Gideon's People, 2-Volume set: Being a Chronicle of an American Indian Community in Colonial Connecticut and the Moravian Missionaries Who Served There (The Iroquoians and Their World)

How to go to your page This eBook contains a two volumes. In the printed version of the book, each volume is paginated separately. To avoid duplicate page numbers in the electronic version, we have inserted a volume number before the page number, separated by a hyphen. For example, to go to page 5 of Volume 1, type 1-5 in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go.” To go to page 5 of Volume 2, type 2-5… and so forth.

Gideon’s People, Volume 1

The Iroquoians and Their World edi t or s José António Brandão William A. Starna

Gideon’s People Volume 1 Being a Chronicle of an American Indian Community in Colonial Connecticut and the Moravian Missionaries Who Served There t r a nsl ated a nd edi t ed by cor inna da lly-s ta r na a nd w illi a m a . s ta r na university of nebr ask a press | lincoln and london

© 2009 by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gideon’s people : being a chronicle of an American Indian community in colonial Connecticut and the Moravian missionaries who served there / translated and edited by Corinna Dally-Starna and William A. Starna. p. cm. — (The Iroquoians and their world) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8032-2427-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Scaticook Indians—Missions— Connecticut—History. 2. Scaticook Indians—Connecticut—Religion. 3. Scaticook Indians—Connecticut— Social life and customs. 4. Moravians— Missions—Connecticut—History. 5. Missionaries—Connecticut—Diaries. I. Dally-Starna, Corinna. II. Starna, William A. e99.s252g53 2009 974.6'02—dc22 2009004675 Set in Quadraat by Kim Essman. Designed by R. W. Boeche.

Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgments vii Translation and Editorial Comments Introduction 1

ix

Johann David Bischoff 18 May to 5 June 1747 75 David Bruce 6 March to 5 May 1749 83 Abraham Büninger 29 March to 6 December 1750

105

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 12 February to 16 June 1751 155 Abraham Büninger 27 June to 11 December 1751

203

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752 252 Carl Gottfried Rundt 15 April to 22 May 1752 302 Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753 349 Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754 397

Carl Gottfried Rundt 2 March to 14 May 1754 464 No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario, 1747 485 Christian Heinrich Rauch 17 June to 27 July 1754 488 Abraham Büninger and Christian Heinrich Rauch 25 July to 31 December 1754 498 Abraham Büninger and Carl Gottfried Rundt 1 January to 7 December 1755 530 Notes

621

Illustrations Figures 1. Sketch of Shekomeko in 1745 77 2. A Stockbridge Indian, 1778 108 3. Johann (John) Martin Mack (1715–1784) 192 4. God’s Acre, the cemetery at Pachgatgoch 564 Maps 1. Northeast region xii 2. New York and New England xiii 3. Pachgatgoch and vicinity xiv

vi

Acknowledgments

A work of this scope and duration cannot be completed without the generosity of colleagues and friends. Over the more than a decade’s worth of work it has taken to translate and edit the diaries and other materials that the Moravians who served at Pachgatgoch left behind, we have greatly benefited from the cooperation and contributions of others, all of which makes Gideon’s People truly a team effort. Kevin McBride was the first to express an interest in the translation of the diaries, hoping that they might provide much-needed insight into the mideighteenth-century life of the native people of Connecticut, an idea that was seconded by Jack Campisi. A first-draft translation, as well as a preliminary annotation, was funded by the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Theresa H. Bell, executive director (1994–2006). We are extremely grateful for Terry’s support and enthusiasm in seeing the project to completion. Gideon’s People would not have happened without her. Other assistance has continued through the offices of the museum’s newly appointed executive director, Kimberly Hatcher-White. In addition, the museum’s director of research, Kevin McBride, arranged for funding that allowed us to travel to the Moravian archives in Herrnhut, Germany, and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to conduct research. The staffs of several libraries and archives were of critical importance to this project. We first would like to extend our thanks to Vernon Nelson, former executive director and archivist of the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem. It was the German script seminar conducted by Vernon Nelson and Lothar Madeheim that provided Corinna with the skills to engage with this type of primary source. At Herrnhut, Corinna was assisted by Rüdiger Kröger, the head archivist of the Unitätsarchiv der Evangelischen Brüder-Unität. She also was welcomed at Staatsarchiv Bremen and, in particular, by the friendly staff headed by Monika Schulte at Kommunalarchiv in Minden. We would like to thank the

Acknowledgments

staffs of the Steven-German Library at Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, and the Interlibrary Loan Office at Milne Library, State University of New York, College at Oneonta. At Milne, the librarians Andrea Gerberg and Dawn Gage never failed us in searching out a large number of often obscure written works needed for the project. We very much appreciate their efforts. On numerous occasions, Charles Gehring provided invaluable technical advice and generously shared his extensive experience with matters of translation. Thank you, Charly. The introduction to the translation and many of the annotations benefited from careful readings by Jack Campisi and Martha Dickinson Shattuck. We received considerable assistance, and, we would add, needed instruction, on the native languages of western Connecticut and eastern New York from Ives Goddard. Marianne Mithun and Hanni Woodbury answered our queries on Iroquoian languages. Francelia Johnson not only shared with us her vast knowledge of the colonial families that settled in the region surrounding Kent, Connecticut, but she also furnished us with copies of early maps of the area and led us on a tour along the stretch of the Housatonic River where Pachgatgoch was once located. And then there are the many persons we contacted who had something to teach us about regional and local history, genealogy, the Dutch of the Hudson Valley, basket making, geology, architecture, native people, geography, earthquakes, editing, and the myriad topics that the Moravians just happened to make mention of in their diaries. We thank them one and all: Raymond Beecher, Jack Campisi, Michael Stephen Cummings, Frank Doherty, John Ebel, James Folts, Charles Gehring, Robert Grumet, George Hamell, Edward Hogan, Paul Huey, Ross Kilpatrick, Mark Louden, Marge McAvoy, Kevin McBride, Martha Millington, Patricia Morrow, David Poirier, Harald Prins, Wayne Sherrer, Elizabeth Shapiro, Dean Snow, Robert Thorson, William Turnbaugh, Christopher Vecsey, and Anita Whitehead. On a personal note, Corinna wishes to acknowledge her parents, Hans and Terry Dally, and to thank Karin and Jürgen Stubbe for their gift of the multivolume collection of Grimm’s Deutsches Wörterbuch, that indispensable tool for anyone who translates the German language.

viii

Translation and Editorial Comments

Various measures have been applied to maintain the linguistic integrity as well as the texture, that is, the pace and “voice” of the German diaries. Lengthy sentence structures have been largely retained, although in keeping with the rules of English grammar and syntax. Unwieldy sentences have been silently separated to ensure intelligibility. Tense shifts have not been amended. Words that in the original were written in a language other than German have been faithfully transcribed and italicized. However, capitalized English common nouns have been silently reduced to lowercase. The German words “Wilde” or “Wilden,” and “Wilder,” often translated as “savages” and “savage,” are at times used by the Moravian diarists. “Savage” is generally applied to a person who is regarded as uncivilized, primitive, or fierce. “Wilder” carries similarly complex meanings that range from indicating a “cultureless” condition to life in a state of nature in far-away places. Many times “Wilder” denotes a non-Christian person. Because the terms “Wilder” and “savage,” and variations thereof, are not wholly comparable in meaning, and to allow for more nuanced readings within the context of the Moravian mission records, the German has been retained throughout. The appearance of a superscript d attached to a noun marks the use of the diminutive in the German text. This notation permits various interpretations on the part of the reader, given that it is difficult to determine whether the diarist meant to communicate size, youth, affection, familiarity, disdain, or paternalism with respect to the person or object in question, or a combination of any of these qualities. Moreover, where nouns cannot take the English suffixes -let, -kin, or -et, only adjectives that signal fondness or smallness, such as, for example, “dear” or “little,” could be applied. These limited choices would have rendered most English translations of the German diminutive unsatisfactory. Much of the religious language in the diaries is characteristic of the “Sifting

Translation and Editorial Comments

Period” of the Moravian Church, which occupied most of the 1740s. This specialized idiom, created by the church’s founder, Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von Zinzendorf, was intended to portray the very intimate bond believed to exist between the faithful and Christ himself. Highly emotional, effusively sensual, and visceral in the extreme, this was a vocabulary of blood and wounds underlain with childlike expressions and sentimentality. Prohibited by Zinzendorf in about 1750, the language of the Sifting Period nonetheless remained in use by many Moravians in America, hence its appearance in the diaries. We have used Young’s Analytical Concordance to the Bible, by Robert Young (Peabody ma, 1984), to standardize the spellings of the Christian names carried by many of the Indians. The names of colonists that we could securely identify in published records have also been standardized. All other personal names, that is, the names of Indians and colonists we could not identify, are as they appear in the Moravian Records. German Christian names are as written and are standardized where there are variations: for example, Henrich becomes Heinrich, Nicholas becomes Nicolaus. In only a few instances do we have documentation showing the original spelling of the German name. We have left initials for names as is but in most cases have completed names that were abbreviated. The feminine endings -in and -en in several German surnames — “Macken,” “Sensemannin,” and others — identifying a Moravian’s wife, have been removed. There are numerous instances where the Moravians wrote verses from the Bible in their diary entries — whether in German or English — either verbatim, incompletely, in modified form, or inaccurately. Accordingly, we have left most of the German language passages untranslated in the text, placing the appropriate verse, with its biblical citation, in an endnote. Passages in English are as the Moravians wrote them. This most readily enables the reader to see the connections the Moravians sometimes tried to draw between events or situations developing in the community and biblical analogues or lessons. All other translation and editorial matters are addressed in the endnotes.

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Gideon’s People, Volume 1

Map 1. Northeast region

Map 2. New York and New England

Map 3. Pachgatgoch and vicinity

Introduction

In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi. The former is certainly the termination of their history most happy for themselves.

These words, excerpted from a longer but equally candid description of federal Indian policy, were from the pen of a man widely viewed as a humanitarian. In this context, then, they might seem revelatory, although in fact, they are not. President Thomas Jefferson was simply stating what, if it had not been official policy, seemed assuredly to be design, ever since the Mayflower bumped its prow against that now-famous rock. According to Jefferson, extending settlements into Indian homelands would cause “the decrease of game rendering their subsistence of hunting insufficient,” which in turn would “draw them to agriculture,” and then spinning and weaving, tasks better pursued indoors. “When they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land,” the president continued, “they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms and families.”1 Aided by warfare, disease, famine, and racism, the strategy that Jefferson so well articulated, one that had been tested and refined in southern New England decades earlier, was in most ways realized. By the mid-eighteenth century, Indian communities throughout much of that region were in sharp decline, having retreated into praying towns or other enclaves separated from, but economically and sometimes socially intertwined with, surrounding colonists. Most found themselves engaged in a holding action, determined to secure their identities, a way of life, and what little remained of their lands. The mission to the American Indians initiated by Old World Moravians, who

Introduction

were rebounding from their own experiences with adversity, was following a more favorable trajectory, having just taken its very first steps. The Thirty Years’ War had forced members of the fifteenth-century Unitas Fratrum, or Church of the Brethren, whose Protestant members mostly lived in Moravia and Bohemia, underground or into exile. Many fled to Poland, while others sought refuge in Saxony on the lands of Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von Zinzendorf. It was from there that he would found the Herrnhuter Brudergemeinde (Community of Brethren at Herrnhut) and, in 1727, lead the spiritual renewal of the Moravian Church, and it was from Herrnhut that the ecumenical missionary movement in Europe and into the Americas was launched. Thus begins our story. The Indians living near New Milford, Connecticut, early in the eighteenth century had probably anticipated a move farther up the Housatonic River. Over the previous several decades, their landholdings had been sold or otherwise lost to encroaching and ever more numerous colonists.2 Wood to warm their homes, fields in which to plant their corn, and game to cook in their kettles had become increasingly scarce, and there was no reason to believe that things would get better. Taking themselves and their belongings somewhere else made perfect sense. So it was that in 1736, the Connecticut General Assembly reported that the Indians had left what they called Weantinock in favor of “a bow on the west side” of the river, “upon a piece of plain land there, and [they] have a desire to continue at said place.”3 This place, which sat in the valley between where the modern Macedonia Brook and Tenmile River flow into the Housatonic, was Pachgatgoch, also known as Schaghticoke, signifying “the confluence of two streams” in two of the local native languages.4 Indians in southern New England had been on the move for some time, most noticeably since the fury and brutality of King Philip’s War (1675–76) and the deep and widespread devastation to people and towns it had wrought.5 Yet scholars have produced conflicting assessments of the war’s impact on native people. Some maintain that the Indians, reduced to “demoralized and dispirited remnants,” “sank deeper into subjection and debauchery” or simply fled the scene, while others cite their “adaptability and persistence,” their ability to redefine their communities, and their forging of “regional ethnic networks.”6 Missing from this picture, with just a handful of exceptions, are thorough and 2

Introduction

thoughtful studies of the war’s survivors that would allow such assessments to be better examined.7 Also on the move were Protestant missionaries, who, beginning early in the seventeenth century, had come to New England with the inalterable goal of “reduc[ing]” the Indians from savagery to “civility.”8 A century later, they were preaching from Indian churches and in dozens of praying towns and reservations throughout the region, sometimes side by side with native clerics they had cultivated. In the remoteness of western Connecticut, however, there were no missions. Indian people were ministered to, if at all, on the run, mostly by ecclesiastically hard-nosed Presbyterians planted in towns and farming villages in the more populated southern reaches of the Housatonic Valley. Holding firm to their faith and flocks, it is doubtful that these groups envisioned the arrival of pious interlopers of a different stripe. But they did come, from another place in the Old World, and with their own way of doing things. The Setting The Housatonic River flows 150 miles from its multiple sources in southwestern Massachusetts, first south and then southeast, to Long Island Sound. In northwestern Connecticut, the gradient increases and the river gathers steam, rushing through narrow limestone and granite-lined gorges, through rapids and over cascades, broken by long, broad, slower-moving stretches. Of great importance to the lives of the Indian people of Pachgatgoch were the falls at Bulls Bridge, which they called Sasaksuk; the “Great Falls” below New Milford; and the rich floodplains bordering the river from Kent south to Bulls Bridge.9 Today, as in the past, the Housatonic watershed is marked by a great diversity of plants and animals, a factor that was of no little importance to its native inhabitants. Scattered up and down this river valley were the homes and farmsteads of Indian people, about whom, until the end of the seventeenth century, little is known, with existing information sketchy and often unreliable.10 Nonetheless, it is safe to assume that the way of life there had been similar to that of natives elsewhere in southern New England and in southeastern New York.11 The picture that emerges after 1700, however, is framed by the familiar triad of warfare, nearly a century’s worth in coastal and eastern New England; the 3

Introduction

calamitous effects of epidemic disease; and the colonial juggernaut, colored by the cold language found in the documentation of land loss. Attempts to locate and identify the Indian people of western Connecticut, along with those adjacent in New York, in conformance with presumptive rules of social theory and political organization have been met with only limited success. Much the same can be said about efforts to generate a regional archaeological framework, one buttressed by high-resolution data and against which systems of adaptation and change could be discerned and models tested. In each case, a large part of the problem is the general lack of evidence. The primary sources on the region’s history are scattered and spotty, and the secondary literature is weak and of questionable worth. Archaeological data are incomplete, tentative, or unreported. And there remains the tyranny of the ethnographic record, in which Indians have been shoehorned into ill-fitting and unrealistic sociopolitical units such as “bands,” “tribes,” and “confederacies.”12 Most discouraging is the near absence of a renewed, if not refocused, scholarly interest in the region and its native people. Although King Philip’s War forever altered the face of much of native New England, leaving those who escaped its ruin to grapple with an unpromising future, it was not the root cause of the shift in ground in the Housatonic Valley; indeed, there is little to connect Indian people there to the confl ict. The clashes that did occur were over lands claimed by Connecticut and coveted by New York, whose governors saw the war first in terms of opportunity; other conflicts were largely local squabbles, frequently manufactured, about what Indians might do.13 Certainly the Indians at Weantinock wanted no part of it, taking the noteworthy step in September 1675 of offering the colony assurances of their friendship.14 Thus, change that is evident in the form and function of native societies at the turn of the century is more readily explained by the early and unremitting loss of population to the ravages of European-introduced disease and the rapid and aggressive pace of settlement, which exerted pressure on Indians to adapt to a radically different environment — for them, the very transformation of self. With the move of the Weantinock Indians to Pachgatgoch in 1736, only a handful of what could be described as consolidated Indian communities were to be found in the Housatonic Valley. There was Wechquadnach in the town of 4

Introduction

Sharon, close-by Indian Pond on the New York–Connecticut border, and several hamlets in the vicinity of Milford and Long Island Sound, one of which was called Turkey Hill.15 Potatuck, which rivaled Pachgatgoch in population, was adjacent to the river in the town of Southbury. Otherwise, individual native families erected their dwellings in the valley wherever they could. Over the hill in New York Colony, just south of Pine Plains, was Shekomeko, and north across the border in Massachusetts, the praying town of Stockbridge, which was established at the same time as Pachgatgoch. To the west of Stockbridge was the enigmatic Westenhook. To this mix can be added references to Indians in the Salisbury, Connecticut, area; in the Hudson Highlands; and to a couple of poorly known settlements in Dutchess County, closer to the Hudson River. Other, more distant native communities with which Pachgatgoch had some degree of interaction included Kaunaumeek, southeast of Albany, and another at Farmington, Connecticut. Finally, across the Hudson, a short distance up the Catskill Creek, was a hamlet of Indians at Freehold. This is the way it was when, in August 1740, Christian Heinrich Rauch made his way up the height of land separating the Hudson and Housatonic Valleys and to the Indians at Shekomeko. Moravians, Indians, and the Colonies Rauch, a twenty-two-year-old laborer in the Moravian Church, had landed in New York City from London via Heerendyk, Holland, in mid-July 1740. Five years earlier, a small contingent of his brethren had undertaken the church’s first mission effort in the colonies on the Ogeechee River of coastal Georgia.16 Scarcely off the ground, it fell victim to the ravages of dysentery and other maladies, internal disputes, and also to the Moravians’ pacifistic inclinations, which rendered them a liability to a colony under threat of invasion by the Spanish in adjacent Florida. Their plans to teach and preach to the local Creek Indians went nowhere, and talk of going to the Cherokees farther inland remained just that. There would be no mission to the Indians here, at least for the moment.17 Rauch had been sent by the bishops at Marienborn, Hessen, perhaps at the urging of David Nitschmann, and also Augustus Spangenberg, who later would head the North American church, to minister to the Indians in New York Colony, about whom Rauch seemed entirely uninformed.18 He had no idea which Indians he was to contact or where they might be living, or even whether there 5

Introduction

would be interest in hearing a missionary’s message if he managed to find any. In his wanderings around New York City, Rauch encountered two Mahicans, Shabash and Tschoop.19 Somehow he persuaded these natives, who described themselves, it was said, as being from a very wicked people, to invite him to their village in the Hudson Valley. They assured him that he would be met at Martinus Hoffman’s place near Red Hook.20 But when Rauch knocked at his door, Hoffman told him the Indians had left word that they had gone hunting, and he pointed the way to Stissing Mountain and the home of Johannes Rau, on the eastern edge of Dutchess County.21 Rauch set out alone toward the highlands. Johannes Rau was one of the hundreds of Palatine Germans who had flooded into the region thirty years earlier.22 As Rauch laid out his plans to him, Rau offered up his own sentiments, suggesting that conditions among the natives were such that they were quite beyond salvation. But Rauch was not to be deterred. His initial contacts with the Indians, with whom he lived, as well as with a few of their German and also Dutch neighbors, who reportedly were anxious to hear the word of God, were mostly positive. However, meddling by other colonists, who threatened Rauch with all sorts of harm, including lynching, and whose interests did not lie with seeing the Indians become Christians, much less receive wise counsel from someone who was, helped foster from within Shekomeko a belligerent opposition to his presence.23 Withdrawing to the relative security of Rau’s home, which for nearly two years he would use as a base, Rauch spent his days with the Indians, just a short walk away, and his evenings tutoring his host’s children in exchange for room and board.24 Nothing is known about Shekomeko in the time before Rauch’s arrival. Although the bulk of its inhabitants were identified as Mahicans, this was a mixed Indian community formed also of Esopus (Sopus) and Highland Indians, Wompanoos, Minisinks, and possibly others.25 A prized, detailed sketch of the place, drawn by the Moravian John Hagen in 1745, survives (fig. 1).26 The only other information we possess about the community concerns a suggestion of Shekomeko’s political relationship to other Mahican or Housatonic communities, and the existence of a few kinship ties, mostly to Indians at Stockbridge and to several native families living in the vicinity of or closer to the Hudson River. 6

Introduction

In the meantime, its attempt to establish an Indian mission in Georgia abandoned, the church turned its attention to the north and Pennsylvania. A number of the displaced Moravians found temporary employment erecting a building at Nazareth, a tract that had been purchased by the evangelist George Whitefield for a “Negro school.” Shortly thereafter, Bishop David Nitschmann arrived from Europe with orders to establish a Moravian community in the area.27 In spring 1741 a log house was raised on land where the Monocacy Creek flows into the Lehigh, and with a founding population of seventeen brethren, Bethlehem was born. These numbers grew when a party of Moravians from Herrnhut, Saxony, the home of the mother church, landed the following October. Among them was Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von Zinzendorf, a bishop of the Unitas Fratrum and the head of the renewed church. He would not only inaugurate the community but bestow its name. Also in this company was a lesser soul, one Gottlob Büttner, an unmarried brother from Silesia. Back in Shekomeko, Rauch’s persistence and fervor had yielded results. Two Wompanoos and a Mahican in Shekomeko had responded to his teachings and expressed a desire to be baptized.28 But Rauch was not ordained, which made it impossible for him to administer the sacrament. As chance would have it, however, Zinzendorf had just then ordered Büttner to travel to Shekomeko, where he arrived on New Year’s Day 1742. Wanting in part to know more about this distant mission, and perhaps hoping to use the opportunity to demonstrate his church’s vitality, Zinzendorf instructed Büttner to have Rauch travel to Oley, Pennsylvania, where an all-Protestant synod had been scheduled. He was to make sure that Rauch brought an Indian with him, and to remain at Shekomeko if he was unable to find someone trustworthy to keep an eye on things. Büttner sought out Jacob Maul, a freeholder living near Rhinebeck and a member of Rauch’s fledgling colonist flock, to take his place. The pair made their way to the Hudson River and south. Instead of one Indian, they brought along the three candidates for baptism.29 The arrival of the party of Moravians and Indians in Oley may have generated some apprehension among the congregation and its supporters there. Rauch and Büttner reported that their trip had been difficult. They had been refused lodging, overcharged for purchases, and ridiculed by locals and passersby for being in the company of Indians. Zinzendorf was unhappy that neither of his 7

Introduction

charges could tell him whether the minister at nearby Westenhook (here a reference to Stockbridge), a potential obtruder and canonical competitor, was affiliated with the “high church.”30 He proposed to make a trip to Shekomeko that summer to take stock of the mission himself.31 Rauch was ordained a minister of the Moravian Church by Bishop David Nitschmann in Oley on 11 February, and on the same day, he baptized his Indian companions, the first native baptisms in the North American church.32 Shabash, Seim, and Kiob became Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.33 The most noteworthy of the three was Abraham, who asserted a claim, around which swirled considerable controversy, to the land on which Shekomeko stood, and from all indications was a man of influence. A few years later, as one of Shekomeko’s many emigrants, he would assume headman status among the refugee Indians in Pennsylvania and in New York’s Susquehanna Valley, and play a role in colonial-Indian politics.34 In September 1742 Gottlob Büttner and his wife of just a few days, Margarethe Bechtel, were sent to head the mission at Shekomeko. There they joined Rauch and his assistant, Martin Mack, who had been a member of the second contingent sent to Georgia and was himself newly married to Jeannette/ Johannetta Rau, Johannes’s daughter. Before long came several other Moravians who would spend time in the community, which was destined to become a missionary training ground.35 Life at Shekomeko was hard. The brethren were often shorthanded, the supply of food was more scarce than not, and there were debts to pay and little ready money with which to do so. Nonetheless, the mission thrived, at least in the eyes of the brethren, and there were additional baptisms.36 Moreover, the activity there increasingly drew the attention of Indians from the surrounding area, including the headman and a number of the people from Pachgatgoch, a several hours’ walk to the southeast. There would be some thirty years to come of social and spiritual interaction between Indians and Moravians in this part of colonial America, all marked by life’s peaceful moments and well attended by its vicissitudes. Visits by Indians in the neighborhood had undoubtedly been part of an ongoing pattern for as long as Shekomeko had existed.37 But there is no doubt that they took on an added significance with the arrival of the Brethren. Soon, the 8

Introduction

Moravians began taking note of the numbers of Indians who stopped by and where they had come from, which suggests something other than mere curiosity. As promised, Zinzendorf arrived at Shekomeko in mid-August 1742. After deliberating with his followers, he presented his plans, most of which had to do with the task at hand — converting natives. Zinzendorf’s primary goal was to see a congregation organized at Shekomeko that would be strengthened not only by the appointment of Indian assistants but also by seeking counsel from his native acolytes, Isaac, Abraham, and Jacob, to whom of late had been added Johannes.38 Büttner was even more expansive, declaring that Shekomeko should be the “Rendivouz” for the “heathen messengers of these eastern parts.”39 Also on Zinzendorf’s list was the need “to explore Albany and New England.” This meant looking into the disposition of the Mohawks, west of Albany, one of the six Iroquois nations that he had made arrangements to visit after a chance meeting with a number of their headmen in Tulpehocken, Pennsylvania, two weeks earlier.40 Viele Fremde, many Indian strangers, from Wechquadnach, Pachgatgoch, Potatuck, and elsewhere in the region made their appearance in Shekomeko, and in turn played host to the Moravians intent on widening their search for souls. The initial contacts were made with the residents of Wechquadnach, about ten miles distant; in October 1742 they went to Rauch with the news that, after conferring among themselves, they had agreed to ask the Moravians to come and assist them as well. To smooth this new relationship, they intended to move their houses to the west side of Indian Pond, closer to the mission.41 The following January, Rauch traveled to the Mohawks’ country, not to preach, but to explore, find a place to live, and then learn the language. He stopped first at Fort Hunter, the Mohawks’ easternmost location at the mouth of Schoharie Creek. This was no easy trip for the Moravian, and certainly unsettling. The daily exercise of the Indians at the fort, he reported, was to paint their cheeks red and their eyes and noses black, making themselves look quite frightful. They laughed at him whenever he spoke. Still, his meeting with Henry Barclay, the minister in charge, was businesslike, and shortly thereafter, Rauch headed west toward the Mohawk town of Canajoharie. On the way, he ran into a thoroughly disagreeable and churlish minister who hounded him at every step. He also met with the hostility of farmers fearful of losing their lands as the threat 9

Introduction

of war loomed. The only Indians he managed to see were shy, apprehensive, and unapproachable. Rauch cut short his trip, deciding to return via Albany. But once there, he learned that there were constables on his trail bent on arresting him because he did not have a pass to travel in the area. Upon his return, Shekomeko must have been a very welcome sight to him.42 Rauch’s journey to the Mohawks was one of several undertaken by Moravian brethren as part of the reconnoitering effort that Zinzendorf had ordered the previous summer. Two weeks after his return to Shekomeko, Rauch left for Kaunaumeek, an Indian community southeast of Albany, stopping off at Stockbridge on the way. Brother Shaw traveled to the Highlands on the east side of the Hudson in August 1743; a month later, he and Brother Sensemann set out for Schaghticoke, the refugee Indian settlement above Albany. Also in August, Sensemann went into New England in search of Indians with Brother Mack.43 In January 1743, Indians from Potatuck and Pachgatgoch arrived at Shekomeko requesting a Moravian of their own.44 Within the week, the Macks were dispatched to explore these two places, both of which were located south along the Housatonic.45 After losing their way in the deep snows and spending the night in a barn along the trail, they reached Pachgatgoch and were welcomed by the headman Maweseman (var.), with whom they lodged. The next day an English “New Light” preacher appeared and harangued the Indians for some two hours about how angry God was with them and told them that He would cast them all into hell. The Indians were left uneasy, telling Mack how different this message was from what they had heard at Shekomeko. In fact, when Mack spoke to these Indians about his God, they responded, “Gahene, Gehene” (That is true, that is true). Just then at Pachgatgoch was the unnamed headman from Potatuck, considered to be a particularly bad person who, Mack was told, “shot or beat dead every one who spoke of the Savior.” This play at menacing could only have been for effect. Considering the circumstances of Indians in southern New England at this time, and even in the previous two decades or more, it is doubtful that any such acts would have been carried out, not without reprisals.46 Mack was undaunted by the threat and went ahead and asked the headman whether he could pay his people a visit. The discussion that followed was mostly one-sided, with the headman first wavering about whether there would be any Indians at Po10

Introduction

tatuck who would care to listen to him and then making doubly sure that Mack understood that white people had on other occasions tried to deceive him. Finally, he did consent, and he and Mack shook hands on their agreement, much to the surprise of Maweseman, who allowed that no such thing had ever happened before. Before leaving for Potatuck, Maweseman, along with his wife and two children, who Mack declared were no longer considered to be “dead people” or unawakened, approached him, asking to be baptized. Mack relayed this news by messenger to his brethren at Shekomeko. From Pachgatgoch the Macks made their way to the vicinity of Potatuck, some twenty-five miles down the valley. Although Potatuck was by itself a village, a collection of Indian houses, the Macks also happened upon a number of nearby dwellings in which lived Indians who were part of the larger community. As she had done on occasion at Pachgatgoch, Jeannette Mack translated. When asked, the Indians said they understood her quite well.47 Mack discovered that the Indians at Potatuck had had dealings with surrounding “New Light” preachers long before they had ever seen a Moravian. And as they had at Pachgatgoch, the Indians expressed some doubt about the Moravians’ message. The “New Lights” instructed them not to sin or work on Sundays if they expected God to take them in. For their part, the Moravians welcomed the Indians as sinners, saying that for as long as they believed in God and had Jesus in their hearts, they would experience happiness. The headman of Potatuck became especially sour when several Englishmen, evidently also preachers, appeared; he reproached them for the years when they had come to the Indians only to babble, pray, and read books, while Brother Mack spoke to them about what he experienced in his heart. He invited Mack to live in Potatuck. For Indian people, at least for the moment, the differences in religious perspectives among the missionaries could not have been more stark. Returning to Pachgatgoch, the Macks found a very ill brother Büttner, who had struggled through deep snow and intense cold from Shekomeko to reach them. On 13 February he baptized six Indians, including Maweseman, to whom he gave the name Gideon. Gideon’s son became Joshua.48 Gideon soon repaid the visit, accompanied by nearly thirty Indians from Pachgatgoch and Potatuck, and requested that a brother be sent to live in his community. A few days later, without Jeannette, Mack left for Pachgatgoch with a party of 11

Introduction

twenty Indians.49 Her skills at translating were not required, Mack recounted: the natives spoke English. The Indians again asked that a Moravian come to live with them so that they too could live and be much like those at Shekomeko. The headman from Potatuck was there as well, and showed himself to be friendly. Mack then made his way in the direction of Long Island Sound and Milford, where a considerable number of Indians lived. His escort was Joshua, who took the time to visit his grandmother during a stopover at Potatuck. Before long, the convert Johannes from Shekomeko joined them and preached to the gathered Indians with great effect. From here, Mack and his companions traveled farther south along the river, visiting Indians wherever they found them, finally reaching the scattered dwellings of those living at “the seaside.” Once again, Joshua met with a relative, this time one of his brothers, either Chuse or Martin.50 With one or two exceptions, Mack was greeted everywhere by friendly and receptive Indians. Nearly as common as the Indians were Protestant clergymen. Because there were so many, Mack remarked, it was difficult not to come across one. But these may have been more than chance meetings. While Mack was absent from Potatuck, a Presbyterian minister, a justice of the peace, and ten other men came to speak with him. They instead questioned the Indians and left, apparently satisfied with what they had heard. Returning once again to Potatuck, Mack saw that the headman was not his usual self and arranged to meet with him. He was, Mack discovered, in a fix and fearful. Now that the headman had befriended the Moravian, the English made sport of him. In the past, he reminded Mack, he had threatened to shoot any minister who came to Potatuck, but now that had changed, and people had noticed. He assured Mack that while he would prefer to remain on good terms with him, he could not bear the ridicule. Mack interpreted the headman’s quandary as a lack of commitment, a kind of spiritual waffling, and concluded that he could not or would not be converted. He nonetheless decided to regard him as a friend. It was probably as much the fact that English ministers lower down the Housatonic far outnumbered them, as it was the Potatuck headman’s distress, that brought the Moravians to their decision. With the promise of garnering more souls for Christ, including doing whatever they could for those at Potatuck, 12

