. Spikes oblong 1–1.5 cm long, purple; stamens not or barely exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. officinalis A. Spikes cylindrical, 3–10 cm long, greenish white; stamens exserted . . . . . . . . S. canadensis ssp. latifolia
Sanguisorba canadensis L. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Calder & Taylor S. sitchensis C.A. Mey. S. stipulata Raf. Canadian burnet ✒ Stems 25–80 cm high. Basal leaves 10–50 cm long; leaflets 9–15, 1–4 cm long, ovate to ovate-oblong, cordate, stipitate, paler on undersurface; stem leaves smaller, with fewer leaflets. Spikes 3–8 cm long; sepals 2.5–3.0 mm long, greenish white, occasionally purplish-tinged; stamens much longer than sepals; filaments flattened, clavate. ✿ Damp lowland thickets to alpine slopes at 1500 m altitude. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across southern Alaska and southern Yukon Territory, and south through British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho.
Sanguisorba officinalis L. S. microcephala Presl great burnet ✒ Stems 20–90 cm high. Basal leaves 15–30 cm long; leaflets 7–15, 1–7 cm long, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, truncate to cordate, stipitate, paler on undersurface; stem leaves smaller with fewer leaflets. Spikes 1–3 cm long; sepals 2–3 mm long, reddish purple; stamens about as long or only slightly longer than sepals; filaments linear. ✿ Riverbanks and occasionally in townsites. ● Eurasian; in North America extending across Alaska to the Porcupine and Yukon rivers and disjunct to Lake Laberge and the Rancheria River in the Yukon Territory, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); apparently introduced elsewhere in North America.
Sorbus
Sibbaldia L.
403
Sibbaldia
Sibbaldia procumbens L. ✒ Densely matted perennial, with a freely branching caudex; stems up to 10 cm high, strigose-pubescent. Basal leaves petiolate, ternate; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, 3-toothed at apex, cuneate at base, strigose-pubescent; stem leaves similar, alternate. Flowers small, inconspicuous, few, in dense cymes; sepals 2.5–5.0 mm long, strigose-pubescent, alternating with bracteoles; petals 5, linear-oblong, shorter than sepals, yellowish green; stamens 5; fruit small achenes on dry receptacle. ✿ Wet and often gravelly alpine slopes and turf, often by late snow patches. ● Circumpolar, with large gaps, subarctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Quebec to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory in the mountainous regions north to the southern Richardson and Barn mountains, where rare.
Sorbus L. mountain ash
Sorbus
Shrubs (ours) or small trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Inflorescence a corymbose cyme; flowers perfect, sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, white to cream; stamens 15–20; pistil 1; ovary inferior with 2–5 locules; styles 2–5; fruit a pome. A. Winter buds and flower pedicels and young twigs pilose with reddish hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sitchensis A. Winter buds and flower pedicels and young twigs pilose with white hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. scopulina
Sorbus scopulina Greene ✒ Much-branched thicket-forming shrub, 1–3 m high; bark reddish; winter buds glutinous, more or less white-pubescent; young twigs white-pubescent. Leaflets 11–13, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous above, paler and sparsely pilose below; stipules usually persistent. Inflorescence flat-topped; pedicels white pilose; sepals triangular, white pilose; petals 4–6 mm long; fruit 5–10 mm long, orange to red, glossy. ✿ Moist alpine slopes. ● Cordilleran; from southern Alaska south to Colorado and New Mexico; in southern Yukon Territory scattered north to the Canol Road and the Ladue River near Mayo.
404
ROSACEAE
Sorbus sitchensis Roemer ✒ Shrubs 1–3 m high; bark reddish; winter buds and young twigs rusty-pubescent. Leaflets 7–11, oblong to oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, coarsely serrate, glabrous above, paler and somewhat rusty-pubescent below; stipules deciduous. Inflorescence rounded; pedicels rusty-pubescent; sepals triangular, rusty-pubescent; petals 4–6 mm long; fruit subglobose to elliptic, 8–10 mm long, red with a bluish bloom. ✿ Subalpine woods. ● North America; from coastal southern Alaska south to California, Idaho, and Montana; in the Yukon Territory known only in southern Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Spiraea L. spiraea
Spiraea
Spiraea beauverdiana Schneid. ✒ Erect-ascending shrub, with slender and much-branched stems occasionally 1 m high, but usually lower; bark dark brown and shreddy. Leaves alternate, 1–5 cm long, oval, with shallowly crenate margins, green above, paler below. Inflorescence a 2–3 cm broad compound terminal or axillary panicle; sepals 5, triangular; petals 5, 1.5–2.5 mm long, white; capsules 2.5–3.5 mm long, pubescent. ✿ Borders of muskegs, in alpine and subalpine meadows and slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America extending eastward to the Mackenzie River valley; in the Yukon Territory frequent between latitude 62° N and the Arctic slope.
Astragalus
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) pea family
405
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Perennial herbs (ours). Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately compound, stipulate. Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx cup-shaped or tubular, usually with 5 teeth; corolla of 5 petals, with upper median one (standard) large, and with two lateral ones (wings) similar, and with two lowest ones united to form keel; stamens 10, of which 9 united and 1 free; fruit a variously shaped legume. A. Leaves with a slender terminal tendril B. Style filiform, bearded near apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia B. Style flattened, bearded down inner side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus A. Leaves lacking tendrils C. Leaflets 3 (see also Oxytropis mertensiana) D. Inflorescence globose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium D. Inflorescence spikelike or racemose E. Flowers in short headlike racemes; pods curved or spirally coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicago E. Flowers in elongate racemes; pods ovoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melilotus C. Leaflets more than 3 (except Oxytropis mertensiana) F. Legume articulated with transverse joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hedysarum F. Legume not articulated G. Leaves palmately lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus G. Leaves pinnate H. Calyx lobes subulate, much longer than tube; fruit round, strongly reticulated, bearing stout spines on reticulations, 1-seeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onobrychis H. Calyx lobes shorter than tube; fruit elongated, not strongly reticulated or bearing spines, several-seeded I.
Stems usually leafy; keel of corolla blunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus
I.
Stems usually not leafy; keel of corolla tipped into an erect point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxytropis
Astragalus L. milk-vetch
Astragalus
Perennial caulescent herbs, with taproots or creeping rhizomes. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in axillary racemes or spicate; calyx 5-toothed; corolla usually long, narrow, with standard equaling or exceeding wings and keel; legumes few-to many-seeded, at least partly 2-locular by sutures projecting inward into locule, thus dividing cavity lengthwise. A. Stems prostrate or nearly so B. Legumes ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, black-strigose, 5–10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. bodinii B. Legumes longer C. Racemes usually 9- to 15-flowered; legumes 10–17 mm long, straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpinus C. Racemes 1- to 4-flowered; legumes 3–5 cm long, becoming distinctly curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. nutzotinensis A. Stems upright or ascending
406
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
D. Petals yellow or cream-colored E. Plants up to 1 m high; legumes glabrous or nearly so F. Leaflets 9–15; legumes pendulous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. americanus F. Leaflets 13–25; legumes erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. canadensis E. Plants 10–30 cm high; legumes black-hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. umbellatus D. Petals purple or bluish or whitish or yellowish with a purple tip G. Stems decumbent to erect-ascending, forming low tufts or mats H. Plants with malpighiaceous hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. adsurgens H. Plants lacking malpighiaceous hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. agrestis G. Stems erect-ascending, mostly over 25 cm high I. I.
Pods sessile, erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. williamsii Pods sessile or stipitate, deflexed or pendant J. J.
Pods about 1 cm long, sessile or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. eucosmus Pods longer, stipitate K. Plant essentially glabrous, often drying black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. tenellus K. Plant pubescent L. Petals yellowish white or pale purplish; legumes about 1.5 cm long, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. australis L. Petals whitish with keel tip purple; legumes 1.9–2.5 cm long, minutely black- or white-strigose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. robbinsii
Astragalus adsurgens Pall. ssp. robustior (Hook.) Welsh A. striatus Nutt. ✒ Stems 10–35 cm long, decumbent to erect, freely branching, pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs; root stout, subligneous, terminating in a many-headed crown. Leaves with 9–23 leaflets; leaflets oblong, 15–20 mm long, pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs. Inflorescence racemose, 1–5 cm long, dense, at end of a 10–15-cm long peduncle; calyx teeth 2–4 mm long; petals 12–15 mm long, purplish; pods 6–10 mm long, sessile, or nearly so.
Astragalus adsurgens Pall. ssp. viciifolius (Hultén) Welsh A. adsurgens Pall. var. tananaicus (Hultén) Barneby A. viciifolius Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. robustior in having shorter calyx teeth, 0.4–1.5 mm long; pod short-stipitate. ✿ Riverbanks, open grassy slopes, and open woods. ● Ssp. robustior from southern Manitoba to southwestern District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory near Ross River, south to Washington, New Mexico, Nebraska, and Idaho; ssp. viciifolius in central Alaska and central and southwestern Yukon Territory.
Astragalus
407
Astragalus agrestis Dougl. ex G. Don A. dasyglottis Fisch. ex DC. A. goniatus Nutt. A. danicus Retz. var. dasyglottis (Fisch. ex DC.) Boivin purple milk-vetch ✒ Loosely tufted plant, forming patches from slender rhizomes; stems 5–20 cm long, slender, decumbent or ascending. Leaflets 9–23, up to 1 cm long, glabrous above, strigose below, frequently retuse. Raceme dense, 2–3 cm long, not elongating in fruit; calyx strigose; teeth linear; corolla about 18 mm long, purple; legumes ovoidoblong, about 1 cm long, densely villous. ✿ Dry open grassy slopes and occasional on steep talus slopes. ● Eastern Asia, North America; from Hudson Bay to southwestern Yukon Territory, south to Utah, New Mexico, and Kansas.
Astragalus alpinus L. alpine milk-vetch ✒ Low matted herb, with creeping freely branching weak stems arising from underground caudex branches and from a taproot. Leaves 5–15 cm long; leaflets 15–23 or more, oblong-elliptic or broadly lanceolate, 6–20 mm long, white-strigose below and less so to glabrous above. Peduncles longer than leaves; inflorescence a short raceme with divergent flowers; calyx blackstrigose; calyx lobes 1.0–3.2 mm long; petals 9–15 mm long, pale bluish violet; legumes 10–17 mm long, pendulous, stipitate, conspicuously black-strigose. ✿ Grassy slopes, heath, moraines, and riverbeds. ● Circumpolar, arctic-subarctic, alpine; in North America, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia south to Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Oregon; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Astragalus americanus (Hook.) M.E. Jones ✒ Stems up to 1 m high, coarse, 1 or sometimes several arising from a woody caudex. Leaves 9–17 cm long; leaflets 9–15, oblong to lanceolate, 1.5–6.0 cm long, obtuse, fresh green and glabrous above, paler and sparingly pubescent below. Racemes several, usually shorter than leaves, 10- to 25flowered; calyx tube glabrous or nearly so; calyx lobes short-triangular, 0.2–0.8 mm long, white- or black-ciliate; petals 8–13 mm long, cream-colored; legumes ovoid, inflated, membranous, about 2 cm long, stipitate, glabrous or minutely black-strigulose. ✿ Open woodlands and riverbanks. ● North America; from central Alaska and central and southern Yukon Territory to northwestern Ontario, south to Montana and Colorado.
408
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. A. aboriginum Richards. A. richardsonii Sheldon A. linearis (Rydb.) A.E. Porsild ✒ Stems tufted, erect-ascending, 15–30 cm high; taproot fleshy, yellowish, with a much-branched crown. Leaves sessile; leaflets 9–11 linear, silvery gray from appressed hairs; stipules gray-hirsute, connate, ovate-acute, 3–5 mm long. Inflorescence 10- to 20-flowered, dense, but soon elongating; calyx about 5 mm long, blackstrigose; calyx lobes about 2 mm long, narrow; flowers 8–13 mm long, yellowish white or pale purplish; legumes sickle-shaped, turgid when ripe, dark gray, glabrous, about 1.5 cm long, prominently stipitate within calyx. ✿ Stream banks, meadows, woodland clearings, and rocky slopes. ● Circumpolar with many large gaps; in North America, Quebec to Alaska, south to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W and north to the Arctic coast.
Astragalus bodinii Sheldon A. yukonis M.E. Jones. A. stragulus Fern. ✒ Mat-forming plant, spreading from a central taproot; stems very numerous, prostrate, 20–60 cm long. Leaves 1–7 cm long; leaflets 7–19, lanceolate to lance-oblong, 2–19 mm long, glabrous above, sparingly white-strigose below. Inflorescence an elongating raceme on a slender and up to 25 cm long peduncle; calyx white- and blackstrigulose; calyx lobes subulate, 1.2–2.4 mm long; petals 8–11 mm long, pink to bluish purple; legumes 5–10 mm long, obliquely ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, apiculate, blackstrigose. ✿ Silt and gravel river bars, riverbanks, moist meadows, borders of thickets, and invading disturbed gravel and soil along roadsides. ● North America; in Alaska, southwestern Yukon Territory, southwestern District of Mackenzie, and northern Alberta, and disjunct to Newfoundland and to Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 67° N.
*Astragalus canadensis L. ✒ Stems stout, subligneous, branching above, up to 1 m high, arising from a creeping rhizome. Leaves 10–20 cm long; leaflets 13–25, oval to ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, 1.5–2.0 cm long, strigose below, sparsely strigose to glabrous above. Inflorescence a dense many-flowered raceme with a long peducle; flowers spreading-declined in anthesis; calyx 4.6–10.5 mm long, yellowish green, strigose; calyx teeth 1.2–4.4 mm long, subulate or triangular; petals 13.5–17.5 mm long, greenish yellow; legumes cylindrical, 10–15 mm long, erect, sessile or nearly so, long-persisting. ✿ Moist open woods and riverbanks. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia and extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie, south to California, Colorado, Texas, and Virginia; to be looked for in southeastern Yukon Territory.
Astragalus
409
Astragalus eucosmus Robins. ssp. eucosmus ✒ Stems slender, erect, 30–60 cm high, arising from ascending slender-branched caudices. Leaves 3–11 cm long; leaflets 9–17, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse, usually green and glabrous above, whitestrigose below. Peduncles axillary, upright, longer than leaves; raceme dense, but soon elongating, 6- to 16-flowered; calyx blackstrigose; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate; petals 5.5–7.5 mm long, purplish or purple-tipped; legumes ovoid-ellipsoid, about 1 cm long, reflexed, sessile, densely black- or grayish-strigose.
Astragalus eucosmus Robins. ssp. sealei (Lepage) Hultén A. sealei Lepage ✒ Differing from ssp. eucosmus in somewhat shorter stature; leaflets smaller; flowers slightly smaller; inflorescence elongating only slightly in fruit. ✿ Open areas and borders of woodland, open gravel river flats, and disturbed situations. ● North America; ssp. eucosmus from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the east to Maine and in the west to Utah and Colorado, and throughout the Yukon Territory; ssp. sealei in northern Alaska and northern Yukon Territory and disjunct to the southern Ogilvie Mountains and the Dezadeash River valley in the southwest.
Astragalus nutzotinensis Rousseau ✒ Stems slender, weak, prostrate, few to several, 6–15 cm long, arising from a branching caudex and taproot. Leaves 2–7 cm long; leaflets oval to oval-obovate, 1–8 mm long, with margins often somewhat inrolled, gray-green, frequently with purplish spots, white-strigose; stipules connate-clasping. Racemes 1- to 4-flowered; peduncles 3–10 cm long; calyx black-strigose; calyx lobes linear to triangular-acuminate, 1.5–2.5 mm long; petals 12–18 mm long, purple toward tips, cream at base; legumes 3–5 cm long, at first straight but becoming distinctly curved, often to form a complete circle, minutely black-strigulose, long-stipitate. ✿
Rock screes, unstable slopes, and gravel outwash.
North America; endemic to Alaska and Yukon Territory; in the Yukon Territory restricted to the St. Elias, British, and southern Richardson mountains and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981). ●
410
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray A. robbinsii (Oakes) Gray var. minor (Hook.) Barneby A. macounii Rydb. ✒ Stems erect, 30–70 cm high, arising singly or several together from a woody caudex and taproot. Leaves 7–12 cm long; leaflets 9–15, oblong to lance-elliptic, glabrous above, more or less strigose below, petiolate. Racemes 2–20 cm long, on axillary peduncles 9–23 cm long; flowers upright, spreading and drooping in age; calyx tube 3.5–4.2 mm long, black-strigose; calyx lobes lance-linear, 1.5–2.0 mm long; petals 7–11 mm long, whitish with keel tip purple; legumes lance-ovoid, 19–25 mm long, stipitate, minutely black- or white-strigose. ✿ Stream banks and open woods. ● North America; in southern Alaska, central and southern Yukon Territory, northern British Columbia, disjunct to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Vermont; and disjunct to southern British Columbia and Alberta, south to Washington, Montana, Colorado, and Nevada; in the Yukon Territory considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Astragalus tenellus Pursh ✒ Stems tufted, 50–70 cm high, few to several, branched, purplish, arising from a subligneous root, terminating in a branching crown. Leaves 5–8 cm long; petioles short or absent; leaflets 9–21, linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous above, somewhat strigose below, frequently blackening in drying. Racemes several, few-flowered; calyx tube 2.0–2.5 mm long, strigose; calyx teeth linear to subulate, 0.9–1.7 mm long; flowers 7–9 mm long, white or pale yellow; legumes 12–18 mm long, nearly flat, stipitate, glabrous. ✿ Open grassy slopes and disturbed situations. ● Western North America; from Manitoba to central and southern Yukon Territory, south to Minnesota, Nebraska, and New Mexico.
Astragalus umbellatus Bunge A. frigidus (L.) Bunge var. littoralis (Hook.) Wats. ✒ Stems 10–30 cm high, solitary or few together, from a horizontally spreading rhizome. Leaves 4–12 cm long; leaflets 7–11, oblong to elliptic, 1–3 cm long, up to 1.0 cm wide, dark green and glabrous above, lighter and sparsely white-hirsute beneath; stipules large, ovate to oblong, membranaceous. Inflorescence a short few-flowered raceme; flowers pendulous in age; calyx cylindrical, greenish yellow in life, drying brown, sparsely black-villous; calyx lobes 0.6–0.8 mm long, triangular; petals deep yellow with white margins; legumes 20–25 mm long, black-hirsute, stipitate, pendulous. ✿
In rich herbmat meadows, often forming small pure colonies.
Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; extending eastward to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie, and south into northern British Columbia; found throughout the mountainous parts of the Yukon Territory. ●
Hedysarum
411
Astragalus williamsii Rydb. ✒ Coarse plant, from a stout branching woody caudex, with a taproot; stems 40–70 cm high, branching. Leaves 5–10 cm long, short-petiolate to subsessile; leaflets 5–15, linear-oblong, to lanceolate or oblanceolate, short-petiolate, rounded or retuse, sparsely white-strigose. Inflorescence racemose, at first compact, but soon elongating up to 20 cm or more long; calyx blackstrigose; calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm long, linear-lanceolate; petals 12–15 mm long, yellowish; legumes erect, 9–15 mm long, ovoid. ✿ Open grassy slopes, gravelly banks and along streams. ● North America; endemic to south-central Alaska and southern Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Hedysarum L. liquorice-root
Hedysarum
Perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers showy; racemes axillary, long-peduncled; legumes linear, thin, flattened, composed of several roundish, 1-seeded sections or loments. A. Calyx teeth deltoid; leaflets thin, with prominent lateral veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. alpinum A. Calyx teeth lance- or linear-subulate; leaflets thick, with lateral veins usually not evident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. boreale
Hedysarum alpinum L. H. alpinum L. var. americanum Michx. liquorice-root ✒ Stems few, erect, up to 60 cm high, arising from brown scaly caudices and from large fleshy rhizomes. Leaves fresh green, glabrous; leaflets 9–13, lanceolate; lateral veins prominent; stipules conspicuous, brown. Flowering racemes 3–12 cm long; peduncles straight, 5–10 cm long; flowers 10–20; calyx teeth deltoid; petals pink or pale purple, (or white in f. albiflorum (Standley) Cody), 1.75–2.0 cm long; loments of legume 2–3, oval, glabrous, conspicuously net-veined. Plants south of the tree line generally more upright and with more flowers than alpine plants or those north of the tree line, but the transition not clearly marked. ✿ Calcareous sands and gravels, often on riverbanks and by sheltered lakeshores. ● Nearly circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Maine, Wyoming, and South Dakota; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
412
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Hedysarum boreale Nutt. ssp. mackenzii (Richards.) Welsh H. mackenzii Richards. ✒ Stems numerous, ascending or arching, 15–35 cm high, arising from a muchbranched subligneous caudex and from a thick fibrous taproot. Leaves with 5–13 leaflets; leaflets linear-lanceolate, about 1.5 cm long, green and glabrous above, and with appressed silvery pubescence below; stipules inconspicuous, gray. Flowering racemes at first subcapitate, but soon elongating, 2–8 cm long; peduncles curved, arching; flowers 5–25, showy and sweet-scented; calyx teeth lance- or linear-subulate; petals deep purple (or yellowish white, f. niveum (Boivin) Cody), 2.5–3.0 cm long; loments of legume 3–6, oval or circular in outline, minutely pubescent and conspicuously transversely veined. ✿ Calcareous clays and gravels, often along riverbanks and lakeshores. ● North America, arctic-subarctic; from Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec, disjunct to Hudson Bay to Alaska; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Lathyrus L. wild pea
Lathyrus
Perennial herbs (ours), with climbing stems, rhizomatous. Leaves alternate, evenpinnate, with terminal extension of rachis forming a prehensile tendril. Flowers showy, in few- to several-flowered axillary racemes; calyx obliquely cup-shaped, 5-toothed; keel of corolla upwardly curved, shorter than wings; pods 1-locular, several-seeded. A. Stipules as large as the leaflets or larger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. japonicus A. Stipules much smaller than leaflets B. Leaflets lance-ovate to broadly elliptic; stems angled; flowers yellowish white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. ochroleucus B. Leaflets linear to ovate; stems winged, at least in upper part; flowers purple to violet or pinkish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. palustris
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. s.l. beach pea ✒ Stems 50–100 cm long, decumbent to prostrate or climbing, freely forking; rhizome cordlike. Leaflets 6–12, broadly elliptic to oblanceolate, 1–6 cm long, glaucousgreen, somewhat fleshy; stipules as large as the leaflets or larger. Flowers bluish purple; pods 3–6 cm long, usually pubescent. ✿ Sheltered beaches, riverbanks, and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found on the Arctic coast and at Keno, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Lupinus
413
*Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. ✒ Stems up to 1 m long, freely climbing on low shrubs. Leaflets 6–8, lance-ovate to broadly elliptic, 2–6 cm long; stipules much smaller than leaflets. Flowers 6–12, yellowish white; pods 3–7 cm long, glabrous. ✿ Riverbanks and forest openings. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia, extending northward to the upper Liard River and Mackenzie River in southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Lathyrus palustris L. s.l. wild pea ✒ Stems 30–80 cm or more long, climbing over other plants, winged at least in upper part. Leaflets 4–8, linear to ovate, 1.5–6.0 cm long; tendrils usually branched; stipules narrow, smaller than leaflets. Inflorescence as long as or longer than subtending leaves; flowers purple to violet or pinkish; pods 3–6 cm long, pubescent or glabrate. ✿ Meadows, woods, and river- and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, comprised of several phases; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland south to New York and California; Hultén (1968) mapped a locality adjacent to the White River, a tributary of the Yukon River, but no specimen has been located.
Lupinus L. lupine
Lupinus
Herbaceous perennials (ours); stems 1 to several, arising from a caudex. Leaves alternate or basal, palmate. Racemes terminal, pedunculate; flowers perfect; calyx 2-lipped, with upper lip 2-lobed, and with lower lip 3-lobed; corolla showy; pods oblong, flattened, 2-valved. A. Basal leaves short-petioled; petioles usually about as long as diameter of leaf . . . . . . . . . L. nootkatensis A. Basal leaves long-petioled; petioles usually 2 or more times longer than diameter of leaf B. Leaflets silky-villous on both surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. kuschei B. Leaflets glabrous above, strigose-pubescent below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. arcticus
Lupinus arcticus Wats. ✒ Stems several, 30–50 cm high. Basal leaves long-petioled; leaflets oblanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, glabrous above, strigose-pubescent below. Racemes 4–14 cm long; calyx strigose to villous; corolla 15–20 mm long, bluish purple (or white in f. albus Cody); pods 2–4 cm long, silkypilose. ✿ Moist tundra, grassy alpine slopes, heath, and woodland. ● Northwestern North America, arcticalpine, endemic; throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
414
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Lupinus kuschei Eastw. ✒ Stems 15–50 cm high. Basal leaves long-petioled; leaflets oblanceolate to elliptic, acute, silky-villous on both sides. Racemes 3–10 cm long; calyx silky-villous; corolla 10–13 mm long, bluish purple; pods 2–3 cm long, silky-pilose. ✿ Sand dunes, roadsides, and open sandy woods. ● North America; endemic to southwestern Yukon Territory, adjacent northern British Columbia, and east-central Alaska.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ✒ Stems 30–120 cm high. Leaves mostly cauline, short-petioled; leaflets oblanceolate to elliptic, obtuse to rounded or mucronate, more-or-less white- to brownishhairy or both sides or glabrous above. Racemes 5–35 cm long; calyx villous; corolla 16–21 mm long, bluish purple (or white in f. leucanthus Lepage); pods 3–6 cm long, brown- or white-silky-hairy. ✿ Moist alpine slopes and meadows. ● North America; from coastal southern and southwestern Alaska south to southern British Columbia; apparently rare in the southern St. Elias Mountains in southwestern Yukon Territory.
Medicago L. medick
Medicago
Annual or perennial herbs; stems erect, decumbent or prostrate. Leaves alternate, trifoliate, usually toothed; terminal leaflet stalked. Racemes axillary, pedunculate, spike- or head-like; calyx 5-toothed; corollas showy; pods curved to coiled. A. Annual; stems prostrate or decumbent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. lupulina A. Perennial; stems erect or ascending B. Flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. falcata B. Flowers blue violet to purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sativa
Melilotus
415
Medicago falcata L. yellow alfalfa, lucerne ✒ Perennial with a thick crown; stems erect or decumbent, 40–100 cm long, strigulose. Leaflets linear to cuneate-oblong, toothed toward truncate-apiculate apex, pubescent. Racemes 6- to 20-flowered, crowded; calyx tube 1–2 mm long; calyx teeth 1.5–3.0 mm long; corolla 6–9 mm long, yellow; pods 6–10 mm long, curved, several-seeded. ✿ Roadside weed. ● Introduced from Eurasia and escaping from cultivation; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia south to Delaware, Michigan and Utah; occasional in the southern Yukon Territory.
*Medicago lupulina L. black medick ✒ Annual; stems prostrate or decumbent, 20–80 cm long, branched from base. Leaflets narrowly to broadly obovate, cuneate at base, toothed toward apex. Racemes 6- to 25-flowered, crowded; calyx about 1 mm long; corolla 2–3 mm long, bright yellow; pods spiral, 1-seeded, becoming black. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia, and much of the United States; to be looked for in and about townsites in the Yukon Territory.
Medicago sativa L. alfalfa, lucerne ✒ Perennial with a thick crown; stems 40–100 cm long, erect to ascending, strigulose. Leaflets cuneate to obcordate, toothed toward truncate-apiculate apex, glabrous to pubescent. Racemes 6- to 25-flowered, crowded to open; calyx tube 1.5–2.5 mm long; calyx teeth 2–4 mm long; corolla 6–10 mm long, blue violet to purple; pods spirally coiled, several seeded. ✿ Roadside weed. ● Introduced from Eurasia and escaping cultivation; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found only at Whitehorse.
Melilotus Mill. sweet-clover
Melilotus
Annual or biennial; stems erect, branching from base, 50–150 cm high, strigulose. Leaves alternate, trifoliate; terminal leaflet stalked. Racemes axillary, pedunculate, elongate, lax; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla small, showy; pods ovoid, sessile, glabrous, 1- or 2-seeded.
416
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
A. Corolla (3)4–5(6) mm long, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. alba A. Corolla (4)4.5–7.0(8) mm long, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. officinalis
Melilotus alba Desr. white sweet-clover ✒ Leaflets obovate to elliptic or oblanceolate; stipules entire or hastately lobed. Racemes 2.8–12.5 cm long, 40- to 110-flowered; corolla (3)4–5(6) mm long, white; pods 2.5–6.0 mm long, reticulately veined. ✿ Introduced roadside weed. ● Cosmopolitan introduction from Eurasia; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to Mayo.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweet-clover ✒ Leaflets cuneate to elliptic or oblanceolate; stipules entire or with 1–3 basal teeth. Racemes 2–11 cm long, 20- to 65-flowered; corolla (4)4.5–7.0(8) mm long, yellow; pods 3–5 mm long, cross-ribbed. ✿ Roadside weed. ● Cosmopolitan introduction; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to Mayo.
Onobrychis Mill.
Onobrychis
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. sainfoin ✒ Erect perennial, 20–60 cm high. Leaves 6–12 cm long, pinnate; leaflets 11–25, oblanceolate to oblong, 1–2 cm long, mucronate; stipules reddish brown, scarious. Flowers in tightly packed racemes held above leaves on long peduncles arising in upper leaf axils; corolla pink to purplish, 10–12 mm long; calyx campanulate; fruit ovate, heavily veined, with veins bearing short curved spines, 1-seeded. ✿ Roadside weed. ● Introduced from Eurasia; in North America, rare in Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory known only from Whitehorse.
Oxytropis
Oxytropis DC. locoweed
417
Oxytropis
Herbaceous caespitose or tufted plant, acaulescent or occasionally short-caulescent perennials, with stout taproots terminating in thick many-headed caudices. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with 5 to many entire leaflets (1–3 in O. mertensiana). Racemes pedunculate or scapose, subcapitate to elongate, consisting of 1 to many flowers; flowers showy, differing from those of similar genus Astragalus by abruptly pointed keel. Legume (or pod) sessile to stipitate, erect or reflexed, 1-loculed or partially 2-loculed. A. Caulescent; stems with 1 or more internodes
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
B. Inflorescence not elongating in fruit; legume black-hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. deflexa ssp. foliolosa B. Inflorescence elongating in fruit; legume gray-hirsute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. deflexa ssp. sericea A. Caespitose; stems from central taproot terminating in a many-headed crown C. Plant more or less glandular-viscid; calyx lobes strongly glandularverrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. viscida C. Plant not glandular-viscid D. Stipules chestnut brown; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. maydelliana D. Stipules papery white or yellow; flowers various E. Leaflets or at least some of them in whorls of 3 or 4 F. Plant usually copiously silky-villous throughout; flowers purple; margins of stipules lacking clavate processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. splendens F. Plant silky-pilose or glabrescent; margins of stipules with clavate processes G. Flowers yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. campestris ssp. varians G. Flowers purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. campestris ssp. roaldii E. Leaflets opposite or alternate H. Leaflets 1 or 3 or occasionally 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. mertensiana H. Leaflets 5 to many I.
Dwarf species with loosely tufted or compact habit; flowers purple J.
Loosely tufted K. Leaflets sparingly pilose on both sides or glabrous above; stipules papery, glabrous on the back. . . . . . . . . . . O. scammaniana K. Leaflets glabrate above, white villous below; stipules densely pilose L. Flowers 2–5(8); plants mostly less than 5 cm high; leaflets various in disposition and number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. arctica L. Flowers 10 to many; plants mostly more than 15 cm high; leaflets often pseudo-fasciculate, numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. campestris ssp. roaldii
J.
Plants densely caespitose or pulvinate M. Pods short, twice longer than broad or less, glabrous to strigose; flowers 1 or rarely 2 per peduncle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. huddelsonii M. Pods elongate; usually at least 3 times longer than broad, pilosulose; flowers 2 or 3 (rarely 1) per peduncle
418
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
N. Pods sessile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. nigrescens ssp. nigrescens N. Pods pedunculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. nigrescens ssp. lonchopoda I.
Plants taller, loosely caespitose O. Stipules with clavate processes; flowers 1.0–1.7 cm long P. Flowers purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. campestris ssp. roaldii P. Flowers yellow Q. Leaflets 9–17, scattered or opposite; spikes usually less than 10-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. campestris ssp. jordalii Q. Leaflets 19–45, scattered, opposite or fasciculate; spikes 10 to many-flowered. . . . O. campestris ssp. varians O. Stipules lacking clavate processes; flowers 1.8–2.5 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. sericea ssp. spicata
*Oxytropis arctica R. Br. ✒ Plants densely caespitose, with a stout taproot, and with freely branched caudex, often forming soft cinereous-gray cushions up to 30 cm in diameter. Leaves 4–7 cm long, with 9–13 or more or less opposite leaflets; leaflets oblonglanceolate, 9–10 mm long, 3 mm wide, densely white-villose beneath, glabrate above; rachis and petiole, but especially the base of the stipules, shaggy with long snowy-white or slightly yellowish hairs; free parts of stipules papery white, glabrous, with long white hairs, and with tiny clavate processes along margins. Scapes 6–10 cm high, erect; spike with 2–5 or more flowers, subcapitate, not elongating in fruit; flowers sweetly perfumed, very large and showy; calyx about 0.8–1.2 cm long; teeth subulate to triangular, one-half as long as the tube; corolla up to 2.5 cm long, dark purple, turning blue in drying. Mature pods dark olive green and pubescent, ovoid-acuminate or somewhat sickle-shaped, erect or spreading, up to 3 cm long, including long beak, bilocular or nearly so. ✿ Occasional to rare on rocky ridges and sand dunes. ● Amphi-Beringian; in North America, in Canadian Arctic and northern Alaska; to be looked for in the mountains of northern Yukon Territory.
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. ssp. jordalii (A.E. Porsild) Hultén O. campestris (L.) DC. var. jordalii (A.E. Porsild) Welsh O. jordalii A.E. Porsild late yellow locoweed ✒ Tufted plant, from a few-headed taproot, each branch densely covered by blackened marcescent petioles and stipules. Leaves 4–6 cm long, with 9–11 narrowly lanceolate leaflets, glabrous above, appressed silvery-pubescent beneath; stipules papery white and translucent, strigose; scapes 2–14 cm long, dark purplish, sparsely sericeous. Inflorescence oblong, 3- to 7-flowered, scarcely elongating in fruit; calyx gray-pubescent, with teeth subulate, one-third as long as the tube; corolla 10–12 mm long, pale greenish yellow, drying ivory-white; legumes 12–18 mm long including 5 mm long beak, sessile within calyx, greenish under a dense but short and black indument. ✿
Turfy limestone barrens near timberline.
North America; endemic to mountains of northern Alaska and Yukon Territory, to the Carcross region of the Territory, and to the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of western District of Mackenzie. ●
Oxytropis
419
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. ssp. roaldii (Ostenf.) Cody O. roaldii Ostenf. O. coronaminis Fern. ✒ Differing from ssp. jordalii and ssp. varians among other characters in having flowers purple rather than yellow; stature usually smaller. Differing from O. arctica with which previously associated in having more smaller flowers; flowers more or less ascending rather than often widely spreading. ✿ Alpine tundra, rocky ridges, and coastal dunes. ● Endemic from northwestern Northwest Territories to northern Alaska; in the Yukon Territory in the British, Richardson, and Ogilvie mountains.
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. ssp. varians (Rydb.) Cody O. campestris (L.) DC. var. varians (Rydb.) Barneby O. campestris (L.) DC. ssp. gracilis sensu Hultén (1968) O. varians Rydb. O. hyperborea A.E. Porsild O. ? tananensis Yurtzev ✒ Caespitose plant, from a stout many-headed taproot; caudex more or less covered with disintigrated stipules. Leaves 3–13 cm long, with 11–35 or more scattered or subopposite silky-pilose or glabrescent leaflets; scapes 3.5–30 cm or more long; leaflets lance-elliptic to oblong, opposite or verticillate, pilose on both sides; stipules pilose, with margins having bristly ciliae and clavate processes. Racemes capitate, 6- to 25-flowered, elongating in age; calyx black and white hirsute; teeth subulate; corolla 10–17 mm long, yellow; pods 1.5–2.0 cm long including fine recurved beak, yellow-green with mixed black and white hairs. ✿ Gravel riverbanks and terraces and open slopes. ● Endemic of northwestern North America; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River.
Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. ssp. foliolosa (Hook.) Cody O. deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby O. deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. capitata Boivin ✒ Loosely tufted delicate plant, with slender erect-ascending stems. Leaves 5–10 cm long; leaflets 15–23, in approximate pairs, lanceolate-elliptic, fresh green and glabrous above, sparingly white-hirsute beneath. Peduncles slender, slightly longer than leaves; inflorescence short, nonelongating, 5- to 9-flowered; flowers blue-violet, less than 1 cm long, spreading, reflexed or secund in anthesis; pods short, black-hairy, pendulous. ✿ On well-watered calcareous sand and gravel bars, often under willows by rivers and lakeshores.
420
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) ● Endemic of subarctic-alpine North America from disjunct areas between Newfoundland, Alaska and British Columbia, and south to Colorado, New Mexico and Oregon; occasional throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. ssp. sericea (T. & G.) Cody O. deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. sericea T. & G. ✒ Similar to var. foliolosa but generally more pilose, taller, more robust, often caulescent, with 1 or more internodes; leaves usually longer, 6–15 cm long; inflorescence of smaller white or pinkish flowers, much-elongated in fruit; pods gray-pubescent. ✿
Open woods and grassland.
North America; from Manitoba westward to the mountain foothills, northward to Fort Norman in the Mackenzie Valley, south-central Yukon Territory, and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N. ●
Oxytropis huddelsonii A.E. Porsild ✒ Plants pulvinate-caespitose, with short prostrate caudex branches; caudex covered with persistent stipules. Leaves 2–3 cm long; rachis somewhat purplish, white pilose; leaflets 7–13, 4–5 mm long, usually involute, white pilose above, sparsely so below; stipules whitish with long-ciliate, obtuse, deltoid free parts. Peduncles 2–3 cm long, 1- or 2-flowered; petals pink to purple; calyx with black to brown pubescence; calyx tube 4.0–5.5 mm long, with deltoid teeth about 2.0 mm long; pods 10–17 mm long, elliptic, with a hooked beak, sessile to subsessile, 1-loculed, glabrous or minutely black strigose, in age lying on the ground. ✿ Alpine ridge tops, frost boils, and heath. ● Endemic to east-central Alaska and to mountains of central and southwestern Yukon Territory.
Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv. ✒ Tufted plant, with a stout freely branching caudex, densely covered by marcescent chestnut-brown stipules and petioles. Leaves 3–10 cm long, usually from 9–17 lanceolate-oblong acute sparingly whitevillous to glabrate leaflets; stipules pilose to glabrous dorsally, with lobes caudateacuminate, ciliate. Scapes stiffly erect, 5–15 cm long; spike short, with 5–7 ascending flowers, not elongating in fruit; corolla 1.3–1.7 cm long, pale yellow; calyx shortcylindrical, densely black and whitepubescent; pods ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long, abruptly beaked, pilose. ✿ Not too dry, turfy places in tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian from east Asia; across arctic and alpine parts of Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains of the District of Mackenzie; east of the Mackenzie River ssp. maydelliana replaced by ssp. melanocephala (Hook.) A.E. Porsild.
Oxytropis
421
Oxytropis mertensiana Turcz. ✒ Acaulescent plant, from a branching caudex; elongated caudex branches covered with persistent pale stipules. Leaves 1–7 cm long, 1–3(5) foliate; leaflets elliptic to oblong, 7–25 mm long, ciliate, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent and bluish gray below; stipules nearly free of each other, linear-lanceolate, ciliate. Scapes 3–8 cm long, spreading white-pubescent below, becoming black-pubescent above; raceme 1–3 flowered; petals reddish violet; calyx densely black-pilose; calyx teeth 2–4 mm long, lance-acuminate, half as long as the tube; pods 13–20 mm long, erect, pilose with back hairs, subunilocular, stipitate; stipe 1.5–2.0 mm long. ✿ Moist alpine slopes and gravel bars. ● Amphi-Beringian; in mountains of northern and east-central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory disjunct to the southern Richardson Mountains, and to be looked for in the British and western Ogilvie Mountains.
Oxytropis nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch. ssp. nigrescens O. nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch. ssp. bryophylla (Greene) Hultén O. nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch. ssp. pygmaea (Fern.) Hultén O. nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch. ssp. arctobia sensu Hultén pro parte ✒ Caespitose to pulvinate plant, with few to numerous branches from a many-headed stout taproot. Leaves 5–8 cm long; stipe slender, purplish, sparsely white-pilose; leaflets 5–15, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 5–8 mm long, 2 mm wide, boat-shaped, densely silky-canescent when young, in age sparsely gray-hirsute on both sides; stipules papery, white, glabrous or with a few long white hairs. Scapes barely over-topping leaves; racemes mostly 2-flowered; calyx blackhirsute, with tube 3–6 mm long, and with teeth about half as long as tube; corolla 12–20 mm long, purple; mature pods 3.0–3.5 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, or very short-stipitate, dark-gray pilose.
Oxytropis nigrescens (Fisch.) DC. ssp. lonchopoda (Barneby) Cody O. nigrescens (Fisch.) DC. var. lonchopoda Barneby ✒ Differing from ssp. nigrescens in having pods long-stipitate; stipes 4–5 mm long, subequal to calyx tube. ✿ Stony alpine slopes. ● Oxytropis nigrescens s.l. amphiBeringian, found throughout much of the Yukon Territory; pulvinate specimens from harsh environments have been called ssp. pygmaea (Fern.) Hultén, whereas caespitose plants from less-severe situations have been called ssp. bryophila (Greene) Hultén; ssp. lonchopoda endemic to the Ogilvie Mountains of north-central Yukon Terrritory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
422
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Oxytropis scammaniana Hultén ✒ Low-growing loosely tufted dwarf plant, with numerous cylindrical branches arising from a many-headed crown; branches covered with persistent straw- colored stipules. Leaves 2–9 cm long; leaflets 9–13, lanceolate to elliptic, mostly glabrous above and white-pilose beneath; stipules glabrous dorsally, elliptic, obtuse, more or less ciliate with black hairs. Scapes 2–8 cm long, pale purple under a cover of short white hairs; racemes 2- to 3-flowered; calyx densely black pilose, with linear teeth half as long as the tube; petals pale purplish; pods 11–18 mm long, oblong-ellipsoid, subunilocular, black-pilose. ✿ Alpine lichen or herbmats. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska and central and southwestern Yukon Territory, with disjunct stations in the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie.
Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ssp. spicata (Hook.) Cody O. sericea Nutt. var. spicata (Hook.) Barneby O. spicata (Hook.) Standl. ✒ Caespitose plant, from a very stout branching taproot; caudex densely covered with persistent stipules. Leaves 10–15 cm long; leaflets 11–31, oblong, 1.0–2.5 cm long, appressed silky on both surfaces; stipules villous to glabrate on the back, ciliate. Scapes stout, 5–20 cm long, much longer than leaves; racemes oblong, 5–15 flowered, elongating in age; calyx 9.5–12.0 mm long, including subulate teeth, with the tube densely gray-pubescent; corolla 1.8–2.5 cm long, pale yellow; pods oblong, graystrigose, about 2 cm long, including long slender beak. ✿ Grassland and river terraces. ● Cordilleran area east to Manitoba, south to Idaho and Wyoming; barely entering southwestern District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Oxytropis splendens Dougl. showy locoweed ✒ Plant usually copiously silky-villous throughout, tufted from a strong fibrous several-headed taproot; caudex densely covered with persistent stipules. Leaves 10–20 cm long, with numerous linearlanceolate villous leaflets in whorls of 4; stipules membranous, long pilose dorsally, with free ends triangular to acuminate. Scapes 20–30 cm high; racemes manyflowered, spikelike, 3–10 cm long; calyx densely silky-villous; flowers 10–15 mm long, reddish purple, drying blue; pods ovoid to oblong about 1 cm long, subunilocular, densely villous. ✿
Riverbanks and clearings.
Northwestern North America, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Minnesota, North Dakota and New Mexico; prairies and foothills north to about latitude 64°15’ N in the Yukon Territory. ●
Trifolium
423
Oxytropis viscida Nutt. s.l. O. borealis auth. O. glutinosa A.E. Porsild O. leucantha sensu Barneby (1952) and Boivin (1967) O. sheldonensis A.E. Porsild O. verruculosa A.E. Porsild O. viscidula (Rydb.) Tidestr. ✒ Caespitose plant, with a strong taproot, and with a much-branched crown. Leaves 2–25 cm long, with 25–51 lance-oblong or lanceolate, opposite or alternate leaflets; leaflets pilose to glabrous, often glandular; stipules pale, membranous, with free parts acuminate, pilose to glabrous dorsally, often glandular, ciliate. Raceme many-flowered, subcapitate, sometimes elongating in fruit; calyx gray-hairy; tube 4.5–8.6 mm long; teeth subulate, 2.0–6.5 mm long, glandular, villous; flowers pink or purple or yellowish or white; pods gray-hirsute, 10–17 mm long or longer, including slender beak, partially 2-locular, strigulose to pilose. ✿ Prairies and dry slopes. ● Cordilleran in North America; extending through much of the Yukon Territory to Quebec and across Alaska to Siberia, south to Minnesota and California; extremely polymorphic.
Trifolium L. clover
Trifolium
Perennial herbs (ours). Leaves 3-foliate; serrulate. Flowers small, in an oval headlike raceme; lobes of calyx often unequal; petals separate or more or less united into a tube; stamens 10, diadelphous; legumes small, often included in calyx, few-seeded, membranaceous. A. Flowers small, about 1.0 cm long, white or pink B. Stems erect-ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. hybridum B. Stems creeping, rooting at nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. repens A. Flowers 1.0–2.0 cm long, usually reddish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. pratense
Trifolium hybridum L. alsike clover ✒ Stems branched, 20–40 cm high, erect or ascending, lacking basal runners. Leaflets 2–4 cm long, oval to elliptic. Racemes on peduncles 2–8 cm long; flowers 8–9 mm long, pink or white. ✿ Found on roadsides and in towns and settlements. ● Naturalized from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory occasional escape from cultivation north to about latitude 64°45’ N.
424
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Trifolium pratense L. red clover ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial; stems up to 80 cm high, erect or spreading. Lower leaves long-petioled; upper leaves short-petioled to sessile; leaflets oval-elliptic, 2–5 cm long. Flower heads sessile or nearly so; flowers 1.2–2.0 mm long, red or pink. ✿ Along roadsides and in townsites. ● Naturalized from Europe; in North America, Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska, south through much of the United States; occasional escape from cultivation; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Trifolium repens L. white clover ✒ Stems creeping and freely rooting at nodes. Leaf petioles 5–20 cm long; leaflets 1–2 cm long, obovate to broadly elliptic, often retuse at apex. Racemes on peduncles as long as the leaf petioles; flowers white or pale pink, about 8 mm long. ✿ Occasional in lawns and in waste ground in townsites and along roadsides. ● Introduced and naturalized from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columiba and Alaska, south through much of the United States in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Vicia L. vetch
Vicia
Herbs more or less climbing by means of tendrils found at ends of pinnate leaves; stipules half-sagitate. Flowers on peduncles, axillary. Differing from related genus Lathyrus among other characters in that style bearded only at summit. Legume usually laterally compressed, 2-valved, with 2 to several seeds. A. Flowers usually in pairs, subsessile in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. angustifolia A. Flowers usually numerous, born in pedunculate racemes B. Fully developed inflorescences shorter than subtending leaves; flowers 3–9; leaflets with lateral veins elevated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. americana B. Fully developed inflorescences longer than subtending leaves; flowers numerous, strongly overlapping; leaflets with lateral veins not prominently elevated C. Upper side of calyx gradually rounded; lower calyx teeth lance-attenuate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. cracca C. Upper side of calyx gibbous or saccate at base; lower calyx teeth linear-acicular, long-ciliate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. villosa
Vicia
425
Vicia americana Muhl. American vetch ✒ Perennial with glabrous or sparsely pubescent climbing stems. Leaves with 4–9 pairs of leaflets; leaflets oblong-ovate to elliptic, obtuse, with prominent veins below. Inflorescence shorter than subtending leaves, consisting of 3–9 flowers; flowers bluish purple; calyx teeth unequal, shorter than tube; pods glabrous, 2.5–3.5 cm long. ✿ Thickets and borders of clearings. ● North America; from western Quebec to the Alaska Panhandle and southward, barely entering southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Vicia angustifolia L. V. sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. common vetch ✒ Annual or winter annual, with sparsely hairy stems 30–80 cm or more long. Leaves with 2–5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets linear to narrowly elliptic, mucronate; stipules with a dark glandular spot beneath. Flowers usually in pairs in upper axils, 12–18 mm long, purple; calyx teeth subequal, as long as or shorter than tube; pods 4.0–5.5 cm long; seeds about 3 mm wide. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America frequent in eastern Canada but rare in the West; in the Yukon Territory known only from Dawson.
Vicia cracca L. tufted vetch ✒ Weak-stemmed climbing or trailing perennial, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves 6–10 cm long; leaflets 8–12 pairs, 1–2 cm long, linear to narrowly oblong, mucronate. Racemes long-peduncled, mostly longer than leaves; flowers numerous, crowded, 1.0–1.3 cm long; corolla bluish purple; calyx gradually rounded at base on upper side, with lower teeth lanceattenuate, and with upper teeth very short and broad; pod linear-lanceolate, 2–3 cm long, glabrous. ✿ Waste places. ● Naturalized from Europe; in Canada known from Newfoundland to British Columbia, but in the Yukon Territory only from Dawson.
426
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Vicia villosa Roth hairy vetch ✒ Annual or biennial; similar to V. cracca but spreading-villous. Flowers 1.4–1.5 cm long; calyx tube gibbous at base on upper side, with long-villous lower teeth linearacicular, 2–4 mm long, and with upper teeth lanceolate. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced and naturalized from Europe, but much less frequent than V. cracca. In the Yukon Territory known only from a collection at Dawson by M.O. Malte in 1916.
Geranium
GERANIACEAE geranium family Geranium L. cranesbill
427
GERANIACEAE
Geranium
Erect annual (ours) or biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or subopposite or alternate, palmately divided; lower leaves long-petioled; upper leaves sessile, or nearly so. Flowers cymose, 5-merous and regular; ripe carpels dehiscing along elongate central column, separating and curling elastically when freed from axis. A. Annual or biennial; petals about as long as the sepals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. bicknellii A. Perennial; petals about twice as long as the sepals B. Petals rose to violet, ciliate and hairy on inner surface at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. erianthum B. Petals white or pale violet, with darker veins, hairy on whole inner surface . . . . . . . G. richardsonii
Geranium bicknellii Britt. ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 15–50 cm high, erect to decumbent, diffusely branched, spreading, hairy, with hairs often light-colored gland-tipped. Leaves deeply 5-parted, with segments cuneate and deeply oblong blunt-lobed. Flowers usually 2 per peduncle; sepals 4–8 mm long, aristate; petals about as long as the sepals, pink. ✿ Dry sandy situations, eroding riverbanks, and occasionally invading disturbed roadsides. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to eastern Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory occurring as far north as Dawson.
Geranium erianthum DC. ✒ Perennial; stems 20–80 cm high, erect or ascending, arising from a thick rhizome, retrorsely hairy. Basal leaves cleft 3–5 times nearly to the base, acutely lobed; upper leaves sessile. Flowers 3–5, short-pediceled, very showy; sepals 8–12 mm long, aristate, villous or glandular-villous; petals 16–20 mm long, rose to violet, ciliate and hairy on inside at base. ✿ Alpine and subalpine slopes and meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to southern Yukon Territory (where considered rare by Douglas et al. 1981), northern British Columbia, and the Alaska Panhandle.
428
GERANIACEAE
Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. ✒ Perennial; stems ascending to 50 cm or more in height, with spreading black, gland-tipped white hairs. Leaves deeply 5to 7-parted; segments rhombic, acutely lobed; upper leaves sessile. Flowers few; sepals 6–12 mm long, aristate, with spreading gland-tipped hairs; petals 10–18 mm long, white or pale violet, with darker veins. ✿ Moist thickets and by hot springs. ● Cordilleran; extending northward into southwestern District of Mackenzie and to the Mayo district of the Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and south to California, New Mexico, and South Dakota.
Linum
LINACEAE flax family
429
LINACEAE
Linum L. flax
Linum
Linum lewisii Pursh L. perenne L. ssp. lewisii (Pursh) Hultén wild blue flax ✒ Perennial; stems several, 15–50 cm high, from a subligneous base, leafy. Leaves alternate, linear to oblong, 1–2 cm long, acute to acuminate, sessile. Flowers in small corymbs or scattered on upper branches; sepals 5, 3–7 mm long, entire; petals 1–2 cm long, blue, showy, but falling quickly; styles 5; stamens 5; capsules globose, 5–7 mm long, with 2 large seeds in each locule. ✿ Meadows, gravelly stream banks, and sandy areas. ● North America; from James Bay in Ontario to Alaska, south to Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to about latitude 63° N, and then apparently disjunct to the Peel and Porcupine rivers.
430
EUPHORBIACEAE
EUPHORBIACEAE spurge family Euphorbia L. spurge
EUPHORBIACEAE
Euphorbia
Euphorbia esula L. leafy spurge ✒ Deep-rooted perennial herb, with milky juice; stems 40–60 cm high, smooth, frequently branched above; upper branches often floriferous. Principle leaves simple, alternate, sessile, entire, linear to lanceolate-oblong, to 7 cm long, glabrous, and more or less glaucous; leaves of branches 1–2 cm or more long. Primary umbel, with 7–12 rays, and with a whorl of ovate to reniform leaves about 1 cm long at base; cyathia 2–3 mm high; lobes with 4 crescent-shaped or horned glands, green or yellow; capsule finely granular, about 4 mm wide; seeds about 2 mm long, smooth, yellow-brown. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in Canada widespread, but in the Yukon Territory known only from Henderson Corner, about 24 km east of Dawson.
Callitriche
CALLITRICHACEAE water starwort family Callitriche L. water starwort
431
CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche
Small perennial (ours) aquatics, rooted, tufted, and normally submersed; stems weak, leafy. Leaves opposite, linear, and in C. anceps and C. verna also floating and oblanceolate. Flowers monoecious, usually solitary, in leaf axils; staminate flower with 1 stamen; pistillate flower with 1 pistil; fruit tiny, nutlike, compressed, 4-lobed, separating at maturity into four 1-seeded carpels. A. Plant dark green; leaves all linear; fruit conspicuously winged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. hermaphroditica A. Plant light green; leaves both linear and oblanceolate; fruit wingless or barely wing-margined above B. Submersed leaves linear-oblanceolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. verna B. Submersed leaves linear, narrower than stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. anceps
Callitriche anceps Fern. ✒ Stems to 30 cm or more long, flat, winged, wider than submersed leaves. Submersed leaves linear, 1-nerved; floating leaves oblanceolate, 1- to 3-veined. Flowers lacking subtending bracts; fruit round, 0.5–1.0 mm long, not winged. ✿ Shallow ponds. ● North America; in Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Quebec, disjunct to Yukon, Alaska, British Columbia, and southward; in the Yukon Territory known only along the Canol Road where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Callitriche hermaphroditica L. C. autumnalis L. ✒ Plants completely submersed, lacking floating leaves; stems slender, very leafy, 10–40 cm long. Leaves all oblong-linear, 4–12 mm long, single-nerved, with apex rounded to retuse. Flowers lacking subtending bracts; fruit circular, 1–2 mm long, broadly winged. ✿ Ponds and quiet streams. ● Circumpolar with gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Minnesota, Michigan, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about 64°30’ N.
432
CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche verna L. ✒ Stems slender, 5–30 cm long. Leaves variable, with lower submersed ones often linear and 1-nerved, and with upper ones often dilated; floating leaves spatulate to ovate, 3-nerved, in crowded rosettes. Flowers with subtending bracts; fruit obovoid, 1.0–1.4 mm long; carpels more or less winged apically. ✿ Mat-forming on the bottom of shallow ponds and quiet streams or sometimes stranded on wet mud. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about latitude 65° N and disjunct to the Bell River valley.
Empetrum
EMPETRACEAE crowberry family Empetrum L. crowberry
433
EMPETRACEAE
Empetrum
Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lge.) Böcher E. hermaphroditum (Lge.) Hagerup black crowberry, curlewberry ✒ Depressed matted freely branching evergreen shrub; branches minutely glandular. Leaves alternate or whorled, linear to narrowly elliptical, about 5 mm long, spreading and becoming reflexed. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in leaf axils, polygamous in ssp. hermaphroditum; sepals 3; petals 3 or more; stamens 3; fruit a berry, 6–9 mm wide, purplish black, shiny, very juicy, sweet. ✿ Tundra, heathlands, swamps, and bogs. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, and California; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
434
BALSAMINACEAE
BALSAMINACEAE touch-me-not family Impatiens L. touch-me-not, jewelweed
BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens
*Impatiens capensis Meerb. I. biflora Walt. spotted jewelweed ✒ Delicate herbs; stems succulent, to 1 m or more in height. Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed, somewhat glaucous. Flowers axillary or panicled, irregular, orange-yellow spotted with reddish brown; sepals 3, with upper one a spurred sac 15–18 mm long; petals 5, appearing as 3; stamens 5; fruit a 5-valved capsule, when ripe bursting open if touched. ✿ Low wet woodlands and moist banks. ● Boreal North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, but rare in the west; in the District of Mackenzie one specimen collected by W.W. Jeffries from the Liard River, about 6 km north of the British Columbia border and within about 3 km from the Yukon Territory border; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Elatine
ELATINACEAE waterwort family Elatine L. waterwort
435
ELATINACEAE Elatine
Elatine triandra Schk. s.l. ✒ Small delicate matted semiaquatic; stems slender, rooting at nerves. Leaves opposite, pale green, 3–8 mm long, linear to obovate, entire or nearly so, often notched at apex. Flowers axillary, sessile, minute, perfect, 3-parted; fruit a many-seeded septicidal capsule; seeds straight or curved, areolate, with longitudinal rows of tiny pits. ✒ Rooted in mud around and in shallow water of ponds. ● Eurasia; North America; from New Brunswick to British Columbia south to Virginia, Missouri, Texas, and California; disjunct to near Yellowknife in the District of Mackenzie and the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory.
436
VIOLACEAE
VIOLACEAE violet family Viola L. violet
VIOLACEAE
Viola
Low perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or basal, simple, stipulate. Flowers 5-merous, irregular, solitary, on slender-bracted peduncles rising from crown of rhizome, or from leaf axils. Flowers usually of two kinds; early flowers showy, with lateral petals often bearded, and with lowermost and largest petals spurred and often bearded in the throat; later flowers smaller and cleistogamous; sepals in early flowers auricled at base; fruit a 3-valved capsule containing numerous seeds. A. Plants with leafy stems (some very short) B. Petals yellow or white C. Petals yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. biflora C. Petals white, yellow at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. canadensis ssp. rydbergii B. Petals blue to violet D. Flowers large, 16–25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. langsdorfii D. Flowers smaller, 5–15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. adunca A. Plants stemless E. Petals white with purple veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. renifolia var. brainerdii E. Petals violet to lilac F. Leaves strigose above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. selkirkii F. Leaves glabrous or puberulent above G. Rhizomes thick; stolons absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. nephrophylla G. Rhizomes slender; stolons often present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. epipsila ssp. repens
Viola adunca J.E. Smith hook-spur violet ✒ Stems short at flowering time, leafy, tufted from short to elongate slender rootstalks. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate or with upper ones gradually tapering to apex, often thickly flecked with brown, hairy or glabrous; stipules entire or toothed. Flowers 5–15 mm long; petals blue to violet; lateral petals bearded; spur often somewhat hooked; style bearded. ✿ Open woods, grassy meadows, and prairie slopes. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the east to the northern United States and in the west to California, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 63° N.
Viola
437
Viola biflora L. ✒ Rootstock filiform, more or less horizontal; stems to 10 cm or more high. Basal and cauline leaves orbicular to reniform, crenate to serrate, pubescent above and on veins below. Flowers 9–12 mm long; sepals lanceolate, ciliolate; petals yellow with purple lines, beardless; spur short; style glabrous. ✿ Alpine tundra turf. ● Amphi-Beringian; barely entering the Yukon Territory north and west of Dawson and disjunct to the Alaskan Panhandle; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Viola canadensis L. ssp. rydbergii (Greene) House V. canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. V. canadensis L. var. corymbosa Nutt. ex T. & G. V. rugulosa Greene ✒ Rhizomes much-branched; stems to 30 cm or more high, leafy, often forming large colonies. Basal leaves long-petioled; blades cordate-reniform, abruptly shortpointed, coarsely crenate, puberulent below; upper leaves narrower, ovate, shortpetioled. Flowers in axils of upper leaves; peduncles shorter than leaves; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 8 mm long; petals 8–12 mm long, white or sometimes tinged with mauve on outside, yellow at base; spur short; lateral petals bearded; style head bearded; capsule short-pubescent. ✿ Moist woodland by hot spring. ● Cordilleran; east to northwestern Ontario; in the Yukon Territory known only in the extreme southeast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Viola epipsila Ledeb. ssp. repens (Turcz.) Becker V. palustris auth. pro parte ✒ Stemless herbs, with thin creeping rhizomes, and with filiform leafy stolons appearing later in the season. Leaves delicate, ovate-cordate to reniform, crenulate, glabrous. Flowers 1 or 2 on long peduncles; bracts usually above the middle; sepals oblong-ovate, blunt; petals 9–16 mm long, violet to lilac, with darker lines on lower ones; spur 2–3 mm long; lateral petals glabrous to sparsely bearded; style glabrous; capsules elliptical. ✿ Bogs, wet mossy thickets, and stream banks to subalpine. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the Thunder Bay region of northern Ontario; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
438
VIOLACEAE
Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch. Alaska violet ✒ Rhizomes thick, short to elongate; stems usually short and not always obvious; stipules large, entire or toothed. Leaves ovate to reniform, more or less acute, crenate-serrate, glabrous or puberulent on upper surface, long-petioled. Flowers longpediceled; sepals ovate-lanceolate; petals 16–25 mm long, violet, with lower ones white at base; lateral petals bearded; spur 2–4 mm long, saccate; style bearded or glabrous. ✿ Moist sunny slopes and by hot springs. ● Amphi-Beringian; southward mainly near the coast to California; in the Yukon Territory found only in the southern parts.
Viola nephrophylla Greene northern bog violet ✒ Rhizome stout, ascending. Leaves cordate-ovate, subcoriaceous, crenatedentate, glabrous or somewhat puberulent on upper surface, long-petioled, tufted from apex of rhizome. Flowers longpetioled; sepals ovate, oblong or lanceolate; petals 10–22 mm long, violet-purple, with lower 3 whitish toward base; all petals bearded, or with upper ones glabrous; spur 2–5 mm long, saccate; style glabrous; capsule 8–10 mm long, green. ✿ Gravelly stream banks, meadows, and open woods. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New York, Colorado, Utah, and Minnesota; rare in the Yukon Territory where known only from near Watson Lake (Douglas et al. 1981).
Viola renifolia Gray var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern. kidney-leaved violet ✒ Rhizomes thickened, ascending. Leaves several, tufted from apex of rhizome, cordate-ovate, crenulate, glabrous or more or less pubescent on veins of underside. Flowers 1 to several, on long pedicels; petals 8–10 mm long, white with purple veins, beardless; spur very short; style beardless; capsule subglobose, usually purple. ✿ Moist humus in woodlands. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to southern Alaska, south into the northern United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N.
Viola
Viola selkirkii Pursh great-spurred violet ✒ Delicate herb, arising from a slender elongate rootstock. Leaves cordate-ovate, with a narrow sinus, crenate-serrate, strigose above, glabrous below. Flowers 1 to several; petals 8–13 mm long, pale violet, glabrous; spur 3–5 mm long; capsule subglobose. ✿ Moist woodland. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and disjunct to Colorado; in the Yukon Territory known only from Mount Sheldon adjacent to the Canol Road, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
439
440
ELAEAGNACEAE
ELAEAGNACEAE oleaster family
ELAEAGNACEAE
Unarmed shrubs (ours); stems reddish brown-scurfy. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, frequently with reddish brown or silvery scales. Flowers in axillary clusters, apetalous; calyx 4-parted; stamens 4 or 8; fruit drupelike, formed by a dry indehiscent achene surrounded by the fleshy persistent perianth. A. Leaves alternate, silvery on both sides; stamens 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elaeagnus A. Leaves opposite, dark green above, silvery green below; stamens 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shepherdia
Elaeagnus L. oleaster
Elaeagnus
Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. silverberry ✒ Stoloniferous shrubs; stems to 2 m high (higher southward); branches brown-scaly. Leaves alternate, elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, silvery scurfy on both sides, and somewhat ferrugineous below. Flowers sweet-scented, numerous, perfect, almost sessile in axils of leaves; calyx yellow on inside, silvery yellow on outside; stamens 4; fruit about 1 cm long, on a short pedicel, silvery scurfy. ✿ Forming patches on river flats, riverbanks, and steep rocky slopes. ● North America; from Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec to Alaska, south to Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Utah, and Idaho; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 65° N.
Shepherdia Nutt.
Shepherdia
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. soapberry, buffaloberry ✒ Erect-ascending dioecious shrubs, to 60 cm in height (taller southward); branches brown-scaly. Leaves elliptical to ovate, densely covered with silvery stellate hairs and brown scurfy scales below, green with stellate hairs to glabrate above. Flowers small, in clusters or with pistillate flowers single; stamens 8; fruit 4–7 mm long, berrylike, red, juicy. ✿ Riverbanks, clearings in spruce woods, and alpine and subalpine slopes. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the Great Lakes, and in the West to South Dakota, New Mexico, and Oregon; throughout the Yukon Territory north to the British Mountains.
Epilobium
ONAGRACEAE evening primrose family
441
ONAGRACEAE
Perennial herbs (ours). Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers 2- or 4-parted, perfect, epigynous; style 1; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; fruit a many-seeded capsule or 1-seeded and nutlike. A. Sepals and petals 2, about 1.5 mm long; stamens 2; fruit bristly, indehiscent; leaves opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circaea A. Sepals and petals 4, much longer; stamens 8; fruit a long narrow and promptly dehiscent capsule, containing seeds bearing a tuft of white silky hairs; leaves alternate or opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium
Circaea L. enchanter’s nightshade
Circaea
Circaea alpina L. ✒ Delicate perennial, from a tuberous rhizome; stems to 15 cm in height, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, ovate, subcordate, 2–5 cm long, shallowly undulate-dentate, pale green, flaccid. Flowers small, 8–12 in terminal racemes; sepals 2, 1–2 mm long, reflexed; petals 2, 1–2 mm long, white; stamens 2; fruit obovoid, about 2 mm long, covered with soft hooked hairs, 1-seeded. ✿ Moist shaded area by hot spring. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Epilobium L. willowherb
Epilobium
Perennial (ours) herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile or short petiolate, ovate, lanceolate or linear, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or terminal in leafy racemes; sepals 4; petals 4, pink or purple or white; stamens 8; capsule linear, 4-valved; seeds numerous, bearing long silky tufts of white hairs at their summits. A. Flowers large, mostly over 2 cm in diameter; all leaves alternate B. Plants erect; raceme many-flowered, elongating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. angustifolium B. Plants decumbent to ascending; raceme few-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. latifolium A. Flowers smaller; leaves opposite or with upper alternate C. Stem leaves lanceolate, ovate or elliptic D. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually serrulate; plants usually tall E. Leaves rounded to subcordate at base, pale green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. glandulosum E. Leaves not rounded to subcordate at base, darker and often purplish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. ciliatum D. Leaves ovate to elliptic; low plants
442
ONAGRACEAE
F. Petals white; lower leaves with winged petioles 3–12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . E. lactiflorum F. Petals rose to pink to purple; lower leaves sessile or with petioles to 3 mm long G. Cauline leaves denticulate; stems 10–35 cm or more high. . . . . . . . . . . . . E. hornemannii G. Cauline leaves entire; stems to 20 cm high H. Inflorescense nodding in bud, usually glabrous; leaves oblong-elliptic to narrow-ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. anagallidifolium H. Inflorescence erect, strigulose and usually glandularpubescent; leaves ovate to narrow-elliptic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. clavatum C. Stem leaves linear, narrowly lanceolate or oblong I.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate, entire to finely denticulate; plants with filiform stolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. palustre
I.
Stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, remotely toothed; plants lacking filiform stolons J. Stem leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2–4 times longer than wide; basal offsets usually present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. arcticum J.
Stem leaves linear, 2–5 cm long; basal offsets lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. davuricum
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. E. alpinum pro parte ✒ Stems green or reddish-tinged, weak, curved or S-shaped, 10–20 cm high, often with basal offshoots. Leaves opposite, obscurely petioled, narrowly elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, entire or repand-dentate, 1–2 cm long, dark green or reddish-tinged. Flowers 1–3, often nodding; calyx glabrous; petals 4–7 mm long, pink to purple; capsules arching; seeds about 1 mm long, smooth. ✿ Wet alpine meadows and mossy streams beds. ● Circumpolar with several large gaps; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Epilobium angustifolium L. s.l. fireweed ✒ Stems leafy, up to 1 m or more high, arising from a rhizomelike root. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, 5–20 cm long, membranaceous, green, veiny beneath. Inflorescense racemose, many-flowered, elongating; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 7–16 mm long; petals rose-pink, rarely white (f. albiflorum (Dum.) Hausskn.), 10–12 mm long; capsule 4–10 cm long, pubescent. ✿ Pioneer species on disturbed soil and in recently burned-over areas. ● Circumpolar; in North America from southern Greenland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Ohio, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; widespread in the Yukon Territory. Epilobium angustifolium is the floral emblem of the Yukon Territory.
Epilobium
443
Epilobium arcticum Samuelss. E. davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. var. arcticum (Samuelss.) Polunin ✒ Stems 5–12 cm high, dark green or purple, stiff and mostly simple, tufted, or few together. Leaves in 2–3(5) pairs, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2–4 times longer than wide, repand-dentate; basal offsets usually present. Flowers pink or white; capsules about 2 cm long, erect; seeds about 1.5 mm long, papillose. ✿ Alpine herbmats. ● Amphi-Atlantic, arctic; extending westward from Banks Island to the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie and the British and Ogilvie mountains in the Yukon Territory, and south to northern Quebec in the east.
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. E. adenocaulon Hausskn. E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Fern. ✒ Perennial, lacking rhizomes; stems simple or branched, 5–75 cm high arising from turions, pubescent in lines below leaf bases or completely puberulent, frequently glandular in upper part. Leaves opposite, or alternate above, lanceolate to lance-ovate, serrulate to subentire. Flowers in terminal leafy-bracted panicles or racemes, numerous; sepals 2–6 mm long, often reddish; petals 2–5 mm long, pink or white; capsules 4–10 cm long; seeds 0.7–1.2 mm long, longitudinally striate. ✿ Disturbed situations, roadsides. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to California and Texas; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N; introduced in Europe.
Epilobium clavatum Trel. ✒ Perennial, spreading by basal shoots or suckers arising from stem or rhizome; stems 5–20 cm high, ascending, strigulose in decurrent lines below, strigulose mixed with glandular hairs above. Leaves ovate to elliptic, 1.2–2.8 cm long, sessile or with petioles 2–3 mm long, glabrous or with margins and midrib slightly hairy. Inflorescence erect; sepals 2.5–4.2 mm long, glabrous or somewhat glandular; petals 3.6–6.0 mm long, pink to rose-purple; style 1.4–3.2 mm long; capsule 2–4 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; seeds 1.3– 2.0 mm long, reticulate or papillose. ✿ Moist alpine slopes. ● Cordilleran; from Alaska to California; in the Yukon Territory found in Kluane National Park and vicinity and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
444
ONAGRACEAE
Epilobium davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. E. palustre L. var. davuricum (Fisch. ex Hornem.) Welsh ✒ Stems green, solitary or few together, from a compact basal rosette, simple or branched above, lacking stolons; upper internodes with lines of fine incurved hairs. Stem leaves linear, 2–5 cm long, remotely denticulate, flat and ciliate on margins, blunt, opposite or subopposite below, alternate above. Flowers few; calyx glabrous; petals whitish. ✿ Wet places in forested river flats. ● Circumpolar, subarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to northern Quebec and British Columbia; occasional in southern and central Yukon Territory and along the Arctic coast.
Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. E. ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & Raven ✒ Perennial, from a taproot, or from short rhizomes; stems 25–75 cm high, pubescent in lines below leaf bases, often glandular in upper part, simple or branched above. Leaves mostly opposite, narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded to subcordate at base, serrulate, short-petiolate to sessile and somewhat clasping. Flowers in terminal leafy-bracted panicles or racemes; sepals 3–5 mm long, glandular-puberulent; petals 3–10 mm long, purplish to pink; capsules 3–7 cm long, puberulent; seeds 1.0–1.8 mm long, roughened in parallel lines. Historically confused with E. ciliatum from which usually distinguishable by its taller growth, and by larger and paler green leaves rounded to subcordate at base. ✿ Hot springs. ● Throughout much of North America, but extending northward into southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Epilobium hornemannii Rchb. E. alpinum L. var. nutans (Hornem.) Hook. ✒ Stems 10–35 cm or more high, somewhat curved, often densely clumped, with short leafy shoots at base, strigulose in lines below petioles, glandular-strigulose in upper part. Leaves 1.5–5.5 cm long, broadly elliptic to narrowly ovate below, lanceolate to narrowly ovate above, denticulate, glabrous, or with margins strigulose. Inflorescence erect; sepals 2.0–4.5 mm long, somewhat glandular; petals 3–9 mm long, rose to pink (rarely white); style 1.7–4.2 mm long; capsule 4.0–6.5 cm long; seeds 0.9–1.2 mm long, distinctly papillose. ✿ Wet moss by alpine streams. ● Circumpolar, with large gaps; in eastern North Amercia, Newfoundland and Quebec, south to Maine, and in the west, British Columbia to New Mexico and California; occasional in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64°30’ N.
Epilobium
445
Epilobium lactiflorum Haussk. E. alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Haussk.) Hitchc. ✒ Stems 15–50 cm high, often clumped, with short leafy shoots at base, lines of dense strigulose hairs decurrent from petioles and densely glandular-pubescent and strigulose above. Leaves elliptic or narrowly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.0–5.5 cm long, glabrous; leaf margins strigulose; lower leaves with winged petioles 3–12 mm long. Inflorescence nodding in bud; sepals 2.0–3.6 mm long, more or less glandularpubescent; petals white; style 1.4–4.6 mm long; capsules 5–10 cm long, glandular hairy; seeds 1.1–1.6 mm long. ✿ Wet meadows and stream banks. ● Amphi-Atlantic; disjunct between eastern and western North America; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N.
Epilobium latifolium L. broad-leaved willowherb, river-beauty ✒ Stems 15–40 cm high, decumbent to ascending, tufted, from a short caudex. Leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 1–6 cm or more long, entire or denticulate, glaucous. Raceme few-flowered; sepals lanceolate, 10–24 mm long; petals 15–30 mm long, pink to purple or rarely white (f. albiflorum Nath.); capsule 3–10 cm long, glabrate to strigulose. ✿ Frequent on gravel bars, stream banks, and reaching alpine situations on scree slopes. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America from Greenland to Alaska south to Newfoundland and Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Hudson Bay, southern District of Mackenzie, Colorado, and California; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Epilobium palustre L. E. leptophyllum sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Stems 10–40 cm high, stiffly erect, simple or branched, strigulose above, less so below; filiform stolons arising from base of stem, terminating in tiny scaly winter buds. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, mostly on upper part of stem, linear-oblong, blunt, entire to finely denticulate, glabrous or strigulose on veins and margins. Inflorescence nodding in bud; sepals 1.4–4.5 mm long, strigulose; petals 2–9 mm long, white to pink; capsule 3–8 cm long, strigulose to glabrate. ✿ Mossy borders of bogs and ponds. ● Circumpolar; in North America, southern Greenland to Alaska, south to New York, Wisconsin, Colorado and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 68°30’ N.
446
HIPPURIDACEAE
HIPPURIDACEAE mare’s-tail family Hippuris L. mare’s-tail
HIPPURIDACEAE
Hippuris
Fleshy-stemmed unbranched glabrous emergent perennial aquatics, arising from creeping rhizomes. Leaves whorled, entire. Flowers axillary, minute, perfect or unisexual; anthers 1; fruit nutlike, indehiscent, 1-seeded. A. Stems up to 10 cm high. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. montana A. Stems much longer B. Leaves 4–6 in a whorl, oblanceolate or elliptic, shorter than interlodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. tetraphylla B. Leaves 6–12 in a whorl, linear-attenuate, equaling internodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. vulgaris
Hippuris montana Ledeb. ✒ Stems 2–10 cm high, 0.3–0.8 mm thick. Leaves 5–8 per whorl, 2–6(10) mm long, up to 1 mm wide. Flowers mostly imperfect, with staminate flowers below pistillate ones; mature fruit about 1 mm long. ✿ Alpine streams and mossy banks. ● Northwestern North America; from Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska south to Washington; disjunct to the Nisling River valley in southwestern Yukon Territory at about latitude 62° N and the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie.
Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. ✒ Stems 15–40 cm high, emergent, about 5 mm in diameter. Leaves 4–6(8) per whorl, 3–8 mm wide, oblanceolate to oblongovate, usually obtuse. Flowers usually perfect; mature fruit about 2 mm long. ✿ Strictly littoral, in shallow saline or brackish water. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Labrador to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, and coastal British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory known only from Herschel Island and Shingle Point on the Arctic coast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Hippuris
Hippuris vulgaris L. common mare’s-tail ✒ Stems 10–40 cm high (or more in deeper water), up to 5 mm in diameter. Leaves 6–12 per whorl, 10–30 mm long (or longer in submerged part), 1–2 mm wide, acute. Flowers mostly perfect; fruit 2.0–2.5 mm long. ✿ In shallow ponds, slow-moving streams, and lakes. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in North America, Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, New Mexico, California, and South America; in the Yukon Territory occurring northward to the Arctic coast.
447
448
HALORAGACEAE
HALORAGACEAE water-milfoil family Myriophyllum L. water-milfoil
HALORAGACEAE
Myriophyllum
Submersed aquatics; stems slender, simple or branched, up to 1 m long; rhizomatous. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 5, pectinately divided; divisions filiform. Flowers very small, bracted in a terminal emergent spike; staminate flowers uppermost; sepals 4; petals 4, deciduous; fruit nutlike, breaking into four 1-seeded pieces. A. Upper bracts entire or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sibiricum A. Upper bracts pinnate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. verticillatum
Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov M. exalbescens Fern. M. spicatum L. ssp. exalbescens (Fern.) Hultén ✒ Stems submersed, up to 1 m long, usually branching only from near base, purplish but drying whitish; forming oblanceolate turions from October to June with turion leaves black-green and thicker than summer leaves. Summer leaves usually in whorls of 4, 1–3 cm long, pinnatifid with 6–11 pairs of capillary flacid to slightly stiffish segments, about as long as the internodes. Flowers in an interrupted spike, whorled; bracts shorter than or as long as the fruit, ovate, entire or minutely serrate. ✿ Rooted in mud in shallow ponds, sluggish streams, and quiet bays. ● Siberia; North America; from west Greenland to Alaska south to West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River drainage.
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. ✒ Stems submersed, simple or with a few elongate branches, scarcely whitened in drying; turions detaching from parent plant at an abscission layer. Summer leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, 1–4 cm long with 9–15 pairs of capillary segments. Flowers in an interrupted spike; terminal flowers staminate, with at least the uppermost alternate; bracts all about as long or longer than flowers, pinnate. ✿ Ponds and quiet streams. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Maryland, Kentucky, Minnesota, Colorado, and Washington and north to the Mackenzie Delta, southern Yukon Territory, and southeastern Alaska; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Oplopanax
ARALIACEAE ginseng family
449
ARALIACEAE
Perennials; woody or herbaceous. Leaves compound or simple, basal or alternate. Flowers in umbels; petals 5; stamens 5; styles 2; ovary inferior, 2-loculed. A. Prickly shrub; leaves alternate, palmately 5- to 7-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oplopanax A. Herbaceous; leaves basal, pinnately 3- to 5-foliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aralia
Aralia L.
Aralia
Aralia nudicaulis L. wild sarsaparilla ✒ Acaulescent perennial herb, with a short thick caudex, and with a long creeping rhizome. Leaves ternate, long-petioled, with divisions pinnately 3- to 5-foliolate; leaflets 3–6 cm long, ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate. Peduncles 20–30 cm long, with 1 to several umbels; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit globose, berrylike, purplish black, usually with 5 carpels, each containing 1 seed. ✿ Moist to dry woodlands. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Washington, Colorado, Missouri, and Georgia; barely entering extreme southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Oplopanax (T. & G.) T. & G. ex Miq.
Oplopanax
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) T. & G. ex Miq. Echinopanax horridum (Sm.) Decne. & Planch. devil’s-club ✒ Coarse odoriferous shrub, to 1 m high; stems densely covered with spines and prickles. Leaves alternate, long-petioled; blades 10–30 cm wide, palmately 5- to 7-lobed, cordate, serrate; ribs prickly beneath. Inflorescence a large terminal cluster of umbels, 10–20 cm long; petals greenish; fruit 4–5 mm long, red, 2-seeded, inedible. ✿ Subalpine alder thickets. ● North America; from coastal southern Alaska south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Idaho, and Montana; disjunct to the north shore of Lake Superior; in the Yukon Territory known only from southern Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
450
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) parsley family
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Perennial (ours) small to robust herbaceous plants; stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate or basal, compound or simple. Flowers small, in simple or compound umbels; fruit dry, separating into 2 carpels, each with 5 primary ribs. A. Basal leaves entire or occasionally somewhat lobed B. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bupleurum B. Basal leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, long-petioled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zizia A. Basal leaves compound C. Leaves palmately divided; fruit covered with hooked prickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula C. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliate; fruit not prickly D. Fruit clavate, bristly-hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osmorhiza D. Fruit less than 3 times as long as broad, not bristly-hairy E. Ultimate segments of leaves linear or lanceolate F. Upper leaves pinnate; fruit with winged ribs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sium F. Upper leaves twice pinnate; fruit with thick ribs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cicuta E. Ultimate segments of leaves not long and linear-lanceolate G. Ultimate segments of leaves large, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or deeply lobed or toothed H. Stem and leaves pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heracleum H. Stem and leaves glabrous I. Leaves 2- to 3-ternate, pinnate to bipinnate; flowers white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angelica I. Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pastinaca G. Ultimate segments of leaves smaller, deeply cleft, divided or simple J. J.
Plants scapose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podistera Plants with leafy stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conioselinum
Angelica L.
Angelica
Angelica lucida L. Coelopleurum gmelinii (DC.) Ledeb. C. lucidum (L.) Fern. ✒ Perennial; stems 30–60 cm or more high, from a taproot. Leaves 2- to 3-ternate, pinnate to bipinnate; leaflets broadly ovate to obovate, acute, sharply toothed; petioles inflated and sheathing basally. Umbels compound; involucre absent; rays 20–45, unequal; involucel of long narrow bractlets; flowers white; fruit 4–7 mm long, glabrous, with wings all similar, narrow. ✿ Subalpine meadows. ● Amphiberingian; coastal Siberia; in North America, Alaska to California; from James Bay and Labrador to New York; in the Yukon Territory known only from southern Kluane National Park, the McArthur area, and the Itsi Range, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Cicuta
Bupleurum L. thoroughwax
451
Bupleurum
Bupleurum americanum Coult. & Rose B. triradiatum Adams ssp. arcticum (Regel) Hultén thoroughwort ✒ Caulescent glabrous perennial; stems 10–30 cm high, arising from a short branching caudex. Leaves simple, oblonglanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–25 cm long, sessile, more or less clasping. Umbels compound, of 1–8 rays or more; involucral bracts 1 to several, lanceolate to ovate; involucels, 5–8, ovate to lanceolate, yellow; calyx teeth lacking; petals yellow, sometimes blotched with purple; fruit oblong, about 3.5 mm long, flattened, ribbed. ✿ Alpine meadows, moist sand, gravel banks, and talus slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; reaching eastward to the Anderson River valley in northwestern District of Mackenzie and disjunct to the southern Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, Montana, and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory mostly west of longitude 135° W.
Cicuta L. water-hemlock
Cicuta
Stout glabrous marsh plants. Leaves pinnate or pinnately compound. Umbels large, compound; involucre usually lacking; flowers white to pink or green. Root especially, but also other parts, very poisonous. A. Leaflets linear; axils of upper leaves with fascicles of bulblets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bulbifera A. Leaflets linear or lanceolate; axils without bulblets B. Leaflets lanceolate, sharply serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. maculata var. angustifolia B. Leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, serrate or slightly incised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. virosa
Cicuta bulbifera L. bulbous water-hemlock ✒ Stems slender, up to 80 cm high, from a tuberous root. Leaves mainly cauline, 2- to 3-pinnate; leaflets linear; bulblets clustered in axils of much-reduced upper leaves. Umbels 1 to few, small; fruit orbicular, mostly abortive. ✿ Marshy places and lakeshores. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska, and Oregon, and northward in the Mackenzie Valley and into southeastern and central Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
452
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook. C. douglasii auct. pro parte spotted water-hemlock ✒ Stems stout, to 80 cm or more high, from tuberous roots. Leaves pinnate, with pinnae frequently ternately divided; segments more or less lanceolate, 2–8 cm long, sharply serrate. Primary umbel with 18–28 rays, usually lacking an involucre; umbellets with 12–25 rays and an involucel of several linear to lanceolate bractlets; flowers white to greenish; fruit ovate to orbicular, 2–4 mm long, glabrous. ✿ Mossy shores of lakes and streams, and hot springs. ● North America; from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and Alaska, south to California, Texas, and Florida; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62°30’ N, but considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Cicuta virosa L. C. mackenzieana Raup ✒ Stems 30–100 cm high, from tuberous roots. Leaves 1- to 2-pinnate; leaflets 2–10 cm long, linear to narrowly lanceolate, serrate or slightly incised. Primary umbel with 9–21 rays, lacking an involucre; umbellets with 50 or more rays; an involucel of a few narrow bractlets; flowers white to pink; fruit orbicular, 1.5–2.2 mm long, glabrous. ✿ Marshes and borders of lakes and ponds. ● Eurasia; in northern North America from Alaska and northeastern British Columbia to James Bay, Quebec; in the Yukon Territory in scattered localities north to the Porcupine River.
Conioselinum Hoffm. hemlock-parsley
Conioselinum
Conioselinum cnidiifolium (Turcz.) A.E. Porsild Cnidium cnidiifolium (Turcz.) Schischk. Selinum dawsonii Coult. & Rose ✒ Stems simple or branched, up to 60 cm or more high, glabrous. Leaves doubly pinnate-pinnatifid; ultimate segments deeply divided into acute lanceolate lobes. Umbels compound; involucral leaflets deciduous; flowers and involucels purplish when young, with petals turning yellow; fruit ovate to oblong-oval, about 5 mm long, with 5 winged ribs on each carpel. ✿
Sandy riverbanks, gravelly slopes, open woodland, and wet meadows.
Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to about longitude 134°30’ W and in northern District of Mackenzie east to the Anderson River. ●
Pastinaca
Heracleum L. cow-parsnip
453
Heracleum
Heracleum lanatum Michx. ✒ Very robust perennial, from a stout taproot; stems up to 1.5 m high. Leaves large, ternate, tomentose when young; petioles conspicuously inflated; leaflets petioled, irregularly toothed. Umbels compound, large, to 20 cm or more wide; involucre deciduous; flowers white; fruit obcordate, strongly flattened, 7–12 mm long, to 8 mm wide, pubescent to glabrate, with lateral ribs thin-winged, and with dorsal ribs filiform. ✿ Moist slopes and stream banks. ● Amphiberingian; East Asia and the Aleutian Islands; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, southward into the United States; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 63° N.
Osmorhiza Raf. sweet cicely
Osmorhiza
Osmorhiza depauperata Phil. O. obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fern. ✒ Perennial; stems slender, 20–60 cm high, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Leaves orbicular, biternate or ternate-pinnate; leaflets broadly lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate, incised or lobed, thin and delicate, more or less crisp-pubescent. Umbels compound, with 3–5 strongly ascending rays at flowering time; involucre a single foliaceous bract or absent; umbellets with 2–6 rays, widely divergent in fruit; involucel absent; flowers greenish white; fruit clavate, 8–15 mm long. ✿ Hot springs and adjacent wet meadows. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to South Dakota, New Mexico, and California, barely entering southwestern District of Mackenzie and southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Pastinaca L. parsnip
Pastinaca
Pastinaca sativa L. wild parsnip ✒ Glabrous perennial, arising from a thick taproot; stems erect, usually unbranched, to 1.5 m or more high, grooved. Leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets sessile, or with lowermost ones short-petioled, ovate to oblong, toothed. Flowers small, in compound umbels; involucres lacking; petals yellow; fruits broadly oval, 5–7 mm long, flattened dorsally with conspicuous oil tubes on surface, winged. ✿ Wet areas and meadows. ● Introduced from Europe; found in Canada in all provinces but mainly in Ontario and Quebec; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Dawson.
454
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Podistera Wats.
Podistera
Low acaulescent perennials; caudex branches covered by remains of old leaf sheaths. Leaves pinnately once to twice compound, or with lower pinnae ternate. Umbels compound; fruit ovoid to oblong, more or less flattened, glabrous; ribs prominent, not winged. A. Leaflets lobed or incised; plants of Richardson Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. macounii A. Leaflets entire or with basal ones pinnate or deeply cleft; plants of west-central Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. yukonensis
Podistera macounii (Coult. & Rose) Mathias & Const. Ligusticum mutellinoides (Crantz) Willar ssp. alpinum (Ledeb.) Thell. ✒ Stems 5–20 cm high, from a manyheaded caudex. Leaves all basal, 3–12 cm long; blade oblong in outline, pinnate, glabrous; leaflets 0.4–1.5 cm long, ovate to orbicular, deeply lobed or incised; petiole with a broad scarious wing at base. Umbels with 5–20 rays; involucre with several linearlanceolate, often toothed or lobed bracts; involucels 5–10, similar to bracts; petals purplish or white; fruit oval, 4–5 mm long; ribs prominent. ✿ Turfy tundra and stony slopes. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska, extreme eastern Siberia, and the Richardson Mountains of northeastern Yukon Territory and adjacent District of Mackenzie; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Podistera yukonensis Mathias & Const. ✒ Stems 5–20 cm high, from a manyheaded caudex. Leaves all basal; blade 3–6 cm long, oval to narrowly oblong, pinnate, or with basal pinnae pinnate or deeply cleft, glabrous; leaflets 0.5–1.4 mm long, orbicular to narrowly lanceolate; petiole with a broad scarious wing at base. Umbels with 4–8 rays; involucre of 1 to few small linear bracts; involucels of several linearacumintate, greenish yellow, often purplish-tipped bracts; petals yellowish white; fruit oval-oblong, about 3 mm long; ribs prominent. ✿ Talus slopes and cliff crevices. ● North America; endemic to the southern Ogilvie Mountains in western Yukon Territory and adjacent Alaska; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Zizia
Sanicula L. black snakeroot
455
Sanicula
*Sanicula marilandica L. ✒ Glabrous perennial; stems to 70 cm high. Basal leaves long-petioled, palmately 5- to 7-parted; segments oblanceolate, 5–8 cm long, cuneate, unequally serrate. Umbels paniculate-compound; involucre leaflike; umbellets dense, with both perfect and staminate flowers; flowers short-pediceled, yellowish; fruit burlike, about 5 mm long, thickly covered with hooked prickles. ✿ Moist meadows, thickets, and open woods. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south to Florida, Colorado, and New Mexico; to be looked for in southeastern Yukon Territory especially near hot springs.
Sium L.
Sium
Sium suave Walt. water-parsnip ✒ Stout glabrous perennial; stems usually branched, 1 m or more high. Leaves pinnate; segments sessile, linear or broadly linear, toothed; submersed leaves where present twice pinnate-pinnatifid. Umbels compound; involucre of narrow segments, reflexed; involucels similar but smaller; flowers white; mature fruit oval, 2–3 mm long, slightly flattened, with conspicuously flattened ribs. Rather similar to Cicuta maculata var. angustifolia and C. mackenzieana, but readily distinguished by its once-pinnate leaves and the presence of an involucre. ✿ Wet meadows, muddy shores of streams and lakes. ● Amphi-Beringian; widespread in boreal North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern District of Mackenzie, south to Florida, Kansas, and California; disjunct stations in southern and central Yukon Territory and central Alaska.
Zizia W.D.J. Koch
Zizia
Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. meadow parsnip ✒ Glabrous perennial; stems 20–60 cm high. Basal leaves long-petioled, with blade oblong-ovate, cordate, crenately toothed, rarely lobed; cauline leaves short-petioled or sessile, ternate or quinate, with leaflets ovate or lanceolate. Umbels compound; involucre of a few short narrow bractlets; petals bright yellow; fruit oblong-ovate, 2–4 mm long, slightly flattened, glabrous; ribs narrow. ✿ Moist areas. ✿ North America; from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama, Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
456
CORNACEAE
CORNACEAE dogwood family Cornus L. dogwood
CORNACEAE
Cornus
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite or appearing whorled, broadly ovate-lanceolate, entire. Flowers 4-parted, in open cymes, or in a small dense cluster surrounded by a corolla-like involucre of white petal-like bracts; fruit a 1- to 2-seeded drupe. A. Herbs; flowers subtended by 4 petal-like whitish bracts surrounding a tight cluster of small flowers B. Petals cream or yellowish green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. canadensis B. Petals cream or yellowish green and purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. unalaschkensis A. Shrubs with open cymes of small white flowers; bracts lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stolonifera
Cornus canadensis L. bunchberry ✒ Stems simple, 8–15 cm high, from slender creeping rhizomes; forming colonies. Principal leaves in an apparent whorl of 4 or 6 at summit of stem, subsessile, ellipticovate to obovate or rhombic, pinnately veined; lower leaves usually much smaller, in 1 or 2 remote pairs; stems and leaves pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs. Flowers small, in a dense cluster surrounded by 4 petal-like whitish bracts; ovary copiously strigose with malpighiaeous hairs; petals cream or yellowish green; fruits orange red to red. ✿ Moist woodland and clearings. ● Boreal North America; from Greenland to Alaska and south to Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to just beyond latitude 64° N.
Cornus stolonifera Michx. red-osier dogwood ✒ Stoloniferous shrub 1–3 m high; lower branches often prostrate and freely rooting; bark reddish brown. Leaves petiolate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark green above, glaucous beneath. Flowers in an open, flat-topped cyme, not subtended by showy bracts; petals tiny, white; fruit white. ✿ Moist woods, thickets, and clearings. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Cornus
Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb. C. intermedia (Farr.) Calder & Taylor C. canadensis L. var. intermedia Farr ✒ Differing from C. canadensis in its somewhat taller stature; pairs of lower leaves larger; petals cream or yellowish green and purple. ✿ Open meadowland, riverbanks, and clearings. ● North America; southwestern Alaska and western British Columbia and southward; in central Yukon Territory.
457
458
PYROLACEAE
PYROLACEAE wintergreen family
PYROLACEAE
Perennial herbs or low subshrubs, with simple evergreen leaves, or saprophytes lacking chlorophyll; flowers with 5 sepals and petals; stamens 10; anthers mostly inverted and with basal pores; capsule 5-locular, containing numerous tiny seeds. A. Plants without chlorophyll; leaves scalelike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypopitys A. Plants with chlorophyll; leaves not scalelike, evergreen B. Stems leafy (see also Orthilia secunda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chimaphila B. Stems scapelike, with basal leaves C. Flower solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moneses C. Flowers racemose D. Inflorescence 1-sided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthilia D. Inflorescence cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrola
Chimaphila Pursh pipsissewa
Chimaphila
*Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hultén C. umbellata (L.) Bart. var. occidentalis (Rydb.) Blake ✒ Evergreen dwarf woodland shrub, from a creeping rhizome; stems erect, up to 20 cm high, leafy. Leaves in several whorls or clusters, oblanceolate, sharply serrate. Flowers white or pink, in a few-flowered terminal raceme. ✿ Woodland. ● Chimaphila umbellata s.l. circumpolar and represented by several geographic races; ssp. occidentalis known from southeastern Alaska through British Columbia and Alberta east to western Manitoba and south to California, Utah, and Colorado; to be looked for in southwestern Yukon Territory.
Hypopitys Hill
Hypopitys
*Hypopitys monotropa Crantz Monotropa hypopitys L. pinesap ✒ Saprophyte; stems several, unbranched, 10–30 cm high, pink or reddish, becoming black when dried. Leaves alternate, lacking chlorophyll, scalelike, entire or somewhat fringed. Flowers in terminal racemes, few to several; sepals usually 4, 4–8 mm long, ciliate, petals usually 4, 10–14 mm long, pubescent; stamens shorter than and twice as many as the petals; style hairy; capsule subglobose, 5–8 mm long. ✿ Moist coniferous forests. ● Circumboreal; in British Columbia known from as far north as Dawson Peaks west of the southern part of Teslin Lake (59°57’ N); to be looked for in extreme southern Yukon Territory.
Pyrola
Moneses Salisb.
459
Moneses
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray one-flowered pyrola, one-flowered shinleaf ✒ Stems scapose, to 10 cm high, arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Leaves small, ovate, leathery, crowded at base of stem. Flower solitary, at first nodding; sepals ciliate; petals white to cream, widely spreading; capsule erect. ✿ Frequent in deep moist moss on wooded slopes. ● Circumpolar; widespread in North America from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska south to New England, Michigan, Minnesota, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory occurring northward to near latitude 68°30’ N.
Orthilia Raf.
Orthilia
Orthilia secunda (L.) House s.l. Pyrola secunda L. P. secunda L. ssp. obtusata (Turcz.) Hultén one-sided wintergreen ✒ Stems 5–20 cm or more high. Leaves scattered on lower half of stem, shortpetioled; blade oblong-ovate, acute, up to 4 cm long, with crenulate-serrate margins, fresh green, somewhat leathery. Inflorescence 1-sided, of small whitish green flowers; styles straight, up to 7 mm long, lacking a ring below the stigma; anthers yellow. ✿ Frequent in moist thickets and woodland, north beyond the limit of trees. ● Circumpolar; in North America from northern Quebec and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Indiana, New Mexico, and California; widespread in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Pyrola L. wintergreen, shinleaf
Pyrola
Perennial herbs, with creeping slender rhizomes. Leaves basal, petioled, wintergreen. Flowers racemose with 5 sepals, with 5 petals, and with 8–10 stamens; capsule with numerous small seeds. A. Petals and anthers crimson to pale pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. asarifolia A. Petals white or greenish white or pinkish; anthers yellow B. Style short, included; petals white or pinkish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. minor B. Style longer, exserted C. Flowers small, greenish white; leaves small, rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. chlorantha C. Flowers large, creamy white or pinkish; leaves larger, with blade 3–5 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. grandiflora
460
PYROLACEAE
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. P. asarifolia Michx. var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. pink-flowered wintergreen, pink pyrola, pink wintergreen ✒ Stems 1–2 cm or more high, bearing 1–4 ovate-oblong scarious bracts. Leaves basal, long-petioled; blade leathery, cordate-orbicular to somewhat reniform. Flowers with crimson to pale pink petals; calyx lobes lanceolate to deltoid; anthers crimson to pale pink; mature styles 5–10 mm long, deflexed, arched, with a ring below the stigma. ✿ Damp rich woods and thickets. ● East Asia and boreal North America; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory frequent north to the Ogilvie Mountains, then disjunct to the Firth River valley in the British Mountains.
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. P. virens Schweigg. ✒ Stems 10–20 cm high, naked, or with a single small bract. Leaves usually few, basal, long-petioled; blade small, yellowish green, somewhat crenate. Raceme usually open; flowers small with greenish white converging petals; calyx lobes ovate-oblong to deltoid-ovate; anthers yellow; style curved, slightly protruding, with a ring below the stigma. ✿ Woods and thickets. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, South Dakota, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 66° N.
Pyrola grandiflora Radius P. grandiflora Radius var. canadensis (Andres) A.E. Porsild P. grandiflora Radius var. gormanii (Rydb.) A.E. Porsild arctic pyrola, arctic wintergreen ✒ Stems 7–24 cm high, with 1 or more ovate-oblong scarious bracts. Leaves basal, long-petioled; blade thick, lustrous, rounded, nearly entire in margin. Flowers large; petals creamy white; calyx lobes petaloid, oblong; anthers yellow; style long, somewhat curved at maturity, with a ring below the stigma. ✿ Frequent to common in open boreal woodland and on sheltered sunny tundra slopes. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine, wide-ranging from high-arctic or alpine tundra, southward into the boreal forest; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Gaspé, Quebec, northern Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Pyrola
Pyrola minor L. ✒ Stems to 25 cm or more high at maturity, usually with only a single scarious bract. Leaves oblong, with flat crenulated margins, dark green, dull. Inflorescence a slender spikelike raceme of small, scentless, globular, pink or white flowers; style straight, included to barely exserted, lacking a ring below the stigma; anthers yellow. ✿ In sheltered mossy places in woodland. ● Circumpolar, subarctic-alpine; rare or local in boreal North America from northern Quebec and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the Great Lakes, Minnesota, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
461
462
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE heath family
ERICACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves simple, persistent or deciduous, alternate or opposite. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so; sepals 4 or 5; corolla 4- or 5-lobed, urn-shaped, or with separate petals (Ledum); stamens mostly twice as many as the corolla lobes; style 1; fruit a capsule or drupe or berry. A. Ovary inferior; fruit a berry B. Corolla divided nearly to base; stems filiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxycoccus B. Corolla urn- or cup-shaped; stems not filiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccinium A. Ovary superior; fruit fleshy or dry C. Leaves densely rusty-tomentose below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ledum C. Leaves not rusty-tomentose below D. Fruit a drupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos D. Fruit a dry capsule E. Leaves opposite F. Stamens 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loiseleuria F. Stamens 10 G. Corolla white; anthers awned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cassiope G. Corolla pink; anthers not awned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kalmia E. Leaves alternate H. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate I. I.
Leaves 2.5–4.5 mm long; leaf margins entire, somewhat scarious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harrimanella Leaves 3–10 mm long; leaf margins glandular-serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyllodoce
H. Leaves broader J. Flowers 4-parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Menziesia J.
Flowers 5-parted K. Anthers awned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Andromeda K. Anthers not awned L. Corolla broadly cup-shaped, purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron L. Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaedaphne
Andromeda L. Andromeda
Andromeda
Andromeda polifolia L. bog rosemary ✒ Low shrub 5–15 cm high, with prostrate base, and with ascending branches. Leaves evergreen, alternate, thick, linearlanceolate to oblong, strongly involute, deeply grooved on upper surface; lower surface glaucous; midvein prominent. Flowers few, in small terminal clusters, nodding; calyx lobes about 1 mm long; corolla urceolate, 5–7 mm long, 5-lobed, pinkish; stamens 10; capsule nearly globose, 5-valved. ✿ Muskeg, wet tundra, and moist meadows.
Arctostaphylos
463
● Circumpolar; from northern Quebec and Labrador to Alaska, south to the southern Prairie Provinces, British Columbia, and Idaho; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Arctostaphylos Adans. bearberry
Arctostaphylos
Prostrate or trailing shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous or evergreen. Flowers in terminal racemes or clusters, urceolate; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; fruit a drupe. A. Leaves entire, evergreen, leathery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. uva-ursi A. Leaves crenate-margined B. Leaves persisting for several years; fruit black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpina B. Leaves soon falling; fruit red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rubra
Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. alpine bearberry ✒ Prostrate mat-forming shrub; branches short; bark shreddy, glabrous. Leaf blades 1–3 cm long, obovate or oblanceolate, rounded at apex, rugose, crenulate, ciliate at base and along petiole, turning deep red in fall, marcescent. Flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, appearing early in spring before leaves unfold; corolla urceolate, yellowish green, becoming white; drupe, black and shiny when ripe, edible but rather insipid; nutlets 2.7–4.6 mm long. ✿ Acid rocky and gravelly situations and in rocky tundra. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New Hampshire and northern Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wils.) Fern. ✒ Prostrate mat-forming shrub; branches usually slightly longer than A. alpina. Leaf blades 2–5 cm long, oblanceolate to spatulate-ovate, thinner and less rough than A. alpina, readily deciduous, glabrous at base and along petiole, often somewhat reddish and turning scarlet in fall. Flowers similar to A. alpina, but with drupes larger, scarlet, and very juicy; nutlets 2.5–3.0 mm long. ✿ Open coniferous woodland, peaty soils, and rocky tundra. ● East Asia and North America with several large gaps, arctic-subarctic-alpine; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south in Alberta and British Columbia; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
464
ERICACEAE
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. s.l. common bearberry, kinnikinick ✒ Prostrate and trailing much-branched evergreen shrub; bark reddish to dark gray, exfoliating. Leaves short-petioled, 1–2 cm long, obovate to spatulate, entire, leathery. Flowers forming dense terminal racemes; corolla pink to white, 4–6 mm long; drupe dull red, mealy. In the Yukon Territory four subspecies, based on pubescence types, have been separated by Packer and Denford (1974) as follows: ✒ ssp. uva-ursi, with young branches and petioles lacking glandular hairs; ✒ ssp. adenotricha (Fernald & MacBride) Calder & Taylor, with long and short glandular hairs associated with long and short nonglandular hairs; ✒ ssp. stipitata Packer & Denford, with short stipitate glandular hairs abundant, with or without short nonglandular hairs, and long nonglandular hairs absent; and ✒ ssp. longipilosa Packer & Denford, with short stipitate glandular hairs (sometimes few) and short and long nonglandular hairs present. ✿ Exposed rocks, eroding riverbanks, eskers, and sand plains. ● Circumpolar, wide-ranging; in the Yukon Territory found northward to about the limit of trees.
Cassiope D. Don
Cassiope
Dwarf matted shrubs. Leaves evergreen, opposite, 4-ranked, imbricated. Flowers solitary, axillary, nodding; sepals 5, nearly distinct; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 10; capsule 5-valved. A. Leaves deeply grooved on the back, imbricated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tetragona A. Leaves not grooved on the back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. mertensiana
*Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don white mountain heather ✒ Coarse mat-forming shrub; branches stiff, quadrangular, 5–30 cm long, ascending. Leaves opposite, arranged in 4 rows, more or less imbricated, not grooved on the back, leathery, dark green. Flowers solitary from axillary buds; pedicels longer than subtending leaves; sepals 2.5–3.0 mm long, scariousmargined; corolla 6–8 mm long, cream to white. ✿ Alpine tundra and heath. ● Cordilleran; southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia south to California and Montana; to be looked for in protected alpine situations in southern Yukon Territory.
Chamaedaphne
465
Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don ssp. tetragona arctic white heather ✒ Coarse heath-forming shrub; branches stiff, quadrangular, 5–30 cm long, ascending to erect. Leaves opposite, arranged in 4 rows, imbricated, 2–6 mm long, deeply grooved on the back, leathery dark green. Flower pedicels glabrous, more than twice longer than subtending leaves and extending beyond tip of the branch; calyx lobes yellowish green; corolla 5–8 mm long, cream to white.
Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don ssp. saximontana (Small) A.E. Porsild ✒ Differing from ssp. tetragona in its consistently shorter pedicels; flowers somewhat smaller, 4–5 mm long. ✿ Ssp. tetragona on not too dry alpine and arctic tundra; ssp. saximontana on subalpine slopes and tundra. ● Ssp. tetragona circumpolar, arctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Hudson Bay and northern British Columbia; throughout the mountainous regions of the Yukon Territory; ssp. saximontana north cordilleran, extending northward into the Yukon Territory and Alaska to nearly latitude 65° N and south to Washington and Montana.
Chamaedaphne Moench
Chamaedaphne
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench leatherleaf, cassandra ✒ Much-branched shrub, 20–60 cm high. Leaves 1.5–3.5 cm long, alternate, oblonglanceolate to elliptic, evergreen, coriaceous and scurfy, especially on underside. Flowers in small one-sided leafy racemes; pedicels 1–4 mm long, with 2 bracts at base of flower; sepals 5, distinct, 2–3 mm long, scurfy-pubescent; corolla white, 4.5–6.0 mm long, campanulate; stamens 10; capsule 5-valved. ✿ Bogs, muskeg, peaty swales, and lake margins. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Ohio, central Saskatchewan and Alberta, and northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory in lowland areas north to about latitude 68° N.
466
ERICACEAE
Harrimanella Coville
Harrimanella
Harrimanella stellariana (Pallas) Coville Cassiope stelleriana (Pallas) DC. ✒ Stems prostrate to decumbent, matted; branches 5–15 cm long, ascending to erect. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, alternate, spreading, 2.5–4.5 mm long, flat above, rounded on underside, glabrous, somewhat scarious on margins. Flowers borne singly; pedicels short, puberulent; sepals oblong, reddish, 3.0–3.5 mm long, more or less scarious-margined; corolla white to pinkish, 5–7 mm long; corolla lobes longer than tube; capsules 5-valved. ✿ Alpine heath and tundra. ● Essentially coastal, east Asia, southern Alaska south to Washington, barely entering southern Yukon Territory where it is considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Kalmia L. laurel
Kalmia
Kalmia polifolia Wang. s.l. bog-laurel ✒ Low much-branched shrub, to 30 cm in height. Leaves evergreen, opposite, lanceolate, oblong to obovate; margins revolute; lower surface whitened by dense very short hairs. Inflorescence umbelliform; flowers long-pediceled; calyx 5-parted, glabrous, with papery lobes finely ciliate-margined; corolla saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, about 1.5 cm in diameter, deep pink to crimson; capsule 4–6 mm long, 5-loculed. ✿ Peaty soils, muskeg, bogs, and lake margins. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern and central Yukon Territory, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Idaho, and Oregon.
Ledum L.
Ledum
Low much-branched, strongly aromatic shrub; branchlets reddish, villous-tomentose. Leaves evergreen, alternate, glabrous above, densely rusty-hairy below; margins inrolled. Flowers in terminal umbel-like clusters; pedicels rusty-puberulent; calyx small, 5-toothed; petals white, 5, distinct; capsule 5-valved. A. Leaves linear, acutish; pedicels usually abruptly bent below capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. decumbens A. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, blunt; pedicels arcuate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. groenlandicum
Loiseleuria
467
Ledum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd. L. palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Ait.) Hultén Rhododendron tomentosum (Stokes) Harmaja ssp. subarcticum (Harmaja) G. Wallace ✒ Prostrate decumbent or ascending dwarf shrubs, to 50 cm in height. Leaves 0.3–2.0 cm long, linear, strongly revolute, leathery, dark green above. Pedicels with curled rusty hairs intermixed with sessile glands, usually abruptly bent below capsule at fruiting time; calyx about 1 mm long, glandular, ciliate with reddish hairs; corolla 10–12 mm wide, white; capsules 3–5 mm long, glandular. ✿ Dwarf shrub, or moss–lichen heath, often forming dense stands. ● East Asia, arctic; in North America from west Greenland, Labrador, and northern Quebec to Alaska; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder L. palustre L. ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd Labrador-tea ✒ Erect shrub, 30–80 cm high. Leaves 2–5 cm long, oblong to lance-oblong or elliptic, blunt, with strongly to slightly revolute margins, leathery, dark green above. Pedicels with a fine white pubescence intermixed with sessile glands, arcuate in fruit; calyx about 1 mm long, sometimes glandular, minutely white-ciliate; corolla 10–12 mm wide, white; capsules 4.5–6.5 mm long, glandular. ✿ Peaty soils, bogs, muskegs, and meadows. ● North America; from west Greenland and Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska south to New England and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory occurring north to latitude 68°58’ N at Spruce Creek in the Barn Mountains.
Loiseleuria Desv.
Loiseleuria
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. alpine azalea ✒ Prostrate or depressed much-branched shrub; stems to 30 cm long. Leaves opposite, evergreen; blades 3–8 mm long, lanceoblong to oblong, revolute, leathery, glabrous above, finely short-pubescent below; petioles partly clasping. Corymbs 2- to 6-flowered; sepals 1.5–2.5 mm long, red, glabrous; petals 4–5 mm long, pink or occasionally white; capsules ovoid, 3–5 mm long. ✿ Dry stony heathlands and alpine tundra. ● Circumpolar, with some large gaps, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, New Hampshire, and British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory in alpine areas north of latitude 63° N.
468
ERICACEAE
Menziesia J.E. Smith mock azalea
Menziesia
*Menziesia ferruginea J.E. Smith false azalea, rustyleaf ✒ Branching thicket-forming shrub; stems to 1 m high, ill-smelling when bruised; twigs puberulent and stipitate-glandular; bark loosely shedding. Leaves alternate, deciduous; blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 1–6 cm long, serrulate, stipitate-glandular on both surfaces; petioles stipitate-glandular. Flowers in terminal clusters; pedicels stipitate-glandular, recurved in flower, upright in fruit; calyx saucer-shaped, indistinctly 4-lobed, about 1 mm long, stipitate-glandular ciliate; corolla 6–9 mm long, urn-shaped, 4-lobed, orange to pinkish orange; capsules lance-ovoid, 5–7 mm long. ✿ Moist woodland. ● North America; south-central and coastal southern Alaska south to California and east to the mountains of Alberta; known from Dawson Peaks west of the southern end of Teslin Lake in northern British Columbia; to be looked for in protected alpine situations in southern Yukon Territory.
Oxycoccus Tourn. ex Adans. cranberry
Oxycoccus
Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. var. microcarpus (Turcz.) Fedtsch. & Flerov. ✒ Tiny shrub; stems filiform, usually buried in Sphagnum, with tips and flowering branches usually ascending. Leaves alternate, evergreen, elliptic ovate, 2–6 mm long, pointed at apex, revolute, pale below. Flowers single or in pairs, terminal or lateral, nodding, on slender pedicels with a pair of tiny bracts in the middle; sepals 4, about 1 mm long, pink; petals 5–7 mm long, reflexed, pink; fruit 5–7 mm across, red. ✿ Muskegs. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Labrador to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Arctic coast.
Phyllodoce Salisb. mountain heather
Phyllodoce
Low heathlike shrubs; stems erect to ascending. Leaves alternate, densely crowded, evergreen, leathery, linear, pseudo-recurved. Flowers borne singly in axils of apical leaves; pedicels glandular-hairy over a fine pubescence; sepals 5, distinct or nearly so; corolla united, 5-lobed; stamens 10; capsules 5-valved. A. Corolla purple; calyx dark; sepals glabrous, finely ciliolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. empetriformis A. Corolla and calyx greenish yellow; sepals stipitate-glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. glanduliflora
Rhododendron
469
Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don ✒ Stems 5–20 cm long, ascending. Leaves 3–10 mm long; margin sharp to blunt, glandular-serrate. Sepals 2–3 mm long, reddish pink, glabrous on the back, densely shortciliate on margins; corolla 5–9 mm long, campanulate, pink to purple, lacking hairs on outer surface; capsules 2.5–3.5 mm long, glandular-pubescent. ✿ Alpine timberline meadows. ● Cordilleran; extending south from the Yukon Territory to California and Montana; in the Yukon extending north to about latitude 64°30’ N.
Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Cov. P. aleutica (Spreng.) Heller ssp. glanduliflora (Hook.) Hultén ✒ Stems 10–20 cm high, erect to ascending. Leaves 4–10 mm long; margin blunt, glandular-serrate or stipitate-glandular on young leaves. Sepals 4–5 mm long, greenish yellow, stipitate-glandular; corolla 6–9 mm long, urceolate, bright yellow, stipitateglandular on outer surface; capsules 4–5 mm long, glandular-pubescent. Hybrids of P. empetriformis and P. glanduliflora (P. × intermedia (Hook.) Rydb.) occurring rarely, with calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, and slightly glandularpubescent in lower part, and with corolla pale rose, smooth. ✿ Alpine herbmats. ● Cordilleran; extending south from the Yukon Territory to Oregon and Wyoming; in the Yukon extending north to about latitude 62° N, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Rhododendron L. rhododendron
Rhododendron
Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. Lapland rose-bay, Lapland rhododendron ✒ Depressed matted or erect muchbranched dwarf shrub; twigs scurfy. Leaves alternate, 0.5–2.0 cm long, ellipticoblanceolate, more or less revolute, obtuse, scurfy on both surfaces, but rusty below, short-petioled. Inflorescence in showy fewflowered terminal clusters, very fragrant; pedicels scurfy; sepals 0.5–1.5 mm long, ciliate, scurfy; corolla 8–12 mm long, deep purple; capsules 5–6 mm long, scurfy. ✿ Dry rocky tundra, stony slopes, heathland, and occasionally in woodlands. ● Circumpolar, with a large gap in northern Asia; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Wisconsin, and northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found in much of the mountainous parts north to the Arctic coast.
470
ERICACEAE
Vaccinium L. blueberry, huckleberry, cranberry, bilberry
ERICACEAE Vaccinium
Depressed creeping or upright dwarf shrubs. Leaves deciduous or evergreen. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes; corolla campanulate or globose-urceolate; fruit a manyseeded berry. A. Leaves evergreen, shiny; berries red, shiny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. vitis-idaea A. Leaves deciduous; berries blue, purplish or black B. Flowers in axillary clusters; calyx lobes triangular, persistent in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. uliginosum B. Flowers single in leaf axils; calyx lobes blunt, deciduous in fruit C. Margins of leaves serrulate throughout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. caespitosum C. Margins of leaves not serrulate throughout D. Leaf margins entire or serrulate only in lower part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. ovalifolium D. Leaf margins serrulate to apex but not completely to base . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. membranaceum
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. dwarf bilberry ✒ Low densely branched shrubs, to 20 cm or more high; twigs glabrous or sparingly puberulent. Leaves deciduous, 1–3 cm long, oblanceolate to obovate, cuneate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers axillary; shallow lobes of calyx deciduous in fruit; corolla 4–5 mm long, pinkish; berry about 6 mm in diameter, light blue, sweet. ✿ Alpine and subalpine herbmats and meadows. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska south to New England, the Great Lakes, Colorado, Idaho, and California; in the Yukon Territory north nearly to latitude 62° N.
*Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. tall blueberry ✒ Much-branched shrub, to 30 cm high (taller southward); twigs 4-angled, glabrous or more or less puberulent. Leaves deciduous, thin, 2–5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, more or less pointed, sharply serrulate to apex but not completely to base, short-petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary; corolla 5–6 mm long, greenish yellow or purplish; berry purplish to black, 8–10 mm wide, sweet. ✿ Woodlands. ● Cordilleran; from British Columbia and western Alberta, south to California, Idaho, and Montana and extending northward into extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Vaccinium
471
Vaccinium ovalifolium J.E. Smith ✒ Much-branched shrub, 20–100 cm high; twigs ridged, glabrous, frequently reddish. Leaves deciduous, thin, 2–4 cm long, elliptic to oblong-oval, blunt, entire or serrulate in lower part, short-petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary; corolla 4–7 mm long, pinkish; berry bluish black with a bloom, about 9 mm in diameter, edible. ✿ Subalpine slopes. ● North America; from southern Alaska south to Oregon, disjunct to the Great Lakes, Labrador, Newfoundland, Gaspé and Laurentide Mountains, Quebec; in the Yukon Territory occurring north to about latitude 61° N, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Vaccinium uliginosum L. s.l. bog bilberry ✒ Low much-branched, depressed or erect shrubs, 20–60 cm high; twigs finely puberulent. Leaves deciduous, small, 0.4–2.0 cm long, oval or oblanceolate to obovate, firm, entire, dull green above, glaucous beneath. Flowers 1 to several from scaly buds; pedicels short; calyx lobes about 1 mm long, reddish; corolla 3–4 mm long, pink; berries 5–8 mm in diameter, blue to blackish with a bloom, edible. ✿ Common in acid soil, alpine slopes, muskegs, swamps, woodlands, and heath. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New England, the Great Lakes, British Columbia, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén V. vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd. mountain cranberry, lingberry ✒ Low mat-forming shrub; stems decumbent-ascending and 5–20 cm high, or trailing; branchlets terete or slightly angled, puberulent. Leaves leathery, evergreen, subsessile, 6–15 mm long, narrowly elliptic to obovate, blunt, revolute, glossy above, pale below dotted with brownish glandular hairs. Flowers in short terminal clusters, few; calyx deeply 4-lobed; corolla cupshaped, about 5 mm long, 4-lobed; stamens 8; berries 6–10 mm in diameter, red, edible. ✿ Open acid turfy and boggy situations. ● Circumpolar, subarctic-arctic; in North America, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south to New Hampshire and Minnesota; found throughout the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
472
DIAPENSIACEAE
DIAPENSIACEAE diapensia family Diapensia L.
DIAPENSIACEAE
Diapensia
Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. obovata (Fr. Schm.) Hultén D. obovata (Fr. Schm.) Nakai ✒ Dwarf shrubs forming hemispherical cushions. Leaves evergreen, densely imbricated, obovate to oblong-ovate, usually curved and more or less revolute, pale beneath. Flowering stems 0.5–4.0 cm long, usually leafless; flowers solitary; calyx subtended by 3 bracts; sepals 4–7 mm long, oblong to spatulate; corolla 5-lobed, white to cream; stamens 5, alternate with lobes; ovary superior, 3-loculed; capsules 4–6 mm long, ovoid, invested by calyx at maturity. ✿ Acid rocks and gravels. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; extending eastward to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W.
Androsace
PRIMULACEAE primrose family
473
PRIMULACEAE
Chiefly perennial herbs (ours). Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Flowers regular, gamopetalous; stamens inserted in corolla tube; ovary superior, 1-celled; fruit a capsule. A. Plants scapose B. Plants densely caespitose or with a dense rosette; flowers solitary, and short-pediceled or sessile in a few-flowered umbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Douglasia B. Plants with basal rosettes; flowers in terminal umbels C. Corolla lobes reflexed; calyx deeply cleft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dodecatheon C. Corolla lobes spreading; calyx tubular D. Throat of corolla constricted; style short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Androsace D. Throat of corolla not constricted; style elongate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primula A. Plants with leafy stems E. Leaves opposite F. Tall plants; flowers in dense axillary racemes (ours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lysimachia F. Low succulent gray-green plants; flowers solitary, sessile in axils of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glaux E. Lower leaves small and alternate, with upper ones larger and whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trientalis
Androsace L.
Androsace
Tufted or stoloniferous scapose herbs. Leaves forming a basal rosette or at tip of branches. Scapes few to several, each terminating in a few-flowered umbel; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed; tube constricted at throat; capsules subglobose, 5-valved. A. Perennial; scapes villous with simple hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. chamaejasme A. Annual or biennial; scapes glabrous or with minute branched hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. septentrionalis
Androsace chamaejasme Host ssp. lehmanniana (Spreng.) Hultén A. chamaejasme Host var. arctica Knuth rock-jasmine ✒ Mat-forming perennial; stems prostrate, terminating in small rosettes of leaves. Leaves densely imbricated, 3–16 mm long, entire, pubescent to glabrate or glabrous. Scapes 2–15 cm high, pubescent with long simple hairs; flowers fragrant, 2 to several, short-pedicellate, with few to several saccate bracts at base of umbel; calyx 2–3 mm long, with long simple hairs; lobes about as long as the tube; corolla tube about as long as the calyx; lobes 2–5 mm long, white to cream and yellow at base. ✿ Calcareous sand and gravel and rocky tundra slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the western Arctic Islands, Coronation Gulf, Great Bear Lake, and the Mackenzie Mountains; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W.
474
PRIMULACEAE
Androsace septentrionalis L. fairy-candelabra ✒ Small tufted annual or biennial. Leaves forming a basal rosette, 5–50 mm long, entire or toothed, linear-lanceolate, often reddish green, pubescent with simple or forked hairs. Scapes erect-ascending, few to several from each rosette, 5–30 cm high, and often of unequal length; umbel few- to manyflowered; pedicels 1–4 cm long, of varying lengths, with several saccate bracts at base; calyx 2.5–4.0 mm long; lobes shorter than tube; corolla tube about as long as the calyx; lobes 0.5–1.0 mm long, white. ✿ Dry calcareous sandy or gravelly places. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland, Gaspé, Quebec, James Bay to Alaska, south to Arizona, New Mexico, and California; throughout much of the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Dodecatheon L. shootingstar
Dodecatheon
Scapose glabrous perennial herbs, from a short erect-ascending caudex. Leaves forming a basal rosette. Flowers 2 to several, umbellate, showy; calyx 4- to 5-lobed; lobes longer than tube; corolla usually 5-parted; lobes longer than tube, strongly reflexed; anthers united to form a tube; fruit a capsule. A. Filament tube not exposed; leaves oval to ovate, abruptly tapering into petiole . . . . . . . . . . D. frigidum A. Filament tube exposed; leaves elliptic, gradually tapering into a narrow petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. pulchellum ssp. pauciflorum
Dodecatheon frigidum C. & S. ✒ Scapes 7–30 cm high. Leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, with wavy margins, abruptly tapering into petiole. Inflorescence and upper part of scape glandular puberulent; pedicels 0.5–4.5 cm long; calyx tube 1.5–2.5 mm long; lobes 2.5–3.5 mm long; corolla lobes 8–15 mm long, magenta to lavender; anther filaments not exposed; anthers purplish black on the backs. ✿ Wet alpine meadows and creek banks. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie and south into northern British Columbia; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Douglasia
475
Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene ✒ Scapes 15–40 cm or more high. Leaves elliptic, sometimes wavy-margined, gradually tapering into a narrow petiole. Inflorescence and scape glabrous or nearly so; pedicels 1–7 cm long; calyx tube 2.0–3.5 mm long; lobes 2.5–6.0 mm long; corolla lobes 9–21 mm long; anther filaments exposed; anthers usually dark maroon to black. ✿ Wet meadows. ● Western North America; from central Alaska south to Mexico; in the Yukon Territory found in the Porcupine River area and central area and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Douglasia Lindl.
Douglasia
Low tufted or matted perennials; branches short and crowded. Leaves linear, imbricated, marcescent. Flowers solitary and pedunculate or sessile in a few-flowered umbel; calyx 5-lobed; corolla funnelform, rose pink to pink or white, 5-lobed; stamens 5; capsule subglobose, containing 2 or 3 brown pitted seeds. A. Plants with a single basal rosette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. alaskana A. Plants with multiple rosettes or caespitose cushions B. Leaves glabrous above, ciliate on margins with simple hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. arctica B. Leaves pubescent above, ciliate on margins with simple or forked hairs C. Leaves with branched hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. gormanii C. Leaves with simple or rarely some branched hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. ochotensis
Douglasia alaskana (Cov. & Standl.) Kelso Androsace alaskana Cov. & Standl. ✒ Annual or biennial, from a taproot. Leaves forming a dense rosette, 10–30 mm long, sessile, cuneate, lobed apically, pubescent or glabrous above. Scapes glabrous, or with minute branched hairs, 3–15 cm high; flowers 1–3, subtended by a lanceolate bract; calyx 4.5–5.5 mm long; lobes 1.5–3.0 mm long, acute, glabrous; corolla 4–5 mm long, white; lobes 1.0–1.5 mm long. ✿ Rocky alpine slopes and crevices. ● North America; endemic to southern Alaska and adjacent southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
476
PRIMULACEAE
Douglasia arctica Hook. ✒ Loosely caespitose clump, up to 20 cm wide; stems 2–5 cm or more high. Leaves imbricated, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 4–10 mm long, flat, glabrous above, ciliate. Pedicels elongating in fruit, up to 8 cm long; calyx cup-shaped, about 6 mm long; lobes long-triangular; corolla tube 4.5–6.0 mm long, rose pink; lobes 2.5–6.0 mm long; capsules about as long as the calyx. ✿ Rocky arctic and alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska, northern Yukon Territory, and the Richardson Mountains in northwestern District of Mackenzie.
Douglasia gormanii Constance ✒ Caespitose plant; stems 2–5 cm high. Leaves imbricated, oblanceolate, 4–10 mm long, more or less pubescent on both sides, and with forked hairs on margins. Pedicels elongating in fruit, up to 3.5 cm long; calyx cup-shaped; tube 2–3 mm long; lobes 1.5–2.0 mm long, ovate to triangular; corolla tube 3–4 mm long, rose pink; lobes 1.5–2.0 mm long, ovate to triangular. ✿ Moist alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska and central and southern Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W.
Douglasia ochotensis (Willd.) Hultén Androsace ochotensis Willd. ✒ Densely caespitose plant. Leaves 1–7 mm long, oblanceolate, somewhat fleshy, closely imbricated, recurved, ciliate, more or less pubescent on upper surface. Pedicels solitary, up to 1.5 cm long, not elongating in fruit; calyx 2–4 mm long; lobes short triangular; corolla tube 2–4 mm long; lobes 3–6 mm long, purple; capsules 2.5–3.0 mm long. ✿ Dry rocky alpine slopes and tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward through the Brooks Range in northern Alaska to about longitude 138°37’ W in northern Yukon Territory.
Primula
Glaux L. sea-milkwort
477
Glaux
Glaux maritima L. ssp. maritima ✒ Low glaucous glabrous herb, from a creeping rhizome; stems simple or diffusely branched, to 10 cm high. Leaves opposite below or subopposite to alternate above, sessile, entire, oblong to narrowly elliptic, 6–12 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile or nearly so; corolla absent; calyx 5-lobed, pink; anthers alternate with calyx lobes; capsule orbicular, 5-valved. ✿ Saline sloughs. ● Glaux maritima s.l. circumpolar with large gaps, restricted to seashores and saline situations inland; in the Yukon Territory between Whitehorse and Haines Junction where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Lysimachia L. loosestrife
Lysimachia
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. yellow loosestrife, tufted loosestrife ✒ Stems erect leafy, 20–80 cm high, arising from creeping rhizomes. Leaves opposite, sessile, black-glandular, with upper ones linear-lanceolate up to 10 cm long, and with lower ones almost scalelike. Flowers in short and dense spikelike pedunculate racemes, from axils of middle leaves; calyx 5to 7-lobed, glandular-spotted; corolla light yellow; lobes 5(7), linear, 3–7 mm long, purple-dotted; anthers 5, bright yellow; filaments much longer than corolla lobes; capsules subglobose, about 2.5 mm in diameter. ✿ Wet shorelines. ● Circumpolar; wide-ranging; in North America, Quebec to British Columbia and Alaska, south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast corner.
Primula L. primrose
Primula
Perennial scapose herbs, from a basal rosette of simple green or often somewhat farinose leaves. Flowers in a terminal umbel, gamopetalous and regular; stamens inserted in corolla tube, homostylous or distylous; petals spreading, deeply notched or emarginate, mauve or purple (rarely white); capsule many-seeded, opening at top. A. Flowers large (about 2.0 cm long); lobes of corolla only slightly emarginate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. eximia A. Flowers much smaller; lobes of corolla deeply notched
478
PRIMULACEAE
B. Robust plants, 15–45 cm high; leaves usually strongly farinose beneath; flowers homostylous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. incana B. Plants smaller, about 10 (-20) cm high; leaves efarinose or only slightly farinose; flowers homostylous or distylous C. Leaves ovate to elliptical or obovate-cuneiform D. Leaves dentate in apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. cuneifolia ssp. saxifragifolia D. Leaves with entire margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. nutans C. Leaves narrower E. Flowers small, 6–8 mm wide; homostylous; calyx lobes glandular-ciliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. egaliksensis E. Flowers 8–15 mm wide; distylous; calyx with capitate glands F. Involucral bracts gibbous or saccate at base; leaves with conspicuous petioles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. borealis F. Involucral bracts plane at base; leaves cuneate at base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. mistassinica
Primula borealis Duby P. tenuis Small ✒ Small herbs, growing singly or in dense clusters, initially farinose, but becoming efarinose in age; scapes 2–10 cm high. Leaves including petiole 1.0–3.5 cm long, spathulate or more or less elliptical; margins crenate to remotely denticulate. Umbel 1- to 8(12)-flowered; pedicels 2–8 mm long, erect or spreading; involucral bracts 2–5 mm long, gibbous or saccate at base, involute above. Flowers distylous; calyx campanulate, about 3 mm long, green or with purple striations; calyx lobes lanceolate, up to half the length of calyx, thinly covered with capitate glands; corolla lavender with a yellow throat, rarely white; tube 6–8 mm long, about 1.5 times as long as the calyx; limb 10–15 mm wide, with lobes slightly to deeply emarginate; capsule cylindrical, slightly exserted from calyx. ✿ Moist usually somewhat saline meadows and shorelines along the Arctic coast. ● Amphi-Berigian; east along the Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory to Cape Bathurst in the District of Mackenzie. Specimens from southwestern Yukon Territory reported by Porsild (1966) as P. borealis are P. mistassinica.
*Primula cuneifolia Ledeb. ssp. saxifragifolia (Lehm.) Sm. & Forrest ✒ Efarinose herbs; calyx, pedicels, bracts, and upper part of scape glandularpuberulent; scapes 2–10 cm high. Leaves thick, obovate-cuneiform, dentate in apex, glandular-ciliate. Umbel 1- to 4-flowered; involucral bracts linear-subulate, not saccate at base. Flowers homostylous; pedicels short; calyx 3–6 mm long, rounded at base; calyx lobes triangular, blunt, longer than tube; corolla pink to violet (or white); tube to 6 mm long, exserted from calyx; limb 10–20 mm wide with deeply bifid lobes; capsule oval, shorter than calyx. ✿ Ridges and moist alpine meadows. ● North America; insular and adjacent regions of western and southern Alaska; to be looked for in extreme southwestern Yukon Territory.
Primula
479
Primula egaliksensis Wormsk. ✒ Slender completely efarinose herbs, or with inside of calyx lobes somewhat farinose; scapes 5.0–12.5 cm high. Leaves including distinct petioles 1.5–5.5 cm long; blades elliptical, entire or somewhat undulate in age. Umbel 1- to 6-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate, up to 6 mm long, saccate at base. Flowers homostylous; pedicels pendant; calyx cylindrical, 4–9 mm long, green or with purple stripes; calyx lobes about one-third to one-half the length of calyx, glandular-ciliate; corolla lavender (or white), with a yellow throat; tube 6–8 mm long; limb 6–8 mm wide, slightly emarginate; capsule narrowly cylindrical, about twice as long as the calyx. ✿ Damp banks of streams and rivers, lakeshores, and meadows. ● North America; from Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland, Saguenay Co., Quebec, James Bay, and in the west to Colorado and Wyoming; also in the eastern Siberian peninsula; apparently rare in southern parts of the Yukon Territory.