Introduction

Martin and Jeannette Mack packed up and moved their belongings to Pachgatgoch in mid-April 1743 to assume their duties as resident missionaries.51 This was the second Indian mission established by the Moravian Church in North America. Yet as events rapidly unfolded, this beginning was but a flash in the pan. Gideon’s request for a missionary at Pachgatgoch had followed on the heels of that from a headman on the other side of the Hudson, a certain “Governor Corlaar” whose Mahican name was Metoxson (var.).52 In response, the Moravians sent Cornelius, a former headman at Shekomeko, to gather information. During their conversation on the topic of hosting a Moravian preacher, Cornelius reminded Corlaar of their mutual old age and what might lie just around life’s corner for them, a reality that seems to have struck a chord.53 Corlaar was part of a community whose name the Moravians recorded as Tetechtak, Teteching, but also Letechgoth, although his house was situated a mile from the others. As did the colonists living in the vicinity, the Moravians spoke of the place as Freehold; it was situated northwest of Catskill and, by their own estimate, about fifty or sixty miles from Shekomeko.54 The size and population of the community are unknown, although it was large enough to merit a second headman, and Rauch, often accompanied by his wife Anna, spent more than a year there as the resident missionary. His time at Freehold was fraught with hardship, which seems to have been a constant companion to this brother. For several months, the Rauchs lived uncomfortably in a cramped, smoky hut near the Indians, where, as Büttner put it, Anna bravely acted as if she had all of the conveniences of a king’s palace. Some weeks after their arrival, and in spite of his initial friendliness and invitation to the Moravians, Corlaar turned against Rauch. Said to have been influenced by surrounding colonists opposed to the Moravian’s presence, Corlaar first forbade the daughter of Freehold’s headman to stay with Anna during her husband’s absences, warning that the devil would come and take her and anyone near her. He would not so much as look at Rauch, nor would he acknowledge other visiting Moravians. He had a truly fiendish appearance, said Büttner, and the Indians thought him to be a sorcerer and were afraid of him, as were his own sons. Making matters worse, Rauch learned that a price had been placed on his head: some locals had offered the Indians rum if they would kill him. Evidently, someone 13

Introduction

tried to do just that, for the brother bore a scar on his face after being struck with a firebrand.55 The goals that the Moravians had set for themselves — to further inspirit and anchor their missions at Shekomeko, Pachgatgoch, and also Wechquadnach, and to continue with their efforts to reach Indian communities elsewhere in the region — were soon thwarted by colonial governments. The first such occasion was in Connecticut, where the Moravians’ movements had been shadowed closely by the local and exclusionary Protestant clergy. Although the record is thin, it may have been these men of the cloth who pushed for the passage of a May 1743 Connecticut act to provide “Relief against the evil and dangerous Designs of Foreigners and Suspected Persons” who were spreading “false and dangerous doctrines of religion” meant “to alienate and estrange the minds of the Indians from us.” Obvious to anyone who was paying attention, the statute had been conceived with the Moravians in mind, and it was quickly brought to bear on them.56 In June 1743 Brother Joseph Shaw assumed his duties as the schoolteacher at Pachgatgoch. Almost immediately, he received a visit from John Mills of Kent, an officer in the local militia, who inquired by what authority the Moravians were in New England. Complaining that the Indians milling around them “was very lowsy,” Mills invited Shaw to his home, apparently to continue the discussion. Shaw declined, and then discovered that Mills was an outright opponent of the Moravians, a prejudice that mirrored much of the local sentiment. Alarmed, Brothers Mack and Johann Christopher Pyrlaeus, who had just then arrived at the mission, went to Abel Wright, a friend in Kent, to ask him about the new law. In the meantime, Sheriff William Drinkwater (1710–1758) of New Milford, along with three other men, appeared at Pachgatgoch and, after some preliminary questioning, arrested Shaw and Sister Mack “under the law.” Setting out for Kent, the party ran into Martin Mack and Pyrlaeus on their way back to Pachgatgoch. Drinkwater arrested them as well, taking his four prisoners to Abel Wright’s home, where a group of local citizens awaited them, shortly to be joined by Cyrus Marsh, the Congregational minister.57 After some debate, and then lunch with the Wright family, the Moravians were walked to New Milford, where they were questioned further by justices Samuel Canfield and Lemuel Bostwick, and the sheriff, about their activities among the Indians. 14

Introduction

From New Milford, but without Sister Mack, whom the justices had “acquited,” they were marched some forty miles downriver to “Old Milford,” where they appeared before a tribunal consisting of Governor Law, several other colonial officials, one of whom was Justice Canfield, and a couple of Protestant clerics. The three were thoroughly examined, the governor finding that since Pyrlaeus had not preached and nothing had been found in his disfavor, no charges would be brought. Brothers Shaw and Mack, however, were required to sign a “Bond of Recognisance” promising “to keep the Laws of this Land under the penalty of 100 pounds (if hereafter they brake them).”58 With the governor’s admonition to comply with the law, which included a de jure instruction not to teach or preach “among white or brown people,” Shaw, Mack, and Pyrlaeus were permitted to return to Pachgatgoch.59 There, they met again with the Reverend Mr. Marsh, behind whom stood some of Kent’s citizens. His straight-ahead message to the Moravians — “It is impossible to stay amongst them [the Indians at Pachgatgoch] and not be liable to the punishment of the Laws” — was delivered with sufficient force that Shaw and Pyrlaeus left the colony the same day, to be followed by the Macks shortly afterward.60 Events across the border in New York were a good deal more complicated and dangerous for Moravians and Indians alike. The usual dustups that stemmed from the unavoidable proximity of colonist and Indian were now intensified by the presence of the Moravians, who themselves saw enemies all around; there were also other, more pressing and ultimately related issues.61 The first sure sign of trouble was a rumor that the Moravians were attempting to enslave the Indians and sell their children abroad. Meanwhile, a few colonists made certain that the Indians were delivered enough alcohol so they would commit all sorts of “follies,” perhaps even against the brethren, and then be harassed for having done so. The obvious aim was to drive a wedge between the Indians and the missionaries.62 A second rumor went to the heart of the matter — the Moravians themselves. Sometime in early or mid-spring 1744, New York’s governor George Clinton received information, most likely from one of the many wellconnected persons in Dutchess County, that “the Moravians had Endeavoured to seduce the Indians from their Allegiance which in this Time of Warr would be of most dangerous Consequence.”63 King George’s War (1744–48) was in its beginning stages, and whether there was an immediate threat to anyone in the 15

Introduction

Hudson Valley, colonist or Indian, did not seem to matter much. That June, Henry Beekman, a justice of the peace, member of the colonial assembly, and a major landholder in the county, received instructions from the governor to question the Moravians. In addition, and wearing another one of his hats, this time as colonel of the militia, he was to go to Shekomeko in a search for contraband arms and ammunition, and “to Cause the said Indians to be dispersed.”64 Near the end of June, Beekman did as he had been instructed, reporting that at Shekomeko, there were four resident missionaries among a large number of Indians. A search for arms and ammunition had turned up nothing, and there was no further mention of dispersing the Indians. However, Beekman also disclosed that a party of men mobilized by Henry Filkin, the high sheriff of the county, which included his brother Judge Francis Filkin, had gone to Shekomeko on the nineteenth of the month before the order from the governor had reached him. Their intent was to look into rumors rampant among Poughkeepsie’s citizens that they were about to be attacked by five hundred Indians who allegedly were gathered at Shekomeko and joined, if not led, by the Moravians.65 A small number of Indians had indeed fled there from Wechquadnach following what turned out to be a bogus report that marauding French Indians had murdered three families of colonists in the area of Weataug, on the west side of the Housatonic River, near the Massachusetts border. The residents of Wechquadnach not only feared the French Indians but also expected to suffer reprisals at the hands of Sharon’s colonists, who, Büttner had learned, had armed themselves against what they also believed would be an attack by the Indians at Shekomeko.66 He quickly sent off a letter to Peter Pratt, the minister of Sharon, with whom he was on speaking terms, assuring him that “the Indians here to my knowledge so long as I have been acquainted with them in any such a Manner had not had such an Intention.”67 When the Filkins and their posse arrived at Shekomeko, they noted that Büttner and the Indians, who were busily working in their fields, “seemed in Consternation” at their approach “but received them Civilly.” “As few Arms as Could be Expected for 44 men” were discovered, although, Büttner recounted, there were only about twenty Indians in the village that day. Stymied, Judge Filkin nonetheless took full advantage of the situation, rebuking the Moravian, who, he said, was “Suspected to be disaffected to the Crown,” an imputation Büttner 16

Introduction

denied, explaining that he and the other missionaries were also in dread of the French and their Indian confederates. The Moravians’ interests, he said, lay only with gaining “Souls among the Heathens,” and furthermore, they had in hand a commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury authorizing them to do so. Filkin then demanded that Büttner swear two oaths he put before him. He refused, “through a Scruple of Conscience against Swearing,” an act of defiance that would later lead to his being detained by the authorities.68 Weeks earlier, on 14 May, the Moravians had been given a notice to report to a military muster in Poughkeepsie, which they promptly ignored because of a technicality they spotted: their names were not included on the roll. A second notice was handed them on 9 June, with instructions to appear in Rhinebeck. With this, Büttner paid a visit to the militia captain, informing him of the Moravians’ pacifist principles and their objections to taking oaths before whatever jurisdiction. If anything, there was confusion among local officials about how best to respond to the Moravians’ stance, and also in their assessment of the risk the brethren might pose to the local citizenry; at the same time, summonses began to fly in all directions. In the first week of July, the Moravians were brought before a panel of judges, one of whom was Francis Filkin, where they heard testimony presented against them, some of which was countered by that of their old friend Johannes Rau. Among the disapproving witnesses were, not surprisingly, a local clergyman and also the Sackett brothers, John and Richard Jr., whose father, Richard Sr., was one of the patentees of the Little Nine Partners patent, within the borders of which Shekomeko was located.69 Finally, the missionaries were bound over and ordered to appear at a hearing in New York City before Governor Clinton, Chief Justice James DeLancey, and colonial council members Philip van Cortlandt, Daniel Horsmanden, Joseph Murray, and Archibald Kennedy. The brethren gave their initial depositions on 1 August. First up was Joseph Shaw, followed by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann and then Büttner. Each was questioned about his background, secular and religious, and why he had gone to Shekomeko in the first place. In addition, they were asked to spell out their duties, the manner in which they supported themselves, and whether they spoke the Indians’ language. Very little, was their response to the last question. In the end, each of the brethren was asked to take the oaths, with Shaw and Büttner 17

Introduction

twice given the opportunity. To the man, they refused, although Büttner did offer “to take an affirmation.”70 After the hearing, the Moravians were told to remain in the city, and on 11 August, Clinton directed them to return to Shekomeko and await further instructions.71 Meanwhile, the colonial assembly was in the process of drawing up a bill to deal with the matter, which was passed and signed into law on 21 September. With the hazy title “An Act for Securing of his Majesties Government of New York,” it nonetheless contained the pointed proviso that “no Vagrant Preacher, Moravian or Disguised Papist, shall Preach or Teach Either in Publick or Private without first takeing the Oaths appointed by this Act, and obtaining a Lycence from the Governour or Commander in Chief.”72 The Moravian Bishop Spangenberg was not to be fooled, describing the act as “directed against the Brethren who are at work among the Indians” and claiming that it “was published due to the malice of several preachers, who are called Presbyterians, and other politicians who carry on Jezebel’s artifices contrary to all fundamental English principles.”73 On 27 November 1744 the governor directed the sheriffs of Albany, Ulster, and Dutchess counties to give notice to the Moravians “to desist from further teaching or preaching and to depart this province or that the said Act will be immediately put into Execution.”74 In early December, Henry Filkin and his undersheriff, along with three justices, rode to Shekomeko to do just that, and they also ordered the Moravians to appear in court in Poughkeepsie several days later.75 On 9 January 1745 the congregation in Bethlehem received word from Büttner that the brethren had been ordered to leave Shekomeko.76 The response to the expulsion of the Moravians from Connecticut the previous year was twofold. First, now without a resident missionary, the Indians at Pachgatgoch made more frequent trips to Shekomeko so they could maintain their ties to the brethren. Second, local Protestant clergy attempted to take advantage of the void left by the Moravians, one of whom proposed to go to Pachgatgoch to preach and to baptize. The Indians refused the offer. Then, Reverend Marsh in Kent tried to persuade the Indians to attend his church — Shekomeko was too far away, he told them, and besides, he would give them money if they did.77 The response from Gideon was blunt. Shekomeko was not too far away, his people did not want to hear what Marsh had to say, and the promise of money 18

Introduction

was an affront. “Well then, don’t,” was Marsh’s spiteful reply; he also raised the specter that before long, there might not be any brethren at Shekomeko to whom the Indians could go.78 The Moravians, however, had not abandoned the Indians at Pachgatgoch, nor would they any time soon. Throughout the summer and fall of 1743 the Macks and Brothers Post and Büttner continued to cross the border into Connecticut to visit the Indians. Over the years that followed, so would others. For the most part, it seems, the Moravians followed the letter of the law and did not preach or conduct services of any kind. But they did spend their time talking with the Indians, most assuredly about spiritual matters, and on one occasion, they helped with the corn harvest, which provided yet another opportunity for close interaction. On 13 August, Büttner, accompanied by Jeannette Mack, slipped into Pachgatgoch just for the day, where he baptized Gideon’s ailing wife, giving her the name Lazara. She would die at the end of September and be laid to rest in the woods a short distance from where the Moravians, a few years later, would build a mission house.79 In late December 1743, after conferring with his people, Gideon went to the Moravians to discuss the question of not having a teacher at Pachgatgoch. Gideon’s solution, Büttner reported, was that either his people would move to Shekomeko, or, in an alternative assuredly reflecting a Moravian’s coaching, he would dictate a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury formally requesting that a brother be returned to Pachgatgoch. Shekomeko, though, would probably not support additional Indians, certainly not the large number of Gideon’s people, and there is no doubt that surrounding colonists would not only take notice but be alarmed by any influx. Whether this, in fact, had any bearing on the final decision is unknown. A few days later, a delegation of Indians left for Bethlehem, intending while there to address the issue of soliciting the archbishop’s assistance. Making the journey were Gideon; his betrothed daughter Maria; his son Joshua; a son-in-law Andreas; Lucas, the father of Rachel, who had married Brother Post the previous September; and Benjamin, an Indian from Pachgatgoch who may have been named Schabat.80 The party arrived in Bethlehem on 19 January 1744 and was immediately caught up in the religious and social goings-on, which included the wedding of Gideon’s daughter to the Pachgatgoch Indian Samuel. There is no specific 19

Introduction

mention of discussions that might have taken place between Gideon and the brethren in regard to the need for a missionary at Pachgatgoch, yet an outcome of sorts was made known. Just before their return home in late February, “hope was given to our dear Pachgatgoch brethren and sisters that permission would be sought by Br. Spangenberg from the bishop in England for a brother to remain there to minister to them.” It was left to Bishop David Nitschmann to contact Spangenberg, who at the time was in Europe. In March, in the company of a number of brethren, Nitschmann boarded the Moravian-owned ship Little Strength in New York. With him were Maria and Samuel.81 The initiative taken by the congregation in Bethlehem to seek assistance from a person with connections was significant whether or not it bore fruit immediately, as it signaled the Moravians’ first steps to exert political influence in London as a means of insuring a future for their mission effort in the colonies. Unaware that his followers were about to be expelled from Shekomeko but nonetheless prompted by the passage of the September 1744 New York act and that in Connecticut the previous year, Bishop Zinzendorf went on the offensive. His first attempt was to appeal not only on principle but also on the basis of what he believed to be the law. Writing to the Lords of Trade in December 1744, he petitioned for the issuance of two directives. The purpose of the first would be to keep the “honest people” of America “from being chicaned with and plagued without the least reason & as if it were only de gayeté de Coeur.”82 The second was much less obtuse: “no body but least of all the Indians shall be hindered from joyning with any Protestant Church whatsoever,” in accordance, he argued, with “measures taken for encouraging Foreigners to settle in the British Colonies in America.”83 There does not appear to have been an immediate response. However, in a letter to Governor Clinton the following June, the lords broached the topic of the New York statute. They told Clinton they had in hand a letter from Baron von Gersdorf, one of Zinzendorf’s closest advisors and a relative. Writing on behalf of himself and the Moravian congregation in New York City, von Gersdorf had complained about the statute and then paid a personal visit to the lords in the company of two ministers of the church, where his objections were discussed further. Chiding Clinton about the fact that they had received a bundle of twenty-four other laws from New York’s provincial secretary without the required letters of transmittal, the 20

Introduction

lords asked him to explain “what the behaviour of these Moravians has been in Yr province and whether any ill practices on their part gave occasion to there being inserted by name in the said Act.”84 When the lords dispatched their letter to Clinton in late June 1745, the Moravians had already been told to leave Shekomeko. But the lords again wrote to Clinton in January 1746, apparently to remind him of von Gersdorf’s complaint and repeating their desire to see a justification for the law’s enactment. Clinton was polite in his reply, which was five months in the making, with the total delay now amounting to a full year. With it, he enclosed a committee report “upon the subject matter of your letter, to which I beg leave to refer, and hope it will prove satisfactory.”85 It was at this juncture that the Lords of Trade and the Moravians decided to conduct their negotiations far from New York and Clinton’s dragging, if not designing, feet. Goings and Comings The order to expel the Moravians from Shekomeko, issued near the end of 1744, did not result in the immediate abandonment of the mission. On the contrary, it would take some time to pack up and transport their meager belongings to Bethlehem, and then, there was the question of the Indians. Still, the pressure on the Moravians to move was there, and it was not always in line with the letter of the law. Büttner voiced his concerns in late January 1745, writing: “‘It is reported that they [local officials] are going to take everything away from us; if that is done, all right, then we shall have just as much as our Savior possessed on earth.’” Some two weeks later the congregation in Bethlehem was told that New York’s governor had ordered Büttner, Rauch, and Mack imprisoned.86 But by this time, Büttner was deathly ill and would succumb to chronic tuberculosis on 24 February 1745. His body was washed by Mack, Abraham, and Abraham’s son Jonathan, dressed in clean clothes, and buried alongside the Indian child Lazara, who had been the first to be laid to rest in the small God’s acre at Shekomeko. Büttner was in his twenty-eighth year.87 The piecemeal exodus of the Moravians from Shekomeko was not without incident. In the first week of March 1745, Martin and Jeannette Mack, their nine-month-old little girl, Post’s wife Rachel, her infant son, and the pregnant and now widowed Margarethe Büttner left Shekomeko to begin what would 21

Introduction

be a trying journey back to Bethlehem. On crossing the river to Esopus, they were beset by what to all appearances was an altogether unhinged justice of the peace, one “Johanis Lameter” [Johannes Delameter], who seems to have been tipped off about their coming. “You dogs, you traitors!” he bellowed. “You pack of whores, you go there, you made a gang — that Mack — you shall not go there; I shall have you thrown in jail at once. . . . You keep the company of Negroes and Wilden [Indians]. What are you doing here with this Wilden [Indian woman].” Hustled off to a nearby tavern, the Moravians found themselves in front of several magistrates who asked them “several strange Questions and raged so much, that they continually stamped on the Ground and called us Traitors, Deceivers.” Mack was asked to take the oaths, which he refused. At this point appeared a “Colonel Löbenstein,” a member of the powerful Hudson Valley Livingston family, who allowed that Mack’s party could continue its journey without further interference.88 But the harassment continued. Outside the tavern stood the justice who had met them at the landing, still in a fury; he “tore open his coat, closed it again, and this he did 5 or 6 times one after another.” Finally, he let them proceed, although their troubles did not end there. A short distance outside of town, the Moravians ran into a constable whose angry words drew an equally angry crowd. “Meanwhile, they got through it,” reads the terse entry in the Bethlehem diary.89 The Moravians who remained at Shekomeko continued to quietly minister to the Indians, while assuredly looking over their shoulders. Not permitted by law to preach or hold services, they turned to their Indian acolytes, in particular Johannes, Isaac, and Jacob, to do their preaching for them, something they also attended to at Wechquadnach and Pachgatgoch. Others, such as Brothers Hagen and Bischoff, who spent lengthy periods of time at Shekomeko held love feasts, helped the Indians practice their singing, and met with them in conferences.90 Yet, as Pyrlaeus tells it, there was still plenty of room for Satan to do his work, and a number of the Indians who had trouble resisting his temptations went spiritually adrift.91 In May 1745, Martinus Hoffman, who a short five years before had kindly directed Rauch to the Indians near Stissing Mountain, “let the Brethren at Checomeko know that they should not take anything from their house that is attached or nailed down. He [Hoffman] is one of the partners who are taking 22

Introduction

over the land of the Indians and everything built upon it and pretending it is theirs.”92 Reconciling itself to the fact that the days of the mission were now truly numbered, the congregation at Bethlehem resolved to do something about its Indian charges. Brothers Spangenberg, David Zeisberger, and John Bull were dispatched to Onondaga to request permission from the Iroquois to move the Indians from Shekomeko to Wyoming, at least those who were prepared to go.93 They followed along behind Pennsylvania’s Conrad Weiser, an acquaintance of Spangenberg who was on an involved diplomatic mission to end the war between the Iroquois and the Catawbas. The Moravians returned in July, and although the record of the council at Onondaga is silent on the question, permission for the move seems to have been granted. But for the Indians at Shekomeko, a move to Wyoming was out of the question. Instead, in the face of the disruption to their lives engendered by the closing of the mission, they strove to maintain their contacts with the Moravians by making frequent trips to Bethlehem. This produced fresh problems for the brethren, who found themselves accused of amassing the Indians for motives other than religious and secretly stashing firearms in coffins buried in the local cemetery, allegations which, reported Pyrlaeus, even drew the attention of the governor.94 In September 1745 the Moravians petitioned New York Colony and asked to return to Shekomeko, but the request was denied.95 For their part, many of the Indians concluded that they could no longer stay without a guarantee that the Moravians would return. Moreover, the intense and increasingly hostile pressure to move coming from colonists who claimed the land on which Shekomeko stood quashed any hope of remaining. Taking the initiative, these Indians sent a delegation to Bethlehem to ask the brethren for refuge, and there they ran into an unexpected snag. The Moravians, they were told, could not care for them just then. They tried hard to convince the Indians to stay at home, knowing full well that this was asking too much. By early 1746, however, a solution was reached, and in April, a reported ten Indian families left the Hudson Valley and made their way to a temporary home at Friedenshütten, located just outside of Bethlehem. Before long, they were led to a section of land the Moravians had purchased, roughly thirty miles to the northwest at the junction of the Mahoning Creek and the Lehigh River, and began at once to clear and plant fields, hoping for a good harvest to get them through the coming winter. That 23

Introduction

summer the settlement, a dedicated Moravian mission, was fully operational. It was called Gnadenhütten. The knowledge that a more secure place for them to live now existed drew additional Indians from Shekomeko and nearby communities. On 25 July 1746 the Moravians officially closed the mission at Shekomeko, signing it over to the Indians. Those who had chosen not to travel to Pennsylvania would continue to live there and in the neighborhood.96 As things began to wind down in Shekomeko, life continued at Pachgatgoch and Wechquadnach. Brother Post and Rachel, the Indian woman from Pachgatgoch he had married, lived there from the closing of Shekomeko until late February 1747. Post passed the time much like the Indians among whom he was now considered family, making baskets, brooms, and canoes, and fishing. He also gathered flax and spun yarn for himself. These homely activities allowed him to engage in religious conversations and to monitor their effect, for many of the Indians going out to work for surrounding farmers were sorely tested by drink given them as wages. Such “worldly” matters also affected the spiritual fiber of some of the residents of Wechquadnach, who were said to have “fallen asleep.” “Sometimes there is light and sometimes there is darkness,” Post lamented.97 The departures, first of the Moravians and then of the Indian families from Shekomeko, created an uneasiness that extended into Pachgatgoch and Wechquadnach. Much of this, of course, was owing to the absence of the Moravians’ spiritual guidance, which many of the Indians had come to rely on, although for most, it also meant having to cope with the loss of kith and kin who had followed the brethren. It was no surprise, then, when talk in these communities turned to the possibility of joining those in Pennsylvania. In late May 1747 Brother David Bischoff traveled to Pachgatgoch to escort a number of Indians to Bethlehem and thence to Gnadenhütten, speaking to several others at Shekomeko and Wechquadnach who expressed a wish to move as well. But a few days later, when Bischoff showed up at the spot on the Hudson River where they had agreed to assemble to begin the journey, there were no Indians to greet him, and he returned to Bethlehem.98 The record suggests that disorganization among the Indians preparing to move prevented their meeting with the brother; apparently solving whatever problems there were, twenty-six of their number arrived in Bethlehem near the end of June.99 24

Introduction

Shortly after their introduction to the congregation, the Indians announced that they had come not merely to visit but to stay, a point Gideon drove home with his declaration that he intended to remain in Gnadenhütten “for the rest of his life.” But they quickly discovered that Bethlehem was not at all like home. The Moravians laid out to them the same offer they had made to the party that had come down from Shekomeko the previous year: each Indian family would go to Gnadenhütten, clear a piece of land, plant corn, and become self-sufficient, although for now, since the time for planting had passed, the brethren would provide for them. In the meantime, the Indian men were directed to go to Gnadenhütten and build a house for their families on a height of land called Gnadenhügel. The women and children would remain in Friedenshütten until this work was finished. Gnadenhütten, however, did not prove satisfactory to the Indians, and in September they removed to Nazareth.100 In early October, several of the leading men from Pachgatgoch, Shekomeko, and Wechquadnach sat down with the brethren. Framing their argument in terms they perhaps believed the Moravians would understand, they said that being at Gnadenhütten had caused them to “stray from their hearts,” which in part explained why they had come to Nazareth. Nevertheless, now that they were there, they wanted to know if the brethren would give them land that they could call their own, and whether there would be a brother to look after their children. In reply, the Moravians insisted that the Savior wanted them in Gnadenhütten, where there was a place for them. They would not permit Nazareth to become an “Indian-town,” although, conceding that the Indians were no longer able to hear the voice of the Savior, the brethren would, just this once, give them a parcel of land on which they could farm. For all that, this land would not be the Indians’.101 Denied the opportunity to hold property and shackled to an economic system that was alien to them in its form and regimentation, not to mention the fact that the hunting was poor, many of the Indians from Pachgatgoch once again gathered their belongings and made the journey back to their former homes.102 Reestablishing Contact On 24 June 1749, after an intensive lobbying effort by the church’s senior clergy and politically connected friends in London, which had been initiated by Bishop 25

Introduction

Spangenberg and then Zinzendorf himself in 1744, the Moravians were, by an act of parliament, declared to be members of the “ancient Protestant Episcopal Church.” This edict, which substituted a “solemn Affirmation or Declaration” for the oath and set aside the requirement of military service on “Application to the Governor or Commander in Chief of the said Colony,” permitted the brethren to again operate freely in New York and Connecticut. Given the dissolution of much of the Shekomeko community, however, the Moravians did not return there.103 Instead, they focused their attention on the Housatonic Valley. The pending return of the Moravians to Connecticut was preceded by the journey of Bishops Johannes von Watteville and Johann Christian Friedrich Cammerhoff to Shekomeko, Wechquadnach, and Pachgatgoch in December 1748, which had as its purpose the official rekindling of ties with the Indians in the region. At Shekomeko they found a handful of Indians living in a single large house close to the “barren places” where the mission village had stood, now partly sown in wheat. They visited God’s acre and its more than a score of graves, among which was Brother Büttner’s, and found them fenced and in good order, von Watteville observed. Wechquadnach, its four winter houses sited in the Oblong, west of Indian Pond, was clearly the busier of the two settlements. Living there, without the consent of the church, was Brother Post, who had returned to the area the previous March after the death of his wife Rachel in Bethlehem. He explained that he had come to be with the Indians until the congregation was in a position to care for them again. In a joint effort, Indians from Wechquadnach and Pachgatgoch had built a meeting house there, which also served as Post’s residence.104 Many of the Indians Cammerhoff and von Watteville encountered were from the contingents that had removed to Gnadenhütten in 1746 and 1747 and then returned. Despite their largely negative experiences, a few expressed sentiments suggesting that they not only missed being in that Indian town but might consider moving back. The feelings of the others were mixed; this may have stemmed from the general uncertainty they faced about their future. This was clearly the case at Shekomeko, but also at Wechquadnach, where in addition to problems of simple survival, questions had been raised about the ownership of the land they were on. Whatever the details, it is generally recognized that the mid-eighteenth century was a very bad time for Indian people all through the 26

Introduction

Northeast. Native communities were badly shaken by the combined assault of disease and famine, the ruin of alcohol abuse, and poverty — all of which were underwritten by colonization and the cant of civilization. King George’s War had not helped, but much worse would be the havoc wrought by its transformation into the Seven Years’ War, known in the colonies as the French and Indian War (1756–63). In this conflict many native groups would be beaten into submission, while others, most notably the six Iroquois nations, would resist and survive to fight another day. In southern New England, however, those who remained were little more than shadows of their former selves. Shekomeko managed to hang on for a time, although virtually nothing is known of the day-to-day life of the small number of Indians who lived there or in the immediate area. With the out-migration of its remaining residents to Gnadenhütten in 1753, Wechquadnach would cease to exist as an Indian community.105 At Pachgatgoch, things were entirely different. The promise made by von Watteville and Cammerhoff in 1748 to send the brethren to the Indians was followed the next year by visits from Cammerhoff and Gottlob Pezold, David Bruce, Nathanael Seidel, and Bernhard Adam Grube, as well as Mattheus Renz and Abraham Büninger. By late 1749 Pachgatgoch again had a resident missionary.106 Locating Pachgatgoch A remarkably full description of Pachgatgoch can be constructed from the diaries, letters, and travel journals left by the Moravians.107 These documents cover the period from January 1743, when the Macks made their first journey there, to October 1770 and the official closing of the mission.108 But there are gaps and irregularities in the record. Expelled from Connecticut in mid-1743, the Moravians were not officially permitted to minister there until 1749. As we have noted, however, they continued to visit from their base at Shekomeko, and also from the church’s home congregation in Bethlehem. From early 1750 until the end of July 1763, the record for Pachgatgoch is essentially continuous, with the few short interruptions occurring during changeovers in missionaries or when a brother would return to Bethlehem for a rest. There is one exception: there are diaries missing for the period of November 1757 to March 1758. A more serious problem exists for the last seven years of the Pachgatgoch mission, for which only one diary has been located following searches in the 27

Introduction

Moravian Archives in Bethlehem and the Unity Archives in Herrnhut. What survives otherwise from this period are scattered correspondence by the resident missionaries and other records containing references to them, namely, Joachim Sensemann from 1763 to 1766, and then Edward Thorp from 1766 until 1770.109 After 1770, Francis and Anna Böhler, the lone Moravians serving what was a large colonial congregation at Sichem, near Indian Pond, paid the occasional visit, which ended with their recall to Bethlehem in 1772.110 On 5 April 1773 Brother John Ettwein traveled to Pachgatgoch, where he found “the church and all the huts quite empty. In one hut outside the place, I found Johanna, Gideon’s daughter, and Josua’s daughter. Josua died 2. years ago, Samuel has moved to Stokbridge, and some wish to migrate to the Ohio. Most of the time the place is quite empty.”111 The earliest surviving, if brief, portrait of the setting of Pachgatgoch is found in a letter from the Moravian Gottlob Büttner to a colleague in early 1743. Pachgatgoch, he wrote somewhat poetically, “is in a beautiful location; it is entirely surrounded by mountains and rocks, as if enclosed by walls.”112 Almost six years later, Cammerhoff furnished a more expansive description.113 He and his companions had come from near Shekomeko, and after wending their way down Macedonia Brook, they reached the Housatonic River on 20 December. Moving south along the river on the west side, the party came to “Pachgatgoch, that is, the place where they [the Indians] have their summer huts and fields,” making note of thirteen “huts,” “most of which are still new and quite spacious, and there are also several houses built on English footing[s], with fireplaces.”114 The Moravians visited a few of the Indians, one of whom “lives in a pleasant house built in the English fashion.” They continued on to where, it seemed, most of the Indians were residing at the time, “in their winter huts 3 miles farther down on the kill.”115 And then we set out right away toward the winter huts, continued down along the kill past very large rocks, and then finally came to the place where they have encamped behind a rock. Martha, Gideon’s wife, noticed us first, welcomed us in front of her hut, and was so overjoyed that she immediately began to weep quite heartily for joy.116 Gideon also joined us at once, being very glad to see 28

Introduction

us, and led us into his hut, where he had fi xed up everything quite beautifully and had laid out the skin of a panther for us on which we were to take a seat. Gideon made a count of the Indian people there, telling Cammerhoff that there were sixty, “big and small.” The next day Cammerhoff and the others were taken to a falls in the river near the winter huts, “where the water forces itself through the narrow rocks with a loud roar, shooting down from very high up, which the Indians call Sasaksuk.”117 Cammerhoff also was shown a structure “that the Indians generally build for their boys to sleep in, where they, to wit, usually make a low hut from brushwood with earth on top, almost in the shape of a sweating oven [sweat house], only larger and more spacious.”118 The division of the Pachgatgoch community into “winter huts” and “summer huts” is significant to an understanding of how and where the people there placed themselves on the land, and for what purposes. We assume that the Moravians learned of this named distinction from the Indians. We also assume that the “winter” and “summer” designations had their origins early on in the Indians’ seasonal occupation of principally the west side of the Housatonic. Based on the information Cammerhoff provides in which he mentions going past “very large rocks,” the high and sheer rock faces abutting the river in the southeastern corner of the Schaghticoke Reservation, the winter huts were most likely on the flat north of Bulls Bridge.119 Where the winter huts might have been located before 1748 is unknown, although there is a hint in the record. In early 1752 the resident missionary was at the winter huts when he was asked by an Indian to go with him “across the ice to the other brethren and sisters to visit them now as well.” Several weeks earlier, this same Moravian had gone “into the winter huts on this and the other side of the river to visit.”120 One possible location for these Indians was on the flat on the opposite side of the river, just to the northeast of where we believe the winter huts were, and where they may have been built in previous years. By late 1751, however, the site of the winter huts on the west side of the river had become permanent, and it was thereafter used as a place of year-round residence for many of the Indians at Pachgatgoch. That September the Indians had 29

Introduction

gathered in Gideon’s house at the summer huts to discuss where they would build their winter huts for the approaching season. They had come “to be all of one mind . . . and tomorrow [they] wanted to choose the suitable place for this purpose.” The next day, accompanied by the missionary, the Indians went out to search for a location but “along the way they changed their minds and resolved to make a sledge-path [so] that during the winter they are able to bring the wood down from the mountain.”121 The availability of and access to firewood appears to have been of primary concern in selecting a site for the winter huts. With the building of the sledge-path, which involved the entire community, took six weeks to complete, and insured for the Indians a supply of firewood, a considerable number could remain at the summer huts while others lived at the winter hut site downriver. “Often we had to move very large stones out of the way,” explained Brother Abraham Büninger. “Anyone who sees it will be amazed that the Indians ventured to make a path up this rocky mountain.”122 The Moravians provided an early account of “winter huts” in a context different from that presented thus far, that is, as one of the two permanent residential loci of Pachgatgoch. At the end of 1751 Brother Sensemann wrote that he had gone “on the mountain” to visit a sick Indian woman “and the other brethren and sisters” living there.123 For the next eight years the diaries are silent in regard to similar mentions, until Brother Bernhard Grube reported that two Indian women had moved into their winter house six miles from Pachgatgoch and were planning to return in the spring. Several days later, “Our dear old Gideon moved with his family into his winter house on the mountain, because here [at Pachgatgoch] it is much too difficult for him to go and get the [fire] wood.”124 Over the next few winters, a number of other Indians also moved to the mountain and returned in the spring, “for the warm weather is now beginning to set in.”125 The placement of the community’s residents in chiefly two settlements — the winter huts and the summer huts — distanced from each other reduced the extractive pressure on nearby but limited sources of firewood. At about the same time, the Moravians ceased employing the designation “summer huts” but continued with their use of “winter huts.” A decade later, the terms “Lower Schaghticoke” [“das unttere Scatticok”], “lowermost town,” and “lower town” appear, with the diarist recording that the first was a term “the English” applied 30

Introduction

to the winter hut location.126 What is important, however, is that the name “Pachgatgoch,” and at times “Schaghticoke,” was applied in an inclusive manner, embracing the locations of the “winter huts,” the “summer huts,” and everything in between.127 The probable site of the summer huts can be determined by taking into account several lines of evidence. In 1748 Cammerhoff placed the huts near the Indians’ fields, which would have been on relatively flat, arable land. There are frequent mentions in the diaries of local colonial farmers bringing in their teams to plow both the Indians’ and the Moravians’ fields. On one occasion, following a particularly heavy rain, a farmer was unable to plow because of “the great amount of water on the low land,” which clearly indicates that the fields were on a floodplain.128 This broadly limits the area of the summer huts to that stretch of the Housatonic River between the mouth of Macedonia Brook downriver to the second rivulet running out of the mountains south of Thayer Brook. Other details useful in siting the summer huts are found in the same diary in which, during the harsh winter of 1761, Brother Mack wrote that a storm had deposited “nearly 2 feet of snow, which lay pretty much that deep also on my entire brook.”129 As will be established later, the area of the summer huts was where the Moravians erected several structures of their own and had their kitchen gardens. For reasons also to be explained later, the brook Mack mentions is most likely the first rivulet south of Thayer Brook. In addition, in 1754, “the [Indian] brethren helped Samuel put his house in a different spot, because the old one is standing too close to the public road for him.”130 Samuel’s house was presumably on the mountain side of the road that runs along the Housatonic River between Kent and Bulls Bridge, roughly following that shown on the map. The Indians used this road to reach the winter huts and other locations, but it also was a thoroughfare for colonists. To be on the road’s east side probably would have placed Samuel’s house on a low-lying floodplain ten or more feet down a steep bank, a rather unlikely setting. Evidence that appears to firmly establish the location of the summer huts is found in a sequence of events beginning with a May 1752 petition of the Pachgatgoch Indians to the Connecticut assembly asking for a piece of land south of the mouth of Macedonia Brook and lying adjacent to the Housatonic River. They wished to use it for planting corn, and the hill behind it as a wood lot. In 31

Introduction

response, the assembly granted the Indians the whole of lot 25 and one-half of lot 24 of the colony’s lands west of the Housatonic River. In 1755 the remaining or northern half of lot 24 was purchased by one of Kent’s early settlers, who appropriated more than his share, thus depriving the Indians of their use of “a Certain Notch in the Mountains which is the Outlet or Walk for us into ye woods.”131 This “Notch in the Mountains,” the only notch or cut anywhere near the probable location of Pachgatgoch, is that through which Thayer Brook flows. Thayer Brook formed the northern limit of Pachgatgoch in the mid-eighteenth century. The lands to its north were in private hands. Thus, based on what we have presented to this point, the most likely location of the summer huts and the Moravian mission is on the interval of land between Thayer Brook and the first rivulet to its south, perhaps extending for a short distance downriver from this rivulet. This determination of the location of the summer huts and the mission is supported by an early and credible source that states: “About a mile and a half below” the Episcopal Church in Kent, “on the opposite [west] side of the river, the Moravian Church or mission house was standing 30 or 40 years since, near the house of Mr. Raymond.”132 This point is midway between the aforementioned brooks. A final note on the summer huts. This locus of the Pachgatgoch community where the Moravians, with Indian help, built their mission, appears to have been at least a semipermanent settlement dating to the time of the initial move of the Indians from Weatinock to the west side of the Housatonic River in 1736. “The first land that they [the Indians] cultivated has been planted now for 17 consecutive years,” wrote Brother Büninger in 1754.133 With the knowledge that the summer huts were near the Indians’ fields, it may be assumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that their location there dates to about 1736. From what we believe to be the relatively secure site of the summer huts and the Moravian mission, that of the winter huts can be reaffirmed without resorting to circular reasoning by using distance measurements provided in the diaries. In January 1761 Brother Mack reported that he had spent a day “visiting the Indians in the winter huts at [the] Bulls,” the home of the colonial family from which Bulls Bridge derives its name, and that “most of it [firewood] is now brought from 1 1/2 miles away, down at the Indians’ winter huts; presently nothing can be rolled down the mountains due to the deep snow.”134 Bulls Bridge 32

Introduction

is on the map. The place where the firewood was being collected was probably on the sloping land near the river later made part of the Schaghticoke Indian Reservation. In the spring of that year Mack announced the birth of a son to an Indian couple who lived “2 miles from here [the summer huts], in Lower Schaghticoke,” and the next February, Brother Sensemann “visited the brethren and sisters at the river, two miles down.”135 These distances place the winter huts past where the firewood had been collected, past the sheer rock faces in the southeastern corner of the Schaghticoke Reservation, and on the flat just below the reservation’s southern boundary. The Indian Settlement There is no more concise and to-the-point statement on the variety of dwellings built and used by the Indians at Pachgatgoch than that of Brother Eberhardt writing in 1756: “Today the brethren helped [the Indian] Br. Martin build a new wigwam, just as they had earlier helped Samuel lay up his house, and had helped re-erect Solomon’s frame house that the wind had knocked over this spring.”136 For all this, the Moravians provide only very limited descriptions of these dwellings or how they were constructed. On his visit to Pachgatgoch in the winter of 1748, Bishop Cammerhoff mentioned an Indian house built in the “English fashion.” We take his observation to mean that this was a bark-covered half-pole frame structure with vertical or near vertical side walls and perhaps a pitched roof. The drawing of Shekomeko made by Brother John Hagen in 1745 depicts a number of such dwellings, complete with smoke holes suggesting a single, central hearth, although at Pachgatgoch, the Indian Andreas’s house is reported to have had two hearths.137 The houses are shown with gabled ends, below which are doors. The roofs of several houses appear to be covered with sheets of bark running from peak to eave.138 Stone footings, structural features that are found elsewhere in eighteenth-century native southern New England, were incorporated in a few of the Indians’ houses in Pachgatgoch, whether half-pole frame or wigwam.139 Wigwams, another house type at Pachgatgoch, were also covered with sheets of bark. There is no evidence that woven mats, a commonly found covering, were so used. The remaining, wholly native structures at Pachgatgoch are the boys’ hut 33

Introduction

that Cammerhoff described during his 1748 visit, and the frequently mentioned sweat houses, which figured prominently in the lives of Indians. The records suggest that there was a sweat house at both the winter and the summer hut locations; unfortunately, no information is given about their placement or the details of their construction. Presumably they would have been near running water, as was historically the case in the region. Perhaps following the Moravians’ lead, two Indians are reported to have built log houses, and another a frame house, evidently some form of post-and-beam construction. That the Indians helped “lay up” [auf blocken] Samuel’s house, mentioned earlier, is a reference to laying up hewn logs. Like Samuel’s house, the Indian Joshua’s frame house was roofed with wooden shingles. It also had a stone chimney. No other details of construction for either the log or frame houses are provided, although they may in part be inferred from what is known of the building methods of the Moravians. The Moravian Mission Initially, it seems, the Moravians may have lived in bark-covered houses. “I worked on my winter house,” Brother Büninger reported. “I have had to build it twice now, for I had torn it down in the spring, taking of it what was usable for the summer house.”140 The Indian Jeremias helped put on the roof, and a month later, Büninger went out and cut wood suitable for a floor, offering no other details. But on 9 April 1750, the Moravians and the Indians began constructing a building that would serve them for the next two decades as a residence, a place to hold meetings, and a schoolhouse. Two years later, a larger room was added that they sometimes referred to as the “hall” or the “church.” The first building was of logs that had been felled and then rolled down the mountain to the area of the summer huts. Brother Büninger reported it being fourteen by sixteen feet. Indian men first laid up the walls and framed the roof, which was probably covered with sheets of bark, while women carried in water and clay that had been mixed together and used it to chink the firewall, the roof, and around the outside. That August, the Indians helped Büninger build a catted chimney. The Indians also helped split chestnut logs into rough planks for the main floor. Büninger intended to use planks that he had split himself to lay a floor in the loft, but deciding that they would not work to his satisfaction, he 34

Introduction

went to Kent to get what were evidently saw-cut boards, which he and several Indians floated down the river to the summer huts. The following year he purchased glass from a merchant a short distance below Bulls Bridge to close up at least two window openings in the house. In a humorous episode that took place during a visit to Pachgatgoch in 1760, the Moravian George Sölle recounted being awakened one night by the sound of breaking glass. Thinking that someone was about to crawl through the window, he called out, “Who’s there?” His answer was the fading gait of the perpetrator, “an old Indian horse” that brazenly returned the next night and broke another pane.141 In fall 1751 Büninger concluded that the log structure was not large enough and that an additional room was needed. Under the supervision of Brother Christian Frölich, construction would begin the following spring before it was time to plant the fields. Brother Rundt described the scene: Several brethren from the winter huts were called here for assistance, and with that, they marched into the woods. . . . In the afternoon an extraordinarily delightful procession of Indians could be seen. Our whole town (I should like to say) — young and old — had gone, without having been pressed by us, onto the high mountain behind our house, to carry hither from the woods there the wood for our construction, that which previously had been cut down and belongs to the Indian Brother Christian, as well as the wood that was cut by the brethren today, and now they came marching down all at once. This was delightful to watch, as each one came trundling down with joy, carrying hither his large and small pieces on his back. Many a large beam needed to be carried by about 8 to 10 men.142 First the sills were laid, Brother Rundt later wedging stones under what was apparently a low side to maintain a level. Then the workers raised the walls, which had been assembled from joined wood. The Indians made it a point to remark that this was the first house that they had built in this manner. Architectural features included framed glass windows built into each of the three walls, shutters, a split shingle roof, clapboard siding, hung doors, and a boarded interior. The Moravians delivered the first sermon in the addition on 21 May 1752; the 35

Introduction

room was barely large enough for the eighty Indians, not including the children, who were present. There are indications in the diaries that sometime after the attached logand-frame buildings were constructed, the Moravians may either have added a cellar or built yet another house with a cellar for which there is no description. It is difficult to resolve this question because of the significant gap in the records, mentioned earlier, from November 1757 to March 1758. In any case, the Moravians were worried that if the cellar wall or walls were not taken care of, this house might collapse on them. The Moravians, at times assisted by Indian people, erected several other structures at their mission. In 1751 Brother Büninger laid up a pigsty that he covered with a bark roof. The next year Sensemann, a baker by trade, decided to build an oven so that the Moravians would not have to go to local colonists to buy bread. And in 1756, several Indians cut poles and peeled bark, which they used to build a new wigwam, repair another, and to help the Moravians put up some sort of a structure to use as a kitchen. Finally, before 1760, a cow barn had been built at Pachgatgoch. Death at Pachgatgoch Indian people at Pachgatgoch died in all of the ways and manners familiar to the human experience. Infant mortality was high, and so were rates of death in early childhood as influenza and other maladies took their toll. Writing from Stockbridge in January 1747, John Sergeant observed: “Near half that are born die in infancy or childhood, which I attribute to their manner of living, and want of suitable medicines in time of sickness. The grown people abundantly die with consumptions, begun with violent colds.”143 Tuberculosis was not uncommon in native communities, and neither were dysentery, measles, smallpox, typhus, syphilis, salmonellosis, and other forms of food poisoning. Deaths due to drowning, injuries, or, on occasion, violent altercations also occurred. The diary entry for 12 May 1755 reads: “In the afternoon, Br. Christian [Seidel] had Brothers Gideon and Joshua give him the names of the brown brethren and sisters who are lying here in our God’s acre, and made a drawing of God’s acre.”144 This drawing of the cemetery at Pachgatgoch affords an intimate look into the community and its genealogical and demographic profiles, while at 36

Introduction

the same time reflecting the influence of Moravianism on its social fabric (see fig. 4). Still, the story of life and death it tells is incomplete. There are forty-eight burials depicted on the drawing, nearly all of which are labeled with the name of the person interred. The three lines of graves plus the single grave, numbers 1–34, are, with three known exceptions, those of baptized Indians.145 They are arranged in rough correspondence with the “choir system,” the stratification of the Moravian community according to age, sex, and marital status, which would vanish in the American church under the secularizing influence of the nineteenth century. Von Watteville described a similar arrangement for Shekomeko’s God’s acre in 1748: “the newer graves [were] right nice and orderly separated by the choirs, as at our other congregations.”146 Burials 1–15 are of male children; 16 is the headman Gideon.147 With the exception of one female child, the deaths recorded for burials 17–25 are of older girls and adult women, married, unmarried, and widowed. Documentation is lacking for three of the burials in the row numbered 27–34. The remainder is a mix of female children and probably older girls and single sisters; however, number 31 may be that of a stillborn boy. Although graves in Moravian cemeteries are traditionally marked by a stone laid flat on the ground, none are mentioned for Pachgatgoch. Many of the dead were buried in wooden coffins the Indians made themselves. The last recorded interment shown took place on 10 August 1760, demonstrating that there was at least some attempt to keep the drawing up to date for five years after it was made.148 The burials on the top third of the drawing are of unbaptized Indians. Included in this section of the cemetery is Gideon’s mother, who, together with the headman and the deceased children of Joshua, Martin, and Chuse, his three sons, represent four generations of this family at Pachgatgoch. Buried “about a couple of 100 paces” behind the Moravians’ house “in the woods” were two baptized women: Lazara (d. 1743), Gideon’s wife, and his daughter Maria, Samuel’s wife (d. 1744).149 Of the forty-eight burials on the drawing, twenty-seven of the deaths they represent are recorded in the mission diaries or in the Pachgatgoch catalog of baptisms. The remaining twenty-one are otherwise undocumented. There are an additional forty-five deaths recorded in the diaries or in the catalog absent corresponding graves on the drawing.150 Nothing is known about deaths that 37

Introduction

may have occurred when Brother Sensemann was at Pachgatgoch from 1763 to 1766. But even if we assume that no one in the community died over this threeyear period, there is nonetheless a minimum number of ninety-three baptized and unbaptized persons buried in God’s acre.151 This figure must be regarded as conservative, not only because of the absence of information from 1763 to 1766, but also because it is possible that the deaths of other Indians in the community, especially the unbaptized, may have gone unrecorded. Moreover, it is likely, though not proven, that Indians who died in the community after the closing of the mission in 1770, and until the move to the present-day reservation at the turn of the century, a period of thirty years, continued to be buried in this God’s acre. The location of God’s acre is not known, although there are a few clues. The Moravians’ diaries suggest that it was near the mission station, a relatively short walk from their “hall” or “church.” This fits the pattern found at other Moravian Indian missions, where the cemetery is just outside the settlement.152 In summer 1859, members of the Moravian Historical Society traveled into eastern New York and the Housatonic Valley of Connecticut to trace the path taken by their brethren more than a century earlier. Reaching Kent, they were joined by several local men, including John Raymond (1793–1867), whose farm was just north of the reservation; Wells Beardsley (1770–1860), a physician and formerly Kent’s postmaster; Alden Swift (1793–1867), whose grandfather Reuben was the state-appointed overseer of the Schaghticoke Tribe for a short time in the early 1770s; and Rufus Fuller (1809–1881), who had been serving as overseer since 1852. The party first rode to “the Pachgatgoch place, two miles to the southwest of Kent,” which once again sites the mission between Thayer Brook and the first rivulet to its south. Continuing down the west bank of the river, they soon reached “the ‘Reserve,’” where they spent some time in conversation with Eunice Mahwee, Gideon’s aged granddaughter.153 On the party’s return to Kent from the reservation, Beardsley “pointed out the site of the Pachgatgoch graveyard, lying in a meadow near the bank of the river, on the farm of Mr. John Raymond.”154 In assessing Beardsley’s credibility as a witness, we note that he was a prominent citizen of Kent who had been born the year the mission closed. His first wife Chloe’s father Barzilla was the son of Reuben Swift, a former overseer of the Indians. However, Beardsley was 38

Introduction

an elderly man in 1859 — in a few months, he would turn eighty-nine — and it had been six decades since the Indians had lost their lands at the summer huts where the God’s acre was located. As Reichel reports it, Beardsley told him that the cemetery was “near the bank of the river.” This would put it somewhere on the floodplain on the east side of the road that stretches from a point just north of the reservation boundary to about Thayer Brook; that is, between the winter huts, and the summer huts and mission. This area is today low-lying ground, most of it sitting below a ten-foot contour line that also marks the steep face of a terrace above the present floodplain. Although we recognize that the present river surface is somewhat higher than it was in the mid-eighteenth century, there is no doubt that the floodplain was low-lying ground then. As the Moravians noted, a heavy rainstorm had once soaked the fields to such an extent that they could not be plowed.155 Placing a cemetery where it might be subject to periodic flooding, or at the very least, where the water table was high, would be an unusual choice.156 In addition, an unknown portion of the floodplain was cultivated by the Indians, the Moravians, and, somewhat late in the life of the mission, neighboring farmers. By 1752 the Moravians were farming two plots of land, about two acres in all, which had been allotted them by the Indians. The Indians’ fields must have been much more extensive. To illustrate, in spring 1761, “Five plows from the neighborhood came here to plow the land for the Indians for planting corn, and spent nearly the entire week here going about this work.”157 By 1765 local farmers were cultivating a part of the Indians’ land in exchange for plowing their fields.158 Despite this activity, sections of the floodplain may have been left untouched, and Beardsley may have been correct in pointing out the cemetery somewhere near the bank of the river. Of course, if Beardsley was mistaken, then other areas of conceivably higher potential should be considered; for example, the raised section of land on the ten-foot contour east of the road, just to the south of the first rivulet, and the area west of the road below this rivulet. Although no obvious signs of the eighteenth-century God’s acre remain, another cemetery, located directly east of the notation “Indian Reservation” on the map, west of the road, is still in use by Schaghticoke people. Here there are more than fifty grave markers, most of which are plain, upright fieldstones suggesting 39

Introduction

eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century interments. There is, though, a latenineteenth-century description of this cemetery mentioning that the graves were “mostly marked by wooden head-boards, and many have not even this memorial.”159 A smaller number of headstones are inscribed with dates of death ranging from 1860 to the present. By all accounts, this cemetery was at one time closer to the river. But when the construction of the hydropower plant at Bulls Bridge began in the early 1900s, the operation of which would inundate lower-lying lands, the burials were allegedly moved to their present location. For many years, however, there have been questions about what exactly was moved: grave stones and the burials they marked, or just the stones, if there had been any in the first place. In any event, it remains to be fully determined what the plain headstones in this cemetery represent. We would only add that, for a variety of reasons, we do not presently believe this cemetery contains burials from a time before the arrival of the Moravians. Deaths most assuredly had occurred in the Pachgatgoch community between the move of the Indians across the river in 1736 and the establishment of the God’s acre in about 1749. The average number of deaths per year in Pachgatgoch, calculated from the ninety-three deaths recorded from 1749 to 1770, discussed earlier, is about four. Thus, over the thirteen-year period from 1736 to 1749, there could be as many as fi fty deaths and burials that are unaccounted for, excepting those of Lazara and Maria in 1743 and 1744. This assumes a relatively stable population, which is known to have remained at around one hundred for much of the life of the mission.160 With the knowledge that from Pachgatgoch’s beginnings its people resided chiefly in two areas, the winter huts and the summer huts, there arises the prospect that there also are burials at these two locations dating to before the mission period. What has been reported on native mortuary practices in southern New England generally, and western Connecticut and southeastern New York specifically, reflects a pattern commonly found elsewhere in the Northeast: Indian people buried their dead in proximity to where they lived. For the residents of Pachgatgoch, the constraints placed on their land base, or the reduction thereof owing to the encroachments of colonists, would have insured that this was the case. Although the Moravians often reported that the bodies of persons who had died at the winter huts were carried upriver to the mission 40

Introduction

house, where they were sometimes laid out and mourned and then taken in a procession to the cemetery, we are hesitant to conclude that this was native practice.161 It is likely that before the establishment of the God’s acre, the Indians buried their dead at both the winter and summer huts rather than using a single communal cemetery. This brings us back to that second, present-day cemetery. The historical record suggests that its original site, closer to the river, before the construction of the hydropower plant, may not have come into use until the beginning of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that Indians remained in the vicinity of the summer huts following the closure of the mission and Brother Ettwein’s visit in 1773, although for the same period of time nothing is known of the situation at the winter huts. And while we cannot be sure that the Indians continued to bury their dead in or near the God’s acre after the mid-1770s, there is no obvious reason to conclude otherwise. What is known is that in 1801, the whole of the Indians’ lands at and surrounding the summer huts and the former mission was sold, compelling them to withdraw downriver to the area of what is today the Schaghticoke Reservation.162 This loss of land would have denied the Indians access to the God’s acre. Life in Pachgatgoch Understanding what went on in Pachgatgoch is possible only through a reading of the materials left by the Moravians, who lived, worked, and worshipped with the Indians for much of the mid-eighteenth century.163 There is no comparable Indian record of this encounter or of their world as they knew it. Unfortunately for the ethnologically minded, the brethren did not have a lot to say about native kinship and marriage, leadership and status, religion and ideology, ceremony and ritual, medicine and curing, or death and mourning. And despite what had to have been their exotic mien, there is scarcely a whisper about the Indians’ dress, hair styles, ornamentation, tattooing, or physical appearance.164 The lack of curiosity displayed in the Moravians’ writings — what is left unsaid — is a bit of a surprise, especially considering that outside of the experience of a few brethren at the Shekomeko mission, Pachgatgoch was for many a first-time venture with Indian people of any persuasion. Yet at other times and other places, the Moravians did pay attention. On a visit to Shekomeko in fall 41

Introduction

1745, for example, two brethren walked into the mission house to find it “full of Indians, some in Bead [bed] some, Eating, some painted and Dressed out with Beads and Feathers.”165 At the funeral of Michael, a Minisink Indian who had died in Bethlehem in 1758 and who had resided in Shekomeko when the mission was in full swing, it was reported that he also had (as one still sees on the very old Indians) a face with figures painted in gunpowder so that it [sic] would not come off, and his cheerful look with the figures gave a pleasing appearance in the coffin. The figures that he had on his face were a large snake on the one right side at the temple, and from starting at the lips a pole that [ran] between the eyes and nose and up the forehead onto the head, on which pole there was every quarter of an inch something of a round figure, like a scalp. On the left cheek he had 2 spears crosswise, one over the other, and at the jaw line the head of a wild boar. All of it done very neatly.166 Aside from what the Moravians provided about Indian economy, housing, and material culture — what survives are mostly mentions without description — we are left, in general, with impressions woven around a chronicle of religious goings-on. This is not news in the narrative of Indian-colonial relations or mission histories from the eighteenth-century Northeast, where accounts of native communities are routinely absent the particulars of cultural practices. Still, the Moravians must have known something of the people they chose to serve, even if they often failed to report what they saw, for some level of understanding of the Indians was necessary if their mission was to succeed. In this circumstance, it is entirely possible that the Moravians had decided whatever differences in worldview and demeanor there did exist would neither impede their religious message nor prevent them from putting the Indians on the right path. In the final analysis, these differences may not have been considered worthy of comment. To complete this picture, however, it is not known to what extent or how strongly the “traditional” cultural practices of the Indians at Pachgatgoch were likely to capture the Moravians’ notice, although the brethren were quite vocal about what pained them most. A working assumption must be that their 42

Introduction

cultural system — subsistence, settlement, and sociopolitical behavior — was different to an unknown degree from what had existed in the Housatonic Valley at an earlier point in time. This is almost certainly the case counting forward from the heady days of first sustained contact with Europeans in about 1630, when Indians in southern New England are described as living in relatively small, autonomous farming communities led by one or possibly more headmen. Both patrilineal and matrilineal descent systems seem to have been present, although the emphasis on horticulture suggests the prevalence of the latter.167 Marriage preferences and postnuptial residence rules are only hinted at; the same can be said for social units beyond the extended or compound family, such as lineages, clans, or phratries. Somewhat more is known about cosmology, religion, and ritual, yet many questions remain.168 It is likely, given the history of decisive and even inducing factors such as depopulation, loss of land, and shifts in economy, all of which accompanied the enveloping nature of colonial expansion, that by the early eighteenth century, native cultural systems had changed, but the Moravians provide precious little information on this count. On the whole, they leave the impression that the community at Pachgatgoch consisted of several related, extended families rather informally organized, which, in most ways, practiced an economy that was not very different from that of their colonial neighbors. But the diaries contain more than data meant to fit formalist ethnological classifications. Their portrayals of the almost daily, blow-by-blow accounts of activities in and around Pachgatgoch, the broad historical context in which they occurred, and the people who participated in them — Indian, Moravian, and colonial — provide one of the most intimate pictures of community dynamics known for the region from any time period. Although the Indians and Moravians at Pachgatgoch stood culturally in contrast to one another, their dissimilarities were partially conciliated by the social intimacy that arose from their being virtually in each other’s laps for the period of the mission. Moreover, they exhibited affinities that may have rendered the conduct and attitude of the brethren not only familiar to Indians but also understandable and ultimately acceptable. At the same time, it is conceivable that consciously or unconsciously, the brethren took some comfort in observing these affinities among the Indians. In the most obvious example, Moravians 43

Introduction

organized their religious communities into collectives or sodalities known as “choirs.” Here church members were assembled into groups and assumed their roles and responsibilities on the basis of age, gender, and marital status: children, boys and unmarried men, girls and unmarried women, married people, widows and widowers. The full range of Moravian behaviors, experiences, and obligations took place within these segregated social units.169 A less doctrinaire variant of this kind of social organization was widespread among American Indian people, including those residing at Pachgatgoch. As with most nonstate polities, native communities customarily exhibited a relatively well-defined gender-driven division of labor and forms of age-grading within the general population. Among adult Indians, the roles assumed by women and men were distinct. The obligations of seventeenth-century native women in southern New England, for example, included childcare, food gathering and preparation, and making clothing. Men hunted, fished, and took part in raids and warfare. This division of labor persisted at Pachgatgoch into the eighteenth century, although by then the variety of tasks had changed, both by choice and through necessity in the face of decades of contact. The existence of the choir system may provide the best explanation for the inattention Moravians paid to native kinship, the rudiment upon which the workaday duties, rights, and reciprocal obligations that permeated all aspects of native life were ascribed. Beyond segregating members of Moravian congregations, choir living deemphasized kinship ties and, for all intents and purposes, abolished the nuclear family.170 If the brethren viewed the community at Pachgatgoch in the same fashion, and there is clear evidence in the record that they did, this may have acted to mask or make irrelevant the manner in which the Indians recognized kin and kindred.171 There may be an additional set of factors at work to explain the general absence of detail on Indian life at Pachgatgoch. As early as 1738, brethren dispatched to the missions were cautioned against filling their diaries with descriptions of the difficulties they might encounter or how bad things were going while among the “heathen.” Zinzendorf’s order issued from Marienborn two years later, also in regard to keeping diaries, emphasized recording matters of religious import, including the texts and spiritual topics addressed and instances where the Savior would reveal something new to a person. And in 1756, 44

Introduction

Bishop Spangenberg made explicit his preferences for what should be included in diary entries, wanting to know more about the children’s religious growth, what went on in the occasions, and how the Indians declared themselves in preparation for communion, matters of this sort being “a sweetmeat” to him. “I also wish,” he wrote, “that the work of the Holy Spirit, that one observes every day when occupying oneself with the souls, is noted,” adding that the diaries “must not be too general rather the specialia [Latin: particulars] make them pleasant and edifying for reading.”172 Insofar as diary keeping was concerned, these church leaders were directing that religious matters were to be given priority, suggesting that any other information would be viewed as incidental or nonessential. In certain situations, men and women joined together to form work groups. Both sexes tended village fields, planting corn and beans, adding later a few new crops such as grains and root vegetables. Fishing, too, appears to have been a communal activity, although there are indications that fishing parties were sometimes composed exclusively of men. When the Moravians arrived, the Indians at Pachgatgoch were already deeply involved in a cash economy by means of two traditional pursuits made easier and more efficient by metal tools: woodworking and basket making. Teams of men or women or of both sexes were mobilized to go into the forest and nearby swamps to cut and gather materials used to fashion splint and perhaps twined baskets, wooden buckets, spoons or ladles, short-handled splint brooms, and dugout canoes, all of which were sold to colonists up and down the Housatonic Valley. Money the Indians received for these items was used to purchase clothing, shoes, blankets, and food staples. Men and women, sometimes accompanied by their children, also hired themselves out to local farmers, especially during planting and harvesting times. They were paid in corn as well as in meals and drink, often, to their detriment, hard cider and rum. The social intimacy that evolved at Pachgatgoch can also be accounted for by examining two key factors: Moravian religious practices and language. In keeping with the tenets of their church, the Moravians worked to encourage the Indians to reflect on their own spiritual lives. This could only be accomplished through fervent, ceaseless, and often lengthy dialogues over the “state of their hearts,” a central theme in Moravian theology. When not busy in their homes 45