Primula eximia Greene P. tschuktschorum Kjellm. ssp. cairnesiana A.E. Porsild P. tschuktschorum Kjellm. var. arctica (Koidz.) Fern. ✒ Rather stout herbs, initially farinose but becoming glabrous in age; scapes 10–40 cm high. Leaves lanceolate to elliptical, 0.7–3.0 cm wide, 5–7 cm long, with margins entire to dentate or serrate; leaf petioles winged. Umbel 3- to 6(20)-flowered; pedicels 3–30 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, 2–10 mm long, acute or obtuse. Flowers homostylous; calyx green to greenish blackish; calyx lobes lanceolate, dividing calyx nearly to base; corolla rose magenta; tube 10–15 mm long, exserted from calyx; limb up to 15 mm wide, with lobes entire or slightly emarginate; capsule cylindrical at maturity, up to 3 times the length of calyx. ✿ Wet meadows and wet stream banks. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska to the Richardson Mountains on the Yukon–Mackenzie border; rare and localized in northern Yukon Territory and near the Alaska border west of Dawson, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Primula incana M.E. Jones P. stricta sensu Hultén (1968) and Porsild and Cody (1980) pro parte ✒ Tall slender herbs, usually with heavily farinose leaves and bracts and calyx; scapes 10–40 cm high. Leaves including petioles to 6 cm long; blades elliptic to oblanceolate, denticulate; petiole broadly winged. Umbels capitate, 5- to 15-flowered; pedicels short; involucral bracts oblong, saccate or gibbous at base; flowers homostylous; calyx 4–7 mm long; calyx lobes lanceolate, about one-third the length of calyx; calyx lobes covered with capitate 3- to 4-celled glands; corolla lavender with a yellow throat; tube as long as or slightly longer than calyx;
480
PRIMULACEAE limb 0.4–0.8 mm long, emarginate; capsule cylindrical to somewhat elliptical, 1.5 to twice as long as the calyx. ✿ River floodplains and open meadows. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia north into southern District of Mackenzie, southern Yukon Territory, and central Alaska, and south in the United States to Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.
Primula mistassinica Michx. P. borealis sensu A.E. Porsild (1966) P. stricta sensu Hultén (1968) and Porsild and Cody (1980) pro parte bird’s-eye primrose ✒ Glabrous usually efarinose herbs; scapes 5–15 cm high. Leaves including winged petioles 0.5–7.0 cm long; blades spatulate to elliptical, with margins more or less denticulate. Umbel 1- to 5(10)-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute to obtuse at apex, plane at base; flowers distylous; pedicels capillary, 0.5–2.0 cm long; calyx campanulate, 3–5 mm long; calyx lobes about half the length of calyx, bearing some capitate glands; corolla lavender with a yellow throat, or in some white (f. leucantha Fern.); tube 5–8 mm long; limb 8–14 mm wide, with lobes emarginate; capsule cylindric or nearly so. ✿ Meadows, riverbanks, and lakeshores. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south into the northern United States; rare in southern and central Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981).
Primula nutans Georgi P. sibirica Jacq. ✒ Slender efarinose occasionally rhizomatous herbs; scapes 5–20 cm high. Leaves including distinct petioles to 3 cm long; blades ovate to elliptical, with entire margins. Umbel 2- to 4-flowered; involucral bracts oblong, obtuse at apex, saccate and auriculate at base. Flowers distylous; pedicels somewhat arched; calyx cylindrical, 4–7 mm long, distinctly ribbed; calyx lobes obtuse to acutish, with ciliolate glands on margins; corolla violet with a yellow throat; tube 7–10 mm long, exserted from calyx; limb 9–20 mm wide, with lobes cordate; capsules narrowly cylindrical, twice the length of calyx. ✿ Sloughs and river floodplains. ● Amphi-Beringian; populations in southwestern Yukon Territory and adjacent southeastern Alaska disjunct from those in western Alaska and eastern Siberia.
Trientalis
Trientalis L. starflower
481
Trientalis
Slender perennial herbs, from a thin rhizome; stems erect, simple, 10–20 cm high. Leaves entire, broadly elliptic-lanceolate, whorled at top of stem, and usually with a few small leaves or scalelike leaves below. Flowers 1 to a few, on slender pedicels from leaf axils; sepals 5–9, united basally; petals 5–9 united basally; capsule globular, few-seeded; seeds white-reticulate. A. Stem leaves scalelike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. borealis ssp. latifolia A. Stem leaves larger and obovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. europaea
Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Hultén T. latifolia Hook. starflower ✒ Rhizome thickened and tuberlike at apex; stems 5–20 cm high. Terminal leaves broadly lanceolate, subsessile to shortpetiolate, 3–10 cm long; stem leaves scalelike. Corolla pink, 8–17 mm wide. ✿ Moist woods. ● North America; from northern Saskatchewan through British Columbia to California and Idaho; disjunct to the Keno area in the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Trientalis europaea L. s.l. ✒ Rhizome somewhat thickened at apex, but not tuberlike; stems 5–35 cm high. Terminal leaves broadly elliptic, oblanceolate to obovate, subsessile to petiolate; stem leaves smaller, obovate. Corolla white, 12–25 mm wide. ✿ Coniferous woods. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending southward to central Alberta, British Columbia, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N.
482
PLUMBAGINACEAE
PLUMBAGINACEAE leadwort family Armeria Willd. thrift, sea-pink
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armeria
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. ssp. arctica (Cham.) Hultén ✒ Densely tufted perennial herb. Leaves linear, 1.5–10.0 cm long, somewhat fleshy, grayish green, marcescent. Scapes 1 to several, 5–30 cm high, terminating in a hemispherical scarious-bracted head of flowers 1.5–3.0 cm in diameter; flowers in clusters of 3, subtended by transparent bracts; calyx funnel-form, 6–7 mm long, pubescent at base and along the 10 ribs; petals 5, rose pink, included within calyx; fruit indehiscent within persistent calyx. ✿ Coastal sand dunes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward along the Arctic coast to Amundsen Gulf; rare in the Yukon Territory.
Gentiana
GENTIANACEAE gentian family
483
GENTIANACEAE
Small- to medium-sized terrestrial glabrous annual or biennial or perennial herbs; stems mostly angular. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers scentless, blue or purplish or white, solitary or in terminal or axillary clusters; corolla 4- or 5-lobed; lobes entire or fimbriate; stamens as many as the corolla lobes, inserted on corolla tube; fruit a capsule. A. Corolla tubular or funnelform B. Flowers large, 2–5 cm long; corolla lobes fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentianopsis B. Flowers smaller; corolla lobes not fringed C. Corolla with folds in the sinuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana C. Corolla without folds in the sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentianella A. Corolla rotate D. Rhizomatous perennial; leaves mainly basal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swertia D. Annuals with taproots; leaves mainly cauline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatogonium
Gentiana L. gentian
Gentiana
Annual or perennial herbs; stems erect, ascending or prostrate. Leaves basal or cauline; cauline leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in terminal cymes, showy; calyx tubular, 4to 5-toothed; corolla funnelform or tubular; lobes shorter than tube, with folds in sinuses; stamens 4–5; capsule 2-valved; seeds smooth or rough, winged or wingless. A. Tiny annual or biennial; stems leafy, prostrate to ascending; flowers solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . G. prostrata A. Perennial; stems upright or decumbent; flowers in terminal cymes B. Corolla 3.5–5.0 cm long, yellowish green to cream, flecked or striped with purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. algida B. Corolla 1.0–2.0 cm long, bluish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. glauca
Gentiana algida Pall. ✒ Perennial; stems 5–20 cm high, simple, somewhat winged, yellowish green or purplish. Basal leaves linear-spatulate, obtuse, connate sheathing, 2–12 cm long; cauline leaves in 2–3 pairs below bracts. Flowers few in terminal cymes, or solitary; calyx tubular, 5-lobed, 1.5–2.3 cm long; lobes irregular, oblong-linear, about as long as the tube; corolla funnelform, 3.5–5.0 cm long, yellowish green or cream, flecked or striped with purple; capsule elliptic-oblong. ✿ Alpine meadows, tundra, and heathlands. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across central and southern Alaska to the Ogilvie and Wernecke mountains and southwestern Yukon Territory.
484
GENTIANACEAE
Gentiana glauca Pall. ✒ Perennial; rhizome slender, with separate stems and winter rosettes; stems 5–16 cm high, erect. Basal rosette leaves obovate-spatulate, up to 2 cm long, bluish green, shiny and somewhat fleshy; cauline leaves elliptic, 0.5–1.0 cm long, in 2–4 pairs. Flowers in terminal cymes enveloped by upper leaves; calyx tubular, 5-parted, 5–7 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the tube; corolla tubular, 5-parted, 1.0–2.0 cm long, bluish green or yellowish (f. chlorantha Jordal); lobes oblong, obtuse, about 2.5 mm long; capsule slightly exserted beyond marcescent corolla. ✿ Moist arctic and alpine tundra slopes, meadows, and heathland. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in western District of Mackenzie, and south to south-central British Columbia and the mountains of western Alberta; throughout much of the Yukon Territory north to latitude 68°30’ N.
Gentiana prostrata Haenke moss gentian ✒ Dwarf annual or biennial; root spindly; stems leafy, 1 to several, prostrate to erectascending, 1–25 cm long. Leaves in 1 to several pairs, ovate to spatulate, subconnate, obtuse with mucronate tips, and with entire margins white. Flowers terminal, solitary; calyx 4-to 5-parted, tubular, up to 12 mm long; lobes about half as long as the tube, acute; corolla tubular, 11–25 mm long, 4- to 5-lobed, blue; capsule to 1.5 cm long, lanceovoid, long-stipitate. ✿ Moist arctic and alpine tundra, meadows, and banks of lakes and streams. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending east across Alaska and Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie and disjunct to about longitude 120° W near the Arctic coast, and southward through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado; in southern Yukon Territory and in the British and Ogilvie mountains.
Gentianella Moench gentian
Gentianella
Annual or biennial herbs; stems erect or ascending. Leaves basal or cauline; cauline leaves opposite. Flowers cymose or axillary; calyx 4- to 5-parted, tubular; corolla 4- to 5-lobed, funnelform, marcescent; lobes without folds in sinuses; stamens 4 or 5, included; capsule 2-valved; seeds globose to somewhat flattened. A. Corolla with a fimbriate crown in the throat B. Plants usually branched from base; flowers long-pedunculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. tenella B. Plants usually branched above; flowers sessile or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. amarella ssp. acuta A. Corolla without a fimbriate crown in the throat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. propinqua
Gentianella
485
Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner ssp. acuta (Michx.) J.M. Gillett Gentiana acuta Michx. felwort ✒ Annual; stems 5–40 cm high, simple or with strongly ascending branches. Basal leaves elliptic, ligulate to spatulate, 1–3 cm long; cauline leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with base rounded to subcordate and clasping, 1–6 cm long. Flowers numerous, in simple or aggregate cymes, or axillary; calyx 5–7 mm long, usually 5-lobed; lobes narrowly lanceolate, unequal; corolla 10– 15 mm long; lobes ovate, fimbriate in the throat, mauve to purple (often turning blue in drying), or occasionally white (f. albescens (Lepage) Cody); capsule cylindrical, as long or longer than corolla. ✿ Moist stream banks, meadows, and clearings. ● Boreal North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, and south in the western part to California and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory extending north to the vicinity of Dawson.
Gentianella propinqua (Richards.) J.M. Gillett ssp. propinqua Gentiana actophila Griseb. G. propinqua Richards. ssp. arctophila (Griseb.) Hultén ✒ Annual; stems 2–35 cm high, simple, or branched from base. Basal leaves elliptic to spatulate, obtuse, 5–35 mm long, often forming a rosette; cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute to obtuse. Flowers in cymes, few to many; terminal flowers usually larger than lateral ones; calyx 5–12 mm long; lobes 4, ovate to lanceolate, acute; corolla 12–20 mm long, tubular to funnelform, pale blue to white (f. acyanea J.M. Gillett); lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, onethird to one-half as long as the tube, apiculate or setose at tips; capsule cylindrical, up to 2.5 cm long. ✿ Arctic and alpine tundra slopes, heath, and woodlands. ● North America; from Alaska to Hudson Bay south through British Columbia and Alberta to Montana, with isolated stands in southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Gentianella tenella (Rottb.) Börner Gentiana tenella Rottb. ✒ Glabrous annual; stems 5–20 cm high, simple or freely branched from base. Basal leaves 2 or forming dense rosettes, elliptic to spatulate; cauline leaves lanceolate to elliptic. Flowers solitary, pedunculate at ends of branches; calyx deeply, 4- to 5-cleft, 5–10 mm long; corolla tubular, about 11 mm long, with a fimbriate crown in the throat, blue to white; capsule lance-ovoid, slightly longer than corolla. ✿ Dry alpine gravels. ● Circumpolar with many large gaps, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland, northern Quebec, District of Keewatin, northern District of Mackenzie, Yukon Territory and Alaska, British Columbia and southwestern United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from Kluane National Park and the Nisling Range where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
486
GENTIANACEAE
Gentianopsis Ma fringed gentian
Gentianopsis
Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma ssp. yukonensis (J.M. Gillett) J.M. Gillett Gentianella detonsa (Rottb.) G. Don ssp. yukonensis J.M. Gillett Gentiana barbata sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 5–60 cm high, simple or branched. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate; cauline leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, up to 5 cm long. Flowers solitary at ends of branches; calyx 13–18 mm long, usually 4-lobed; corolla funnelform, 2–5 cm long; lobes fringed marginally; capsule cylindrical, as long as the corolla tube. ✿ Forest meadows and subalpine heathland; often in disturbed situations. ● North America; endemic to the valley of the Yukon River and its tributaries in central Alaska and southwestern Yukon Territory.
Lomatogonium A.Br.
Lomatogonium
Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ssp. rotatum ✒ Small glabrous purplish green annual; stems simple or branched, 5–20 cm high. Basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate, soon withering; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong. Inflorescence a few-flowered raceme; calyx 4- to 5-lobed, with lobes almost distinct; corolla rotate, 4- to 5-lobed, each segment with 2 scaly basal appendages, blue to pale blue or white; stamens 4 or 5; stigmas 2; fruit a cylindrical capsule.
Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ssp. tenuifolium (Griseb.) A.E. Porsild
ssp. rotatum
ssp. tenuifolium
✒ Differing from ssp. rotatum in its taller stature (to 50 cm); leaves and calyx lobes and petal lobes narrower; flowers usually more numerous. ✿ Ssp. rotatum on moist turfy or sandy seashores; ssp. tenuifolium a nonhalophytic inland race. ● Ssp. rotatum circumpolar, subarctic-arctic; in North America, Labrador, Newfoundland and lower St. Lawrence River, Hudson and James Bays, and northern District of Mackenzie to Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found only along the Arctic coast where rare; ssp. tenuifolium in central Alaska, in Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W, northern British Columbia, and through Alberta and Saskatchewan to Idaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico.
Swertia
Swertia L.
487
Swertia
*Swertia perennis L. ✒ Glabrous perennial; stems 10–60 cm high. Basal leaves obovate to oblongelliptic, petiolate, entire; cauline leaves short-petiolate below, becoming smaller, sessile and clasping above, opposite or alternate in some. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or solitary; calyx deeply lobed; lobes 5, lanceolate-acuminate, 5–10 mm long; corolla rotate; lobes 10–16 mm long, bluish purple to whitish and with 2 fringed basal glands; capsule lance-ovoid, 2-valved. ✿ Subalpine meadows, stream banks, and moist meadows and woods. ● Eurasia; in North America from southern Alaska south to California, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico; to be looked for in southwestern Yukon Territory.
488
MENYANTHACEAE
MENYANTHACEAE buckbean family Menyanthes L. buckbean, bogbean
MENYANTHACEAE
Menyanthes
Menyanthes trifoliata L. ✒ Coarse perennial bog plant; rhizome submerged, stout, covered by persisting leaf bases and fleshy rootlets. Leaves trifoliate, long-petioled, with a large basal sheath; leaflets oblong to elliptic, sessile, wavymargined. Flowers few to several, in short racemes on long scapelike peduncles arising from rhizomes; calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla 10–15 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes white or pinkish, bearded with long white hairs on inside; capsules ovate, 6–10 mm long; seeds 2.0–2.5 mm long, smooth, shiny. ✿ Floating bogs and margins of quiet lakes and streams. ● Circumpolar; in North America from west Greenland, Labrador, and northern Quebec to Alaska, and south to Delaware, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to about latitude 68°30’ N.
Apocynum
APOCYNACEAE dogbane family Apocynum L. dogbane
489
APOCYNACEAE
Apocynum
Upright branching perennial herbs, with milky juice. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers cymose, regular; calyx 5-parted; corolla bell-shaped to tubular, 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted on corolla; ovaries 2 with a large ovoid slightly 2-lobed stigma; fruit 2 long slender follicles containing numerous seeds; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs at apex. A. Leaves usually reflexed, with undersurface more or less pubescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . A. androsaemifolium A. Leaves usually ascending, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cannabinum
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. spreading dogbane ✒ Stems branched, to 50 cm or more high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate to ovateoblong, mucronate; undersurface paler, more or less pubescent. Flowers in cymes, both terminal and axillary; corolla pink with darker stripes in tube; lobes becoming recurved. ✿ Dry sandy pine and poplar woods and dry riverbanks. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to the vicinity of Dawson.
*Apocynum cannabinum L. A. sibiricum Jacq. Indian hemp ✒ Stems branched, ascending to 70 cm or more high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, more or less cordate at base, glabrous. Flowers in terminal and axillary cymes; calyx lobes about as long as the corolla tube; corolla lobes 2–4 mm long, erect, milk white. ✿ Moist woods and shores. ● North America; from Newfoundland to northern British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, and California; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
490
POLEMONIACEAE
POLEMONIACEAE phlox family
POLEMONIACEAE
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, pinnate or pinnatifid. Calyx and corolla 5-parted; stamens 5; ovary 3-loculed, superior; fruit a capsule. A. Leaves entire B. Plants perennial; leaves opposite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phlox B. Plants annual; at least upper leaves alternate C. Lower leaves mostly alternate; calyx enlarging and covering the capsule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collomia C. Lower leaves opposite; calyx not enlarging and covering the capsule . . . . . . . . . . . Microsteris A. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid D. Leaves pinnatifid; flowers in dense, globular, long-pedunculate heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia D. Leaves pinnate; flowers cymose, sometimes subcapitate, but not long-pedunculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemonium
Collomia Nutt.
Collomia
Collomia linearis Nutt. collomia ✒ Annual finely pubescent herb; stems to 40 cm high, simple or branched, leafy. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, sessile or clasping. Flowers small and inconspicuous in terminal leafy-bracted clusters; corolla tubular, 10–15 mm long, pinkish purple to white; lobes ovate, about 2 mm long; fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, mucilagenous, producing spiraling threads when wetted. ✿ Introduced in disturbed situations. ● North America; from western Ontario to British Columbia, south to Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California but introduced northward to the District of Mackenzie, Yukon Territory, Alaska and eastward; scattered localities in southern and central Yukon Territory and disjunct to latitude 67°30’ N.
Gilia R. & P.
Gilia
Gilia capitata Sims ✒ Annual herb, with a slender taproot; stems 20–80 cm high, simple or branched above. Leaves alternate, with at least lower ones bipinnatifid, 2–10 cm long, becoming smaller above; divisions linear. Flowers several to many in terminal globose heads; calyx 4–5 mm long; lobes 5, linear, acute; corolla 6–10 mm long, 5-lobed, bluish; capsules subglobose, enclosed by calyx. ✿ Waste places. ● North America; from southern British Columbia south to California and Idaho and introduced sporadically northward; in the Yukon Territory collected only once at Dawson in 1899.
Phlox
Microsteris Greene
491
Microsteris
Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene ✒ Annual with a slender taproot; stems 3–25 cm high, simple or branched. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, sessile, linear to lance-elliptic, entire, 1–5 cm long. Flowers solitary or in pairs in axils of upper leaves; calyx glandular-pubescent, 7–10 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes about as long as the tube, acute; sinuses membranous; corolla tube slender; lobes ovate to obcordate, pink to lavender or white; capsule globose to ovoid, rupturing calyx sinus at maturity. ✿ Waste places. ● North America; from southern British Columbia and Alberta south to California and New Mexico, introduced sporadically northward; in the Yukon Territory known from a single collection at Johnson’s Crossing in 1947.
Phlox L. phlox
Phlox
Low tufted or matted perennials, with taproots. Leaves opposite, entire, spinulosetipped, more or less imbricated. Flowers solitary or in terminal cymes; corolla with a long tube; limb flat and showy; stamens unequally inserted on tube; capsule ovoid, 3-valved, few-seeded. A. Leaves flat; calyx with gland-tipped hairs; flowers up to 3 cm across . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alaskensis A. Leaves awl- or boat-shaped; calyx with arachnoid hairs; flowers smaller B. Leaves awl-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. hoodii B. Leaves boat-shaped, with a groove along midvein on upper surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. richardsonii
Phlox alaskensis Jordal P. borealis Wherry P. sibirica quoad pl. Alaska, Yukon Territory, and Mackenzie ✒ Stems much-branched, matted, from a subligneous base; lower part covered with marcescent leaves. Leaves flattened, linearlanceolate, acuminate, viscid with glandtipped septate hairs, and ciliate with long hairs. Flowers usually solitary at ends of branches; calyx viscid-pubescent; corolla tube as long as the calyx; limb rotate, up to 3 cm across, pink to whitish, drying mauve or blue. ✿ Open stony slopes. ● North America; endemic to Alaska and the Yukon Territory north of latitude 64° N, eastward to the Richardson Mountains west of the Mackenzie Delta.
492
POLEMONIACEAE
Phlox hoodii Richards. moss phlox ✒ Pulvinate dwarf plant; stems decumbent or ascending, simple or muchbranched, arising from a subligneous base. Leaves awl-shaped, apiculate, arachnoidhairy toward base, imbricated. Flowers mostly solitary at ends of branches; calyx arachnoid-hairy; corolla tube usually extending well beyond tips of calyx lobes; limb 1 cm or more across, usually white. ✿ Dry prairies and foothills. ● North America; in the Prairie Provinces and south into the United States, disjunct to Alaska and southwestern and central Yukon Territory.
Phlox richardsonii Hook. Richardson’s phlox ✒ Loosely tufted plant, from a muchbranched subligneous base. Leaves imbricated, boat-shaped, with a groove along midvein on upper surface, apiculate, hairy toward base. Flowers solitary, sessile, very fragrant; corolla with a long tube, and with flat rotate limb about 1 cm in diameter, pale lavender or pale blue to almost pure white. ✿ Sandy or gravelly hilltops or barrens. ● North America; endemic to Banks Island, the Arctic coast of the District of Mackenzie west of longitude 115° W, a single site between Fort Norman and Lapierre House west of the Rocky Mountains (presumed to be in the Yukon Territory), and a site on the Arctic coast of Alaska.
Polemonium L. Jacob’s-ladder
Polemonium
Erect (or decumbent at base) herbaceous or suffrutescent perennials; rhizome horizontal or ascending. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. Flowers showy, regular, 5-merous, blue, in terminal or axillary corymbs; stamens inserted at summit of short tube; fruit a few- to several-seeded capsule enclosed in calyx. A. Leaves glabrous; corolla lobes ciliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. acutiflorum A. Leaves glandular-pubescent; corolla lobes not ciliate B. Flowers 15–20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. boreale B. Flowers 10–12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pulcherrimum
Polemonium
493
Polemonium acutiflorum Willd. P. caeruleum L. ssp. villosum (Rud.) Brand ✒ Stems usually solitary, decumbent at base, 15–40 cm high, glandular puberulent above, arising from a horizontal rhizome. Leaves mostly basal, 3–17 cm long; leaflets lanceolate to elliptic, acute or acuminate. Inflorescence a corymbose cyme; calyx 6–8 mm long, green to purple; corolla blue to violet, 1.5–2.0 cm long; lobes ciliate. ✿ Moist rich peaty humus. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie Mountains and the Eskimo Lakes region of the District of Mackenzie and south into British Columbia and Alberta; throughout the Yukon Territory.
Polemonium boreale Adams ✒ Stems loosely tufted, from a slender branching caudex, 10–15 cm high, more or less viscid-pubescent. Leaves mostly basal; leaflets elliptic, usually 9–12 pairs. Inflorescence more or less capitate, few-flowered; pedicels shorter than calyx; calyx 5–10 mm long; lobes lanceolate to oblong, twice as long as broad; corolla 15–20 mm long, blue to violet, or rarely white; tube yellowish. ✿ Alpine meadows, tundra turf, and sand dunes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of western District of Mackenzie, and eastward along the Arctic coast to near longitude 117° W; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 134° W.
Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. ✒ Stems several, branched, from a branched caudex, viscid-pubescent. Leaves mostly basal; leaflets ovate to ovatelanceolate in up to 14 pairs, 2–15 mm long. Inflorescence more or less capitate, fewflowered; pedicels longer than calyx; calyx 4–6 mm long; lobes lance-oblong, up to twice as long as broad; corolla 8–12 mm long, blue to violet or rarely white (f. candidum Boivin); tube yellowish. ✿ Grassy dry sandy and rocky slopes. ● North America; from southern Alaska through most of the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River valley, northwestern District of Mackenzie, and south through British Columbia and western Alberta to California and Colorado.
494
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
HYDROPHYLLACEAE waterleaf family Phacelia Juss. scorpion-weed
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Phacelia
Annual or biennial or perennial herbs, with taproots. Leaves alternate, pinnately lobed or dissected. Inflorescence 1-sided, in a spikelike or racemelike cyme; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a many-seeded capsule. A. Perennial; leaves once-pinnatifid; filaments glabrous, long-exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. mollis A. Annual or biennial; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; filaments pubescent, included or only slightly exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. franklinii
Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 12–60 cm high, frequently branched below, purplish, with mixed simple and glandular hairs. Leaves cauline, 1.5–9.0 cm long, pinnate or pinnatifid, with entire toothed or lobed divisions. Cymes 1 or more at ends of stems or branches; calyx lobes linear; corolla lobes about as long as the tube, violet or lavender or white; tube white; filaments pubescent. ✿ Dry sandy or disturbed situations and burned-over areas. ● North America; from southern Alaska to Hudson Bay, south to British Columbia, Idaho, and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 62°15’ N.
Phacelia mollis Macbr. ✒ Perennial, stems 15–50 cm high, usually branched, pubescent with long twisted glandular hairs and with short straight glandular hairs. Leaves mostly basal, 2.5–10.0 cm long, once-pinnatifid; cauline leaves much smaller upwards. Cymes few to numerous, compact or interrupted; calyx lobes linear; corolla lobes half as long as the tube, yellowish white or blue; filaments glabrous, long-exserted. ✿ Dry sandy or rocky slopes and turfy tundra. ● North America; endemic to centraleastern Alaska and the northern Alaska Panhandle, central and western Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Amsinckia
BORAGINACEAE borage family
495
BORAGINACEAE
Herbaceous perennials, with entire usually rough-hairy leaves. Flowers in one-sided cymes; calyx 5-parted; corolla regular, 5-lobed, blue, red purple, white or yellow; stamens 5, inserted on the tube; ovary usually 4-lobed, forming 4 seedlike nutlets. A. Coarse perennial herb; corolla blue to red purple; nutlets with numerous barbed prickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynoglossum A. Smaller perennials or annuals; corollas blue or white or yellow; nutlets smooth or variously armed B. Corolla yellow; plants annual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia B. Corolla blue or white; plants annual or perennial C. Flowers nodding; corolla tubular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mertensia C. Flowers usually not nodding; corolla campanulate to rotate D. Pedicels reflexed in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hackelia D. Pedicels erect or spreading or very short E. Flowers white F. Plants annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys F. Plants perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha E. Flowers blue (or white in albino forms) G. Plants annual or biennial; nutlets with hooked prickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lappula G. Plants perennial H. Stems to 10 cm high; nutlets with jagged prickles on margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eritrichium H. Stems 5–40 cm high; nutlets smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosotis
Amsinckia Lehm.
Amsinckia
Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) Nels. & Macbr. A. lycopsoides sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Annual; stems 15–60 cm high, simple or branched, spreading hairy with stiff pustular-based hairs. Leaves linear to oblong, clasping or with lower ones petiolate stiffly hairy. Flowers numerous, in scorpoid cymes; calyx 5–10 mm long in fruit, divided nearly to base, stiffly hairy; corolla 4–8 mm long, tubular, 5-lobed, yellow; throat open, glabrous; stamens inserted above the middle of tube; nutlets 2.5–3.0 mm long, wrinkled, warty. ✿ Waste places in townsites. ● Introduced from southern British Columbia and northwestern United States; in the Yukon Territory at Whitehorse and Dawson.
496
BORAGINACEAE
Cryptantha Lehm. white forget-me-not
Cryptantha
*Cryptantha shackletteana Higgins C. spiculifera sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Caespitose perennial, with a branching subwoody caudex, and with stout taproot; stems 7–18 cm high, strigose, spreading-hairy. Leaves linear, 2–13 cm long, strigose, with a few pustulate hairs. Inflorescence nearly capitate; calyx 7–10 mm long in fruit, with segments linear to narrowly lanceolate, stiffly hairy; corolla tubular, 5–6 mm long, white; nutlets 3.3–3.6 mm long, roughened, ridged. ✿ Steep south-facing slope. ● North America; endemic to Mission Bluff, near Eagle, Alaska; to be looked for along the Yukon River near the Alaska border.
Cynoglossum L. hound’s-tongue, beggar’s-lice
Cynoglossum
Cynoglossum boreale Fern. northern wild comfrey ✒ Perennial herb; stems 40–80 cm high, hirsute, leafless above. Basal and lower leaves 7–20 cm long, petiolate, strigose; upper leaves sessile to auriculate-clasping. Inflorescence racemose, elongating in fruit; pedicels arching in fruit; sepals 2–3 mm long, stiffly hairy; corolla 6–8 mm wide, funnelform, blue; appendages in corolla throat yellow; nutlets 3.5–5.0 mm long, densely covered with barbed prickles. ✿ Moist open slope by lake. ● North America; from Newfoundland to extreme southeastern Yukon Territory where rare, and British Columbia, south to New York, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Idaho.
Eritrichium Schrad. alpine forget-me-not
Eritrichium
Low densely caespitose perennials. Leaves crowded on short branches, marcescent. Flowers few to many in contracted cymose clusters; calyx 5-lobed; corolla funnelform, 5-lobed, with appendages in the throat, blue; nutlets attached to a conic receptacle, smooth, with a crown of jagged teeth. A. Flowers about 6 mm in diameter; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with straight, more or less spreading hairs B. Flowers scarcely exceeding leaves; leaves ovate, thickly covered with pustulate hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. chamissonis B. Flowering stems 5–10 cm high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate; hairs occasionally pustulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. aretioides A. Flowers about 10 mm in diameter; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, densely strigose with mostly appressed hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. splendens
Eritrichium
Eritrichium aretioides (Cham. & Schlecht.) DC. E. nanum (Vill.) Schrad. var. aretioides (Cham. & Schlecht.) Herder ✒ Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acutish, villous; hairs sometimes pustulate at base. Flowering stems 5–10 cm high, with a short dense raceme of blue flowers; limb of corolla about 6 mm in diameter; nutlets with a crown of nearly smooth teeth. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; in Canada known from dry alpine slopes in the Yukon Territory north of latitude 64°30’ N.
Eritrichium chamissonis DC. E. nanum (Vill.) Schrad. var. chamissonis (DC.) Herder ✒ Leaves ovate, densely imbricated, thickly covered with gray mostly pustulate hairs. Flowers scarcely exceeding leaves, blue; limb of corolla about 6 mm in diameter; nutlets with a crown of jagged teeth. ✿ Alpine tundra and limestone barrens. ● Amphi-Beringian; in western and northern Alaska and the British Mountains in northern Yukon where rare.
Eritrichium splendens Kearney ✒ Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, densely appressed strigose. Flowering stems to about 10 cm high, with an open few-flowered raceme of blue flowers; limb of corolla about 10 mm in diameter; nutlets with a crown of jagged and hispid teeth. ✿ Occasional to rare on alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, Yukon Territory, and the Richardson Mountains of northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found in the British, Barn, Richardson, Ogilvie, and Kluane mountains and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
497
498
BORAGINACEAE
Hackelia Opiz stickseed
Hackelia
Hackelia deflexa (Wahl.) Opiz H. jessicae sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 15–50 cm high, leafy, spreading hairy below, strigose above. Leaves alternate, hairy below, strigose above; lower leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, petiolate; upper leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, sessile. Flowers in compound scorpioid cymes; pedicels recurved in fruit; calyx 5-lobed, 1.0–1.5 mm long, strigose; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, 1.5–2.5 mm long, blue with a yellowish eye; nutlets 2–3 mm long, with barbed prickles around margin of dorsal surface. ✿ Roadside. ● North America; from British Columbia to Quebec, south to Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and Iowa; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme south where probably introduced.
Lappula Moench stickseed
Lappula
Annual or winter annual hispid herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers numerous, in compound scorpioid cymes; pedicels erect or ascending; calyx 5-lobed; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, blue or white, with appendages in throat; nutlets with a crown of barbed prickles, and with a narrow scar along ventral keel. A. Nutlets with 2 rows of marginal prickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. squarrosa A. Nutlets with 1 row of marginal prickles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. occidentalis
Lappula occidentalis (Wats.) Greene L. redowskii auth. L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene var. occidentalis (Wats.) Rydb. ✒ Stems 10–50 cm or more high, usually branched above. Leaves 2–10 cm long, oblong to linear-lanceolate, sessile to subsessile. Flowers subtended by bracts 5–10 mm long; calyx 4–5 mm long in fruit; corolla 2–4 mm long, blue or rarely white; appendages yellow; nutlets 4, single-seeded, with 1 row of marginal prickles. ✿ Roadsides, clearings, and fields. ● Western Canada and the United States; presumably introduced in the Yukon Territory, occurring north to latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
Mertensia
499
Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort L. myosotis Moench L. echinata Fritsch ✒ Similar to L. occidentalis but nutlets with 2 or 3 rows of marginal prickles. ✿ Fields, roadsides, and about buildings. ● Introduced cosmopolitan weed; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to West Virginia, Missouri, and Texas; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 67° N.
Mertensia Roth lungwort
Mertensia
Perennial herbs, with 1 to several erect ascending or decumbent leafy stems. Leaves alternate, glabrous or hairy. Inforescence cymose; flowers campanulate, blue (rarely white); nutlets smooth or muricate. A. Decumbent seashore plant, with more or less fleshy glabrous glaucous leaves . . . . . . . . . . M. maritima A. Erect nonlittoral species, with more or less pubescent nonglaucous leaves B. Leaves with short stiff hairs on margins and on upper surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. drummondii B. Leaves more or less rough-hairy on both sides C. Calyx lobes green, hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. paniculata var. paniculata C. Calyx lobes glaucous, glabrous on the back, ciliate on margin . . . . M. paniculata var. alaskana
*Mertensia drummondii (Lehm.) G.Don Drummond’s lungwort ✒ Stems erect-ascending, 7–15 cm high, from a slender taproot. Basal leaves long-petiolate, 2–13 cm long; blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate; cauline leaves reduced in size, oblong to ovate-oblong, subsessile upwards, pustular and often setose on margins and upper surface. Cymes usually few-flowered; sepals 3.5–6.0 mm long, glabrous to somewhat strigose; corolla 9–15 mm long, blue; limb about equal to the tube; nutlets smooth to rugose. ✿ Sandy banks and eskers. ● North America; endemic to the Brooks Range in northern Alaska and northern District of Mackenzie; to be looked for in northern Yukon Territory.
Mertensia maritima (L.) S.F. Gray sea lungwort ✒ Stems spreading and decumbent. Leaves ovate or spatulate, fleshy, smooth, glaucous. Inflorescence a terminal cyme; sepals to 9 mm long in fruit; corolla 3.5–11.0 mm long, with limb campanulate, blue or rarely white; nutlets smooth under spongy outer coat which becomes inflated, thereby making them adaptable to dispersal by sea. ✿ Gravelly or shingly sea beaches. ● Circumpolar with a large gap between Northern Europe and Siberia; in North
500
BORAGINACEAE America, Greenland to Alaska, south in the east to Massachussetts and James Bay and in the west to Queen Charlotte Islands; in the Yukon Territory known from the Arctic coast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don var. paniculata bluebell ✒ Stems erect, 20–70 cm high. Leaves more or less rough hairy; lower leaves longpetioled, with cordate-ovate to lance-elliptic blades up to 15 cm long; upper leaves sessile, lance- to ovate-acuminate, to 12 cm long, gradually reduced above. Inflorescence dense, becoming open-paniculate cymes; calyx lobes lanceolate-oblong to lance-linear, acute, pubescent on the back; corolla reddish in bud, becoming blue, or rarely white, with tube much longer than calyx; styles about 12 mm long; nutlets wrinkled.
Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don var. alaskana (Britt.) Williams ✒ Differing in having the calyx lobes glaucous, glabrous on the back, ciliate on the margin. ✿ A common lowland species of riverbanks, open woods, and clearings occasionally ascending to and above timberline. ● Var. paniculata in boreal North America, from James Bay, Quebec and northern Ontario to Alaska, and found throughout much of the Yukon Territory north nearly to the Arctic coast; var. alaskana in North America, endemic to central Alaska, northern and southern Yukon Territory, and the central Mackenzie Mountains of the District of Mackenzie.
Myosotis L. forget-me-not
Myosotis
Annual or perennial herbs; stems erect or decumbent. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence of scorpioid cymes, elongating in fruit; calyx 5-lobed; lobes distinct to about the middle; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, with appendages in the throat; nutlets small and shiny. A. Calyx densely strigose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. scorpioides A. Calyx with spreading hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. alpestris ssp. asiatica
Myosotis alpestris Schm. ssp. asiatica Vestergr. M. sylvatica Hoffm. ✒ Perennial with a branching caudex; stems erect to ascending, 5–40 cm high, with spreading hairs. Basal leaves long-petioled, lanceolate; cauline leaves sessile,
Plagiobothrys
501
oblong to lanceolate, pubescent with appressed and spreading hairs. Flowers in more or less compact racemes, elongating in fruit; calyx 2–5 cm long, pubescent with spreading to ascending hairs; lobes narrowly triangular, longer than the tube; corolla 4–10 mm wide, blue, or rarely white (f. eyerdamii (Boivin) Cody); nutlets 1–2 mm long, smooth. ✿ Moist tundra, late snow patches, sandy or gravelly banks, and moist open thickets. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and throughout the Yukon Territory to western District of Mackenzie, and south to Idaho, Wyoming, and South Dakota.
Myosotis scorpioides L. M. palustris (L.) Hill forget-me-not ✒ Stoloniferous perennial; stems decumbent to ascending, 20–60 cm high, strigose. Leaves 1.5–8.0 cm long, oblong to oblanceolate or elliptic, strigose. Calyx 2–4 mm long, strigose; lobes triangular, usually shorter than tube; corolla 5–10 mm wide, blue; nutlets 2.0–2.5 mm long, smooth. ✿ Waste places in townsites. ● Cultivated ornamental adventive from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia, and in the west, southern British Columbia to Washington and Oregon; occasional garden escape in southern Yukon Territory.
Plagiobothrys Fisch. & Mey. popcornflower
Plagiobothrys
Plagiobothrys scouleri (H. & A.) Johnston P. cognatus (Greene) Johnston ✒ Annual; stems simple, or branched from base, 5–20 cm long, prostrate or ascending, appressed-pubescent. Leaves alternate, or with lower ones opposite, linear to oblong or spatulate, 1–5 cm long, appressed-pubescent. Flowers small, in simple to branched scorpioid cymes or axillary; calyx 5-lobed, with lobes distinct to below the middle, stiffly ascending-hairy; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, 1–3 mm wide, white; nutlets ovoid, 1.5–2.0 mm long, wrinkled. ✿ Waste sandy ground by roadside. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia south to California and New Mexico; presumably introduced in Alaska and in the Yukon Territory where known only in the Dawson area.
502
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) mint family
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Annual or biennial or perennial frequently aromatic herbs; stems square. Leaves opposite. Corolla regular or more or less 2-lipped, with upper lip 2-lobed, and with lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 2 or 4, frequently of different lengths; ovary deeply 4-lobed, dividing into four 1-seeded nutlets. A. Flowers single in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scutellaria A. Flowers in whorls or clusters B. Corolla regular or nearly so C. Fertile stamens 4; flowers purplish; plants strongly aromatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha C. Fertile stamens 2; flowers white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lycopus B. Corolla more or less 2-lipped D. Flowers in axils of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galeopsis D. Flowers in terminal leafy or bracted spikes E. Corolla scarcely longer than calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dracocephalum E. Corolla longer than calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stachys
Dracocephalum L. dragonhead
Dracocephalum
Coarse erect annual or biennial herbs. Flowers few to many, in leafy or bracted terminal heads, or in interrupted spikes; calyx conspicuously 15-nerved, 2-lipped, with 4 lower lobes similar, and with upper lobe wider; corolla weakly bilabiate; tube elongate, with limb much shorter than tube. A. Flowers in dense terminal headlike clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. parviflorum A. Flowers in loose elongate interrupted racemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. thymiflorum
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britt. American dragonhead ✒ Stems to 50 cm or more high, solitary or branched from base. Leaves petioled, lanceolate to lance-ovate, sharply toothed. Flowers crowded in a short dense spike; bracts shorter than calyx, their sharp teeth usually spine-tipped; calyx tube villous; lobes 5, spine-tipped and bearing long-villous protuberences in the sinuses; corolla blue, about same length as calyx. ✿ Woodland clearings and disturbed situations. ● North America; from Quebec to Alaska and southward; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64° N.
Lycopus
503
Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Moldavica thymiflora (L.) Rydb. thyme-flowered dragonhead ✒ Stems 10–30 cm high, branched from base or unbranched. Leaves short-petioled, 1–3 cm long, bluntly serrate, with lower ones ovate or deltoid-ovate, and with upper ones progressively narrower. Flowers pedicellate in loose axillary verticils subtended by reduced leaves, forming an interrupted leafy raceme; calyx puberulent; lobes awn-tipped; corolla blue, 1–2 mm longer than calyx. ✿ Waste ground and disturbed situations. ● Adventive from Europe; in Canada known from Ontario west to Alberta and in the Yukon Territory where localized in the Dawson area.
Galeopsis L. hemp-nettle
Galeopsis
Galeopsis tetrahit L. ssp. bifida (Boenn.) Fries G. tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. G. bifida Boenn. hemp-nettle ✒ Coarse weedy annual; stems simple or branched, bristly hirsute and swollen below nodes. Leaves petioled; blades 2.5–8.0 cm long, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, cuneate to base, acuminate and coarsely toothed. Flowers axillary and whorled; calyx 8–15 mm long; lobes about as long as the tube, bristle-tipped; corolla 15–22 mm long, purplish or white, pubescent. ✿ Waste places and near settlements. ● Naturalized from Europe; in Canada known from Newfoundland to British Columbia and north in the District of Mackenzie to Fort Simpson and in the Yukon Territory known only on the Canol Road.
Lycopus L. bugleweed
Lycopus
*Lycopus uniflorus Michx. tuberous water-horehound ✒ Stoloniferous and tuber-bearing perennial herb; stems single, erect, to 20 cm or more high. Leaves 2–6 cm long, short-petioled; blades ovate or ovate-oblong, tapering at both ends, coarsely toothed, finely glandular-punctate, glabrate. Flowers minute, clustered, in axils of upper leaves; calyx 1–2 mm long; lobes triangular, obtuse to acute; corolla 2.5–3.5 mm long, white or pinkish. ✿ In wet sand of lakeshores and along streams. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, north into southern District of Mackenzie and disjunct to Manley Hot Springs in central Alaska, and disjunct again to east Asia; to be looked for about hot springs in the Yukon Territory.
504
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Mentha L. mint
Mentha
Mentha arvensis L. field mint ✒ Strongly aromatic quite variable perennial herb, from a slender branching rhizome; stems single or two or more together, to 50 cm high. Leaves short-petioled, 1–8 cm long, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, serrate, glandular-punctate, tapered at both ends. Flowers small, whorled in axils of middle and upper leaves; calyx 2–3 mm long, pubescent and often glandularpunctate; lobes almost equal, triangular to subulate, shorter than tube; corolla 4–6 mm long, purplish to pinkish or white. ✿ Occasional in grassy swales, meadows, moist ditches, riverbanks, and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to West Virginia, New Mexico, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north nearly to latitude 64° N.
Scutellaria L. skullcap
Scutellaria
Scutellaria galericulata L. var. pubescens Benth. S. epilobiifolia A. Ham. ✒ Perennial rhizomatous herb; stems simple or branched, up to 40 cm high. Leaves 2–8 cm long, subsessile to shortpetiolate; blades ovate or lanceolate, irregularly serrate, pubescent beneath. Flowers solitary in axils of middle and upper leaves; calyx 3.5–6.0 mm long, 2-lipped, pubescent; corolla 12–20 mm long, 2-lipped, arched. ✿ Moist swales, thickets, and stream banks. ● Circumpolar; in boreal North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to West Virginia, Indiana, Missouri, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory rare north to Mayo (Douglas et al. 1981).
Stachys L. hedge-nettle
Stachys
Stachys pilosa Nutt. S. palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling ✒ Perennial herb, with a slender creeping rhizome; stems usually unbranched, up to 60 cm high, with spreading hairs. Leaves 3–10 cm long, sessile or subsessile; blades oblong-ovate to lanceolate, crenate, pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers in leafybracted whorls, forming an interrupted spike up to 25 cm long; calyx 6–9 mm long, long-hairy, stipitate-glandular; lobes lancesubulate, shorter than tube, spinescent; corolla 11–15 mm long, 2-lipped with upper lip entire, and with lower lip 3-lobed, purplish mottled with white, pubescent. ✿ Hayfield. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia, north to the Mackenzie Delta, south to Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from near Dawson where presumably introduced.
Castilleja
SCROPHULARIACEAE figwort family
505
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Annual or biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate or verticillate. Flowers axillary, racemose, or spicate, mostly irregular; capsules 2-locular, many-seeded. A. Annual B. Aquatic with linear basal leaves; flowers solitary from leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limosella B. Terrestrial C. Stamens 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica C. Stamens 4 D. Corolla 3–4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphrasia D. Corolla longer E. Calyx flattened, conspicuously inflated in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhinanthus E. Calyx not flattened F. Flowers long-pedicellated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia F. Flowers sessile G. Leaves linear, entire, or with upper ones trifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthocarpus G. Leaves deeply pinnate, or with upper merely toothed . . . . . . . . . . . Pedicularis A. Biennial or perennial H. Stamens 2 I. Plant villous-hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Synthyris I. Plant glabrous and glaucous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lagotis H. Stamens 4 J. J.
Corolla spurred, bright yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linaria Corolla not spurred K. Upper lip forming a hood L. Leaves entire or pinnatifid; upper leaves bractlike and usually highly colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja L. Leaves dissected or toothed; upper leaves green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedicularis K. Upper lip not forming a hood M. Corolla yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus M. Corolla blue or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentstemon
Castilleja Mutis Indian-paintbrush, painted-cup
Castilleja
Tufted perennials (ours), from a short weak and branching taproot, partly parasitic on roots of grasslike plants; stems ascending-erect; leaves alternate, linear-caudate, entire or with a few linear spreading lobes near tip, with uppermost ones bractlike and usually highly colored and partly concealing lowermost flowers of spikelike inflorescence. Calyx tubular, 4-lobed, more deeply cleft above and below than on sides; corolla 2-lipped, yellow, greenish or reddish; stamens 4, in pairs; capsule loculicidal, splitting longitudinally; seeds numerous, wedge- or top-shaped, about 1.5–2.0 mm long, with a seed coat of large reticulate and translucent cells. A. Upper lip of corolla about 3 times longer than lower lip B. Bracts red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. miniata B. Bracts yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. unalaschcensis
506
SCROPHULARIACEAE
A. Upper lip of corolla more than 5 times longer than lower lip C. Bracts yellowish to yellowish green D. Middle stem leaves lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. hyperborea D. Middle stem leaves not lobed E. Leaves linear; lateral calyx lobes much shorter than tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. yukonis E. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate-caudate to nearly linear; lateral calyx lobes as long as the tube or longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. caudata C. Bracts violet purple to reddish or pink F. Middle stem leaves lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. parviflora F. Middle stem leaves entire or occasionally with 1 lobe G. Bracts loosely pubescent to long-villous; stems usually ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. elegans G. Bracts puberulent, or with margins hirsute; stems usually upright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. raupii
Castilleja caudata (Pennell) Rebr. C. pallida (L.) Spreng. ssp. caudata Pennell ✒ Perennial; stems few to several, 20–40 cm high, glabrous, or glabrate in lower half, finely pubescent or puberulent upwards, and somewhat hirsute in inflorescence. Lowermost leaves narrowly lanceolate; upper leaves distinctly caudate, up to 1 cm broad at the point of attachment in tall specimens, glabrous above and finely puberulent below. Inflorescence 5- to 12-flowered, elongating in age; bracts mostly entire, or with upper ones laciniate, somewhat hirsute, and with uppermost greenish yellow; calyx 14–23 mm long; lateral lobes 3–7 mm long; corolla not much longer than calyx; upper lip 3.5–8.0 mm long, greenish; lower lip 2.5–3.0 mm long, with distinct teeth, yellowish; capsule 8–10 mm long. ✿ In alpine-subarctic moist upland tundra and stony lakeshores. ● Amphi-Beringian; eastward to Coronation Gulf and Great Bear Lake and southward to Great Slave Lake; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 134° W.
Castilleja elegans (Ostenf.) Malte C. pallida (L.) Spreng. var. elegans (Malte) Boivin ✒ Perennial; stems several, 5–25 cm high, appressed-pubescent or glabrate below, loosely pubescent or long-villous through the inflorescence. Leaves pubescent, linear, caudate, entire or frequently with a pair of lateral and linear lobes near tip. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, entire or with 1 or more pairs of lateral lobes, purplish, or some with yellowish tips; calyx 15–19 mm long, with lateral lobes 2.5–4.0 mm long, purplish; corolla 20–24 mm long; upper lip 4–6 m long, yellowish green with purple margin; lower lip 3–4 mm long, with distinct lobes; capsule 6–10 mm long. ✿ Moist calcareous tundra and rocky or sandy lakeshores. ● Asia; arctic North America; from northwestern Hudson Bay to northern Alaska, ? disjunct to the Rocky Mountains of Alberta; in the Yukon Territory found in the British and Richardson mountains where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Castilleja
507
Castilleja hyperborea Pennell C. villosissima Pennell ✒ Perennial; stems 2 to several, 8–16 cm high, erect-ascending, simple, hirsute to villous above. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate, 1.5–4.0 cm long, with 1 or 2 pairs of slender divaricate lobes on upper ones. Inflorescence elongating, usually one-third the length of stem; bracts large, yellowish green, usually lobed; calyx 10–20 mm long, with rounded lobes; corolla 10–22 mm long; upper lip green, 5–8 mm long, acute; lower lip 3–5 mm long, with yellowish lobes; capsule 9–13 mm long. ✿ Tundra turf and stony slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; eastward across Alaska and the mountains of Alaska and Yukon Territory and along the Arctic coast of the District of Mackenzie to near Cape Parry at about longitude 125° W; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W.
Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. ✒ Perennial; stems 20–40 cm or more high, simple or branched above, glabrous or somewhat pubescent above. Leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, acute, entire or with upper ones sometimes lobed. Inflorescence elongating in fruit, villous-pubescent; bracts simple or more or less lobed, scarlet or rarely yellowish; calyx 15–30 mm long, with lateral lobes 3–9 mm long, scarlet; corolla 20–40 mm long; upper lip 9–12 mm long, as long as the tube, green; lower lip about one-fifth as long as the upper lip, with connate teeth; capsule 9–12 mm long. ✿ Margins of mineral springs. ● North America; from British Columbia to Manitoba and south to California and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only in the extreme south where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Castilleja parviflora Bong. ✒ Perennial; stems usually unbranched, 15–35 cm or more high, from a thick caudex, blackening on drying, villous above. Leaves 1.5–5.0 cm long, lanceolate, sessile, with divaricate-laciniate acute lobes much narrower than the mid blade. Bracts of inflorescence lanceolate to ovate, 3- to 5-lobed, pink, about as long as the flowers; calyx 10–15 mm or more long; lateral lobes pink; corolla 12–17 mm long, green; upper lip about as long as the tube; lower lip about one-third as long as the upper lip, with 3 distinct teeth; capsules oblong, 8–11 mm long, wrinkled. ✿ Alpine meadows. ● North America; from southern Alaska through the Panhandle south to Oregon; in the Yukon Territory occurring in the Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
508
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Castilleja raupii Pennell s.l. ✒ Perennial; stems 1 to several, 20–40 cm high, simple or branched above, green or purplish, cobwebby-villose. Leaves linear or narrowly attenuate, 4–5 cm long, occasionally with a pair of slender lateral lobes, finely pubescent on both surfaces. Inflorescence elongating at maturity; bracts oval to lanceolate, often with a pair of lateral lobes, purplish, puberulent, or with margins hirsute; calyx 13–20 mm long, with lateral lobes 0.5–3.5 mm or more long, purplish, puberulent; corolla 15–20 mm or more long; upper lip 4–6 mm long, green; lower lip 2–3 mm long, with distinct lobes, purplish; capsule 8–11 mm long. ✿ Riverbanks and lakeshores to slopes near tree line. ● North America; from central Alaska to Hudson Bay, Quebec and south to northern British Columbia and the northern parts of the Prairie Provinces; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 68°15’ N.
Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte C. pallida (L.) Spreng. var. unalaschcensis Cham. & Schlecht. C. unalaschensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte ssp. transnivalis Pennell ✒ Perennial; stems several, from a stout caudex, 20–40 cm or more high, simple or branched above, glabrate below to villous above. Leaves lance-linear to lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5–10.0 cm long. Bracts of inflorescence ovate to lanceolate, entire or with 2 lateral lobes, bright yellow to greenish yellow; calyx 15–24 mm long, with lateral lobes 5–10 mm long, yellow to greenish; corolla 18–28 mm long, with upper lip 6–11 mm long, and with lower lip 1–2 mm long; capsule 8–12 mm long. ✿ Open woods, heathlands, and tundra. ● North America; in the Aleutian Islands and from southern Alaska to northern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory.
Castilleja yukonis Pennell ✒ Perennial; stems 1 or 2 together, or forming a tussock, slender, 15–50 cm high, purplish, short-pubescent. Leaves linear to lance-linear, 2–10 cm long, 3-nerved, finely crisp-pubescent. Bracts lanceolate, entire or with 1–3 pairs of lateral lobes, yellowish green; calyx 13–18 mm long with lateral lobes 1–4(5) mm long; corolla 16–25 mm long, with upper lip very narrow and much longer than 3-lobed lower lip; capsule 8–10 mm long. ✿ Hillsides, and silt and gravel of riverbanks. ● North America; endemic to central eastern Alaska and western Yukon Territory north to latitude 65°45’ N.
Euphrasia
Collinsia Nutt.
509
Collinsia
Collinsia parviflora Dougl. blue-eyed Mary ✒ Annual; stems slender, 5–40 cm high, simple to much-branched, finely puberulent or glabrate, sometimes glandular, purplish. Leaves opposite or occasionally whorled above, 1–2 cm long, entire to serrulate, spatulate to round below, oblong to lance-linear and sessile above, purplish. Flowers long-pedicellated, solitary in lower leaf axils or whorled above; calyx 5-lobed, 3–6 mm long, with lobes longer than tube; corolla 4–7 mm long, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-lobed, with middle lobe deeply concave, white to blue; capsule ellipsoid, 3–4 mm long. ✿ Rocky outcrops and sunny hillsides. ● North America; from the Alaskan Panhandle south to California and Colorado; locally in Manitoba, Ontario, northern Michigan, and Vermont; in the Yukon Territory known only in the south near Marsh Lake and adjacent to the Tagish Road where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Euphrasia L. eyebright
Euphrasia
Euphrasia subarctica Raup E. disjuncta sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte E. disjuncta Fern. & Wieg. var. dolosa Boivin E. arctica Lange ex Rostrup var. disjuncta sensu Welsh (1974) ✒ Annual; stems erect, usually simple, 3–25 cm high, usually glandular-pubescent above. Leaves very variable, 2–6 mm or more long, oblanceolate to broadly ovate, crenate, glandular-pubescent. Flowers in leafy-bracted terminal spikes; calyx 4-lobed, usually glandular-pubescent; corolla 3–4 mm long, 2-lipped, white to yellow; capsule elliptic-oblong to oblong, truncate to retuse, 5.0–6.5 mm long. ✿ Borders of ponds, streams, and lakes and clearings in thickets. ● Western North America; in southern Alaska, southern Yukon Territory, and western District of Mackenzie, and south to British Columbia and western Alberta and Lake Athabaska in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 63°45’ N.
510
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Lagotis Gaertn.
Lagotis
Lagotis glauca Gaertn. ssp. minor (Willd.) Hultén L. glauca Gaertn. var. stelleri (Cham. & Schlecht.) Trautv. L. stelleri (Cham. & Schlecht.) Trautv. ✒ Glabrous somewhat fleshy perennial, from a stout ascending rhizome; stems 1 to several, 15–20 cm high. Basal leaves simple, petiolate; blades lanceolate-oblanceolate, crenate-dentate; stem leaves progressively smaller upwards, merging with bracts, sessile, somewhat dentate to entire. Inflorescence a leafy-bracted ovate to cylindrical terminal spike; bracts somewhat toothed or entire, purplish or blue; calyx 6–11 mm long, 2-lobed; lobes ciliate; corolla 2-lipped, 9–14 mm long, violet-purple to blue; capsule ovoid, 2-lobed, encased in expanded corolla. ✿ Tundra, alpine herbmats, stony slopes, and seepage channels. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to about longitude 135° W and to the east slope of the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains.
Limosella L. mudwort
Limosella
Limosella aquatica L. ✒ Glabrous dwarf annual, with fibrous roots, and with slender decumbent runners forming new rosettes. Leaves longpetioled, with narrowly elliptic to oblong and entire somewhat fleshy blades, 2–6 mm wide. Flowers single, on slender scapes 0.8– 3.0 mm long; calyx 2–3 mm long, 5-lobed; corolla pink to white, with 5 spreading lobes, and with tube about as long as the calyx; stamens 4; capsule round to elliptical, 2.0–3.5 mm long. ✿ Wet muddy or sandy pond margins, sometimes immersed. ● Circumpolar-boreal; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Newfoundland, California, New Mexico, Nebraska, Missouri, and Minnesota; in the Yukon Territory known only in the vicinity of Mount Sheldon and Teslin Lake, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Mimulus
Linaria Miller toadflax
511
Linaria
Linaria vulgaris Miller butter-and-eggs, yellow toadflax ✒ Perennial with elongate rhizomes; stems erect, 20–80 cm high, simple or branched above, glabrous to minutely pubescent; white latex appearing when fresh stems and leaves broken. Leaves alternate, crowded, spreading in all directions, linear to narrowly lanceolate, acute, 2–8 cm long. Inflorescence a terminal raceme; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla 2-lipped, 2–3 cm long (including conspicuous spur), bright yellow with a bright orange throat; capsules ovoid, 9–12 mm long; seeds flattened, broadly winged. ✿ Waste places in townsites. ● Introduced from Eurasia, widely distributed in North America; in the Yukon Territory known only in the extreme south near Morley River and Whitehorse and near Dawson.
Mimulus L. monkeyflower
Mimulus
Mimulus guttatus DC. M. langsdorffii Donn ex Sims yellow monkeyflower ✒ Perennial, occasionally with stolons, and with a scaly rhizome; stems simple, erect-ascending, 10–70 cm high. Leaves opposite, 1–5 cm long, oval to obovate, irregularly dentate, petiolate below, subsessile to sessile and clasping above. Flowers longpedicellated, racemose, or solitary in axils of upper leaves; pedicels glandular-pubescent; calyx 5-angled, 1–2 cm long, inflated in fruit; corolla 2–4 cm long, 2-lipped, bright yellow and often spotted with red or purple in the throat; capsule 10–20 cm long, oblong, obtuse. ✿ In wet moss by streams or warm springs. ● Introduced to Europe and eastern Asia; in North America from southern Alaska south to California, New Mexico, and North Dakota, and in extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie, western Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan; in southern Yukon Territory north to about latitude 61° N where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
512
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Orthocarpus Nutt.
Orthocarpus
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. owl’s-clover ✒ Annual; stems erect, 10–40 cm high, simple or somewhat branched above, pubescent with glandular and nonglandular hairs. Leaves alternate, ascending, 1–4 cm long, linear, sessile, entire or with upper ones trifid, glandular- and nonglandularpubescent. Flowers in terminal spikes, becoming elongate; bracts usually 3-cleft; calyx 6–8 mm long, subequally 4-cleft; corolla 10–14 mm long, golden-yellow, gradually expanding to the simply saccate minutely 3-toothed lower lip; upper lip about as long as the lower lip; capsule 5–7 mm long; seeds ridged. ✿ Saline grassy meadow and dry rocky slopes. ● North American; from northwestern Ontario to British Columbia, south to Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California, north to the Slave River in District of Mackenzie, and disjunct to southern Yukon Territory where rare.
Pedicularis L. lousewort, fernweed
Pedicularis
Perennial or biennial or annual herbs. Leaves basal, alternate or whorled, toothed or pinnately lobed. Inflorescence spikelike or racemose; flowers irregular; calyx tubular, somewhat inflated; corolla irregular, 2-lipped, with upper lip laterally compressed and helmetlike, enclosing the anthers, and with lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 4; capsule flattened, curved or oblique; seeds several. A. Stems branched; annual or biennial or short-lived perennial B. Flowers yellow, sometimes splotched or tinged with red, in few-flowered spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. labradorica B. Flowers purple, in short spikes or solitary in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. macrodonta A. Stems simple; evidently perennial C. Cauline leaves verticillate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. verticillata C. Cauline leaves alternate or lacking D. Corolla predominantly yellow E. Upper lip with a toothed beak at right angles to apex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lapponica E. Upper lip beakless, or nearly so F. Inflorescence capitate, few-flowered; corolla creamy-yellow, sometimes tinged with red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. capitata F. Inflorescence spicate; corolla bright yellow with tip of upper lip darker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. oederi D. Corolla pink or purple G. Upper lip of corolla upcurved, resembling head and trunk of an elephant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. groenlandica G. Upper lip of corolla arched or somewhat curved H. Upper lip dark purple; plants with branching rhizome and lacking or with only 1 or 2 stem leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. sudetica H. Upper lip pink; plant with a distinct taproot I. I.
Spike densely white-wooly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lanata Spike glabrous or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. langsdorfii ssp. arctica
Pedicularis
513
Pedicularis capitata Adams ✒ Perennial with a slender branched rhizome; stems simple, scapose, glabrous or short-pubescent. Leaves mostly basal, pinnately divided, with segments lobed and toothed, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence capitate, with leaflike bracts; flowers few to several; calyx 5-lobed, 9–16 mm long; corolla 25–40 mm long, creamy yellow tinged with rose or purple at apex; upper lip strongly arched, usually with a pair of subapical teeth; capsule 12–15 mm long. ✿ Gravelly calcareous tundra or heath. ● Circumpolar with large gaps, arcticalpine; in North America, northern Greenland and Baffin Island to Alaska, south in the west to British Columbia and western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory found throughout the mountainous regions.
Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. elephant-heads ✒ Perennial; stems 1 to several, 30–60 cm high, glabrous and dark reddish purple. Basal leaves petioled; upper leaves sessile; blade deeply pinnatifid; lobes narrow, toothed. Inflorescence dense, elongating in fruit, 6–15 cm long; calyx 5-lobed, 5–7 mm long; corolla reddish purple, 12–25 mm long; upper lip long and slender, arched like trunk of an elephant; capsules 8–14 mm long. ✿ Wet calcareous meadows. ● Endemic to boreal North America; from west Greenland, Labrador, and northern Quebec to British Columbia, south to California and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Watson Lake where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing Labrador lousewort ✒ Annual or biennial, from a weak spindly taproot; stems simple to freely branched, glabrous or short-pubescent. Lower leaves deeply pinnate, with lobes toothed; upper leaves merely toothed. Inflorescence short-spicate, 5- to 10-flowered, subcapitate but soon elongating; bracts leaflike but progressively smaller; calyx 4–6 mm long, 2- or 3- or obscurely 5-lobed; corolla 13–17 mm long, yellow and sometimes splotched or tinged with red; upper lip slightly arched, somewhat beaked, with a pair of long slender teeth; capsule 10–13 mm long, oblong-linear, acute. ✿ In muskegs and open mossy not too dry heath. ● Circumpolar with large gaps, subarctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland and Newfoundland to Alaska and northern British Columbia; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
514
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schlecht. P. kanei Durand woolly lousewort ✒ Perennial with a bright lemon yellow taproot; stems simple, 5–25 cm high, densely white-woolly. Lower leaves longpetiolate; upper leaves short-petiolate; blades narrow, deeply pinnatifid to pinnately compound; lobes toothed to pinnatifid. Inflorescence densely flowered but soon elongating; bracts similar to leaves, white-woolly; calyx 5-toothed; corolla 15–20 mm long, deep pink, or rarely white (f. alba Cody); upper lip slightly arched, lacking teeth; capsule 8–13 mm long, ovate with an acute beak. ✿ Moist stony tundra. ● North America, arctic-alpine; barely entering the Siberian peninsula; in North America, southern Greenland and northern Quebec to Alaska, south to northern British Columbia and western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory found throughout the alpine regions.
Pedicularis langsdorfii Fisch. ssp. arctica (R. Br.) Pennell ex Hultén P. langsdorfii Fisch. var. arctica (R. Br.) Polunin P. arctica R. Br. ✒ Perennial with a pale yellow taproot; stems 1 to several, 10–25 cm high, essentually glabrous. Basal leaves long-petioled; blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, pinnately lobed; lobes toothed to entire; stem leaves alternate, usually with a widerwinged rachis and petiole. Inflorescence capitate to oblong, becoming elongate; bracts often as long or longer than corolla; calyx 7–10 mm long, with 5 triangular, entire or serrate teeth; corolla 20–25 mm long, bright pink; upper lip somewhat curved, with a pair of slender acute teeth at apex; lower lip 3-lobed; capsules 12–15 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. ✿ Moist tundra and heath. ● Arctic-alpine North America; barely entering Siberia; in North America, northern Greenland and Baffin Island to Alaska, south to British Columbia and western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 133° W.