Introduction

and gardens, teaching school, or holding services, the Moravians were talking to Indians, individually or in small groups, wherever and whenever they could. Often assisted by their wives, the brethren probed into the lives and thoughts of the Indians, scrutinizing and questioning family relationships, marital responsibilities, the rearing of children, or any other issue that they could tie to moral and spiritual well-being.173 Frequently at the center of these discussions was alcohol and its pernicious effects, a topic to which we will return. No one doubts the centrality of language in negotiating the intricacies, and the misreadings, that attend the meeting of dissimilar cultures. As the Jesuits in Canada had learned a century earlier, there were but two courses open to them in this regard: “they could teach their numerous hosts to speak French or church Latin, or they could themselves learn a native tongue.”174 They chose the latter, albeit with varying degrees of success. Among the Indians in the Housatonic Valley, however, there was a somewhat more complicated set of factors at work. The Indians of the region conversed in several native languages and dialects. An unknown number of Mahicans and other River Indians living in the Hudson Valley spoke some Dutch, having had decades of practice that followed from their trading relationships with the residents of what once was New Netherland and, later, New York Colony. At the same time, contact with Yankee settlers and missionaries in southern New England obliged many Indians there to learn English, and to the degree required of them, they did. With but a few exceptions, the Moravians’ first language was German, although most also spoke English. The outcome was that at Pachgatgoch, the Moravians preached to the Indians in English, often with the help of native interpreters who translated the sermons into a language identified as “Wompona.” The importance placed on the use of English is illustrated by the experiences of Brother Büninger. Shortly after his return to Pachgatgoch in 1750, the Indians approached him, complaining that he had not held a meeting with them in two days. When Büninger confessed that he could not preach because he was without his interpreters, both of whom had gone to the seaside, the Indians asked why it was that he needed interpreters. After all, he spoke English (and obviously, so did they)! But when they chose to, the Indians would take a different tack, which drew the following comment from Bishop Spangenberg: “I wish the Indians 46

Introduction

would speak English when conducting a homily,” he fretted, “otherwise you cannot observe them.”175 In the beginning, perhaps following the lead of their brethren in Gnadenhütten, the Moravians tried teaching German to some of the children at Pachgatgoch, although this effort was short-lived. “It would be looked into how their present German school could be changed into an English one,” reported Brother Rundt in the spring of 1752, “because it had been learned that the brethren and sisters would like it that way, and almost all of them knew English themselves (but not German), and also [because they] always had dealings with such people who spoke English.”176 And while there may have been some earnest attempts to learn the Indians’ language, it is doubtful that any of the Moravians exceeded barely adequate levels of fluency. None of the brethren spent sufficient enough time among the natives to do otherwise. As the scholarly Jesuits had discovered, they, like the Moravians, were in age beyond the best years for learning a language. The linguistic skills the Moravians did manage to acquire, while perhaps acceptable for everyday conversation, were not enough to convey theological abstractions or ecclesiastical missives. Revealing what may have been his own understandable linguistic frustrations, and perhaps inadequacies, Brother Büninger observed that “the dear brethren are lacking suitable words in their language to express themselves when interpreting. For example, they do not have any suitable words for grace, blessing, and redemption. We advised them to incorporate these particular words into their language, as one language often borrows one word from another language.”177 It is noteworthy that in mid-1746, just as the Moravian Indian mission in Pennsylvania was getting started, the questions of language and difficulties with translations were raised, resulting in an intriguing proposal, one that was actually put into practice: Only now is it becoming truly apparent what an obstacle the lack of language is creating. Because even when a brother is fluent in the language of an Indian nation, he still cannot make it clear to them what he wants to say, for there are 1000 words in the German language of which they cannot translate even a single one. Therefore, we have in the end come to the conclusion that we want to mix 47

Introduction

German and Indian, also when composing hymns, to make the matter clear to them that way. This, then, will provide us with a new language, such as our Negro language on St. Thomas.178 The religious discourse between Indian and Moravian did little to cloud the cultural differences between the two groups, which although conceded, would not be reconciled. But neither did these differences generate significant intolerance, provoke a disruptive incivility, or deter the occasional cooperative effort or thoughtful gesture. What is also worth observing is the degree of separateness that, at the same time, characterized many aspects of their secular lives. Outside of the daily routine of religious activities, the Indians and their Moravian guests expended a substantial measure of their energy on economic pursuits. Farming, of course, was critical for their survival. In carrying out this task, the brethren and the Indians cultivated and kept separate fields. The Moravians planted corn, beans, and oats on land the Indians allotted them, and they cut meadow hay and cornstalks to use as winter feed for their livestock. Turnips, potatoes, cabbages, and currants were grown in small kitchen gardens. The physical separation of their fields (and to some extent, their homes) was often bridged by the Indians with offers of assistance, which included working the Moravians’ crops. There are only a handful of instances in which the brethren reciprocated in kind. It was nearly always the case that, in exchange for their labor, the Moravians offered the Indians cooked meals. Indian hunters at times supplied the Moravians, who typically did not hunt or fish themselves, with deer and bear meat as well as fish. Other courtesies the Indians extended included gifts of apples, flat corn bread, white bread, and beans. Firewood was a critical and increasingly scarce resource in the Housatonic Valley and elsewhere in southern New England. On a number of occasions, Indians, particularly single or widowed women and the elderly, tried to ease this situation by moving in the fall to live on the mountain west of Pachgatgoch, where supplies were more readily available. Gathering firewood dominated community life, and it was no different for the Moravians, whom the Indians often assisted in this task. In January 1751 Brother Sensemann wrote that during the course of a fierce and cold wind, he tried to dissuade the Indians from cutting firewood for him. The men nonetheless insisted and hauled in three 48

Introduction

sleds full. In return, Sensemann gave the headman’s wife some dried beans, corn, and meat with which to prepare a meal, which was held at the brother’s house. The next winter, Sensemann reported: “Because our firewood was almost used up, the other day an Indian sister had secretly carried a load of wood to the front of our house.”179 It is difficult to determine whether the Indians’ actions in supplying the Moravians with labor, food, and firewood were demonstrations of altruism, expressions of a traditional pattern of reciprocity, or an unadorned strategy to meet real and immediate needs: most likely, the answer is to be found in a combination of these factors. For decades, Indians had suffered the effects of expanding colonial settlement, which accelerated the pace of forest clearing to meet the demand for lumber to build homes, farmsteads, and towns; for fields to plant crops; and, of course, for firewood, sharply reducing Indian access to the land and restricting their movements. In turn, these activities altered the habitat of game animals, in particular the white-tailed deer, for a while increasing their number. The overhunting that resulted, in addition to the introduction of livestock — cattle, sheep, and pigs — that usurped the deer’s space and fodder, led to a rapid decrease in their population. Indians responded by keeping livestock for themselves, which furnished them with the meat they no longer could obtain by hunting. By the time of the Revolution, the once ubiquitous white-tails had nearly vanished in much of southern New England and adjacent New York.180 There is no question, then, that in part, the assistance the Indians provided the Moravians, occasionally in the face of their strong opposition, was calculated to serve a singular purpose: to allow them to be fed as payment for their labor. In most instances where groups of villagers either delivered firewood or planted, hoed, and harvested for the Moravians, they were provided with a meal. The Indians’ unyielding resolve to bring Sensemann firewood in the dead of winter may have been contrived to get badly needed food. Late winter and spring were generally the hungry times for Indian people. Stored surpluses would be in short supply or exhausted and wild plant foods unavailable. Going to the Moravians with offers of assistance in return for desperately needed provisions made perfect sense. Gestures of goodwill toward the Moravians may also have served to maintain 49

Introduction

or enhance the status of the headman Gideon, the first to be baptized, and perhaps other influential people in the community who are known to have played a central role in organizing these activities. The formation of alliances between native and preacher that then could be used for political gain is nothing new in the history of missions.181 Furthermore, the Moravians understood, as had the Jesuits before them, that in order to gain admission to and remain in a native community, and ultimately, to be permitted to promote their religious teachings in it, they would have “to create a rock-ribbed Christian faction among the tribesmen, preferably from leading families and lineages who could withstand the disdain of their more conservative neighbors.”182 Economic exchange helped shape and solidify these vital relationships. The one or two Moravians stationed at any one time at Pachgatgoch were not in the best position to exercise a great deal of largesse to the Indian population there. Their food supplies were limited: they grew what they could, raised a few livestock, and, with their meager funds, purchased staples and meat from local merchants. If there was a choice and the means, they preferred eating familiar dishes, such as bread soup and turnips. And although Indian corn, whether sweet, roasted, or cracked, was a part of the Moravians’ diet, it was not always appreciated. A case in point is Brother Sensemann’s complaint that Indian bread upset his stomach. He also did not relish the hard work of pounding dried corn into flour using the Indians’ heavy wood mortar and pestle. “The pounding is very toilsome,” he wrote on the same day that he intended to borrow an Indian woman’s horse to haul two bushels of corn to a nearby mill to have it ground.183 There are several likely explanations for the Moravians’ hesitancy to participate any more than they did in task- or subsistence-sharing relationships with the Indians. Perhaps it was because even when the Moravians were accompanied by their wives, there were simply not enough of them present at any given moment. The requirements of their religious duties may have left them with little time to spare for much else, including helping the Indians. But they also were very hard-pressed to do what was needed to feed and shelter themselves, and in general, keep their fields, fences, and lodgings in good repair, which was a never-ending grind. The work took its toll on the Moravians, who suffered injuries and lived with stiff and aching joints.184 With other tasks, however, such 50

Introduction

as building and repairing the school and meeting house, the brethren and the Indians worked side by side. A few Moravians took a greater part in the everyday affairs of the Indians than did some of their brethren. In winter 1751, Brother Sensemann labored hard helping to dig out the village spring and line it with stones. That evening he prepared his own supper and ate alone. In the end, the secular lives of the Moravians remained very much removed from those of the Indians. Still, whatever inferences can be drawn about the sharing and redistribution of resources and labor at Pachgatgoch, by Indians or Moravians, there nonetheless remains the plain and poignant language of Brother Büninger: “Here I must praise the Indian Brethren and Sisters’ readiness to serve others, for they are, on all occasions when I am in need of their help, willing with all their heart[s]. A good many [times] they have done [things] for me without [being] asked . . . because they saw that it was necessary.”185 The parallel lives that the Moravians and Indians led extended also to features of their religious conduct. In contrast to the earlier Jesuits and their Protestant competitors in New England, who strove mightily, for example, to undermine native religious systems, the Moravians at Pachgatgoch appeared unusually indifferent on this point.186 It is difficult to link this attitude to any particular philosophical underpinning of the church, which did not explicitly stress, or practice, forbearance toward the “heathen.” A more realistic and useful answer might lie in examining the situation in which the Moravians found themselves. Pachgatgoch was not, and would never be, a Moravian Indian town, a “praying town” such as those that the church created in eastern Pennsylvania beginning in the late 1740s and then later in the Ohio country. It was an Indian town into which the Moravians had been invited, and they could remain there only at the pleasure of its residents. Here the Moravians did not set the rules, and they could not play the role of enforcers. Their success, or lack of it, depended entirely on how they behaved toward the community and in the delivery of their religious message; it was always on their minds that any untoward act would almost certainly put their mission in jeopardy. Thus, there is little evidence to suggest that the Moravians openly confronted or challenged the Indians’ culture or discounted or disparaged their way of life; they apparently recognized that, at least in the short term, they could not dissuade the people 51

Introduction

of Pachgatgoch from doing what they always had done. Yet they did not hesitate to publicly level criticisms at the Indians when it came to drinking or the behavior of Indian children, whom they schooled and fittingly considered their most likely candidates for conversion. However, when it came to proposing changes they thought would be beneficial for the adult members of the community, the Moravians wisely employed an indirect approach, one that involved the “helpers’ conference.” This was a small group of the most influential Indians at Pachgatgoch with whom the Moravians periodically met to discuss matters concerning the good management of the community, in particular, conduct appropriate to a Christian people or those wishing to become Christians. From all indications, the helpers were Gideon and his wife Martha; Gideon’s son Joshua and his wife Elisabeth; Samuel, the husband of Gideon’s late daughter Maria; and perhaps Martin, another of Gideon’s sons. Together they formed the core of the “rock-ribbed Christian faction” critical to the Moravians and the operation of their mission. The most troublesome and divisive factor affecting relations between Moravians and natives at Pachgatgoch was alcohol. It was both an impediment to Moravian accomplishments and a recognized threat to the survival of the community. The devastation it wrought in the Americas is well known and has been extensively chronicled, and the Indians in New England fared no better than the rest.187 Drinking and its dreadful effects were a constant source of controversy, strife, and struggle.188 It was a wedge issue that frustrated the Moravians’ efforts to draw the Indians to Christ, and it was often a force that unraveled many of their hard-fought victories. To keep the Indians away from drink and “close to the Lamb” was an unending battle. “Before they knew the Savior,” the Indians unabashedly told Brother Sensemann, they came together “to drink, to dance, to fight, and for all kinds of indecent ways of life.”189 Complicating matters for everyone were the frequent trips the Indians made outside of Pachgatgoch to work as farm laborers and to sell their handcrafted goods. This not only kept the Indians from their fields and other routine food producing and gathering activities, but it also put them in regular and not always righteous contact with outsiders and, again to their detriment, within easy reach of alcohol, causing them to “stray from their hearts,” as the Moravians dolefully put it. The risk alcohol posed, absent the supportive presence 52

Introduction

of the Moravians and their religious message, was one the Indians understood and feared, and against which they tried to protect themselves. Discord, squabbles, and the occasional brawl intruded on the peace of Pachgatgoch, and alcohol-induced illnesses and death were hard realities. It is here that the interests of Moravian and native converged, with the Indians taking advantage of the presence and the religious teachings of the brethren to help shield themselves from drink’s lethal impact. This is not to say that natives in western Connecticut were little more than religious cynics or only nominally receptive to the Christianity the Moravians brought to them. But we agree with the historian James Axtell, who, with ethnological insight, argues that Indian societies in colonial America were “pragmatically incorporative” when it came to other faiths, not to mention the cultural practices of non-Indians.190 The Moravians’ diaries suggest that Indians took what they believed to be useful from the religious culture presented to them and fashioned for themselves a means of maintaining the solidity and well-being of their community. They listened and frequently took to heart the counsel and cautions the Moravians regularly offered; nonetheless, leaving Pachgatgoch to hunt, fish, work, or sell their goods was for some a test of their sobriety, one that they are reported to have failed many times. Even so, the Indians seem to have understood that. On coming home again, they would be met by the forgiving brethren and, equally important, by their own people. There is every indication that the Moravians’ teachings and their concern for the spiritual welfare of their “brown flock” were not simply passively or casually received by the Indians but were instead turned to good use: to appeal for temperance in the form of a religious message and thereby help ensure their survival. Moravians, Indians, and Christianity The essential ecclesiastical goal of the Moravians did not vary in any way from that of their Roman Catholic and other Protestant compeers. “In our labour among the heathen,” wrote Bishop Spangenberg, “we will particularly endeavor, that they become converted to Christ Jesus with all their hearts.”191 Yet there were differences in the way each denomination introduced Indians to the concepts of Christianity, and at which point in this process they would baptize Indians into the faith. A century earlier, the Jesuits in Canada had likened their 53

Introduction

religious venture to a military exercise, employing “the ancient metaphors of evangelical Christianity and religious crusade.”192 Thousands were baptized in the first four decades of their campaign, a third of whom were infants, children, and adults anointed virtually on their deathbeds as victims of European diseases. Healthy natives, on the other hand, faced a rigorous course of instruction and probation before they were believed fit to receive the holy waters, for to do any different, the Jesuits feared, would result in “‘making more Apostates than Christians.’”193 Most English Protestant missionaries in New England, until the 1760s, also elected not to administer the sacraments before the appropriate, orderly schooling had taken place. But they departed philosophically and materially in one important way from the Jesuits. Indians would not be baptized in the church without first having to endure a lengthy and trying cycle of resocialization. The “savages,” went the drill, had to be “civilized” before they would be admitted into Christianity: they were to be made “men.” Their transformation into sentient human beings was, in Cotton Mather’s distasteful turn of phrase, “‘To bring an idiot unto the Use of Reason.’”194 Yet it was precisely this “Kopf-Bekehrung,” a conversion of the mind instead of the heart, that the Moravians openly disputed.195 For their part, at least in the first decades of their missions, the Moravians conducted themselves in ways reminiscent of the Jesuits: they lived in Indian communities; made some attempt to learn native languages; and moved to baptize, first, adults in the communities, later shifting their sights to the more impressionable and less renitent children. And until they abandoned the Pachgatgoch mission in 1770, having earlier organized their own praying towns in Pennsylvania and then in the Ohio country, the Moravians adopted a culturally relative posture, making only weak attempts to work their influence on certain of the Indians’ cultural practices such as marriage, medicine, and family structure. Their toleration of these and other expressions of native life were of considerable benefit to the brethren at Pachgatgoch, for to have done otherwise would surely have meant their expulsion. The most obvious doctrinal difference between the Moravians, and the Jesuits and English Protestants was in the administration of baptism, that singular act meant to dissever convert from pagan. For the brethren, it was not so much a matter of time before an Indian could be anointed but rather a matter 54

Introduction

of the heart and individual desire. Required was the volition to open one’s self to hearing about the Lamb and his wounds, a recognition by the initiate that he or she was a sinner, and a willingness to appeal to the Savior on that basis. From this, baptism could follow. One illustration of the relative ease with which the sacrament might be forthcoming is from Bishops von Watteville and Cammerhoff’s journey to the Indians in 1748. Nearing Shekomeko, they came upon Adrian Okaiasegkamen, his wife Atschiak, and one of their daughters and had the opportunity to speak to them about Christ with the help of the Indian Joshua, their interpreter. After a short while, as von Watteville described this encounter in his travel journal, “Our hearts were quite warm, and theirs [were] feeling, and we could scarcely keep ourselves from baptizing them that very instant.”196 In the second year of the mission’s operation, which was cut short by the Moravians’ banishment from Connecticut colony, they baptized eleven adults. Gideon was first, followed by several of his kin and his wife Martha. A short year after the Moravian’s return to Pachgatgoch in 1749, twenty adults and one child were besprinkled. But soon the brethren seem to have had something of a change of heart, and they moved to set the bar a bit higher when it came to dispensing this sacrament. Although baptisms in the community continued, along with the admission of deserving adults to Communion, they no longer occurred with the alacrity of the early years. In fact, over time, the brethren seem to have dug in their heels, demanding that Indian initiates behave more in a manner befitting the spiritual status they were seeking. An instructive example is that of Brother Carl Gottfried Rundt. In a plainly worded protest to his superior, Bishop Spangenberg, in October 1755, Rundt voiced his strong opposition to baptizing Indian children at Pachgatgoch, because in his view, their upbringing “before the Savior is being neglected so incredibly by their parents.” Complaining of spiritual inconsistencies and failings, licentiousness, and the generally iniquitous behavior of the Indians, Rundt refused to “subject the Savior and the congregation to the dishonor, my conviction to the disloyalty, and my conscience to the torture of baptizing their children under circumstances of this nature.”197 Although there are obvious signs that things did not always go as hoped for in the community, the diaries from Pachgatgoch are absent the very forceful 55

Introduction

objections that Rundt raised. On this basis alone, his grousing could easily be interpreted, and then dismissed, as extreme, perhaps that of an ill-tempered, reactionary cleric. Still, whatever Rundt (and possibly others) would not commit to his diary about the Indians’ conduct and his own scruples, he did not hesitate to put in a private letter to his bishop. Severe as it was, Rundt’s assessment may not have been far from the mark, at least for the period of time he was at Pachgatgoch. Or, and equally revealing, it perhaps reflects the pragmatic outlook of the brethren, who — unlike their Protestant rivals elsewhere in New England, it has been claimed — did not take for granted their “conversions” of native people.198 In any event, Rundt’s views do not square with what had occurred at Pachgatgoch in the first years of the mission, when most of the adult Indians, constituting a third or more of the entire community’s population, were baptized over a short span of time. We hasten to add that the Moravian Church did, in fact, encourage infant and, in special cases, child baptisms, although families were under no doctrinal obligation to follow suit. Instead, it was hoped that parents who themselves were baptized and followed the Lamb would come forward and ask that their children be anointed as well. At Pachgatgoch, many did. But following the spiritual euphoria and exhilaration that accompanied the opening of the mission, marked by the flurry of baptisms and then a period of relative stability in the community, there came a downturn. In religious terms, this is best measured by the falloff in the number of Indians who were permitted to attend Communion and the increasing number of instances in which the Moravians judged that no one was considered worthy to receive the Lord’s Supper when it was offered. Something was changing at Pachgatgoch. Religion and Its Use It has only been recently that historians of religion and missions in colonial America have raised questions about the form and degree of religious conversion among American Indians. Works especially relevant to the mission at Pachgatgoch are those by James Axtell and Neal Salisbury.199 Where Axtell argues that in New England there indeed were bona fide Indian conversions, if amid moments of doubt and apostasy, Salisbury suggests that since the terms “conversion” and “convert,” noun and verb, are rooted in the language and judgments 56

Introduction

of missionaries, they should therefore be abandoned by contemporary ethnohistorians. “What we as scholars have failed to appreciate,” Salisbury writes, “is the extent to which natives could embrace what the Euro-American tradition could and can comprehend only as ambiguity.” This ambiguity, he explains, characterized chiefly by a “psychological distance” between natives and newcomers, arose from Europeans who “distinguished constantly and most fundamentally between themselves and native people rather than between Christians and non-Christians.”200 There is a strong signal that such was the case in the Moravian Indian missions, albeit with a twist. Whether it was at Pachgatgoch or any of their other stations, the Moravians invariably drew a distinction between persons in their religious community, pointedly referring to “Indian brethren and sisters” and then “brethren and sisters,” the latter intending white people. The detailed record of life at Pachgatgoch the Moravians left provides an opportunity to examine the ambiguity that Salisbury postulates. But it also allows for a contemplation of the culture-based choices that emerged from the differing material needs and contradictory ideological sentiments of the Indians at Pachgatgoch and their Moravian visitors. Moreover, the diaries provide a means of measuring the effect Christianity had on the community, along with the manner in which it may have been practiced and used by numerous of its native residents. To start with, there is no way to know the religious preferences of the Indians at Pachgatgoch, save for falling back on unsatisfying ethnographic analogies and generalizations found primarily in the secondary literature. What can prudently be said is that they most likely structured their way of life in a manner similar to that of other native North Americans, that is, around locally produced modes of diverse, uncompartmented, and, importantly, dynamic relationships to persons and powers in their environment. Unfortunately, over the more than two decades that the Moravians lived in the community, they failed to mention a single example of native religious practice. There are no descriptions of planting or harvest ceremonies, curing rituals, divination, hunting magic, rites of passage, or anything else that might be broadly regarded as religious behavior. The one or two references to native “doctors” are equivocal, suggesting either shaman or less supernaturally invested herbalists. Although 57

Introduction

we noted earlier that the Moravians may have been inattentive observers of or have chosen not to record native customs and conduct, it is nonetheless curious that they would have nothing to say about practices that might have impeded the delivery of their own religious message. The Moravians’ frequent mentions of sweat houses and the Indians’ use of these structures, however, deserve further consideration. It is widely accepted that among native people in the Northeast, sweating fulfilled several vital and related functions. It could serve to prevent disease and thereby sustain health; as a curative for both body and mind; as an act of purification and life renewal; and to promote social solidarity, all in the broad context of religious behavior. It is interesting, then, that the Moravians raised no objections to the existence or the natives’ use of sweat houses at Pachgatgoch. There is, as well, a similar indifference to sweat houses found throughout the literature on mission history from any period and place.201 But assuming for the moment, on the basis of the conventional wisdom surrounding this practice, that the Indians did perceive sweating as a form of religious activity, it is unlikely that they would have withheld such information from the brethren. The mix of pagan and Christian Indians in a community the size of Pachgatgoch would make concealing such activity impossible. Equally improbable is to think that the Moravians were either blind or oblivious to what the Indians may have been up to, or that they looked the other way. What the record does reveal are the numerous instances in which one or the other brethren postponed or canceled altogether a meeting or religious service he had planned so that the Indians could attend a sweat. Whatever the Indians may have thought about their sweat-house activities, they did not provoke a negative reaction from the Moravians, who did not see them as religious behavior and thus a threat to their efforts. The absence of religious elements, whether unrecognized or unnoted, in the Moravians’ writings raises the provocative question of Indian nonbelief or, perhaps more accurately, religious indifference on the part of the people of Pachgatgoch. Largely absent from the literature on American Indian religions, any resolution of this matter is made difficult by the scarcity of or an inability to interpret the evidence, but also by the absence of literacy in traditional native societies, and thus, written doctrine or other commentary from which an 58

Introduction

assessment might be made.202 Yet the idea that religion, in whatever form, may have been of little or no concern to many native minds cannot be dismissed as a possible explanation for what is not found in the Moravians’ writings. Matters of this sort also raise the question of how “pure” a Christian the Indian convert would have been or could become.203 To this we would add others: To what extent did the Moravians offer their Indian “converts” access to their church; that is, how far might a baptized Indian proceed in assuming the cloak of a Moravian? Was there more to being of the faith than accepting baptism, Communion, and finally, a resting place after death?204 If the experience of Indian converts elsewhere in the Northeast is any gauge, the distance traveled did not extend much beyond the boundaries of their own communities. But the reasons for this had little to do with leading pious and exemplary Christian lives. The greatest obstacle to full admittance to any church and the fellowship it served was that they were Indians, and as such were viewed with a widespread prejudice that “often exceeded cultural arrogance and fell clearly into the category of racism.”205 English Protestant clergy in New England, even the most open minded, knew that their native charges were not likely to join English society, either by election or with consent. But bigotry had an unintended positive consequence. The social barriers it helped to erect, which compelled natives to live in praying towns or other ethnic enclaves, kept the Indians on their own lands, even if but a small portion of what they once held. This attachment to land and place, even with the acceptance of Christianity to whatever degree, allowed natives to preserve a cultural core, defined and shielded by distinctive ethnic boundaries, so that in the end, they remained “Indians” and were recognized, if disparaged as such, by the dominant colonial society.206 There is scant evidence that the Indians at Pachgatgoch were the targets of racism on the part of their colonial neighbors, at least not until the Seven Years’ War and the efforts by officials in the town of Kent to extend their jurisdictional reach into the community. In this, the good citizens of Kent and the surrounding region were no different from their compatriots in other parts of New England and the middle-Atlantic colonies. Their prejudices stemmed largely from an enmity toward and fears long held of Indian people that had been fed by presumptions of cultural superiority and, not infrequently, religious 59

Introduction

intolerance; another source for prejudice was the ruin Indians had suffered from war, disease, and famine, which left them badly weakened, vulnerable, and then disdained. The existence of English bigotry (and following in its tracks, exploitation) directed at the Indians did not escape the notice of the Moravians at Pachgatgoch, who, in harmony with their own designs, could use it to their advantage.207 The brethren recognized early on that much was to be gained by restricting the Indians’ movements, encouraging them to remain in Pachgatgoch and away from the contaminating influences of surrounding colonists, which included easy access to alcohol and many other things that might undo their ecclesiastical successes. A backdoor approach was to use the intimidating effects that racism, often under the guise of colonial laws, had on the Indians as one means by which to keep them home and close to the Lamb. Gideon and Company The record suggests that while there were undoubtedly bona fide and perhaps even “pure” converts at Pachgatgoch, the reasons the Indians sought baptism and Communion were more complex than a straightforward acceptance of Christ. A useful illustration in this regard is that of the headman Gideon and his coterie. The site of the second-earliest Moravian mission, Pachgatgoch bore little similarity to those that followed, whether at Gnadenhütten, Friedenshütten, and Nain in Pennsylvania, or the later stations of Schönbrunn and Lichtenau in the Ohio country. Pachgatgoch was first and foremost an Indian community, and it sat smack in the middle of several colonial settlements. The other localities mentioned, actually a shortlist of mission towns, had all been created by the Moravians: they were manufactured communities of Indians rather than Indian communities. Moreover, the newly formed mission towns, ideally located at a distance from the profanities of Euro-American society and “wild,” nativist Indians, were subject to the brethrens’ form of social organization, physical layout, and economy, as well as to “statutes and rules” that regulated the conduct of residents. At all of these places, authority was in the hands of the missionaries, flowing either directly from them or indirectly through the “helpers’ conference” and appointed Indian officers. Resident Indians, all of 60

Introduction

whom were refugees from near and far, were obliged to abide by the rules or face expulsion. At Pachgatgoch, however, there existed the kind of native leadership that was not permitted to flourish in the Moravian-generated mission towns. Here the brethren were compelled to tailor their efforts to fit the workings of a native community on its home turf, replete with a functioning leadership discharged principally through the headman Gideon. The result of what was plainly a cultural compromise at Pachgatgoch was a symbiosis of sorts, a mutually beneficial interdependence of purpose. Gideon exploited the Moravians’ presence from the outset to strengthen and further validate his political status and authority, by which the unity of the community was maintained. In turn, he and several key family members provided the brethren with a core of converts whose standing and influence in Pachgatgoch would be of considerable assistance in the delivery of their religious message. As the first Indian, and the leader to boot, from Pachgatgoch to be baptized, Gideon was the muscle behind a good deal of the Moravians’ successes. But he was much more than a convert tailor-made for their benefit. He was the headman of his people, which raises the question of who, exactly, may have been the users and those used. Although the Moravians may not have known, in May 1742, nearly a year before Gideon’s “conversion,” the Indians at Pachgatgoch and Potatuck had presented a petition to the Connecticut assembly. Claiming that a number of them had been awakened by local Presbyterians, they asked to be taught to read English and to have a minister appointed to “preach the Gospell of Jesus Christ unto us; and Instruct us in the Principles of the Christian Religion.” Gideon was among the petition’s signatories. The assembly’s response was favorable, with the Reverends Daniel Boardman and Samuel Canfield appointed and funds appropriated “for the support of the said Indians when at school or attending on the ministry,” although there is no indication of what happened next. An entirely credible suggestion has been made that this demonstration of the Indians’ willingness to become Christians, at least those at Pachgatgoch, was a strategy employed to secure the lands on which they were living, the title to which was unsettled.208 Perhaps the Indians believed that should they take up the cross with the blessing of the local clergy, who had strong ecclesiastical and, of course, political ties to the surrounding (and acquisitive) 61

Introduction

colonists, they and their lands would be afforded some protection. If so, the spiritual life that Gideon and the others were outwardly seeking was thus motivated by an overriding material and pragmatic rationale. Gideon’s independent bent and, without doubt, his heedfulness for his people (predicated, assuredly, on the safeguarding of his status as headman) were once again on display in the context of land and in pursuit of a way of life. As mentioned earlier, following the Moravians’ banishment from Connecticut and New York, and shortly after the mission at Shekomeko closed in mid-summer 1746, Gideon and several members of his family joined others in following the brethren to Pennsylvania. There, things soon turned sour. Gideon first balked at living in what was a large communal residence with other Indians, wanting his own house much in the manner that he had enjoyed in Pachgatgoch. Furthermore, he wished to live in Nazareth, where he might have a piece of land to call his own and that he could pass on to his heirs. Gideon had earlier told the brethren that “he did not see how he could live here [in Gnadenhütten] and earn something for himself. Yet in Pachgatgoch he had his beautiful land and, in addition, would be able to earn something for himself, and in his heart he had also been more calm there than here.” Brother Rauch, ever the critic, questioned Gideon’s lament, suggesting that worldly matters were what was really drawing him away from the fold. Frustrated in his efforts to find the peace he wanted and had known in Pachgatgoch, and sensing that he would likely be denied any opportunity to do so in Gnadenhütten or any other Moravian Indian town, Gideon made a decision. In mid-October 1747, turning his back on his spiritual mentors and the Moravian Church, Gideon and his followers returned to Pachgatgoch. Again, Gideon’s position as headman, and the immediate material, if not cultural, needs that he and his people faced had won the day.209 A year later, anticipating changes in the laws that had enjoined them from preaching and teaching in New York and Connecticut, the Moravians made their way back to Pachgatgoch. Assembling in Gideon’s house, the brethren relayed the message that they “had come to them in the name of the Lambkin and the congregation to announce and impart new grace and complete absolution for all their sins up to this time,” and that they were prepared to send brothers to minister to them.210 In September 1749 the mission at Pachgatgoch was once more up and running. 62

Introduction

Gideon, wrote August Gottlieb Spangenberg three years later, was “an old Indian captain, who reigned with much authority and is still held in great esteem by his people.” “He . . . cared for his people faithfully,” attested Brother Bernhard Adam Grube on the day of Gideon’s passing in 1760, at about age seventy.211 But as Gideon lay awaiting his death in his winter hut on a cold January day, he might have looked back on the previous two decades with mixed feelings. Maintaining the unity of the people at Pachgatgoch and their land base, along with his own headman status, had come at a price: He had had no choice but to share his authority with the missionaries and also the local government. Throughout, not only Connecticut authorities but also the Moravians had employed the tried and tested tools of the colonial venture to extend their influence over the community, sometimes in uncomfortable collaboration with each other. In the final analysis, however, Gideon may have taken some consolation and pride in the fact that Pachgatgoch had indeed survived, and it had done so remaining relatively intact. This was no small feat in those turbulent and trying times. That the Moravians had followed Gideon’s invitation to come and stay in the community had served him and the people of Pachgatgoch well. If we reflect on what Gideon’s aims might have been at the time and how he thought the Moravians might have been able to help him realize them, we can see that there is every reason to believe that his expectations were met. With his support, the missionaries had, in truth, contributed to a more orderly atmosphere at Pachgatgoch, which Gideon had hoped for.212 In keeping with their views of shared, harmonious living, the Moravians had sought frequent face-to-face interactions with all of the Indians, including the unbaptized, had mediated family disputes, engaged in marriage counseling, treated illnesses, collected food supplies for those in need, and had given from their own meager resources. Their presence and religious teachings worked to keep the Indians from deserting the community, which helped it to maintain its viability; at the same time, the Moravians also acted as a draw for others to join. Moreover, through frequent spiritual counseling of the Indians and direct interventions with the local farmers for whom they sometimes worked, the brethren often were able to limit the consumption of alcohol, the scourge of the community. Most important, the Moravians had, though not unselfishly, assisted the Indians in securing their remaining lands and petitioning, however unsuccessfully, for more. 63

Introduction

To assist in the pursuit and management of the souls they had gathered around them at Pachgatgoch, the Moravians had introduced elements of their communal social and religious organization into the community, the “helpers’ conference” being a prime example. This presumably compliant circle of influential converts was seen as well-suited to the Moravians’ purposes, for it was here where discussions and much of the decision-making in the community took place. Acting as an arm of the missionaries, as was intended, these converts would exert influence on other Indians consistent with the brethren’s wishes and also provide them with information on the state of affairs in Pachgatgoch.213 Perhaps in passive resistance to such meddling with the traditional workings of the community, Indians continued to use the sweat house, where they might confer away from the ears of the brethren, and held the occasional open community meeting. The Moravians undertook to use Gideon’s authority to mitigate or preferably eliminate unacceptable behaviors and to help add names to the list of the baptized. Conferring on him the title of “steward,” securing his place in the helpers’ conference, and having him hold services were means to those ends. At the same time, Indians would sometimes use Gideon’s favorable standing with the missionaries, making application through him to be baptized and admitted to the congregation. The reasons many of these and other persons in the community sought the holy waters and a place in the fledgling congregation were often quintessentially native and not necessarily founded on the singular desire to follow the Lamb. Nor did they conform to the standard explanations that have typically been offered. Some historians argue that the principal inducements for Indians to choose to be baptized were economic, political, and military: through joining the church, they could put themselves in favorable positions for trade, cultivate and maintain alliances with standing colonial administrations, and obtain guns. Others have found an explanation in the devastation wrought by European-introduced diseases, alleging that this tragedy resulted in an undermining of native religious systems, causing them to be seen as unequal to the dual tasks of healing and prevention in their wake. This sent Indians scrambling to seek more powerful supernatural forces than their own, even if they were Christian. To these arguments about the undermining of native religion and 64

Introduction

belief systems can be added the uncertainties tied to land loss, which resulted in the erosion of sovereignty, security, and a way of life. And there were for Indians as well such elusive motivations as curiosity and a longing for psychological assurance accompanied by purposeful change and accommodation within their own cultures as a rational response to events swirling about them.214 The situation of the Indians at Pachgatgoch, however, matched with few of these inducements. By the mid-eighteenth century, Indians in western Connecticut were actively and without serious hindrance fully involved in an economic system of their own making, which in many ways resembled that of their colonial neighbors, with all of the associated successes and failures. In their isolation, their political bonds, however strained or tenuous, were with the colony. And they had long had easy access to guns, which they used for hunting. Moreover, they suffered from the same diseases with the same degree of recovery and mortality as did surrounding populations. Although the evidence is hard to read or nonexistent, the attraction of the Indians at Pachgatgoch to Christianity may very well have stemmed from an inquisitiveness attached to a desire for some sort of metaphysical solace. But the Moravians did not provide these natives with their first glimpse of Christians and Christianity; the Indians had lived in the midst of adherents to that faith for many years. For reasons known only to the Indians, they had not previously felt any need to abandon their own belief system and embrace another. Still, there did come a change of heart, at least for many natives, suggesting there was surely something more to their search. From all signs, the paramount concern of the Indians at Pachgatgoch was, not surprisingly, to hold on to their land, and in so doing, preserve their community. Their move to the secluded area below Kent in 1736 distanced them from the fast-expanding settlement of New Milford; perhaps they hoped that the hardscrabble, craggy lands farther upriver would not attract attention. And there, the Moravians’ presence and being Christian would be of considerable advantage. But there is more. Also of significance to the Indians was the weight attached to status and family. As for the former, Gideon was again key. His ability to maintain his headman position and the status that went with it was fully dependent on his links to the adult members of the community and on everyone appropriately 65

Introduction

fulfilling a set of reciprocal obligations. Simply put, he was headman because he was able to effect decisions, in counsel and with the support of other influential persons at Pachgatgoch, that were perceived to be of benefit to the majority, and, of course, to himself. And as did headmen elsewhere, he fostered consensus with a practiced persuasion and, when needed, some arm-twisting, accompanied by no little measure of personal charm. To what extent Gideon’s achievement of status and the role he played as headman reflect earlier, traditional practices is unknown. In the absence of the needed evidence, going beyond what was happening in the mid-eighteenth century is an incautious exercise. Recall for a moment that before Gideon’s lifetime, change had come swiftly, and in whatever manner he had become headman, he was to face what those who had served a century and more before him did not: an ever-increasing, aggressive, and avaricious colonial population whose presence spelled land loss, dislocation, the fragmentation of Indian communities, and inevitable social turmoil. His advantage, as he must have seen it, was the Moravians’ presence. So, at the same time that Gideon, the acknowledged and respected headman, and his kin sought and obtained baptism, they were consciously binding themselves to the Moravians and what that might gain for them beyond salvation. And from this, others followed, intent not only on following their leader but also maintaining their own place and their material security in the community, linked, as it was, to their obligations to Gideon and his to them. It is impossible to know what went on in the minds of the Indians at Pachgatgoch or in the discussions that took place within families, but there seems little doubt that once a person decided on baptism, other family members and closely attached relatives — spouses in particular — frequently followed. The reason for this progression may, of course, have been entirely religious, as one after the other native decided to follow the Lamb. However, there were already strong bonds of kinship that worked to keep families together, thus meeting their and the larger community’s needs. It would not be a surprise, then, should a family member become baptized, that others would follow suit, if only to remain together with their kin. As the historical record frequently attests, to be separated or otherwise estranged from family, in life or in death, was to native groups everywhere the worst of all possible situations.215 66

Introduction

Moravians in Pachgatgoch Aware of their standing as guests, and careful not to act counter to Gideon’s interests, the missionaries were cautious in deciding how much control they would attempt to exercise over the Indians’ lives. Formal edicts, such as those they later employed in their mission towns to control behavior, dress, the use of alcohol, and who would be permitted to settle in the community, were never instituted in Pachgatgoch. Although Brother Eberhardt at one point suggested that something should be done to deal with disorderly newly arrived Indians, there was no follow-up. The imposition of rules, of course, would have implied that sanctions be levied for noncompliance. At Pachgatgoch, with its several related, extended families, the Moravians most likely understood that any attempt on their part to expel the Indians’ errant kin would not be tolerated. The brethren, together with a number of the Indians, worked hard to keep alcohol out of Pachgatgoch, but they did not have any visible control over who was to live there, and they could not direct the Indians to carry out tasks. In truth, Gideon’s skills at persuasion were quite enough to organize work parties, making a rule to that effect unnecessary. Although the children’s conduct was lamented and the parents were advised on how to better deal with their offspring, the Moravians realized that there would be no interfering with the Indians’ permissive child-rearing practices. A Community Struggles The evangelical achievements of the Moravians at Pachgatgoch, at least initially, were equal to and may have exceeded those of other Protestant missions in New England. In large part, this success can be attributed to their restraint in the exercise of the “civility must precede Christianity” mandate of their competitors, a certain casualness toward orthodoxy, and, in many situations, the practice of a brand of cultural relativism, without losing sight of their spiritual goals, that echoed the approach of the Jesuits.216 But in 1770 it all came to an end. Five years earlier, Brother Sensemann had suggested that something was amiss at the mission, writing: “It seems to be agreed before the Savior that we shall give up the plan, and there is also not much to be done here, but sometimes such things change.”217 Sensemann’s reserve — he must have been biting his tongue — could not hide the fact that Pachgatgoch was coming apart at 67

Introduction

the seams. The one diary that is known from the period provides a glimpse of the hell it had become. Drinking and dancing were the order of the day. Word of Indian women prostituting themselves to surrounding colonists, some at the prompting and for the financial gain of Gideon’s son Joshua, came as disturbing news to the resident brother Johannes Rothe. Kinsmen beat, deceived, and stole from one another, keeping the local justices busy. Whereas in times past, the Moravians’ meeting house would be filled with Indians, now only a handful attended services. “There is not a soul here about whom one can say, this is a brother or a sister — they all drink,” reported a pained and despondent Rothe.218 But the Moravians did not act until 1768. Expressing their dismay that the Indians had reverted to all of their former abominations and heathenish ways, the Moravians threw up their hands, first in frustration and then in resignation, and turned to the lot. Central to the process of decision-making in the church during the eighteenth century, the lot was employed “to accept and allocate persons into various positions in the status structure of the community and to determine issues of communal policy.” In its basic form it consisted of blindly drawing one of three ballots, one marked affirmative, one negative, and one blank, to determine whether or how to implement a given action. It must be said, however, that its use allowed for a considerable degree of “human manipulation.”219 Edward and Grace Thorp were the last missionaries to serve at Pachgatgoch, relieving Brother Sensemann in 1766 after completing a three-year tour of duty with the non-Indian congregation at Sichem, just across the border in Dutchess County. The little correspondence that survives from both stations points to Brother Thorp having been a tortured soul who saw himself as spiritually inadequate, incapable of preaching or teaching, physically ill, and terribly homesick for Bethlehem. “I am quite ashamed of my Self,” he lamented from his post at Sichem. “I have got so litle to say and Many times according to my own feeling [I am] as dry as a stick of wood.”220 After two years with the Indians, he wanted out. Accordingly, in October 1768 the lot was employed for the first time, although not in Thorp’s favor. To the question of whether to abandon the mission, the answer was to continue at Pachgatgoch, leaving the Thorps where they were. One year later, Thorp raised the same question, only to be told that the 68

Introduction

Savior had given instructions to maintain the mission, at least for the time being. The following May, Thorp wrote to Brother Ettwein, adding a note on the state of the Indians at Pachgatgoch: “as to there Char.r in general I think you are aprised of, here is not much alteration excepting for the Worse as to personals I will not enter upon.” The letter ends with his heart’s wish: “What we think about our Plan here is this, That we are here with our Saviours approbation and Shall be glad to be Dissmist with the same when he and his Congregation Shall think fit.”221 In July 1770 the lot was called on for the last time, first on the question of whether to consider closing the mission. The answer was yes. The second draw went directly to the point: Should the mission at Pachgatgoch be closed and the Thorps recalled? “Yes,” came the answer.222 The Indians were notified of the outcome on 25 September, and in early October were told that, should they desire to hear good words again, they could find a Moravian at Sichem. Their reaction to this news, if there was any, was not recorded. The Thorps said their goodbyes at Pachgatgoch on 13 October.223 The first signs that there were problems with the mission had surfaced more than a decade earlier with the onset of the Seven Years’ War, followed in 1760 by the death of Gideon. The war did more to throw Indian communities in the Northeast into tumult and disarray than had any before. Indian men, occasionally accompanied by their families, left their communities to fight as mercenaries or work as laborers building and repairing colonial fortifications meant to keep the enemy at bay. If they managed to survive the skirmishes, pitched battles, and disease-ridden garrisons, they were laid low by the free flow of alcohol. Many returned to their homes bringing contagions with them, and all too frequently, addicted to drink.224 A number of men from Pachgatgoch, baptized and unbaptized, voluntarily joined the fray, recruited by colonial militias or sometimes other Indians. For some, it was thought, this would be a chance to escape the debts owed to local colonists. Months after Gideon’s death, for example, the Indian Samuel told the story that Gideon had once taken a bribe to give “all of the young people the liberty, indeed he advised them, to go to war; there they would be able to get plenty of money.”225 At any rate, Indians from Pachgatgoch went to the front in far fewer numbers, and with much less enthusiasm, than their fellows at Stockbridge, who gained a rather tenebrous reputation as guerilla fighters in 69

Introduction

“Roger’s Rangers.”226 None of the Pachgatgoch Indians are recorded as dying in battle, although Gideon’s son Martin was taken by dysentery while at Crown Point, and another Indian, Nanaush, died of unknown causes somewhere outside of Albany. But the war was perilous in other ways. In May 1759, on his way to be a soldier, the Indian Paulus and his wife Qua¯hnpe¯hma¯hs, who had gone with him, got drunk and quarreled. He beat her so badly that she lost the baby she was carrying; while being tended to by a physician in nearby Dover, she died. Her body was carried home and buried alongside the unbaptized in God’s acre.227 Paulus eventually deserted the army, and continued to drink. Gideon’s death was a blow not only to the Indians at Pachgatgoch but also to the Moravians, who had depended heavily on his leadership, secular and religious. As headman, he had taken the community from its uncertain future at Weantinock to the relative security of Pachgatgoch, was instrumental in recruiting the Moravians, insured as best he could the cooperation and good intentions of the Indians in all of their and the brethren’s endeavors, and acted to manage and mediate the interactions between his people and outsiders. He was, without doubt, a person of considerable ability, persuasive power, and influence. Some historians have haphazardly hung handles of sorts on native people like Gideon, but also on colonial players, dubbing them “cultural brokers” and “gobetweens,” although in the real-world context of many of these so-styled persons, the terms “political entrepreneurs,” “survivors,” or “self-servers” might just as well be thrown into the mix.228 The utility of any of these labels, however, is subject to question, as they serve no obvious analytical purpose and do not render historical explanations any more convincing. But Gideon’s effectiveness as headman is a matter of record, and in most ways it was he, working with two or three others, who fashioned and implemented the strategy that for many years had kept Pachgatgoch intact and functioning. Still, following the example of leaders the world over, Gideon was not at all shy about taking care of himself. His name and mark appear with those of presumably other senior men or heads of families on a number of land sale agreements, the first in 1716. And he may on other occasions have privately engaged in selling land in the vicinity of Pachgatgoch to colonists, all of which must have left him with some sort of a return, undoubtedly in goods, cash, or both.229 70

Introduction

A few years later Gideon, his son Joshua, and several other men were co-opted by officials from the town of Kent. Perhaps for reasons best explained as a necessary accommodation, a process of cultural backing and filling intended to secure their future, they became the agents through which colonial rule was infused into the community, although in the first instance it was with the apparent collaboration of a Moravian, Brother Jungmann. This, too, carried with it some kind of prize. In 1757, at the Indians’ request, Gideon was officially made “Captain” of Pachgatgoch, a title, however, that had been linked to his name earlier in the mission records. This move came at the same time that the colony appointed its first overseer to the Indians. Shortly before Gideon’s death, “captain” became “steward,” while his son Joshua was named “constable.” The titles of “steward” and “tithingman” were bestowed on several other men later on, along with the responsibility and authority to act, at least on the face of it, on behalf of the community. Assuredly, however, the prosecution of their duties was frequently at the bidding and in the interests of local and colonial authorities. That local and colonial governments were able to extend their reach into Pachgatgoch and exercise indirect control over its affairs was largely a consequence of the Seven Years’ War, aided by the absence of an effective leader after Gideon’s death. The war fueled the fears that surrounding colonists had long held, or, for their own purposes, often concocted about the Indians, who they saw as their unpredictable and one-step-from-savage neighbors. And it gave rise to their acts of belligerency and bigotry. At Pachgatgoch, the to-andfro movements of men carrying arms put a strain on families and disrupted village routine. Badly rattling Moravians and Indians alike were the drunken frolics of returnees and foreign Indians passing through the area. Accompanying all of this were destitution, sickness, and famine, maladies found in Indian communities all through the region. In the short run, the Seven Years’ War emboldened the colony and its citizens to further their attempts to entirely subjugate the Indians at Pachgatgoch, and to reduce their already meager land holdings. In the not-so-long run, the war spelled doom for the mission, leaving the Indian community to go it alone. The closing of the mission at Pachgatgoch sent the Moravians back to their headquarters in Bethlehem, although a brother would remain posted at Sichem 71

Introduction

until it too was abandoned in 1773, the pleas of the congregation there notwithstanding.230 A few of the Indians talked about joining the brethren at Friedenshütten, and there is the possibility that a handful of others moved north to Stockbridge.231 Some families drifted off to live in places here and there in western Connecticut and immediately adjacent in New York. However, a large number stayed put to face a difficult, uncertain, and poverty-ridden future. Little more can be said about the Indians at Pachgatgoch until after the Revolution.232 In the years following the Revolution, Pachgatgoch, now known in the records only as Schaghticoke (var.), appears to have been led, in part, by Chuse, Gideon’s son. Joshua, whose attempts to replace his father were, at best, erratic, had died in 1771. Throughout, however, Connecticut maintained its oversight and recognition of the Indians and their lands, as it would continue to do for the next two centuries, up to and including the present day. In 1801 the Indians’ lands surrounding the “summer huts” and the former mission were sold, compelling them to withdraw a short distance downriver to what is now officially designated the Schaghticoke Reservation.233 For much of the nineteenth century, the number of Indians in the community appears to have remained around fifty, about a score of whom resided on the reservation at any one time. They earned their modest livings mostly as basket makers, hired hands, colliers, and housekeepers, keeping small kitchen gardens near their homes. In the early 1880s a visitor to the reservation saw “six little, brown, clap-boarded one-story houses tenanted by some seventeen persons.” An elderly woman living there told him that most of her people were “‘scattered like grasshoppers.’”234 With the turn of the century, the on-reservation population began to decline, and members of the larger community who lived elsewhere withdrew into themselves. Yet the reservation remained a place where a few Schaghticoke Indians continued to live, or from time to time would visit, and so it is today. Epilogue In December 1981 the “Schaghticoke Indian Tribe” filed a letter of intent with the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (bia), to petition for federal acknowledgment; a documented petition would not be submitted until December 1994. Thus began a more than a decade-long effort by the Schaghticokes to gain status as a federally recognized Indian tribe. The administrative 72

Introduction

process, in many ways reflecting events that typified the 270-year history of the Schaghticoke community, had its ups and downs. In December 2002 the bia issued a proposed negative finding, concluding that the tribe had failed to meet two of the seven criteria required for federal acknowledgment. Two years later, after evaluating the tribe’s response to the finding, which had been bolstered by additional research, the bia reversed itself, acknowledging the Schaghticokes as a tribe within the meaning of federal law and establishing a government-to-government relationship between the tribe and the United States. But a short five months later, May 2004, that decision was vacated, and in October 2005, the bia published a reconsidered final determination to decline to acknowledge the Schaghticoke tribe. Appeals filed within the Department of the Interior and before a federal court have proved unsuccessful.

73

Johann David Bischoff 18 May to 5 June 1747

Diarium of the visit of David and Zacchaeus, the Indian, to Shekomeko, Wechquadnach, and Pachgatgoch — st. vet.1

B [Monday], May 18, 1747 We traveled in a state of heartiness from Bethlehem to Gnadenthal and Nazareth. E [Tuesday], May 19 We went as far as Samuels Green’s place,2 where a Negro lives who has an Indian woman for a wife, [and] who is free and has been to Bethlehem.3 Always talks about moving to Bethlehem. His name is Anton Robert; [he] served us in accordance with his means.

C [Wednesday], May 20 We went through the wilderness. Zacchaeus asked me if I did not think that he should come along to Germany. Answer: He had to leave such thoughts to the Savior and the congregation; if it were beneficial to him, it would surely happen. There was a man who had 2 horses free; he wanted to take us on them for another 5 miles to his house. But Zacchaeus did not want to, saying he was not able to ride. Hence I stayed behind with him in a house where even Zacchaeus said, These are indeed an entirely different sort of people. The man with the horses was the same where Br. Seidel had once stayed overnight, and the [same] people [who] pretty nearly came to meet me, Br. Rauch, and Hannes, the Indian, out in the road, giving us apples. Today I felt something special in my heart — I thought my brethren and sisters are praying for us.

F [Thursday], May 21 It rained all day today, but we nonetheless advanced a fair distance. We came upon a good many heathens in the woods; we thought they were [some] of our

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

brethren and sisters, but they were not. Some women came into our quarters [and] got completely drunk. They spoke English. I was able to understand them well, but it was nothing more than an incredible boasting.

D [Friday], May 22 We reached the river. A Presbyterian mennister [minister] came, wanting to question me [about] what law we were subject to. Answer: Subject to the English [law]. He asked what we believed. I asked what he believed. However, given that he wanted to move on, I said I did not know English well and was not able to express myself toward him in such a way that he would not misunderstand me. He rode across with us and we remained good friends. Today my Zacchaeus turned stubborn. I was concerned; I wanted to put up here and there, to take up lodgings for his sake, yet he would let me continue on and [then] he would always walk by. Thus I followed him until late into the night. 4

G [Saturday], May 23 We traveled on. [I] was concerned about getting bread and butter at [such] a very early hour. Came to a house; the people were still asleep. Finally, they sent [out] a boy. I asked if we could have bread. He said, No. Zacchaeus said I should go to the house at once. I said it will not work this way — I would get bread [somewhere], not to worry. He said if I would not get any there, I would not get any at all. I said, with afrot [affront], Dear Zacchaeus, let us not act this way. We have a plan5 now, hence we must speak with each other lovingly. Answer [from Zacchaeus]: I should shut up. I went into another house [and] received all the necessaries. I asked him to wait, but he ran away from me and I did not know the way. I did finally find him, however. I asked the dear Savior that, where I failed, He shall please make amends for everything. We walked in silence. I did not stir up anything but tried as much as I could to win him over. We came to Hannes Rauch.6 He asked that we stay with him. We went to visit Shekomeko; we found Martha and Deborah at home. They did not look up, neither did Shau Beenu. Judith also was not the way we had hoped. I visited Brother Büttner’s grave; I was able to speak with him as if in person. My heart was soft and almost in tears on this occasion. I went into our former house.7 76

Fig. 1. Sketch of Shekomeko in 1745, by Moravian John Hagen (d. 1747). From the collections of the Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

My heart had been uneasy before this, [but] then I became well and was able to sing a couple of verses with joy; with them I thought I brought about sighs from the brethren and sisters.

A [Sunday], May 24 I concluded with Zacchaeus that he should go ahead to Pachgatgoch, for I had learned that not all of them [the Indians] were home, and in the meantime I stayed here with Hannes Rau, now and then going to Shekomeko, praying and weeping, also working some. I occupied myself with Timotheus until the 26[th]. I had some effect on him; he was very openhearted with me.

C [Wednesday], May 27 I went to Wechquadnach. The watchword9 read: O Her[r] hilff o Her[r] laß wohl gelingen. Versed: Ja zu unßern Thaten hilff selbst daß beste Rathen den Anfang Mittel u Ende Her[r] alles zum besten Wende.10 I trusted the Lamb would carry out everything. I came upon Jonathan who right away was prepared to go with me to Pachgatgoch. Moses received me with kindness and affection. I delivered my message to Jonathan. He said [that] he had never had any other intention but to follow his father; he wanted to hurry now to ready himself. He went with me to Pachgatgoch. [There] I found Zacchaeus happy. Gideon, who received me kindly, was readying himself. It went on in the same way with Simon’s family, but [they] were not yet ready. I lodged in the house of Zacchaeus’s brother. We had all of them assemble and saluted them from the congregation and from several brethren and sisters. In particular, we assured them that they would not be forgotten by the white brethren and sisters; we had now been sent here in everyone’s name to see what they were doing. They thought I should hold a meeting, but I did not feel up to it. I sang a verse and let them go. 8

F [Thursday], May 28 I was quiet in Pachgatgoch, but Zacchaeus went and reported to me continuously. Everyone stirred today. The wind of life went into the dead bones. Simon and his entire family resolved today to go to Bethlehem. I only impressed upon Zacchaeus that he tell everyone the plan correctly, as well as the reason for the 78

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

change, which he did. There even came to us from Wechquadnach Bartholomew’s brother young Johannes, Moses’s son.11

D [Friday], the 29[th] We again were quiet here throughout the day. In the evening Simon held a love feast for all who were present in Pachgatgoch. I sang a versed. Gideon addressed everyone in a moving manner. I heard it [Gideon’s address] praised much, but was unable to understand the words. I also expressed myself plainly in the presence of everyone, that I saw and heard that many were preparing themselves to go to Bethlehem. Thus it was so, then, that all of them had in their hearts evidence from the dear Savior that their souls could not prosper here but would die again and be corrupted, and [they] therefore came to us solely for the sake of their souls. Those we would take in as children and brethren and sisters, but they would also have to submit themselves to our rules, [and] also find satisfaction in work, and like us, be able to manage everything necessary — that we white brethren also had to work diligently, yet show patience in poverty. However, those who had a different purpose shall please stay away from us. Moreover, those who would go there [shall] not bring along any of this kind, and rather spare them the journey, for they themselves could not stay there anyhow, and we reserved to ourselves the liberty to send them away again. Jonathan interpreted this for me but added himself that one could well imagine that one would have to work there, given that no white people lived there.12 I said that was not the reason, but they knew themselves how it had been, especially in Shekomeko and elsewhere, that once they had felt the dear Savior and His blood in their hearts, and had felt well, they were obliged to go out among the people, and there they had lost everything again and the enemy had deceived them.13 That is what was our concern, that we could stay together and hold our meeting every day and remain preserved.

F [Thursday], May 30 Sherman, who is [the head of ] a large family, came and said [that] his heart would have to was telling him he did not have to stay here, but he had no money [to get] across the [North] river. I gave him some to get across. Right away his entire house stirred. Abel’s wife, her husband not being home, said, I am 79

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

not staying behind. I said she could not leave her husband; she had to pray for him. She assured me, however, that he would follow and [that] they had fondly agreed on this beforehand. At this I left it up to them. The wife of Joshua — who also is not at home — acted in like manner; she would go, her husband would follow. Likewise the wife of Jeremias, but she said her husband would come along. Samuel wants to come as well. I was not able to wait for Andreas and Lucas. I also spoke with Jacob [about] how matters stood with him — what should he say when the Indians in Gnadenhütten asked about him [and] what he was doing? Answer: He would come soon, but first he had to go to Shekomeko and Rhinebeck and sell his belongings. We went in the house where I had slept, they [the Indians] were unbaptized. The woman said about me that she could tell that we were very different people. The husband was the brother of Zacchaeus. We still went to Wechquadnach today. Jonathan and the others went ahead. Moses again rendered us every service. [He] said that he wanted to sell everything soon and come too, although I do not think this year. Johannes very much wanted to go with Jonathan, which I noticed. I could see that his wife did not want to, thus, he could not say anything, and Jonathan, whose wife is still looking forward to coming to us, apparently does not hinder him. However, when it did not seem to work out with Johannes, he [Jonathan] too could not give me any clear information, other than that he will come soon. We slept in Moses’s house.

A [Sunday], May 31 We once again went to Judith in Shekomeko, who did not pay much attention to us, however, saying instead, very indeverent [indifferently], that she would look to Jacob. Indeed, Abraham has told us very clearly that Jacob is the man who is working against us. We went to Rhinebeck, to Jacob Maul and Zacharias Haber; I saluted them and inquired about the school.14 Thus I learned that Jacob Maul apparently has assurances from Merteins15 to get a piece of land there in perpetuity, but saw that they prefer that the school be set aside for now. B [Monday], June 1 I went to Friederich Streit’s [house] to stay overnight. When I had the opportunity and said something to Zacchaeus — because he wanted to sell something, 80

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

first having asked less from Jacob Maul and now asking more from his sister — that he should not do this, [that] they were brethren and sisters, he lashed out at me, [saying] that I was a liar. I asked that he not take me wrong, I only meant well. He said he would not stay with me, and with that [he] up and left. I asked him not to do this, please. But [he] proved himself more and more unseemly. I could not run after him, I did not feel like doing so, yet my heart burst into tears and supplications to the dear Savior. Streit, who otherwise is a member to be banned from the school, told me that he wanted to give two pounds for it if only his children went to Bethlehem. I had the opportunity to express the congregation’s plan. Thus Jacob Maul tells me that [Christian] Führer had come into his house determined to take either Martin’s wife, or his, and the children of both, and take them to Bethlehem, which had also upset his, Maul’s wife. I said, Bethlehem was not so open that anyone who wanted to could simply flock to it. Did not the brethren have more sense than to press the congregation that hard?

E [Tuesday], June 2 I followed [and] found my companion drunk on the way. I walked with him awhile. Finally, he fell down [and] I laid down with him. Having waited awhile, I remembered that we had summoned the brethren and sisters from Pachgatgoch to definitely meet at the [North] river this evening, and I wanted to assist them when it came to changing the money, in case they were lacking some. Thus, I thought, as long as this Zacchaeus still has money, he will not allow himself to be led now, but I thought nonetheless he would soon follow, for it was not far from the [North] river. However, I did not find the ones [we had] summoned [there]. I waited at this out-of-the-way place for half a day today, and [on] June 3 until noon, but no one came. In the meantime, I occupied myself with 2 Negroes. First, I asked what they believed. They said, what all the people hereabouts believed. I said that we particularly loved the Negroes and [that] our brethren had been among them for a long time, teaching them the word of life, which has been manifested in their hearts. I told them about the difference between Christians. They understood me and loved me very much. Thus, I departed alone and came to Bethlehem on June 5. 81

Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747

The families who were ready to come are:16 First, Gideon and she17

2

One daughter as widow who [has] a girl of 9 or 10 years

2

One grown daughter, unmarried

1

One grown boy

1

Joshua’s wife, she and 3 children

4

Andreas and she and 2 children Lucas and she and 3 grandchildren

4 18

6 and the old mother

Simon and she and 3 children

5

Simon’s married brother and his wife and 2 children

4

Sherman and she and one grown girl

3

Abel and she and 2 or 3 children

4

Jeremias and she and 3 children

5

Samuel and she and his mother

3

Jonathan and she and 1 child

3

82

David Bruce 6 March to 5 May 1749

B [Monday], March 6, 17491 Returning from Shekomeko, I brought the greetings from our dear hearts Cammerhoff and Gottl[ieb] [Pezold], [and] our dear Indians greatly rejoiced at that.2 I found them blissful and in good spirits. In the evening we had [a] blissful singing service to learn several of the newly composed verses in Indian,3 throughout which all of us were lively and cheerful, and the feeling of grace, which they had enjoyed so recently, was fresh in all of their minds, and this could be very well seen and sensed about each one.

E [Tuesday], March 7 This morning I spoke with Brother Jacob with Br. Abraham.4 He was soft and sensible, and wept, and wished that he may once again feel like he had in the beginning. I held school with the children today, also spoke with Timoth[eus]. But he was sullen and very angry, and seeks to blame his wife, and because his wife did not want to give herself up to the Savior as well, he had to be of one mind with her. We found he was still hard and had no intention of giving himself up to the Savior. Thus, he was left to the Savior. The two newly baptized ones, Elenora and Catharina, were quite blissful and feeling, and were cleaving to the Savior. C [Wednesday], March 8 I spoke with several more brethren and sisters today. They also told me of their intention to go to the sugar hut tomorrow.5 I held school that forenoon. Elenora desired to hear something of her own. I told her, as a mother does with her child, that is how the Savior did it with us, and it was in this way that He wanted to bring her to the breast of the wounds and into the side hole.6 I went to Salisbury that afternoon and visited several English people on whom the Savior is

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

working. They left the church of the Presbyterians, and the Savior made it happen that I chanced to speak with them when they were just in the beginning of their separation, and came to speak of many extraordinary matters. The Savior gave me from His blood and wounds so as to speak with them in such a way that they have demonstrated a great love ever since, and there is reason to be hopeful that through the blood they will be preserved from many peculiar extremes into which a great number of their fellow brethren in New England are being led. There are some among them who [have] a soft heart for the wounds, [so] that when I [recite] to them a fervent English hymn, they cannot keep from weeping. But it is to be seen how the Savior wants to proceed with them.