Pedicularis lapponica L. Lapland lousewort ✒ Perennial with a branching rhizome; stems 8–25 cm high, simple, puberulent. Leaves petiolate below, sessile above; blades lanceolate to linear, pinnatifid; lobes small, ovate, toothed. Inflorescence few-flowered, flat-topped; bracts leaflike, but smaller; calyx 3.0–4.5 mm long, 2-lobed, corolla 11–15 cm long, light yellow; upper lip slightly arched, with a toothed beak at right angles at apex; lower lip 3-lobed; capsules 6–9 mm long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. ✿ Dry to moist tundra and heath. ● Circumpolar, subarctic; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, in the Yukon Territory found along the Arctic coast, in the British and Richardson mountains, and adjacent to the Dempster Highway through the Ogilvie Mountains, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Pedicularis
515
Pedicularis macrodonta Richards. P. parviflora Smith ex Rees var. macrodonta (Richards.) Welsh P. parviflora sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial; stems simple or branched, 10–35 cm or more high, glabrous. Leaves sessile or subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, pinnately lobed to pinnatifid, with segments entire or toothed. Inflorescence capitate, becoming much-elongated; bracts deeply pinnatifid; calyx 2-cleft, with segments lobed; corolla 11–14 mm long, purple; upper lip slightly arched, blunt at darker apex; capsule 8–17 mm long, ovate, mucronate. ✿ Swamps, wet meadows, or muskeg. ● Boreal North America; from James Bay, Quebec to Alaska, with many gaps; in the Yukon Territory known from Nares Lake in the extreme south, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and from an unnamed lake at latitude 60°06’ N and longitude 127°31’ W.
Pedicularis oederi Vahl. ex Hornem. ✒ Perennial with spindle-shaped roots; stems 4–25 cm high, villous-tomentose to glabrate. Leaves petioled; blades oblong to ovate, deeply pinnatifid; lobes toothed or incised, more or less retrorse. Inflorescence capitate, but usually elongating; bracts leaflike, but smaller, pubescent; calyx 7–11 mm long, 5-lobed, pubescent; corolla 17–25 mm long, yellow, with apex of upper lip brownish red; upper lip somewhat arched; capsule 11–16 mm long, lanceolateoblong. ✿ Moist alpine tundra and heath. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska to about longitude 136° W in the Yukon Territory, barely entering extreme northwest District of Mackenzie, south through the Alaskan Panhandle to the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, and disjunct to Montana and Wyoming.
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. s. lat. P. sudetica Willd. ssp. interior Hultén P. sudetica Willd. ssp. interioides Hultén P. sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hultén P. sudetica Willd. ssp. pacifica Hultén ✒ Perennial; stems 4–35 cm or more high, purplish, single or several together from a stout branched rhizome. Basal leaves, longpetiolate, pinnatifid to pinnate; segments dentate to pinnatifid; stem leaves 1 or 2 or lacking. Inflorescence at first capitate but soon elongating; bracts usually similar to leaves, but quite small; calyx 8–12 mm long, with 5 narrow lobes,
516
SCROPHULARIACEAE white-woolly to glabrous; corolla 15–24 mm long; upper lip arching, with 2 small teeth at apex, dark purple; lower lip 3-lobed, pink or spotted; capsule 9–14 mm long, oblong and abruptly contracted to a short beak. ✿ Rather wet calcareous tundra and lakeshores. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Baffin Island to Alaska, south to James Bay and British Columbia; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Pedicularis verticillata L. ✒ Short-lived perennial, from a weak branching taproot; stems few to 25 or even more, simple, erect-ascending, 10–30 cm high. Leaves mainly basal and petiolate, deeply pinnatifid, with lobes toothed to incised; stem leaves and bracts of inflorescence short-petiolate to sessile, verticillate. Inflorescence capitate, but soon elongating, many-flowered; calyx 3–7 mm long, with 5 triangular teeth, more or less pubescent, ciliate, purple-veined; corolla 11–16 mm long, purplish to rose pink; tube sharply bent; upper lip slightly arched, about as long or shorter than lower lip, neither beaked nor toothed; lower lip 3-lobed; capsules 10–15 mm long, lanceolate, acute. ✿ Damp meadows, tundra turf, rocky slopes, heath, and woodlands. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska to about longitude 137° W in the Yukon Territory and the Richardson Mountains of northwestern District of Mackenzie, and south through the Alaska Panhandle to the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia.
Penstemon Mitchell beard-tongue
Penstemon
Perennial herbs from a branching caudex. Leaves opposite. Flowers irregular, whorled or clustered; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; stamens 4. A. Upper stem villous-glandular; corolla about 2 cm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. gormanii A. Upper stem very finely pubescent to glabrous; corolla 6–10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. procerus
Penstemon gormanii Greene ✒ Stems tufted, 15–40 cm high, 1 to several from a simple or branching taproot, villous-glandular in upper part. Lower leaves cuneate-oblanceolate to oblong, entire or irregularly serrate, petiolate, glabrous; upper leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong, sessile or subsessile, villousglandular. Bracts of inflorescence similar to upper leaves; calyx 7–11 mm long; corolla about 2 cm long, blue or rarely white (f. albiflora A.E. Porsild); capsules elliptic, 6–10 mm long. ✿ Gravelly riverbanks and terraces. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska, southern Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N, and extreme northern British Columbia, and disjunct to the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie.
Synthyris
517
Penstemon procerus Dougl. ✒ Stems slender, rarely over 25 cm high, arising singly or several together from an ascending and branching rhizome, very finely pubescent to glabrous in upper part. Basal leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, petiolate; upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence, interrupted spikelike; pedicels finely pubescent; bracts similar to upper leaves; calyx 4–6 mm long; corolla 6–10 mm long, deep blue or white (f. albescens Boivin); capsules elliptic, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Open gravelly or sandy river terraces or subalpine slopes and meadows. ● North Cordilleran; extending northward into southern Yukon Territory to about latitude 62°15’ N.
Rhinanthus L. yellow-rattle
Rhinanthus
Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. borealis (Sterneck) A. Löve R. crista-galli auth. R. borealis (Sterneck) Chab. ✒ Polymorphic annual; stems simple or often freely branched above, 30–50 cm high. Leaves 1.5–6.5 cm long, opposite, lanceolate, sessile, serrate. Flowers in leafy-bracted terminal spikes; calyx 4- to 5-lobed, membranaceous, much-inflated in fruit, hence the vernacular name of the genus; corolla 2-lipped, pale yellow, barely exserted; seeds 4 mm in diameter including the broad membranaceous wing. ✿ Dry gravelly slopes, often pioneering on disturbed soil. ● Circumboreal; in North America, southern Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Oregon, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 61° N.
Synthyris Benth.
Synthyris
Synthyris borealis Pennell ✒ Tufted perennial, from an ascending and often freely branched rhizome; stems 5–20 cm or more high, villous with multicellular hairs. Basal leaves petioled; blades cordate, crenate-dentate to shallowly lobed, ciliate with multicellular hairs; cauline leaves sessile or subsessile, alternate or subopposite, pubescent. Inflorescence an elongating spikelike raceme, with small dentate bracts; calyx 4-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla deep blue, irregular, almost hidden by bracts; capsule heart-shaped; seeds few, smooth, pale brown. ✿ Alpine herbmats. ● North America; endemic to central Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and barely entering northwestern District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found only in the Kluane, Ogilvie, and southern Richardson mountains.
518
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Veronica L. speedwell
SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica
Procumbent annuals with taproots, or perennials with rhizomes or stolons. Leaves opposite or with upper ones alternate. Flowers solitary in leaf axils or in terminal or axillary racemes; calyx and corolla 4-lobed; stamens 2; capsule obcordate, flattened, with few to many seeds. A. Racemes axillary B. Leaves sessile, linear to lanceolate, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. scutellata B. Leaves petioled, lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, obscurely toothed to serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. americana A. Racemes terminal C. Annual with a thin root D. Leaves linear-lanceolate; style nearly obsolete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. peregrina ssp. xalapensis D. Leaves ovate to elliptic; style 0.4–1.0 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. arvensis C. Perennial with rhizomes E. Leaves conspicuously serrate, 4–8 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. longifolia E. Leaves entire or obscurely toothed F. Leaves sessile; capsule longer than wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. wormskjoldii F. Lower leaves short-petiolate; capsule wider than long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. serpyllifolia
Veronica americana Schwein. American brooklime ✒ Rhizomatous herbs; stems decumbent to ascending, 10–50 cm or more long, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves opposite, lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, obscurely toothed to serrate, short-petioled. Racemes lax, few to several, usually from axils of upper leaves; calyx 2.5–4.0 mm long, deeply lobed; corolla 5–9 mm broad, bluish violet; capsules orbicular, or nearly so. ✿ In wet places by streams or by springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Tennessee, Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory occasional north to latitude 63° N.
Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell ✒ Annual; stems 5–30 cm long, prostrate to erect, simple or branched, pubescent. Leaves opposite, 0.5–1.5 cm long, ovate to elliptic, crenate-serrate, short-petioled. Racemes terminal; bracts lanceolate to linear, sessile; flowers short-stalked to sessile; calyx 2.5–4.0 mm long; corolla 2–4 mm wide, blue; capsules heart-shaped, about as long as wide. ✿ Disturbed situations. ● Introduced from Europe; in the Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction.
Veronica
519
Veronica longifolia L. ✒ Perennial; stems erect, 30–100 cm high. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, shortpetioled; blades 4–8 cm long, ovatelanceolate, sharply serrate. Racemes terminal, crowded, erect, elongate; sepals subulate to linear, finely ciliolate; corolla 6–8 mm long, blue, pubescent in the throat; anthers exserted; capsule about 3 mm long, with a longer persistent style. ✿ Waste ground at roadside. ● Garden escape, introduced from Europe; in the Yukon Territory known only at Haines Junction.
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (H.B.K.) Pennell V. peregrina L. var. xalapensis (H.B.K.) St. John & Warren neckweed, purslane speedwell ✒ Glandular-pubescent weedy annual; stems simple or branched, 10–30 cm high from a spindly rooting base. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, with entire or somewhat dentate margins. Racemes terminal, few- to many-flowered; bracts ovate to oblanceolate or linear; flowers short-pedicellate; calyx 3.5–5.0 mm long; corolla about 2 mm wide, whitish; capsules heart-shaped, about as long as wide. ✿ Moist places in settled areas. ● North America; from Quebec to Alaska, south to Georgia, Texas, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory known only from Dawson and Whitehorse where probably introduced. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Veronica scutellata L. marsh speedwell, skullcap speedwell ✒ Glabrous or somewhat pubescent stoloniferous perennial; rhizome filiform; stems weak, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 10–50 cm long. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear to lanceolate, 1.5–10.0 cm long, acute. Flowers few to several, in axillary lax racemes; calyx 1.0–2.5 mm long; corolla 6–9 mm wide, bluish; capsules broader than long, notched. ✿ Wet thickets, often near springs. ● Circumpolar, nonarctic; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Colorado, Idaho, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 64° N.
520
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Veronica serpyllifolia L. thyme-leaved speedwell ✒ Rhizomatous perennial; stems 15–40 cm high, decumbent or creeping at base, more or less short-villous. Leaves opposite, 8–15 mm long, lance-ovate to ovate, entire or obscurely crenulate, short-petioled to sessile. Racemes terminal, few- to manyflowered; bracts narrowly oblong; flowers pedicellate, calyx 2.0–4.5 mm long; corolla 4–8 mm wide, white or pale blue; capsules broader than long, somewhat notched. ✿ Moist roadside ditch. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to New York, Michigan, Arizona, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction.
Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. V. alpina L. ssp. wormskjoldii (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. V. alpina L. var. unalaschensis Cham. & Schlecht. V. wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. ssp. alterniflora (Fern.) Pennell alpine speedwell ✒ Rhizomatous perennial; stems simple, erect or decumbent, 3–40 cm high, villous. Leaves mostly opposite, 1.7–4.0 cm long, ovate to oval or oblong, entire to crenate, sessile or subsessile. Racemes terminal, capitate, but elongating in fruit; calyx 2.5–7.0 mm long, pubescent with glandular and nonglandular multicellular hairs; corolla 5–11 mm wide, blue to violet; capsules longer than wide, obtuse or emarginate. ✿ Alpine meadows and heathlands. ● North America; from Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south in the east to Newfoundland, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, and in the west to California, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 66° N.
Orobanche
OROBANCHACEAE broom-rape family
521
OROBANCHACEAE
Herbaceous root parasites, lacking green foliage. Leaves reduced to alternate scales. Flowers perfect, irregular; corolla 5-lobed, somewhat bilabiate; stamens 4; pistils 1; fruit a capsule, many-seeded. A. Inflorescence many-flowered; flowers subsessile; stamens exserted; plants glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boschniakia A. Inflorescence few-flowered; flowers long-pedicellate; stamens included; plants glandular-pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche
Boschniakia C.A. Mey.
Boschniakia
Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fedtsch. ground-cone ✒ Stems glabrous, clublike, arising singly or a few together, from a short and thick base by which attached to host plant. Scale leaves alternate, ovate to triangular, yellowish to purplish. Inflorescence longer than stem; bracts similar to scales; flowers numerous; calyx 3–6 mm long, irregularly lobed or toothed; corolla purplish, 8–13 mm long, with upper lip shallowly cleft; stamens exserted; capsules irregularly dehiscent. ✿ Parastic on the roots of Alnus crispa. ● Amphi-Beringian, boreal forest; ranging eastward over Alaska, Yukon Territory, and the District of Mackenzie northward or slightly beyond the limit of coniferous forest and south into northern British Columbia and Alberta.
Orobanche L. broom-rape
Orobanche
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. ✒ Caudex subligneous, usually forked; stems 3–12 cm high, single or several together, glandular-pubescent, with 5–12 firm bracts. Pedicels axillary, 2–10 cm long, naked; calyx about 10 mm long, 5-lobed; corolla 12–25 mm long, with tube curved, yellowish to purplish; stamens included; capsule spherical, 10–12 mm long. ✿ Parasitic on Artemisia. ● North America; from southern Ontario to British Columbia, south to Michigan, Indiana, Texas, New Mexico, and California; disjunct to south-central Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
522
LENTIBULARIACEAE
LENTIBULARIACEAE bladderwort family
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Small aquatic or terrestrial carnivorous herbs, with mechanism for small insects and other tiny animals to become entrapped on sticky leaves or in bladderlike traps. Flowers irregular; corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at base; capsule 2-valved or opening irregularly; seeds wrinkled, numerous. A. Terrestrial; leaves in a basal rosette, entire; flowers purplish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinguicula A. Aquatic; leaves dissected; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia
Pinguicula L. butterwort
Pinguicula
Dwarf scapose perennial herbs. Leaves forming a rosette, entire, elliptic-spatulate, yellowish green, succulent, glandular-viscid on upper surface, acting as traps for small insects held and digested by mucilaginous secretions. Scapes 1 to several; flowers solitary; calyx 5-lobed, with upper lip 3-lobed, and with lower lip 2-lobed; corolla 2-lipped, with lower lip terminating in a straight spur. A. Scape glandular-villous; corolla up to 10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. villosa A. Scape essentially glabrous; corolla 15 mm or more long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. vulgaris
Pinguicula villosa L. ✒ Basal leaves ovate to elliptic, less than 10 mm long; margins revolute. Scape slender, solitary, often less than 10 cm high, glandular-pubescent above, villous below. Flowers nodding; calyx glandularpubescent; corolla 6–10 mm long including spur, lavender blue; capsules erect, 3–5 mm long. ✿ Sides of hummocks in Sphagnum bogs, usually with the leaves hidden in the moss. ● Circumpolar, subarctic with large gaps; in North America, Labrador to Alaska, south to northwestern British Columbia; in southeast and central Yukon Territory and north to the Arctic coast.
Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris common butterwort ✒ Basal leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, short-petiolate, up to 2.5 cm long; margins revolute. Scapes usually solitary, 5–12 cm high, glabrous to minutely pubescent with capitate hairs. Flowers nodding; calyx with capitate hairs; corolla 15 mm or more long, purplish; lobes oblong-ovate; spur thin, acute; capsule erect, 4–6 mm long.
Utricularia
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Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. macroceras (Link) Calder & Taylor P. vulgaris L. var. macroceras (Link) Herder ✒ Differing from ssp. vulgaris in the corolla being somewhat larger; lobes obovate; spur longer, blunt. ✿ Ssp. vulgaris in damp calcareous soil by the edge of small brooks or ponds or by seepages; ssp. macroseras at border of spruce woods. ● Ssp. vulgaris circumpolar, subarcticalpine; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, and British Columbia; in southwest and central Yukon Territory and north beyond the limit of trees; ssp. macroseras coastal Pacific, from Japan and Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands south to northern California, barely entering southern Yukon Territory.
Utricularia L. bladderwort
Utricularia
Nonrooting perennial aquatic, producing turions or winter buds; turions forming at tip of branches, dropping to the bottom at the end of the season when rest of the plant dies, and sprouting the next spring. Leaves alternate, submersed, finely dissected often bearing bladderlike traps; tiny aquatic animals becoming trapped, decomposing, and being digested. Flowers few to several in a raceme, raised above water on a naked scape; calyx 2-lipped, divided to near base; corolla 2-lipped, closed at the throat, spurred or saccate; fruit a capsule. A. Bladders and leaves borne on separate branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. intermedia A. Bladders and leaves not borne on separate branches B. Delicate plants with stems less than 0.5 mm thick; bladders up to 2 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. minor B. Coarse plants with stems more than 0.5 mm thick; bladders 3–5 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza
Utricularia intermedia Hayne flat-leaved bladderwort ✒ Bladders and leaves borne on separate branches; bladders few, 2–4 mm wide. Leaves 0.5–1.5 cm long, dissected into delicate threadlike flattened minutely serrulate segments. Scapes 10–25 cm high, 2- to 5-flowered; corolla yellow, 8–12 mm long, with spur about as long as the lower lip. ✿ Lakes and ponds or marshy and springy places. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
524
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Utricularia minor L. lesser bladderwort ✒ Delicate plants; stems very slender. Bladders usually few, borne on leaves, 1–2 mm wide; leaves 4–9 mm long, with flat linear segments, not serrulate. Scapes 5–12 cm high, 2- to 9-flowered; corolla yellow, 5–8 mm long, with a very short spur; fruiting pedicels recurved. ✿ Shallow water or sometimes emergent on the wet margins of pools. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Dakota, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N but uncommon or perhaps overlooked because of its habitat, small size, and often the lack of flowers in the northern part of its range.
Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. macrorhiza (LeConte) Clausen U. vulgaris L. var. americana Gray ✒ Coarse plant, with freely floating and flowering branches up to 1 m long. Bladders borne on leaves, 3–5 mm wide; leaves 1–4 cm long, with terete serrulate segments. Scapes 8–25 cm high, 5- to 15-flowered; corolla yellow, 12–20 mm long, with spur shorter than lower lip and curved; fruiting pedicels recurved. ✿ Shallow water of lakes and ponds and floating bogs. ● Utricularia vulgaris s.l. circumpolar; ssp. macrorhiza in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Florida, Texas, and California, and in the Yukon Territory in lowland areas to north of latitude 68°15’ N.
Plantago
PLANTAGINACEAE plantain family Plantago L. plantain
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PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago
Tufted scapose annual or perennial herbs. Leaves petiolate, linear, linear-lanceolate, or oval, forming radical rosettes. Flowers in bracted heads or spikes, small, regular, 4-merous; capsule 2-locular, opening by a cup-shaped lid. A. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong B. Bracts linear, long-exserted, at least twice as long as the flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. aristata B. Bracts oblong to ovate, shorter than flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. maritima A. Leaves lanceolate or oval C. Leaf blade lanceolate, gradually tapering into petiole D. Plant thinly pubescent; base of leaves brownish-woolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. eriopoda D. Plant villous; leaf bases not woolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. canescens C. Leaves oval, with blade abruptly tapering into a narrow petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. major
Plantago aristata Michx. bracted plantain ✒ Annual or short-lived perennial; scapes villous to hirsute or pilose, 3–20 cm high, erect or ascending. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, 6–17 cm long, dark green, usually erect. Spikes 2–10 cm long, dense, hairy; bracts linear, at least twice as long as the flowers; sepals herbaceous, spatulateoblong, about 2.5 mm long; corolla lobes rounded-ovate, 1–2 mm long, spreading; seeds 2, finely pitted. ✿ Introduced weed found in waste places. ● Native North American from Illinois to Texas and Louisiana, but widely introduced elsewhere; in the Yukon Territory known only from an early collection at Dawson.
Plantago canescens Adams P. septata Morris ex Rydb. ✒ Perennial with a stout crown, and with elongated thick roots; scapes 8–30 cm high, erect or ascending, septate-pubescent to nearly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate to oblong or occasionally linear, entire or irregularly denticulate, 5–25 cm long, shorter than scapes. Spikes dense or in some interrupted toward base, 3–12 cm long; bracts broadly or roundly ovate, hyaline-margined, about 2 mm long, shorter than calyx; corolla lobes spreading, about 2 mm long; stamens up to 7 mm long; capsules circumscissile below the middle; seeds 4, finely pitted. ✿ Steep open slopes, riverbanks, gravel eskers, and screes. ● Eastern Siberia; in North America from eastern Alaska east to Bathurst Inlet in the District of Mackenzie, south in western Alberta to Montana; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as the Babbage River in Ivvavik (Northern Yukon) National Park.
526
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago eriopoda Torr. saline plantain ✒ Perennial with a stout crown, more or less covered with brown woolly hairs; scapes 8–25 cm or more high, longer than leaves, more or less pubescent with septate hairs. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, mostly coriaceous, 5–25 cm long. Spikes loosely flowered, 3.5–20 cm long; bracts broadly ovate, with scarious margins, 2.0–2.5 mm long; sepals oval, about as long as the bracts; corolla lobes 1.0–1.5 mm long, spreading or reflexed; capsules ovoid, circumcissile just below the middle; seeds 2–4, smooth to finely pitted. ✿ Usually alkaline grassy meadows,margins of ponds, anddwarf birch–willow flats. ● North America; the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, and from Manitoba to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Utah, and California; in the Yukon Territory in the southwest, north to about latitude 62° N.
Plantago major L. P. major L. var. pilgeri Domin common plantain, broad-leaved plantain ✒ Perennial or occasionally annual, with a compact stem, and with fibrous roots; scapes 10–30 cm or more high, arched-ascending to erect, more or less pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves ovate to cordate-ovate, entire or more or less undulate, 3–15 cm long. Spikes up to 25 cm long, linear-cylindric, dense; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–1.0 mm long; sepals elliptic to ovate, 1.5–2.0 mm long, scarious-margined; corolla lobes deltoid, 0.5 mm long, reflexed; capsules 4–5 mm long, rhombic ovate, circumscissile near middle; seeds with wavy threadlike ridges. ✿ Weed of waste places, townsites, and riverbanks. ● Cosmopolitan; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south throughout the United States; in the Yukon Territory found as far north as the Porcupine River valley.
Plantago maritima L. s.l. P. juncoides Lam. P. juncoides Lam. var. glauca (Hornem.) Fern. seaside plantain ✒ Perennial; scapes 5–25 cm high, usually longer than leaves, pubescent with upwardly turned hairs. Leaves linear to occasionally lanceolate, up to 22 cm long, strongly ascending. Spikes 1–8 cm long, dense or occasionally loosely flowered; bracts ovate, acute, minutely ciliolate, about as long as the calyx; sepals rounded on the back, broadly oblong, ciliolate; corolla lobes 1.0–1.5 mm long, spreading; capsules ovoid to broadly conic, circumscissile just below the middle; seeds 2–4, flat on inner surface. ✿ Alkaline flats. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, coastal Atlantic, Hudson and James Bays, coastal southern Alaska and British Columbia, south to California and rarely inland; in the Yukon Territory known only from adjacent to Kluane Lake where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Galium
RUBIACEAE madder family Galium L. bedstraw, cleavers
527
RUBIACEAE
Galium
Slender perennial (ours) herbs; stems 4-angled. Leaves whorled. Flowers tiny in fewflowered lateral or terminal cymes, regular; corolla 3- to 4-lobed, greenish or white; fruit globular, bristly or smooth, when ripe dividing into two indehiscent mericarps. A. Leaves in whorls of 6, broadly lanceolate, mucronate, 7–8 mm broad, 15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. triflorum A. Leaves in whorls of 4 or 6, blunt or acute B. Plant stout, stiffly erect, tufted, from a slender rhizome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. boreale B. Plant weak and slender, of often matted growth C. Corollas 3-lobed; flowers single or 2 to 3 in a cyme D. Stems and leaf margins retrorsely scabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. trifidum D. Stems and leaf margins smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. brandegei C. Corollas 4-lobed; flowers several in a cyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. palustre
Galium boreale L. northern bedstraw ✒ Stems erect, stout, 30–70 cm high, simple or branched. Leaves 4 in a whorl, linearlanceolate to elliptic, 3–4 cm long, 3-nerved. Flowers in richly branched cymes; petals pure white, drying yellow; fruit densely hispid. ✿ Riverbanks and dry open or gravelly places, often pioneering in disturbed soil. ● Circumpolar; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 65° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
Galium brandegei Gray ✒ Totally glabrous dwarf species, with matted 5–10 cm long simple or branching stems. Leaves oblanceolate, 5–7 mm long, somewhat fleshy, in whorls of 4. Flowers small, white or greenish, in 2- to 3-flowered cymes. Fruit black, glabrous; pedicels thickening in fruit. ✿ In damp Sphagnum bogs. ● Boreal and western North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Shickshock Mountains, Quebec, and in the west to New Mexico, Arizona, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only in the far north adjacent to the Old Crow River at about latitude 68° N.
528
RUBIACEAE
Galium palustre L. ✒ Weak stemmed plant from a creeping rhizome; stems glabrous. Leaves 4–6 in a whorl, broadly oblanceolate, blunt to subacute; margins with small backward-directed prickles. Inflorescence forming a pyramidal panicle, with flowers in axillary cymes; corolla lobes 4, acute, white; anthers red; fruit glabrous, rugose. ✿ Floodplain meadow. ● Eurasia; eastern North America, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin; presumably introduced near Sidney Creek on the Canol Road in the Yukon Territory.
Galium trifidum L. ✒ Stems slender, retrosely scabrous, ascending, freely branched, often matted. Leaves in whorls of 4, linear to linearoblanceolate, blunt, retrorsely scabrousmargined. Flowers small, solitary or 3 together; corolla 3-lobed, white; pedicels at least somewhat scabrous; fruit smooth. ✿ Common, although no doubt often overlooked, among tall sedges in wet woodland bogs. ● Circumpolar; in North America, wideranging from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Maine, Michigan, Illinois, South Dakota, Colorado and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 65° N and disjunct to nearly latitude 68° N.
Galium triflorum Michx. sweet-scented bedstraw ✒ Plants with weak mainly simple stems 5–10 cm long, from a creeping rhizome; stems more or less retrorsely scabrous. Leaves in whorls of 6, elliptic-lanceolate, distinctly cuspidate. Inflorescences on axillary peduncles, mostly 3-flowered; flowers small, greenish white, pedicellated; fruit densely covered with hooked bristles. Entire plant sweet-scented in drying. ✿ Openings in rich woods and hotspring meadows. ● Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Florida, California, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory rare (Douglas et al. 1981) and known only as far north as latitude 63° N in the McArthur and Ethel lakes area.
Linnaea
CAPRIFOLIACEAE honeysuckle family
529
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Erect or creeping shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect; corolla tubular or rotate; fruit a berry or drupe or a dry 1-seeded capsule. A. Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sambucus A. Leaves simple B. Low trailing dwarf shrub; fruit dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linnaea B. Erect shrubs; fruit a berry or berrylike C. Leaves toothed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viburnum C. Leaves entire or wavy-margined D. Flowers campanulate; fruit greenish white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos D. Flowers funnelform or tubular; fruit red or black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera
Linnaea Gronov. twinflower
Linnaea
Linnaea borealis L. ssp. borealis ✒ Dwarf shrub; stems freely branching and trailing, rooting at nodes. Leaves oval, crenate, subsessile. Flowers in pairs, sweetscented, on short and nodding peduncles at top of erect axillary scapes 1.5–6.5 cm high; calyx 5-lobed, 2–5 mm long; corolla 5-lobed, funnelform, 6–12 mm long, pink or pinkish; fruit dry, 1.5–3.0 mm long, hairy, 1-seeded.
Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. ✒ Differing from ssp. borealis in having corolla more funnel-shaped, with tube flaring from above rather than within calyx. ✿ Mossy and turfy openings in thickets or open woods. ● Linnaea borealis s.l. circumpolar; ssp. borealis in Eurasia, extending eastward across Alaska, barely entering central Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); ssp. americana in North America, southern Greenland, and from Labrador to Alaska north to about the limit of trees, south to West Virginia, Indiana, New Mexico, and California, and found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
530
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Lonicera L. honeysuckle
Lonicera
Erect shrubs or vines. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers in axillary pendunculate pairs, or in terminal spikelike clusters; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a severalseeded berry. A. Stems twining or reclining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. dioica var. glaucescens A. Stems erect or ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. involucrata
*Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters ✒ Freely branching shrub, with twining or ascending stems; bark shreddy, white or yellowish. Leaves entire, oblong-ovate, short-petioled or almost sessile, or with uppermost 1–4 pairs connate; upper surface glabrous; lower surface white-glaucous and pubescent. Flowers several, terminal, in spikelike clusters; corolla 1.5–2.5 mm long, bilabiate, orange or orange red; berries red, 8–12 mm long. ✿ Open woods. ● North America; from western Quebec to British Columbia (north to Liard Hot Springs), and north to latitude 62° N in the District of Mackenzie, south to North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Nebraska; to be looked for in southeastern Yukon Territory.
Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks ex Spreng. black twinberry ✒ Erect or ascending shrub, to 2 m or more high; young stems quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate or broadly lanceolate, 2.5–16.0 cm long, acute or acuminate at apex, acute to rounded at base, short-petiolate. Flower peduncles axillary, 2–4 cm long; bracts 4, or united into 2, 1–2 cm long, greenish or purplish black; flowers in pairs, sessile; calyx about 1 mm long; corolla 10–13 mm or more long, yellow, saccate at base; berries black, 8–12 mm long. ✿ Woods. ● North America; from northeastern New Brunswick and Quebec to southeastern Alaska, south to Michigan, Wisconsin, California, New Mexico, and Mexico, but with wide gaps; in the Yukon Territory known only from Haines Junction where rare.
Sambucus L. elderberry
Sambucus
Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House S. pubens Michx. red elderberry ✒ Shrub to 2 m or more high, forming large clumps. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 5–7, elliptic to lanceolate, 5–17 cm long, acuminate, serrate, pubescent on lower
Viburnum
531
surface. Inflorescence composed of terminal paniculate cymes; calyx 5-toothed; corolla 4–6 mm wide, with lobes longer than tube; berry red, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Subalpine alder stand. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southern Alaska (with a gap in the prairies), south to the northeastern United States, Arizona, New Mexico, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the Fisher Glacier area of Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Symphoricarpos Duhamel snowberry
Symphoricarpos
*Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. western snowberry ✒ Bushy shrub up to 1 m high; young twigs usually puberulent. Leaves ovateoblong to oval, entire or wavy-margined, 3–5 cm long, thick, leathery, shortpetioled. Flowers in short dense clusters, terminal or axillary; calyx 5-toothed, persistent; corolla 5–9 mm long, funnelform, with lobes as long as the tube, white or pinkish, densely pubescent on inner surface; fruit a 2-seeded berrylike drupe, greenish white. ✿ Riverbanks and open slopes. ● North America; from Ontario to British Columbia, adjacent to the Liard River in southwestern District of Mackenzie, south to Michigan, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Viburnum L. bush-cranberry, arrowwood
Viburnum
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. low bush-cranberry ✒ Erect branching shrub, up to 2 m high; bark smooth, dark gray. Leaves petioled; blades orbicular or ovate to obovate, palmately 3- to 5-nerved, coarsely toothed, often 3-lobed toward apex. Flowers in axillary compound corymbose cymes; calyx less than 1 mm long, 5-lobed; corolla 4–7 mm wide, 5-lobed, with lobes longer than tube, milky-white; fruit a bright red 1-seeded edible drupe. ✿ Woodland thickets. ● North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Colorado, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory found north to the Porcupine River system.
532
ADOXACEAE
ADOXACEAE moschatel family Adoxa L.
ADOXACEAE
Adoxa
Adoxa moschatellina L. moschatel ✒ Delicate perennial, with a white scaly rhizome; stems 10–15 cm high, erect, with a pair of opposite leaves. Basal leaves usually 1–3, ternately compound, long-petioled, glabrous; stem leaves palmately lobed. Flowers sessile in small heads, inconspicous; sepals 2 or 3, green, 1.0–1.5 mm long; petals 4 or 5, yellowish green, 1–2 mm long; fruit a dry drupe, 2–3 mm long, greenish, with 4 or 5 seeds. Adoxa moschatellina is monotypic in the genus Adoxa, which is the only genus of the family Adoxaceae. ✿ Thickets, woods, meadows, and tundra turf. ● Circumpolar with many gaps particularly in North America between New York and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 65° N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley.
Valeriana
VALERIANACEAE valerian family Valeriana L. valerian
533
VALERIANACEAE
Valeriana
Perennial essentially glabrous herbaceous plants, from an ascending rhizome. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided. Flowers in a terminal head elongating in fruit into an open and branching raceme or thyrsoid panicle. Rhizome and also other parts of the plant with a strong musky odor persisting long after plant dried. A. Stem leaves all pinnate; corolla 2.0–3.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. dioica ssp. sylvatica A. Stem leaves variously divided; corollas 4–8 mm long B. Bractlets of inflorescence ciliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. sitchensis B. Bractlets of inflorescence glabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. capitata
Valeriana capitata Pall. ✒ Stems 30–100 cm or more high, simple, leafy, arising from an ascending simple or branching rhizome. Lowermost stem leaves and those of sterile shoots slender-petioled, with an oval or cordate and entire blade; middle or upper stem leaves sessile, small, with blade narrowly laciniate, but not divided. Inflorescence densely capitate in flower, opening into a diffuse panicle in fruit; corolla 4–7 mm long, pink to white; achenes 3–4 mm long. ✿ Moist turfy woodland bogs, tundra, and river flats. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the east slopes of the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of the District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory found mostly west of longitude 135° W and north to the Arctic coast.
Valeriana dioica L. ssp. sylvatica (Richards.) F.G. Meyer V. dioica L. var. sylvatica (Richards.) Wats. V. septentrionalis Rydb. ✒ Stems simple, 50–100 cm high, erect, from a stout branched rhizome. Basal leaves petiolate; blades oval or oblong, entire; stem leaves in 2 or 3 pairs, pinnatifid, with terminal lobe ovate to oblong, sessile or shortpetioled. Infloresence capitate in flower, elongating in fruit; corolla 2.0–3.5 mm long, white; achenes 3–5 mm long. ✿ Damp calcareous bogs and lakeshore meadows. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory mainly east of longitude 135° W, south to Gaspé, Quebec, Algoma District, Ontario, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nevada, and California.
534
VALERIANACEAE
Valeriana sitchensis Bong. ✒ Stems 40–100 cm high, erect, from a stout rhizome. Basal leaves simple or with 3–5 lobes, or absent; stem leaves in 2–4 pairs, 3- to 5-pinnate or pinnatifid; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate. Inflorescence compact in flower, diffused in fruit; corolla 5–7 mm long, white; achenes 3–6 mm long. ✿ Moist noncalcareous alpine and subalpine meadows. ● Cordilleran; extending northward into the Yukon Territory and Alaska to latitude 64°15’ N, and south to California, Montana, and Colorado.
Campanula
CAMPANULACEAE bluebell family Campanula L. bellflower
535
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula
Perennial herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers showy, regular; calyx 5-parted, with lobes linear to oblong; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; pistil 1; ovary inferior; capsule many-seeded, opening by slits or pores. A. Calyx pubescent B. Leaves entire; corolla funnel-shaped, with lobes as long as the tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. uniflora B. Leaves dentate; corolla bell-shaped, shallowly lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lasiocarpa A. Calyx glabrous C. Corolla rotate, deeply lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. aurita C. Corolla bell-shaped, shallowly lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rotundifolia
Campanula aurita Greene ✒ Stems slender, 10–30 cm high, 1 to several, from a freely branching rhizome. Leaves all cauline, glabrous or ciliate, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, entire to irregularly serrulate. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered racemes; calyx lobes lance-attenuate, entire, or toothed at base; corolla 12–18 mm long, deeply cleft, with lanceolate lobes spreading, blue; capsules subcylindrical. ✿ Locally common in turfy or gravelly places and perhaps always on calcareous soil. ● North America; endemic to interior and mainly alpine parts of Alaska and the Yukon Territory, the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains, and the mountains just east of the Mackenzie River in western District of Mackenzie; mainly in west-central Yukon Territory and disjunct to extreme southeast.
Campanula lasiocarpa Cham. ✒ Flowering stems mostly solitary, 5–12 cm high, from a slender rhizome. Leaves mainly in a basal rosette, slenderpetioled, elliptic to oblanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate; cauline leaves reduced upwards. Flowers solitary, or rarely with 1 or more smaller lateral flowers; calyx lobes lance-attenuate, with narrow lobes or teeth, often ciliate; corolla 1.5–3.5 cm long, with ovate lobes shorter than tube, blue or rarely white; capsules subcylindrical. ✿ Gravelly tundra, and mainly on noncalcareous soil. ● North America, alpine; mountains of Alberta, British Columbia, westernmost District of Mackenzie, the Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River, Alaska, and barely reaching eastern Asia.
536
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula rotundifolia L. s.l. harebell ✒ Stems usually numerous, from a freely branching rhizome, glabrous, slender, erect, or ascending, 10–40 cm high, leafy mainly in lower half. Leaves thin, fresh green; lower leaves oval or round-cordate, long-petioled, soon wilting, with stem leaves lance-linear to linear. Corolla large, blue or rarely white (f. albiflora Rand & Redf.), broadly campanulate, 10–20 mm in diameter, solitary or several together, much longer than calyx lobes; capsules obconic, nodding. ✿ Rocky or gravelly or turfy places. ● Campanula rotundifolia s.l. circumpolar (with large gaps); in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Texas, and California; considered rare in the Yukon territory (Douglas et al. 1981), where known north only to about latitude 62°30’ N.
Campanula uniflora L. ✒ Stems solitary or few together, glabrous, rather stout, decumbent to erect, 5–30 cm high, arising from elongate rhizomes. Leaves mainly cauline, dark green, subcoriaceous, elliptic and petioled below to sessile and oblanceolate to linear above. Flower always solitary, slightly nodding during anthesis; calyx lobes lance-attenuate, entire; corolla funnel-shaped, pale blue, 4–8 mm in diameter, slightly longer than pubescent calyx lobes; capsules obconic, nodding. ✿ Calcareous cliffs and gravelly screes. ● Circumpolar; wide-ranging higharctic–alpine, with a large gap between Bering Strait and the Ural Mountains; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, disjunct south to Shickshock Mountains, Quebec, British Columbia and western Alberta to Montana and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found mainly in the British, Richardson, Ogilvie, and St. Elias mountains.
Lobelia
LOBELIACEAE lobelia family Lobelia L. lobelia
537
LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia
*Lobelia kalmii L. ✒ Biennial; stems slender, simple or with lateral branches, 10–30 cm or more high. Basal leaves forming a rosette, spatulate-obovate, petioled, pubescent, purplish; cauline leaves alternate, narrowly oblanceolate to linear. Flowers in a few-flowered elongating raceme; calyx 5-lobed; corolla blue, with a white throat. ✿ Wet calcareous meadows or pond margins. ● North America; from Newfoundland to interior British Columbia (north to Liard Hot Springs) and southwestern District of Mackenzie, south to New Jersey, Ohio, Colorado, Montana, and Washington; to be looked for in southern Yukon Territory.
538
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Composite family
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Perennial or biennial or annual herbs (Artemisia subligneous) with simple or compound leaves lacking stipules. Flowers small, aggregated on a flat concave or convex common receptacle, in a close head (resembling a single large flower) surrounded by an involucrum of 1 to several rows of bracts (phyllaries); flowers of head either all alike, or those in centre differing from those at margin; head termed discoid when all flowers with regular tubular corollas (as in a thistle), ligulate when corollas irregular and one-sided and straplike (as in a dandelion), and radiate when central flowers discoid or tubular with radial flowers ligulate (as in a daisy); calyx none or with its tube united with ovary, with the limb or pappus developed into persistent scales or teeth or capillary bristles or hairs serving in dispersal of fruits by wind or by animals; corollas united; stamens 5, with their anthers usually united into a tube through which protruding simple usually 2-cleft style; fruit an achene. This family is the largest and taxonomically the most complex in the flora of the Yukon Territory, where it is represented by 29 genera with a total of about 142 taxa.
Key to groups of genera
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
A. Flowers all ligulate and perfect; juice milky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group I p. 538 A. Flowers not all ligulate; ray flowers when present either pistillate or neutral; juice watery B. Heads radiate C. Rays yellow or orange D. Pappus chaffy, or of firm awns, or none; receptacle chaffy, bristly or naked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group II p. 539 D. Pappus partly or wholly of capillary bristles, sometimes plumose; receptacle naked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group III p. 539 C. Rays white or pink or purple, never yellow or orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group IV p. 539 B. Heads discoid (without rays) E. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, in some plumose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group V p. 540 E. Pappus of scales, awns, very short chaffy bristles, or a mere crown, or none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group VI p. 540
GROUP I (Flowers all ligulate and perfect; juice milky) A. Plants scapose; leaves all basal; heads solitary on erect scapes; achenes beaked B. Achenes spinulose, at least toward summit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxacum B. Achenes not spinulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris A. Plants more or less leafy-stemmed although upper leaves often mere bracts; heads mostly several; achenes beaked or beakless C. Achenes flattened; flowers yellow or bluish purple D. Achenes beakless; leaves prickly-margined; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sonchus D. Achenes beaked; flowers bluish purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactuca C. Achenes not flattened; flowers yellow (except Hieracium albiflorum) E. Pappus sordid or brownish; plants with fibrous roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hieracium E. Pappus white; plants with taproot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
539
GROUP II (Rays yellow or orange; pappus chaffy, or of firm awns, or none) A. Involucral bracts of two distinct and dissimilar series; receptacle chaffy; weedy annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens A. Involucral bracts similar, in one or more series B. Annual, strongly scented; rays inconspicuous; involucre glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia B. Perennial; rays conspicuous C. Leaves alternate; receptacle merely bristly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaillardia C. Leaves mostly opposite; receptacle chaffy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus
GROUP III (Rays yellow or orange; pappus of capillary bristles; receptacles naked) A. Leaves opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arnica A. Leaves alternate, or all basal B. Involucral bracts in one series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio B. Involucral bracts imbricated, in several series C. Heads mostly solitary on each stem (ours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Haplopappus C. Heads several on each stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solidago
GROUP IV (Rays present, not yellow or orange) A. Pappus, or at least in part, of capillary bristles; receptacle naked B. Basal leaves cordate or sagittate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petasites B. Basal leaves not cordate (except Aster ciliolatus) or sagittate C. Involucral bracts subequal or more or less imbricated, often green in part, but not definitely leafy, nor with chartaceous base and herbaceous green tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron C. Involucral bracts either subequal with outer leafy, or more often imbricated, with chartaceous or distinctly green tips, or sometimes chartaceous throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aster A. Pappus of scales or awns or flattened, chaffy bristly, or a mere crown, or none D. Leaves entire; pappus of numerous bristlelike scales; ligules white to pink . . . . . . . . . . Townsendia D. Leaves conspicuously toothed to pinnately dissected (or with upper leaves in some entire) E. Leaves toothed or entire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysanthemum E. Leaves all pinnately dissected F. Heads small and numerous; rays about 5 in number, 2–3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achillea F. Heads few, larger; rays numerous, 5–13 mm long, (or absent in Matricaria matricarioides) G. Leaves glandular dotted; receptacle chaffy, at least toward middle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthemis G. Leaves not glandular dotted; receptacle naked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matricaria
540
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
GROUP V (Heads discoid; pappus capillary) A. Receptacle densely bristly B. Leaves spiny-margined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium B. Leaves not spiny-margined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saussurea A. Receptacle naked C. Flowers perfect, yellow or orange D. Plants with a stout taproot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Haplopappus D. Plants with fibrous-rooted and branching base E. Leaves mainly opposite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arnica E. Leaves alternate F. Involucral bracts essentially in a single series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio F. Involucral bracts in more than one series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron C. Radical, or all flowers, at least of some heads pistillate G. Basal leaves cordate or sagittate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petasites G. None of leaves cordate or sagittate H. Plants more or less white-woolly; involucral bracts mostly with dry scarious thin white or yellowish tips I. I.
Basal leaves soon deciduous but otherwise similar to cauline leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anaphalis Basal leaves persistent J.
Annual, low and branched from base (ours); flowers perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gnaphalium uliginosum J. Perennials of low and matted habit; flowers dioecious or gynoecious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antennaria H. Plants not white-woolly (see also Group IV) K. Involucral bracts in a single row. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron K. Involucral bracts imbricated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aster
GROUP VI (Heads discoid; pappus not capillary) A. Subwoody, usually aromatic plants from branching base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia A. Herbaceous plants B. Annual or biennial, with glabrous and finely dissected leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matricaria B. Perennial, leaves 2- to 3-pinnate, glabrous or villous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanacetum
Achillea L. yarrow
Achillea
Perennial, somewhat aromatic herbs from a branching rhizomatose base. Leaves alternate, pinnate or bi-pinnately dissected. Inflorescence corymbiform, of several small radiate heads; bracts in several rows; ray flowers pistillate, fertile; disk flowers perfect, fertile; achenes oblong, flattened, glabrous, lacking pappus. A. Leaves linear, pinnate or merely toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sibirica A. Leaves bi-pinnately dissected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. millefolium
Achillea
541
Achillea millefolium L. s.l. common yarrow ✒ Stems simple or somewhat forked above, 20–60 cm high, sparsely to densely villous. Leaves in basal rosettes and alternate on stems, 3–15 cm long, lanceolate, 2-to 4-times pinnately dissected; ultimate segments lanceolate-subulate; basal leaves long-petiolate; lower cauline leaves petiolate; middle and upper cauline leaves sessile, reduced upwards. Heads numerous, in a flat or round-topped paniculate-corymbiform inflorescence; involucre 4–5 mm high; bracts in several series, short-oblong, glabrous to villous, with light brown or yellowish to dark brown to blackish margins; ligules white or occasionally pink; disk flowers white or cream-colored. A very variable circumboreal species. Two subspecies are found in the Yukon Territory:
Achillea millefolium L. ssp. borealis (Bong.) Breitung A. borealis Bong. A. nigrescens (E. Mey.) Rydb. A. millefolium L. var. nigrescens E. Mey. ✒ Distinguishable by its dark brown to blackish margined bracts; ligules 2.5–4.0 mm long.
Achillea millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper A. lanulosa Nutt. ✒ Distinguishable by its light brown or yellowish margined bracts; ligules 1.0–2.0 mm long. ✿ Gravelly and sandy soils, riverbanks, lakeshores, and roadsides. ● Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium introduced mainly in eastern North America; ssp. borealis occurring across Canada from the Maritime Provinces to British Columbia and reaching the Arctic coast in northwestern District of Mackenzie and the Yukon Territory where widespread; ssp. lanulosa more common across Canada but rare in the Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981) where found north to about latitude 64° N.
542
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Achillea sibirica Ledeb. ✒ Stems simple or freely branching above, 20–80 cm high, more or less villose to glabrate, arising singly or several together from a short branching rhizome. Leaves 2–10 cm long, linear or linear-lanceolate, pectinately pinnatifid, with divisions sharply toothed, villose to glabrate, reduced upward, fresh green, glabrous or sparingly hirsute. Heads crowded in corymbose cymes; 5–8 mm in diameter; involucres 4–5 mm high; bracts with dark to pale hyaline margins, villous to glabrate; ligules 1–3 mm long, white. ✿ Rocky or gravelly riverbanks or lakeshores and roadsides. ● East Asia; North America; from Alaska to Manitoba, and disjunct to Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 65° N adjacent to the Dempster Highway.
Agoseris Raf. mountain dandelion
Agoseris
Perennial scapose herbs, with taproots, and with milky latex. Leaves all basal, entire, toothed or pinnately lobed. Heads solitary on a long slender scape; involucral bracts in 2 to several series, with outer ones herbaceous, and with inner ones hyaline or nearly so; flowers all ligulate, yellow or pink; achenes oblong or linear, ribbed, glabrous, usually beaked; pappus of capillary bristles, white. A. Flowers orange or pink; beak of achene slender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. aurantiaca A. Flowers yellow; achene beakless or with a stout beak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. glauca
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene ✒ Leaves oblanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, entire or somewhat toothed to pinnatifid, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Scapes 10–60 cm high, glabrous to villous, especially in upper part; involucral bracts narrow, acuminate, or with outer ones blunt, and with outer bracts villous and ciliate; ligules burnt orange, drying deep pink or purple; achene 4–8 mm long, with a slender beak half as long or longer than body. ✿ Alpine meadows, moist open woodland, and glacial till. ● North America, cordilleran; extending north into southern Yukon Territory and the western Mackenzie Mountains in southwestern District of Mackenzie, western Alberta, and south to New Mexico and California; disjunct to Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec.
Antennaria
543
*Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. ssp. scorzoneraefolia (Schrad.) Piper A. glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. dasycephala (T. & G.) Jeps. ✒ Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear, 10–20 cm long, entire, toothed or laciniate-pinnatifid, frequently glaucous, glabrous or pubescent. Scapes 10–40 cm high, glabrous or woolly, especially in upper part; involucral bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, with outer ones woolly and ciliate; ligules yellow when fresh, sometimes drying pinkish; achene 4–10 mm long, with a stout beak up to half as long as the body. ✿ Prairies, meadows, mountain slopes, and roadsides. ● North America; from British Columbia east to southern Manitoba, south to Minnesota and Arizona, disjunct to the Mackenzie Delta region and southeastern Alaska; to be looked for in the southern parts of the Yukon Territory.
Anaphalis DC. everlasting
Anaphalis
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. pearly everlasting ✒ Perennial herbs, dioecious or nearly so, soft-velvety, gray-green; stems 20–50 cm high, simple, solitary or clustered, from a branching horizontal rhizome. Leaves all cauline, alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire, 3–10 cm long, usually acute, often revolute-margined; lower surface white-tomentose; upper surface usually glabrate, green. Inflorescence a rather open many-headed corymb; heads discoid, 6–10 mm in diameter; involucre 5–7 mm high; bracts in several series, imbricate, pearly white, scarious, often with a dark spot at base; flowers yellow; achenes about 1 mm long; pappus of capillary bristles. ✿ Moist area by mineral springs. ● Eastern Asia; North America; from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massachusets, Minnesota, South Dakota, Colorado, and California, barely entering the Mackenzie Mountains in southwestern District of Mackenzie and southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Antennaria Gaertn. everlasting, pussytoes1
Antennaria
Perennial plants, caespitose or stoloniferous, or with stems solitary, dioecious or gynoecious; stems 1–65 cm high. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaves 1- to 5-nerved, alternate, simple, entire, more or less tomentose. Inflorescence: heads discoid or disciform, solitary or in cymose panicle- or raceme-like clusters; phyllaries many, overlapping in several series, papery or membranous, with those of staminate heads relatively broad and conspicuous, and those of pistillate heads narrower, more acute, less conspicuous; receptacle naked; staminate florets 2–5 mm; corollas narrowly funnel-shaped or tubular, white or yellow or red; ovary much-reduced, with pappus bristles in most species 1
Treatment by Randall J. Bayer, University of Alberta.
544
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
enlarged at tip; pistillate flowers 2–10 mm long; corollas narrowly tubular, minutely lobed, white or yellow or red; pappus bristles numerous, soft, slender, weakly barbed; fruit elliptic to ovoid, 0.5–3.5 mm long. Many species or races reproducing by apomixis, with their populations consisting entirely of pistillate plants. A. Basal leaves prominently 3- to 5-nerved, similar in outline to lower cauline leaves; pistillate plants usually 30–65 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. pulcherrima A. Basal leaves 1-nerved (with two obscure lateral veins in some); cauline leaves usually reduced and of a different outline than basal leaves; pistillate plants usually less than 30 cm high (sometimes A. howellii can be greater than 30 cm) B. Flowering stalks monocephalous C. Plants dioecious; staminate and pistillate plants present in equal frequency in populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. monocephala ssp. monocephala C. Plants gynoecious; staminate plants absent from populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. monocephala ssp. angustata B. Flowering stalks pleio- or poly-cephalous D. Largest basal leaves greater than 6.0 mm wide and greater than 20 mm long; phyllary tips white or ivory, to light brown, never pink or red or dark brown or dark green or black (A. howellii complex) E. Basal leaves 1–3 nerved, greater than 9.0 mm wide; phyllary tips light brown; flags usually absent from upper cauline leaves . . . . . . A. howellii ssp. howellii E. Basal leaves 1-nerved, less than 9.0 mm wide; phyllary tips white or ivory; flags present on upper cauline leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. howellii ssp. canadensis D. Largest basal leaves less than 6.0 mm wide and less than 20 mm long, or if greater than 20 mm long then less than 6.5 mm wide, or if greater than 6.5 mm wide then less than 20 mm long; phyllary tips white or ivory or pink or red or light to dark brown or dark green or black F. Plant tufted or caespitose, not mat-forming, with crowded sessile or subsessile rosettes from short rhizomatous caudices; upper cauline stems always beset with glandular hairs G. Plants gynoecious; staminate plants absent from populations; pistillate involucral bracts dark olive or black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. friesiana ssp. friesiana G. Plants dioecious; staminate and pistillate plants present in equal frequency in populations; pistillate involucral bracts usually lighter, often dark brown or whitish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. friesiana ssp. alaskana F. Plant caespitose, mat-forming, with rosettes borne at ends of well-developed prostrate or ascending leafy stolons; upper cauline stems either beset with or without glandular hairs H. Basal leaves cuneate to cuneate-spatulate, less than 2 times longer than wide, caespitose, arising from short prostrate stolons; plants endemic to limestone talus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. densifolia H. Basal leaves narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, more than 2 times longer than wide, caespitose with well-developed prostrate stolons; plants of habitats other than limestone talus I.
Scarious portion of phyllaries green black or black J. Flowering stem and leaves beset with glandular hairs; plants dioecious (staminate and pistillate plants present in populations in equal frequency) . . . . . A. friesiana ssp. neoalaskana J.
Flowering stem and leaves without glandular hairs; plants gynoecious (staminate plants absent from populations)
Antennaria
545
K. Upper and middle cauline leaves with a flat linear scarious tip (flag), similar to tips of phyllaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpina
I.
K. Upper and middle cauline leaves blunt or with subulate or subulate-aristate tips (only those about the corymb with flags). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. media Scarious portion of phyllaries zoned combinations of white, green, pink, rose, sanguine, and light brown L. Plants dioecious (staminate and pistillate plants present in equal frequency in populations), scarious portion of phyllaries white-tipped with green at base, never pink or rose or sanguine or light brown; upper stem beset with glandular hairs; basal leaves silvery gray; rare, known from central Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. microphylla L. Plants gynoecious (staminate plants absent from populations); scarious portion of phyllaries zoned combinations of white, pink, rose, sanguine, and light brown; upper stem without glandular hairs; basal leaves dull gray; common in southern Yukon (A. rosea complex) M. Longest leaves of flowering rosettes 20.0 mm or more in length; phyllaries of various shades of white or pink or green or red, but usually not brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rosea ssp. rosea M. Longest leaves of flowering rosettes less than 20.0 mm in length; phyllaries of various shades of white, pink, green, red, and light brown N. Involucre less than 6.5 mm in length; corolla 3.5 mm or less in length; pappus usually 5.0 mm or less in length; cauline leaves tapering to a slender subulate tip; phyllaries usually various shades of brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rosea ssp. confinis N. Involucre 6.5 mm or greater in length; corolla greater than 3.5 mm in length; pappus usually greater than 5.0 mm long; cauline leaves sometimes tipped with a flat lanceolate scarious appendage; phyllaries of various colors O. Flowering stalks greater than 17 cm high; lowermost cauline leaves usually greater than 19 mm long; heads usually 6–12 in number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rosea ssp. arida O. Flowering stalks less than 17 cm high; lowermost cauline leaves usually 19 mm or less in length; heads usually 3–5 in number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rosea ssp. pulvinata
546
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Gnaphalium alpinum L. A. compacta Malte A. cryomophylla A.E. Porsild A. friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman ssp. compacta (Malte) Hultén A. labradorica Nutt. A. pallida E. Nels. A. pedunculata A.E. Porsild A. stolonifera A.E. Porsild A. subcanescens Ostenf. ✒ Gynoecious species; staminate plant very rare in the Yukon Territory. Flowering stems 3–18 cm high; stolons 1–7 cm long. Basal leaves 6–25 mm, 2–7 mm wide, spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, with mucronate tips, 1-nerved, green glabrescent to gray-pubescent above, tomentose below; cauline leaves 5–20 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on upper, middle, and often lower cauline leaves. Heads (1)2–5, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 4–7(10) mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, with upper scarious part dark brown, black or olivaceous; corollas 3.5–5.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 4.5–6.0 mm long; fruits 1.0–1.8 mm long, sparingly papillose. Staminate involucre 5–6 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 3.0–3.5 mm long; pappus clavate 3.5–4.0 mm long. ✿ Alpine and arctic tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska; one of the most morphologically variable of all the agamic species complexes in the genus. In North America this species gynoecious and characterized by its dark green to black phyllaries and by conspicuous flags on upper and middle cauline leaves; basal leaves varying from glabrous, as in the type material, to pubescent; widespread across the Yukon Territory.
Antennaria densifolia A.E. Porsild A. ellyae A.E. Porsild ✒ Dioecious species; both staminate and pistillate plants equally common in most populations; flowering stems 3.5–16.0 cm high; stolons 1–2 cm long. Basal leaves 3–7 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, spoon-shaped to wedge-shaped, 1-nerved, with both sides gray tomentose; tips not mucronate; cauline leaves 2–13 mm long, linear, with upper cauline leaves tipped with flags. Heads 2–5 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 4.5–7.5 mm high; pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part light brown or dark brown or black; corollas 2.5–4.5 mm long; pappus capillary, 2.5–3.5 mm long; fruits 0.8–1.5 mm long, glabrous; staminate involucre 3.0–6.5 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 2.0–3.5 mm long; pappus clavate 2.5–3.5 mm long. ✿ Subalpine on limestone talus. ● North America; in the Mackenzie Mountains of the District of Mackenzie, in the Yukon Territory in southern Richardson and Ogilvie mountains, and in extreme northwestern and extreme southern British Columbia; also one disjunct population recently found in Granite Co., Montana.
Antennaria
547
Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman ssp. friesiana A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. friesiana Trautv. A. ekmaniana A.E. Porsild ✒ Gynoecious subspecies; staminate plant unknown in the Yukon Territory; flowering stems 3.5–12.5 cm high, beset with glandular hairs; stolons 0.5–1.0 cm long. Basal leaves 10–30 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, narrowly spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, glabrescent green- to graypubescent above, tomentose below; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 7–14 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on upper and lower stem leaves. Heads 2–4 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 6–7 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part light brown or dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 3.5–4.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 4.0–4.5 mm long; fruits 1–2 mm long, glabrous to slightly papillose. ✿ Arctic and alpine fell fields or gravelly frost boils. ● Circumpolar; from the central and eastern Siberian plateau eastward across the North American Arctic to Greenland; in the Yukon Territory mostly north of latitude 64° N.
Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman ssp. alaskana (Malte) Hultén A. alaskana Malte ✒ Dioecious subspecies, with both staminate and pistillate plants equally common in most populations; flowering stems 7.5–14 cm high, beset with glandular hairs; stolons 0.5–1.0 cm long. Basal leaves 11–30 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, narrowly spoonshaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, green-glabrescent to gray-pubescent above, tomentose below; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 4–20 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on upper and lower stem leaves. Heads 2–6, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 5.5–7.0 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part light brown or dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 3.0–4.5 mm long; pappus capillary, 3.5–5.0 mm long; fruits 1.2–1.8 mm long, glabrous or slightly papillose; staminate involucre 4.0–6.5 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 2.5–3.0 mm long; pappus clavate, 3–4 mm long. ✿
Arctic and alpine tundra on fellfields and frost boils.
North America; in Alaska and cordilleran areas of northern Yukon Territory and adjacent Northwest Territories, and disjunct to an area west of Carmacks. ●
548
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman ssp. neoalaskana (A.E. Porsild) Bayer & Stebbins A. neoalaskana A.E. Porsild ✒ Description as for ssp. alaskana, except stolons well developed, 1–4 cm long, forming extensive mats. Staminate and pistillate involucres slightly larger than ssp. friesiana, with former 6–7 mm, and with latter 7–8 mm high; staminate phyllaries light brown. ✿ Arctic fell fields or gravelly frost boils. ● North America; eastern Brooks Range in Alaska to the Richardson Mountains and into the central Mackenzie Mountains, on the Yukon–Northwest Territories boundary.
Antennaria howellii Greene ssp. howellii A. howellii Greene A. neodioica Greene ssp. howellii (Greene) Bayer A. neglecta Greene var. howellii (Greene) Cronq. A. neglecta Greene ssp. howellii (Greene) Hultén ✒ Gynoecious subspecies; staminate plant unknown in the Yukon Territory; flowering stems 15–30 cm high; stolons 1–4 cm long. Basal leaves 25–40 mm long, 9–12 mm wide, spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, 1- to 3-nerved, green above, tomentose below; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 20–40 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 5–12 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 6.0–7.5 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper part light brown to white; corollas 5–6 mm long; pappus capillary 6–8 mm long; fruits 1.5–2.0 mm long, papillose.
Antennaria howellii Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer A. canadensis Greene A. neodioica Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins A. neglecta Greene var. canadensis (Greene) Cronq. ✒ Gynoecious subspecies; staminate plant unknown in the Yukon Territory; flowering stems 15–35 cm high; stolons 3–8 cm long. Basal leaves 20–40 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, spoonshaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, green glabrous above, tomentose below; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 12–30 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on upper stem leaves. Heads 3–7 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 7–10 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part white or cream, sometimes rose at base; corollas 4.0–6.5 mm long; pappus capillary, 7–9 mm long; fruits 1.0–1.5 mm long, notably papillose.
Antennaria
549
✿
Openings in montane coniferous forests. Antennaria howellii s.l. in boreal North America; ssp. howellii from the Atlantic Provinces across Canada throughout the Rocky Mountain cordillera to the Pacific coast, becoming more common in the western portion of its range, and considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981) where known only in extreme south; ssp. canadensis in Appalachians and Atlantic Provinces across Canada to the Pacific coast, but rare in the Yukon Territory where only one locality known in extreme southeast. ●
Antennaria media Greene A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. var. media (Greene) Jeps. ✒ Gynoecious species; staminate plant unknown in the Yukon Territory; flowering stems 5–13 cm high; stolons 1–4 cm long. Basal leaves 6–19 mm long, 2.5–6.0 mm wide, spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 5–20 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 2–7, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 4–8 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 3.0–4.5 mm long; pappus capillary 4.5–5.0 mm long; fruits 0.6–1.6 mm long, glabrous or papillose. The main distinction between A. media and A. alpina is the presence of flat scarious tips (flags) at the ends of the upper cauline leaves in A. alpina; these are mostly absent in A. media; additionally, the phyllaries of the pistillate plants in A. alpina tend to be quite acute, whereas they are blunter in A. media. ✿ Moist rocky alpine tundra often below snow masses. ● Western North America, cordilleran; from Arizona and New Mexico to Alaska; infrequent in the Yukon Territory north to nearly latitude 64° N and Alaska. The dioecious (sexual) populations are restricted primarily to California and Oregon.
Antennaria microphylla Rydb. A. nitida Greene ✒ Dioecious species; both staminate and pistillate plants equally common in most populations; flowering stems 9–30 cm high; stolons 1–5 cm long. Basal leaves 6–16 mm long, 2–6 mm wide, spoon-shaped, 1-nerved, with both sides silvery whitepubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 5–25 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 6–13 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 5.5–7.0 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part bright white to light yellow; corollas 3.0–4.3 mm long; pappus capillary 3–5 mm long; fruits 0.7–1.2 mm long, glabrous or sparingly papillose; staminate involucre 5.0-6.5 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 2.5–3.0 mm long; pappus clavate, 3–4 mm long. ✿ Along floodplains and at the edges of dry alkaline basins. ● North America; from New Mexico to the Yukon Territory, in the Rockies and east to Minnesota and northern Ontario; in the Yukon Territory known from the dry interior on floodplains of major rivers as far north as latitude 64° N.
550
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Antennaria monocephala DC. ssp. monocephala A. monocephala DC. ssp. philonipha (A.E. Porsild) Hultén A. monocephala DC. ssp. monocephala var. exilis (Greene) Hultén A. philonipha A.E. Porsild ✒ Dioecious species; both staminate and pistillate plants equally common in most populations; flowering stems 5–13 cm high, beset with glandular hairs; stolons 2–4 cm long. Basal leaves 9–18 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, mostly green glabrous to glabrescent above, tomentose below, or with both sides gray-pubescent in some; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 4–11 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on both upper and lower stem leaves. Heads solitary (rarely 2 or 3 in some individuals); pistillate involucre 5–8 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part brown or dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 3.5–4.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 4–5 mm long; fruits 1.0–1.3 mm long, usually glabrous; staminate involucre 5–7 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 2.5–3.5 mm long; pappus clavate, 3–4 mm long.
Antennaria monocephala DC. ssp. angustata (Greene) Hultén A. angustata Greene A. pygmaea Fern. ✒ Gynoecious species; staminate plant unknown in the Yukon Territory; flowering stems 5–13 cm high, usually beset with glandular hairs; stolons 2–4 cm long. Basal leaves 9–18 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, spoon-shaped to oblanceolate, 1-nerved, green glabrescent above, tomentose below, or more often with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 4–11 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on both upper and lower stem leaves. Heads solitary (rarely 2 or 3 in some individuals); pistillate involucre 5–8 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part brown or dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 3.5–4.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 4–5 mm long; fruits 1.0–1.3 mm long, usually glabrous. ✿ Disturbed margins of solifluction lobes or on unstable moist gravelly sloping arctic or alpine tundra. ● Antennaria monocephala s.l. in eastern Siberia and North America; ssp. monocephala in southern Alaska south of the Brooks Range, throughout the Yukon Territory, and areas of the Northwest Territories immediately adjacent to the Yukon border; ssp. angustata scattered in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 133° W, in Alaska and across the Canadian Arctic into Greenland, and down the western cordillera into Montana and Wyoming.
Antennaria
551
Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene A. carpathica R. Br. var. pulcherrima Hook. A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene var. sordida Boivin A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene var. angustisquama A.E. Porsild ✒ Dioecious species; both staminate and pistillate plants equally common in most populations; flowering stems (15)30–65 cm high; stolons 0.5–1.0 cm long. Basal leaves 5–20 cm long, 4–25 mm wide, spoonshaped to oblanceolate, 3- to 5-nerved, with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 8–14 mm long, linear, with prominent flags on upper stem leaves. Heads 3–30, in a cymose to paniculate cluster; pistillate involucre 7–12 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part light brown or dark brown or black or olivaceous; corollas 4–6 mm long; pappus capillary, (7)8–10 mm long; fruits 1.0–1.5 mm long, glabrous; staminate involucre 5–8 mm high, pubescent at base; corollas 3.5–5.0 mm long; pappus clavate, 4–6 mm long. ✿ Subalpine in Salix–Potentilla fruticosa thickets along streams. ● Boreal and subarctic North America; from Quebec to Alaska and in the northern Rocky Mountains; in southern Yukon Territory found along rivers as far north as latitude 64°30’ N.
Antennaria rosea Greene s.l. ✒ Gynoecious species; staminate plants unknown in Yukon.
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. rosea A. alborosea A.E. Porsild A. oxyphylla Greene ✒ Flowering stems 10–40 cm high; stolons 2–7 cm long. Basal leaves 20– 40 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, spoonshaped, oblanceolate or wedgeshaped, 1-nerved, infrequently green above, tomentose below, or more often with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 8–36 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 6–20, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 5–8 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part white or pink or green or red or brown; corollas 3.0–4.5 mm long; pappus capillary, 4–6 mm long; fruits 0.7–1.8 mm long, glabrous or papillose.
552
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. arida (E. Nels.) Bayer A. arida E. Nels. A. arida E. Nels. ssp. viscidula E. Nels. ✒ Flowering stems 19–30 cm high; stolons 1.5–4.5 cm long. Basal leaves 10–20 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, spoon-shaped to narrowly wedgeshaped, 1-nerved, with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 9–26 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 6–12, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 6.5–8.0 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part white or pink or green or red or brown; corollas 3.5–6.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 5–6 mm long; fruits 0.7–1.8 mm long, glabrous or papillose.
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. confinis (Greene) Bayer A. confinis Greene A. leuchippi M.P. Porsild A. elegans A.E. Porsild A. breitungii A.E. Porsild A. incarnata A.E. Porsild A. subviscosa Fern. ✒ Flowering stems 9–25 cm high; stolons 1.5–4.5 cm long. Basal leaves 10–20 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, spoon-shaped to narrowly wedgeshaped, 1-nerved, with both sides gray-pubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 6–20 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 4–11, in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 4.0–6.5 mm high, pubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part cream or pale yellow or grayish or light brown; corollas 2.5–4.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 3.5–5.0 mm long; fruits 0.7–1.8 mm long, glabrous or papillose.
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. pulvinata (Greene) Bayer A. isolepis Greene A. pulvinata Greene A. pulvinata Greene ssp. albescens E. Nels. ✒ Flowering stems 4–17 cm high; stolons 1–6 cm long. Basal leaves 8–18 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, spoonshaped to narrowly wedge-shaped, 1-nerved, with both sides graypubescent; tips mucronate; cauline leaves 6–19 mm long, linear, acute at apex. Heads 3–5 in a cymose cluster; pistillate involucre 6.5–10.0 mm high, p ubescent at base; phyllaries narrow, acute, upper scarious part white or pink or green or red or brown; corollas 3.5–5.0 mm long; pappus capillary, 5.0–6.5 mm long; fruits 0.7–1.8 mm long, glabrous or papillose. ✿ Montane to subalpine, usually in open disturbed areas in coniferous forests. ● Antennaria rosea s.l. in cordillera of North America; from southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico north to the Arctic, and from Alaska east to the shores of Hudson and James bays; disjunct in the Maritime Provinces, eastern Quebec, and immediately north of and adjacent to Lake Superior; in the Yukon Territory common throughout the southern half; ssp. arida also scattered north to the Porcupine River.
Arnica
Anthemis L. chamomile
553
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Anthemis
Anthemis cotula L. mayweed, stinking chamomile ✒ Ill-scented annual; stems 10–50 cm high, glabrous to more or less pubescent. Leaves alternate, 2- to 3-pinnately dissected, with segments narrow, acute, glandular-dotted. Heads solitary at ends of upper branches, 12–25 mm in diameter; involucral bracts oblong, blunt, more or less glabrous, with broad scarious margins, and with a green central stripe; receptacle long-conical, chaffy in the middle; ray florets white, sterile, becoming reflexed in age; disc florets yellow; achenes about 1.5 mm long, ribbed and rough-tuberculate; pappus absent. ✿ Waste ground. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America found from Newfoundland to Alaska and south into the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from early collections in the vicinity of Dawson.
Arnica L.
Arnica
Perennial rhizomatose herbs; stems erect, simple or branched above. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or toothed. Heads radiate and showy, solitary or in 2 or more pairs below terminal head; involucre campanulate; bracts in 1 or 2 series, subequal, herbaceous; ligules mostly bright yellow (absent in A. parryi), with disc flowers slightly darker; achenes elongate, 5- to 10-ribbed, hirsute to glabrous; pappus milky white or strawcolored, in a single series of capillary and barbellate to subplumose bristles. A. Pappus brownish or straw-colored B. Heads solitary, nodding; anthers dark purple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. lessingii B. Heads usually several, not nodding; anthers yellow C. Ligules lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. parryi C. Ligules present D. Stem leaves in 5 or more pairs E. Bracts acute to acuminate, hairy and stipitate-glandular; cauline leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. amplexicaulis E. Bracts obtuse to acute, pilose but lacking stipitate glands; cauline leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. chamissonis D. Stem leaves mostly in 2–4(5) pairs F. Middle stem leaves usually largest; heads narrow, more or less turbinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. diversifolia F. Lower stem leaves usually largest; heads wider, nearly hemispherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. mollis A. Pappus milky white G. Heads solitary, nodding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. griscomii ssp. frigida G. Heads erect, 1 to several
554
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
H. Basal and lower stem leaves elliptic or cordate, usually long-petioled I. Involucre densely white-pilose; achenes short-hairy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cordifolia I.
Involucre with few or no long hairs; achenes glabrous at least in lower part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. latifolia
H. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate J. Lower leaves long-petioled; blade denticulate and with prominent veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. lonchophylla J.
Lower leaves short-petioled; blade entire or sometimes irregularly toothed and with less prominent veins K. Plants conspicuously white woolly-villous. . . . . . . . . . . . A. angustifolia ssp. tomentosa K. Plants not conspicuously white woolly- villous L. Bracts densely white-villous at base; flowering stems to 30 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. angustifolia ssp. angustifolia L. Bracts and peduncle with obvious long-stipitate glandular hairs intermixed with lanate pilosity; flowering stems up to 45 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. angustifolia ssp. attenuata
Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. ✒ Stems 30–60 cm or more high, hairy and glandular to nearly glabrous, arising few or several together from a short stout rhizome. Cauline leaves usually in 5 or 6 pairs, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, more or less toothed; middle leaves largest; lowermost leaves smaller, short-petioled; upper leaves usually not much reduced. Heads 3–5, broadly campanulate; involucre 9–15 mm high; bracts narrow, acute or acuminate, hairy and stipitate-glandular; ligules pale yellow; achenes 4–6 mm long, hairy and glandular; pappus subplumose, light brown. ✿ Moist woods. ● North American, alpine-subalpine, cordilleran; from the Pacific northwest, entering southern Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie mountains of south-western District of Mackenzie, south to California and Montana; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Arnica angustifolia Vahl in Hornem. ssp. angustifolia A. alpina (L.) Olin ssp. angustifolia (Vahl in Hornem.) Maguire ✒ Stems simple, 10–30 cm high, more or less villose, often somewhat glandular, arising from a slender scaly rhizome. Basal leaves oblanceolate, short-petiolate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire, more or less villous, slightly glandular; cauline leaves 1–3 pairs, lanceolate to linear, acute to acuminate, sessile. Heads usually 1 or less, often with 2 smaller lateral heads; involucre 10–14 mm high; bracts lanceolate, densely white-villose at base; ligules yellow; achenes 5–7 mm long, white-hirsute; pappus white.
Arnica
555
Arnica angustifolia Vahl in Hornem. ssp. attenuata (Greene) Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas A. attenuata Greene A. alpina (L.) Olin ssp. attenuata (Greene) Maguire ✒ Differing from ssp. angustifolia in its often taller stature (up to 45 cm or more); cauline leaves in 4 or 5 pairs; obvious long-stipitate glandular hairs intermixed with lanate pilosity of bracts and peduncle; achenes 4.5–5.5 mm long.
Arnica angustifolia Vahl in Hornem. ssp. tomentosa (J.M. Macoun) Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas A. tomentosa J.M. Macoun A. alpina (L.) Olin ssp. tomentosa (J.M. Macoun) Maguire ✒ Differing from ssp. angustifolia and ssp. attenuata in having conspicuously tomentose stems and leaves. ✿ Ssp. angustifolia on arctic and alpine tundra and rocky slopes; ssp. attenuata on moist riverbanks and in open woodlands; ssp. tomentosa on stony and gravelly slopes. ● North America; ssp. angustifolia arctic-alpine, Greenland to Alaska, and in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast; ssp. attenuata from Alaska and east to Hudson Bay, Quebec and south into northern British Columbia, and in the Yukon Territory north to the British Mountains; ssp. tomentosa in the Canadian Rocky Mountains north to southern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and western District of Mackenzie, and south to Montana, and disjunct to Quebec and Newfoundland.
Arnica chamissonis Less. s.l. ✒ Stems solitary, usually unbranched, 20–80 cm high, pubescent, more or less densely glandular above, arising from a long yellow-brown rhizome. Cauline leaves 5–8 pairs, lanceolate to oblanceolate, sessile, or with lowermost petiolate, not much reduced above, entire or finely denticulate. Heads 3–7; involucre 8–12 mm high; bracts lanceolate, obtuse to acute, fresh green, conspicuously pilose at apex; ligules pale yellow; achenes 4–6 mm long, coal black when ripe, hairy and glandular to glabrate; pappus pale straw-colored, barbellate to sub-plumose. The following subspecies may be distinguished:
A. Pappus subplumose, tawny; involucre densely villous, with some sessile glands; basal hairs of involucre with prominent crosswalls; leaves usually sessile (lowermost sometimes short-petiolate), toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ssp. chamissonis A. Pappus barbellate, whitish to straw-colored; involucre densely villous, without sessile glands; basal hairs of involucre with less prominent crosswalls; leaves long-petiolate (at least lowermost ones), usually entire
556
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
B. Leaves less densely hairy, never silvery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ssp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire B. Leaves densely silvery-tomentose ssp. incana (Gray) Maguire ✿
Meadows, moist slopes, thickets, and roadsides. ● North America; from southern Alaska and southwest Yukon Territory south to California and New Mexico, and east to Hudson and James bays, Ontario.
ssp. chamissonis
ssp. chamissonis
ssp. foliosa
ssp. foliosa
ssp. incana
ssp. incana
Arnica cordifolia Hook. ✒ Stems 30–50 cm or more high, usually simple, glandular-puberulent to densely villous, singly or few together from a slender rhizome. Cauline leaves in 2–4(6) pairs, 3–10 cm long, cordate or subcordate, dentate to coarsely dentate, puberulent to somewhat villous, occasionally stipitateglandular, petiolate or with uppermost ones nearly sessile; basal leaves long-petioled. Heads broadly campanulate, usually single or in some 3–5 in a corymb; peduncle pilose and stipitate-glandular; involucre 14–20 cm high; bracts narrowly ovate to lanceolate, pilose at base, puberulent above, occasionally glandular; ligules 6–13, yellow; achenes dark gray, 5–10 mm long, more or less short-hirsute; pappus white.
Arnica
557
✿ Moist Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, or Pinus contorta woodlands or occasionally subalpine meadows. ● North America, cordilleran; extending northward into southern Yukon Territory, southwestern District of Mackenzie, disjunct eastward to eastern central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and Lake Superior, and south to California, northern Arizona, and New Mexico.
Arnica diversifolia Greene ✒ Stems 15–40 cm high, erect or ascending, subglabrous below to sparsely villous and glandular above, arising singly or several together from a coarse rhizome. Basal leaves small, borne on short slender petioles, withering early; cauline leaves in 3–4(5) pairs, sessile or with lower ones short wing-petiolate; middle leaves usually largest, with blades ovate or deltoid to elliptic or lance-elliptic, irregularly toothed. Heads 1–3 or more; involucre 10–15 mm high; bracts lanceolate, acute to acuminate, more or less pilose, frequently glandular; ligules yellow; achenes 5–7 mm long, more or less hairy, glandular in some; pappus subplumose, tawny. Possibly of hybrid origin between A. latifolia and A. amplexicaulis. ✿ Moist open woodland. ● North America, cordilleran; extending south to California and barely entering southwestern Yukon Territory, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Arnica griscomii Fern. ssp. frigida (C.A. Mey. ex Iljin) S.J. Wolf A. frigida C.A. Mey. ex Iljin A. louiseana Farr. ssp. frigida (C.A. Mey. ex Iljin) Maguire A. frigida C.A. Mey. ex Iljin var. glandulosa Boivin ✒ Stems usually simple, erect, more or less villous with septate hairs, occasionally somewhat glandular, arising from an ascending branched black-scaly rhizome. Leaves mainly basal, 2–6 cm or more long, lanceolate to oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, narrowing to a short-winged petiole, entire to serrate, glabrate to sparingly pubescent, especially on margins. Heads solitary, nodding in youth; involucre 10–18 mm high; bracts lanceolate, attenuate to acuminate, more or less pilose, frequently reddish, ciliate at apex; ligules yellow; achenes 4–6 mm long; pappus white. ✿ Alpine herbmats and rocky slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to Great Bear Lake and the Coronation Gulf area of the District of Mackenzie and south into the extreme northern part of British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 133° W.
558
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Arnica latifolia Bong. ✒ Stems 15–40 cm or more high, usually simple, glabrate to villous, from a stout ascending rhizome. Cauline leaves in 2–4(5) pairs, 2–10 cm long, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, serrate to dentate, glabrous to somewhat villous, sessile to subsessile or with lowermost ones short-petioled and with basal leaves long-petioled. Heads narrowly turbinate, usually single or in some 3–5 or more in a corymb; peduncle glabrous to somewhat villous; involucre 9–17 mm high, with few or no long hairs; bracts lanceolate to oblanceolate, more or less villous, glandular; ligules 8–15, yellow; achenes dark brown, 5–9 mm long, somewhat stipitate-glandular, with a few hairs but glabrous in lower part; pappus white. ✿ Alpine and subalpine meadows. ● North America, cordilleran, Pacific coast; extending north into southern Alaska, southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and barely entering the District of Mackenzie in the Mackenzie Mountains, and south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Arnica lessingii Greene A. porsildiorum Boivin ✒ Stems usually solitary, 10–25 cm or more high, erect or ascending, more or less villous with septate hairs (especially in upper part), arising from a slender ascending rhizome. Leaves mainly basal, lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic, entire to serrate, ciliate, pubescent on upper surface, with broadly winged petioles. Heads solitary, nodding; involucres 12–17 mm high; bracts lanceolate to elliptic, callous at apex, pilose with multicellular brownish hairs; ligules yellow; anthers dark purplish; achenes 5.0–6.5 mm long; pappus brownish yellow. ✿ Alpine tundra and lichen heath. ● Amphi-Beringian, arctic-alpine; extending eastward across the Yukon Territory to the eastern slopes of the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains in the District of Mackenzie and south into northern British Columbia.
Arnica lonchophylla Greene A. angustifolia Vahl in Hornem. ssp. lonchophylla (Greene) Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas ✒ Stems mostly solitary, simple, or branching in some, 20–50 cm high, glandularpuberulent especially above, with spreading hairs, arising from a slender branching rhizome. Lower leaves elliptic to lanceolate, petiolate, denticulate or dentate-serrate, glandular-puberulent to glabrate, with prominent veins; cauline leaves in 2–3 pairs, reduced above, mostly sessile. Heads 1 to several; involucre 8–12 mm high; bracts lanceolate, acute, densely glandular, more or less spreading hairy; ligules yellow; achenes 4.0–6.3 mm long, hispid, more or less stipitate-glandular; pappus white. ✿ Dry open slopes, riverbanks, sandy or gravelly places, and roadsides. ● North America; from northern Ontario to central Alaska south to western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 64° N.
Artemisia
559
Arnica mollis Hook. A. amplexicaulis Nutt. ssp. prima sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Stems simple, 20–40 cm or more high, pubescent and glandular, arising singly or several together from an ascending branched rhizome. Cauline leaves in (2)3–4 pairs, narrowly ovate to oblanceolate or lanceolate, denticulate or rarely dentate, sessile or with lowermost ones petiolate; lower leaves usually largest. Heads solitary or with 1 or 2 lateral and smaller heads; involucre about 12 mm high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy toward base, glandular above; ligules yellow; achenes 5–7 mm long, hairy; pappus subplumose, brownish. ✿ Alpine meadows. ● North American, cordilleran; in north to south-central Alaska, the mountains of southern Yukon Territory, and the Mackenzie Mountains in south-western District of Mackenzie, and south to California, Utah, and Colorado; considered rare in the Yukon Territory by Douglas et al. (1981).
Arnica parryi Gray ✒ Stems simple or branched above, 20– 60 cm high, more or less villous, stipitateglandular in upper part, arising from a slender horizontal rhizome. Basal leaves small, withering early; cauline leaves in 2–4 pairs, with lowermost ones largest and petiolate, and with upper ones much-reduced and sessile; blades lanceolate. Heads usually several; buds nodding; involucre 10–14 mm high; bracts lanceolate, acute, puberulent and glandular-stipitate; ligules lacking; achenes 4–6 mm long, hairy to glabrous, glandular in some; pappus tawny, barbellate to subplumose. ✿ Rich alpine meadows, steep ravines, and ledges. ● North America, cordilleran; from British Columbia and southwestern Alberta, south to California and Colorado, disjunct to the Canol Road area in southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Artemisia L. wormwood
Artemisia
Annual or biennial or perennial herbs or subshrubs, with watery juice, frequently aromatic. Leaves alternate, entire or variously dissected. Heads small, often nodding, in panicled, racemose or spicate inflorescences; involucres imbricated; bracts more or less scarious-margined; flowers all tubular, variously sterile, merely pistillate, or perfect; achenes usually glabrous; pappus lacking. A. Annual or biennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. biennis A. Perennial B. Plants sticky-glandular-dotted throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. rupestris ssp. woodii B. Plants not as above C. Leaves all linear, or with lowermost ones 3-cleft at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. dracunculus C. Leaves variously lobed to 2–3 pinnate or palmate, or with uppermost ones sometimes linear
560
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
D. Stems 4–15 cm high; inflorescence mostly capitate E. Flowers purplish black; corollas glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. globularia E. Flowers yellow; corollas usually hairy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. glomerata D. Stems usually higher; inflorescence spikelike, racemose or paniculate F. Mat-forming, with a stout woody and much-branched crown. . . . . . . . . . . . . A. frigida F. Rhizomatous or caespitose, with a taproot or with a woody caudex G. Leaves mainly cauline H. Leaves bipinnatifid, with ultimate segments often toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. michauxiana H. Leaves deeply divided or pinnatifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. tilesii G. Leaves mainly basal I. Basal leaves 2- to 3-pinnate J.
Flowering heads up to 10 mm in diameter, nodding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. norvegica ssp. saxatilis
J.
Flowering heads smaller, spreading to nodding K. Leaves glandular-dotted; corollas hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. laciniata K. Leaves not glandular-dotted; corollas glabrous L. Stems and leaves distinctly hoary; corollas yellow below, purplish in upper part . . . . . . . . . . . A. richardsiana L. Stems villous-tomentose to glabrate or glabrous; leaves strigulose to densely silky-pilose; corollas yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. campestris
I.
Basal leaves once or twice ternately or palmately divided M. Flowering stems arising from woody branches of previous season; lower leaves usually once to twice ternately divided. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alaskana M. Flowering stems arising directly from caudex N. Stems 4–8 cm high; leaves more or less strigulose on both sides, with segments obtuse to acutish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. furcata N. Stems 10–50 cm high; leaves somewhat strigulose to densely silky-pilose, with segments acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. campestris
Artemisia alaskana Rydb. A. kruhsiana sensu Hultén (1950) A. cana sensu Hultén (1968) ✒ Caespitose perennial, from a stout subligneous many-headed and branching caudex; stems 20–50 cm or more high, simple or branched above, erect or ascending, whitetomentose. Basal leaves 1–5 cm long, once or twice ternately divided; segments oblong to linear, blunt; cauline leaves reduced above, becoming once ternate and eventually entire in inflorescence, tomentose on both sides or sometimes greenish above. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose;
Artemisia
561
heads nodding; involucres 3.5–5.0 mm high; bracts tomentose, with brownish hyaline margins; corollas yellowish, frequently glandular-dotted; achenes glabrous. ✿ Gravel creek beds, scree and gravel slopes, open hillsides, and floodplains. ● North America; endemic to Alaska and the Yukon Territory, where widespread west of longitude 132° W, and barely entering the District of Mackenzie in the Richardson Mountains and British Columbia in the extreme northwest.
Artemisia biennis Willd. biennial sagewort, biennial wormwood ✒ Annual or biennial herbs, with taproots; stems 15–60 cm high (higher southward), glabrous. Basal leaves withering early; cauline leaves 5–15 cm long, twice pinnately cleft, or with upper ones pinnatifid, with divisions lanceolate or linear, toothed, glabrous. Inflorescence spicate or in spicate panicles, leafy; heads numerous, dense; involucres 2–3 mm high; bracts greenish or yellowish, hyaline margined, glabrous; corollas glabrous; achenes glabrous. ✿ Riverbank, but elsewhere a weed of waste places. ● Introduced weed widely spread in North America; in the Yukon Territory known only from the junction of Rat Indian Creek and the Porcupine River (67°34’ N 138°20’ W).
Artemisia campestris L. s.l. A. canadensis Michx. A. borealis Pall. A. campestris L. ssp. borealis (Pall.) Hall & Clem. ✒ Perennial herbs, with a simple or branched caudex; stems 10–50 cm or more high, villous-tomentose to glabrate or glabrous. Basal leaves 2–17 cm long, 2- to 3-pinnately or palmately divided; segments narrowly oblong to linear, acute, somewhat strigulose to densely silkypilose; cauline leaves becoming smaller and less-divided above. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate; heads many, sessile or pedunculate; involucres 2.5–5.0 mm high; bracts glabrous to somewhat pilose, greenish to yellowish, with hyaline margins; corollas somewhat hairy to glabrous. This complex species includes a number of races that have overlapping characters and are difficult to separate. ✿ Riverbeds, prairie and rocky slopes, open woods, waste areas, and roadsides. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the west to New Mexico and Arizona; in the Yukon Territory found north to the southern Richardson Mountains.
562
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Artemisia dracunculus L. dragonwort, tarragon ✒ Perennial herb, with a stout woody caudex, and with fibrous roots; stems 50–90 cm or more high, glabrous. Leaves mainly cauline, 1–7 cm long, linear or with lowermost ones 3-cleft, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate; heads nodding, sessile or short-pedunculate; involucres 2–4 mm high; bracts greenish or yellowish, hyalinemargined, glabrous; corollas glabrous; achenes glabrous. ✿ Open dry slopes. ● Eurasia; in North America found in prairies from Manitoba to British Columbia south to California and Texas and northward into southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and above the Glenallen Highway in southern Alaska.
Artemisia frigida L. prairie sagewort, pasture sage ✒ Mat-forming strongly aromatic perennial, with a stout subwoody and muchbranched crown; flowering stems usually arising from prostrate or ascending woody offsets, 10–40 cm or more high, whitecanescent or tomentose. Basal leaves crowded, twice-pinnatifid, with linear to linear-filiform divisions silvery-canescent; upper cauline leaves smaller and less dissected. Heads usually paniculate; involucres 2.0–3.5 mm high; bracts with a green centre, and with brownish hyaline margins, pilose-tomentose; corollas yellow or tinged with red; achenes glabrous. A form with glabrous receptacles found in the Kluane Lake area (var. williamsae Welsh) should not be confused with the densely glandular-dotted A. rupestris ssp. woodii, which is endemic to alpine areas in southwestern Yukon Territory. ✿ Steep open slopes and sandy river terraces. ● Central Asia and North America; from southern Manitoba to British Columbia and the eastern part of Alaska, north to the Arctic coast in western District of Mackenzie, and south to Minnesota, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N and then disjunct to the Porcupine River area.
Artemisia furcata Bieb. A. hyperborea Rydb. A. trifurcata Steph. ex Spreng. ✒ Perennial with a short woody usually branching caudex bearing persistent leaf bases, and with a taproot; stems simple, 4–18 cm high, strigulose to glabrate. Basal leaves 1–5 cm long, ternately or palmately 2- or 3-divided, more or less strigulose on both sides; segments linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse to acutish; cauline leaves pinnate to ternate, or with upper ones entire. Inflorescence racemose to spicate; heads several to numerous, sessile, or with lower ones pedunculate; involucres 3–6 mm high; bracts greenish with brownish scarious margins, more or less pilose; corollas yellowish, glandular-dotted, glabrous or nearly so; achenes glabrous. ✿ Arctic and alpine tundra and talus slopes.
Artemisia
563
● Amphi-Beringian, with widely disjunct stands east to District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory known in the southwest and near Dawson, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Artemisia globularia Cham. ex Bess. ✒ Perennial with a short woody caudex; stems 1 or more, erect, 4–15 cm high, light green to purplish, villous-tomentose, especially toward apex. Leaves of basal rosettes 1–5 cm long, ternately or palmately 1- or 2-divided, more or less strigulose; segments oblong to linear, blunt; petioles broad, flat; cauline leaves few, usually 1-ternate. Inflorescence at first subcapitate, elongating with lower peduncled heads supported by leafy bracts; involucres 3.5–6.0 mm high; bracts with large green centres, and with narrow brownish-scarious margins, pilose; corollas usually purplish and often glandular, glabrous; achenes glabrous. ✿ Dry rocky rubble on steep alpine slope. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward in mountainous regions to about longitude 150° W, and then disjunct to the British Mountains in northwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Artemisia glomerata Ledeb. ✒ Perennial with usually branched caudex covered in upper part with persistent leaf bases; stems 5–15 cm high, pilose to villous-tomentose. Basal leaves 0.5–3.0 cm or more long, 1- to 2-ternately divided, whitish-strigulose; cauline leaves ternately or pinnately divided or simple. Heads few to many, subcapitate or densely spicate, or with lower ones pedunculate and racemose; involucres 3–4 mm high; bracts green in centre, with brown scarious margins; corollas yellow, glandular-dotted and usually hairy; achenes glabrous. ✿ Alpine and arctic tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across northern Alaska to the British Mountains in northwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Artemisia laciniata Willd. A. laciniatiformis Kom. A. macrobotrys Ledeb. pro parte ✒ Perennial with a thick simple or branched caudex and taproot; stems 20–60 cm high, pubescent to glabrate. Basal leaves 5–20 cm long; blades 2- to 3-times pinnately divided; segments lance-acute, pubescent especially below, and glandulardotted; cauline leaves smaller, 1- to 2-times pinnately divided, or with uppermost ones simple. Inflorescence paniculate to spicate; heads nodding, sessile to pedunculate; involucres 3–5 mm high; bracts with greenish centres, and with dark to light brown hyaline margins, somewhat pilose to glabrous; corollas hairy, yellowish; achenes glabrous. ✿ Grassy flats, riverbanks, and open wooded slopes. ● Eurasia and North America; in central Alaska and in the Yukon Territory found in the Minto–Carmacks area where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
564
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Artemisia michauxiana Bess. in Hook. ✒ Perennial rhizomatous, or with a woody caudex and taproot; stems several, 20–50 cm or more high, white-tomentose to glabrous. Leaves mostly cauline, 1.5–7.0 cm long, 1- to 2-pinnately divided, whitetomentose below; divisions short-linear to lanceolate, frequently toothed; upper leaves smaller, with uppermost ones linear. Inflorescence elongate, narrow; involucres 3–4 mm high; bracts greenish to yellowish with hyaline margins, glabrous or nearly so; corollas yellowish, sometimes tinged with purple, glabrous, more or less glandulardotted; achenes glabrous. ✿ Open rocky slopes. ● North America, cordilleran; disjunct to near Little Atlin Lake in southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981) and extending southward to Utah, Nevada, and Wyoming.
Artemisia norvegica Fries ssp. saxatilis (Bess. ex Hook.) Hall & Clem. A. arctica Less. A. norvegica Fries var. saxatilis (Bess. ex Hook.) Jeps. A. arctica Less. ssp. comata (Rydb.) Hultén A. norvegica Fries var. comata (Rydb.) Welsh ✒ Caespitose perennial, arising from a stout erect-ascending subligneous, freely branching caudex; stems 10–60 cm or more high, fresh green or purplish. Leaves of basal rosettes 5–20 cm long, 2–3 times pinnately divided, with slender petioles about as long as the blade, glabrous, or nearly so; segments lance-attenuate to acute; cauline leaves similar to basal leaves, becoming smaller above, often with stipulelike divisions at base. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; heads several to numerous, nodding, sessile or pedunculate; involucres 3.5–7.0 mm high; bracts glabrous or pilose with long hairs, with scarious dark margins contrasting with narrow green centre; corollas usually long-hairy from near base, and usually reddish-tinged; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist alpine meadows and tundra, rocky slopes, cobble of riverbeds, heathlands, and occasionally open woods. ● Eurasia and North America; Alaska eastward throughout the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie, south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Colorado and California.
Artemisia
565
Artemisia richardsoniana Bess. ✒ Densely caespitose perennial, with a stout taproot; stems 8–25 cm high, distinctly hoary. Basal leaves numerous, 3–8 cm long, 2- or 3-short-pinnate, distinctly hoary; divisions lanceolate or linear, acute; cauline leaves few, linear, or with lowermost ones pinnately divided. Inflorescence at first compact and almost capitate, tardily elongating with lower heads each supported by a leafy bract; heads sessile or short-pedunculate; involucres 2.0–3.5 mm high; bracts ovate, with greenish to brownish centres, and with wide usually roseate scarious margins, and somewhat hoary; corollas yellowish below, purplish in upper part, glabrous. ✿ Coastal dunes and gravel cobble of riverbeds. ● Western North American Arctic; endemic from northwestern Alaska to Banks and Victoria islands and the Arctic coast east to Coronation Gulf; in the Yukon Territory in the British Mountains and on the Arctic coast.
Artemisia rupestris L. ssp. woodii Neilson ✒ Caespitose aromatic sticky-glandular perennial, forming mats up to 1 m in diameter; vegetative shoots 3–5 cm long, decumbent or weakly ascending; stems 5–25 cm or more high, glabrous or with long simple or branched hairs. Leaves of vegetative shoots 5–10 mm or more long, dark green, 1- or 2-pinnately divided to near midrib, with a few simple or branched hairs; divisions linear-lanceolate, bluntish; petioles broadly winged, ciliate near base; lower cauline leaves similar to those of vegetative shoots, with those of upper stem becoming muchreduced and nearly linear. Inflorescence a narrow raceme; heads nodding, with lower ones often pedunculate; involucres 3–4 mm high; bracts with green centres, and with broad brownish scarious margins, glandular-dotted, ciliate; corollas glandular-dotted, glabrous, brownish yellow, frequently tinged with purple; receptacle densely covered with stiff white hairs; achenes glabrous. ✿ Alpine slopes. ● North America; endemic to southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. s.l. ✒ Perennial herbs, with stout rhizomes and fibrous roots; stems 15–100 cm or more high, tomentose to glabrate. Leaves mostly cauline, 2–10 cm or more long, 1- or 2-pinnatifid with lobes ascending, or with uppermost entire, densely gray-canescent below, green and glabrous to somewhat tomentose above. Inflorescence paniculate; heads few to many, usually nodding, sessile or short- pedunculate; involucres 3–5 mm high; bracts with greenish tomentose to nearly glabrous centres, and with brownish scarious margins; corollas yellow or tinged with red, glabrous; achenes glabrous. Var. tilesii and var. unalaschcensis (Bess.) Hultén (var. elatior T. & G.) have been separated on the basis of density of the inflorescence and the surpassing of
566
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) the inflorescence by the upper leaves and the divisions of the leaves, but they are not always readily recognizable. ✿ Open woods, river flats to heathlands, and alpine tundra. ● Asia and northwestern North America east to James Bay, Quebec and south to Oregon; found throughout most of the Yukon Territory.
Aster L. aster
Aster
Annual or perennial herbs; stems mostly leafy. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Flowering heads few (rarely solitary) to many; ray flowers pistillate and fertile; disc flowers perfect and fertile. A. Plants glandular, at least in the upper part B. Leaves linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. yukonensis B. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate C. Leaves lanceolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. modestus C. Leaves oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. alpinus ssp. vierhapperi A. Upper stems and involucres not glandular D. Plants annual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. brachyactis D. Plants perennial E. Lower stem leaves with winged petioles F. Blade of lower leaves rounded to cordate at base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. ciliolatus F. Blade of lower leaves narrowed into petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. laevis E. Lower stem leaves not wing-petioled G. Leaves all linear H. Stems puberulent in lines below upper leaves; involucral bracts not spine-tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. borealis H. Stems more or less pubescent; involucral bracts spine-tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . A. falcatus G. Lower leaves broader I. Pappus reddish brown; larger leaves scattered on middle and upper part of stem, lanceolate to elliptic to oblong, sessile, sharply serrate to entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sibiricus I. Pappus white to tan; larger leaves usually crowded toward base, oblanceolate, tapering to short petiole, entire . . . . . . . A. alpinus ssp. vierhapperi
Aster alpinus L. ssp. vierhapperi Onno A. alpinus L. var. vierhapperi (Onno) Cronq. ✒ Stems 8–30 cm high, erect or ascending, villous, arising from an ascending subligneous stout and branched rhizome. Basal leaves numerous, oblanceolate, obtuse, 2–6 cm or more long, 0.6–1.0 cm or more wide, tapering to petiole, ciliate, spreading hairy on both surfaces; cauline leaves 5–8, sessile, linear, acutish, with uppermost ones much-reduced. Head solitary, showy, 3–4 cm in diameter; involucre 14–20 mm high; bracts oblong, usually hairy; ligules papery, white or lavender; pappus white to tan; achenes pubescent. Entire plant viscid-mealy in life from tiny resinous glands.
Aster
567
✿
Dry sunny slopes and terraces chiefly on calcareous rock. Cordilleran; extending northward into southern Alaska, in the Yukon Territory north to the British and Richardson mountains, in western District of Mackenzie to Great Bear Lake and the Richardson Mountains, and disjunct to northern Ontario. ●
Aster borealis (T. & G.) Provancher A. junciformis Rydb. ✒ Perennial, usually with thin elongated rhizomes; stems 15–50 cm or more high, thin, glabrous below, puberulent in lines from upper leaf bases. Lower cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile or subclasping; upper leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, reduced upwards; leaf margins usually inrolled, scabrous with stiff antrorse hairs. Heads usually few, occasionally single; involucre 4–6 mm high; bracts oblong, more or less acute, greenish or whitish; ligules 7–15 mm long, white to pale violet; pappus white; achenes pubescent. ✿ Bogs, wet meadows, and damp mossy openings in muskeg forest. ● North America; from Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Minnesota, Colorado, and Idaho; in southwestern Yukon Territory north to about latitude 62°30’ N.
Aster brachyactis Blake A. angustus (Lindl.) T. & G. A. laurentianus sensu auth. non Fern. rayless aster ✒ Annual herb, with a weak taproot; stems erect or ascending, simple or bushybranched, 20–50 cm or more high. Cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1–4 cm long, ciliate, sessile or nearly so; basal leaves usually absent by flowering time. Heads numerous in an open panicle, solitary at ends of leafy branches; involucre 5–8 mm high; bracts lance-linear, acute, glabrous on the back, ciliate or glabrous on margins; ray flowers mostly lacking; disc flowers usually concealed by white pappus; achenes pubescent. ✿ Alkaline meadow near small pond. ● Boreal North America; from Quebec to Alberta and southward, north to the Great Slave Lake area in southern District of Mackenzie, and disjunct to the Takhini River area in southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); introduced in parts of its range.
568
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Aster ciliolatus Lindl. A. lindleyanus T. & G. ✒ Rhizomatous perennial; stems single or occasionally several together, simple or much-branched above, 20–60 cm or more high, pubescent with multicellular hairs or glabrous. Basal and lower leaves with winged petioles as long as the blade or longer; blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base, serrate; leaf margins scabrous with stiff antrorse hairs; cauline leaves lanceolate, becoming smaller and sessile upwards. Heads few to many in an open panicle; involucral bracts 5–8 mm long, linear-attenuate, with a green centre, and with scarious margins; ligules pale violet or light blue; achenes glabrous or nearly so. ✿ Open woodland adjacent to hot springs. ● North America; from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south into the northern United States, north along the Mackenzie River to Great Bear Lake in the District of Mackenzie, and barely entering extreme southeastern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); introduced in parts of its range in the east. ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Aster falcatus Lindl. A. elegantulus A.E. Porsild A. ericoides L. var. commutatus (T. & G.) Boivin A. commutatus (T. & G.) A. Gray Virgulus falcatus (Lindl.) Reveal & Keener western heath aster ✒ Perennial herb, with a short rhizome or cormoid rootstock; stems 10–50 cm or more high, more or less pubescent. Lower cauline leaves oblanceolate, sessile, early deciduous; upper cauline leaves linear to oblanceolate, spine-tipped, coarsely ciliate, more or less appressed pubescent; branch leaves many, smaller. Heads few to many, in paniculate clusters; involucres 4–7 mm high; bracts lanceolate, spinetipped, ciliate, more or less pubescent; ligules 6–10 mm long, white or pinkish; pappus whitish; achenes hairy. Aster ✿ Riverbanks, scrub prairie, and lake margins. ● North America; from Manitoba to British Columbia and into western Yukon Territory north to latitude 64°30’ N, where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981), and south to Minnesota, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Aster laevis L. ssp. geyeri (A. Gray) Piper A. laevis L. var. geyeri A. Gray smooth aster ✒ Perennial herb, with a short ascending rhizome; stems erect, 40–60 cm or more high, glabrous or with some hairs in leaf axes. Basal leaves spatulate, with entire to serrate margins, early deciduous; lower cauline leaves lanceolate, narrowed into winged petioles, with entire or sparsely toothed margins, often early deciduous; upper stem leaves broadly lanceolate to
Aster
569
linear-lanceolate, clasping or auriculate at base, leathery. Inflorescence paniculate, with few to many heads; involucres 5–7 mm high; bracts linear to narrowly lanceolate, with firm white margins, and with narrow green centre and tip, glabrous; ligules 6–12 mm long, pale blue to deep purple; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. ✿ Open dry areas. ● North America; from southern Saskatchewan to British Columbia south to Georgia, Missouri, Kansas, New Mexico, and Washington; known in the Yukon Territory only from Marsh Lake (60°31’ N 134°20’ W).
Aster modestus Lindl. in DC. western bog aster ✒ Perennial herb, from a slender horizontally creeping rhizome; stems 30–50 cm or more high, reddish brown, pubescent with multicellular hairs and becoming glabrous below, and with multicellular hairs and stipitate glands above. Leaves lanceolate, 4–8 cm long, somewhat clasping at base, strigose to glabrous above, more or less softpubescent below, occasionally with a few sharp teeth toward apex. Heads in an open leafy panicle, few to 12; involucre 7–9 mm high; bracts linear-attenuate, often purplish, glandular; ligules 7–11 mm long, rose to dark purple; disc flowers white to pale yellow; pappus yellowish; achenes somewhat strigose. ✿ Adjacent to hot springs and lakeshores. ● North America; from New Brunswick, northwestern Quebec, and Ontario to southeast Alaska, south to Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Aster sibiricus L. ✒ Freely branched perennial, with a slender creeping and branched rhizome; stems leafy, single or several together, ascending to erect, 20–40 cm or more high, glabrate or copiously woolly. Lower cauline leaves shorter than those above, short-petiolate; middle and upper cauline leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, sharply serrate to entire, sessile, ciliate, hairy to glabrate above, hairy below. Heads 1 to several; bracts 7–15 mm high, oblong to lance-oblong, ciliate; ligules 8–15 mm long, purple; pappus reddish brown; achenes hairy. ✿ Gravelly river flats and banks, dry meadows, and open woods. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending across Alaska and throughout the Yukon Territory to Bathurst Inlet and eastern Great Slave Lake in the District of Mackenzie and south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming.
570
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Aster yukonensis Cronq. ✒ Perennial herb, with elongate rhizomes and short caudex; stems usually several together, ascending, 5–25 cm high, more or less villous, glandular in upper part. Leaves 1.5–6.0 cm long, mostly linear, acute, entire, sessile or somewhat clasping, with upper ones sparsely hairy and quite glandular on both surfaces. Heads solitary or in corymbose clusters; involucres 7–10 mm high; bracts oblong, acute, villous with flattened hairs and glandular; ligules 6–10 mm long, blue to purple; pappus purplish to whitish; achenes hairy. ✿ Mud flats, lakeshores, and gravelly slopes. ● North America; endemic to the Kluane Lake area in the Yukon Territory, the Brooks Range in Alaska, and the Mackenzie Mountains and middle Mackenzie River in the District of Mackenzie; considered rare in the Yukon Territory and Canada by Douglas et al. (1981).
Bidens L. bur-marigold, beggarticks
Bidens
Bidens cernua L. nodding beggarticks ✒ Glabrous annual; stems simple or freely branching, 15–40 cm high. Leaves opposite, connate, sessile; blades linearlanceolate to oblanceolate, 1.5–15 cm long, subentire or often coarsely toothed. Flowering heads globular, radiate or in some discoid, often nodding in fruit; outer involucral bracts usually leaflike, unequal, some reflexed; inner bracts membranous, yellow or streaked with red; rays 6–8, up to 1.5 cm long, yellow; achenes 5–7 mm long, cuneate, with 4 retrorsely barbed awns. ✿ Adjacent to hot springs. ● Circumpolar, often in weedy habitat; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Wyoming, Idaho, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Chrysanthemum L. daisy
Chrysanthemum
Perennial (ours) herbs, from a branching base or short rhizome; stems decumbent to ascending or erect, simple or branched. Leaves glabrous, entire or toothed. Heads usually solitary, many-flowered; involucral bracts in 2-to 3-series; ray flowers white, pistillate; disc flowers yellow, perfect. A. Basal leaves linear, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. integrifolium A. Basal leaves broader, crenate or lobed B. Basal leaves fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. arcticum ssp. polare B. Basal leaves not fleshy C. Middle and upper cauline leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, not conspicuously subpinnatifid at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. ircutianum C. Middle and upper cauline leaves narrowly oblong to oblonglanceolate, conspicously subpinnatifid at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. leucanthemum
Chrysanthemum
571
Chrysanthemum arcticum L. ssp. polare Hultén Dendranthema arcticum (L.) Tzvelev ssp. polare (Hultén) Tzvelev Leucanthemum arcticum (L.) A.DC. arctic daisy ✒ Stems simple, erect-ascending, 10–25 cm high, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, arising from a creeping caudex. Basal leaves fleshy, cuneate at base, toothed in upper part; cauline leaves smaller, with uppermost ones entire. Heads usually solitary, 3–4 cm wide; bracts 6–8 mm long, oblong to lance-oblong, with middle ones greenish, and with narrow margins dark brown; ray flowers white. ✿ Moist saline meadows, rocky crevices, or in moist gravel by the sea shore. ● Circumpolar with large gaps; in North America, Hudson and James Bays, and arctic coast of District of Mackenzie to northwestern coastal Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from Herschel Island and Shingle Point, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Chrysanthemum integrifolium Richards. ✒ Tufted dwarf plant, from a branched caudex; stems 5–10 cm high, woolly above. Basal leaves 1–2 cm long, linear to narrowly oblong, more or less pilose; cauline leaves 1 to several, similar, but smaller. Heads solitary, 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter; bracts 4–7 mm long, oblong, greenish in the middle, with broad brownish scarious margins; ray flowers white. ✿ Stony calcareous barrens. ● East Asia, North America, arctic-alpine; in North America, northern Quebec and Baffin Island to Alaska, south in the west to northern British Columbia; in the Yukon Territory found north of latitude 64° N.
Chrysanthemum ircutianum (DC.) Turcz. C. leucanthemum sensu Fernald (1950) Leucanthemum ircutianum DC. L. praecox (Horvatic) Horvatic ✒ Stems leafy, erect, simple or some forked above, 20–40 cm or more high, from a short subligneous rhizome. Basal leaves spatulate-obovate, with long slender petioles; blades long-petioled, crenate-dentate; middle and upper leaves oblong or oblanceolate, crenate or dentate above, with larger spreading teeth at base. Heads usually solitary, 3–5 cm wide; bracts 7–11 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, with narrow brownish margins; rays white, fading brownish. ✿ Fence row and grassy area by abandoned buildings. ● Adventive from Eurasia, widely distributed across North America, but much less frequent than the very similar C. leucanthemum; in the Yukon Territory known from a single collection at Dawson in 1949.
572
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. s.str. C. leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum sensu Fernald (1950) Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ox-eye daisy ✒ Stems leafy, erect, simple or some forked above, 20–40 cm or more high, from a short subligneous rhizome. Basal leaves long-petioled; blades pinnatifid or subpinnatifid or coarsely and irregularly toothed; middle and upper leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, conspicuously subpinnatifid at base. Heads usually solitary, 3–7 cm wide; bracts 7–11 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, with narrow brownish margins; rays white, fading brownish. ✿ Grassy scrub clearing by buildings. ● Adventive from Eurasia; widely distributed across North America and more frequent than and often confused with the somewhat similar C. ircutianum; in the Yukon Territory known only from adjacent to the Haines Highway.
Cirsium Mill. thistle
Cirsium
Cirsium foliosum (Hook.) DC. ✒ Biennial herb, from a taproot; stems 25–70 cm high, fleshy, hidden by numerous leaves. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, ascending, merely toothed or shallowly to deeply lobed, spiny on margins, sparsely pubescent above, tomentose to villous below. Heads 3 or 4 cm high, 5 or more in a compact cluster surrounded by and surpassed by leaves; outer bracts lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, spine-tipped, olive green; flowers white or pale pink; achenes about 4.5 mm long, oblong, flattish, glabrous. ✿ Meadows and dry knolls. ● Western North America; from Alberta and British Columbia extending southward to Montana and Wyoming and north into southwestern District of Mackenzie and southern Yukon Territory north to latitude 62°45’ N.
Crepis L. hawk’s-beard
Crepis
Annual and perennial herbs (ours), with milky juice. Leaves alternate or basal. Heads 1 to several; flowers yellow, ligulate and perfect; achenes cylindric, many-ribbed, beakless (ours); pappus of capillary white bristles. A. Annual with single leafy stem; leaves auriculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tectorum A. Perennial with numerous stems; leaves not auriculate B. Stems 2–8 cm high; alpine species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nana B. Stems 8–25 cm high; lowland species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. elegans
Crepis
573
Crepis elegans Hook. ✒ Tufted perennial, from a many-headed taproot; stems 8–25 cm high, branching above the middle. Lower leaves spatulate, entire or coarsely toothed to runcinate; petiole with a clasping base; upper leaves petiolate to sessile, linear to oblanceolate, entire or occasionally toothed. Heads in open terminal or axillary clusters; involucre 7–10 mm high, cylindrical; bracts narrowly oblong, greenish or blackish; achenes 4.5– 5.5 mm long, golden brown; ribs minutely roughened; beak delicate, 0.8–1.5 mm long. ✒ Sandy floodplains, riverbanks, lakeshores, and invading roadsides. ● Western North America; in central Alaska, Yukon Territory north to the Porcupine River valley, western District of Mackenzie, and south to Montana and Wyoming.
Crepis nana Richards. ✒ Perennial herbs, with a taproot; stems 2–8 cm high, branched, often hidden by leaves. Leaves mostly basal, 1–7 cm long, with oval or ovate blade tapered into a long narrow petiole, entire to lyrate-pinnatifid, glabrous, glaucous, purplish. Heads several to numerous, usually compact and cushionlike; involucre 7–12 mm high; outer bracts lance-attenuate; inner bracts narrowly oblong, greenish or blackish; achenes 4–6 mm long, with a short beak, or beakless; ribs smooth. ✿ Dry calcareous screes or gravelly places. ● Central and eastern Asia, North America, wide-ranging, arctic-alpine; from Newfoundland to Alaska and south in the Rocky Mountains to California and Utah; in the Yukon Territory mostly west of longitude 136° W.
Crepis tectorum L. annual hawk’s-beard ✒ Annual; stems erect, simple or branched above, 20–50 cm or more high, appressed pubescent to glabrous. Lower leaves petiolate, lanceolate to oblanceolate, denticulate to pinnatifid; cauline leaves becoming smaller and sessile upwards, mostly linear, auriculate. Heads usually numerous, subcorymbose; involucres 6–11 mm high; outer bracts subulate, shorter than inner ones, puberulent, often glandular-hairy; achenes 2.5–4.0 mm long, dark purplish brown, scarcely beaked. ✿ Weed of roadsides and townsites. ● Cosmopolitan; in North America, New Brunswick to British Columbia and locally in northern United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to near Dawson.
574
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Erigeron L. fleabane
Erigeron
Early flowering low to medium biennial or perennial herbs; stems decumbent, ascending or erect. Leaves alternate or all basal, simple, entire or toothed or ternately divided. Heads solitary or in few to numerous open, racemes or corymbs; involucral bracts subequal to imbricate; ray flowers pistillate, white or lilac or pink or purplish; disc flowers perfect, with yellow corollas; pappus capillary; achenes flattened, 2-to several-nerved, usually pubescent. A. Basal leaves slightly 3-lobed or once or more ternately divided B. Early basal leaves sometimes 3-lobed or 3-cleft at apex C. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, occasionally shallowly 3-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pallens C. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, occasionally deeply cleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. purpuratus B. Basal leaves once or more ternately divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. compositus A. Leaves entire or serrate D. Upper stem leaves clasping E. Ligules 8–16 mm long, purplish, pink or white; stems usually simple F. Bracts more or less pubescent with white hairs, ciliate . . . . . . . E. peregrinus ssp. peregrinus F. Bracts glandular on the back, occasionally with a few long hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. peregrinus ssp. callianthemus E. Ligules 5–10 mm long, deep purple to white; stem usually branched . . . . . . . E. philadelphicus D. Upper stem leaves not clasping G. Ligules conspicuous, about twice as long as the pappus, or longer H. Leaves all linear I. I.
Involucre glabrous; leaves essentually glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. hyssopifolius Involucre pubescent; leaves coarsely pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pumilus
H. Leaves broader (at least the basal) J. Heads several or sometimes solitary K. Plant canescent; stems 10–30 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. caespitosus K. Plant not canescent; stems 15–50 cm high L. Basal leaves oblanceolate; bracts white-pubescent with spreading multicellular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. glabellus ssp. pubescens
J.
L. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate; bracts white-villous with crinkly multicellular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. yukonensis Heads always solitary M. Involucral bracts glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. hyperboreus M. Involucral bracts not glandular N. Involucral bracts densely pubescent with tangled multicellular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. muirii N. Involucral bracts woolly only at base . . . . . . . . . . . E. grandiflorus ssp. arcticus
G. Ligules shorter O. Stems simple, 1-headed P. Pappus purplish Q. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1–2 mm wide near apex . . . . . . . . . . . . E. purpuratus Q. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, up to 4 mm wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. pallens P. Pappus white, brownish, or sordid
Erigeron
575
R. Pubescence of involucrum with purplish black crosswalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. humilis R. Pubescence of involucrum woolly, yellowish, or with pinkish crosswalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus O. Stems branched S. S.
Inflorescence racemiform; peduncles erect; cauline leaves linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. lonchophyllus Inflorescence corymbiform; peduncles more or less spreading; cauline leaves wider T. Involucre glandular; heads few to numerous U. Plants 10–25 cm high; involucre glandular and hirsute . . . . E. acris ssp. debilis U. Plants 30 cm high or more; involucre glandular or glandular with sparse hirsute hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. acris ssp. politus T. Involucre not glandular or nearly so; heads few or sometimes solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. elatus
Erigeron acris L. ssp. politus (Fries) Schinz & Keller E. acris L. var. asteroides sensu Porsild and Cody (1980) ✒ Biennial, or short-lived perennial; stems 30–50 cm high, more or less spreadinghairy. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, up to 14 cm long, entire or toothed, spreading-hairy to glabrous, more or less ciliate; cauline leaves, smaller, narrower, sessile. Inflorescence racemose, with several to many heads; peduncles spreading-ascending; involucre 5–11 mm high; bracts linearlanceolate, green or purplish, glandular; ligules 2–4 mm long, white or pink; pappus white to pinkish; achenes hairy.
Erigeron acris L. ssp. debilis (Gray) Piper E. acris L. var. debilis Gray E. jucundus Greene ✒ Differing from ssp. politus in its lower stature (up to 25 cm high); heads fewer, on slender and often arcuate or ascending peduncles; bracts less glandular, more or less hirsute, involucral. ✿ Open woods, terraces, gravel river bars and banks, and roadsides. ● Ssp. politus circumpolar; in North America, southern Labrador and New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Oregon and Utah; in the Yukon Territory found north to 67°45’ N; ssp. debilis in western North America, from southern Alaska and Yukon Territory from latitude 64°30’ N south through British Columbia and Alberta to northern California and Colorado.
576
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. ✒ Tufted perennial, with a branched caudex, and with stout taproot; stems few to many, erect-ascending, 6–30 cm high, more or less pubescent with stiff white multicellular spreading or descending hairs, leafy. Basal leaves 2.5–14.0 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, blunt or acute, tapering toward base, short-hirsute with stiff spreading hairs; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, reduced above. Heads usually solitary; involucre 4–7 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, whitepubescent with spreading hairs, usually glandular; ligules creamy white, bluish or pink, 5–15 mm long; pappus whitish to tan; achenes hairy. ✿ Dry open slopes, terraces, and gravel flats. ● Western North America; from eastern-central Alaska and the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W, south to Manitoba, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington.
Erigeron compositus Pursh
var. discoideus
var. glabratus
✒ Densely caespitose plant, with a branched caudex and taproot; stems scapose or subscapose, erect or ascending, 5–20 cm high, spreading pubescent and frequently glandular. Basal leaves densely crowded, 1–8 cm long, once ternately divided (var. discoideus Gray) or 2- to 3-ternate (var. glabratus Macoun), pubescent and glandular to glabrous; cauline leaves much reduced, linear, simple. Heads solitary; involucre 5–8 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, pubescent with white multicellular hairs, more or less glandular, purplish at apex; ligules white or pink or pale lilac, or lacking; pappus whitish; achenes pubescent. ✿ Dry gravelly and mainly calcareous soils and open rocky slopes. ● North American, arctic-alpine; Alaska to Greenland and disjunct to Newfoundland and Gaspé, Quebec; south in the west to California, Arizona, and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory most frequent in the southwest, but occurring north to the British Mountains.
Erigeron elatus (Hook.) Greene E. acris L. var. elatus (Hook.) Cronq. ✒ Biennial, or short-lived perennial; stems 20–50 cm high, more or less spreading-hairy. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, up to 10 cm long, spreading-hairy to glabrous. Heads few on ascending peduncles, or solitary; peduncles and involucres glandless or nearly so, more or less spreading-hairy; involucre 5–11 mm high; bracts linear-lanceolate; ligules 5 mm or more long, white or pink; rayless pistillate flowers present between ligulate and disc flowers; pappus white to pinkish; achenes hairy. ✿ Floodplain meadows and open boggy woods. ● Boreal North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 68°15’ N.
Erigeron
577
Erigeron glabellus Nutt. ssp. pubescens (Hook.) Cronq. ✒ Coarsely pubescent biennial, or perennial, with a simple or branched caudex and taproot; stems 15–50 cm high, erect or somewhat curved at base. Basal leaves 2–20 cm long, oblanceolate, acute, entire or somewhat toothed, tapering to a broad petiole; cauline leaves much-reduced upwards, lance-oblong to lance-linear. Heads 1 to several, on erect or nearly erect peduncles; involucre 5–9 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, with a brownish midvein, often with purplish tips, white-pubescent with spreading multicellular hairs; ligules 8–15 mm long, up to 1.2 mm wide, blue or pink or white; pappus tan; achenes hairy. ✿ Gravel river bars, terraces, meadows, and open woods. ● Western North America; in the Yukon Territory mainly in the western part north to the Porcupine River.
Erigeron grandiflorus Hook. ssp. arcticus A.E. Porsild ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex and taproot; stems 5–25 cm high, more or less pubescent with multicellular hairs. Basal leaves 2–9 cm long, oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, tapering to narrow petiole, gray-villous; cauline leaves several, lanceolate to ovate, sessile, becoming smaller upwards. Heads solitary; involucre 8–10 mm high; bracts lance-linear, longattenuate with purple tips, densely villous; ligules 10–15 mm long, blue to pink; pappus tan; achenes densely hirsute. ✿ Calcareous slopes and dry tundra. ● North America; in south-central Alaska, in southwestern, central, and northern Yukon, and east to northwestern District of Mackenzie and Victoria Island.
Erigeron humilis Graham E. unalaschkensis (DC.) Vierh. ✒ Perennial with a taproot, and with simple or little-branched caudex; stems 2–20 cm high, more or less densely villous with multicellular hairs; hairs with purple crosswalls, at least in upper part. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 1–8 cm long, blunt, entire tapering to petiole, more or less pubescent, ciliate; cauline leaves sessile, oblong, acute to attenuate. Heads solitary; involucres 6–9 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, purplish black or somewhat greenish, villous; crosswalls of hairs purplish black; ligules white to pink or purplish, 3–6 mm long; pappus whitish to tan; achenes hairy. In habit and size similar to E. uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus, but with heads somewhat smaller, and with involucral bracts appearing bluish black from densely crinkly hairs in which crosswalls clearly purplish. ✿ Moist grassy meadows and in herbmats below perennating snowbanks. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; found across the Yukon Territory in alpine and arctic situations.
578
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Erigeron hyperboreus Greene E. alaskanus Cronq. ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex and taproot; stems 3–13 cm high, erect or somewhat arched, conspicuously spreading-hirsute. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1–5 cm long, acute or obtuse, spreading hirsute; cauline leaves few, reduced, linear to oblong. Heads solitary; involucre 5–8 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, purplish, villous with long multicellular hairs in which crosswalls clearly purplish black, more or less viscid or glandular; ligules 8–12 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, mauve, blue or white (f. albiflorus (Jordal) Boivin); pappus whitish; achenes hairy. ✿ Alpine heathy slopes and rocky areas. ● North America; endemic to Alaska and central and northern Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 139° W, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. ✒ Perennial with slender caudex and fibrous roots; stems delicate, slender, 15– 25 cm high, pubescent or nearly glabrous, occurring singly or several together. Leaves numerous and crowded, 2–3 cm long, linear to linear-oblong, entire, acute, sparsely pubescent and ciliate; leafy axillary shoots frequent. Heads solitary or occasionally several, on long naked or sparsely bracted peduncles; involucre 4–6 mm high; bracts lance-linear-attenuate, thin, more or less pubescent, ciliate; ligules 4–8 mm long, white to pink or purplish; pappus yellowish; achenes hairy. ✿ Vegetated silt bars, rocky shores, and rock ledges. ● North America; from Newfoundland to north-central Yukon, south to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, Michigan, New York, and Vermont; in central Yukon Territory east of longitude 136° W, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. ✒ Biennial, or short-lived perennial, with a taproot, and with a simple or branched caudex; stems 10–50 cm high, more or less spreading-hairy. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, to 10 cm or more long, entire, acute to obtuse, tapering to a petiole, more or less hairy; cauline leaves linear to oblonglanceolate, acute, sessile, little reduced upwards. Heads several to many or occasionally solitary, often surpassed by leaves; peduncles erect; involucres 4–9 mm high; bracts lance-linear, acute to attenuate, thin, not glandular, at first green but turning purplish at least toward apex; ligules 2–3 mm long, white or pinkish; pappus whitish; achenes hairy. ✿ Wet meadows, by muskeg ponds to dry open slopes, gravel bars, and terraces. ● East Asia; North America; from Alaska to James Bay and eastern Quebec, south to California, Utah, New Mexico, and North Dakota; in the Yukon Territory north nearly to latitude 65° N.
Erigeron
579
Erigeron muirii Gray E. grandiflorus Hook. ssp. muirii (Gray) Hultén ✒ Perennial with a simple or branched caudex, and with heavy taproot; stems 5–10 cm high, densely villous-tomentose particularly toward top with tangled multicellular hairs. Basal leaves 1–4 cm long, oblanceolate to spatulate, blunt or bluntish, tapering to base, tomentose with multicellular hairs; cauline leaves few, lance-linear to linear, sessile, smaller above. Heads solitary; involucres 6–9 mm high; bracts lanceoblong to lanceolate, attenuate, purplish, densely pubescent with tangled multicellular hairs; ligules 8–13 mm long, white or pink or mauve; pappus whitish; achenes hairy. ✿ Tundra, dry slopes, and rock outcrops. ● North America; endemic to northern Alaska and northern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron pallens Cronq. E. mexiae K. Becker E. purpuratus Greene ssp. pallens (Cronq.) Douglas E. purpuratus Greene var. dilatatus Boivin E. humilis sensu D. Löve and Freedman (1956) E. lanatus sensu Neilson (1968) ✒ Perennial with a slender branching caudex; stems 2–6 cm high, densely villous with multicellular hairs, particularly in upper part, glandular. Leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate to spathulate, to 2.5 cm long and 4 mm wide, but mostly smaller, villous, more or less glandular; early leaves sometimes shallowly 3-lobed at apex. Heads solitary; involucre 5–7 mm high; bracts about 1 mm wide, acuminate, purple at least toward apex, viscid-villous with spreading multi-cellular, flattened hairs often in which crosswalls clearly dark purple; ligules white or lavender to purple, 4–6 mm long, 1–2 mm wide; pappus becoming more or less strongly purple-red–tinged; achenes short-hairy. ✿ Alpine talus and steep dry sparsely vegetated slopes. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie, extreme northwestern British Columbia and disjunct to the mountains of western Alberta; in the Yukon Territory in the Ogilvie, Wernecke, and Kluane mountains.
Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene ssp. peregrinus ✒ Perennial with a rhizome or short caudex; stems 10–50 cm or more high, more or less villous with multicellular hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 2–15 cm long, rounded to acute, petiolate, ciliate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent on undersurface; cauline leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, reduced and sessile above. Heads usually solitary on erect peduncles; involucres 6–12 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, more or less pubescent with white hairs, ciliate; ligules 8–16 mm long, purplish or pink or white; pappus tawny; achenes hairy.
580
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. ✒ Differing from ssp. peregrinus in having the involucral bracts glandular on the back, occasionally with a few long hairs. ✿ Subalpine meadows and glacial moraine. ● North America; ssp. peregrinus from Aleutian Islands, coastal Alaska, and British Columbia south to Washington, barely entering the Yukon Territory in Kluane National Park where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981); ssp. callianthemus, British Columbia and western Alberta south to California, Utah, and New Mexico, and north into southern Alaska and southern Yukon Territory where rare.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. ✒ Biennial, or short-lived perennial, from a weak caudex, and from a fibrous root; stems leafy, 20–100 cm high, pubescent to glabrous. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 3–15 cm long, coarsely toothed to subentire, more or less hairy; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, crenate to entire, smaller above. Heads showy, 10–15 mm in diameter, in a simple or compound panicle; involucres 4–6 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, acute to acuminate, with a hairy greenish brown midvein, and with hyaline margins; ligules linear, 5–10 mm long, deep purple to white; achenes sparsely hairy. ✿ Margins of mineral springs and roadsides. ● North America; from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, California, and Texas and north into southwestern District of Mackenzie and extreme southern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron pumilus Nutt. ✒ Perennial with a branched caudex and taproot; stems erect to ascending, 5–25 cm high, hirsute with spreading hairs, more or less glandular. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3–6 cm long, entire, acute, tapering to petiole, hirsute with spreading hairs; cauline leaves narrower, subsessile or sessile, smaller upwards. Heads 1 to several on erect peduncles; involucres 4–7 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, hirsute with spreading hairs, more or less glandular; ligules 5–12 mm long, white to rose or purple; pappus whitish; achenes hairy. ✿ Dry open slopes. ● North America; prairie species from southern Saskatchewan to southern British Columbia south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Kansas; disjunct to Big Arm, Kluane Lake in the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron
581
Erigeron purpuratus Greene ✒ Perennial with a loosely branched caudex; stems 2–9 cm high, more or less glandular, usually thinly pubescent with multicellular hairs. Leaves mostly basal, 1.5–4.5 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate, 1–2 mm wide toward apex, villous, glandular; early leaves sometimes deeply cleft into narrow lobes at apex. Heads solitary; involucres 6–9 mm high; bracts 0.3–0.4 mm wide, acuminate, purplish at least toward apex, somewhat villous with spreading multicellular hairs often in which crosswalls clearly dark purple, glandular; ligules whitish to pink or mauve, 5–9 mm long, 0.5–0.9 mm wide; pappus pinkish to purplish; achenes short-hairy. ✿ Sandy and gravelly stream beds and banks. ● NorthAmerica;endemictoAlaskaandtheYukonTerritorywestoflongitude137°W.
Erigeron uniflorus L. ssp. eriocephalus (Vahl ex Hornem.) Cronq. E. eriocephalus Vahl ex Hornem. ✒ Perennial with a taproot, and with simple or little-branched caudex; stems 3–20 cm high, more or less densely villous with multicellular hairs, particularly in upper part. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 1.5–8.0 cm long, more or less villous to glabrous, blunt, entire, tapering to petiole; cauline leaves sessile, narrowly oblong. Heads solitary; involucres 7–12 mm high; bracts lancelinear, purplish, woolly villous with multicellular hairs with colorless or sometimes purplish walls; ligules white to pink or purplish, 3–6 mm long; pappus whitish to tan; achenes hairy. ✿ Alpine tundra, stony and gravelly situations, mainly on calcareous soil. ● Circumpolar, arctic-alpine; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Quebec and British Columbia; mainly in southern Yukon Territory, but disjunct to the Arctic Circle near the Alaska border and the Richardson Mountains near latitude 68° N; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Erigeron yukonensis Rydb. E. glabellus Nutt. ssp. pubescens (Hook.) Cronq. var. yukonensis (Rydb.) Hultén ✒ Perennial with an often-branching caudex, and with a taproot; stems 20–40 cm high, simple, or in taller plants, branched above, sparsely villous-hirsute. Basal leaves 4–14 cm long, linear-oblanceolate, acute, tapering into long petiole, hairy on both surfaces; cauline leaves reduced above, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. Heads usually solitary, but occasionally 2–4, 2–4 cm in diameter; bracts 6–10 mm high, lance-linear, attenuate with at least tips purple, and with tips reflexed or spreading, whitevillous with crinkly multicellular hairs with white crosswalls; ligules 12–15 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, pink or purplish; pappus yellowish; achenes hairy. ✿ Calcareous stony slopes. ● Canada; endemic in the Yukon Territory west of latitude 135° W, in northern District of Mackenzie east to Coronation Gulf and in Nahanni National Park.
582
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Gaillardia Foug.