F [Thursday], March 9 I came home this morning and spoke with several brethren and sisters, with Abr[aham] and Sarah, [and] Mo[ses] and Miriam, who had readied themselves to go into the zugar swamp.7 They were blissful and full of light. Elenora too was childlike and blissful. Johannes went along to Pachgatgoch, where we arrived that evening, at which our dear hearts greatly rejoiced. In the evening we had an anointed and blessed singing service during which we sang several Indian versesd. When we sang the verse Seitenhöligl. du bist mein,8 dear mother Erdmuth told us that she had dreamed that she was amid a delightful company that sang so beautifully, and also with these same words: Leib u Seel färt in dich hinein.9 Brother Martin said, When we arrive at the Savior above, we will not have to take such great pains with learning how to sing. Then [he] said, I believe the singing will become very natural to us. The breeze of grace coming from the corpse and blowing among the dear hearts was most palpable.

D [Friday], March 10 Today we made preparations to speak with our brethren and sisters in Gide[on’s] house, first with those who had partaken of Communion, and thereafter with the newly baptized ones. However, the shame and abasement that this occasioned, and also the joy at seeing what the Savior is affecting in the dear hearts, cannot be described, for with the exception of some few hearts, it is a body fully permeated by blood and wounds. Old mother Rachel was not as blissful, and [neither was] Lucia; but [some] of the others were, such as Erdmuth. She had truly 84

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

enjoyed Communion with the others, in spirit. Gottlieb, Magdalena, Martin, and Justina were so hungry for it [Communion] that it will not [be] possible to deprive them of this very fare, for they hungered greatly. To our great joy, our dear Leah was happily delivered of a young son this evening, between 9 and 10 o’clock at night. The watchword was of great comfort to us today.

G [Saturday], March 11 I spoke with Brother Gideon and Joshua today, whose hearts were in very good spirits, and I visited all the huts10 and also our dear Leah, who along with her husband desired that their little sond be baptized with the blood and water from the side holed, which I promised them as soon as a brother would come from Bethlehem. Thereupon I departed with my heart d Johannes [and] arrived in Wechquadnach at 2 o’clock. I spoke some with our dear Elenora, and comforted her in the Savior and His wounds with regard to her circumstances. She wept, but I told her the Savior would help her through [so] that her little heartd, whom He had thus blessed in her womb with His blood when He had baptized her with blood and water, should be brought happily into this world as well. Her husband told her this in Indian, and [I] was very glad for the opportunity, for the poor hearts were both distressed. Afterward, I went to the sugar huts and had the opportunity to speak with several more heartsd. A [Sunday], March 12 Today we stayed at the sugar huts because the weather was terrible, and I also held our meeting here. We were together in bliss. In the evening I went and stayed overnight at Belius’s [house].

B [Monday], March 13 I held school with the children and worked in my house today. E [Tuesday], March 14 I held school again. In the afternoon Joseph Skinner came to me, who is putting forth pretension[s] to the land on Gnadensee, where the Indians are living. He was one of the New Lights,11 and said [that] the Lord had first used him as an instrument unto the Indians, and because they were stirred, our Brother 85

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

Christian [Rauch] came to them. Yet he had loved them so much that he had purchased their land so that they would not be driven out, but now he was forced to sell it, yet wanted to let them [the Indians] have it for a reasonable price. Perhaps the Brethren would assist them with it. But he wanted one hundred pounds for the one hundred acres, to which I hardly responded, and dismissed him. I told this to Br. Moses in the evening; left the matter up to the Savior, however.12 This evening a messenger came to the Indians who told them that the poor and unfortunate Papenõha lay dead in Rhinebeck, but for fear of the Indians, he did not want to say how he had perished. That caused a terrible uneasiness in everyone’s mind. I entreated the Lambd to avert harm this evening. Already during the night some set out with the intention to bring the body [of Papenõha] to Shekomeko to bury [it] there. Tonight I had the opportunity to speak with our dear Catharina. Her heart was suffering a great deal of distress because her husband is trying with wicked tricks and many things to be a hindrance to her and to cause her to stray from the feeling. This saddened me very much, and I deeply entreated the Savior to preserve her from this, because she was very agreeable and feeling.

C [Wednesday], March 15 In the forenoon I held school. In the afternoon I went to Salisbury and had the opportunity to speak further with several of the souls there; I stayed overnight with them. F [Thursday], March 16 This morning Ephraim Colver came to the house where I was lodged. He was very tenderhearted, and one has good reason to hope [that] he will become entirely the Savior’s. They would be only too happy to have several of our English hymn books. I came home and went with Br. Abraham to Shekomeko, yet no one had arrived from Rhinebeck. All of the brethren and sisters had gone [from] here and to Rhinebeck. However, we knew nothing more except that it was said that he [Papenõha] had been shot dead by a Low German white woman.13 I stayed overnight with Hannes Rau, and together with his son, young Hannes, who intends to leave for [New] York tomorrow. I wrote one letter to Br. Horsefield and one to the brethren. 86

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

D [Friday], March 17 During the night Timotheus had arrived from Rhinebeck. He brought word that he [Papenõha] was already buried in Rhinebeck, and because I could see that I would not be able to go to Pachgatgoch today, I went home. Tonight our dear Elenora was happily delivered of a young daughter. G [Saturday], March 18 Today I went and worked, and all of the others came home from Shekomeko and Rhinebeck. Our Sister Martha had conducted herself very nicely when, in council, she was to answer whether she desired revenge for her son’s blood.14 She said, Our God showed mercy on us and forgave us, and the Brethren teach us not to be revengeful, and this disobedient son of mine has thus perished by misfortune. My other son, who also is a murderer, is still alive; therefore, we likewise want to forgive this woman just as the Savior forgave us. Since we cannot help the matter through revenge, let her live.15 A [Sunday], March 19 This morning [I] spoke heartily and most thoroughly with our dear Jacob in the presence [of ] Abrah[am] and Mos[es]. We affectionately pointed out his conduct to him. He was soft and sensible, thus, we dismissed him heartily. I also spoke some with Rachel; in her heart, she was on tender terms with the Savior. We also spoke with Timotheus; he was somewhat more candid, yet still in a state of confusion. Thereafter we gathered for the meeting and delivered an address on today’s watchword, blessed with a feeling of grace and very suitable to the situation here. B [Monday], March 20 This morning I took the opportunity to speak with Moses and Abraham and to deeply entrust to them the matter concerning the Savior, about which our hearts revive. I also spoke with our Catharina; spoke with Judith and Abigail as well. They were on quite childlike terms with the Savior; we rejoiced at that. I took leave of Moses and Abraham and went to Pachgatgoch, where I arrived in the evening. Our dear hearts were very glad at that. I found that it was in the nick of time, for our dear Leah was deathly ill. 87

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

E [Tuesday], March 21 I visited Leah this morning, and thus spoke with her of dying and going to the Savior. She was very agreeable, and one could clearly see that the Savior will soon prepare her for dying. In Brother Gideon’s house we spoke again with all our dear hearts, with [the help of ] Br. Joshua;16 first with the communicants, [and] afterward with the newly baptized ones. Some small matters had gotten in the way of several [of the Indians]. Yet the dear Lambd bestowed upon us the grace to prevent further harm, so that they were once again shown the path of the blessed blood and side hole, causing all our hearts to be very happy and revived in regard to them. Elisabeth was very blissful, and [so were] Andreas, Martin, and Justina. He17 has only one complaint; he was troubled that he [has] some debts here and there that amounted to nearly 20 pounds New England money. I consoled him about it and said he should not torment himself over it; the Savior would assist him. She18 said she had experienced that when previously she was about to do something: she would think on it upon going to bed; she also dreamed about it; and when she awoke or went to eat, she would continuously think on it. Now, she is the same way with the Savior; she was occupied with His wounds and blood by day and night and in her dreams. Gottlieb and Magdalena likewise were very blissful. Gottlob too was agreeable. However, when we called his wife — as we had already a mind to speak with her in this way, and had seriously enjoined him to do so before — and when she then tearfully asked to be baptized, he was completely beside himself. Paulus has an unmarried brother; she and the Savior led onto the right path.19 C [Wednesday], March 22 This morning I again visited our dear Leah. She was very ill and said, Now I have given my whole heart to the Savior, and I feel that I have no worries concerning this world or the affairs here; and she left her children and [her] husband and everything to the Savior. She desired to go to the Savior now. She was so weak she could not sleep. However, when she closed her [eyes] and slumbered, she thought she saw near her a man, and he was so very friendly and had wings on his sleeves, and she thought [that] she too would get such wings, and with them she would fly with him to the Savior. I told her yes, she shall soon receive the grace to go to the Savior and to fly all the way into His side holed, and to 88

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

kiss the beautiful wounds that beautiful wounds have warmed her heart here so often, and there she should report to the Savior a great many things about the Indians, and especially [about those] here in Pachgatgoch. And she should entreat the Lambd that He may deliver into Joshua’s and her father’s heart a great amount of blood so that they may also help the others, and that all of the souls here may be drawn very deeply into the wounds. Thus, I took leave with a happy heart. Because I had heard that the preacher in this area wanted to visit her today to give her some medicine, I did not feel that I should stay. With that I recommended everything to the Savior, to His faithful hands, and went to Wechquadnach. I found our dear hearts there and told them that if someone wanted to go to Pachgatgoch to see Leah before she died, they should go tomorrow. We then had a blessed singing service.

F [Thursday], March 23 Today many readied themselves to go to Pachgatgoch. But because I thought that the preacher might [be] there, or otherwise, someone from among the white people [who might engage me in a] quarrel or some other talk with them, I did not intend to go, but instead set out on my journey, this time to Rhinebeck. Having talked with Abrah[am], Moses, and Jacob, I readied myself, and at 8 o’clock our dear heart Gottlob came from Pachgatgoch, bringing us word that our dear Leah had flown home20 blissfully one hour before daybreak. Hence the brethren left so that they could get to the funeral. But because I did not want to create a stir, nor did I want to give the white people occasion to hinder our other work among our dear Indians, I went to Rhinebeck and arrived at Jacob Maul’s [house] in the evening. He was very glad to see me again.

D [Friday], March 24 I felt especially comfortable about our watchword today. This forenoon we went to hear the Lutheran preacher. He preached plainly and also fairly agreeably in his own way, but not so anointed and bloody. He touched upon a matter (of which I could ask the Lambd, with all my heart, that it may become so in his heart and those of his hearers) that one should not think of the Savior’s sufferings only during Passiontide,21 but, like the first Christians, keep them in view at all times and in constant remembrance. This evening I intended to hold a 89

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

meeting among strangers, but set it aside because Jacob Maul wanted to visit young Streit,22 for we heard [that] he was very ill. Hence I went along as well. However, we had little opportunity to say anything, given that there is no one in the house who takes much pleasure in hearing something about the Savior, except for the boy. G [Saturday], March 25 Very early today we set out and returned home. There I occupied myself and wrote a bit, also [I] thought of Bethlehem a good deal, and of my brown hearts at home. I also spoke with David Führer a little, who, however, is in a very bad way, having fallen into carnal lust up to his neck, so that for now matters are no longer any good with him, nor does he intend to go to the congregation unless the Savior performs an extraordinary miracle on him.

A [Sunday], March 26 I continued writing today. Toward 3 o’clock I went to [Zacharias] Haber’s [house] where a meeting had been arranged. A number of strangers attended it as well. When I spoke to them about today’s epistle, which the Lambd had inspired in me as He was near me with His wounds, our friends were very glad about the occasion,23 but several of the strangers grumbled that they were unable to gain [from it] what they had expected.

B [Monday], March 27 I set about soling my shoes today and accomplished it.24 The remaining time I wrote. Haber visited me in the evening; thus, I had the opportunity to speak with him of his heart. There is indeed something of the Savior among the people, but it is indeed very weak and in great need of care.

E [Tuesday], March 28 Today I once again prepared myself for traveling and [also] spoke a little with Jacob Maul and his wife, saying something to them about their children. With that I took leave, and he [Maul] and Haber accompanied me a few miles through the woods. Shortly before sunset I came to Hannes Rau. He told me about our dear heart Joshua,25 that he had arrived here from Bethlehem on Sunday. Thus I hurried so that my horse could feed a little so that I could get home this very 90

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

day, for I had brought some things with me from Rhinebeck that I could not carry on my own. Arriving at home, I was very glad to see our dear Joshua, and also to receive the delightful letters, allowing me to enjoy something from the congregation [in Bethlehem].

C [Wednesday], March 29 Today we visited the huts a bit, and let Abraham and Sarah and Moses know of Jonathan’s intention to go and live in Gnadenhütten. They were altogether pleased with it, but at the same time told me what they thought would be in the way. I said I wanted to write to Bethlehem about the circumstances. Thus we wanted to see if perhaps a brother could come soon, and if it were possible, also baptize them. Joshua went with me to my house and he told me what he had noticed about this or that person in the course of his visit here. The delightful news of our dear Jacob especially gave me great joy. In the evening we had [a] singing service in Moses’s hut.

F [Thursday], March 30 Today Brother Joshua went along to Pachgatgoch. Our dear hearts were very glad to see our Joshua here again, and furthermore, that they once again had a visit from [an] Indian brother from the congregation. Our dear Gideon had fallen and struck his side hard, so that, as a result, he was somewhat indisposed. Martha had gone to Potatuck.26 This evening we visited in all of the huts, also Benjamin’s father, with whom I had the opportunity to speak, and it appears that the Savior is working on his heart. In the evening we had a blessed singing service during which they also learned to sing several of the new verses. They usually are in the habit of getting together every evening. D [Friday], March 31 Today I made arrangements to speak with our dear hearts [in preparation for Communion]. Something had interfered with a number of them so that they did not have free access to the wounds in a true childlike manner. However, the Lambd helped us portray to them His side holed in such a way that they again took heart and summoned the courage to [approach] Him. Old mother Rachel and Lucia are now beginning to understand the grace that they had first 91

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

felt, and to get on the wounds’ path. I greatly rejoiced at that. Old mother Erdmuth was ill, but very blissful. Samuel had gotten into something, yet the Savior blessed the instruction of him and also of his wife. This evening we again had [a] singing service on our blessed watchword, and we portrayed to them the side holed as their temporary and eternal dwelling. The letters from the congregation were most savory and weighty to them, and they were hardly able to express their joy and gratitude about them.

G [Saturday], April 1 Today all of our dear hearts paid a visit, and they came to us in Gideon’s hut and had their letters to the congregation written. Afterward, we took leave, and I and Joshua went to Wechquadnach. On the way we visited Lazara. She was much better and was now able to walk upright, in one place. Joshua spoke with her some as I did not have a favorable opportunity because of the people in the house. Moses and Abraham were also there just then, so we went home together. Today for the first time I went to sleep in my house alone, because I wanted to work on writing my letters to Bethlehem early tomorrow. The Lamb with His angels watched over me, so that I slept cheerfully and blissfully in the side hole. A [Sunday], April 2 We had a meeting today; Joshua interpreted. Afterward, those here also wrote their letters to the congregation. I continued with my writing until about evening. After that I went and stayed with Abraham today so that I would still have more of an opportunity [to speak] with them. B [Monday], April 3 I wrote until about noon today. Then I was done, and I right away sent off our dear Joshua, and we accompanied him on his way for a short distance. The farewell at Moses’s and Abraham’s was quite passionate, and one could feel and see the love swelling in their hearts for the dear hearts in Gnadenhütten and [this was also evidenced by] the heartfelt greetings that they sent on to them through Joshua. Next we went to talk to Timoth[eus] and his wife, but he was not at home. We had the opportunity to speak with her, but we found that the Savior has to first make matters even more serious for her before something 92

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

can happen. We also took the opportunity to speak with Esther, for the Savior has vigorously worked on her heart. I held school this afternoon.

E [Tuesday], April 4 I went with Abraham and Moses this morning to visit our dear Jacob and Rachel. On the way I spoke with Moses [about] what he now thought regarding the land, because the white people are set on taking it away.27 He said he knew nothing, yet whenever he thought about this, and especially last night and this morning when he and his wife spoke to each other about her wanting to go to Bethlehem, he felt in his heart an indescribable joy about this. At this point I had the opportunity to help him somewhat with that, but gently to be sure, so as to let the Savior work on this matter Himself. From here onward it was noticeable that the Savior was working not only with the outward circumstances but also was working vigorously on the hearts, that they all shall leave here together and come to the congregation. I greatly rejoiced at this, but I kept quiet as much as possible, except when this or that person spoke of it of his own accord. Our Jacob was somewhat better today, but was still weak, yet the state of his heart was agreeable. The Savior continued to work on him quietly. Rachel also was very agreeable. The Savior affected both of them in such a way that they shall go to the congregation [in Bethlehem]. Timotheus happened to come here to us just then; we spoke with him, but he was still in as bad a state as before. We could not do anything else but only ask the Lambd that He may seize his heart again. Held school again today.

C [Wednesday], April 5 Held school again that forenoon. That afternoon I went to Salisbury and visited the people there. It is bad with their poor souls, however. They torment themselves in so many roundabout ways and because of their own praxi [Greek: deeds or actions] and teaching, and also their [keeping] company with the other lawful,28 corrupted people, they continuously stray from the simple path of the gospel. In the course of a talk, I had the opportunity to again tell them something about the wounds, and to direct them thereto, in a simple and childlike manner. Stayed overnight with Jonathan More.29 He and his very much desire to hear something, but it does not appear to penetrate them all too deeply. 93

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

The New Englanders are very corrupted through and through, and have much brain but no heart. F [Thursday], April 6 I went home [to Wechquadnach] this morning. There I found our dear Jonath[an] and Anna, who had come yesterday evening. I was very glad to see him again. I was also very much gladdened by our watchword today. At this time it can be felt that more of what the Savior wanted to have happen with the souls here is coming about, thus things are strongly moving toward virtually all of them intending to leave together. And this afternoon they had to go to take posess [possession] of their summer houses,30 so that the same person who purchased the land would not take posess first and drive them out in a body, all at once. Thus they moved out of the zugar schwammp [sugar bush] and into the summer houses today. I deeply entreated the Savior that He may achieve His end. Yet my journey to Pachgatgoch was hampered today. Jonathan wanted very much to come along, but he was very tired. Moreover, I wanted very much to be on hand so that everything would go well when they moved out, also because Moses had been threatened that the constable would come from Sharon.

D [Friday], April 7 Today I stayed in my house and again refreshed myself with the letters that Jonathan had brought me from the congregation. Also, I felt that my heart longed for Bethlehem and I hoped [that] I would soon get the opportunity to go there again myself. G [Saturday], April 8 Today I stayed home again and occupied myself. I stayed away from the summer houses because the justice from Sharon and others wanted to go there to speak with the Indians about their land and to get them off it.31 Also, Moses was still expecting the constable. I comforted him a little, but I myself went to my house. A [Sunday], April 9 This morning our Johannes came to me. He had returned from the shore, but had conducted himself badly there.32 He came and admitted it to me; I spoke with him warmly and directed him as a poor sinner to the wounds, hoping that 94

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

there will be an end to this soon, once he came to the congregation. He said he felt [that] here it was not possible for him to stay long. We held our meeting and Jonathan interpreted. However, on every occasion one could feel that it was finished here, and the Savior did not inspire me to speak with joy, and one could see and grasp that the Savior did not want to encourage the Indians in the least to stay here.33 B [Monday], April 10 This morning I prepared myself for traveling and went to Pachgatgoch. Jonathan and Moses went with me. Along the way we had a number of blissful talks. I could indeed see what the Savior has done in Jonathan’s heart with respect to the congregation, and this was made apparent at every opportunity. When we came to Pachgatgoch, many brethren and sisters were not home, thus I could tell that this time our usual [act of ] speaking34 would not take place; moreover, their plantation work 35 happened to be such that those who were home could not easily participate. We visited all the houses and talked with those who were there. It was noticeable that the Savior continued to affect their hearts so that they keep within their bounds. And the old stock, such as Erdmuth, Maria, Rachel, Hannah, and Priscilla, [as well as] Petrus and Thamar, were also very blissful. In the evening we had a blessed singing service; Jonathan interpreted and also passed on greetings by word of mouth, which pleased the brethren and sisters greatly. E [Tuesday], April 11 I held school with the children this morning. However, because the brethren and sisters were not at home [at Pachgatgoch], we thought it necessary to go home [to Wechquadnach] that afternoon, also because the circumstances there appeared so perilous. We departed at 1 o’clock and arrived home in the evening, blissful and in good spirits.

C [Wednesday], April 12 This morning Sarah and Abraham visited me. They wanted to have something written to the congregation. That afternoon I went to Salisbury to speak with several of the people there and stayed overnight. There are several hearts at this place who are open to hearing something about the Lambd and His wounds. 95

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

F [Thursday], April 13 I arrived home this morning, and because I now had Jonathan [with me], I applied myself to learning the language with more diligence, for although I have tried it many times, I still have not been able to quite catch on. Moreover, all of the work here was at a standstill until one could see how the matter concerning the land would turn out, and regardless of how it may turn out, there are still and all so many in favor of leaving that I could do nothing else but stand still and watch what the Savior would do. [No entry for April 14]

G [Saturday], April 15 Today Skinner and the depute schrieff [deputy sheriff ] came to me at my house because of the Indians — that they should get off the land — and he wanted me to point out to them [the Indians] the danger if they let matters go to extremes, for the justice wanted to prosecute them. I told them that it was not my business here to meddle with the Indians in matters such as these, and in no such situation [did I want to step] between them and the white people; hence I asked to be spared this, for they could come to terms with them through others. And so they left me in peace, and I was very glad, and they went away cordially. All of those of ours from Pachgatgoch came here yesterday to settle their affair concerning Wanachquaticok. For that reason we held a singing service each evening, which felt blessed and anointed to us. A [Sunday], April 16 Today those from Pachgatgoch asked that I hold an English service for them without translation, which I did. That afternoon we spoke with several brethren and sisters who had not been home when we were in Pachgatgoch, such as Martin and Justina and Paulus, also our Susanna. Susanna has become very unfeeling. Paul[us] was agreeable. The enemy sought to discourage Martin and Justina by reminding them of their former sins. In the evening we had a very blessed hour on our watchword. The Lamb quite delighted us. B [Monday], April 17 Yesterday evening Moses heard from Isaac Yanaram that their [the Indians’] land was now entirely gone and that they will have to leave it.36 Thus they readied 96

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

themselves and assessed their houses and [their] work, and [then] went to become reconciled with the man who purchased the land, and they sold everything.37 I went to a blacksmith in Salisbury to retrieve something I had on order with him. I now have resolved to go to Bethlehem with the Indians, as it looked entirely so that the majority would turn that way. Our brethren and sisters from Pachgatgoch went home today, and this time, only Abraham and Joshua went to Wanachquaticok, in the name of the others, to confer there on this matter.

E [Tuesday], April 18 This morning I returned home and learned how all of them had sold their goods. The man dealt quite honestly with them and wanted to give them about 220 pounds New England money for their work. In the evening Br. Samuel came here from Pachgatgoch, and through him Br. Gideon sent word [that] those who did not have a mind to go to Bethlehem, he would rather see come to him [at Pachgatgoch] than go to Wanachquaticok, for he believed [that it] would be better for their souls at his place than at Wanachquaticok, and he wanted to receive them with love. Yesterday he did not want to say anything to them, for he saw [that] the majority was of such a mind as to very much want to go to Bethlehem, thus, he did not want to unsettle them in this regard. We had them assemble and I presented this [the situation] to them in these two ways. I told them [that] if they wanted to come to the congregation, the congregation would admit them and make them feel welcome. However, if they were not so inclined, Br. Gideon had made them a different offert [offer], and I, as one who loved them as well, wanted to advise them to that end rather than [to go] to Wanachquaticok. For they, no doubt, knew themselves that that was no place for someone who wanted to save his soul. They all tended to favor [going to] the congregation [at Bethlehem], but gave no positive reply. We let them be and [left it] to the Savior to guide the hearts as it best pleased Him. C [Wednesday], April 19 This morning I let Br. Samuel go, not wanting to press for a further response, but asked the Savior to handle the entire matter. And now [that] he [Jonathan] was going to the congregation, Samuel, who had always loved Jonathan, was thus leaning that way as well. That afternoon I went to Salisbury to preach to 97

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

the people [there], upon their repeated request, in a house on the [New] York line. Because I had told them that I would leave soon, they had persisted so much the harder. Not many people came, which pleased me in a way. Yet the Lamb let a gentle breeze of grace blow among us, and [had us] feel the power of His blood, so much so that I believe several hearts took something away from it. I stayed overnight with one whose name was Parks,38 with whom I spoke a great deal. The Savior is setting him quite right. He is much removed from many of his peculiar fantasies. F [Thursday], April 20 Today, when I came home, I again found Benjamin’s father from Pachgatgoch here, because when he had seen how things were done with the land here, he went to New Milford of his own accord and informed the governour39 about it, and complained about the people in Sharon. Hence the governour sent for the Indians, wanting to do right by them. This did not please me, for Moses was already not right in his heart, and I was very fearful of harm [being done] to the souls — and the other one was surely an instrument of Satan. However, before I grasped the matter fully, I went with Jonathan to Shekomeko to visit the Indians there; stayed there overnight.

D [Friday], April 2040 Spoke with Johannes and Deborah today, [also] with Martha and her mother. Martha is very bad, but the old woman truly longs for the Savior. However, we could not tell her41 much and soon left. On arriving home, [we learned that] Moses had gone to New Milford to the governour, and Miriam was extremely confused. Yesterday’s watchword was my consolation, and I asked the Savior to prevent harm. It was of great concern to me that he [Moses] would not do some harm in Pachgatgoch. At present, there was a great deal of confusion. But it was left up to the Lambd.

G [Saturday], April 22 Today I could not stray from the house, although I thought of Pachgatgoch a great deal and very much entreated the Savior to prevent harm there — that Moses would not say something there that could perhaps hurt some [people]. The brethren and sisters of this place who wanted to leave busily prepared themselves for the journey. 98

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

G [Saturday], April 22 Today I stayed home again and got our cart 42 ready for the journey. A [Sunday], April 23 This forenoon we had our meeting. After that I stayed home and wrote until evening. We then had a blessed singing service in Moses’s house. B [Monday], April 24 This morning Ephraim Colver and Azariah Smith came from Salisbury to say their farewells, and at the same time, asked me warmly to remember them and [to] also ask the Brethren, on their behalf, to send them an English brother, when and where they thought it fit. Even if it could not be done for more than a limited time, they would be very pleased, for they and several of their neighbors very much wanted to have a brother from the congregation. And even if he [could] not [live] in New England, he could still be close to them, given that they lived on the border. They were very affectionate and truly wept on departing. Right after that I went to Pachgatgoch and met Moses on the way; he had carried out his business in New Milford. The dear hearts in Pachgatgoch were very glad that I came to them. I got to see our dear Christian there. I spoke with several about their hearts; the enemy pressed our dear Martin and Justina hard so as to throw them into confusion. I portrayed to them the heart of the Lambd and His wounds, which revived them. The dear Lamb continues working here among the hearts. Brother Gideon and Joshua lamented that they too rarely had occasions among themselves, because now that there was ample work, they did not get together every evening as usual, and so they sensed they were missing something because of it. However, they thought, if a brother were to come some time and live among them, things would greatly improve. And owing to the friendliness of the governour toward them — or whoever is the main person at the court in New Milford — and his kind inquiry about the Brethren, they thought no brother would ever be hindered here again, and several [would] benefit from this. In the evening we had a meeting that was blessed and feeling. I did not detect that Moses had said anything bad here, but instead had conducted himself most agreeably. 99

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

E [Tuesday], April 25 Visited all the houses today and was given their [the Indians’] greetings to pass on to the brethren and sisters. Magdalena has acted in a somewhat unwarranted manner because she was not pleased that so many brethren and sisters, and in particular her friend43 Johannes, wanted to go to the congregation; however, the Savior also let her feel it. Martha’s son changed his mind about going to the congregation and stayed behind. I took a very heartfelt leave of them, at which time the poor heartsd expressed themselves in a very feeling manner. Today the first columna [Latin: column] left from Wechquadnach; [that is,] Jephthah, and old Cornelius, and his wife. On arriving home, we made some preparations for the others who wanted to leave tomorrow. C [Wednesday], April 26 Today, Abraham and his 5 sons, Jacob and his wife and 3 children, Johannes and Lorellu’s sister and his brother and her44 little daughterd [all] departed; Joachim’s wife also took her son with her. F [Thursday], April 27 This morning we readied ourselves for our journey with our little cart. Jonathan had a mind to take it even as far as Bethlehem. We left at 9 o’clock, and all of Wechquadnach accompanied us for a distance, and when saying farewell, many tears were wept on both sides. My heart was overflowing, to be sure. Poor Abigail and Esther could not contain themselves and sobbed out loud. That there was indeed such true love in the hearts was very lovely to watch, but also very moving. We blessed them tenderly and recommended them [to] the side hole, and with that we departed. We took in the cart Jonathan and his Anna, and their little Nathanael, and Elenora’s ill brother, [also] Judith and her son. We traveled blissfully and in good spirits and came through Filkintown this evening, even though driving with the cart had forced us to take an indirect route. We slept in the woods, blissfully and in a happy state of mind.

D [Friday], April 28 This morning a Negro who was looking for his ox visited us. We told him something of the Lambd, at which time he looked at us in a very timid way. Things 100

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

proceeded very well throughout the entire day, and several times we heard from our other heartsd that they were not very far ahead of us. However, we spent about 2 hours with a blacksmith who made us something for our cart; hence we did not get to see them today. People took us into their house and were very friendly toward us, and also gladly provided for the horsesd. We were happy, for it rained that night. G [Saturday], April 29 This morning we made a new axletree for our cart, and after that, we drove to the [North] river. We only had one mile [to go] to the ferrey. The people [with whom we stayed] did not charge us anything for our food or horses; I thanked them very heartily, for they certainly were of much help to us. We soon arrived at the ferrey. There I went about collecting all of our companie, for they were not all there, and we rode across the water as soon as it was possible. Now, with everyone having crossed, their hearts jumped for joy. I then sang an Indian verse with several [of them], and we thanked the Lambd with tears of joy that He has taken us this far. We did not get far before we encamped, [so] that our companie might get in order. In the evening a man from the nearest house came to us, along with several others. He very much requested that I deliver an exhortation or a sermon to them tomorrow, for they had no ministers in this area. I agreed to it, at which they showed themselves very grateful.

A [Sunday], April 30 Today the man returned and asked me to come for breakfast. He was acquainted with several of our brethren from previous times45 and was called Hamilton. They announced it [the religious service] down along the [North] river as far as they could and as the shortness of time would permit. It was 2 o’clock [when] between 40 and 50 people came. I talked to them about the dear Savior’s word. The Savior was manifest among us, and we felt a gentle breeze of grace. Afterward, there was the opportunity to speak separately with several [people], who in their way made their hearts known quite agreeably. In the evening, after having gotten rid of all the white people, I took the opportunity to speak with our dear Indians, and was rather earnest concerning a particular matter. We wept for the stigma in the side [of Christ], yet at the same time He was our Peace. After that we went to rest in His arms. 101

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

B [Monday], May 1 Very early today we readied ourselves for our journey in the order in which we had arranged it, so that the weak could advance, always riding on horseback for a bit, taking turns; thus things proceeded very well and orderly, and we advanced very well and without discord, which was exceedingly pleasing to me, and the Savior blessed us very much. Today we went a great distance with our large companie. In all, the children included, we were 30 persons and two pregnant sisters; [that is,] Sarah, David’s wife, and Anna, Jonathan’s wife. But the Lamb held His hand over us at all times so that no one suffered harm. And [with] all the people we met, it was as if the Savior made their hearts inclined to helping us along the way, so that on the entire journey not even one person looked askance at us. Tonight we encamped near a beautiful creek. Throughout the night 2 or 3 different companies of white people passed through, but they conducted themselves very modestly. We rested here [feeling] extremely blissful and comfortable in our hearts. Little Nathanael preached to all of us about the wounds that the Lambd had suffered to His body, and seeing the sharp thorns that stood right by our beds, he asked his father if those were the thorns with which the Savior was crowned. He also wished the brethren all around a good [night] and said, ni ‘ndah wutzhãmachak anapapãquaik pachtamãwas, ne wapochquan; Das ist mein hertz ist in Wunden Gottes verschloßen[,] auch in die Seite.46 Thereupon he fell asleep. E [Tuesday], May 2 Early today we traveled on. Old Jephthah went ahead as soon as, or before, the sun was visible, as he had done every morning on the entire way, so that he always made way of one mile or 3 before the others were able to catch up with him. We soon came to a house; the man’s name was John Simson. He was very kind and let us have flour and bread for the journey, and although we paid for it, it was nonetheless a great kindness to us. He also asked that, should a brother be able to come there to preach, he would be very glad, for they had no one there. And even if a brother was only passing through and came not more than 3 hours before nightfall, they could still arrange for it [the preaching] for the following forenoon, so that he may not even delay himself long. He also gave us milk, and appealed to us that no brother pass his house by. We continued 102

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

on, but our dear old Cornelius and his wife began to grow very tired since they also could not endure the horseback riding, delaying us at least a good 2 hours. On arriving at Tidesworth’s, Jonathan left the cart there, and because Cornelius saw [that] he could not continue this way, he too desired to be left. Hence we left him and his wife, and went another 3 miles to a large spring near the great meadows. There we encamped; we appealed to the Lambd and His side hole to help us and them through [this]. We all were very glad that we were getting closer to the congregation.