Gaillardia
Gaillardia aristata Pursh gaillardia ✒ Perennial herb, from a slender taproot; stems 1 to several, 30–60 cm high, simple or branched, hirsute or villous. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate to lanceolate, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, grayishpubescent, petioled below, sessile above. Heads radiate, large and showy, longpedunculate, single or several; involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, long-attenuate, loosely hairy, frequently reflexed; disc 1.5–3.0 cm or more wide, purple or brownish purple; ligules yellow, frequently purplish toward base; disc corollas densely woolly-villous in upper part; setae on receptacle exceeding achenes; achenes broadly obpyramidal; pappus of 6–10 awned scales. ✿ Waste ground along highway. ● North America; from British Columbia to Manitoba, south to Oregon, Utah, Colorado, and South Dakota; in the Yukon Territory known only from the vicinity of Haines Junction where considered an escape from cultivation.
Gnaphalium L. cudweed
Gnaphalium
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz everlasting, low cudweed ✒ Annual herb, with taproot, and with watery juice; stems 3–25 cm high, usually branched, densely white-tomentose. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to oblong, 0.8– 5.0 cm long, white- or grayish-tomentose. Heads in leafy-bracted clusters, tiny; involucres 2.0–3.5 mm high; bracts woolly at base, greenish or brownish at maturity; corollas of disc flowers only, yellowish or whitish; achenes small, glabrous; pappus of capillary bristles. ✿ Mucky soil in disturbed areas and flats by small lake. ● Adventive from Eurasia; in North America often a troublesome weed across the continent; in the Yukon Territory known only from Mayo and near Carmacks.
Hieracium
Haplopappus Cass.
583
Haplopappus
Haplopappus macleanii Brandegee Stenotus borealis Rydb. ✒ Densely caespitose to matted perennial, from a multiheaded caudex; stems more or less woody, rooting at nodes. Leaves mostly basal, alternate, persistent, strongly keeled, rigid, linear, acute, 0.5–1.0 cm long, ciliate. Heads solitary; involucres 6–8 mm high; bracts oblong to lance-oblong, acute, minutely glandular; ray flowers 5–12, about 6 mm long, golden yellow; achenes hispid; pappus tawny. ✿ Calcareous dry stony and shaly slopes. ● Canada; endemic to south-central Yukon Territory; type collected “near Dawson” but species not found in the vicinity of Dawson by recent collectors; considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Helianthus L. sunflower
Helianthus
Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. H. laetiflorus Pers. var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern. rhombic-leaved sunflower ✒ Perennial from usually branched rootstalk; stems erect, 40–120 cm high, scabroushispid. Leaves mostly opposite, entire or more or less toothed, thick, scabrous-hispid; lower leaves spatulate; upper leaves ovate to lanceolate. Heads solitary to several, pedunculate; involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, closely appressed; ray flowers 2.5–5.0 cm long, yellow; disc flowers brown, purple or reddish; pappus on disc-achenes of 2 awnlike scales and of some shorter scales. ✿ Waste places. ● North America; from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Illinois, Nebraska, Texas, and New Mexico; in the Yukon Territory collected only once at Dawson, where presumably introduced.
Hieracium L. hawkweed
Hieracium
Tufted perennial herbs (ours), from a branched base; stems erect, leafy or more or less scapose; juice milky. Heads many-flowered, few to several, in an open paniculate-corymbiform inflorescence. Flowers all ligulate, yellow or white (ours); achenes ribbed and grooved; pappus of capillary bristles, straw-colored. A. Heads large, 1–2 cm in diameter; stems leafy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. umbellatum A. Heads smaller, less than 1 cm in diameter; stems with few and reduced leaves
584
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
B. Ligules white; lower part of stem retrorse-pilose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. albiflorum B. Ligules yellow C. Involucres with blackish pilose hairs usually 1–3 mm long mixed with black glandular hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. gracile C. Involucres with grayish pilose hairs, usually 3–5 mm long, lacking glandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. triste
*Hieracium albiflorum Hook. white hawkweed
Hieracium
✒ Stems 30–60 cm or more high, pubescent with long retrorsely spreading tawny hairs below, glabrous or nearly so above. Basal and lower leaves 10–15 cm long, pubescent with long tawny hairs; blades oblanceolate, tapering into petiole; upper leaves much-reduced, few, sessile. Heads few to numerous, in an open panicle; pedicels with numerous short gland-tipped hairs, and with scattered long tawny hairs; involucres 7–11 mm high; bracts imbricate in several series, blackish green, sparsely hairy to glabrous, frequently glandular-puberulent toward base; rays white or cream-colored; achenes 2–3 mm long, straw-colored; pappus tawny. ✿ Open woods and by mineral springs. ● North America, cordilleran, subalpine; extending north to southwestern District of Mackenzie, Bennett City just south of the Yukon border, and the Alaskan Panhandle, south to California, Utah, and Colorado, and disjunct to the Cypress Hills in southwestern Saskatchewan; to be looked for in southwestern Yukon Territory. ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Hieracium gracile Hook. H. triste Willd. ssp. gracile (Hook.) Calder & Taylor H. triste Willd. var. gracile (Hook.) Gray slender hawkweed ✒ Stems 15–40 cm high, somewhat shortvillous and glandular below, villous and stipitate glandular above, in some with nonglandular hairs up to 1.5 mm long. Basal leaves oblanceolate, entire to denticulate, 3.5–15 cm long, obtuse, tapering to a slender petiole, somewhat hairy, glandular or glabrous; cauline leaves 2 or 3, reduced. Heads 1 to several; peduncles white-hairy with blackish stipitate glands, in some also with black hairs up to 3 mm long; involucres 6–10 mm high; bracts usually subequal, with blackish pilose hairs 1–3 mm long mixed with black glandular hairs; rays yellow; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm long, bright red. ✿ Alpine meadows. ● North America, cordilleran; extending from British Columbia northward into central Yukon Territory to above latitude 64° N and western District of Mackenzie and south to California and New Mexico.
Lactuca
585
Hieracium triste Willd. ex Spreng. mourning hawkweed ✒ Stems 3–30 cm or more high, somewhat short- and long-hairy below to more or less densely villous above, hardly if at all glandular above; hairs mostly 1.5–5.0 mm long. Basal leaves oblanceolate, entire to denticulate, 1–16 cm long, obtuse, tapering to a slender petiole, somewhat hairy to glabrous. Heads 1 to several; peduncles with short whitish hairs and villous with grayish hairs 3–5 mm long; involucres 7–10 mm high; bracts usually subequal, densely covered with long grayish hairs 3–5 mm long; rays yellow; achenes 2–3 mm long, black. Easily confused with H. gracile and hybrids have been reported. ✿ Alpine meadows. ● Amphi-Beringian; from the Aleutian Islands and coastal Alaska eastward in alpine situations to central Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie Mountains in western District of Mackenzie.
Hieracium umbellatum L. H. scabriusculum Schwein. narrow-leaved hawkweed ✒ Stems 20–60 cm or more high, more or less villous or hairy toward base, glabrous or short-hairy and in some scabrous above. Basal leaves smaller than cauline leaves, but usually absent at flowering time; cauline leaves lanceolate to oblong or ovate, acute, sessile or with upper leaves more or less clasping, reduced above, dentate to entire, hairy to nearly glabrous or scabrous. Heads usually few on arched-ascending pedicels; involucres 7–12 mm high; bracts conspicuously imbricated, essentially glabrous, black or somewhat greenish; corollas yellow; achenes 2–3 mm long, reddish brown. ✿ By hot springs or along roadsides. ● Circumpolar; in North America, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Oregon and Colorado; in the Yukon Territory found in the extreme southeast and presumably introduced in the vicinity of Dawson.
Lactuca L. lettuce
Lactuca
Annual or biennial or perennial herbs, with milky juice, arising from taproots. Leaves mostly cauline, alternate, simple to pinnatifid. Heads several to many; involucres conical or cylindrical in fruit; bracts in 2 or more series, green or greenish, frequently tinged with red or purple; flowers all ligulate, perfect; achenes flattened, beaked or beakless; pappus of soft capillary bristles. A. Perennial; leaves mostly 5–18 cm long; involucres 15–20 mm long in fruit; achenes with a stout beak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. pulchella A. Annual or biennial; leaves mostly 10–40 cm long; involucres 10–14 mm long in fruit; achenes beakless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. biennis
586
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Lactuca biennis (Moench.) Fern. tall blue lettuce ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 60–150 cm or more high; glabrous. Leaves 10–40 cm long, usually deeply pinnatifid; petioles winged, more or less clasping at base. Heads few to many; involucres 10–14 mm long in fruit; flowers bluish to white; achenes 4–5 mm long, beakless; pappus light brown. ✿ Hot spring. ● North America; from Newfoundland to southern Alaska, south to South Carolina, Minnesota, Colorado, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from the extreme southeast.
*Latuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. L. tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. ssp. pulchella (Pursh) Stebb. blue lettuce ✒ Perennial with a deeply buried freely branching rhizome. Stems simple, 30–60 cm high. Leaves subentire to pinnatifid, with a few large retrorse lobes. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; involucre 15–20 mm long; flowers purplish blue; achenes 4–7 mm long, with a stout beak; pappus white. ✿ Sandy and loamy riverbanks and moist calcareous meadows. ● North America; from James Bay to southwestern District of Mackenzie, disjunct to central Alaska, south to Wisconsin, Missouri, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California; to be looked for in extreme southeastern Yukon Territory.
Madia Molina tarweed
Madia
Madia glomerata Hook. tarweed, cluster tarweed ✒ Annual herb, with a taproot; stems erect, simple to much-branched, 10–60 cm or more high, glandular and hirsute. Leaves alternate above or with lower ones opposite, sessile, entire, linear to linearlanceolate, 2–7 cm long, hispid. Heads in compact clusters; involucres 6–8 mm high; bracts glandular; ray flowers 1.5–2.5 mm long, yellow or absent; disc flowers yellowish; achenes 3–4 mm long, glabrous. ✿ Waste places. ● Western North America; British Columbia to Saskatchewan, south to California, Arizona, and Colorado; introduced elsewhere; in the Yukon Territory known only from an early collection at Dawson.
Matricaria
Matricaria L. wild chamomile, matricary
587
Matricaria
Annual or biennial or short-lived perennial, glabrous herbs; stems simple or branched. Leaves alternate, finely divided. Flowering heads 1 to several, ligulate or discoid. A. Heads with prominent white rays B. Involucral bracts with dark brown broad scarious margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. ambigua B. Involucral bracts with light brown narrow scarious margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. perforata A. Heads lacking white rays; introduced ill-scented weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. matricarioides
Matricaria ambigua (Ledeb.) Kryl. M. maritima L. ssp. phaeocephala (Rupr.) Rauschert Tripleurospermum phaeocephalum (Rupr.) Podeb. sea-shore chamomile ✒ Short-lived glabrous scentless perennial; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 10–30 cm high. Leaves pinnate, with pinnae often deeply divided. Heads 1 to several, large, 3–5 cm in diameter when fully expanded; bracts lanceolate to ovate, with dark scarious margins; ray flowers pure white. ✿ In moist sandy places by the seashore and sometimes becoming weedy near human habitations. ● Nearly circumpolar, low-arctic; in North America, Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland, Hudson and James Bays; in the Yukon Territory known only from along the Arctic coast, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter M. suaveolens (Pursh) Buchen. pineappleweed ✒ Much-branched leafy annual; stems 10–30 cm or more high. Leaves pinnate to tri-pinnatifid; ultimate divisions linear or filiform. Flowering heads numerous, conical; involucral bracts ovate to obovate, with broad hyaline margins; ray flowers absent. Flowering heads and leaves fragrant when crushed. ✿ Waste places and roadsides. ● Cosmopolitan weed; in North America, Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia; south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Arizona, and Mexico; in the Yukon Territory north to latitude 66°08’ N on the Dempster Highway.
588
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Matricaria perforata Mérat M. maritima L. var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott M. inodora L. nom. conf. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip. ✒ Annual or biennial; stems 20–50 cm or more high; branches ascending. Leaves bipinnatifid; segments linear or filiform. Heads 3–4 cm wide; bracts lanceolate, with pale brown scarious margins; ray flowers white. ✿ Waste places. ● Adventive from Europe; in North Amercia, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Kentucky and Kansas; in the Yukon Territory known only from Frances Lake and Ross River.
Petasites Mill. sweet coltsfoot
Petasites
Coarse perennial herbs, with watery juice, arising from cordlike rhizomes; stems erect or ascending, with alternate bracts, appearing early in the season before basal leaves, soon fruiting and withering. Leaves basal, arising directly from rhizomes, petioled, somewhat fleshy, simple, toothed or lobed. Heads several to numerous, in corymbose clusters; involucral bracts subequal, greenish or tinged with red or purple; outer flowers white, with or without ligules; disk flowers white or reddish-tinged; achenes nerved, glabrous; pappus of soft white capillary bristles, elongating in fruit. A. Leaf blades coarsely toothed to distinctly lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. frigidus A. Leaf blades dentate or nearly entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. sagittatus
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries sweet coltsfoot ✒ Stems 10–50 cm high, more or less white-tomentose. Basal leaves 2–18 cm long from sinus to apex, very variable in shape, cordate to reniform, cordate-ovate to orbicular, variously lobed or toothed, usually glabrous and dark green above, thickly to thinly tomentose or nearly glabrous below; petioles up to 30 cm long. Heads few to many; peduncles more or less tomentose and more or less stipitateglandular; involucres 6–12 mm high; bracts oblong to lanceolate, usually stipitateglandular and more or less tomentose toward base; ligules usually short, white; achenes about 2 mm long. The following subspecies occur based largely on leaf characteristics found in the following key:
A. Leaf blades coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. frigidus ssp. frigidus A. Leaf blades deeply lobed B. Leaf blades usually longer than broad, usually not cleft more than halfway to leaf base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. frigidus ssp. nivalis B. Leaf blades usually broader than long, palmately lobed usually more than halfway to leaf base C. Lower surface of blades thinly white-tomentose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. frigidus ssp. palmatus C. Lower surface of blades appearing glabrous but frequently with multicellular hairs on veins and margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. frigidus ssp. arcticus
Petasites
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries ssp. frigidus ✿ Wet meadows, lakeshores, stream banks, and moist spruce woods to hummocky tundra. ● Nearly circumpolar; in North America mainland District of Keewatin to Alaska, south to northern British Columbia where rare; widespread in the Yukon Territory.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries ssp. arcticus (A.E. Porsild) Cody P. arcticus A.E. Porsild ✿ Moist clay or shaly slopes to alpine turfy slopes. ● North America; endemic to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie District and northeastern Yukon Territory.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries ssp. nivalis (Greene) Cody P. nivalis Greene P. frigidus (L.) Fries var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. P. hyperboreus Rydb. ✿ Wet stream banks, lakeshores, and moist woodland to hummocky tundra. ● Eastern Siberia to western District of Mackenzie, south through the mountains of British Columbia and western Alberta to Washington and Oregon; throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries ssp. palmatus (Ait.) Cody P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray P. frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. ✿ Moist or swampy woods and by hot springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia, southwestern District of Mackenzie, and southeastern Yukon Territory, south to Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, and in the west to California.
589
590
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray arrow-leaved coltsfoot ✒ Stems 30–70 cm high, more or less white-tomentose. Basal leaves 4–23 cm long from sinus to apex, deltoid-oblong to reniform-sagittate, hastate to cordate, with dentate or in some nearly entire margins, glabrous to somewhat tomentose above, densely white-tomentose below; petioles up to 40 cm long. Heads few to many; peduncles tomentose and with or without stipitate glands; involucres 7–10 mm high; bracts oblong to lanceolate, with glandular multicellular hairs and sparingly tomentose toward base; ligules short, white; achenes 3.0–3.5 mm long. ✿ Wet places by lakeshores and pond margins, low woods, and sedge meadows. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska, south to Minnesota, Wisconsin, Colorado, Idaho, and Washington; in the Yukon Territory found north to the vicinity of Dawson.
Saussurea DC.
Saussurea
Perennial herbs; stems erect. Leaves alternate, entire to toothed or lobed. Heads solitary or few to several; involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series; corollas of disk flowers only, tubular, 5-lobed, perfect; achenes ridged longitudinally, beakless. A. Stems to 1 m or more high; leaves triangular-ovate to cordate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. americana A. Stems 3–40 cm high; leaves linear to narrowly oblong or elliptic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. angustifolia
Saussurea americana DC. ✒ Stems to 1 m or more high, simple or branched above. Leaves triangular-cordate to cordate, coarsely toothed, long-petioled below to nearly sessile above, pale and more or less villous-tomentose below, green above. Inflorescence in a tight corymbose cluster; involucres 10–13 mm high; flowers purple; achenes 4–6 mm long. ✿ Subalpine meadows. ● North America; from southern British Columbia and adjacent Alberta south to Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, disjunct to the northern Alaska Panhandle, and adjacent British Columbia and the southern Kluane region of the Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Senecio
591
Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC. ssp. angustifolia ✒ Stems dark purple, 10–40 cm high, from a creeping cordlike rhizome. Leaves all cauline, glabrous or floccose beneath; lower leaves 5–10 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm wide, sinuate-margined, tapering into a narrow petiole; upper leaves much-reduced. Heads 3–5 in a terminal corymb, discoid; involucral bracts in 3–4 rows; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate to lance-acuminate, pilose to villous or occasionally glabrous; ligules purple; achenes nerved, glabrous. ✿ Dry to moist alpine tundra, shrubby areas, and open woodland.
Saussurea angustifolia (Willd.) DC. ssp. yukonensis (A.E. Porsild) Cody S. angustifolia (Willd.) DC. var. yukonensis A.E. Porsild S. viscida Hultén var. yukonensis (A.E. Porsild) Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. angustifolia by its usually dwarf habit, and usually broader leaves which often have sinuate-dentate margins; the underside of the leaves may be glabrous or floccose as in ssp. angustifolia. ✿ Usually dry alpine or arctic tundra. ● Saussurea angustifolia s.l. amphi-Beringian, from east Asia to northern Hudson Bay and north to the Arctic coast; ssp. angustifolia extending eastward across Alaska and in western and across northern Yukon Territory to northern Hudson Bay; ssp. yukonensis endemic to the mountains of Alaska, the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 133° W, and western District of Mackenzie.
Senecio L. groundsel
Senecio
Annual or perennial herbs, with rhizomes, and with caudices or taproots. Leaves alternate, entire or variously cut or divided. Heads radiate or discoid, solitary or in few-to many-headed cymes. Ligulate flowers (when present) yellow or orange, pistillate and fertile; disc flowers bisexual and fertile; achenes nearly cylindrical, prominently ribbed, glabrous or hispid; pappus of capillary bristles. A. Leaves all cauline (no basal rosettes) B. Perennial C. Leaves triangular-hastate; margins denticulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. triangularis C. Leaves broadly lanceolate; margins repand-denticulate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sheldonensis B. Annual or biennial D. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads discoid; introduced weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. vulgaris D. Leaves entire or irregularly toothed; heads radiate; native species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. congestus A. Leaves mainly in basal rosettes and always broader and larger than those of stem
592
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
E. Heads solitary (or occasionally with 1 or 2 small, lateral heads) F. Involucral bracts glabrous G. Involucral bracts dark purple; achenes smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. cymbalaria G. Involucral bracts green; achenes hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hyperborealis F. Involucral bracts hirsute (at least at base) H. Heads always solitary I.
Involucral bracts and upper one-third of stem densely woolly with brown septate hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. kjellmanii
I.
Involucral bracts blackened by distinctly purplish-septate hairs (at times partly covered by white-floccose pubescence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. atropurpureus ssp. frigidus H. Heads solitary or often with two smaller lateral heads; leaves, stem and involucrum prominently white-floccose–tomentose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. tundricola E. Heads 1 to many, all about same size J.
Plants with a well-developed ascending rhizome K. Basal leaves sessile, oblanceolate, entire, or their margins finely denticulate; involucral bracts prominently black-tipped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. lugens K. Basal leaves petioled; involucral bracts not black-tipped L. Bracts glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. streptanthifolius L. Bracts tomentose M. Stems delicate, 4–15 cm high; basal leaf blades entire or crenate or deeply serrate or irregularly lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. ogotorukensis M. Stems more robust, 10–35 cm high; basal leaf blades oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic, entire to denticulate. . . . . . . . . . . . . S. yukonensis
J.
Plants with fibrous roots; basal leaves petioled N. Stems slender; basal leaves oval, subentire to serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pauperculus N. Stems stout; basal leaves with oblong-ovate mostly deeply toothed blade O. Heads many, usually over 6; ray flowers pale yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. indecorus O. Heads few, usually less than 6; ray flowers reddish orange . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pauciflorus
Senecio atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. ssp. frigidus (Richards.) Hultén S. atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. var. ulmeri (Steffen) A.E. Porsild S. frigidus (Richards.) Less. ✒ Glabrous or thinly white-floccose perennial, arising from a slender creeping rhizome; stems 5–20 cm high, with purplish multicellular hairs having purple crosswalls in upper part. Basal leaves petiolate, with blade ovate or obovate or oblanceolate, entire or dentate-serrate, frequently absent at flowering time; cauline leaves 3–6, linear-lanceolate, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed, smaller above. Heads solitary; involucre 7–12 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, acute, pubescent with purplish multicellular hairs; ligules yellow, vestigial, or absent; achenes glabrous. ✿ Frequent in moist herbmats. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and throughout much of the Yukon Territory to about longitude 106° W in the Northwest Territories.
Senecio
593
Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. S. palustris (L.) Hook. non Velloso ✒ Annual or biennial with a short fibrous root; stems single or several together, 5–100 cm or more high, thick, hollow, densely whitish- or yellowish-hirsute with multicellular hairs, especially in upper part. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate or oblong to elliptic, subentire to toothed or pinnately lobed, sessile or petiolate, glabrous to villous, usually wilted or absent by flowering time; cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear-oblong, sinuate toothed to entire. Heads several to many, in one large or several smaller variously stalked glomerules; involucres 5–13 mm high; bracts lance-linear, greenish or yellowish; ligules yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist sheltered places, by streams and bogs, and in disturbed situations. ● Circumpolar (except Greenland), arctic; in North America, Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south to Manitoba, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Alberta, and northern British Columbia, where rare; in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
Senecio cymbalaria Pursh S. resedifolius Less. ✒ Perennial with a caudex or short rhizome; stems 5–25 cm high, erect or ascending, essentially glabrous. Basal leaves 2–7 cm long; blades ovate, lanceolate, orbicular or reniform, obtuse, subentire, crenate or pinnatifid, much-reduced and sessile upwards. Heads single or rarely 2; involucres 8–14 mm high; bracts green to purplish, with scarious margins; ligules long, yellow or orange-yellow; disc flowers orange; achenes glabrous. ✿ Alpine tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains of western District of Mackenzie and disjunct to Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec and western Newfoundland; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W.
Senecio hyperborealis Greenm. ✒ Perennial from a caudex or short rhizome; stems few to several, 5–30 cm high, somewhat white-tomentose or glabrate. Leaves mainly basal, 2–8 cm long, with blades elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate, deeply lobed, crenate to subentire, longpetioled, tomentose to glabrate; cauline leaves much-reduced and sessile upwards, oblanceolate to entire, pinnatifid to entire. Heads solitary or with 1 or 2 long-peduncled lateral heads; involucres 5–11 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, green to purplish, somewhat tomentose to glabrous; ligules pale yellow; achenes hispid. ✿ Alpine calcareous screes and slopes and floodplains. ● Endemic to arctic and subarctic northwestern North America; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W.
594
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Senecio indecorus Greene S. pauciflorus Pursh var. fallax Greenm. ✒ Perennial arising from a caudex; stems 30–90 cm high, simple, glabrous. Basal leaves 2–15 cm long; blades ovate, elliptic or obovate, crenate or serrate, glabrous; cauline leaves oblong to oblanceolate or elliptic, incised-pinnatifid, becoming smaller above, sessile and somewhat auriculateclasping. Heads 4 to numerous in open subumbellate corymbs; peduncles glabrous or somewhat tomentose; involucres 7–11 mm high; bracts lance-linear, green or purplish, glabrous or somewhat tomentose; ligules absent or very short; disc flowers pale yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist woodland meadows, slopes, and roadsides. ● North America; from Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec to southeast Alaska, south to Michigan, Wyoming, Idaho, and California; in the Yukon Territory found north to about latitude 63°30’ N.
Senecio kjellmanii A.E. Porsild S. atropurpureus (Ledeb.) Fedtsch. ssp. tomentosus (Kjellm.) Hultén ✒ Dwarf but rather stout perennial, arising from a stout ascending rhizome; stems single or rarely several together, densely covered with brownish multi-cellular hairs in upper part. Basal leaves ovate to oblanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole, usually deeply toothed, floccose to glabrate; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, clasping to sessile, frequently densely covered with brownish multicellular hairs. Heads solitary, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; involucre 7–17 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, acute, densely covered and hidden by brownish multicellular hairs; ligules pale yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist alpine herbmats or tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across northern and east-central Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and Mackenzie mountains in western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory west of longitude 135° W.
Senecio lugens Richards. ✒ Perennial with a stout ascending rhizome; stems 5–40 cm or more high, solitary or several together, glabrescent to sparsely tomentose. Leaves mainly basal, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base to a winged or narrow petiole, denticulate to nearly entire, glabrous or somewhat tomentose particularly along margins; cauline leaves sessile, much-reduced, linearlanceolate to linear. Heads few to 12 or more, in tight or open cymes; involucres 5–9 mm high; bracts in two series, lanceoblong, with outer ones much shorter than inner ones, green with scarious margins, and with apex black or purplish; ligules yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist herbmats, lakeshores, riverbanks, and open woods. ● North America; from Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and western District of Mackenzie south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Washington, Montana, and Wyoming; found throughout the Yukon Territory.
Senecio
595
Senecio ogotorukensis Packer S. conterminus sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Rhizomatous perennial; stems erect, 4–15 cm or more high, floccose at base and in leaf axils, frequently branched. Basal leaves 3–6 cm or more long; blades elliptic to oblanceolate or ovate, usually shorter than petioles, entire or crenate or deeply serrate or irregularly lobed, densely whitetomentose below, variable above; cauline leaves lanceolate, deeply serrate to pinnately lobed, sessile, much-reduced and bractlike above. Heads 1–5; involucres 8–10 mm high; bracts densely to sparsely tomentose; ligules yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Rocky subalpine and alpine slopes and montane gravel bars. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, western Yukon Territory, and extreme northern British Columbia.
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh ✒ Perennial arising from a caudex; stems 10–30 cm or more high, glabrous or floccose. Basal leaves long-petioled, 2–8 cm long; blades elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, crenate or serrate, glabrous or glabrate; cauline leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, toothed or lobed, reduced upwards. Heads 1–6, in subumbellate corymbs; involucres 6–10 mm high; bracts lance-linear, purple or green, glabrous or somewhat tomentose; ligules usually absent or very short; disc flowers yellow-orange or reddish; achenes glabrous. ✿ Alpine meadows, lakeshores, and herbmats. ● North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to southeast Alaska, south to Wyoming, Idaho, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only in the southern part. Senecio
Senecio pauperculus Michx. ✒ Perennial with a rhizomatous caudex; stems 30–50 cm high, glabrous, but frequently somewhat floccose in youth. Basal leaves oblanceolate, spatulate to oblong-elliptic, crenate or serrate, obtuse, tapering to petiole; cauline leaves oblong to oblanceolate, more or less pinnatifid, much-reduced upwards. Heads rarely more than 6; peduncles glabrous, or nearly so; involucres 4–8 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, green or purplish, with hyaline margins; ligules pale yellow, or rarely absent; disc flowers yellow; achenes glabrous or somewhat hairy. ✿ Open woods, riverbanks, meadows, and roadsides. ● North America; from Labrador to Alaska south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Oregon; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64° N and disjunct to the Bonnet Plume River.
596
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Senecio sheldonensis A.E. Porsild ✒ Perennial from a short rhizome or caudex; stems simple, single or several together, 30–60 cm high, erect, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves smaller than cauline leaves, withering early; cauline leaves broadly lanceolate, repand-denticulate, thin, glabrous, conspicuously petioled below, to sessile or nearly so above. Heads 3 or 4 on glabrous or slightly pubescent pedicels; involucres 7–10 mm high; bracts lanceoblong, attenuate, green, darkened and somewhat pubescent at apex; ligules yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Turfy places in subalpine meadows. ● Canada; endemic to mountains of central and southern Yukon Territory north to latitude 65° N, the Mackenzie Mountains of western District of Mackenzie, and northern British Columbia.
Senecio streptanthifolius Greene s.l. S. streptanthifolius Greene var. borealis (T. & G.) Bain S. streptanthifolius Greene var. kluanei Bain S. cymbalarioides sensu Hultén (1968) pro parte ✒ Perennials arising from a caudex; stems 1–3, 15–40 cm or more high, glabrous or tomentose particularly in leaf axils. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate or subspatulate, cuneate at base, with margins serrate or dentate throughout or dentate with 3–7 teeth at apex; cauline leaves much-reduced, subentire, often reduced and bractlike. Heads few to 10 or more in a loose corymbiform cyme; involucres 4–8 mm high; bracts lance-oblong, green or purplish, glabrous throughout to floccose-tomentose at base or throughout; ligules bright yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Moist stony riverbanks and lakeshores, open woodland sites, and open disturbed sites. ● Var. borealis in western North America from the Yukon Territory at latitude 64° N and western District of Mackenzie south through British Columbia and western Alberta to Montana and Wyoming; var. kluanei in southwestern Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia. ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Senecio triangularis Hook. ✒ Essentially glabrous perennial, with a stout ascending rhizome or caudex; stems erect, single or several together, up to 150 cm high. Leaves petioled except the uppermost ones; blades elongate, triangularcordate to triangular-hastate to lanceolate, 5–15 cm or more long, sharply dentate to serrate-dentate, thin, shiny, usually glabrous above and short-villous on veins below. Inflorescence more or less open, flat-topped, few- to many-headed; involucres 6–10 mm high; bracts in one series with 1 to several shorter outer ones, lance-oblong, green, with scarious margins, and with black tufted-hairy tips; rays yellow; achenes glabrous.
Senecio
597
✿
Moist alpine herbmat slopes, alpine meadows, or by alpine brooklets. Cordilleran; extending from British Columbia northward into the Yukon Territory to about latitude 64°30’ N, and south to California and New Mexico. ●
Senecio tundricola Tolm. S. fuscatus sensu Hultén (1968) S. lindstroemii (Ostenf.) A.E. Porsild ✒ Perennial with a short rhizomatous caudex; stems 3–30 cm high, erect, solitary or several together, gray- or white-floccosetomentose. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, entire or irregularly dentate, shortpetiolate to subsessile, floccose-tomentose and underlain with flattened multicellular hairs; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate or oblong, entire or somewhat toothed, reduced upwards. Heads solitary or several together; peduncles densely white-tomentose; involucres 6–12 mm high; bracts linear to lanceolate, attenuate, purplish, tomentose to glabrate; ligules orange-yellow or in some purplish tinged; disc flowers yellow, often with reddish purple lobes; achenes sparingly strigosehirsute. ✿ Moist alpine tundra, ridges, and scree slopes. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across Alaska and the Yukon Territory to the Richardson and northern Mackenzie mountains in the District of Mackenzie and barely entering northern British Columbia; disjunct to Montana and Wyoming; in the Yukon Territory mainly west of longitude 135° W.
Senecio vulgaris L. common groundsel ✒ Annual with a fibrous or taproot; stems simple or branched, 10–50 cm high, glabrous or somewhat hairy. Basal leaves small, usually withered by flowering time; cauline leaves undulate or deeply pinnatifid, with lobes toothed, petioled below, sessile and auriculate-clasping above. Heads several to many; involucres 5–8 mm high; outer bracts very short, black-tipped; inner bracts lance-linear, green with scarious margins and with black tips, glabrous; ligules lacking; achenes hairy; pappus often longer than corollas. ✿ Weed of waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Labrador and Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Indiana, Texas, and California; in the Yukon Territory known only from an early collection near Dawson.
598
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Senecio yukonensis A.E. Porsild S. alaskanus Hultén ✒ Perennial from a short ascending rhizome; stems 1 to several, 10–35 cm high, glabrous to somewhat villous below to densely villous above. Basal leaves 2–10 cm long, oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic, somewhat entire to denticulate, tapering to petiole, fleshy, tomentose to glabrate; cauline leaves reduced above, linear, entire or nearly so. Heads occasionally single, but usually 2–6 in a dense cluster; peduncles densely yellowish-woolly with multicellular hairs; involucres 6–12 mm high; bracts lanceolatelinear, acute, yellowish to dark purple, more or less villous, especially toward base; rays pale yellow; achenes glabrous. ✿ Meadows, alpine turf, and heathlands. ● North America; endemic to Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains of western District of Mackenzie; in the Yukon Territory mainly north and east of the Klondike Highway.
Solidago L. goldenrod
Solidago
Perennial herbs; stems ascending or erect, arising from a rhizome or caudex. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads relatively small, few to many, in compact to open panicles; involucral bracts in several series, imbricated; ray flowers yellow, pistillate, few; disk flowers yellow, perfect, fertile; achenes ribbed; pappus comprised of simple white capillary bristles. A. Stems usually more than 35 cm high, from well-developed rhizomes; involucres usually less than 4 mm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. canadensis A. Stems usually less than 35 cm high from short rhizomes or a caudex; involucres usually more than 4 mm high B. Inflorescence elongated; involucres 4.0–5.5 mm high; bracts more or less glutinous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. simplex B. Inflorescence dense, corymbiform; involucres 5–8 mm high; bracts not glandular or glutinous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. multiradiata
Solidago canadensis L. var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones S. lepida DC. var. elongata (Nutt.) Fern. ✒ Rhizome branched; stems leafy, up to 1.3 m high. Leaves numerous; basal leaves usually withered by flowering time; cauline leaves 2–14 cm long, lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, tapering to the base, entire to serrate, short-ciliate on margins. Heads in terminal, paniculate clusters, few to numerous; involucres usually 3–4 mm high; bracts more or less glandular; achenes hairy. ✿ On riverbanks and gravelly and silty river bars, open scrub, and by hot springs. ● North America; from Newfoundland and Labrador and Hudson Bay to central Alaska; in the Yukon Territory found in the extreme southeast, at Sheldon Lake on the Canol Road, and adjacent to Yukon River between longitude 135°30’ W and the Alaska border, and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Sonchus
599
Solidago multiradiata Ait. S. multiradiata Ait. var. scopulorum Gray S. scopulorum (Gray) Nelson S. multiradiata Ait. var. arctica (DC.) Fern. ✒ Stems 5–40 cm or more high from short rhizomes or a caudex, more or less shortvillous. Basal leaves 1.5–20.0 cm long, oblanceolate, tapering to a winged petiole, more or less serrate toward apex, glabrous on both sides, short-ciliate on margins; cauline leaves similar but becoming sessile and reduced upwards. Inflorescence dense, corymbiform; involucres 5–8 mm high; bracts not glandular; rays 4.0–6.5 mm long; achenes hairy. ✿ River meadows and open woods to moist alpine slopes. ● North America, arctic-alpine; from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south through the mountains of British Columbia and Alberta to California and New Mexico, and in the east to Nova Scotia; barely entering eastern Siberia; throughout the Yukon Territory.
Solidago simplex Kunth S. glutinosa Nutt. S. decumbens Greene var. oreophila (Rydb.) Fern. S. spathulata sensu Welsh (1974) ✒ Stems usually less than 35 cm high, from short rhizomes or from a caudex, glabrous or more or less short-pubescent above. Basal leaves 3–15 cm long, oblanceolate, subentire to toothed, tapering to a winged petiole; cauline leaves lanceolate, reduced above. Inflorescence elongated; heads in contracted spicate panicles; involucres usually (3.5)4.0–5.5 mm high; bracts more or less glutinous; achenes hairy. ✿ Open slopes, riverbanks and terraces, and open woods. ● Western North America; from central-eastern Alaska to northern Ontario, south to Mexico; in the Yukon Territory north to about latitude 64°30’ N and disjunct to the Porcupine River valley at Rampart House.
Sonchus L. sow-thistle
Sonchus
Annual or perennial herbs, with milky juice. Leaves mainly cauline, alternate, entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary or few to several; involucral bracts in several series, often thickened at the base in age; flowers all ligulate, perfect, yellow; achenes glabrous, longitudinally ribbed, beakless; pappus of capillary bristles, white. A. Perennials with long horizontal roots; heads relatively large, 3–5 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. arvensis A. Annuals with short taproots; heads smaller, 1.5–2.5 cm wide B. Achenes with nerves rugulose at maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. oleraceus B. Achenes with nerves not rugulose at maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. asper
600
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Sonchus arvensis L. ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman S. arvensis L. var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm. perennial sow-thistle ✒ Perennial with long horizontal roots; stems 40–100 cm high, glabrescent. Lower and middle leaves 5–40 cm long, usually pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, pricklymargined, clasping at base; upper leaves much smaller, less lobed. Inflorescence an open corymbose cluster; involucres 14–20 mm high; bracts lance-oblong to lance-linear, dark green or lead-colored, essentially glabrous but frequently with a floccose pubescence around and on inner surface of outer series; achenes dark brown, 2.5–3.5 mm long, longitudinally ribbed, rugulose. ✿ Roadsides and waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; in North America, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Delaware, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; in the Yukon Territory found in the southern part.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill spiny sow-thistle ✒ Annual with a taproot; stems 30–100 cm high, with or without stalked glandular hairs in upper part. Leaves 3–15 cm long, usually obovate and lobeless, but occasionally pinnatifid, auriculateclasping at base, and with margins spinulose-dentate. Inflorescence of few to several heads in a corymbose cluster; involucres 9–14 mm high; bracts lance-oblong or lancelinear, with or without stalked glandular hairs; achenes brown, 2–3 mm long, longitudinally ribbed but not rugulose. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from an early collection at Dawson.
*Sonchus oleraceus L. common sow-thistle ✒ Annual with a taproot; stems 20–100 cm high, glabrous or with stipitate glands in upper part. Leaves 4–20 cm long, usually lobed and with terminal lobe large and triangular, sessile or clasping stem, with pointed lobes, and with small weak teeth at margins. Inflorescence of few to several heads; pedicels glabrous or stipitate glandular; involucres 10–13 mm high; bracts lance-linear to lanceoblong with or without stalked glandular hairs; achenes reddish brown, 2–3 mm long, longitudinally ribbed and cross-wrinkled. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south through much of the United States; to be expected in the Yukon Territory.
Taraxacum
Tanacetum L. tansy
601
Tanacetum
Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Schultz-Bip. ssp. bipinnatum Artemisia kotzebuensis Bess. T. kotzebuense (Bess.) Bess. ✒ Perennial with a slender rhizome; stems erect, 30–60 cm or more high, more or less villous. Basal leaves 3–30 cm long, 2to 3-pinnate, petioled; petiole clasping at base; cauline leaves similar but sessile, smaller above, linear to ovate. Heads usually, 18–20 mm wide; involucral bracts with dark brown scarious margins; ray flowers 4–7 mm long, yellow; disc flowers yellow, fertile; achenes glandular; pappus a short crown. ✿ Roadside. ● Siberia, North America; in coastal regions of western and northern Alaska but rarely in the interior; in the Yukon Territory known only from west of West Dawson where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Schultz-Bip. ssp. huronense (Nutt.) Breitung T. huronense Nutt. Chrysanthemum huronense (Nutt.) Hultén C. bipinnatum L. ssp. huronense (Nutt.) Hultén ✒ Differing from ssp. bipinnatum in usually having 2–4(6) heads; involucral bracts with lighter-colored margins; ultimate segments of leaves narrower. ✿ Riverbanks and gravel river bars. ● Boreal North America with large gaps; in Maine, southeast Quebec, Newfoundland, Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, Lake Athabaska, interior Alaska; in western Yukon Territory along the Yukon and Porcupine rivers and considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
Taraxacum Wiggers, nom. conserv. dandelion
Taraxacum
Perennial herbs, with taproots, and with milky juice. Leaves forming a basal rosette, pinnatifid to subentire. Flower heads scapose, solitary; involucral bracts in 2 series, with or without corniculate tips or appendages, and with outer ones usually shorter and broader than inner ones; flowers perfect, all ligulate, yellow; achenes columnar to spindle-shaped, longitudinally ribbed, muricate at least in upper part, and prolonged into a long slender beak bearing a whorl of slender spreading pappus, glabrous. A complex genus in which some species produce good pollen and may thus reproduce sexually; in other “species” fertile pollen is always lacking and in these the achenes are
602
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
produced without fertilization. A myriad of minor variations have been described as species, but here are treated as collective groups. A. Coarse weedy plants; outer bracts lance-acuminate, reflexed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. officinale A. Plants smaller; outer bracts appressed or ascending (or sometimes reflexed in some T. laevigatum) B. Inner involucral bracts usually swollen or with apical appendages; achenes straw-colored to olive-drab or brownish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. cerataphorum B. Inner involucral bracts usually not swollen or with apical appendages; achenes not straw-colored to olive-drab or brownish C. Achenes black or grayish black (native species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. lyratum C. Achenes red or brownish red (introduced species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. erythrospermum
Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. s.l. T. dumetorum Greene T. integratum Hagl. T. lacerum Greene T. maurolepium Hagl. T. pellianum A.E. Porsild ✒ Plant with a simple or branched caudex, and with a taproot. Leaves 4–20 cm long or longer, subentire or toothed to pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, tapering to a winged petiole. Scapes to 20 cm or more high, more or less villous to moderately so below the head; involucres 13–22 mm high; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, usually appressed, appendaged; inner bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, dilated or appendaged at apex; rays yellow; body of achenes 3–7 mm long, straw-colored to olive-drab or brownish; beak 2–4 times longer than body; pappus white. ✿ Woodland and heath to tundra. ● Circumpolar; in North America, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and California; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Bess. T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. red-seeded dandelion ✒ Plant with a simple or branched caudex. Leaves 5–25 cm long, deeply pinnatifid, tapering to a more or less winged petiole; terminal lobe narrow and similar to lateral lobes. Scapes 1–40 cm high, glabrous to somewhat villous; involucres 12–20 mm high; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, usually appressed to ascending; inner bracts lance-oblong, attenuate, usually without appendages; rays yellow; body of achenes 3–4 mm long, red or brownish red, spiny throughout; beak 1–3 times longer than body; pappus white. ✿ Waste places. ● Introduced from Eurasia; in North America, Quebec and Manitoba to British Columbia; rare in the Yukon Territory in the southeast and at Dawson.
Taraxacum
603
Taraxacum lyratum (Ledeb.) DC. T. alaskanum Rydb. T. phymatocarpum Vahl ex Hornem. ✒ Plant with a simple or branched caudex, and with a taproot. Leaves 1–8 cm or more long, usually pinnately lobed to pinnatifid with terminal lobe broader than lateral lobes and tapering to a more or less winged petiole, but occasionally subentire. Scapes 3–10 cm or more high, glabrous or nearly so; involucres 7–14 mm high; outer bracts lanceolate to ovate, appressed to ascending; inner bracts lance-oblong to oblong, usually without appendages; rays yellow; body of achene 3–6 mm long, black or grayish back at maturity; beak shorter than to somewhat longer than body; pappus white. ✿ Alpine and arctic tundra. ● Amphi-Beringian; extending eastward across the Canadian Arctic to Greenland and south to Labrador and Newfoundland and through the Rocky Mountains to Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado; found throughout much of the Yukon Territory.
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers common dandelion ✒ Coarse usually robust polymorphous plant. Leaves to 30 cm or more long, subentire to pinnately lobed to pinnatifid, with terminal lobe wider than lateral ones, tapering into a more or less winged petiole, often somewhat pubescent on lower surface and on midvein. Scapes to 40 cm or more high, somewhat villous to subglabrous, and often densely villous below the head; involucres 15–25 mm high; outer bracts lance-acuminate, reflexed; inner bracts lance-attenuate, rarely with an appendage; rays yellow; body of achenes 3–4 mm long, variously tuberculate-spinulose above, straw-colored to olive-drab, with a slender beak 1–3 times longer than body; pappus white. ✿ Roadsides and waste places. ● Cosmopolitan weed, introduced from Eurasia; in North America, Newfoundland to Alaska, south through much of the United States; in the Yukon Territory found north to latitude 64° N.
604
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Townsendia Hook.
Townsendia
Townsendia hookeri Beaman Easter daisy ✒ Essentially acaulescent perennial, arising from a taproot and from a stout sometimes branching caudex. Leaves 0.5–3.0 cm long, narrowly oblanceolate, strigose. Flower heads solitary, sessile or nearly so; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly hairy to glabrate, with hyaline margin fringed; ligules white to pink; disk flowers yellow or pinkish tipped; achenes hairy. ✿ Dry slopes. ● North America; northwestern interior United States north to southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta; disjunct to southwestern Yukon Territory where considered rare by Douglas et al. (1981).
ADDENDUM
605
ADDENDUM FLORA OF THE YUKON TERRITORY, SECOND EDITION
Since the publication of Flora of the Yukon Territory in December 1996, a number of minor errors have been discovered which have been corrected in the present (2nd edition, year 2000) and are listed below so that owners of the 1st edition can conveniently make corrections as desired. In addition, since the manuscript was finished in 1994, a number of both native and introduced taxa have been discovered and reported by Cody et al. (1998, 2000, in preparation). In the 1st edition (1996) of the flora, some of these additional taxa were keyed and described and marked with an asterisk (*). They are now (see Addendum). Those additional taxa that were not previously anticipated, keyed, or described have been described, keyed, and mapped in taxonomic sequence here in the addendum accompanying the 2nd edition.
Corrections to the text of the 1st edition of Flora of the Yukon Territory (1996) Page 26
The northern dot adjacent to the Canol Road on the Isoetes echinospora map should be deleted. The specimen on which it was based has been revised to I. martima.
Page 27
In the introductory paragraph the word tubercules should be tubercles.
Page 60
Ruppia spiralis revised to Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Granda. The voucher specimen of Zannichellia palustris has been revised to the alga, Nitella flexilis.
Page 88
Elymus canadensis — the plant height should be “up to 1.5 m” not 1.5 mm.
Page 110 In the key, Poa pratensis should be Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis. Page 113 Under the maps of Poa arctica, arctica should be corrected in two places. Page 132 Key to the genus Carex I.
I.
Densely tufted J. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, broadest below the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pyrenaica J. Perigynia obovoid, broadest above the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. filifolia Rhizomatous
Page 145 At the bottom of the page the word fsrom should be corrected to from. Page 167 Carex rotundata — culms slender, smooth 25–50 cm. Page 171 Carex sychnocephala — the lowest dot on the map should be moved to a site south of Mayo.
606
ADDENDUM
Page 209 The illustrations for Platanthera hyperborea and Platanthera obtusata (page 210) should be reversed. Page 215 In the key, S. rigida should be changed to S. prolixa. Page 216 In the key, Salix lasiandra should be Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra. Page 227 The name Salix monticola has been replaced by Salix pseudomonticola Ball by G.W. Argus. Page 227 The name Salix novae-angliae has been replaced by Salix pseudomyrsinites (Anderss.) Ball ex Hultén by G.W. Argus. Page 316 The name Alyssum americanum has been replaced by Alyssum obovatum (C.A. Meyer) Turcz.; also the lowest dot on the map should be moved to a site south of Mayo. Page 343 The name Draba longipes has been replaced by Draba juvenalis Kom. by G.A. Mulligan. Page 346 The specimen on which Draba paysonii was based has been revised to Draba ruaxes by G.A. Mulligan so that the former is to be excluded from the flora, but is anticipated to be found so should be preceeded by an asterisk and the dot on the adjacent map is to be removed. Page 349 The key to the genus Erysimum should be revised as follows: C. Siliques 3–8 cm long, petals 12–20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. angustatum C. Siliques 4.5–6 cm long, petals 4.5–6 mm long and 2–3 mm wide . . . . . . . . E. coarctatum
Page 350 In the 1st edition Erysimium inconspicuum was an error and has been replaced by E. coarctatum in the 2nd edition. The new entry for E. coarctatum is repeated below for convenience. Erysimum coarctatum Fern. (see Addendum) ✒ Erect perennial; stems up to 75 cm high; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire or obsoletely dentate; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire, obtuse to acute; racemes finally elongating below but the summit crowded and corymbiform; pedicels erect, thick; calyx 6–10 mm long; limb of petals 4.5–6 mm long and 2–3 mm wide; siliques 4.5–6 cm long, 1.5 mm broad, 4-angled, cinereous; seeds 1.6–2 mm long. ✿ Open grassy slopes and river terraces. ● North America, Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, District of Mackenzie, and in the Yukon Territory north to the Arctic coast.
ADDENDUM
607
Page 401 Rubus pubescens — leaves trifoliate or five-foliate. Page 414 The key to the genus Medicago is revised as follows: A. Annual; stems prostrate or decumbent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. lupulina A. Perennial; stems erect or ascending B. Flowers, pale yellow, rarely violet; pods slightly falcate; leaflets usually 1–2 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. falcata B. Flowers blue-violet to purple, rarely pink or white; pods spirally coiled; leaflets usually 2–4 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sativa
Page 441 Circaea alpina L. ssp. alpina. Page 452 Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook. Page 485 Gentiana actophila should be Gentiana arctophila. Page 506 Castilleja elegans — upper lip 4–6 mm long. Page 562 The authority for Artemisia frigida has been changed to Willd. Page 617 Barkworth, M.E.; Burkhamer, R.; Talbert, L.E. 1996. Elymus calderi, a new tetraploid species. Syst. Bot. 21(3):353. Page 630 The index should be corrected as follows: Comandra 242 livida 242 pallida 242 umbellata ssp. pallida 242 Comarum palustre 395
Page 632 Gentiana arctophila — correct spelling of species name.
608
ADDENDUM
Additions,(1) possible additions,(2) and subtractions(3) for Flora of the Yukon Territory (1996)
ISOETACEAE (1)
Isoetes maritima Underw. I. braunii sensu Porsild (1951) maritime quillwort ✒ Perennial aquatic herb. Corm 2-lobed. Leaves grasslike, 8–15, erect, rigid, or somewhat recurved, dark green, 2–5 cm (rarely 15) long, 1.5 mm wide. Sporangia oval, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, covered onethird to one-half by the velum and with a small, inconspicuous ligule. Megaspores spherical, white, 490–670 :m in diameter, covered with spines that are rather blunt sometimes confluent into ridges or plates; spines reduced in size near the equator. Microspores (male) kidney-shaped, white, 30–36 :m in length, rough with short sharp spines. ✿ In shallow water at south end of Sheldon Lake adjacent to the Canol Road. ● This native species rarely occurs more than 50 km inland from the Pacific coast of Alaska and British Columbia south to Washington; however, Brunton and Britton (1999) suggest that its occurrence in the Yukon Territory is related to a refugial/post-glacial migration inland and also report another inland area in central Alaska along lower tributaries of the Yukon River near Fairbanks. Isoetes maritima may be separated from I. echinospora as follows:
A. Spines on megaspores long and acute, not reduced in size near the equator; microspores smooth or with very fine thread-like spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. echinospora A. Spines on megaspores blunt, sometimes confluent into ridges, reduced to small tubercules near equator; microspores echinate with coarse pronounced spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. maritima
The illustrations below have been reproduced from Brunton and Britton (1999) with the permission of Dan Brunton and Donald Britton.
Figure 1. Lateral view of Isoetes maritima megaspore (Porsild & Breitung 11,502, Sheldon Lake, Yukon Territory [GH]; Scale bar = 100 :m).
Figure 2. Lateral view of Isoetes echinospora megaspore (Britton 9,523, Parry Sound District, Ontario [OAC]; Scale bar = 100 :m).
ADDENDUM
Figure 3. Microspores of Isoetes maritima (Porsild & Breitung 11,502, Sheldon Lake, Yukon Territory [S]; Scale bar = 10 :m).
609
Figure 4. Microspore of Isoetes echinospora (Britton 9,523, Parry Sound District, Ontario [OAC]; Scale bar = 10 :m).
ASPIDIACEAE Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée
(2)
This species was erroneously reported in Flora North America Volume 2, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms (Wagner, D.H. 1993) as occurring in the Yukon Territory, but Wagner (personal communication, 1995) stated that he had no knowledge of its occurrence in that area. It does, however, occur in the Alaska Panhandle (Cody et al. 1998).
(2)
Polystichum kruckebergii W.H. Wagner Kruckeberg’s holly fern
✒ Fronds up to 30 cm long, few together, tufted from a small stout erect rhizome; stipe short, scaly; blade linear–lanceolate; pinnae overlapping, ovatetriangular, conspicuously spreading, toothed; teeth tips cartilaginous; larger pinnae frequently with one or more pairs of basal pinnules; sori borne in two rows on the backs of the pinnae on the upper half of the frond, becoming confluent; indusia with entire wavy margins. ✿ Rock cliffs and talus slopes in subalpine to alpine habitats. ● D.H. Wagner (1993) plotted a disjunct occurrence of this species in northern British Columbia and suggested (personal communication, 1995) that it might possibly also occur in southern Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 1998). It is more frequent from southern British Columbia south to California, Montana, and Nevada.
610
ADDENDUM
(2)
Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) C. Presl sword fern
✒ Fronds 20–150 cm long, forming a stiffly erect crown at the stout woody scaly rhizome; stipes densely chaffy; blade linear-lanceolate, short acuminate, pinnate; pinnae linear-attenuate, auriculate at the base above, cuneate below, sharply serrate; sori large, situated midway between the margin and the midvein; indusium fimbriate-margined. ✿ Moist coniferous woods and shaded slopes. ● Alaskan Panhandle, south near the coast to Baja California, Mexico; inland in southern British Columbia and to northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. This species was erroneously reported in Flora North America Volume 2, Pteriophytes and Gymnosperms as occurring in the Yukon Territory but not mapped from that area by D.H. Wagner (1993). It was not reported from the Yukon Territory in his treatment of western Polystichum (D.H. Wagner 1979) and Wagner (personal communication, 1995) stated that he had no knowedge of its occurrence there. D.H. Wagner (1979) and Cody and Britton (1989), however, do map a locality in northern British Columbia just south of the Yukon Territory border so it may occur in the Territory (Cody et al. 1998). The following key will separate the two species treated above from Polystichum lonchitis in the flora:
A. Pinnae overlapping, ovate-triangular, conspicuously spreading, toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . P. kruckebergii A. Pinnae not overlapping, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-attenuate B. Pinnae mostly oblong-lanceolate, progressively reduced towards the lowest pinnae, subtriangular to broadly trowel-shaped symmetrical; spinulose tips of teeth of pinnae spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lonchitis B. Pinnae linear-attenuate, not much reduced below, with the lowest pinnae ovate to lanceolate-falcate, auriculate, asymetrical; spinulose tips of teeth of pinnae incurved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. munitum
POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton strictifolius (1) A. Bennett stiff-leaved pondweed ✒ Stems very slender, branching above; leaves all submersed, linear, firm, 2–6 cm long, tapered to a slender tip, usually 3nerved, the lateral nerves indistinct; stipules whitish, becoming fibrous; usually without nodal glands; peduncles very slender; spikes slender, with 3 or 4 remote whorls; fruits 2–3 mm long, with a very low dorsal keel or none. ✿ Calcareous streams and ponds. ● Known from a single collection in Central Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 1998); in Canada from Quebec to the Mackenzie River Delta and southern British Columbia and south into the United States to Connecticut and Nebraska. It can be distinguished from Potemogeton friesii as follows:
A. Leaves obtuse or rounded and slightly mucronate, not conspicuously two-ranked; blades thin, 1.5–3.5 mm wide, flat with 5–7 veins, with a narrow cellular-reticulate band along the midrib; winter buds fan-shaped; peduncles flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. friesii
ADDENDUM
611
A. Leaves gradually tapered into a sharp bristle tip, conspicuously two-ranked; blades firm, 0.5–2.5 mm wide, convolute, with 3 (rarely 5) veins, without any cellular-reticulate band along the midrib; winter buds slender; peduncles terete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. strictifolius
ALISMATACEAE Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. (1) americana J.A. Schultes A. triviale Pursh water-plantain ✒ Leaves ascending, with long petioles; blades narrowly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5–15 cm long, rounded to cordate at base; petals white, or sometimes purple-tipped. ✿ Marshes, ponds, and streams. ● Alisma plantago-aquatica is circumpolar; in North America var. americana occurs from British Columbia to Newfoundland and south into the United States. In the Yukon Territory this taxon is known only in the extreme southeast (Cody et al. 1998). It may be separated from the only other species of Alismataceae in the Territory as follows:
A. Flowers all perfect; scape with whorled panicle branches and long-petioled, narrowly ovate to heart-shaped leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alisma plantago-aquatica var. americana A. Flowers monoecious, the lower pistillate, the upper and later developed staminate; leaf-blades commonly shaped like an arrowhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria cuneata
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) XElylemus hirtiflorus (1) (A.S. Hitchc.) Barkworth Elymus hirtiflorus A.S. Hitchc. XAgroelymus hirtiflorus (A.S. Hitchc.) Bowden Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis vars. x Elymus innovatus Beal ssp. innovatus. ✒ This hybrid can be recognized by its short anthers, (1.7)–2.0–2.7–(3.4) mm long (Bowden 1967). ● It is known in the Yukon Territory only from the east side of Kluane Lake (Cody et al. 2000).
612
ADDENDUM
(1)
Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Meld. Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski intermediate wheatgrass ✒ This species differs from Elymus repens in having the glumes not awned, their midveins usually equally prominent and scabrous throughout or more prominently basally. Elymus repens has the glumes shortly awned, their mid-veins more prominent and scabrous distally than proximally. ● In the Yukon Territory it is known only from adjacent to the LaBiche River in the extreme southeast. It is introduced from Eurasia and is, as yet, apparently restricted to western North America (Cody et al. 1998).
(1)
Elymus sibiricus L. E. pendulosus Hodgson siberian wild rye ✒ This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and it was suggested that it would be found there. ● It is now known in the extreme southeast in the Beaver River area (Cody et al. 2000).
(1)
Leymus angustus (Trinius) Pilger
✒ This species can readily be separated from Leymus innovatus by its robust culms up to 1 m in height and its long (up to 16 cm) straight spike (Cody et al. 2000). It is an Asian species which has been cultivated at several Agriculture Stations in Canada and the United States. It has not been seen previously in the Yukon Territory or growing wild in any Canadian province. It may, however, now presently be in seed mixtures used for ground cover protection. ● In southern Yukon Territory it occurs in sand along a road in the vicinity of Carcross.
ADDENDUM
Lolium perenne L. ssp. perenne perennial rye grass
613
(1)
● This introduced subspecies was included in the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it was suggested that it would be found. It was collected in 1996 from adjacent to the Dempster Highway and at Watson Lake (Cody et al. 1998).
Stipa hymenoides Roem. & (1) Schult. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult). Barkworth indian ricegrass ✒ Densely tufted perennial; culms erect, 20–70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to puberulent, the margins often ciliate; uppermost sheath often partially enclosing the panicle; blades elongate, involute; ligule 2.5–8.0 mm long; panicle open, 5–20 cm long, the branches slender, often flexuous, usually dichotomously branched, the branchlets mostly 0.5–4.0 cm long, nearly hairlike and divaricate; glumes broadly ovate and saccate, 4–8 mm long, abruptly tapered to a slender tip; lemma hardened at maturity, glossy brown to black, subglobose to fusiform, 2.5–5.0 mm long, densely pubescent, awn 3–6 mm long, deciduous. ✿ Sandy eroding slope with Stipa comata, Elymus calderi and Penstemon gormanii. ● This North American species is common in southcentral and southeastern British Columbia and found eastward to southwestern Manitoba and south to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Mexico. It is new to the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it is presumed to be introduced (Cody et al., in preparation). Stipa hymenoides can be separated from S. richardsonii as follows:
A. Awns 16–60 mm long, persistent; lemmas 5-6 mm long, pubescent with hairs about 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. richardsonii A. Awns 3–6 mm long, deciduous; lemmas subglobose to fusiform, 2.5–5.0 mm long, pubescent with hairs to 6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hymenoides
614
ADDENDUM
CYPERACEAE Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. stans (Drej.) Hultén water sedge
(1)
✒ Ssp. stans is similar but smaller than ssp. aquatilis. The two subspecies can be separated as follows:
A. Culms 45–60 cm tall; leaves green with involute margins; staminate spikes cylindrical, 1–4; pistillate spikes 2–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ssp. aquatilis A. Culms shorter; leaves flat, yellowish-green, shorter than culms; staminate spike clavate, solitary; pistillate spikes 2–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ssp. stans ✿
Sandy spit on the arctic coast Both ssp. aquatilis and ssp. stans are circumpolar; ssp. aquatilis extends across Canada mostly south of treeline and south into the United States; ssp. stans is found north of treeline and is known in the Yukon Territory from a single site adjacent to Stokes Point Lagoon (Cody et al. 1998).
●
Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lipocarpa (Holm) (1) L.A. Standley C. kelloggii Boott Kellogg’s sedge ● This species was included in the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it was suggested that it would be found. It was collected in 1996 in a Sphagnum bog southeast of Watson Lake (Cody et al. 1998).
ADDENDUM
Carex oligosperma Michx.
615
(1)
✒ Culms 70–100 cm tall, wiry and smooth, singly or few from horizontally spreading pale and scaly stolons; leaves involute, wiry, about as long as the culms; spikes 2 to 4, the staminate terminal and linear, 2–3 cm long, on a stiffly ascending peduncle, the pistillate oval, few-flowered, and about 1 cm long, 1 to 3 but often solitary, sessile and subtended by a wiry bract 5–10 cm long; perigynia 4–5 mm long, coriaceous, shiny and strongly nerved, with a prominently bidentate beak; stigmas 3. ✿ Wet, sandy lake shores. ● Boreal eastern North America west to northeastern Alberta, eastern Great Slave Lake and disjunct to Ethel Lake in central Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 2000). Carex oligosperma may be separated from C. rostrata as follows:
A. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, more than 15-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rostrata A. Pistillate spikes globose to short oblong, 5–15-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. oligosperma
Carex pauciflora Lightfoot few-flowered sedge
(1)
✒ Rootstocks long and slender; culms slender, stiff, 8–25 cm tall; leaves 2–3, near the base of the culm, the blades stiff, involute; spike solitary, narrow, androgynous; pistillate scales obtuse, soon falling; perigynia 1–6, slender, short-stipitate, smooth, obscurely nerved, straw-coloured, 6–7 mm long, subulate-beaked, spreading or reflexed; achenes linear-oblong. ✿ Sphagnum bogs. Circumpolar; in North America from Newfoundland to southern Alaska south into northern United States. In the Yukon Territory known from a single locality at the south end of Kluane Lake (Cody et al. 2000). This species has been confused with Carex microglochin from which it can be separated as follows:
A. Perigynia 6–7 mm long, without nerves; rachilla not exserted from the perigynium; culms trigonous, scabrous, aphyllopodic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pauciflora A. Perigynia 4–5.5 mm long, with few nerves; rachilla conspicuously exserted from the perigynium; culms rounded, smooth, phyllopodic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. microglochin
616
ADDENDUM
(1)
Carex pellita Willd. (= C. lanuginosa of recent authors) ✒ Stems scale-like at the base, arising from creeping rhizomes; leaves flat or nearly so, 2–5 mm wide; terminal spike staminate, 2–5 cm long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 1–4 cm long, remote, sessile or the lowest one an erect slender peduncle, leafy bracteate, with the lowest bract elongate; pistillate scales brownish or purplish, usually narrower than the perigynia, acute or short-awned; perigynia 3–3.5 mm long, densely velutinous, multiribbed, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, abruptly contracted to the 0.8–1.5 mm long toothed beak; achene concavely trigonous. ✿ Wet meadows. ● New Brunswick and Quebec to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and California, disjunct to the Yukon River below Rink Rapids. This species, which is rare in the Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 2000) has been confused with C. lasiocarpa ssp. americana from which it can be separated as follows:
A. Leaves flat or nearly so, mostly 2–5 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pellita A. Leaves folded along the midrib, only 1–1.5 (–2) mm wide as folded . . . . . . C. lasiocarpa ssp. americana
Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. (1) spissum (Fern.) Hultén E. spissum Fern. tussock cottongrass ✒ Ssp. spissum is similar to ssp. vaginatum, but the culms are shorter, 15–20 cm tall, the tussocks very compact, the spike globose to depressed-globose, rather than elongate, and the scales have a darker centre. ✿ Arctic and mountain tundra. ● Arctic Canada and coastal and interior Alaska; in the Yukon Territory known only from a site west of Dawson (Cody et al. 2000).
LILIACEAE Maianthemum canadense Desf. ssp. interius (Fern.) (1) A. & D. Löve wild lily-of-the-valley ● This species was included in the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it was suggested that it would be found. It was collected in the extreme southeast in 1994, 1995, 1997, and 1998 in woodland and adjacent to a hotspring (Cody et al. 1998, 2000).
ADDENDUM
ORCHIDACEAE (1)
Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Ktze. ● This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and suggested that it would be found there because it has been reported from extreme southwestern District of Mackenzie (Porsild & Cody 1980) and southern Alaska (Hultén 1968). It is now known in the northeast in the Peel River area (Cody et al. in preparation).
Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) (1) Lindl. round-leaved orchid ● This species was included in the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it was suggested that it would be found in the southeast. It was collected in the southeast at LaBiche Camp, Lower Beaver River, and Fantasque Lake in 1994 and 1997 (Cody et al. 1998).
SALICACEAE Salix raupii Argus Raup’s willow
(1)
● This species was included in the Flora of the Yukon Territory where it was suggested that it would be found in the southeast. It was collected in the southeast in 1994 where it was found in woodland sites in the vicinities of Tillei Lake and Rock River (Cody et al. 1998).
617
618
ADDENDUM
POLYGONACEAE Fagopyrum esculentum Moench buckwheat
(1)
✒ Annual herb with alternate, petiolate broadly triangular leaves and obliquely truncate ocreae; flowers perfect, white or pink in fascicles disposed in racemes arising from the axils of short bracts; stamens 8; ovary 3-angled, with capitellate stigma; fruit a trigonous achene much exceeding the persistent calyx. ● This plant that originated in temperate Eurasia is a garden excape which has not previously been known to occur in the Yukon Territory where it was found adjacent to the Larsen Airstrip (Cody et al. 2000). The genus Fagopyron can be separated from the genus Polygonum as follows:
A. Leaves triangular-hastate to cordate and stems not twining and creeping; fruit exserted, twice as long as the perianth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fagopyrum A. Leaves various, if cordate, stems twining; fruit usually included in the perianth . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum
Polygonum fowleri Robinson Fowler’s knotweed
(1)
✒ Prostrate to spreading, freely branched, very leafy annual or short-lived perennial; leaves short-petioled, elliptic linear to elliptic-oblanceolate, rounded to slightly acute, 1.5–3 cm long; stipules lacerate; flowers in axillary clusters of 1–2(4); perianth about 3 mm long with 5 lobes; achene triquetrous, usually exserted 1–3 mm. ● This species is new to the Flora of the Yukon Territory based on a specimen collected in 1949 at the R.C.A.F. Station, Whitehorse where it was probably introduced but unfortunately overlooked (Cody et al. 2000). It can be separated from P. achoreum and P. aviculare by its lustrous, smooth or somewhat roughened, but never papillose, exserted achenes.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium nutans Raf. nodding chickweed
(1)
✒ Viscid-pubescent annual; leaves narrowly lance-oblong to oblanceolate, 1.5–5 (–8) cm long, acutish; inflorescence more or less open, loosely cymose; sepals 3.5–5.0 mm long, relatively broad, thin and blunt, pubescent with short to fairly long, sometimes gland-tipped hairs; petals bifid, rarely absent; capsule 8–15 mm long, straight or curved, nodding, mostly 2–3 times as long as the sepals. ✿ Gravel roadside.