C [Wednesday], the 3[rd] of May This morning we traveled on and exited the woods at the plantation, which is about 15 miles long. It was about 1 o’clock when we reached the first house. Our watchword was especially weighty to me today, just as all of them had been very fitting throughout the entire journey, for today our provisions rapidly started to run out. However, the Savior has kept all of the hearts from resigning, so that every one remained in rather good spirits throughout. And I had steadily made haste along the way, as much as possible, for I was concerned about it, for it has been difficult to purchase any [provisions]. However, the Lamb blessed the little we had and brought us to young Samuel Green47 this evening. They gave us nearly 3 pails of milk and one half bushel of Indian corn flour for our entire kompanie. That helped us out a great deal. We slept in the woods 1/4 mile from his house, near a beautiful creek, very blissfully, softly, and well.

F [Thursday], May 4 This morning Samuel Green and his wife visited us and brought us some milk. They greatly delighted in such a beautiful kompanie of Indians. We set out on our journey as soon as it was possible, that we may hopefully reach Nazareth today. We made it across the Delaware [River] safe and sound. 48 [At] 1 o’clock that afternoon it began to rain, but we reached Nazareth at 7 o’clock. Our dear brethren and sisters there were very glad to see us, and we were happy and very grateful that the Savior brought us this distance safely and in good health, for it rained very hard that night so that it would have been hardly possible for us to shelter ourselves or our belongings in the woods. Here we rested very blissfully and softly, with cheerful and grateful hearts that our dear Savior has preserved 103

Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749

us with His side hole, and not only restored to health those who had left home ill, but then averted it [sickness] from those who on the way looked as if they would get ill, so that everyone was well.

D [Friday], May 5 Today at 10 o’clock it stopped raining; thus we all readied ourselves to go to Bethlehem. At the halfway point we laid over, and [I told] our dear hearts a little about the Savior — that they may gain heartsd that are warm, bloody, and in the spirit of the side hole at the place where we all arrived that afternoon, to our joy and that of our dear brethren.49

104

Abraham Büninger 29 March to 6 December 1750

F [Thursday], March 29, 17501 I left Bethlehem again with the intention to return to Pachgatgoch, to the Indian congregationd there. I took the route by way of New York, where I arrived on March 31. A [Sunday], April 1 I rested, for I was very tired and worn out from the journey.

B [Monday], April 2 The brethren and sisters advised me to go by water as far as Rhinebeck, which I did, saying farewell to the dear brethren and sisters in New York. E [Tuesday], April 3 The shallup [shallop] left New York. We had a headwind nearly the entire day.

C [Wednesday], April 4 It was calm until about noon when we got a fair wind allowing us to still reach the Highlands. F [Thursday], April 5 I came to Rhinebeck; stayed overnight with Jacob Maul. D [Friday], the 6th I continued my journey. Zacharias Haber helped me with my pack for a good way. Past noon I came to Joh[annes] Rauch2 in Shekomeko. G [Saturday], April 7 I came to Pachgatgoch. The Indian brethren and sisters were very glad, and so was I, that we saw one another again. They right away asked me about their

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

sisters and brethren in Gnadenhütten. I told them everything edifying that I knew. In part, they seemed to be satisfied with it; yet I heard afterward that they would have liked it had I they [their sisters and brethren] written to them from Gnadenhütten. I found Br. Post and his Agnes, who were here [and] well.

A [Sunday], April 8 I held the meeting. After the meeting I read aloud Br. Cammerhoff’s letter that he wrote to the Indian brethren and sisters. It stirred great joy in them, especially because they learned that soon a brother shall come again to celebrate Communion with them. After that I visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. They all exhibited much joy. However, I saw from various circumstances that something has crept in, which alarmed me greatly. Br. Post held the meeting in the evening. B [Monday], April 9 I conferred with the brethren about how it would be possible to bring the wood for building a schoolhouse to this place. They said that they wanted to roll the wood (which was already cut) down the mountain.3 I only needed to get a wagoner to haul it to this place. I right away went to the nearest neighbor, who refused me, however. When I came back home another one of the neighbors, who apparently had heard what I wanted, was here. He offered to haul it home; he started that same day. Br. Post held the meeting in the evening.

E [Tuesday], April 10 All the brethren were industrious, rolling the wood down the mountain. Br. Post and I laid the sills for the schoolhoused that very evening.4 C [Wednesday], the 11th The brethren again worked industriously; we laid up [the logs]. Several [brethren and sisters] had gone out. F [Thursday], April 12 [Today] was a day of fasting and repentance, which I needed to celebrate. I did so alone, in quiet. Br. Post went to Wechquadnach; the Indian brethren into the woods to work on their canoes.5 106

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

D [Friday], April 13 Hauling the wood to this place was completed today. Most of the Indian brethren and sisters came home. G [Saturday], April 14 Br. Post returned from Wechquadnach; I worked on the schoolhouse. In the evening meeting the Lambd manifested Himself very clearly and mercifully.

A [Sunday], April 15 Our Lambd of God was very much near us in all the meetings. I also visited all the huts; wrote to Bethlehem. B [Monday], April 16 Brother Post with his Agnes went to Bethlehem. Most of the Indian brethren and sisters went out to work.6 There was no meeting in the evening. E [Tuesday], April 17 d 7

I worked on my house . Brother Gottlieb and Samuel went to New Milford.

C [Wednesday], April 18 I again held school. The Lambd was most near me during the evening service. One could see in the brethren and sisters that the Lambd with the side holed was among us. F [Thursday], April 19 d Today the Lamb continued to let us feel some of the peace that He had bestowed upon us yesterday. D [Friday], April 20 Old Br. Jephthah came from Stockbridge; told me that the Indians there would very much like a brother to visit them. Toward evening dear Br. John Wade came entirely unexpectedly. Right away we resolved to go to Stockbridge.8

G [Saturday], April 21 We set out on our journey. That day we visited several of the separatists,9 such as Esqr. Hopkins,10 who is a pleasant man, and his wife too is very modest. 107

Fig. 2. A Stockbridge Indian, 1778 (watercolor). Courtesy of the Bloomsburg University Archives, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

We visited Wechquadnach. The Indians were very friendly. Afterward, we visited Azariah Smith, and Culver, who had just come from Bethlehem; stayed with him overnight. A [Sunday], April 22 Br. John Wade preached to several of the separatists in Culver’s house, who had their meeting there. After the sermon we continued on, yet had to pass by the Presbyterian mitting [meeting] house, and because the people were assembled just then, we too went inside. When I returned, I heard that this had its positive ef[ f ]ect: The church people reportedly said, now one could tell that the Moravians were not satisfied with the separatists, for they [the separatists] did not go to church. We still went as far as Sheffield that day.

B [Monday], April 23 At 11 o’clock we reached Stockbridge. We first called on Br. Wilhelm,11 who was very glad to see us; he showed us every kindness, and one can truly tell by looking at him that he is one of us. We visited almost every house, but first Captain Sankiwenecha,12 who has been to Bethlehem before. We had ample opportunity to portray the Lambd to them. We saw that they were very attent [attentive], and seized from our eyes, as it were, what we told them. We met old Ebenezer on the road, telling him at once something about how much the Savior loved him, and that He shed His blood for him. Right away tears ran down his cheeks. He said he clearly saw that he needed a Savior and that things could not go on this way with him, or with Stockbridge. He only wished that God may deliver them before long. He promised me he would visit Pachgatgoch some time soon. This Indian had once been the interpreter for the others. But they have deposed him, and now it appears [that] he is greatly despised. Because the Indians [at Stockbridge] were under the assumption that John Wade was a preacher, the headmen among them decided to charge him with [delivering] a sermon. However, they were very cautious that no harm may result from it. Thus, they directed their proper interpreter (who had not been in council) to charge Br. J. Wade with it, and to request this of him. Br. J. Wade was not immediately resolved. We told him [the interpreter] [that] circumstances might arise from this [Wade’s preaching] which would not please them [the Indians], or us. Thus we went to the headmen ourselves, together with him [the 109

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

interpreter], and put it before them. They said, however, that it was of no consequence that they would not have a regular preacher this time, and that all the Indians would be pleased to once hear a brother preach. Following their decision, Br. John Wade decided to preach to them, which was immediately announced, and although it was already totally night, a large number of Indians came together. Before the sermon we sang 2 v[erses] from our English hymn book, and the Indians sang 4 v[erses] from their books. The words on which Br. J. Wade spoke were: Kündl groß ist das Keheimniß der Kottseligkeit, Kott offenbahret im Fleisch.13 One could well sense how the heart of the dear heartd was burning then; he was all life, and so were the Indians. They understood everything. After the sermon we sang again as before. When the meeting was over, all the Indian men, women, and children came and took their leave, shaking our hands and likewise thanking us.14

E [Tuesday], April 24 We again prepared ourselves again for travel, visited yet several houses, [and] got many greetings from those Indians who have friends15 in Gnadenhütten, which we promised to pass on to them. Some told us that they wanted to visit Gnadenhütten this summer. There is already such familiarity between them that they would visit Gnadenhütten often if it were not so very far, for they are very much inclined that way. The news that some had moved to Osweko has no basis.16 Only some young people, who intend to come back, went there. We felt very comfortable in Stockbridge, [so much so] that we even talked to each other about it on our return journey, delighting in it. One can tell that the Indians love us, and in part believe [that] we are a people distinct from all others. We also had the opportunity to see the house and the school built for the maintenance and information [of] 20 Indian boys, who shall be educated so that, in the future, they can be used as teachers and schoolmasters. The rector himself had invited us.17 He also acted modestly toward us. We pointed out to him as well as to the other schoolmaster18 the Acte [Act] of Assembly,19 who was very surprised that we are recognized as an Episcopalian church,20 and are to enjoy more rights and freedom than the Presbyterians. After we left Stockbridge, it began to rain very hard. We called on old Ebenezer who lives 1 mile from that town. We were quite well received at his [house]. That day we proceeded no farther than about 18 miles. 110

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

C [Wednesday], April 25 This morning we parted ways, and so we had to bid each other farewell, which happened with a kiss of peace and of love. At the same time we reminded ourselves that we were strangers and pilgrims who had to make their way straight through the wilderness, following the Lambd. I thought I would reach Pachgatgoch that day, but had to lay over because my shoes were torn, and that caused me not to get any farther than Sharon.

F [Thursday], April 26 I came home in good time, finding all the Indian brethren and sisters in good spirits. While I was gone, they had worked diligently on their schoolhouse. I still visited them in their huts; found Sr. Sarah very ill. In the evening I passed on the greetings that I had for the brethren and sisters of this place from the Indians in Stockbridge, which stirred great joy. D [Friday], April 27 Most of the brethren and sisters worked on the schoolhouse; the brethren built the roof and the sisters carried water and clay21 to this place so that the firewall,22 the roof, and also the exterior all around, were plastered that day.23 During the meeting in the evening, the Lambd could be felt near us with His side holed.

G [Saturday], April 28 The brethren wanted to set their canoes afloat. I too went with them, helped them, and spent the day with them. In the meeting the Lambd was very much near us. I had a most blessed and sweet night’s rest.

A [Sunday], April 29 I went visiting in all the huts. Most of the brethren and sisters bemoaned their poverty, into which they have repeatedly come as a result of peevishness. This pained me greatly, yet the Lambd strengthened me so that in the meeting I was able to recommend Him, with His wounds and side holed, to all poor sinners. In closing the meeting, Br. Samuel asked that the brethren and sisters remember him, and appeal to the Savior on his behalf, for he felt so very poor. 111

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

B [Monday], April 30 I worked on my housed; also had 1 acre of land plowed, which I intend to plant with Indian corn.24 I visited the ill Sr. Sarah; she said that she felt so well, she felt all warm inside her heart. E [Tuesday], May 1 During the morning blessing I remembered the church festival that came to me during prayers, and I laid myself and the entire assembly into the side holed, asking the Lambd to bless us along with all the other congregationsd, and to forever shield us against all the tumultuousness of the world, instead to keep and preserve us in the side holed, in one faith, and [in the] enjoyment of salvation. I said this afterward to several brethren and sisters, which was very weighty to them. After that I held school. Toward evening the brethren and sisters helped me plant my corn.25 C [Wednesday], May 2 I visited the ill Sr. Sarah, who is starting to grow weakly. Her heart rejoices each time she is told something of the Lambd. In the morning and in the evening a warm breezed from the side holed could be felt. Nathan Gaylord of New Milford visited us, who told me that he felt a strong urge to tell the people to come to J. Christo, also gave me to understand that he would like to preach to the Indians. However, because he did not come straight out with it, I did not reflect on it. We parted from each other on friendly terms. He intends to visit Bethlehem sometime. F [Thursday], May 3 I had a blissful day; I held school [and] visited several huts, finding the brethren and sisters lively and joyous. I prepared some more land for myself for planting. D [Friday], the 4th I had been very much indisposed for several days, but today in such a way that I thought I would get the ague,26 yet held school nonetheless. I visited the huts toward evening; many are sickly. G [Saturday], May 5 I was able to work again. The Lambd was near us in the meeting. Afterward, Br. Joshua and several others spoke with me concerning the children. I told them 112

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

that I alone could not correct the children if they completely let them have their own way at home, and that I would ruin the children if I treated them harshly. My business was merely to now and then tell the children something of the Lambd. They all said it was true, it was their fault.27

A [Sunday], May 6 I went visiting in all the huts, finding all the brethren and sisters well; Sr. Justina is somewhat feverish. In the meeting the Lambd could be felt near us. We had a small singing service in the evening, on which occasion we sang English versesd. We intend, henceforth, to conduct a small singing service in this manner every Sunday. B [Monday], the 7th d I held school in my house for the first time. It was very cozy for the children and me. I had a blissful talk with Br. Jeremias. He said that it made his heart feel so well every time someone told him something of the Savior and how he will be able to get to Him. E [Tuesday], the 8th I had a favorable opportunity to talk to Br. Johannes and to portray the Lambd to him. He was very straight in telling me about his heart, and how he could say about the Savior’s wounds, that they were for him as well.

C [Wednesday], May 9 Br. Joshua and Jeremias came from New Milford, where they had been fishing.28 I visited the ill Sr. Sarah and her son, who is not yet baptized, but very ill. I was able to speak with him of the dear Savior and of His love for man. His heart looked all soft, and he listened quite eagerly. I planted beans for myself.29

F [Thursday], the 10th I held school, worked on my housed, [and] spoke with Br. Samuel, who is getting himself involved in difficulties, against which I advised him.

D [Friday], the 11th The brethren and sisters helped one another with planting; I visited them at work. Old Sr. Maria went to New Milford in order to learn something about her 113

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

son, who has been gone for nearly 2 months. She is worried about him. I finished planting. G [Saturday], May 12 I wanted to move into my housed but was unable to finish it completely. I had a blissful day. In the evening the Lambd was very much near us in the meeting. I had a very blissful night’s rest; in my thoughts I was mostly in Bethlehem.

A [Sunday], the 13th At the morning blessing, and also during the sermon, the Lambd could be felt quite near us with His side holed. The ill Sr. Sarah is starting to improve a bit. My heart was greatly comforted when visiting. Petrus said he now saw how the heart looked by nature; it was akin to a rock covered with moss that a person was unable to see until the Savior pointed it out to him. The other brethren and sisters also declared themselves very agreeably, in their own way.

B [Monday], May 14 d

The Lamb was very much near us during the early service. The brethren and sisters readied themselves to go to the seaside. This was fairly difficult for me given the circumstances, for these are very dangerous trips for the poor brethren and sisters.30 E [Tuesday], the 15th The brethren and sisters were again busy with [preparations for] their journey, for they have to carry the goods for a distance of 3 miles down along the water, since they cannot get over the falls with the canoes.31 In the evening I asked the brethren and sisters to abide in the Savior with their hearts, and to look upon Him, and not lose their way, one from the other.

C [Wednesday], the 16th At the morning blessing I entrusted to the heart of the faithful Lambd, in particular, the brethren and sisters who plan on departing, to look after and care for them. Soon after, they left; most of them to the seaside, the others to New Milford to fish. No one stayed home except for Petrus, Gottlieb, Jeremias, I, and the children, with whom I held school. I was in a rather happy state of mind today, and could wish the brethren and sisters peace. 114

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

F [Thursday], the 17th I went about my work quietly and was blissful inside the side holed; also visited the sick. D [Friday], the 18th Br. Gottlob, who had visited his brother, came back home. He had left here in February, but was ill for nearly 6 weeks. The brethren and sisters who stayed home complained that I have not held a meeting for them in 2 days on account of the others being away. I said that neither Br. Joshua nor Samuel was home; they said why, I knew English.32 Hence I held a meeting for them this morning, and the Lambd could be felt in our midst.

G [Saturday], May 19 Today I had some more wood hauled to this place for my housed. Br. Samuel too was home again. Simon and Hannah came that day as well. Also, Sr. Esther and her mother came from Wechquadnach to pay a visit. A [Sunday], the 20th After the morning blessing I visited all the huts, finding all the brethren and sisters in rather good spirits, which greatly comforted my poor heart d, as it was just now a little difficult for me because I was so very much alone. But I had a blissful day with the brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 21st Esther and her mother went back to Wechquadnach. Because there were not many brethren and sisters at home [at Pachgatgoch], I went to Johannes Rau to learn whether he still intended to go Bethlehem. He was unable to promise me this with certainty. He is very amicable in his manner. E [Tuesday], May 22 I visited Wechquadnach, finding all the Indians warmhearted. Br. Timotheus said [that], upon being completely restored to health, he wanted to go for a visit to Bethlehem in three weeks’ time. He also said that he wanted to take old Brother Jephthah with him. I returned to dear Pachgatgoch in the evening. 115

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

C [Wednesday], the 23rd We had a blissful morning blessing about our Lambd. I also held school. Assuming that the brethren and sisters would return home soon, I moved into my housed. Until then I had lived with Br. Gideon, also had to look after old father Jephthah, given that Gideon and Martha were also at the seaside. Petrus came home today. F [Thursday], the 24th I received word that the brethren and sisters had returned from the seaside to as far as New Milford. Also, the sick are starting to improve. D [Friday], May 25 Br. Gideon and Martha, Joshua and Elisabeth, as well as Sr. Caritas, returned home today. In addition, Gottlieb’s mother, who lives on the seaside, came for a visit. Br. Gideon told me that the journey went very well and that the brethren and sisters who were still behind are all well. We had a blissful evening serviced during which the side holed was very much near us.

G [Saturday], the 26th I observed a blissful Sabbath; the brethren and sisters also were in rather good spirits. I was thus able to sense the work of the dear Mother and see how she was occupying herself with these souls.33 A [Sunday], the 27th The Lambd was especially near us at the morning blessing, enabling me to feel how He loves the Indians, and that gave me courage and joy. During visits, all the brethren and sisters were very lively. I had the opportunity to speak with old Seijakes about the Savior; he is an Indian who enjoys hearing it. He lives 3 miles from us, down the river.34 B [Monday], May 28 During the early service the bloody Lambd with His side holed was once again very much near us. Most of the brethren and sisters went out to work. I held school. 116

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

E [Tuesday], the 29th The brethren who were home helped me split chestnut blocks for a floor in my housed.35 While at work, the Lambd was very much near us. I visited the sick, and when the occasion arose, told them something about the Lambd and His wounds. C [Wednesday], the 30th The last brethren and sisters who had been to the seaside came home, such as Priscilla’s son and 2 daughters, also Martin and his wife and children. In the evening we had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd, which rendered my heartd much lighter.36 Br. Gottlieb came as well and brought with him an Indian from Potatuck. He, however, avows not wanting to hear anything about the Savior. Perhaps he says no and comes after all. F [Thursday], May 31 I visited all the brethren and sisters who came home yesterday. They have conducted themselves properly after all, but were complaining about themselves. In the evening I directed everyone to the Lambd, saying: He wanted to care for them anew. D [Friday], Junius 1 During the early service it was important to my heart that the Lambd preserve each one in the side holed on this day. Afterward, I went into all the huts and asked that, with their hearts, they please abide in the Lambd today. The brethren went hunting.37 The Lambd was once again very much near us in the evening. G [Saturday], June 2 I recommended myself and everyone to the side holed. The brethren went hunting again. They returned home in the evening. I talked with Br. Samuel about his mother, who is ill and will perhaps soon go to the Lambd. I also talked with Sr. Hannah, Salome, Benigna, and with Esther, who came for a visit with her mother. We had no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

A [Sunday], June 3 I had a blissful day. The Lambd was very much near me while visiting. We also could sense His presence during all of the occasions. Also, Br. Christian returned home again. 117

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

B [Monday], June 4 Most of the brethren went to New Milford once again to see whether there were any fish to be had, because so far they had gotten only very few. I asked them that, with their hearts, they please abide in the Lambd and His wounds, that way nothing could do them any harm. I began laying the floor in my housed. Br. Jeremias helped me. E [Tuesday], the 5th Br. Gideon and Gottlob also went to New Milford; Br. Gottlieb went hunting. I visited the sick as usual, and whoever else was at home, portraying to them the Lambd. C [Wednesday], June 6 Most of the brethren who had been fishing returned home. They were fairly lucky this time; they got 200 scheed [shad]. I had a rather blissful day. F [Thursday], June 7 Br. Jeremias went to New Milford. I finished laying the floor. In the evening we had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd during which the Lambd was very much near us with His side holed. D [Friday], June 8 d

The Lamb again bestowed a new blessing upon the entire assembly, which quite invigorated my heart.

G [Saturday], June 9 Grube, the dear heart, came to us from Bethlehem and brought with him Br. Jonathan from Gnadenhütten. He was most heartily welcome to me and the entire brown assembly. A [Sunday], June 10 d Grube, the dear heart , did not want to undertake anything further; he wanted to rest. I conducted the hour at noon. In the evening Brother Grube passed on the affectionate greetings from Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten that he had for the assembly here. All of us were pleased to hear that everyone is well in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, for we had heard that a great illness had struck there and that many had died. 118

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

B [Monday], June 11 Grube, the dear heart d, conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning and in the evening. Today we spoke with the communicants, also with all those who are already baptized. We spoke with each one separately. Br. Jonathan interpreted. A number of issues transpired that caused us great pain. However, most expressed that their hearts were hungry and thirsty, and how long a time it seems to have been that they have not eaten of the flesh and drunk of the blood of the Lambd. E [Tuesday], June 12 We went visiting in all the huts and rejoiced together with the brethren and sisters. We talked with brother and sister Jeremias and [the] Gottliebs regarding the baptism of their little children. They were thankful that the Lambd wants to bestow this grace upon their children. C [Wednesday], the 13th Today was the day on which the Lambd once again nourished us with His flesh and blood, that He made Himself known to us in a blissful manner as our Husband and Head.38 Sarah, Leah, Salome, Benigna, and Anna came along for the first time; 34 in all. The Lambd wanted to lay this blessing very deeply into their hearts to be sure. [Part] 2.

F [Thursday], June 14/25, 1750 Grube, the dear heart d, conducted the early service, in which he recommended this entire assembly to the bloody side holed. I asked the brethren and sisters that they now let this great mercy (when the Lambd gave to them His flesh to eat and His blood to drink) sink very deeply into their hearts, so that they will not be able to ever forget it again. At the same time he took his leave of them in order to return to Bethlehem. The brethren and sisters gave him many a heartfelt greeting for their brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. They also asked that the brethren in Bethlehem not forget them — that they may not have to wait this long again until a brother came to hold Communion for them. At the same time they requested [through Grube] that the brethren 119

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

send them an additional brother, so that 2 brethren would be here who could assist each other, so that, in case one [brother] went to Wechquadnach or Stockbridge or other places to visit, there would always be one brother staying here who could care for them. Br. Grube promised to bring it up to the brethren and at the synodo. The Indian brethren and sisters right away took their leave of Br. Grube. They all looked lively and very much full of light. Since none of the Indians from Wechquadnach had come here, Br. Grube thought it would be good if he went there himself and visited them. I went along and accompanied him to that place. We arrived there past noon, at 2 o’clock, finding the Indians all at home. Br. Jonathan inquired about their circumstances; they could not give him a positive reply. We resolved to stay there that day. Also, old Sister Erdmuth left Pachgatgoch for the seaside today, to bring one of her angelsd39 [from] there to this place.

D [Friday], June 15/26 We took an early leave of the Indians at Wechquadnach, traveling together to the southwest end of Gnadensee40 where we kissed one another heartily and tenderly, and took leave of one another. Br. Grube and Jonathan went to Bethlehem. I returned to my dear Pachgatgoch, singing many a versed along the way. I found all the brethren and sisters going about their work lively, joyously, and cheerfully. We had a rather blissful evening serviced in the evening. The Lambd could be sensed near us and revealed Himself to us. That night I had a very blissful and sweet rest.

G [Saturday], June 16/27 At the morning blessing our Lambd could again be felt near us with His side holed, likewise at the evening meeting. Today I wanted to observe the Sabbath, thus I did not plan on doing anything other than to be blissful and to visit the brethren and sisters. Br. Amos and Petrus came home late in the evening.

A [Sunday], June 17/28 During the early service I talked some about the text and the words of the Savior. Afterward, I prayed to the Lambd that He preserve all of us very blissfully 120

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

in the side holed and bless us on this day. I went visiting in all the huts, finding everyone lively and in good spirits. The Lambd also was very much near us during the sermon. I spoke on the words: Alle die Ihn anrührten wurden gesund. Item: So du Klauben hättest.41 The Savior especially impressed upon me to speak of these 2 matters. Moreover, I agreed with the brethren to hold a separate quarter-ofan-hour for the baptized ones and communicants each Sunday evening. I held it for the first time in the evening, at dusk. I asked the Lambd to bless this occasion with His presence, and to always keep His bloody side holed open, also, to flood us anew at all times with the blood and stream of water that flowed from Him, having washed and sanctified our soulsd and bodies with it. Afterward, I talked somewhat about the great mercy — that the Savior has chosen us from among the world, selected us, and made us members of His body through baptism and the cleansing from all sins, and by imparting His flesh and blood during Holy Communion. We sang English and Indian versesd, and the Lambd could be felt being merciful toward the entire assembly. We kissed one another in closing. All the brethren and sisters looked lively and cheerful.

B [Monday], June 18/29 The early service took place in the schoolhoused today. I talked about the words of the Savior. The Lambd was quite near me and the assembly; some of the blessing that He had bestowed on us yesterday evening could still be felt. I held school again. Past noon I went on the mountain to get tree bark.42 In the evening I spoke on the words: Er ist Kott über alles gelobet in Ewigkeit.43 The Lambd and the dear Mother could be felt there.

E [Tuesday], June 19/30 I again conducted the morning quarter-of-an-hour in the schoolhoused and intend to proceed this way also in the future, because Br. Gideon’s huts44 [are] very uncomfortable and often there are strangers sleeping inside.45 Moreover, the brethren and sisters prefer coming into the schoolhouse and do so more readily. I also visited the sick; several of the smallest children are indisposed. Today little Maria, Joshua’s daughterd, went to the Lambd, most blissfully and cheerfully. Several hours before her journey there, she, of her own accord, showed 121

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

her father where the Lambd has His wounds. She was a child about whom one could always see and feel something special. She had been baptized by Br. Johannes [von Watteville], and is about 18 months old, according to her parents’ calculation. In the evening I talked about the text and the words of the Savior. For the [sake] of the texts and words of the dear Savior, I want to henceforth write [dates] in the New Style.46

C [Wednesday], Julius 1, new stili [Latin: style] d

The little heart Maria was buried toward evening. I spoke on the words Was Er gegstorben ist das ist er der Sunde einmal gestorben, das wir durch seinen Todt das Leben haben sollen.47 I prayed at the grave side. The meeting took place in Gideon’s huts. I visited several huts. Br. Simon too is becoming sickly.48

F [Thursday], July 2 d

This morning the Lamb with His bloody side holed was near us. I spoke on the words of the day. Old Maria and Caritas and her 2 children went to Danbury. After school I went into the woods to cut wood for the upper floor of the schoolhoused.49 All the brethren were busy surveying land, for they again sold (or gave away) a piece; they barely get 2 p. for the acre.50 There was no meeting in the evening. D [Friday], July 3 In the morning I spoke on the text and in the evening on the verse Ihr blutigen Hände segnet uns etc. [Blank] Also hat Kott die Welt geliebet.51 My heartd was all warm on this occasion. I also spoke with Petrus and Thamar and several others.

G [Saturday], July 4 In the morning I spoke on the verse: Ihr blutigen Hände segnet uns.52 We also sing it often in English. On this occasion, I told the brethren and sisters what the actual purpose was of the meetings in the morning and in the evening. Tonight the blind Sr. Rachel was so weak that one thought she would go to the Savior. Also, Bartholomew and his wife and child arrived here for a visit, along with another Indian woman from Stockbridge. Sr. Esther and her mother also came here from Wechquadnach. I kept very quiet today, except that I went visiting. There was no meeting in the evening. 122

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

A [Sunday], July 5 All the meetings today took place in the schoolhoused. At 8 o’clock in the evening I spoke on the text and the words of the dear Savior. I spoke in accordance with the grace (and in keeping with the lowly status) that the Lambd bestowed on me. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, and for the communicants, the Lambd with His bloody side holed was inexpressibly near us, and the flamesd of His wounds glowed in all the Indian heartsd. I spoke on the words: Wer mich isset der wird um meinetwillen leben.53 All the brethren and sisters were quite heartily lively and joyous when visited. What the enjoyment of the body and of the blood does for the Indian brethren and sisters, and what effect it has on their hearts, is inexpressible. There was a terrible storm here this evening. I think that the wife of Timotheus was so anxious because she knew of no place to stay. She asked me, through Br. Samuel, to allow her and the others who were here for a visit to sleep in the schoolhoused, which I did. B [Monday], July 6 At the morning blessing I recommended everyone to the care of the dear Mother and [to] the bloody blessing of our Husband. Afterward, the following brethren and sisters went out to work, for they are running a bit short since most people’s provisions are exhausted54; Thamar, Gottliebe, [and] Leah; Gideon and Martha went as well, but returned home the same day. The brethren went bear hunting and got 2. Those who had been here for a visit went back home as well; they took leave most joyously. I went to visit old Seyäkes and his family, most of whom are ill. Yet the Savior provided me the opportunity to tell them something about His bloody wounds. In the evening I talked about the Lamb’s text. E [Tuesday], July 7 In the morning I talked somewhat about the text, [and] prayed to the Lambd for His merciful protection and preservation. The brethren again went hunting together and got 2 deer. I held school again and worked in my corn. There was no meeting in the evening as the brethren and sisters came home late. This evening we thought that old Sr. Rachel would go to the Savior. She had taken leave of her son Samuel already at noon. 123

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

C [Wednesday], July 8 This morning I held the meeting like yesterday. Toward evening our dear Sr. Rachel went to the Lambd. She departed quite softly and blissfully, and so quickly that they were unable to tell me about it until her sould had flown into the side holed. She already had been weak and sickly last winter and throughout the entire spring, until now, when the Lambd took her into His side. Yet she had persevered with much patience, and on many occasions made known her faith in, and attachment to, the Lambd. She had also admonished her children to abide in the Savior. She had been blind for about 27 or 28 years. Her sons Jeremias and Samuel bear her witness that, except for the last 2 years, she had always still earned her own livelihood with broom and basket making.55 She was also, otherwise, a woman of good sense, and was able to be of great assistance to her fellow sex (for she was a midwife), that even many white people availed themselves of her help and advice (when they no longer knew where else to turn). There was no meeting in the evening.