ADDENDUM
619
● Nova Scotia to British Columbia south to Florida, Texas and Oregon; possibly introduced in the vicinity of Francis Lake in the Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 2000). It can be separated from C. glomeratum, the only other annual species known in the Yukon Territory as follows:
A. Leaves ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. glomeratum A. Leaves narrowly lance-oblong to oblanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nutans
(1)
Silene noctiflora L. night-flowering catchfly ✒ Annual; stems 20–80 cm tall, densely hirsute below, viscid with glandular hairs above; leaves lance-ovate to ellipticoblanceolate, the basal petiolate, the cauline narrower, sessile; inflorescence loosely branched; calyx inflated in fruit, the 10 nerves glandular; petal blade 7–10 mm long, deeply 2-lobed, pink above, yellowish beneath, inrolled during the day, opening in the evening. ✿ Growing with Phleum pratense in recently seeded access road (Cody et al. 1998). ● Native of Europe, widely distributed in southern Canada and throughout the United States. From other species of the genus Silene with the calyx inflated and with striped veins found in the Yukon Territory (S. involucrata and S. taimyrensis) S. noctiflora can readily be separated as an annual with taller stature and lanceovate to elliptic-lanceolate leaves.
PAPAVERACEAE Papaver alboroseum Hultén pale poppy ✒ Caespitose; scapes to 15 cm high with caudex clothed with brownish leaf bases; leaves 2–8 cm long, twice pinnatifid, pubescent with whitish to pinkish spreading hairs; sepals blackish to brownish; petals 12–20 mm long, white to pink, often with a basal yellowish spot; capsules ovate to globose, 10–15 mm long with white to brown, stiff setae; stigma with 5–6 rays. ✿ Mountain ridge. ● Amphiberingian; in North America found in southern Alaska, northwestern British Columbia and Kluane National Park in the Yukon Territory (Cody et al. 1998). Papaver alboroseum can be separated from P. walpolei as follows:
A. Leaves glabrous, with revolute margin; flowers about 2 cm in diameter, white or pale yellow; capsule obovoid-pyriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. walpolei A. Leaves pilose or setose, with flat margin; flowers larger, white or rose with a yellow spot at base; capsules ovate to globose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. alboroseum
620
ADDENDUM
BRASSICACEAE Arabis boivinii G.A. Mulligan
(1)
✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial with a simple, compact caudex; stems erect, usually single, simple to few-branched, 30–60 cm high; cauline leaves entire to rarely few-toothed, glabrous to pubescent, sessile, mostly strongly sagittate-clasping stems, narrowly lanceolate, slender petiolate; lower surfaces of caudex leaves with sparse to dense sessile to short-stalked, branched, 3- to 4-parted trichomes mostly 0.35 mm wide; inflorescences semisecund, open; fruiting pedicels arcuate-spreading to arcuate-descending to strongly descending, straight to slightly arcuate, 4.0–6.5 cm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide; style rudimentary. ✿ Gravel lakeshore. ● This native species is found in widely separated areas in North America: Quebec, Saskatchewan, southwestern Yukon Territory, Montana, and South Dakota (Cody et al. in preparation). Arabis boivinii can be separated from A. divaricarpa var. divaricarpa as follows:
A. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves with unbranched, sessile or nearly sessile, 3-rayed trichomes with rays appressed to leaf surface without numerous prominent branches; inflorescences symmetrical; siliques spreading to ascending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. divaricarpa var. divaricarpa A. Undersurfaces of caudex leaves with short-stalked, 3-rayed trichomes with rays elevated above the leaf surfaces with numerous prominent branches; inflorescences semisecund to secund; siliques slightly to strongly descending . . . . . . . . . . . . A. boivinii
Descurainia incisa (Engelm. ex (1) A. Gray) Britton var. incisa tansy mustard ✒ Annual; stems single, usually branched above but sometimes near the base, moderately pubescent to subglabrous; basal leaves pinnately divided, obovate in outline, 5–10 cm long, soon withering; cauline leaves reduced and less divided upward, primary lobes narrowly obovate, these usually deeply dentate to incised; inflorescences elongated, terminating each branch; sepals yellowish to greenish yellow ca. 1.5 mm long; petals spatulate, yellow, ca. 2 mm long; fruiting pedicels 6–12 mm long; siliques terete, narrow, 1 mm or less wide, 6–12 mm long, slightly incurved, glabrous. ✿ Roadside below rock glacier. ● This native species in found in western North America from Alberta and British Columbia south to New Mexico and California (Rollins 1993) and is disjunct to southwestern Yukon Territory and central District of Mackenzie (Cody et al. in preparation). It can be separated from Descurainea sophia as follows:
A. Leaves 2- to 3-pinnate; septa of the siliques with 3 distinct nerves; introduced weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. sophia A. Leaves simply pinnate but pinnae usually dentate or deeply incised; septa nerveless or with 1 distinct nerve; native species but often weedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. incisa
ADDENDUM
Draba densifolia Nutt. Nuttall’s draba
621
(1)
✒ Caespitose perennial; stems leafless, 0.3–15.0 cm tall, pubescent with simple and forked hairs; leaves 2–18 mm long, 0.5–3.0 mm wide, densely imbricate, linear to linear-oblanceolate, sparsely pubescent below with forked to stellate hairs, usually glabrous above, margins ciliate with long, straight, simple hairs; flowers yellow; petals 2–6 mm long; capsule ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2–7 mm long, 2.0–3.5 mm wide, with simple to stellate hairs, occasionally glabrous; style 0.5–1.0 mm long. ✿ Terraced ramp and upper scree slopes. ● Central eastern Alaska, disjunct to Ogilvie Mountains of Central Yukon Territory, disjunct to south-central and southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta and south to Wyoming, Utah and California (Cody et al. 2000). From Draba stenopetala, D. alpina, and D. corymbosa, D. densifolia may be separated as follows:
A. Petals narrower than sepals; stigma capitate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. stenopetala A. Petals broader than sepals; stigma bilobed B. Style over 0.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. densifolia B. Style less than 0.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. alpina and D. corymbosa (1)
Erysimum coarctatum Fern.
✒ Specimens from the Yukon Territory, Continental Northwest Territories, Alberta, and British Columbia, previously determined as E. inconspicum (S. Wats.) MacM. have been revised to E. coarctatum by G.A. Mulligan. These two species can be separated as follows:
A. Limb of petals 2.5–3 mm long, 1.5–2 mm broad; fruiting raceme elognate (up to 20 or 30 cm long) and open; siliques about 1 mm broad; seeds 1–1.3 mm long . . . . . . . E. inconspicuum A. Limb of petals 4.5–6 mm long, 2–3 mm broad; fruiting raceme crowded and corymbiform at summit; siliques 1.5–2 mm broad; seeds 1.6–2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. coarctatum
Erysimum inconspicuum
(3)
This species should be deleted from the floras of the Yukon and Continental Northwest Territories.
Rorippa curvipes E.L. Greene var. (1) truncata (Jepson) Rollins ✒ Plants erect to somewhat decumbent; stems usually branched at the base; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, pinnately lobed to nearly entire, crenate or somewhat serrate; petals 1.0–1.5 mm long, mostly equal to the sepals; pedicels divergent to ascending and bearing long (usually over 5 mm) siliques; siliques 3-6 (–8) mm long, 2-3.5 times as long as wide, slightly incurved, truncate to obtuse at the apex. ✿ Packed, gravelly, disturbed ground. ● In Canada from Saskatchewan to southern British Columbia and south in the United States to Texas, California and new Mexico; in the Yukon Territory found in 1982 in the Ross River – Faro area (Cody et al. 1998). Rorippa curvipes var. truncata can be separated from R. palustris as follows:
622
ADDENDUM
A. Stems several to many from the crown, slender; plants low, mostly less than 15 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. curvipes var. truncata A. Stems mostly single, erect, stout; plants mostly more than 15 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. palustris
ROSACEAE Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun false spiraea
(1)
✒ Shrub up to 2 m high; younger stems with a flocculent, deciduous, stellate tomentum; stipules lanceolate, 1 cm long; leaves 10–40 cm long, 13–21-foliate; leaflets lanceolate, 3–7 cm long, acuminate doubly serrate; inflorescence 10–30 cm with ascending branches; sepals 5, 1.3–1.5 mm long, soon reflexed; petals white, 2.5–3.0 mm long; carpels 5 with elongate clavate style and capitate stigma. ✿ Garden escape. ● Known in the Yukon Territory from a single collection at Dawson (Cody et al. in preparation); introduced from Asia and in Canada escaped cultivation from Newfoundland to Alberta.
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) (1)
Astragalus cicer L. chick-pea milk-vetch ✒ Perennial with creeping roots; stems 40–100 cm tall; leaves 10–15 cm long; leaflets 17–29, 0.5–3.5 cm long, lance-elliptic to oblong; raceme 4–6 cm long; flowers yellow, 10–15 mm long; pods 10–15 mm long, globose, inflated. This usually much taller plant with larger leaves and large inflated pods stands out from all native Astragalus species in the Yukon Territory. ✿ Roadsides in clay and sand. ● Introduced from Eurasia; in Canada infrequent in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia and in the Yukon Territory adjacent to the LaBiche River and the Haines Highway (Cody et al. 1998).
ADDENDUM
623
(1)
Caragana arborescens Lam. common caragana
✒ Shrub; bark of young stems slightly winged; leaves even-pinnate, usually with 4–6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets oval or obovate; stipules linear, spine-tipped; flowers bright yellow, 15–23 mm long, borne singly on long pedicels; calyx 5-toothed, with hairy margins; pod 4–5 cm long, linear, terete, brownish; seeds several. ✿ Cultivated as a hedge and occasionally escaping. ● This species which was imported from Asia, has been grown in Canada, particularly in the Prairie Provinces as a wind protector. In the Yukon Territory it is an occasional escape along roadsides in Dawson (Cody et al. 2000). This is the only woody legume yet known in the Yukon Territory.
Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. cream-flowered peavine
(1)
● This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and it was suggested that it would be found there. It is now known in the extreme southeast in the Beaver and LaBiche river areas where it has been found on riverbars, adjacent to open forest and hotsprings (Cody et al. 1998, 2000).
(1)
Trifolium cyanthiferum Lindl. cup clover
✒ Caulescent annual with prostrate to erect stems; stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniately toothed; leaflets 10-25 mm long, obovate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute; involucre broad, bowl-shaped, membranous, nerved and toothed; calyx teeth 1-3 times trichotomously-forked, equaling the rose-coloured corolla; pod 2-seeded. ● Vicinity of West Dawson where introduced but not seen again since collected in 1904 (Cody et al. 2000). Native of southern British Columbia south to Idaho and northern California; all other Trifolium species found in the Yukon Territory are perennials and introduced from outside North America.
624
ADDENDUM
ANACARDIACEAE (1)
Rhus radicans L. poison ivy
✒ In the Yukon Territory this is a lowlying sub-shrub which grows in patches from creeping underground rhizomes; leaves few, long-petioled, with 3 leaflets, the terminal one on a long petiolule; blades of leaflets ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or abruptly acuminate, usually glabrous, irregularly toothed or entire; flowers in dense axillary panicles; sepals about 1 mm long; petals about 3 mm long, yellowish-white; fruit globose, 5–6 mm wide, white or yellowish white, usually glabrous. ✿ Dry south-facing slope adjacent to hotspring (Cody et al. 2000). ● Nova Scotia to British Columbia south in the United States to Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oregon; the site in southeastern Yukon Territory is disjunct from the nearest locations adjacent to the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta about 1000 kilometres. Poison Ivy is one of the three species of the genus Rhus that contain a poisonous sap that is the causative agent of Rhus-dermatites, the most widespread skin disorder affecting Canadians.
BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens cf. capensis Meerb. spotted touch-me-not
(1)
✒ Impatiens capensis was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory. ● Unfortunately the specimen collected in the extreme southeast in the vicinity of the LaBiche River (Cody et al. 2000) was lacking flowers and could not be verified to species.
PYROLACEAE Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) (1) Hultén Prince’s pine or pipsissewa ✒ This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory. ● It was collected under mature Populus tremuloides in the extreme southeast in 1997 (Cody et al. 2000).
ADDENDUM
ERICACEAE Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) (1) D.Don white mountain heather ✒ This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and suggested as a likely addition. ● It was found in 1996 on an alpine tundra slope west of Hyland River in the southeast (Cody et al. 1998).
Phyllodoce x intermedia (Hook.) (1) Rydb. ✒ This is a hybrid between P. empetriformis and P. glandulifera. It may be distinguished by its somewhat glandular calyx and the corolla pinkish and glabrous to slightly glandular. ✿ Moist woodland. ● In the Yukon Territory this hybrid is known in the southwest only from near Katherine Lake (Cody et al. in preparation). To the south it is found in mountainous regions of Alberta and British Columbia and south to Montana and Idaho in the United States.
Vaccinium membranaceum (1) Dougl. tall blueberry ✒ This species was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and suggested as a likely addition. ● It was found in the southeast in 1994 and 1995 at Mt. Merrill and the Gusty Lakes region (Cody et al. 1998) where it occurred in open Picea glauca woodland and a dry graminoid meadow.
625
626
ADDENDUM
BORAGINACEAE (1)
Asperugo procumbens L. mudwort
✒ Annual herb; stem 30–100 cm or more long, trailing, with retrorse prickles; leaves opposite or more or less whorled, 2–10 cm long, oblanceolate, thin, often deciduous; flowers axillary, mostly solitary; calyx reticulate-veined, deltate-lobed, enlarging to form a compressed 2-lipped envelope 1–2 cm wide, around the fruit; corolla funnelform, blue, 2–3 mm wide, appendages present; nutlets about 2.5 mm long, ovate, flattened, verrucose. ✿ Along fence around garden. ✒ Introduced from Europe and found across Canada and the United States, but not long persistent. This species was collected at Whitehorse in 1949 (Cody et al. 2000). The genus Aperugo can be separated from other genera of Boraginaceae by its greatly enlarged calyces in fruit, axillary flowers, and retrorsely-prickly stems.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (1) (Rydb.) Butters glaucous-leaved honeysuckle ✒ This shrub was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and suggested as a likely addition. ● It was found in 1995 and 1997 in the southeast adjacent to the LaBiche and Lower Beaver rivers (Cody et al. 1998) in open mature Picea glauca forest and on a riverbank.
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) (1)
Centaurea maculosa Lam. spotted knapweed
✒ Biennial or short-lived perennial; stems branched, up to 90 cm high; leaves obscurely to evidently glandular-punctate, pinnatifid, with narrow lobes, or the reduced ones of the inflorescence entire; heads terminating numerous branches; involucre mostly 10–13 mm high, bracts striate, the middle and outer with short, dark pectinate tips; flowers pink-purple or rarely white, the marginal ones enlarged; pappus up to 2 mm long, or rarely wanting. ✿ Roadside ditches.
ADDENDUM
627
● Introduced from Eurasia; in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Quebec to southern British Columbia, south in the United States to Virginia, Kansas, and Missouri; in the Yukon Territory found in 1995 at Haines Junction by the entrance to Kluane National Park (Cody et al 1998). The genus Centaurea may be separated from the genus Bidens as follows:
A. Receptacles chaffy; involucral bracts biseriate and obviously dimorphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens A. Receptacles bristly; involucral bracts not biseriate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle
(1)
✒ Perennial with deep-seated, spreading, sprouting roots; stems 30 cm or more tall, very leafy, glabrous or nearly so; leaves usually glabrous, sinuate-pinnatifid, usually very prickly; plants dioecious, the heads unisexual; involucres 1–2 cm high; bracts spineless or the outer ones with weak spines; flowers pinkish-purple, or white; achenes about 4 mm long. ✿ Roadsides and waste places. ● Introduced from Europe; widespread across Canada and the United States; in the Yukon Territory known only from adjacent to the Haines Highway where it was collected in 1995 (Cody et al. 1998). From Cirsium foliosum, the only other thistle known in the Territory, it can be separated as follows:
A. Native, monoecious, biennial, stems 25–70 cm tall, leaves sparsely pubescent above, tomentose to villous below, heads 3 or 4 cm high in a compact cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. foliosum A. Introduced, more or less dioecious, perennial with a deeply burried rhizome; stems usually shorter; leaves glabrous; heads several to many in a much branched panicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. arvense
Sonchus oleraceus L. ssp. (1) uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman perennial sow-thistle ✒ This introduced plant was keyed and described in the Flora of the Yukon Territory and suggested as a possible addition. ● It was found in 1998 in a disturbed area beside the LaBiche Airstrip in the extreme southeast of the Territory (Cody et al. 2000).
628
ADDENDUM
(1)
Tanacetum vulgare L. common tansy
✒ Coarse, aromatic herb with a stout rhizome; stem erect 40–100 cm or more tall; leaves numerous, 10–20 cm long, sessile or short-petiolate, glabrous, punctate, pinnatifid, the pinnae again pinnatifid or deeply lobed, the pinnules often toothed; rachis broadly winged; heads 20–200, in a flattopped corymb; disc 0.5–1.0 cm wide; rays inconspicuous or none. ✿ Waste ground, roadsides. ● Introduced from Europe; in Canada found from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south into the United States. In the Yukon Territory found in 1995 adjacent to the Haines Highway. Tanacetum vulgare can be separated from T. bipinnatum, a native species in the Territory, as follows:
A. Leaves villose, at least when young, scarcely punctate; heads few and large the disc 1–2 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. bipinnatum A. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, punctate; heads numerous and smaller, the disc 0.5–1 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. vulgare
(1)
Tragopogon dubius Scop yellow salsify or goat’s-beard ✒ Stout, glabrous, latex-bearing herb, 20–100 cm tall, with a taproot; leaves alternate, 5–30 cm long, linear, entire, with a clasping base; heads solitary on slender peduncles which are enlarged below the head; bracts equal, lanceolate-attenuate, surpassing the flowers, elongating to 4–7 cm in fruit; achenes 25–35 mm long, linear-fusiform, 5–10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of plumose bristles, united at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. ✿ Roadsides, waste ground. ● Introduced from Europe; in Canada known from Quebec to British Columbia and widespread in United States. In the Yukon Territory found adjacent to the Haines Highway in 1955 (Cody et al. 1998). The genus Tragapogon can be readily separated from the genera Agoseris, Crepis, Hieracium, Lactuca, Sonchus, and Taraxacum by its usually much taller stature and its pappus of plumose bristles rather than simple (sometimes barbellate) capillary bristles.
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GLOSSARY
Abortive Not perfectly developed. Acaulescent Apparently without a stem; the leaves and inflorescence arising near the surface of the ground. Achene A small dry indehiscent fruit, distinguished from a nutlet by its relatively thin wall. Acicular Slender and needle-shaped. Acidophyte Of a plant growing by preference in a relatively acid environment. Acrid Unpleasantly or irritatingly sharp or unpleasant to the taste or smell. Actinomorphic Exhibiting radial symmetry, such as a regular flower. Acuminate Tapering to a slender point. Acute Forming an acute angle at the base or apex. Adnate Grown together or attached, and applied only to unlike organs; e.g., stipules adnate to the petiole. Adventitious Not in the usual place. Adventive Not fully established or only locally established. Aerial Existing, growing, or forming in the air rather than in the ground or water. Agamic Asexual. Alternate Situated singly at each node, such as leaves on a stem or flowers along an axis; situated regularly between other organs, such as stamens alternate with petals. Ament See catkin. Amphi-Atlantic Occurring on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, but lacking on the Pacific side of the globe. Amphi-Beringian Occurring on both sides of the Bering Strait, but lacking on the Atlantic side of the globe. Amphibious Equally well adapted to life in water and on dry land. Androgynous Denoting a spike containing both staminate and pistillate flowers, with the latter at the base; e.g., inflorescence in Carex. Annual Of 1 year’s duration. Anther The distal part of a stamen in which pollen is produced, composed usually of two parts known as anther-sacs, pollen sacs, or thecae. Anthesis The period during which a flower is fully expanded and functional.
Anthropochorus Regularly distributed by man deliberately (of crop plants) or accidently (of weeds). Antrorse Directed more or less toward the summit of the plant or of an organ of a plant. Apex Tip. Apiculate Ending abruptly in a small and usually sharp tip. Apogamy The development of fruits without fertilization, i.e., parthenogenesis. Apomictic Capable of producing seed without fertilization. Appendiculate Furnished with an appendage. Appressed Lying close or parallel to an organ; e.g., hairs appressed to a leaf or leaves appressed to the stem. Approximate Close together. Arachnoid (of pubescence) Cobwebby; thinly pubescent with relatively long, usually appressed and interlaced hairs. Arborescent Treelike. Arcuate Curved into an arc of a circle, without regard to direction. Areola, areole A small space; usually referring to the spaces bounded by veinlets on the surface of a leaf. Areolate Marked with areolae. Aristate Having an awn, usually terminal in position. Articulate Jointed; provided with nodes or joints, or places where separation may naturally take place. Ascending Growing obliquely upward (of stems); directed obliquely forward in respect to the organ to which they are attached (of parts of a plant). Astringent Tending to pucker the tissues of the mouth. Attenuate Gradually tapering to a very slender point. Auricle A small projecting lobe or appendage at the base of an organ. Auriculate With an auricle. Awl-shaped Gradually tapering from the base to a slender or stiff point. Awn A slender terminal bristle, usually stiff in proportion to its size.
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GLOSSARY
Axil The position (not a structure) between a lateral organ, especially a leaf, branch, or pedicel, and the axis. Axillary Located in, or arising from, an axil. Axis A portion of a plant from which a series of organs arises radially; e.g., the axis of an inflorescence. (Compare rachis.) GLOSSARY
Bulbil A bulb arising from a mother bulb, or one produced on an aerial part of the plant and capable, when separated, of producing a new plant. Bulblet A little bulb; usually applied to the bulblike structures produced by some plants in the axils of the leaves or replacing the flowers. Bulbous Resembling or suggesting a bulb.
Barbed Provided, usually laterally or marginally, with short reflexed points. Barbellate Diminutive of barbed. Basal Located at the base of either a plant or an organ of a plant. Beak A comparatively short and stout terminal appendage on a thickened organ, such as a seed or a fruit; not used for a flat organ, such as a leaf. Bearded Bearing or furnished with long or stiff hairs. Berry In a strict sense, a fruit developed from a single ovary, fleshy or pulpy throughout, containing one to many seeds; loosely, any pulpy or juicy fruit. (Compare drupe.) Bi- (as a prefix) Two or twice. Bidentate Having two teeth. Biennial Living 2 years only and blooming in the 2nd year. Bifid Forked. Bipinnate Doubly or twice pinnate. Bisexual Having both sexes on the same individual; a hermaphrodite. Blade The expanded terminal part of a flat organ, such as leaf, petal, or sepal, in contrast to the narrowed basal portion. Bract A specialized leaf from the axil of which a flower arises; differing from foliage leaves in size, shape, or texture, but in some species gradually modified from them. Sometimes applied to a specialized leaf subtending an inflorescence. (Compare spathe.) Bracteate, bracted With bracts. Bracteolate Having bracteoles. Bracteole Often denoting a small bract; better applied to small bractlike organs arising laterally on the pedicel. Branchlet The ultimate division of a branch. Bud An undeveloped stem, leaf, or flower. Bud scales Reduced or specialized leaves enclosing the buds. Bulb A short, vertical, underground organ for food storage or reproduction on which specialized leaves are prominently developed. Bulbiform Bulblike.
Caducous Falling very early. Caespitose Growing in dense tufts; usually applied only to plants of small size. Calcareous Of soil rich in lime. Calcicole Of a plant growing by preference on soil rich in lime. Calciphile Plant addicted to calcareous soil. Calciphilous Lime-loving. Callose Hardened or thickened. Callus As used in taxonomy, the swollen nodes of the rachilla in Poaceae (Gramineae). Calyx The outer series of floral leaves forming the perianth of a flower, often green, frequently enclosing the rest of the flower in bud, occasionally colored or petal-like; in some groups of plants greatly reduced or completely lacking. Calyx lobe In a gamosepalous calyx, the free projecting parts. Calyx tube In a gamosepalous calyx, the basal tubular portion. Cambium A layer, usually one cell thick, of persistent meristematic tissue. Campanulate Bell-shaped, usually describes a corolla or calyx. Canaliculate Channeled. Canescent Pale or gray, because of a fine close pubescence. Capillary Hairlike. Capitate Headlike; in a head. Capsule A dry dehiscent fruit developed from a compound ovary and almost always containing two or more seeds. (Compare follicle.) Carnivorous Feeding on animal tissue. Carpel A sporophyll that bears ovules, often regarded as homologous with a single leaf. (Compare simple and compound.) Caruncle An outgrowth on a seed. Castaneous Of chestnut color. Catkin A dense bracteate spike or raceme bearing many small, naked, or apetalous flowers. Caudate Having a tail-like appendage. Caudex The thickened base of a perennial plant. Caulescent Having a well-developed stem above ground. Cauline Situated on or pertaining to the stem.
GLOSSARY
Chaff The receptacular bracts of many Asteraceae (Compositae). Channeled Grooved longitudinally. Chartaceous Papery in texture. Chlorophyll The substance that gives the green color to plants. Cilia Marginal hairs. Ciliate With marginal hairs. Ciliolate Diminutive of ciliate. Cinereous Ashy in appearance or color. Circumscissile Dehiscent by a transverse cleft usually extending completely around the organ. Clasping Partly surrounding another organ at base. Clavate Club-shaped, gradually increasing in diameter toward the summit. Claw The narrow basal portion of some sepals and petals. Cleft Deeply lobed, probably to below the middle. There is no sharp distinction between cleft, lobed (meaning less deeply cut), and parted (meaning more deeply cut). Cleistogamous Describes a flower that does not open. Coetaneous Indicating that flowers and leaves appear at the same time; e.g., in Salix. Coma A tuft of soft hairs, usually terminal on a seed. Compound (of leaf) Composed of two or more separate leaflets. Conduplicate Folded together lengthwise with the upper surface within, as in the blades of many grasses. Cone A globose to cylindric arrangement of crowded bracts or scales subtending reproductive organs and usually hard or woody or long persistent; a structure of similar appearance although possibly of different morphological nature. Connate Grown together or attached; applied only to like organs, as filaments connate into a tube or leaves connate around the stem. (Compare adnate.) Contiguous Connected. Convex Having a more or less rounded surface. Convolute Rolled or twisted together when in an undeveloped stage. Cordate Heart-shaped; applied sometimes to whole organs but more often to the base only. Cordilleran Pertaining to the mountains of western North America. Coriaceous Leathery in texture. Corm A short, vertical, underground organ for food storage or reproduction, consisting chiefly of
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a thickened portion of a stem with poorly developed scale leaves or more often leafless. Corniculate Horned or provided with hornlike appendages. Corolla The second set of floral leaves of the perianth, often conspicuous by its size or color; in some plants small and inconspicuous, or reduced to nectaries, or lacking. Corona A structure exhibited in some plants between the corolla and the stamens and often simulating an additional part of the perianth. Coronate Crowned. Cortex Bark. Corymb A type of raceme in which the axis is relatively short and the lower pedicels relatively long, thereby producing a round- or flat-topped inflorescence; sometimes loosely applied to any type of flower cluster of similar shape. Corymbiform Shaped like a corymb. Corymbose In a corymb. Costate Longitudinally ribbed. Cotyledon A leaf of the embryonic plant within the seed. Creeping Growing along the surface of the ground and emitting roots at intervals, usually from the nodes. Crenate Describing a toothed margin, usually of a leaf, the apex of each tooth blunt or rounded. Crenulate Diminutive of crenate. Crisp Curled. Crisped Irregularly curled or crooked (of hairs); irregularly curled along the margin (of leaf). Crisp-hairy With curled hairs. Cruciform Forming a cross. Culm The stem of a grass or sedge. Cuneate Wedge-shaped; narrowly triangular with the acute angle pointed downward. Cupuliform Cup-shaped. Cusp A sharp, abrupt, and often rigid point. Cuspidate With a cusp. Cyathium An inflorescence consisting of a cuplike involucre with the flowers arising from its base. Cyme A type of inflorescence in which each flower is strictly terminal either to the main axis or to a branch. Cymes assume many forms depending on the number and position of the branches. They are sometimes distinguished with difficulty from a racemose inflorescence but may often be known by the position of the bracts opposite the base of the pedicel instead of below it. (See raceme and racemose.) Cymose Having the flowers in a cyme.
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GLOSSARY
DBH Diameter breast height. Deciduous Falling after completion of the normal function. (See caducous and persistent.) Decumbent Prostrate at base, erect or ascending elsewhere. Decurrent Extending downward; applied usually to leaves in which the blade is apparently prolonged downward as two wings along the petiole or the stem. Deflexed Bent abruptly downward. Dehiscence The process or act of opening, usually in a fruit. Deltoid Broadly triangular. Dentate Toothed along the margin, with the apex of each tooth sharp (compare crenate) and directed outward (compare serrate). Denticulate Diminutive of dentate. Depressed Flattened. Diadelphous Describes stamens in which the filaments are united in two fascicles. Dichotomous Forking more or less regularly into two branches of about equal size. Diffuse Loosely spreading. Digitate Having parts diverging from a common base, like the fingers of a hand, and usually describing leaflets or parts of an inflorescence. Dilate Enlarge. Diminutive Small. Dimorphic Of two forms. Dioecious Bearing staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants; in the lower plants, bearing the male and female gametes on different plants. Disc An enlargement of, or an outgrowth from, the receptacle, appearing in the centre of the flower of various plants. Also, in Asteraceae (Compositae), the central part of the head, composed of tubular flowers. Discoid Resembling a disc; in Asteraceae (Compositae), denoting a head composed of tubular flowers only. Distinct Separate, not united. Distylous Having the anthers either above or below the style in different plants of the same species. Divaricate Widely spreading from the axis or rachis. Divided Cut into distinct parts, usually describing a leaf cut to the midrib or to the base. Dolmitic Containing dolomite. Dorsal Located on, or pertaining to, the back of an organ. Downy Pubescent with soft, fine hairs. Drupaceous Resembling a drupe.
Drupe Fruit with fleshy or pulpy exocarp, the endocarp hard or bony and permanently enclosing a single seed, or with a portion of the endocarp separately enclosing each of several seeds. Drupelet A small drupe. Ellipsoid Shaped more or less like a football. Emarginate Notched at the apex. Embryo The rudimentary plant formed in a seed. Emergent Of water plants only partly submersed. Endemic Confined geographically to a single area. Entire With continuous unbroken margin. Epidermis The superficial layer of cells. Epigynous Indicating a flower in which the hypanthium or the basal parts of the perianth are adnate to the ovary, so that the perianth and stamens appear to rise from the summit of an inferior ovary. Epiphyte A plant that grows upon another plant (as a tree) nonparasitically. Erect Growing essentially in a vertical position (of whole plant); describing the position of a structure that extends in the same direction as the organ that bears it (of part of a plant). Erose Irregularly cut or toothed along the margin. Eutrophic Rich in dissolved nutrients, but water frequently shallow and with seasonal oxygen deficiency. Evergreen Remaining green through the winter. Exfoliate To come off in scales or flakes. Exsert Projecting out or beyond; often referring to stamens or styles which project beyond the perianth. Extravaginal Beyond or outside the sheath. Falcate Having a curved longitudinal axis; applied only to organs that, in most plants, have a straight axis. Farinose Covered with a meal. Fascicle A small bundle or cluster, without reference to the morphological details of arrangement. Fastigiate (of branches) Close together and nearly parallel. Fell-field A bare plateau that occurs in mountainous regions. Fen Low peaty land covered wholly or partly with water. Ferrugineous Rust-colored. Fertile Capable of normal reproduction functions; e.g., a fertile stamen produces pollen, a fertile pistil produces ovules, and a fertile flower normally produces fruit although it may lack stamens. Fibrillose Furnished or abounding with fine fibers. Fibrous Resembling fibers.
GLOSSARY
-fid A suffix meaning deeply cut. Filament The basal sterile portion of a stamen below the anther, usually slender, but lacking in some; any threadlike structure. Filiform Threadlike. Fimbriate Fringed. Fistulose Hollow; lacking pith. Flabellate Fan-shaped. Flaccid Flabby; lacking in stiffness. Flagellate Bearing long slender shoots; e.g., a stolon or runner. Fleshy Thick and juicy; succulent. Flexuous Curved alternately in opposite directions. Floccose Irregularly covered by tufts or flocks of soft hair or wool. Floret A small flower, usually one of several in a cluster. Floriferous Flower bearing. Fluted Regularly marked by alternating ridges and groovelike depressions. Foliaceous Leaflike in flatness, color, and texture. Foliose Leafy. Follicle A dry dehiscent fruit developed from a simple ovary and dehiscent usually along one suture only. Forked Divided into equal branches. Free Not adnate to other organs. (Compare distinct.) Frond The leaf of a fern. Fruit A ripened ovary, together with such other parts of the plant as are regularly associated with it. Fruticose Shrublike. Fulvous Yellow, tawny. Funnelform With the tube gradually widening and passing insensibly into the limb; e.g., in Campanula uniflora. Fusiform Describes a solid body, as a fruit, thick near the middle and tapering to both ends. Gamopetalous Having the petals wholly or partly united. Geniculate Bent abruptly at the nodes. Glabrate Essentially without pubescence. Glabrescent Becoming glabrous. Glabrous Lacking pubescence; smooth. Gland A secreting organ, in plants usually producing nectar or volatile oil and either internal or external. Glandular Containing or bearing glands. Glaucous Gray, grayish green, or bluish green with a thin coat of fine removable particles often waxy in nature. Globular Spherical.
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Glomerate In a compact cluster. Glomerule A compact headlike cyme. Glume A certain type of bract in the Poaceae (Gramineae). Glutinous Covered with a sticky substance. Grain A single small hard seed (usually of a grass). Granulate Giving the impression of roughness. Gynaecandrous With staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike, having the pistillate flowers at the apex. Gynoecious Plant with only female flowers. Habit The general appearance of a plant. Habitat The kind of place in which a plant grows, such as bogs and woods. Hair An epidermal appendage, usually slender, simple, or variously branched. Halberd-shaped Having two divergent basal lobes. Halophilous Adapted to growth in saline soil. Halophyte Plant adapted to growth in saline soil. Hapaxanthic Flowering but once. Hastate Having two divergent basal lobes. Head A dense flower cluster, composed of sessile or nearly sessile flowers crowded on a short axis. Heath One of several shrubs belonging to the family Ericaceae. Helmet The hood-shaped fused upper petals of some Scrophulariaceae. Herb A plant, either annual, biennial, or perennial, with stems dying back to the ground at the end of the growing season. Herbaceous Dying back to the ground at the end of the growing season (of plant); leaflike in color or texture (of part of a plant). Hermaphrodite With stamens and pistils in the same flower; a perfect flower. Heterophyllous Having two or more distinct sorts of foliage leaves on the same plant. Heterosporous Producing microspores and megaspores. Hirsute Pubescent with spreading hairs. Hirtellous Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy. Hispid Pubescent with stiff spreading hairs. Hispidulous Diminutive of hispid. Hoary Grayish white, close pubescence. Homophyllous Having only one kind of leaf on a plant. Homosporous Producing asexual spores of only one kind. Homostylous Having the anthers and styles at the same level. Humifuse Spreading over the ground. Hyaline Translucent or transparent.
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GLOSSARY
Hybrid A cross between two species. Hypanthium An expansion of the receptacle forming a saucer-shaped, cup-shaped, or tubular organ, often simulating a calyx tube and bearing the sepals, the petals, and often the stamens at or near its margin. Hypogynous (usually of petals and stamens) Appearing on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from it or from the calyx. Imbricate Literally, shingled; in botany, overlapping, either in width only, such as the sepals or petals of various plants, or in both width and length, such as the involucral bracts of many species of Asteraceae (Compositae). Immersed Growing completely under water. Incised Deeply and irregularly cut. Incurved Curved inward. Indehiscent Not opening at maturity, usually applied to fruits. Indigenous A native, not introduced. Indument The epidermal appendages of a plant or an organ considered collectively, such as its pubescence. Indurate Hardened. Indusium In ferns, an outgrowth of the frond wholly or partly covering the sorus. Inferior Describes an ovary adnate to the hypanthium or to the lower parts of the perianth and therefore appearing to be located below the flower at the summit of the pedicel. Inflorescence A complete flower cluster, including the axis and bracts. Innovation An offshoot, usually from the base of a stem. Inserted Attached to, referring to the point of origin of an organ. Insipid Lacking taste or savor to such a degree as to be unpleasing to the palate. Internode The portion of a stem between one node and the next. Involucel Diminutive of involucre; an involucre subtending a definite part of an inflorescence only, in contrast with the involucre that subtends the whole. Involucral Pertaining to an involucre. Involucrate With an involucre. Involucre A set of bracts closely associated with each other and subtending an inflorescence. Involucrum Involucre. Involute Rolled in, so that the lower side of the organ is exposed and the upper concealed. (Compare revolute.)
Irregular Describes a flower in which the members of one or more sets of organs (usually the corolla) differ among themselves in size, shape, or structure; synonymous with zygomorphic. -ish legitimate (commonly used) suffix meaning somewhat. Keel A sharp or conspicuous longitudinal ridge; also the two lower united petals in the Apiaceae (Leguminosae). Lacerate Torn; describing a flat organ, such as a leaf or petal, with irregularly jagged margin. Laciniate Deeply cut into narrow segments. Lacustrine Living in lakes. Lanate Woolly. Lance-attenuate Lanceolate, with the tip slenderly tapering. Lance-oblong Lanceolate and oblong. Lanceolate Shaped like a lance head, much longer than wide and widest below the middle. Lateral Situated on or arising from the side of an organ, as a lateral inflorescence. Latex The milky juice of some plants. Lax-flowered Flowers loose or distant. Leaflet A single segment of a compound leaf. Legume A dry dehiscent fruit derived from a simple ovary and usually dehiscing along two sutures. Lemma A certain type of bract in the Poaceae (Gramineae). Lenticular Lens-shaped. Ligneous Woody. Ligulate Having a ligule; having the nature of a ligule. Ligule A small, usually flat outgrowth from an organ, such as that seen at the junction of claw and blade in the petals of some Caryophyllaceae or at the junction of sheath and leaf blade in Poaceae (Gramineae); the ligulate corolla of many species of Asteraceae (Compositae). Limb The expanded part of a gamopetalous corolla; the expanded part of any petal or leaf. Linear Narrow and elongate with essentially parallel sides. Linear-capillary Finely linear. Linear-subulate Linear, with an awl-shaped tip. Lingulate Tongue-shaped. Lip Either portion of the limb of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, distinguished as upper lip and lower lip; the odd petal (usually the lowest) in Orchidaceae. Littoral Growing on sea beaches.
GLOSSARY
Lobe A partial division of an organ, such as a leaf. The term generally applies to a division less than halfway to the base of the midrib. Lobate Divided into or bearing lobes. Locule A cavity or one of the cavities within an ovary, a fruit, or an anther; used by many in preference to the older term cell. Loment A legume composed of one-seeded articles. Lunate Crescent-shaped. Lustrous Glossy, shiny. Lyrate Pinnately lobed with the terminal lobe the largest. Macrospore The larger of the two kinds of spores in Selaginella and related plants. Marcescent Withering and persistent, usually applied to petals or stamens after anthesis. Mealy Covered with meal or with fine granules. Median Pertaining to the middle. Megaspore In some Pteridophytes, the spore that produces the female gametophyte. The term is also used for a similar spore in Spermatophytes. Megasporophyll The organ upon which, or within which, megaspores are produced. Membranaceous, membranous Thin and flexible, such as an ordinary leaf. (Contrast chartaceous, coriaceous, or succulent.) Mericarp A portion of a fruit, which splits away as a seemingly separate fruit, such as the two carpels in the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Microspore In some Pteridophytes, the spore from which the male gametophyte is developed. Microsporophyll In some Pteridophytes, the organ upon which microspores are produced. Midrib The median or central rib or a leaf. Minerotrophic Rich in minerals (of a bog). Monocephalus Single-headed. Monochrome Having, or consisting of, one color or hue. Moniliform Literally, necklacelike; constricted at regular intervals. Monoecious Bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers but not perfect ones. Moraine An accumulation of earth and stones carried and finally deposited by a glacier. Mucilaginous Slimy, composed of mucilage. Mucro A short, sharp, slender point. Mucronate Tipped with a short, sharp, slender point. Multicipital Literally, many-headed; describes a crown of roots or a caudex from which several stems arise.
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Muricate Describes a surface beset with small sharp projections. Muticous Pointless, blunt, awnless. Mycorrhiza The association of certain fungi with the roots of certain seed-plants. Naked Lacking various organs or appendages, almost always referring to organs or appendages that are present in other similar plants; e.g., a naked flower lacks perianth. Nectary A gland that secretes nectar, usually on the corolla or disk or within the spur of a flower. Nerve A prominent longitudinal vein of a leaf or other organ. The adjective nerved is often used as a suffix; e.g., three-nerved. Nitrophilous Preferring or thriving in a soil rich in nitrogen. Nodal Located at or pertaining to a node. Node A point on the stem from which leaves or branches arise, characterized internally by certain anatomical features. Nodose Knotty or knobby. Nodulose Provided with little knots or knobs. Nut A hard, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit or part of a fruit. Nutlet A small nut, loosely distinguished only by its size and scarcely separable from an achene except by the comparative thickness of its wall. Ob- A prefix, signifying in a reverse direction, usually attached to an adjective indicating shape. Obcordate Inverted heart-shaped, the notch being apical. Obcuneate Inversely cuneate. Oblanceolate Lanceolate with the broadest part above the middle. Oblique Slanting, unequal-sided. Oblong Describes a flat organ broader than linear but maintaining its width with little change for a considerable part of its length. Also describing a solid object, such as a fruit or seed, which is essentially cylindric or prismatic and therefore appears oblong when viewed from the side. Obpyramidal Inversely pyramidal. Obovate Reversed ovate, having the distal end broader. Obovoid Appearing as an inverted egg. Obtuse Blunt. Ocrea A sheath around the stem just above the base of a leaf and derived from the stipules; used chiefly in the Polygonaceae. Offset A short prostrate or ascending shoot, usually propagative in function, arising near the base of a plant.
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GLOSSARY
Olivaceous Olive green; olive-colored. Opposite Situated diametrically opposite each other at the same node, such as leaves, flowers, or branches; situated directly in front of another organ; e.g., stamens opposite the petals. Orbicular Essentially circular. Oval Broadly elliptic. Ovary The basal, usually expanded portion of a pistil within which the ovules are borne. Ovate Describes a flat organ widest below the middle and broader than lanceolate. Ovoid Egg-shaped. Ovule A reproductive organ within the ovary in which the female cell is produced and which, after further development, becomes a seed. Palea A certain type of bract in the Poaceae (Gramineae). Palmate With three or more lobes or nerves or leaflets or branches arising from one point; essentially synonymous with digitate. Paludal Of, or growing in, marshes. Panicle A compound or branched inflorescence of the racemose type; often applied to any compound inflorescence that is loosely branched and longer than thick. Panicled, paniculate Arranged in a panicle. Pannose With the texture of felt. Papillae Minute nipple-shaped projections. Papillate Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections. Papilliform Shaped like a papilla, which is a short, blunt, rounded, or cylindric projection of small size. Papillose Describes a surface beset with short, blunt, rounded, or cylindric projections; papillose hairs are slender above a papilliform base. Pappus An outgrowth of hairs, scales, or bristles from the summit of the achene of many species of Asteraceae (Compositae). Parasite A plant that derives its food and water wholly or chiefly from another plant to which it is attached. (Compare epiphyte.) Parietal Located on the inner side of the exterior wall of the ovary. Parthenogenetically Developing without fertilization. Pectinate Literally, comblike; pinnatifid into narrow segments of uniform size and resembling a comb; closely ciliate with comparatively large or stiff and parallel hairs. Pedate Palmately lobed with the lateral segments again divided.
Pedicel The stalk of a single flower in an inflorescence. Pedicellate Born on a pedicel. Peduncle The portion of a stem that bears an inflorescence or a solitary flower, either leafless or with bracts. Pedunculate With a peduncle. Pellucid Clear, transparent. Peltate Attached by the surface instead of the margin. Pendulous Hanging or drooping. Pentamerous With parts in fives, such as a corolla of five petals. Perennating Living over from season to season. Perennial Living several years. Perfect Describes a flower containing stamens and pistils. Perfoliate Describes a sessile leaf with its basal portion continuous around the stem. Perianth The corolla and calyx considered together; or either of them if the other is lacking. Pericarp The wall of the fruit. Perigynium A special type of bract in Carex, as described in the text. Perigynous Describing a flower with developed hypanthium or calyx tube that is free from the ovary and bears the sepals or calyx lobes, petals, and stamens at its margin or on its inner surface. Persistent Remaining attached after the normal function has been completed. Petal A separate segment of the corolla. Petaloid Having the character or appearance of a petal. Petiolate With a petiole. Petiole The basal stalklike portion of an ordinary leaf, in contrast with the expanded blade. Phyllaries The involucral bracts in the Asteraceae (Compositae). Phyllode An expanded bladeless petiole. Phyllodial Having the character of a phyllode. Phytogeographic Related to the science of plant distribution. Pilose Rather sparsely beset with straight spreading hairs. Pilosulous Diminutive of pilose. Pingo A dome-shaped ice-cored mound of earth resulting from frost action, found in considerable numbers on the coastal plain east of the Mackenzie Delta. Pinna One member of a pinnatifid or pinnately compound organ. Pinnate Having branches or lobes or leaflets or veins arranged on two sides of a rachis.
GLOSSARY
Pinnatifid With lobes, clefts, or divisions pinnately arranged. Pinnule Diminutive of pinna, usually applied to a segment of a bipinnatifid or decompound leaf. Pistil The innermost or central organ or organs of a flower, composed typically of ovary, style, and stigma. Pistillate Having a pistil; usually applied to flowers lacking stamens. Placenta The point or place of attachment either of the ovules to the ovary or of the seeds to the fruit. Placentation The disposition of placenta. Plane A level surface. Plano-convex Flat on one side and convex on the other. Pleiocephalus With several heads. Plumose Feathery; applied to a slender organ or structure, such as a style, with dense pubescence. Pod Strictly, the fruit of a legume; loosely, often a synonym of capsule. Pollen Spores borne within the anther, which produce the male cells. Pollen tube The slender tube that develops from a pollen grain, penetrates the tissue of the ovary, and enters the ovule. Pollinate To transfer pollen from a stamen to a stigma. Pollination The act or process of pollinating. Pollinium A mass of coherent pollen, such as that developed in Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae. Polygamous Bearing partly perfect, partly unisexual flowers. Polymorphous Variable as to form or habit. Polypetalous Composed of or possessing separate petals. Polysepalous Composed of or possessing separate sepals. Precocious Denoting flowers that appear in advance of the leaves. Prismatic In the shape of a prism. Procumbent Prostrate or trailing, but not rooting at the nodes. Proliferous Reproducing freely by offsets, bulbils, or other vegetative means. Prostrate Flat on the ground. Pruinose With a powdery, waxy secretion on the surface, i.e., a “bloom.” Puberulent, puberulous Minutely or sparsely pubescent. Pubescence An indument of hairs, without reference to structure. Pubescent Bearing hairs on the surface. Pulvinate Cushion-shaped.
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Punctate Dotted; usually denoting the presence of glands either on the surface or within the tissues. Puncticulate Minutely punctate. Punctiform Marked or composed of points or dots. Pyramidal Pyramid-shaped. Pyriform Pear-shaped. Pustule Any small elevation or spot on a plant resembling a blister. Quagmire Soft wet miry land that shakes or yields underfoot. Quinate Five-parted. Raceme A common type of inflorescence having an elongate unbranched axis and lateral flowers, with the lowest opening first. Racemose A general type of inflorescence in which all flowers are axillary and lateral, the axis therefore theoretically capable of indefinite prolongation. (Compare cymose.) Rachilla Literally, a little rachis; specifically, the rachis of a spikelet in the Poaceae (Gramineae) and some Cyperaceae. Rachis The central portion of a compound organ bearing its separate divisions laterally in one or two rows, as the rachis of a compound leaf; to be distinguished from axis, which bears the divisions radially. The two terms are often used loosely and interchangeably. Radiant, radiate Spreading from, or arranged around, a common centre. Radical Belonging to the root. -ranked With a numerical prefix, indicating the number of longitudinal rows in which leaves or other structures are arranged along an axis or rachis. Ray The ligule or straplike marginal flower in Asteraceae (Compositae). Receptacle The end of a pedicel or one-flowered peduncle that bears the floral organs; also known as torus. In Asteraceae (Compositae), the apex of the pedicel upon which the flowers are inserted. Recurved Curved backward. Reflexed Bent backward. Refuse With a small terminal notch in an otherwise rounded or blunt apex. Regular Describing a flower in which the members of each circle of parts are similar in size and shape. Remote Scattered, not close together. Reniform Kidney-shaped; wider than long, rounded in general outline, and with a wide basal sinus. Repand With a shallowly sinuate or slightly wavy margin.
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GLOSSARY
Repent Creeping or prostrate and rooting at the nodes. Resinous Having resin. Reticulate Netted; usually referring to the network of veins in a leaf. Retrorse Directed backward. Revolute Rolled backward, with the upper surface of the organ exposed and the lower side more or less concealed. Rhizomatous Having a rhizome. Rhizome An underground stem, usually horizontal in direction, usually emitting roots from the lower side and leafy stems from the upper. Rhombic With the outline of an equilateral obliqueangled figure. Rib A primary and prominent vein of a leaf. Riparian Growing by rivers or streams. Roseate Rose-colored. Rosette A cluster of leaves crowded on very short internodes, often basal in position. Rostrate Beaked. Rosulate Arranged in a rosette. Rotate Wheel-shaped; describes a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalous calyx widely spreading, without a contracted tube or with only a short and inconspicuous tube. Rotund Essentially circular. Rufidulous Somewhat reddish. Rugose Describing a wrinkled surface; in leaves, usually depressed along the veins and veinlets and elevated between them. Rugulose Diminutive of rugose. Runcinate Sharply incised, with the segments pointing backward. Runner An elongate, slender, prostrate branch taking root at the nodes or tip. Saccate Saclike or dilated. Sagittate Arrow-shaped; lanceolate or triangular in outline with two retrorse basal lobes. Salverform Describes a gamopetalous corolla (or calyx) with well-developed slender tube and abruptly widely spreading limb. Saprophyte A plant without green color, deriving its food from organic material in the soil by mycorrhiza or otherwise. Scaberulous, scabrellate, scabrid Diminutives of scabrous. Scabrous Rough to the touch, because of the structure of the epidermis or to the presence of short stiff hairs. Scale Any small thin or flat structure; also a single bract of the involucre in Asteraceae (Compositae).
Scape A peduncle with one or more flowers arising directly from the ground or from a very short stem, and either leafless or with bracts only. Scapose Arranged or borne on a scape. Scarious Thin and chaffy in texture and not green. Scorpioid Describing an inflorescence usually cymose in structure; spiciform or racemiform in shape, and coiled at the tip before anthesis. Scree Rocky debris from a landslide; see also talus. Scurfy Covered with scalelike particles. Seed A ripened ovule. Sepal One separate segment of the calyx. Sepaloid Sepal-like, usually green and thicker in texture than a petal. Septate Provided with a septum. Septicidal Describes a capsule that dehisces along or through the septa that separate its locules or cells. Septum A partition within an organ, such as the septa of an ovary or of the leaf of a Juncus. Seriate Disposed in a series of rows, either transverse or longitudinal. Sericeous Silky from the presence of numerous soft appressed or ascending hairs. Serrate Toothed along the margin, with the apex of each tooth sharp (compare crenate) and directed forward (compare dentate). Serrulate Diminutive of serrate. Sessile Without a petiole, petiolule, pedicel, peduncle, stipe, or other type of stalk. Seta A bristle. Setaceous Bristlelike or bristle-shaped. Setose Beset with setae or bristles. Sheath An organ wholly or partly surrounding another organ at base, such as the sheathing leaf of a grass. Silicle A short silique. Silique A special type of capsule in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), in which the two valves separate from a thin longitudinal partition known as the replum. Simple Describes a pistil organized from a single carpel and therefore one-celled with a single style and stigma; the term is also applied to the ovary alone; describes a leaf with a single blade. Sinuate Having a wavy margin. Sinus The space or position (not a structure) between two lobes or other divisions. Slough A wet or marshy depression. Solifluction The slow creeping of wet soil and other saturated fragmented material downslope as a result of frost action; common at the surface of perennially frozen ground.
GLOSSARY
Sorus A cluster of sporangia; used especially for flowerless plants. Spadix A form of spike or head having a thick or fleshy axis. Spathe (only of Monocotyledons) A large, usually solitary bract subtending and often enclosing an inflorescence. Spatulate Shaped like a spatula, maintaining its width or somewhat broadened toward the rounded summit. Spicate Arranged in a spike. Spiciform Having a form of a spike but not necessarily the technical structure. Spike An elongate inflorescence of the racemose type with sessile or subsessile flowers; the term is often loosely applied to an inflorescence of different morphological nature but of similar superficial appearance. Spikelet A small or secondary spike subtended by a common pair of glumes or bracts as in grasses. Spine A thorn. Spinule A little thorn. Spinulose Having little thorns. Spiral Describing the arrangement of like organs, such as leaves, at regular angular intervals. Sporadic Occurring here and there without continuous range. Sporangium An organ in which spores are produced. An anther and an ovule are sporangia, but the term is rarely used except in flowerless plants. Spore A one-celled asexual reproductive organ. The term is used almost exclusively in flowerless plants. Sporophyll A specialized organ for the production of spores. Those of flowering plants (pistil, stamen) are often considered to be homologous with leaves. Spur A hollow appendage projecting from the corolla or the calyx and usually nectarial in function. Squarrose Spreading or recurved at the tip. Stamen A member of the third set of floral organs, typically composed of anther and filament. Staminate Bearing stamens; usually applied to a flower lacking pistils. Staminode, staminodium A sterile structure occupying the position of a stamen. Standard The uppermost petal in a typical flower of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Stellate Star-shaped; usually applied to branched hairs. Stellulate Finely stellate. Stem A major division of the plant body in contrast to root and leaf, distinguished from both by cer-
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tain anatomical features and often also by general aspect. Sterigma (pl. sterigmata) As used here, a very short persistent stipe. Sterile Unproductive. Stigma The terminal (or by asymmetric growth occasionally lateral or even basal) portion of a pistil, adapted for the reception and germination of pollen. Stigmatic Like or pertaining to a stigma. Stipe The stalk of a structure or organ, applied only where the terms petiole, petiolule, pedicel, or peduncle cannot be used, as the stipe of an ovary. Stipitate With a stipe or stalk. Stipular Pertaining to or located on a stipule. Stipulate With stipules. Stipules A pair of small structures at the base of the petiole of certain leaves, varying from minute to foliaceous and from caducous to persistent. Stolon A horizontal branch arising at or near the base of a plant and taking root and developing new plants at the nodes or apex. Stoloniferous Producing stolons. Stramineous Straw-colored. Striate Marked with fine and usually parallel lines. Strigose Describing a type of pubescence in which the hairs are closely appressed to the surface and point in one direction (usually antrorse). Strigulose Diminutive of strigose. Strobile An inflorescence resembling a spruce or fir cone, partly made up of imbricated scales. Style The attenuated part of a pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary. Sub- A prefix to many adjectives, meaning more or less, or somewhat. Subcoriaceous Somewhat leathery in appearance or texture. Subligneous Almost woody. Subopposite Almost opposite. Subtend To stand below and close to, as a bract below a flower or a leaf below a bud. Subulate Awl-shaped. Succulent Fleshy and juicy. Suffrutescent Somewhat shrubby, or shrubby at base. Superior Describing an ovary occupying a terminal or central position in the flower and not adnate to other floral organs. Talus Rock debris at the base of a cliff or slope. Tendril A portion of a stem or leaf modified to serve as a holdfast organ. Tentacle A sensitive glandular hair, such as those on the leaf of Drosera.
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GLOSSARY
Terete Circular or essentially so in cross section. Ternate In threes. Terrestrial Growing in the soil as distinct from growing in water or other habitats. Testa The outer covering of a seed. Thallus A plant body not clearly differentiated into stem and leaf and often also without roots or rhizoids. Thyrse A compound inflorescence composed of cymes racemosely arranged; also often but loosely used to designate a compact panicle. Thyrsoid With the appearance of a thyrse. Tomentose Woolly, with an indument of crooked matted hairs. Tomentulose Diminutive of tomentose. Tomentum An indument of crooked matted hairs. Torulose Cylindrical with contractions at regular intervals. Trailing Prostrate but not rooting. Translucent Partly transparent. Trichome A hairlike outgrowth of the epidermis. Trichotomous Forking regularly by threes. Trifid Divided into three parts. Trifoliate Having three leaflets. Trigonous Three-angled. Truncate With the base or apex transversely straight or nearly so, as if cut off. Tuber A thickened portion of a rhizome or root, serving for food storage and often also for propagation. Tubercle A minute swollen or tuberlike structure, usually distinct in color or texture from the organ on which it is borne, e.g., the tubercle on the achene of Eleocharis; a nodule containing bacteria, such as on the roots of Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Tuberculate Bearing tubercles. Tumid Swollen. Turbinate Top-shaped. Turgid Swollen. Turion A scaly, often thick and fleshy, shoot produced from a bud on an underground rootstock. Tussock A tuft of grass or grasslike plants. Ubiquitous Occurring everywhere. Umbel A racemose type of inflorescence with greatly abbreviated axis and elongate pedicels. In a compound umbel the branches are again umbellately branched at the summit. Umbellate Arranged in umbels. Umbellet One of the small umbels collectively composing a compound umbel. Umbelliform Resembling an umbel in appearance.
Undulate Wavy-margined. Unisexual Bearing stamens or pistils but not both. Urceolate Urn-shaped; describes a gamopetalous corolla somewhat contracted at the throat and lacking a prominent limb. Utricle A small bladdery sac enclosing an achene, such as in Carex. Valvate Opening by valves. Valve One of the portions of the wall of a capsule into which it separates at dehiscence; in anthers opening by pores, the portion of the anther wall covering the pore. Vascular bundle A strand of wood fibers and associated tissues. Vein Any of the vascular bundles externally visible, such as in a leaf. Veinlet A small vein. Velutinous Velvety. Ventral Situated on, or pertaining to, the lower side of a flat organ or to the adaxial side of a stamen or carpel. Vernal Appearing in the spring. Verrucose Warty; covered on the surface with low rounded protuberances. Verticil A whorl of leaves or flowers. Verticillate Arranged in whorls. Vexillum The standard or large posterior petal in flowers of the Leguminosae. Villose Covered with fine long hairs but not matted (compare tomentose) or only obscurely matted. Villosity A villous indument. Villosulous Diminutive of villous. Villous Same as villose. Viscid Sticky. Viviparous Of adventitious buds sprouting or germinating on the parent plant. Whorl A circle of three or more leaves or branches or pedicels arising from one node. Wing Any flat structure emerging from the side or summit or an organ; also the lateral petals in Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Winter bud A shortened and crowded, hibernating vegetative shoot. Wintergreen Remaining green throughout the winter. Zygomorphy The type of symmetry exhibited in most irregular flowers, the upper half unlike the lower, the left half a mirror image of the right.
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651
INDEX1
A Abies 48 balsamea var. fallax 48 lasiocarpa 48 Achillea 540 borealis 541 lanulosa 541 millefolium 541 millefolium ssp. borealis 541 millefolium ssp. lanulosa 541 millefolium var. nigrescens 541 nigrescens 541 sibirica 542 Aconitum 288 delphinifolium ssp. delphinifolium 288 delphinifolium ssp. paradoxum 289 Actaea 289 rubra ssp. arguta 289 rubra ssp. rubra 289 rubra var. arguta 289 adder’s-mouth 208 adder’s-tongue 32 Adoxa 532 moschatellina 532 ADOXACEAE 532 Agoseris 542 aurantiaca 542 glauca ssp. scorzoneraefolia 543 glauca var. dasycephala 543 Agrohordeum macounii 85 Agropyron 68 boreale 87 boreale ssp. alaskanum 87 boreale ssp. hyperarcticum 87 cristatum 68 latiglume 92 macrourum 89 pauciflorum 90 pauciflorum ssp. novae-angliae 91 pauciflorum ssp. teslinense 91 pectiniforme 68 repens 89 sericeum 89 sibiricum 68 spicatum 90 subsecundum 91 teslinense 91 trachycaulum var. glaucum 91 trachycaulum var. novae-angliae 91 trachycaulum var. trachycaulum 90 trachycaulum var. unilaterale 91 violaceum 92 violaceum ssp. andinum 90
violaceum var. hyperarcticum 87 yukonense 88 Agrostis 68 alba var. gigantea 70 borealis 70 capillaris 69 clavata 69 exarata 69 filiculmis 69 geminata 71 gigantea 70 hiemalis var. geminata 71 mertensii ssp. mertensii 70 scabra var. geminata 71 scabra var. scabra 70 stolonifera var. major 70 tenuis 69 Aira 71 caryophyllea 71 alder 236 green 236 grey 237 hoary 237 alfalfa 415 yellow 415 ALISMACEAE 63 ALISMATACEAE 63 Allium 196 schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum 196 schoenoprasum var. sibiricum 196 Alnus 236 crispa ssp. crispa 236 crispa ssp. sinuata 236 crispa var. sinuata 236 incana ssp. tenuifolia 237 viridis ssp. crispa 236 viridis ssp. sinuata 236 Alopecurus 71 aequalis 72 alpinus 72 alpinus ssp. glaucus 72 pratensis 72 Alyssum 316 americanum 316 Amelanchier 381 alnifolia 381 Amerorchis 204 rotundifolia 204 Amsinckia 495 lycopsoides 495 menziesii 495 Anaphalis 543 margaritacea 543 Andromeda 462 Andromeda 462 polifolia 462
1 Boldface indicates accepted taxa, italics synonymy, and roman common names.
Androsace 473 alaskana 475 chamaejame ssp. lehmanniana 473 chamaejasme var. arctica 473 ochotensis 476 septentrionalis 474 anemone 290 cut-leaf 290 cut-leaved 290 Anemone 290 drummondii var. lithophila 290 lithophila 290 multiceps 290 multifida 290 narcissiflora 291 parviflora 291 parviflora var. grandiflora 291 patens var. multifida 296 patens var. wolfgangiana 296 richardsonii 291 Angelica 450 lucida 450 Antennaria 543 alaskana 547 alborosea 551 alpina 546 alpina var. friesiana 547 alpina var. media 549 angustata 550 arida 552 arida ssp. viscidula 552 breitungii 552 canadensis 548 carpathica var. pulcherrima 551 compacta 546 confinis 552 cryomophylla 546 densifolia 546 ekmaniana 547 elegans 552 ellyae 546 friesiana ssp. alaskana 547 friesiana ssp. compacta 546 friesiana ssp. friesiana 547 friesiana ssp. neoalaskana 548 howellii 548 howellii ssp. canadensis 548 howellii ssp. howellii 548 incarnata 552 isolepis 552 labradorica 546 leuchippi 552 media 549 microphylla 549 monocephala ssp. angustata 550 monocephala ssp. monocephala 550
652
INDEX
monocephala ssp. monocephala var. exilis 550 monocephala ssp. philonipha 550 neglecta ssp. howellii 548 neglecta var. canadensis 548 neglecta var. howellii 548 neoalaskana 548 neodioica ssp. canadensis 548 neodioica ssp. howellii 548 nitida 549 oxyphylla 551 pallida 546 pedunculata 546 philonipha 550 pulcherrima 551 pulcherrima var. angustisquama 551 pulcherrima var. sordida 551 pulvinata 552 pulvinata ssp. albescens 552 pygmaea 550 rosea ssp. arida 552 rosea ssp. confinis 552 rosea ssp. pulvinata 552 rosea ssp. rosea 551 stolonifera 546 subcanescens 546 subviscosa 552 Anthemis 553 cotula 553 Aphragmus 317 eschscholtzianus 317 APIACEAE 450 APOCYNACEAE 489 Apocynum 489 androsaemifolium 489 cannabinum 489 sibiricum 489 Aquilegia 292 brevistyla 292 formosa 292 Arabidopsis glauca 359 mollis 351 Arabis 317 arenicola var. pubescens 326 calderi 320 codyi 321 columbiana 321 divaricarpa var. dacotica 322 divaricarpa var. divaricarpa 322 drepanoloba 322 drummondii 323 eschscholtziana 323 exilis 323 glabra 324 hirsuta ssp. eschscholtziana 323 hirsuta ssp. pycnocarpa 324 hirsuta var. pycnocarpa 324 holboellii var. pinetorum 328 holboellii var. retrofracta 325 holboellii var. secunda 325 hookeri 351 kamchatica 325 lemmonii 326 lignifera 326 lyallii 320, 323 lyrata var. kamchatica 325
media 326 murrayi 327 nuttallii 327 pinetorum 328 retrofracta 325 secunda 325 sparsiflora var. subvillosa 321 ARACEAE 183 Aralia 449 nudicaulis 449 ARALIACEAE 449 Arctagrostis 73 angustifolia 73 arundinacea 73 latifolia 73 latifolia ssp. arundinacea 73 latifolia var. arundinacea 73 macrophylla 73 poaeoides 73 Arctophila 73 fulva 73 Arctostaphylos 463 alpina 463 rubra 463 uva-ursi ssp. adenotricha 464 uva-ursi ssp. longipilosa 464 uva-ursi ssp. stipitata 464 uva-ursi ssp. uva-ursi 464 Arenaria 263 arctica 269 capillaris 264 capillaris var. nardifolia 264 chamissonis 282 dawsonensis 269 dicranoides 282 humifusa 264 laricifolia 272 lateriflora 272 longipedunculata 264 macrocarpa 270 obtusiloba 271 peploides var. diffusa 268 physodes 284 rossii 271 rubella 271 rubra 279 sajanensis 269 stricta ssp. dawsonensis 269 uliginosa 272 verna var. pubescens 271 Armeria 482 maritima ssp. arctica 482 Arnica 553 alpina ssp. angustifolia 554 alpina ssp. attenuata 555 alpina ssp. tomentosa 555 amplexicaulis 554 amplexicaulis ssp. prima 559 angustifolia ssp. angustifolia 554 angustifolia ssp. attenuata 555 angustifolia ssp. lonchophylla 558 angustifolia ssp. tomentosa 555 attenuata 555 chamissonis 555 chamissonis ssp. chamissonis 555 chamissonis ssp. foliosa 556 chamissonis ssp. incana 556
cordifolia 556 diversifolia 557 frigida 557 frigida var. glandulosa 557 griscomii ssp. frigida 557 latifolia 558 lessingii 558 lonchophylla 558 louiseana ssp. frigida 557 mollis 559 parryi 559 porsildiorum 558 tomentosa 555 arrow-grass 61 marsh 62 seaside 61 arrowhead 63 arrowwood 531 Artemisia 559 alaskana 560 arctica 564 arctica ssp. comata 564 biennis 561 borealis 561 campestris 561 campestris ssp. borealis 561 cana 560 canadensis 561 dracunculus 562 frigida 562 furcata 562 globularia 563 glomerata 563 hyperborea 562 kotzebuensis 601 kruhsiana 560 laciniata 563 laciniatiformis 563 macrobotrys 563 michauxiana 564 norvegica ssp. saxatilis 564 norvegica var. comata 564 norvegica var. saxatilis 564 richardsoniana 565 rupestris ssp. woodii 565 tilesii 565 trifurcata 562 arum 183 Aruncus 381 dioicus 381 sylvester 381 ash, mountain 403 aspen, trembling 213 asphodel, false 200 ASPIDIACEAE 37 Aspidium INDEX fragrans 40 lonchitis 43 spinulosum 40 ASPLENIACEAE 45 Asplenium 45 trichomanes-ramosum 45 viride 45 aster 566 rayless 567 smooth 568 western bog 569
INDEX
western heath 568 Aster 566 alpinus ssp. vierhapperi 566 alpinus var. vierhapperi 566 angustus 567 borealis 567 brachyactis 567 ciliolatus 568 commutatus 568 elegantulus 568 ericoides var. commutatus 568 falcatus 568 junciformis 567 laevis ssp. geyeri 568 laevis var. geyeri 568 laurentianus 567 lindleyanus 568 modestus 569 sibiricus 569 yukonensis 570 ASTERACEAE 538 Astragalus 405 aboriginum 408 adsurgens ssp. robustior 406 adsurgens ssp. viciifolius 406 adsurgens var. tananaicus 406 agrestis 407 alpinus 407 americanus 407 australis 408 bodinii 408 canadensis 408 danicus var. dasyglottis 407 dasyglottis 407 eucosmus ssp. eucosmus 409 eucosmus ssp. sealei 409 frigidus var. littoralis 410 goniatus 407 linearis 408 macounii 410 nutzotinensis 409 richardsonii 408 robbinsii 410 robbinsii var. minor 410 sealei 409 stragulus 408 striatus 406 tenellus 410 umbellatus 410 viciifolius 406 williamsii 411 yukonis 408 Athyrium 37 alpestre ssp. americanum 38 americanum 38 distentifolium ssp. americanum 38 filix-femina var. cyclosorum 38 filix-femina var. sitchense 38 Atriplex 253 patula 253 subspicata 254 Avena 74 hookeri 100 sativa 74 Avenochloa hookeri 100 avens 385 large-leaved 386
mountain 382 yellow 386 awlwort 359 azalea alpine 467 false 468 mock 468
B baby’s-breath 267 bake-apple 400 baked-apple 400 BALSAMINACEAE 434 baneberry 289 red 289 Barbarea 328 orthoceras 328 barley 101, 102 foxtail 102 squirreltail 102 bastard-toadflax 242 bearberry 463 alpine 463 common 464 beard-tongue 516 beauty, spring 260 Beckmannia 74 erucaeformis ssp. baicalensis 74 syzigachne 74 bedstraw 527 northern 527 sweet-scented 528 beggarticks 570 nodding 570 beggar’s-lice 496 bellflower 535 berry, baked-apple 400 Betula 237 fontinalis 239 glandulifera 239 glandulosa 238 glandulosa var. sibirica 238 microphylla 239 nana ssp. exilis 238 neoalaskana 238 occidentalis 239 papyrifera 239 papyrifera var. commutata 239 papyrifera var. humilis 238 papyrifera var. neoalaskana 238 papyrifera var. occidentalis 239 pumila var. glandulifera 239 resinifera 238 BETULACEAE 236 Bidens 570 cernua 570 bilberry 470 bog 471 dwarf 470 bind-weed 247 birch 236, 237 Alaska 238 dwarf 238
653
ground 238 paper 239 water 239 bistort 246 alpine 248 bladderpod 353 arctic 353 bladderwort 522, 523 flat-leaved 523 lesser 524 blinks 262 blue-joint 78 bluebell 500, 535 blueberry 470 tall 470 bog-laurel 466 bogbean 488 borage 495 BORAGINACEAE 495 Boschniakia 521 rossica 521 Botrychium 32 ascendens 32 boreale ssp. obtusilobum 33 lanceolatum var. lanceolatum 33 lunaria 33 multifidum var. multifidum 34 spathulatum 34 virginianum var. europaeum 34 Boykinia 363 richardsonii 363 brake, rock 35 bramble 399 Brassica 329 campestris 329 hirta 356 kaber var. pinnatifida 357 rapa 329 BRASSICACEAE 314 Braya 329 glabella ssp. glabella 329 glabella ssp. purpuracens 330 humilis 330 humilis ssp. arctica 330 humilis ssp. richardsonii 330 pilosa 329 purpurascens 330 richardsonii 330 brome California 75 downy 77 smooth 76 Bromus 74 arcticus 76 carinatus 75 ciliatus 75 hordeaceus 75 inermis 76 inermis ssp. pumpellianus 76 marginatus 75 mollis 75 pumpellianus var. arcticus 76 pumpellianus var. pumpellianus 76 racemosus 75 secalinus 77 tectorum 77 brooklime, American 518
654
INDEX
broom-rape 521 buckbean 488 buckwheat 243 wild 247 buffaloberry 440 bugleweed 503 bugseed 257 bullhead-lily 286 bulrush 180 bunchberry 456 Bupleurum 451 americanum 451 triradiatum ssp. arcticum 451 bur-marigold 570 bur-reed 52 narrow-leaved 52 burnet 402 Canadian 402 great 402 bush-cranberry 531 low 531 butter-and-eggs 511 buttercup 296 arctic 301 celery-leaved 304 creeping 304 dwarf 303 Lapland 301 northern seaside 299 Pallas’ 302 small-flowered 298 snow 302 sulphur 305 western 302 white water 298 butterwort 522 common 522
C Calamagrostis 77 canadensis ssp. canadensis 78 canadensis ssp. langsdorffii 78 canadensis var. langsdorffii 78 deschampsioides 79 holmii 80 inexpansa 81 langsdorffii 78 lapponica 79 lapponica var. nearctica 79 neglecta 80 purpurascens ssp. maltei 80 purpurascens var. laricina 80 purpurascens var. purpurascens 80 robertii 80 stricta ssp. inexpansa 81 stricta var. stricta 80 yukonensis 80 calla, wild 183 Calla 183 palustris 183 CALLITRICHACEAE 431 Callitriche 431 anceps 431
autumnalis 431 hermaphroditica 431 verna 432 Caltha 292 arctica 293 leptosepala 293 natans 293 palustris ssp. arctica 293 palustris var. arctica 293 calypso 204 Calypso 204 bulbosa 204 Campanula 535 aurita 535 lasiocarpa 535 rotundifolia 536 uniflora 536 CAMPANULACEAE 535 campion 274 bladder 278 moss 274 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 529 Capsella 330 bursa-pastoris 330 Cardamine 331 bellidifolia 331 digitata 331 hyperborea 331 microphylla 332 minuta 332 oligosperma ssp. kamtschatica 332 oligosperma var. kamtschatica 332 pensylvanica 332 pratensis 333 purpurea 333 richardsonii 331 umbellata 332 Carex 131 aenea 137 albo-nigra 138 amblyorhyncha 157 anthoxanthea 138 aquatilis 138 arcta 139 atherodes 139 athrostachya 140 atrata 140 atrata ssp. atrosquama 141 atratiformis ssp. raymondii 140 atrofusca 141 atrosquama 141 aurea 141 bicolor 142 bigelowii 146 bipartita 153 bonanzensis 142 brunnescens 142 buxbaumii 143 canescens 143 canescens var. subloliacea 153 capillaris ssp. capillaris 143 capillaris ssp. chlorostachys 144 capillaris ssp. robustior 144 capillaris var. elongata 144 capillaris var. major 144 capitata 144 chordorrhiza 145
circinata 160 circinnata 145 concinna 145 consimilis 146 crawfordii 146 curta 143 deflexa 146 deweyana 147 diandra 147 dioica ssp. gynocrates 151 disperma 148 eburnea 148 eleusinoides 148 elynaeformis 149 filifolia 149 flava 149 foenea 149 franklinii 150 franklinii var. nicholsonis 163 garberi ssp. bifaria 150 glacialis 150 glareosa 151 glareosa ssp. amphigena 151 glareosa var. amphigena 151 gynocrates 151 heleonastes 152 hepburnii 160 holostoma 152 incurva 158 interior 152 kelloggii 154 kokrinensis 148 krausei 144 lachenalii 153 lapponica 153 lasiocarpa ssp. americana 153 lasiocarpa var. americana 153 laxa 154 leiophylla 168 lenticularis var. dolia 148 lenticularis var. lipocarpa 154 leptalea var. tayloris 154 limosa 155 livida 155 loliacea 155 lugens 156 macloviana 156 macloviana spp. pachystachya 156, 162 macrochaeta 157 magellanica ssp. irrigua 157 magnursina 163 marina 157 maritima 158 maritima ssp. yukonensis 158 maritima var. yukonensis 158 media 158 membranacea 158 mertensii 159 michrochaeta 159 microglochin 159 microptera 160 misandra 160 nardina 160 norvegica 161 norvegica ssp. inferalpina 158 obtusata 161
INDEX
oederi ssp. virdidula 173 oederi var. pumila 173 pachystachya 162 parryana 162 paupercula 157 peckii 162 petasata 163 petricosa 163 petricosa var. edwardsii 163 phaeocephala 164 physocarpa 169 podocarpa 164 praegracilis 164 prairea 165 praticola 165 pyrenaica 165 pyrenaica ssp. micropoda 165 ramenskii 166 rariflora 166 raymondii 140 retrorsa 166 rhynchophysa 172 rossii 167 rostrata 167 rostrata 172 rotundata 167 rupestris 168 sabulosa ssp. leiophylla 168 salina var. subspathacea 171 saxatilis 169 scirpoidea 169 scopulorum 146 siccata 149 sparsiflora 173 spectabilis 169 stenophylla ssp. eleocharis 170 stylosa 170 subspathacea 171 supina ssp. spaniocarpa 171 sychnocephala 171 tenuiflora 172 ursina 172 utriculata 172 vaginata 173 vahlii 161 viridula 173 williamsii 173 yukonensis 156 carnation 266 Carpogymnia dryopteris 41 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 263 cassandra 465 Cassiope 464 mertensiana 464 stelleriana 466 tetragona ssp. saximontana 465 tetragona ssp. tetragona 465 Castilleja 505 caudata 506 elegans 506 hyperborea 507 miniata 507 pallida ssp. caudata 506 pallida var. elegans 506 pallida var. unalaschcensis 508 parviflora 507 raupii 508
unalaschcensis 508 unalaschensis ssp. transnivalis 508 villosissima 507 yukonis 508 cattail 51 common 51 Cerastium 264 arvense 265 beeringianum 265 beeringianum var. grandiflorum 265 campestre 265 fontanum ssp. triviale 265 glomeratum 266 maximum 266 viscosum 266 vulgatum 265 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 285 Ceratophyllum demersum 285 Chamaedaphne 465 calyculata 465 Chamaerhodos 382 erecta ssp. nuttallii 382 chamomile 553 sea-shore 587 stinking 553 wild 587 charlock 357 cheat 77 CHENOPODIACEAE 253 Chenopodium 254 album 255 berlandieri ssp. zschackei 255 berlandieri var. zschackei 255 capitatum 255 dessicatum 256 gigantospermum 257 glaucum ssp. salinum 257 glaucum var. pulchrum 257 glaucum var. salinum 257 hybridum ssp. gigantospermum 257 leptophyllum 256 pratericola 256 rubrum 256 salinum 257 simplex 257 Cherleria dicranoides 282 cherry 397 choke 398 pin 398 chess, soft 75 chickweed 279 common mouse-ear 265 field 265 mouse-ear 264 Chimaphila 458 umbellata ssp. occidentalis 458 umbellata var. occidentalis 458 Chrysanthemum 570 arcticum ssp. polare 571 bipinnatum ssp. huronense 601 huronense 601 integrifolium 571 ircutianum 571 leucanthemum 572 leucanthemum 571 leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum 572
655
Chrysosplenium 364 tetrandum 364 wrightii 364 cicely, sweet 453 Cicuta 451 bulbifera 451 douglasii 452 mackenzieana 452 maculata var. angustifolia 452 virosa 452 Cinna 81 latifolia 81 cinquefoil 388 marsh 395 shrubby 392 slender 393 tall 390 Circaea 441 alpina 441 Cirsium 572 foliosum 572 Claytonia 260 arctica 262 bostockii 261 ogilviensis 260 porsildii 262 sarmentosa 262 scammaniana 262 tuberosa 260 cleavers 527 clematis 294 golden 294 purple 294 Clematis 294 occidentalis ssp. grosseserrata 294 occidentalis var. grosseserrata 294 tangutica 294 cliff-brake, slender 36 cloudberry 400 clover 423 alsike 423 red 424 white 424 club-moss 21 alpine 21 bristly 22 common 22 flatbranch 23 mountain 24 sitka 24 tree 23 Cnidium cnidiifolium 452 Cochlearia 333 officinalis ssp. arctica 333 Coeloglossum 204 viride ssp. bracteatum 204 viride var. virescens 204 Coelopleurum gmelinii 450 lucidum 450 Collinsia 509 parviflora 509 collomia 490 Collomia 490 linearis 490 Colpodium 82 fulvum 73
656
INDEX
vahlianum 82 coltsfoot arrow-leaved 590 sweet 588 columbine 292 small-flower 292 western 292 comandra northern 242 pale 242 Comandra 242 livida 242 pallida 242 umbellata spp. pallida 242 Comarum palustre 395 comfrey, northern wild 496 COMPOSITAE 538 Conioselinum 452 cnidiifolium 452 coontail, common 285 Coptis 295 groenlandica 295 trifolia 295 Corallorhiza 205 trifida 205 coralroot 205 Corispermum 257 hyssopifolium 257 CORNACEAE 456 Cornus 456 canadensis 456 canadensis var. intermedia 457 intermedia 457 stolonifera 456 unalaschkensis 457 corydalis 312 few-flowered 312 golden 312 pink 313 Corydalis 312 aurea 312 pauciflora 312 sempervirens 313 cotton-grass 175 cow-parsnip 453 cowcockle 284 cowherb 284 cranberry 468, 470 mountain 471 cranesbill 427 CRASSULACEAE 362 Crepis 572 elegans 573 nana 573 tectorum 573 cress bitter 331 penny 360 rock 317 winter 328 yellow 355 Critesion jubatum 102 crowberry 433 black 433 crowfoot 288, 296 CRUCIFERAE 314
Cryptantha 496 shackletteana 496 spiculifera 496 Cryptogramma 35 acrostichoides 35 crispa var. acrostichoides 35 crispa var. sitchensis 35 stelleri 36 cuckooflower 333 cudweed 582 low 582 CUPRESSACEAE 47 curlewberry 433 currant 367 bristly black 368 northern black 368 skunk 368 wild red 369 Cynoglossum 496 boreale 496 CYPERACEAE 131 Cypripedium 205 calceolus ssp. parviflorum 205 calceolus var. parviflorum 205 guttatum 206 montanum 206 parviflorum 205 passerinum 206 Cystopteris 38 fragilis 39 montana 39
D Dactylis 82 glomerata 82 daisy 570 arctic 571 Easter 604 ox-eye 572 dandelion 601 common 603 mountain 542 red-seeded 602 Danthonia 82 intermedia 83 spicata 83 spicata var. pinetorum 83 darnel 105 death-camass 201 deerberry 198 Delphinium 295 brachycentrum 295 brownii 296 glaucum 296 Dendranthema arcticum ssp. polare 571 Deschampsia 83 atropurpurea var. latifolia 130 brevifolia 84 caespitosa 84 caespitosa ssp. orientalis 84 caespitosa var. glauca 84 calycina 84 danthonioides 84
elongata 85 Descurainia 334 incana 334 pinnata ssp. filipes 334 pinnata ssp. nelsonii 334 richardsonii 334 sophia 335 sophioides 335 devil’s-club 449 Dianthus 266 plumarius 267 repens 267 Diapensia 472 lapponica ssp. obovata 472 obovata 472 DIAPENSIACEAE 472 Diphasiastrum alpinum 21 complanatum 23 sitchense 24 Diphasium complanatum 23 sitchense 24 dispensia 472 ditch-grass 60 dock 249 arctic 250 curled 250 golden 251 western 251 Dodecatheon 474 frigidum 474 pauciflorum 475 pulchellum 475 dogbane 489 spreading 489 dogwood 456 red-osier 456 Douglasia 475 alaskana 475 arctica 476 gormanii 476 ochotensis 476 Draba 335 albertina 338 alpina 339 aurea 339 bellii 341 borealis 339 caesia 346 cana 340 cinerea 340 corymbosa 341 crassifolia 341 daurica 342 eschscholtzii 347 fladnizensis 341 fladnizensis var. heterotricha 343 glabella 342 hirta 342 incerta 342 kluanei 342 lactea 343 lanceolata 340 lonchocarpa 343 longipes 343 luteola 339
INDEX
macounii 344 macrocarpa 341 maxima 339 murrayi 344 nemorosa var. leiocarpa 344 nivalis 345 ogilviensis 345 oligosperma 345 palanderiana 346 paysonii 346 porsildii 346 praealta 347 ruaxes 347 scotteri 347 sibirica 345 stenoloba 338 stenoloba 348 stenopetala 348 ventosa 348 yukonensis 349 Dracocephalum 502 parviflorum 502 thymiflorum 503 dragonhead 502 American 502 thyme-flowered 503 dragonwort 562 Drosera 361 anglica 361 rotundifolia 361 DROSERACEAE 361 Dryas 382 alaskensis 383 crenulata 383 drummondii 383 hookeriana 384 integrifolia ssp. integrifolia 384 integrifolia ssp. sylvatica 384 octopetala 385 octopetala ssp. alaskensis 383 punctata 385 sylvatica 384 Dryopteris 39 assimilis 40 austriaca 40 carthusiana 40 dilatata 40 disjuncta 41 expansa 40 fragrans 40 fragrans var. remotiuscula 40 linnaeana 41 lonchitis 43 phegopteris 42 spinulosa 40 duckweed 184 common 184 star 184 Dupontia 85 fisheri 85 fisheri ssp. psilosantha 85 psilosantha 85
E Echinopanax horridum 449 ELAEAGNACEAE 440 Elaeagnus 440 commutata 440 ELATINACEAE 435 Elatine 435 triandra 435 elderberry 530 red 530 Eleocharis 174 acicularis 174 macrostachya 175 palustris 174 pauciflora var. fernaldii 175 quinqueflora 175 uniglumis 175 elephant-heads 513 Elyhordeum chatangensis 86 macounii 85 Elymus 85 alaskanus ssp. alaskanus 87 alaskanus ssp. borealis 87 alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus 87 arenarius ssp. mollis var. villosissimus 104 calderi 88 canadensis 88 chatangensis 86 glaucus 88 innovatus 104 lanceolatus ssp. yukonensis 88 macounii 85 macrourus 89 repens 89 sibiricus 89 spicatus 90 trachycaulus ssp. andinus 90 trachycaulus ssp. glaucus 91 trachycaulus ssp. novae-angliae 91 trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus 91 trachycaulus ssp. teslinensis 91 trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus 90 trachycaulus ssp. violaceus 92 yukonensis 88 Elytrigia repens 89 EMPETRACEAE 433 Empetrum 433 hermaphroditum 433 nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum 433 Epilobium 441 adenocaulon 443 alpinum 442 alpinum var. lactiflorum 445 alpinum var. nutans 444 anagallidifolium 442 angustifolium 442 arcticum 443 ciliatum 443 ciliatum ssp. glandulosum 444 clavatum 443 davuricum 444 davuricum var. arcticum 443
657
glandulosum 444 glandulosum var. adenocaulon 443 hornemannii 444 lactiflorum 445 latifolium 445 leptophyllum 445 palustre 445 palustre var. davuricum 444 EQUISETACEAE 27 Equisetum 27 arvense 28 boreale 28 calderi 28 fluviatile 28 hyemale ssp. affine 29 limosum 28 palustre 29 pratense 30 prealtum 29 scirpoides 30 sylvaticum 30 variegatum ssp. alaskanum 31 variegatum ssp. variegatum 31 ERICACEAE 462 Erigeron 574 acris ssp. debilis 575 acris ssp. politus 575 acris var. asteroides 575 acris var. debilis 575 acris var. elatus 576 alaskanus 578 caespitosus 576 compositus 576 elatus 576 eriocephalus 581 glabellus ssp. pubescens 577 glabellus ssp. pubescens var. yukonensis 581 grandiflorus ssp. arcticus 577 grandiflorus ssp. muirii 579 humilis 577 humilis 579 hyperboreus 578 hyssopifolius 578 jucundus 575 lanatus 579 lonchophyllus 578 mexiae 579 muirii 579 pallens 579 peregrinus ssp. callianthemus 580 peregrinus ssp. peregrinus 579 philadelphicus 580 pumilus 580 purpuratus 581 purpuratus ssp. pallens 579 purpuratus var. dilatatus 579 unalaschkensis 577 uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus 581 yukonensis 581 Eriogonum 243 flavum var. aquilinum 243 Eriophorum 175 alpinum 181 angustifolium 176 angustifolium ssp. triste 178 angustifolium var. triste 178
658
INDEX
brachyantherum 176 callitrix 177 chamissonis var. albidum 177 gracile 177 opacum 176 russeolum var. albidum 177 russeolum var. leucothrix 177 scheuchzeri 178 triste 178 vaginatum ssp. vaginatum 178 viridi-carinatum 179 Eritrichium 496 aretioides 497 chamissonis 497 nanum var. aretioides 497 nanum var. chamissonis 497 splendens 497 Erysimum 349 angustatum 349 asperum var. angustatum 349 cheiranthoides 350 cheiranthoides ssp. altum 350 inconspicuum 350 pallasii 350 Euphorbia 430 esula 430 EUPHORBIACEAE 430 Euphrasia 509 arctica var. disjuncta 509 disjuncta 509 disjuncta var. dolosa 509 subarctica 509 Eurotia 258 lanata 258 Eutrema 351 edwardsii 351 everlasting 543, 582 pearly 543 eyebright 509
F FABACEAE 405 fairy-candelabra 474 fairy-slipper 204 felwort 485 fern American parsley 35 bladder 38 brittle 39 fragile 39 fragrant 40 fragrant cliff 40 grape 32 holly 43 lady 38 lance-leaved grape 33 leathery grape 34 long beech 42 mountain bladder 39 mountain holly 43 Nahanni oak 41 northern holly 43 northern wood 40
oak 41 ostrich 42 parsley 35 rattlesnake 34 spinulose wood 40 wall 46 wood 39 fernweed 512 fescue 92 hard 97 northern 95 northern rough 93 red 96 reed 94 Rocky Mountain 97 tall 94 Festuca 92 altaica 93 arundinacea 94 auriculata 95 baffinensis 94 brachyphylla 94 brevissima 95 hyperborea 95 lenensis 95 longifolia 97 megalura 130 minutiflora 96 myuros 130 ovina ssp. alaskana 95 ovina ssp. brachyphylla 94 ovina var. alaskana 95 ovina var. duriuscula 97 richardsonii 96 rubra 96 rubra ssp. arctica 96 rubra ssp. arenaria 96 rubra ssp. richardsonii 96 saximontana var. purpusiana 97 saximontana var. saximontana 97 trachyphylla 97 vivipara ssp. glabra 98 figwort 505 Filaginella uliginosa 582 Filix fragilis 39 fir 48 alpine 48 fireweed 442 fivefinger, marsh 395 flag 202 flax 429 wild blue 429 fleabane 574 flixweed 335 Fluminea festucacea 125 forget-me-not 500, 501 alpine 496 white 496 foxtail 71, 102 alpine 72 meadow 72 short-awned 72 Fragaria 385 virginiana ssp. glauca 385 virginiana var. glauca 385 Fritillaria 197 camschatcensis 197
fritillary, Kamchatka 197 FUMARIACEAE 312 fumitory 312
G gaillardia 582 Gaillardia 582 aristata 582 gale, sweet 235 Galeopsis 503 bifida 503 tetrahit ssp. bifida 503 tetrahit var. bifida 503 Galium 527 boreale 527 brandegei 527 palustre 528 trifidum 528 triflorum 528 gentian 483, 484 fringed 486 moss 484 Gentiana 483 arctophila 485 acuta 485 algida 483 barbata 486 glauca 484 propinqua ssp. arctophila 485 prostrata 484 tenella 485 GENTIANACEAE 483 Gentianella 484 amarella ssp. acuta 485 detonsa ssp. yukonensis 486 propinqua ssp. propinqua 485 tenella 485 Gentianopsis 486 detonsa ssp. yukonensis 486 Geocaulon 242 lividum 242 GERANIACEAE 427 Geranium 427 bicknellii 427 erianthum 427 richardsonii 428 Geum 385 aleppicum ssp. strictum 386 aleppicum var. strictum 386 glaciale 386 macrophyllum ssp. perincisum 386 macrophyllum var. perincisum 386 perincisum 386 rossii 387 triflorum 387 Gilia 490 capitata 490 ginseng 449 glasswort 258 slender 258 Glaux 477 maritima ssp. maritima 477
INDEX
Glyceria 98 borealis 98 grandis 99 maxima ssp. grandis 99 pauciflora 127 pulchella 99 striata var. stricta 99 Gnaphalium 582 alpinum 546 margaritaceum 543 uliginosum 582 goatsbeard 381 goldenrod 598 goldthread 295 Goodyera 207 repens 207 gooseberry 367 northern 369 wild 369 goosefoot 253, 254 red 256 GRAMINEAE 64 grass 64 alpine blue 112 alpine holy 100 American manna 99 annual blue 112 arctic blue 112 arctic holy 101 beard 118 bent 68 blue 109 blue-eyed 202 brome 74 Canada blue 114 canary 107, 108 colonial bent 69 couch 89 creeping bent 70 crested wheat 68 feather 126 fowl manna 99 fowl-meadow 115 goose 118 hair 71, 83, 174 holy 100 Italian rye 105 June 103 Kentucky blue 116 lyme 104 manna 98 needle 126 northern manna 98 orchard 82 perennial rye 105 poverty oat 83 purple oat 124 quack 89 rabbit-foot 118 red bent 70 reed bent 77 reed canary 108 rough blue 117 rough hair 70 rye 104 silver hair 71 slough 74
sweet 101 tall manna 99 tickle 70 timber oat 83 tufted hair 84 vanilla 101 wedge 126 western rye 88 wheat 68 wild oat 82 wood blue 115 grass-of-Parnassus 366 ground-cone 521 ground-pine, round-branched 23 groundsel 591 common 597 Gymnocarpium 41 continentale 41 dryopteris ssp. dryopteris 41 jessoense ssp. parvulum 41 robertianum 41 Gypsophila 267 elegans 267
H Habenaria dilatata 209 hyperborea 209 obtusata 210 orbiculata 210 saccata 210 unalascensis 208 viridis var. bracteata 204 Hackelia 498 deflexa 498 jessicae 498 Halimolobos 351 mollis 351 HALORAGACEAE 448 Hammarbya paludosa 208 Haplopappus 583 macleanii 583 harebell 536 Harrimanella 466 stellariana 466 hawkweed 583 mourning 585 narrow-leaved 585 slender 584 white 584 hawk’s-beard 572 annual 573 heath 462 heather arctic white 465 mountain 468 white mountain 464 hedge-nettle 504 Hedysarum 411 alpinum 411 alpinum var. americanum 411 boreale ssp. mackenzii 412 mackenzii 412
659
Helianthus 583 laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus 583 subrhomboideus 583 Helictotrichon 100 hookeri 100 hellebore false 201 white 201 hemlock 50 western 50 hemlock-parsley 452 hemp, Indian 489 hemp-nettle 503 Heracleum 453 lanatum 453 Hieracium 583 albiflorum 584 gracile 584 scabriusculum 585 triste 585 triste ssp. gracile 584 triste var. gracile 584 umbellatum 585 Hierochloë 100 alpina ssp. alpina 100 hirta ssp. arctica 101 odorata 101 pauciflora 101 Hippochaete hyemalis ssp. affinis 29 scirpoides 30 variegata 31 HIPPURIDACEAE 446 Hippuris 446 montana 446 tetraphylla 446 vulgaris 447 Honckenya 268 peploides var. diffusa 268 honeysuckle 529, 530 Hordeum 101 brachyantherum 102 jubatum 102 jubatum ssp. breviaristatum 102 nodosum 102 vulgare 102 hornwort 285 horsetail 27 field 28 marsh 29 meadow 30 variegated 31 water 28 wood 30 woodland 30 hound’s-tongue 496 huckleberry 470 Huperzia selago 24 HYDROPHYLLACEAE 494 Hypopitys 458 monotropa 458
660
INDEX
I
K
Impatiens 434 biflora 434 capensis 434 Indian-paintbrush 505 IRIDACEAE 202 iris 202 wild 202 Iris 202 setosa ssp. interior 202 setosa var. interior 202 ISOETACEAE 26 Isoetes 26 echinospora 26 muricata var. braunii 26 itchweed 201
Kalmia 466 polifolia 466 kinnikinick 464 knotweed 244, 246 striate 245 Kobresia 179 arctica 180 bellardii 179 hyperborea 180 myosuroides 179 sibirica 180 simpliciuscula 180 simpliciuscula var. americana 180 Koeleria 103 asiatica 103 cairnesiana 103 cristata 103 gracilis 103 macrantha 103 nitida 103 yukonensis 103 Koenigia 243 islandica 243
J Jacob’s-ladder 492 jewelweed 434 spotted 434 JUNCACEAE 185 Juncus 185 albescens 190 alpinoarticulatus ssp. americanus 186 alpinus ssp. nodulosus 186 alpinus var. rariflorus 186 arcticus ssp. alaskanus 186 arcticus ssp. ater 187 balticus 186 balticus var. alaskanus 186 balticus var. littoralis 187 biglumis 187 bufonius 187 castaneus ssp. castaneus 188 castaneus ssp. leucochlamys 188 drummondii 188 filiformis 189 mertensianus 189 nodosus 189 stygius ssp. americanus 190 stygius var. americanus 190 triglumis ssp. albescens 190 triglumis ssp. triglumis 190 triglumis var. albescens 190 juniper 47 creeping 47 ground 47 mountain 47 Juniperus 47 communis 47 communis ssp. alpina 47 communis ssp. depressa 47 communis ssp. nana 47 communis var. depressa 47 communis var. montana 47 communis var. saxatilis 47 horizontalis 47
L LABIATAE 502 Labrador-tea 467 Lactuca 585 biennis 586 ladies’-tresses 211 hooded 211 lady’s-slipper 205 mountain 206 small white 206 small yellow 205 sparrow’s-egg 206 spotted 206 lady’s-smock 333 lady’s-thumb 248 Lagotis 510 glauca ssp. minor 510 glauca var. stelleri 510 stelleri 510 lamb’s-quarters 255 LAMIACEAE 502 Lappula 498 echinata 499 myosotis 499 occidentalis 498 redowskii 498 redowskii var. occidentalis 498 squarrosa 499 larch 48 Alaska 48 Larix 48 alaskensis 48 laricina 48 laricina var. alaskensis 48 larkspur 295 tall 296
Lathyrus 412 japonicus 412 ochroleucus 413 palustris 413 Latuca pulchella 586 tatarica ssp. pulchella 586 laurel 466 leadwort 482 leatherleaf 465 Ledum 466 decumbens 467 groenlandicum 467 palustre ssp. decumbens 467 palustre ssp. groenlandicum 467 LEGUMINOSAE 405 Lemna 184 minor 184 trisulca 184 LEMNACEAE 184 LENTIBULARIACEAE 522 Lepidium 351 bourgeauanum 352 densiflorum var. densiflorum 352 densiflorum var. elongatum 352 ramosissimum 353 sativum 353 Leptarrhena 365 pyrolifolia 365 Lesquerella 353 arctica ssp. arctica 353 arctica ssp. calderi 353 arctica var. calderi 353 calderi 353 lettuce 585 blue 586 tall blue 586 Leucanthemum arcticum 571 ircutianum 571 praecox 571 vulgare 572 Lewisia 261 pygmaea 261 Leymus 104 innovatus 104 mollis ssp. villosissimus 104 Ligusticum mutellinoides ssp. alpinum 454 LILIACEAE 196 lily 196 alp 197 black 197 Kamchatka 197 lily-of-the-valley false 197 wild 198 Limosella 510 aquatica 510 LINACEAE 429 Linaria 511 vulgaris 511 lingberry 471 Linnaea 529 borealis ssp. americana var. americana 529 borealis ssp. borealis 529
INDEX
Linum 429 lewisii 429 perenne ssp. lewisii 429 liquorice-root 411 Listera 207 borealis 207 cordata 208 Lloydia 197 serotina 197 lobelia 537 Lobelia 537 kalmii 537 LOBELIACEAE 537 locoweed 417 late yellow 418 showy 422 Loiseleuria 467 procumbens 467 Lolium 104 multiflorum 105 perenne ssp. multiflorum 105 perenne ssp. perenne 105 perenne var. aristatum 105 temulentum 105 Lomatogonium 486 rotatum ssp. rotatum 486 rotatum ssp. tenuifolium 486 Lonicera 530 dioica var. glaucescens 530 involucrata 530 loosestrife tufted 477 yellow 477 lousewort 512 Labrador 513 Lapland 514 woolly 514 lucerne 415 Luetkea 387 pectinata 387 lungwort 499 Drummond’s 499 sea 499 lupine 413 Lupinus 413 arcticus 413 kuschei 414 nootkatensis 414 Luzula 191 arctica ssp. arctica 191 arctica ssp. latifolia 192 arcuata ssp. arcuata 192 arcuata ssp. unalaschkensis 192 campestris var. alpina 193 confusa 192 groenlandica 193 multiflora ssp. frigida var. contracta 193 nivalis 191 parviflora ssp. parviflora 193 piperi 194 rufescens 194 spicata 194 tundricola 192 wahlenbergii 195 wahlenbergii ssp. piperi 194
Lychnis brachycalyx 276 funstonii 276 furcata 275 ostenfeldii 277 taimyrensis 277 taylorae 276 triflora var. dawsonii 277 LYCOPODIACEAE 21 Lycopodium 21 alpinum 21 annotinum var. annotinum 22 annotinum var. pungens 22 clavatum var. monostachyon 22 complanatum 23 dendroideum 23 obscurum var. dendroideum 23 sabinifolium var. sitchense 24 selago 24 selago var. appressum 24 sitchense 21 sitchense 24 Lycopus 503 uniflorus 503 Lysimachia 477 thyrsiflora 477
M madder 527 Madia 586 glomerata 586 Maianthemum 197 canadense ssp. interius 198 canadense var. interius 198 dilatatum 198 stellatum 198 trifolium 199 Malaxis 208 paludosa 208 mare’s-tail 446 common 447 marsh-marigold 292, 293 mountain 293 Mary, blue-eyed 509 Matricaria 587 ambigua 587 inodora 588 maritima ssp. phaeocephala 587 maritima var. agrestis 588 matricarioides 587 perforata 588 suaveolens 587 matricary 587 Matteuccia 42 struthiopteris var. pensylvanica 42 mayflower 333 mayweed 553 Medicago 414 falcata 415 lupulina 415 sativa 415 medick 414 black 415
Melandrium affine 275 affine var. brachycalyx 276 apetalum ssp. arcticum 277 apetalum ssp. ogilviense 278 dawsonii 277 furcatum 275 taylorae 276 tenellum 276 Melanidion boreale 357 melic, false 124 Melilotus 415 alba 416 officinalis 416 Mentha 504 arvensis 504 MENYANTHACEAE 488 Menyanthes 488 trifoliata 488 Menziesia 468 ferruginea 468 Merckia physodes 284 Mertensia 499 drummondii 499 maritima 499 paniculata var. alaskana 500 paniculata var. paniculata 500 Micranthes galacifolia 379 Microsteris 491 gracilis 491 milk-vetch 405 alpine 407 purple 407 Mimulus 511 guttatus 511 langsdorffii 511 mint 504 field 504 Minuartia 268 arctica 269 biflora 269 dawsonensis 269 elegans 270 macrocarpa 270 obtusiloba 271 rossii 271 rossii ssp. elegans 270 rossii var. elegans 270 rubella 271 stricta 272 yukonensis 272 Mitella 365 nuda 365 pentandra 366 mitrewort 365 Moehringia 272 lateriflora 272 Moldavica parviflora 502 thymiflora 503 Moneses 459 uniflora 459 monkeyflower 511 yellow 511 monkshood 288 Monolepis 258 nuttalliana 258
661
662
INDEX
Monotropa hypopitys 458 Montia 261 bostockii 261 fontana 262 lamprosperma 262 sarmentosa 262 scammaniana 262 moonwort 32, 33 moschatel 532 mountain-parsley 35 mudwort 510 Muhlenbergia 105 glomerata 106 mexicana 106 richardsonis 106 muhly 105 mat 106 mustard 314, 329 ball 354 field 329 gray tansy 334 tansy 334 tower 324 tumble 357 white 356 wild 357 wormseed 350 Myosotis 500 alpestris ssp. asiatica 500 palustris 501 scorpioides 501 sylvatica 500 Myrica 235 gale 235 MYRICACEAE 235 Myriophyllum 448 exalbescens 448 sibiricum 448 spicatum ssp. exalbescens 448 verticillatum 448
N neckweed 519 needle-and-thread 126 Neslia 354 paniculata 354 nettle 240 common 241 dog 241 stinging 241 nightshade, enchanter’s 441 Nuphar 286 luteum ssp. polysepalum 286 luteum ssp. variegatum 286 polysepalum 286 variegatum 286 Nymphaea 287 tetragona ssp. leibergii 287 NYMPHAEACEAE 286
jordalii 418 leucantha 423 maydelliana 420 mertensiana 421 nigrescens ssp. arctobia 421 nigrescens ssp. bryophylla 421 nigrescens ssp. lonchopoda 421 nigrescens ssp. nigrescens 421 nigrescens ssp. pygmaea 421 nigrescens var. lonchopoda 421 roaldii 419 scammaniana 422 sericea ssp. spicata 422 sericea var. spicata 422 sheldonensis 423 spicata 422 splendens 422 tananensis 419 varians 419 verruculosa 423 viscida 423 viscidula 423
O oat, spike 100 oats 74 oleaster 440 ONAGRACEAE 441 onion 196 wild 196 Onobrychis 416 struthiopteris var. pensylvanica 42 viciifolia 416 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 32 Oplopanax 449 horridus 449 orach 253 spear 253 orchid 203 Alaska bog 208 bog 209 bracted green 204 northern bog 210 northern green 209 round-leaved 210 slender bog 210 white 209 ORCHIDACEAE 203 orchis 204 round-leaved 204 Orchis rotundifolia 204 OROBANCHACEAE 521 Orobanche 521 fasciculata 521 Orthilia 459 secunda 459 Orthocarpus 512 luteus 512 Oryzopsis 107 asperifolia 107 pungens 107 Osmorhiza 453 depauperata 453 obtusa 453 owl’s-clover 512 Oxycoccus 468 microcarpus 468 Oxyria 244 digyna 244 Oxytropis 417 arctica 418 borealis 423 campestris ssp. gracilis 419 campestris ssp. jordalii 418 campestris ssp. roaldii 419 campestris ssp. varians 419 campestris var. jordalii 418 campestris var. varians 419 coronaminis 419 deflexa ssp. foliolosa 419 deflexa ssp. sericea 420 deflexa var. capitata 419 deflexa var. foliolosa 419 deflexa var. sericea 420 glutinosa 423 huddelsonii 420 hyperborea 419
P painted-cup 505 Papaver 308 cornwallisensis 310 freedmanianum 310 keelei 309 kluanensis 310 lapponicum 308 macounii ssp. discolor 309 mcconnellii 309 nudicaule ssp. americanum 310 nudicaule ssp. nudicaule 309 polare 310 radicatum ssp. polare 310 radicatum ssp. radicatum 310 walpolei 311 PAPAVERACEAE 308 Parietaria 240 pensylvanica 240 Parnassia 366 fimbriata 366 kotzebuei 367 montanensis 367 palustris var. montanensis 367 palustris var. neogaea 367 Parrya 354 arctica 354 nudicaulis 355 nudicaulis ssp. interior 355 nudicaulis ssp. septentrionalis 355 parsley 450 parsnip 453 meadow 455 wild 453 pasque-flower 296 Pastinaca 453 sativa 453 pea 405 beach 412 wild 412, 413
INDEX
pearlwort 273 Pedicularis 512 arctica 514 capitata 513 groenlandica 513 kanei 514 labradorica 513 lanata 514 langsdorfii ssp. arctica 514 langsdorfii var. arctica 514 lapponica 514 macrodonta 515 oederi 515 parviflora 515 parviflora var. macrodonta 515 sudetica 515 sudetica ssp. albolabiata 515 sudetica ssp. interioides 515 sudetica ssp. interior 515 sudetica ssp. pacifica 515 verticillata 516 pellitory 240 Penstemon 516 gormanii 516 procerus 517 pepper-grass 351 common 352 pepperwort 351 Petasites 588 arcticus 589 frigidus 588 frigidus ssp. arcticus 589 frigidus ssp. frigidus 589 frigidus ssp. nivalis 589 frigidus ssp. palmatus 589 frigidus var. nivalis 589 frigidus var. palmatus 589 hyperboreus 589 nivalis 589 palmatus 589 sagittatus 590 Phacelia 494 franklinii 494 mollis 494 Phalaris 107 arundinacea 108 canariensis 108 Phegopteris 42 connectilis 42 polypodioides 42 Phippsia 108 algida 108 Phleum 109 alpinum 109 commutatum var. americanum 109 pratense 109 phlox 490, 491 moss 492 Richardson’s 492 Phlox 491 alaskensis 491 borealis 491 hoodii 492 richardsonii 492 sibirica 491 Phyllodoce 468 aleutica ssp. glanduliflora 469
empetriformis 469 glanduliflora 469 Picea 49 glauca 49 glauca var. albertina 49 glauca var. porsildii 49 mariana 50 PINACEAE 48 pine 48, 50 lodgepole 50 pineappleweed 587 pinesap 458 Pinguicula 522 villosa 522 vulgaris ssp. macroceras 523 vulgaris ssp. vulgaris 522 vulgaris var. macroceras 523 pink 263, 266 cottage 267 garden 267 grass 267 Pinus 50 contorta ssp. latifolia 50 contorta var. latifolia 50 Piperia 208 unalascensis 208 pipsissewa 458 Plagiobothrys 501 cognatus 501 scouleri 501 PLANTAGINACEAE 525 Plantago 525 aristata 525 canescens 525 eriopoda 526 juncoides 526 juncoides var. glauca 526 major 526 major var. pilgeri 526 maritima 526 septata 525 plantain 525 bracted 525 broad-leaved 526 common 526 saline 526 seaside 526 water 63 Platanthera 209 dilatata 209 hyperborea 209 obtusata 210 orbiculata 210 stricta 210 unalascensis 208 PLUMBAGINACEAE 482 Poa 109 abbreviata ssp. abbreviata 111 abbreviata ssp. jordalii 111 abbreviata ssp. pattersonii 111 agassizensis 116 alpigena 116 alpina 112 ampla 117 annua 112 arctica 112 arctica ssp. arctica 112
663
arctica ssp. caespitans 112 arctica ssp. lanata 112 arctica ssp. longiculmis 113 arctica ssp. williamsii 113 brachyanthera 117 canbyi 117 compressa 114 cusickii 114 glauca 114 jordalii 111 leptocoma 115 nemoralis 115 nevadensis 117 palustris 115 pattersonii 111 paucispicula 115 porsildii 116 pratensis 116 pratensis ssp. alpigena 116 pratensis ssp. pratensis 116 pseudoabbreviata 111 pseudoabbreviata 117 rupicola 114 scabrella 117 secunda 117 stenantha 117 trivialis 117 vaseyochloa 116 POACEAE 64 Podistera 454 macounii 454 yukonensis 454 poke, Indian 201 POLEMONIACEAE 490 Polemonium 492 acutiflorum 493 boreale 493 caeruleum ssp. villosum 493 pulcherrimum 493 POLYGONACEAE 243 Polygonum 244 achoreum 245 alaskanum 245 alpinum var. lapathifolium 245 amphibium ssp. laevimarginatum 246 amphibium var. stipulaceum 246 aviculare 246 bistorta ssp. plumosum 246 buxiforme 247 caurianum 247 convolvulus 247 lapathifolium 248 lapathifolium var. prostratum 248 pensylvanicum ssp. oneillii 248 persicaria 248 scabrum 248 viviparum 248 POLYPODIACEAE 46 Polypodium 46 sibiricum 46 virginianum 46 vulgare ssp. columbianum 46 vulgare ssp. virginianum 46 polypody 46 rock 46
664
INDEX
Polypogon 118 monspeliensis 118 Polystichum 43 lonchitis 43 pond-lily, yellow 286 pondweed 54 fine-leaved 56 flat-stemmed 59 giant 59 horned 60 sago 58 variable-leaved 57 white-stemmed 58 popcornflower 501 poplar 212 balsam 212 poppy 308 arctic 309 Iceland 309 Populus 212 balsamifera ssp. balsamifera 212 balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa 212 tacamahacca 212 tremuloides 213 trichocarpa 212 PORTULACACEAE 260 Potamogeton 54 alpinus ssp. tenuifolius 55 berchtoldii 55 filiformis var. borealis 56 foliosus var. macellus 56 friesii 56 gramineus 57 natans 57 obtusifolius 57 panormitanus var. major 55 pectinatus 58 perfoliatus ssp. richardsonii 58 perfoliatus var. richardsonii 58 porsildiorum 59 praelongus 58 pusillus 55 richardsonii 58 subsibiricus 59 vaginatus 59 zosterifolius ssp. zosteriformis 59 zosteriformis 59 POTAMOGETONACEAE 54 Potentilla 388 anserina 389 anserina ssp. egedii 392 arenosa 394 arguta ssp. convallaria 390 biennis 390 biflora 390 bimundorum 391 bipinnatifida 391 convallaria 390 diversifolia 391 egedii 392 egedii ssp. yukonensis 389 elegans 392 emarginata 393 floribunda 392 fruticosa 392 fruticosa ssp. floribunda 392 furcata 396
gracilis 393 gracilis ssp. nuttallii 393 hookeriana 394 hookeriana var. furcata 396 hyparctica 393 ledebouriana 397 litoralis 393 multifida 391 nivea 394 nivea 395, 396 nivea var. nipharga 394 nivea var. villosa 397 norvegica 394 ovina 394 palustris 395 pectinata 395 pensylvanica 395 pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida 391 pensylvanica var. virgulata 393 plattensis 394 prostrata ssp. floccosa 396 prostrata ssp. prostrata 395 pulchella 396 pulchella var. gracilicaulis 396 rubricaulis 396 rubricaulis 396 uniflora 397 villosa 397 villosula 397 virgulata 393 yukonensis 389 povertyweed 258 prairie-crocus 296 prairiesmoke 387 primrose 473, 477 bird’s-eye 480 evening 441 Primula 477 borealis 478 borealis 480 cuneifolia ssp. saxifragifolia 478 egaliksensis 479 eximia 479 incana 479 mistassinica 480 nutans 480 sibirica 480 stricta 479, 480 tenuis 478 tschuktschorum ssp. cairnesiana 479 tschuktschorum var. arctica 479 PRIMULACEAE 473 Prunus 397 pensylvanica 398 virginiana 398 Pteretis nodulosa 42 pensylvanica 42 PTERIDACEAE 35 Puccinellia 118 agrostidea 119 andersonii 120 angustata 120 arctica 120 borealis 121 deschampsioides 121 distans 122
grandis 122 hauptiana 122 interior 123 langeana 123 nuttalliana 123 pauciflora 127 paupercula 123 phryganodes 124 vaginata 124 vahliana 82 Pulsatilla 296 ludoviciana 296 multiceps 290 purslane 260 pussytoes 543 pyrola arctic 460 one-flowered 459 pink 460 Pyrola 459 asarifolia 460 asarifolia var. purpurea 460 chlorantha 460 grandiflora 460 grandiflora var. canadensis 460 grandiflora var. gormanii 460 minor 461 secunda 459 secunda ssp. obtusata 459 virens 460 PYROLACEAE 458
Q quillwort 26
R RANUNCULACEAE 288 Ranunculus 296 abortivus 298 affinis 303 aquatilis var. eradicatus 298 aquatilis var. subrigidus 298 circinatus var. subrigidus 298 confervoides 298 cymbalaria 299 eschscholtzii 299 filiformis 299 flammula 299 gelidus ssp. grayi 300 gmelinii ssp. gmelinii 300 gmelinii ssp. purshii 300 gmelinii var. hookeri 300 gmelinii var. yukonensis 300 grayi 300 hyperboreus 301 lapponicus 301 macounii 301 nivalis 302 occidentalis var. brevistylis 302 pallasii 302
INDEX
pedatifidus ssp. affinis 303 pedatifidus var. leiocarpus 303 pensylvanicus 303 purshii 300 pygmaeus 303 pygmaeus ssp. sabinei 304 repens 304 reptans 299 sabinei 304 sceleratus ssp. multifidus 304 subrigidus 298 sulphureus 305 trichophyllus var. eradicatus 298 trichophyllus var. trichophyllus 298 turneri 305 rape, bird 329 raspberry 399 dwarf 401 wild red 401 rattlesnake-plaintain 207 dwarf 207 redtop 70 spike 69 reedgrass, wood 81 Rhinanthus 517 borealis 517 crista-galli 517 minor ssp. borealis 517 Rhodiola 362 integrifolia 362 rosea ssp. integrifolia 362 rhododendron 469 Lapland 469 Rhododendron 469 groenlandicum 467 lapponicum 469 tomentosum ssp. subarcticum 467 Ribes 367 glandulosum 368 hudsonianum 368 lacustre 368 laxiflorum 369 oxyacanthoides ssp. oxyacanthoides 369 triste 369 rice, mountain 107 river-beauty 445 rock-harlequin 313 rock-jasmine 473 Rorippa 355 barbareifolia 355 hispida 356 hispida var. barbareifolia 355 islandica ssp. fernaldiana 356 islandica var. hispida 356 palustris ssp. hispida 356 palustris ssp. palustris 356 williamsii 356 Rosa 398 acicularis 398 woodsii 399 ROSACEAE 380 rose 380, 398 prickly 398 western 399 rose-bay, Lapland 469 rosemary, bog 462
roseroot 362 RUBIACEAE 527 Rubus 399 acaulis 400 arcticus ssp. acaulis 400 arcticus ssp. arcticus 399 arcticus ssp. stellatus 400 arcticus var. acaulis 400 chamaemorus 400 idaeus 401 pedatus 401 pubescens 401 stellatus 400 strigosus 401 rue alpine meadow 306 meadow 305 purple meadow 306 Rumex 249 acetosa ssp. alpestris 249 acetosella 250 arcticus 250 crispus 250 domesticus 251 fenestratus 251 longifolius 251 maritimus ssp. fueginus 251 maritimus var. fueginus 251 mexicanus 252 occidentalis 251 salicifolius ssp. triangulivalvis 252 sibiricus 252 transitorius 252 triangulivalvis 252 utahensis 252 Ruppia 60 maritima var. spiralis 60 occidentalis 60 spiralis 60 rush 185 bog 185 toad 187 wood 191 rustyleaf 468 rye 125 blue wild 88 Canada wild 88 Siberian wild 89 wild 85
S sage, pasture 562 sagewort biennial 561 prairie 562 Sagina 273 intermedia 273 linnaei 273 nivalis 273 saginoides 273 Sagittaria 63 cuneata 63 sainfoin 416
665
SALICACEAE 212 Salicornia 258 europaea 258 Salix 213 alaxensis f. longistylis 218 alaxensis ssp. alaxensis 217 alaxensis ssp. longistylis 218 alaxensis var. longistylis 218 anglorum 218 arbusculoides 218 arbutifolia 224 arctica 218 arctolitoralis 228 arctophila 219 athabascensis 219 barclayi 220 barrattiana 220 bebbiana 220 brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa 221 brachycarpa ssp. mexiae 221 brachycarpa ssp. niphoclada 221 candida 222 chamissonis 222 commutata 223 crassijulis 218 depressa ssp. rostrata 220 dodgeana 233 drummondiana 223 drummondiana var. subcaerulea 223 exigua 223 farriae 225 flagellaris 228 fuscescens 224 glauca 224 glauca ssp. niphoclada 221 glauca var. acutifolia 225 glauca var. villosa 225 hastata 225 hudsonensis 218 interior 223 interior var. pedicellata 223 lanata ssp. richardsonii 225 lasiandra 226 lasiandra var. lancifolia 226 lasiandra var. recomponens 226 longifolia 223 longistylis 218 lucida ssp. lasiandra 226 maccalliana 226 mackenzieana 231 monticola 227 myrtillifolia 227 myrtillifolia var. pseudomyrsinites 227 niphoclada 221 niphoclada var. muriei 221 novae-angliae 227 ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis 228 ovalifolia var. ovalifolia 228 padophylla 227 pedicellaris 229 pedicellaris var. hypoglauca 229 phlebophylla 229 phlebophylla 233 phylicifolia var. subglauca 230 planifolia ssp. planifolia 229 planifolia ssp. pulchra 230
666
INDEX
planifolia ssp. pulchra var. yukonensis 230 polaris 230 polaris ssp. pseudopolaris 230 prolixa 231 pseudocordata 227 pseudomonticola 227 pseudopolaris 230 pulchra 230 pulchra var. yukonensis 230 pyrifolia 231 raupii 232 reticulata ssp. reticulata 232 richardsonii 225 rigida 231 rigida var. mackenzieana 231 rostrata 220 rotundifolia ssp. dodgeana 233 rotundifolia ssp. rotundifolia 232 scouleriana 233 setchelliana 234 sphenophylla 234 subcaerula 223 Sambucus 530 pubens 530 racemosa ssp. pubens 530 samphire 258 sandalwood 242 sandwort 263, 268 Sanguisorba 402 canadensis ssp. latifolia 402 microcephala 402 officinalis 402 sitchensis 402 stipulata 402 Sanicula 455 marilandica 455 SANTALACEAE 242 Saponaria vaccaria 284 sarsaparilla, wild 449 saskatoon 381 Saussurea 590 americana 590 angustifolia ssp. angustifolia 591 angustifolia ssp. yukonensis 591 angustifolia var. yukonensis 591 viscida var. yukonensis 591 Saxifraga 370 adscendens ssp. oregonensis 371 adscendens var. oregonensis 371 aizoides 371 bronchialis ssp. codyana 372 bronchialis ssp. funstonii 372 caespitosa 372 cernua 373 codyana 372 davurica ssp. grandipetala 377 eschscholtzii 373 exilis 377 flagellaris ssp. setigera 373 foliolosa 374 galacifolia 379 hieracifolia 374 hirculus 374 hirculus var. propinqua 374 lyallii ssp. hultenii 375 lyallii var. hultenii 375
nelsoniana 375 nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana 375 nelsoniana ssp. pacifica 375 nelsoniana ssp. porsildiana 376 nivalis 376 nivalis var. rufopilosa 378 oppositifolia ssp. oppositifolia 376 oppositifolia ssp. smalliana 377 punctata 375 punctata ssp. nelsoniana 375 punctata ssp. pacifica 375 punctata ssp. porsildiana 376 radiata 377 razshivinii 377 reflexa 378 rivularis 378 rivularis var. flexuosa 378 rufopilosa 378 serpyllifolia 379 spicata 379 stellaris var. comosa 374 tenuis 378 tricuspidata 379 SAXIFRAGACEAE 363 saxifrage 363, 370 alpine 376 brook 378 golden 364 leather-leaved 365 nodding 373 prickly 379 purple 376 purple mountain 376 yellow marsh 374 yellow mountain 371 Scheuchzeria 61 palustris ssp. americana 61 palustris var. americana 61 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 61 Schizachne 124 purpurascens 124 Scirpus 180 americanus 182 caespitosus ssp. austriacus 181 hudsonianus 181 lacustris ssp. validus 182 microcarpus 181 pumilus ssp. rollandii 182 pungens 182 rollandii 182 rubrotinctus 181 tabernaemontanii 182 validus 182 Scolochloa 125 festucacea 125 scorpion-weed 494 scouring-rush 29 dwarf 30 SCROPHULARIACEAE 505 scurvy-grass 244, 333 Scutellaria 504 epilobiifolia 504 galericulata var. pubescens 504 sea-blite 259 sea-milkwort 477 sea-pink 482 seabeach-sandwort 268
Secale 125 cereale 125 sedge 131 prairie 165 Sedum 362 lanceolatum 362 rosea ssp. integrifolium 362 Selaginella 25 selaginoides 25 sibirica 25 SELAGINELLACEAE 25 Selinum dawsonii 452 Senecio 591 alaskanus 598 atropurpureus ssp. frigidus 592 atropurpureus ssp. tomentosus 594 atropurpureus var. ulmeri 592 congestus 593 conterminus 595 cymbalaria 593 cymbalarioides 596 frigidus 592 fuscatus 597 hyperborealis 593 indecorus 594 kjellmanii 594 lindstroemii 597 lugens 594 ogotorukensis 595 palustris 593 pauciflorus 595 pauciflorus var. fallax 594 pauperculus 595 resedifolius 593 sheldonensis 596 streptanthifolius 596 streptanthifolius var. borealis 596 streptanthifolius var. kluanei 596 triangularis 596 tundricola 597 vulgaris 597 yukonensis 598 serviceberry 381 Shepherdia 440 canadensis 440 shepherd’s-purse 330 shinleaf 459 one-flowered 459 shootingstar 474 Sibbaldia 403 procumbens 403 Silene 274 acaulis ssp. acaulis 274 acaulis ssp. subacaulescens 275 acaulis var. exscapa 274 cucubalus 278 douglasii 275 involucrata ssp. elatior 276 involucrata ssp. involucrata 275 involucrata ssp. tenella 276 menziesii 276 menziesii ssp. williamsii 278 repens 277 repens ssp. purpurata 277 taimyrensis 277 uralensis ssp. ogilviensis 278 uralensis ssp. uralensis 277
INDEX
vulgaris 278 williamsii 278 silverberry 440 silverweed, common 389 Sinapis 356 alba 356 arvensis 357 Sisymbrium 357 altissimum 357 Sisyrinchium 202 angustifolium 202 montanum 202 Sitanion jubatum 102 Sium 455 suave 455 skullcap 504 smartweed pale 248 water 246 Smelowskia 357 borealis ssp. borealis 357 borealis ssp. jordalii 358 borealis var. jordalii 358 calycina 358 calycina ssp. integrifolia 358 calycina var. integrifolia 358 calycina var. media 358 calycina var. porsildii 358 Smilacina stellata 198 trifolia 199 snakeroot, black 455 snowberry 531 western 531 soapberry 440 Solidago 598 canadensis var. salebrosa 598 decumbens var. oreophila 599 glutinosa 599 lepida var. elongata 598 multiradiata 599 multiradiata var. arctica 599 multiradiata var. scopulorum 599 scopulorum 599 simplex 599 spathulata 599 Solomon’s-seal star-flowered 198 three-leaved 199 Sonchus 599 arvensis ssp. uliginosus 600 arvensis var. glabrescens 600 asper 600 oleraceus 600 Sorbus 403 scopulina 403 sitchensis 404 sorrel 249 mountain 244 sheep 250 sow-thistle 599 common 600 perennial 600 spiny 600 SPARGANIACEAE 52 Sparganium 52 angustifolium 52
angustifolium ssp. emersum var. multipedunculatum 53 emersum var. multipedunculatum 53 hyperboreum 52 minimum 53 multipedunculatum 53 spearwort, creeping 299 speedwell 518 alpine 520 corn 518 marsh 519 purslane 519 skullcap 519 thyme-leaved 520 Spergula 279 arvensis 279 Spergularia 279 rubra 279 Sphenopholis 126 intermedia 126 obtusa var. major 126 spiderplant 373 spike-moss 25 spike-rush 174 least 174 slender 174 spinach 259 garden 259 Spinacia 259 oleracea 259 spiraea 404 Spiraea 404 acuminata 381 beauverdiana 404 Spiranthes 211 romanzoffiana 211 spleenwort 45 green 45 sprangletop 125 spruce 49 black 50 western white 49 white 49 spurge 430 leafy 430 spurry 279 corn 279 purple sand 279 sand 279 squirreltail 102 Stachys 504 palustris ssp. pilosa 504 pilosa 504 starflower 481 water 431 Stellaria 279 alaskana 280 alsine 280 atrata 282 borealis 280 calycantha 281 calycantha ssp. interior 280 calycantha var. isophylla 280 ciliatosepala 283 crassifolia 281 crispa 280 dicranoides 282
667
edwardsii 283 gonomischa 283 humifusa 282 laeta 283 longifolia 282 longifolia var. eciliata 282 longipes 283 media 283 monantha 283 stricta 283 subvestita 283 umbellata 283 Stenotus borealis 583 stickseed 498 stinkweed 360 Stipa 126 columbiana 127 comata 126 nelsonii ssp. dorei 127 occidentalis var. minor 127 richardsonii 127 stonecrop 362 strawberry 385 strawberry-blite 255 Streptopus 199 amplexifolius ssp. americanus 199 amplexifolius var. americanus 199 streptopoides ssp. brevipes 199 Suaeda 259 calceoliformis 259 depresssa 259 maritima 259 occidentalis 259 Subularia 359 aquatica ssp. americana 359 sundew 361 round-leaved 361 sunflower 583 rhombic-leaved 583 sweet-clover 415 white 416 yellow 416 Swertia 487 perennis 487 Symphoricarpos 531 occidentalis 531 Synthyris 517 borealis 517
T tamarack 48 Tanacetum 601 bipinnatum ssp. bipinnatum 601 bipinnatum ssp. huronense 601 huronense 601 kotzebuense 601 tansy 601 Taraxacum 601 alaskanum 603 ceratophorum 602 dumetorum 602 erythrospermum 602 integratum 602
668
INDEX
lacerum 602 laevigatum 602 lyratum 603 maurolepium 602 officinale 603 pellianum 602 phymatocarpum 603 tarragon 562 tarweed 586 cluster 586 Thalictrum 305 alpinum 306 breitungii 306 dasycarpum 306 occidentale 306 sparsiflorum ssp. richardsonii 307 sparsiflorum var. richardsonii 307 turneri 307 venulosum 307 Thellungiella 359 salsuginea 359 Thelypteris dryopteris 41 fragrans 40 phegopteris 42 spinulosa 40 Therofon richardsonii 363 thistle 572 Thlaspi 360 arcticum 360 arvense 360 thoroughwort 451 thrift 482 timothy 109 alpine 109 toadflax 511 yellow 511 Tofieldia 200 coccinea 200 glutinosa ssp. brevistyla 200 occidentalis 200 palustris 201 pusilla 201 Torreyochloa 127 pauciflora 127 touch-me-not 434 Townsendia 604 hookeri 604 Trichophorum alpinum 181 caespitosum 181 pumilum var. rollandii 182 Trientalis 481 borealis ssp. latifolia 481 europaea 481 latifolia 481 Trifolium 423 hybridum 423 pratense 424 repens 424 Triglochin 61 maritimum 61 palustre 62 Tripleurospermum inodorum 588 phaeocephalum 587
Trisetum 128 sibiricum ssp. litorale 128 sibiricum ssp. sibiricum 128 spicatum 129 spicatum ssp. majus 129 spicatum ssp. molle 129 Triticum 129 aestivum 129 Tsuga 50 heterophylla 50 twayblade 207 heartleaf 208 northern 207 twinberry, black 530 twinflower 529 twisted-stalk 199 Typha 51 latifolia 51 TYPHACEAE 51
U UMBELLIFERAE 450 umbrella plant 243 Urtica 240 dioica ssp. gracilis 241 gracilis 241 lyallii 241 urens 241 URTICACEAE 240 Utricularia 523 intermedia 523 minor 524 vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza 524 vulgaris var. americana 524
V Vaccaria 284 hispanica 284 pyramidata 284 Vaccinium 470 caespitosum 470 membranaceum 470 ovalifolium 471 oxycoccus var. microcarpus 468 uliginosum 471 vitis-idaea ssp. minus 471 vitis-idaea var. minus 471 Vahlodea 130 atropurpurea ssp. latifolia 130 latifolia 130 valerian 533 Valeriana 533 capitata 533 dioica ssp. sylvatica 533 dioica var. sylvatica 533 septentrionalis 533 sitchensis 534 VALERIANACEAE 533
Veratrum 201 eschscholtzii 201 viride ssp. eschscholtzii 201 Veronica 518 alpina ssp. wormskjoldii 520 alpina var. unalaschensis 520 americana 518 arvensis 518 longifolia 519 peregrina ssp. xalapensis 519 peregrina var. xalapensis 519 scutellata 519 serpyllifolia 520 wormskjoldii 520 wormskjoldii ssp. alterniflora 520 vetch 424 American 425 common 425 hairy 426 tufted 425 Viburnum 531 edule 531 Vicia 424 americana 425 angustifolia 425 cracca 425 sativa ssp. nigra 425 villosa 426 Viola 436 adunca 436 biflora 437 canadensis ssp. rydbergii 437 canadensis var. corymbosa 437 canadensis var. rugulosa 437 epipsila ssp. repens 437 langsdorfii 438 nephrophylla 438 palustris 437 renifolia var. brainerdii 438 rugulosa 437 selkirkii 439 VIOLACEAE 436 violet 436 Alaska 438 great-spurred 439 hook-spur 436 kidney-leaved 438 northern bog 438 virgin’s bower 294 Virgulus falcatus 568 Vulpia 130 megalura 130 myuros 130
W wallflower 349 water-arum 183 water-hemlock 451 bulbous 451 spotted 452 water-horehound, tuberous 503 water-lily 286, 287 dwarf 287
INDEX
pygmy 287 yellow 286 water-milfoil 448 water-parsnip 455 waterleaf 494 waterwort 435 wax-myrtle 235 weed, willow 248 wheat 129 whitlow-grass, wood 344 Wilhelmsia 284 physodes 284 willow 212, 213 arctic 218 balsam 231 beaked 220 blue-green 224 hoary 222 long-beaked 220 net-veined 232 Richardson’s 225 sandbar 223 skeleton 229 snow-bed 230
willowherb 441 broad-leaved 445 windflower 290 winterfat 258 wintergreen 458, 459 arctic 460 one-sided 459 pink 460 pink-flowered 460 woodsia 43 fragrant 44 northern 43 Rocky Mountain 44 rusty 44 smooth 44 Woodsia 43 alpina 43 appalachiana 44 bellii 43 glabella 44 ilvensis 44 oregana var. lyallii 44 scopulina 44
wormwood 559 biennial 561
Y yarrow 540 common 541 yellow-rattle 517
Z Zannichellia 60 palustris 60 Zizia 455 aptera 455 Zygadenus 201 elegans 201
669