F [Thursday], July 9 The brethren sent Br. Lucas to New Milford to call home the brethren and sisters who are working thereabouts, and to inform them of the going home56 and the burial of the late Sr. Rachel. Indeed, they all came at once; not one stayed away. I helped Br. Jeremias make the coffin.57 Before we were done with it, 5 English people came who wanted to attend the burial. They said they wanted to pay Rachel their last [respects and] love and attend her burial. I told them that she was not to be buried until evening. I also told them the reason why it could not be done.58 They said that they were sorry that they had not come at the right time, and neither did they have the time to wait this long. They were very cordial and kept quiet; 2 said they wanted to come back, but did not do so. We had the burial in the evening all by ourselves. Everybody who was in Pachgatgoch came. It seemed that everyone was looking forward to it. I myself was looking forward to it. I told the brethren and sisters about the state of blissfulness near the side holed while alive, and about the state of blissfulness when one sees the Lambd and is able to greet and kiss the visible [nail] marks in [His] hands and feet. It was a blissful occasion for all of us. 124

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

D [Friday], July 10 There was no meeting this morning. In the evening I spoke on the words of the Savior. A blissful breezed could be felt at the time. Moreover, the Savior imparted the matter to me plainly and clearly; all the brethren and sisters looked quite full of light. I again worked my corn.

G [Saturday], July 11 d

The Lamb was once again especially near us so that my heartd became like wax as I presented Him with all our circumstances and appealed to Him. All the brethren and sisters and I had a blissful day. I washed my shirts, also held school, and finished getting my corn fully done. I visited the sick, most of who are well again. Br. Jephthah came from Wechquadnach in the evening.

A [Sunday], July 12 Our Husband and Lambd was again intimately near us at the morning blessing, and most of the brethren and sisters were present. The regular meeting took place at 10 o’clock, at which the Lambd revealed Himself. All of the brethren and sisters are quite joyous and blissful, and feel how much there is to appreciate about the Lambd. They can still feel the Communion in their hearts. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and for the communicants, our Husband and Chief Elder with His side holed was quite intimately near us. In addition, I spoke with the parents today about the children; I asked that each one please watch out for his own children. They should especially see to it that the children did not stray too far — that they always knew where they were and kept them in their huts at night. I asked that they please consider this point. Brother Gideon did his best in this regard. I also spoke with several brethren, such as Jeremias, Martin, and Christian — whether they would be willing to interpret at the services, particularly when Br. Joshua and Samuel were not at hand. For his part, Br. Jeremias said he would not be so bold as to do it [translate], but for the Savior he will risk it. The others expressed themselves in like fashion. Br. Joshua and Samuel gave them as much encouragement as they could, telling [them] how they had felt in the beginning, and how the Savior had stood by them and has helped them until now. 125

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

B [Monday], July 13 This morning Br. Jeremias began his interpreting. It went pretty well so far. I spoke on the Lamb’s text. Br. Jere[mias] interpreted in the evening as well. Today I held school again and visited all the huts. Br. Lucas is once more ill; also Sr. Leah. Otherwise I found everyone blissful and in good spirits so that my heart rejoiced at that. Br. Jephthah went back to Wechquadnach. He is greatly distressed that there is no opportunity arising for him to [go to] Gnadenhütten. E [Tuesday], July 14 During the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the text. The Lambd revealed Himself to us. All the brethren and sisters were at home. I visited all the huts today; had a beautiful opportunity to speak with Jery’s mother and to introduce the Lambd and His wounds to her. As I was talking to her about the Savior, her son joined us. He was so well pleased with it that he interpreted for his mother everything I said. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening as there was a white man in our way. C [Wednesday], July 15 In the morning I talked some about the text and the words of the dear Savior. I visited the sick. The brethren remembered that it was one year ago today that Brother Bruce went to the Savior.59 I went into the woods to cut wood. In the evening I spoke on the words: Er ist mit seinem eigenen Blute einmal eingegangen, in der Allerheiligste und hat eine ewige Erlösung gefunden.60 F [Thursday], July 16 In the morning I prayed to the Lambd, [and] again spoke a bit about the text and the words of the Savior. After school I went back into the woods to cut wood. In the evening, as we were all assembled, 2 white men, who were arriving at the very moment, came in as well. They right away said they had not come here to disturb us, and should they hinder us in our duty, they would leave again. I told them if they were content with sitting on the floor like the Indians they may well stay. We sang several Indian versesd. I prayed in German. The Lambd with His side holed was quite intimately near me. The men [I just] described only came to see whether they could get any Indians for work.

126

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

D [Friday], July 17 This morning we had the quarter-of-an-hour as usual. The Lambd was especially near us. Afterward, I visited several huts; told them that I intended to go to Wechquadnach. I wanted to return tomorrow. They all gave me greetings for the Indians there. In Wechquadnach I found all of them in good health and in their previous state. There is again nothing more to be done at this time than maintain them in a state of friendship and acquaintance.61 G [Saturday], July 18 I came back to my dear Pachgatgoch; found all of them blissful and in good spirits. The disease that is circulating here is gaining ground among us as well, especially among the children. It is commonly a cold that settles in the chest and causes a violent cough. In the evening I spoke on the day’s texts. A [Sunday], July 19 In the morning I prayed to the Lambd that He may reveal Himself to us this day and hide us all in His open side. At 10 o’clock the regular meeting took place. I could say very little, as almost everyone is suffering so from the cough that I was hardly able to hear myself speak. Afterward, I visited all the huts; found everyone well except for Br. Gideon. He said he has not felt well for two days. In the evening we could not have the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, for someone was in our way.

B [Monday], July 20 In the morning I spoke on the texts, and in the evening on the words: Seid gleich denen Knechten die auf ihren Herren warten.62 The Lambd could be felt quite powerfully on this occasion. I worked my corn today; held no school because many children are sickly. E [Tuesday], July 21 In the morning I prayed to the Lambd. I felt quite comfortable in my heart at the time. I again held no school. I worked my corn. We had a small meeting in the evening. Sister Justina, Martin’s wife, was delivered of a young son tonight.

127

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

C [Wednesday], July 22 In the morning I talked a bit about the Lamb’s text. The Lambd revealed Himself to us very mercifully and was intimately near. As early as two days ago I too was overtaken by this illness that is circulating in the country (and which by now some of the brethren and sisters and their children have). It commonly starts with a cough and headache. But today I needed to take to my bed. I began to feel very light-headed; when coughing, I experienced heat inside the chest. F [Thursday], July 23 I was laid up for most of the day, and because of the headache I was unable to be up for any length of time. In my heart the Lambd and His bloody side holed were very much near me. I also appealed to Him. Sr. Magdalena offered to assist me when I needed something. Br. Gottlieb, Samuel, and Petrus went out cutting, so did Br. Gideon.63 Also, Sr. Caritas returned with her children. As for her [state of ] mind, she looked very uneasy and confused. I could barely welcome her. My heart was greatly worried about her. D [Friday], July 24 That day I had to settle in bed [and remain] very still. I could not keep my eyes open for the headaches. Sr. Magdalena was my nurse; in that, however, it proceeded entirely in the Indian fashion.64 Yet the Lambd gave me enough strength that I was able to help myself a little. The brethren and sisters who were out cutting yesterday returned home this evening with the news that the white people wanted to give one buschel of corn as a day’s pay.

G [Saturday], July 25 Today everyone in Pachgatgoch who was able to pick up a sickle, so to speak, went cutting. Still and all, things proceeded fairly humanly, so that I heard of no disorder among the brethren and sisters. Yet they nonetheless complained about themselves. Today Br. Samuel fell ill, making it necessary for him to come home from work. My cough and headache were worse today than yesterday. In the evening I always get a fever and that lasts then until daybreak. I can hardly remember anything about this night. I asked my Lambd to please stand by me and to protect me. I was hardly able to remember where I was or should be. 128

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

A [Sunday], July 26 The brethren and sisters came home today. I was so fatigued that day that I would not have been able to stay up for half an hour at a time. I very much wished for an opportunity to write to Bethlehem, however, none came about, at which I was very glad in the end. I would have frightened my dear brethren too much. That afternoon my nose started bleeding by itself, which soon gave me relief. Tonight I again became as weary and weak as the night before, yet I was better able to recollect where I was. Tonight a cold discharge started flowing from my right ear, which from this point forward caused me more pain than anything else. This, in combination with the violent cough, was very painful for me. Throughout everything, the Savior was very much near me today, and assisted me rather graciously. I was concerned I might perhaps receive a visit today from white people, but they all stayed home, which was most preferable to me indeed. B [Monday], July 27 Br. Jeremias went cutting again. Br. Joshua and Elisabeth, Caritas and Priscilla, Thamar, Martin, and Samuel went to cut rusches [rushes] for their beds.65 Simon came and brought his Hannah, who is sick, home with him. Paulus and his wife and Thamaseed went 66 to the seaside. The Savior also helped me through this day. I felt extremely weary, and since all my appetite was gone from the start, and I had, moreover, aside from a little butter and a piece of bread, not the least bit in the house, I could not even think of anything that would taste good to me, [even] if I had plenty of everything. Tonight I grew so weary and weak that it occurred to me that it was indeed possible that I was going to the Lambd. This thought was the dearest to me: I told the Savior I would come right away, if it should please Him.67 E [Tuesday], July 28 Very early this morning, Br. Gideon came to me. He said he had thought of me many times that night. I was presently the sickest in Pachgatgoch, yet, nonetheless, always slept alone at night. I said I did not want to cause the brethren much trubel [trouble]. Gideon asked me if I wanted to take some of his medicine. I told him yes, most readily. He left at once and said he wanted to boil me something. In about one hour he returned, bringing a small kettlefuld. Gideon 129

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

said, Drink of this as much as you want, and right away gave me some of it to drink. I immediately felt in my body that it did me good. I drank of it frequently that day.68 The Lambd also added His merciful blessing to it so that I was able to get up again that afternoon and walk about out of doors a little bit, which was a true joy for me. I also had a more comfortable night than before. Today the brethren Samuel and Martin came home [from cutting rushes]. They said they were unable to stay there any longer because they were ill. They also told me that Sr. Priscilla was ill.

C [Wednesday], July 29 This morning at about 8 o’clock, little Abraham, Gottlieb and Magdalena’s sond, went to the Lambd. He was born on April 20[/]969 of this year, and had been recently baptized by Br. Grube. Right from the beginning of his illness it looked like he was going to go to the Lambd. Moreover, one could see in him his love affair for the side holed, which other Indian brethren and sisters had observed about him as well. Today the sick Priscilla came home, also Br. and Sr. Gottlob and his Juliana, who is still sickly. Br. Jeremias and Br. Gottlieb are ill as well. I had a fairly good day, being up most of the time, feeling very weak, however. Nonetheless, I was able to take a bit of a look around among the brethren and sisters, but I had to walk about with my head covered, for I am swollen on one side.70 Today I cooked a bread soup for myself. It was apparently something rather rare in Pachgatgoch. Tonight I did not have much of a fever and also was not quite as sick.

F [Thursday], July 30 This morning we buried the little heartd Abraham. I would have liked to have said something to the brethren and sisters, but was unable to, for I felt so very weak. At the grave side I thanked the Lambd that He took this sould to Him. Today I was able to visit the sick again. Br. Gideon went to New Milford today. I was able to be up for almost the entire day. I wrote in the diario. Today I ate from the first fruits of my planting and working in Pachgatgoch. My heart was so glad and grateful to have experienced this moment, that I know not how to describe it. Until now I had mostly made do with the diet of the Indian brethren and sisters.71 130

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

D [Friday], July 31 Br. Gideon came back home. He told me that in New Milford there were a large number of people laid up with this illness. Br. Joshua and his family returned as well, as did Sr. Caritas. They told me that there are also many ill where they were. However, one does not hear that many are dying. Sr. Hannah is very sick. In fact, I was not quite as lively today as yesterday, for the discharge from my right ear is still causing me much pain. I talked with Sr. Sarah — that she should consider the Savior more with her heart, and hide herself deeper in His side holed. [Part] 3.

G [Saturday], August 1, 1750 This morning I visited the ill Sister Hannah. She told me that things had improved with her somewhat; it also appeared to be a good deal better with her. Toward evening her illness changed so that it seems she will soon go to the Lambd. The brethren went hunting today; returned home very late in the evening, yet had not gotten anything. I again tried to work some. I had a rather blissful day in the side holed. The Indian brethren and sisters were otherwise all at home. Several are still sickly, yet they are very affectionate and trustful.

A [Sunday], August 2 Today I once again held the meetings, which had remained suspended for nearly 14 days. In the morning I prayed to the Lambd to take me and the entire flock into His bloody side holed and to preserve us therein. The regular meeting took place at 10 o’clock. I spoke on the text; the Lambd mercifully revealed Himself to us; Br. Samuel interpreted. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, our Husband and Chief Elder was quite intimately and feelingly near us. My heart was like wax as I looked upon the brown assembly and reflected upon their election by grace. They all were most joyous and lively while being visited. This morning Br. Amos went from here to the seaside to let Br. Paulus and his wife, and another one of Br. Simon’s sons, know that their mother Hannah was [doing] very poorly and might go to the Savior soon. She was laid up throughout the entire day, no longer knowing anyone. In the evening, at about 9 o’clock, the Lambd took her sould from the tabernacled72 into His open side holed. She had not been ill for more than 8 days, [yet] 131

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

it had affected her chest right away. During her illness a special inclination toward the Lambd could be observed about her. She was always joyous and cheerful when one visited her. B [Monday], August 3 At the morning quarter-of-an-hour I talked a bit about the texts, and prayed to the Lambd to bless us today, as His assembly of sinners, and to hide us in His side holed. Next I went to work some. After a while Br. Jeremias came and brought me word that Br. Martin’s youngest son had gone to the Savior. I went there right away; the childd was not yet entirely gone, to be sure, but continued to live for about 1 more hour and [then] flew into the side holed. This child was born [on] the 21st day [of ] July. It started having convulsions the night before and went to the Lambd at about 9 o’clock this morning.73 Tonight we had the burial for Sr. Hannah and for Br. Martin’s sond. I talked a bit about the reason why the Lambd sometimes takes a sould swiftly into His side holed. I prayed at the graveside and thanked the Lambd that He has taken in these 2 soulsd. My heart was quite invigorated on this occasion. As for my body, I was fairly weak today, making me fear that I would become sick anew. My heart, however, was blissful. E [Tuesday], August 4 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd for His protection and blessing on this day. Br. Joshua, Christian, and Samuel and Gottlob went out to work. Martin, Lucas, and Salome went to New Milford but came back home that same day. Br. Petrus also went to work, so did Br. Gideon; Gottlieb and Magdalena went to cut rusches. I held school again and cut wood for my chimney. There was no meeting in the evening.

C [Wednesday], August 5 We had the regular quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Later I visited the sick and those who were home; these were only a few, however. After school I went to Nicolaus Rauch74 for some provisions but was unable to return home that day. F [Thursday], August 6 I helped Nicolaus Rau do some work until noon. After noon I went back home; I found almost no one [there]. Paulus and his wife, as well as Br. Amos, and Thamaseed, had arrived from the seaside. 132

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

D [Friday], August 7 I conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour with about 6 or 7 brethren and sisters. I asked our beloved Lambd to hide us and the others who are not at home in His bloody side holed. I visited the sick. Sr. Sarah is once again ill, so are Br. Martin’s children. Today Sr. Marth[a], Benigna, and Anna, who had been in New Milford, came back home as well. There was no school; I worked on my chimney. There was no meeting in the evening. G [Saturday], August 8 I conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour like yesterday. I visited all the huts where there was someone at home. All the brethren and sisters were joyous. Br. Samuel came home too; he is once again ill.75 I observed a blissful Sabbath. There was no meeting in the evening. A [Sunday], August 9 We had the occasions as usual. Br. Martin interpreted for the first time. He did it without much difficulty, allowing me to rejoice at it with all my heart and express my gratitude to the Lambd. I talked about the text. Br. Martin also interpreted during the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. The Lambd revealed Himself to us rather near and mercifully. Br. Gideon, Petrus, Christian, and Gottlob came home. Although they complained about themselves, I could not see that they had gotten into anything. Br. Samuel and Sr. Sarah are very ill. B [Monday], August 10 I could not conduct the early quarter-of-an-hour because it rained so hard. I held school again. It is still a sickly time in these parts. I was indisposed today and yesterday, and suffered from a great deal of cutting pains in the bowels. Other brethren and sisters complain about it as well. Sr. Agnes has had the ague for some time. Sr. Priscilla and Benigna are also ill. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour I spoke some about the words of the dear Savior; Br. Jeremias interpreted. E [Tuesday], August 11 This morning we had a rather blissful quarter-of-an-hourd; Br. Martin interpreted. Today I went to Kent to see if I could get some boards to lay the upper 133

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

floor in my housed.76 I can tell that the split planks will not work well. Moreover, I was hindered so that I will not be able to get them done in due time, because the wood lies in the woods a good way off. Four brethren helped me float the boards down the river. Also, the 2 brethren Simon and Friederich came from Gnadenhütten today. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

C [Wednesday], August 12 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the texts. I portrayed to the brown heartsd the bloody Lambd of God with all of His thirsting wounds. Moreover, Br. Martin interpreted it with a feeling heart. While being visited, Br. Martin, whose two children are very ill, told me that he would be very glad if his children, should they die, were first baptized with the Savior’s blood and water. I told him this would be very good indeed, yet I believed his children would be restored to health. He also told me of his childd who went to the Savior — that it pained him greatly that it was not baptized. I told him not to worry about it; his child was with the Savior. Also, the 2 brethren Simon and Friederich left again for Wechquadnach from here. They want to return by Saturday and then go from here to Bethlehem. Br. Christian and Gottlob again went out to work. Petrus went to New Milford, and old Sister Erdmuth to the seaside with a little boy. I held school again. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; only a few were at home. F [Thursday], August 13 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed and asked the Lambd to take this assembly, along with His other assemblies, deep into His side holed on this day of blessing.77 And the Lambd was particularly near us. Also, I let the brethren and sisters know what the Lambd had once done for His congregation on this day, and that every year on this day we expressly reminded ourselves of this grace, and that Communion was always celebrated in the congregation [on this day]. This made a great impression on them. They said they too wanted to remember it. Besides, they all stayed home that day. I had a blissful day. I did not hold school; visited all the brethren and sisters who are at home. Br. Gideon asked me whether we would soon hear something again of our brethren in Greenland.78 Br. Petrus came back home. In the evening I talked about the words of 134

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

the dear Savior for this day. I portrayed the Lambd in His crucified form, the way He so gently bled Himself to death to deliver us from our misery. The Lambd blessed me powerfully on that occasion.

D [Friday], August 14 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked a bit about the words of the dear Savior. The Lambd revealed Himself to His poor Indian assembly. I visited the sick. Brother Samuel is better. Sr. Sarah is still very ill; Benigna is also sick. Also, the 2 brethren Joshua and Gottlieb returned home with their families. G [Saturday], August 15 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the words of the dear Savior for this day, which were: Ihr müsset von neuem kebohren werden.79 My dear Lambd assisted me rather mercifully with this theme; Br. Joshua interpreted. In the evening I spoke on the words: Ich bin die Tür, und wer anklopfet dem sol aufgethan werden.80 The Savior gave me these words entirely unexpectedly. We had sung our Indian verses before; I did not know whether I should say something. With that, I opened the bookd of texts and received the words. Moreover, the Lambd revealed Himself there. Br. Martin interpreted. Most of the brethren and sisters are now at home. My heart felt quite blissful and revived at all the faithfulness that the Lambd shows to the brown assembly. Also, Br. Simon came back from Wechquadnach. A [Sunday], August 16 Our merciful Lambd of God was near us during the early quarter-of-an-hour and blessed His Indian assembly. At the regular Sunday meeting I spoke on the day’s texts. My heart was quite warm and invigorated from the bloody fullness of our Husband. I also had a beautiful theme; the words were: Den Armen wird das Evangelium gepredigt.81 I told the brethren and sisters [that] because they had been so wretched and scorned, (not because they had been better than others, for they themselves knew well that they were as corrupted and prone to sin as all the other people) the Lambd had shown compassion and mercy to them, and had sent them His servants. They had been obliged to tell them about His death and wounds and side holed. I talked to them a great deal about this point. At the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants a blissful breeze blew from the side 135

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

holed. How near the Lambd revealed Himself to us, I cannot describe. I spoke on the verse Wenn ich nur mit meinem Mann alleine.82 First we sang it in English. As they were being visited, the brethren and sisters were all quite heartily lively and joyous. There also came two Indians for a visit; one by the name of Jacob, who had lived here once. He furthermore has a boy who goes to school here. The 2nd is a young Indian from Peekskill. I asked him if he too had already heard that he had a Savior who died for him and shed His blood for him. He said he had never attended the meetings. He said, Perhaps if I attend the meetings once, I might like to hear something. His name is Wewunrunquan.

B [Monday], August 17 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the day’s texts. The Lambd could be felt especially close; Br. Martin interpreted. Br. Joshua, Samuel, and Lucas went to Wechquadnach to visit the Indians there. I worked on my chimney. Moreover, Br. Simon, who had come from Gnadenhütten, returned to Gnadenhütten from here. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Br. Jeremias’s and Christian’s children are sick again. E [Tuesday], August 18 This morning I talked a bit about the texts and prayed, and the Lambd revealed Himself to us. Also, the brethren who had gone to Wechquadnach yesterday came back home. They said that Timoth[eus]’s wife was ill. C [Wednesday], August 19 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked a bit about the day’s texts. My heart felt very blissful at the time; Br. Joshua interpreted. Br. Martin, Anna, and Salome went to New Milford and returned that same day. In the evening I spoke on the verse: Christi Blut und Kerechtigkeit.83 The Lambd revealed Himself eminently on this occasion.

F [Thursday], August 20 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked a bit about the day’s texts. I visited the sick who are starting to improve now. Also, Br. Paulus returned from Albany with his wife. Most of the brethren and sisters were home, going about their 136

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

work. I had a blissful day. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the brethren had gone into the sweat house.84

D [Friday], August 21 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd for His merciful protection and preservation in His side holed. That day all the brethren who were home, also several sisters, helped me plaster my chimney.85 This went on in an altogether loving and brotherly fashion. The schoolchildren carried the water here, and the sisters nearly all the clay, [from] what was certainly a good distance, and mostly uphill. Here I must praise the preparedness of the Indian brethren and sisters to serve others, for on all occasions when I am in need of their help, they are willing with all their heart. They have done many [things] for me without being asked, of [their own] free will, because they saw that it was needed. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

G [Saturday], August 22 Late this evening Sister Erdmuth returned from the seashore, bringing with her 2 of her angelsd, a boyd and a girl.

G [Saturday], August 22 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the texts. The Lambd especially blessed this occasion, and nearly all the brethren and sisters were present. The brethren went hunting, but did not get anything. I worked on my housed and threw clay onto the [walls] inside.86 I had a very blissful day.

A [Sunday], August 23 During all of the occasions the Lambd with His side holed was quite intimately near us, and blessed us poor children. At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke some to the brethren and sisters and portrayed to them the Lamb with all of His wounds. During the regular Sunday meeting I talked about the day’s words, and the Lambd imparted the subject matter to me quite plainly and clearly. At the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, the Lambd especially blessed His assembly of sinners. The Lambd also delighted my heart when visiting; the brethren and sisters are indeed getting closer to the Savior’s heart, and feel 137

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

that the side holed is the best placed for them. Br. Martin says, Everything that the brother tells us about the side holed is true. He said, before he had thought about whether all of this could really be true, but now he saw that everything was true. Also, I announced that I intended to go to Bethlehem this week.

B [Monday], August 24 At the morning quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the day’s words; it was quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd during which the Lambd with His side hole manifested Himself. Br. Joshua, Martin, and Lucas went hunting and intend to stay out this week. In addition, Br. Paulus and his wife went to Gnadenhütten from here. Br. Simon went out to work. Because I still wanted to see the Indians in Wechquadnach, I went there today; they all were at home. The wife of Timotheus is somewhat sickly. Toward evening Joshua and his hunting compani came to Wechquadnach as well. We stayed there that night.

E [Tuesday], August 25 I took my leave of Joshua and the other brethren early, likewise of those in Wechquadnach. They said to salute all the brethren in Bethlehem, Gnadenhütten, and everywhere I found any. I arrived back in Pachgatgoch at noon. I readied myself for the journey. In the evening there was no quarter-of-an-hour since almost no one was at home.

C [Wednesday], August 26 This morning during the quarter-of-an-hour I took leave of the brethren and sisters. I asked that they please not stray too far into and about the country, but to abide with their hearts in the Lambd. They all gave me many greetings for the brethren in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten. After I had taken leave of the brethren and sisters, someone came and told me that Christian’s child would go to the Savior. I went there and looked at the childd (he is a boyd, about one year old). It still had some life in it. I said I had already prepared myself for the journey; they should bury it if it went to the Savior. The brethren said they wanted to do so. At about 11 o’clock I left my dear Pachgatgoch. Br. Gideon accompanied me for 6 miles to direct me onto the right path. Taking leave of me, he said I should salute all the brethren for him and come back as soon as 138

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

possible, which I promised. After that I traveled my road cheerfully, blissfully, and in good spirits. The Lambd brought me to my dear brethren in Bethlehem blissful and in good health on August 31. [Part] 4. Thursday, October 1, 1750 I traveled again to Pachgatgoch after having rested a while in Bethlehem, and having rejoiced and invigorated myself with my dear brethren. I took my route by way of New York, where I arrived on October 3. In New York I stayed with our dear Brother and Sister Rice and Hendrick van Vleck until I had an opportunity to get up the North River by water. This opportunity arose very slowly, and got delayed on account of the contrary wind until Wednesday, October 7, when the yacht sailed. Yet, [it] had to anchor again soon after as there was such a strong northeasterly wind. Around noon, Thursday, October 8, we got a south wind that lasted until about 12 o’clock at night. At that time we were already through the Highlands above the Fishkill, where I had intended to go ashore and then on foot to Pachgatgoch. Friday, October 9, the wind was once again very strong from the northeast, making it necessary for us to lie [at anchor]. Moreover, the crew was not able to put me ashore. The wind having subsided a little, and the tide being with us, we began to tack and reached Poughkeepsie by 9 o’clock in the evening, where the crew disembarked me. I was quite tired of this voyage, because there were 5 High German men aboard the yacht, 2 of whom had once been acquainted with the brethren in Shekomeko, and as they stated, had loved the brethren. They had the Dutch book that was printed in opposition to the congregation, as well as the High German one printed against us in Philadelphia.87 They read in these 2 books, and spent their time with them all day long. What disdainful and disgraceful words these people uttered about the congregation cannot be described. They never started [anything] with me. [However,] one time they said to me that they believed there were, in fact, still some genuine souls among the brethren, and those were the wretched and the worst among them. I said I did not want to enter into a disput[e]. If they wanted to believe the things that were written in the books, they should do so. 139

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Saturday, October 10 I journeyed from Poughkeepsie very early, recommending myself to the protection of my Lambd and that of His angels. I thought I would reach Pachgatgoch that day, yet, with the way being unfamiliar to me, I had to frequently make inquiries, [and so] night overtook me when I was but 5 miles from my dear Pachgatgoch; thus I had to lay by. Sunday, October 11 I came to the dear Indian heartsd in Pachgatgoch. The watchword read: Der Kerechtigk Nutz, wird ewige Stille und Sicherheit seyn. Isaiah 32., v. 17. Laß uns gantz sicher Schlaffen.88 The entire assembly rejoiced. They said that all throughout this week they had watched to see whether there was a brother coming. They were indeed all home, except for Br. Gottlob. They have not yet undertaken their journeys that they had planned.89 I found the entire assembly quite well, so that my heart rejoiced and I was able to thank the Lambd for His protection and preservation. Past noon I held a small conference with the workers. I told them that I had many greetings as well as several letters for them from the brethren in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, which I wanted to read to the brethren and sisters as soon as it was suitable. Br. Gideon said it would hardly be possible to do it today, for the sisters wanted to go sweating that evening. We decided that they should be read to the brethren and sisters tomorrow at the morning blessing. Br. Gideon also told me that he was satisfied with the brethren and sisters, as they had stayed mostly at home. Br. Gideon had been my housekeeper while I was gone, having taken care of all my affairs, so that my corn had been gathered and was in the house when I arrived here. In addition, the sisters had made some akrithes90 for me. We had no meeting on this day. Monday, October 12 Following the morning blessing I read aloud the letters that I had for the brethren and sisters, which greatly delighted them, especially that the brethren and sisters in Gnadenhütten are blissful and in good spirits and are thinking of them. When I read to them Br. Cammerhoff’s letter, and they heard that he wanted to visit them soon, they rejoiced even more, especially on learning that 140

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

he has never gone farther to visit the Indians.91 I visited all the huts today and found all the brethren and sisters lively. In the evening I talked a little about the text. One was able to feel and enjoy the nearness of our Lambd. In closing, I recommended everyone to the bloody side holed and to the precious wounds of our Lambd. Tuesday, October 13 At the morning blessing I talked a little about the text. The Lambd revealed Himself to us and blessed every heartd who was present, so that I could feel it. Today most of the brethren and sisters went out to work in various places. In the evening I portrayed the Lambd of God in His complete figure of suffering to the brethren and sisters. Wednesday, October 14 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke of the blessedness and the peace enjoyed by such a heart who remains near the wounds of the Lambd and occupies himself only with Him. My heart felt very blissful on this occasion. Today the dear Br. Gottlieb was robbed of all his prime possessions by a disloyal Delaware Indian whom he had previously helped out of his difficulties and debts. The thief first got himself half drunk, or at least pretended to be, then snatched up everything that was at hand and ran away. Br. Gottlieb and Magdalena saw him run away with it; Gottlieb and Samuel chased after him, but did not lay eyes on him again. Thursday, October 15 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed with the entire Indian assembly to the Lambd, recommending us to His wounds and to the steadfast care of the dear Mother, the Holy Spirit. I visited all the huts that day; spoke with all the brethren and sisters who were at home. During these days I was still busy gathering my remaining harvest. In the evening we had quite a blissful quarter-of-anhourd. I spoke of the redemption for the whole of our corruption through the wounds of Jesus and [through] His body having been slain for us. Friday, October 16 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke a bit on the words: Er ist mit seinem Blut einmal ein gegangen, in das Allerheiligste, und hat eine ewige Erlössung gefunden.92 The 141

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Lambd bestowed upon me grace to talk with confidence about the the [sic] reconciliation He has brought about for the whole world with His own blood. I spent the day by myself in blissful tranquility. I remembered my entering into holy matrimony and what faithfulness the Lambd has shown to me in this period of 4 years.93 I completely gave myself to Him all over again, to have Him do with me whatever pleased Him, and to take from me, my wife, and children, that which caused Him sorrow. In the evening we were unable to have the quarter-of-an-hour, because 2 white people were in the way. Br. Martin came back home. Saturday, October 17 At the regular early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd. Visited several huts, but there was mostly no one at home. Past noon I went to call on old Seyakes, but I did not find him home. Toward evening all the brethren and sisters who had been out this week came home. Also, Bartholomew and Wampachonant came from Wechquadnach. They brought with them a string of wampom [wampum]94 and a written account of what the chi[e]fs of the Makwaschen [Mohawk] nation95 and the chi[e]f heads [headmen] of the Indians at Stockbridge have discussed and agreed upon with one another on the 4th.96 This conference is [was] actually nothing more than a renewal of the old relationship that the 2 nations have with each other. They also wiped away each other’s tears over the loss of the warriors, who they had lost in the course of the last war.97 Our Indian brethren do not really know yet why they were sent this string of wampom.98 Sunday, October 18 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the text and prayed to the Lambd that He may mercifully reveal Himself during all of our occasions and manifest Himself close to each heartd. In the general Sunday meeting I spoke on the words of the dear Savior, Mt. 7.24: So jeman[d] meine Rede höret und thut, den vergleiche ich einem klugen Mann,99 and the Lambd revealed Himself to us, mercifully and near. Wampachonant from Wechquadnach, who, as he says, has not heard a brother in 6 years, joined us as well. When he saw him in the mitting [meeting], Br. Petrus said, it had seemed to him as if there were 20 more Indian strangers with us. The Indians all love him and wish that he may convert. At the quarterof-an-hour for the baptized ones and communicants, our merciful Lambd of 142

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

God was quite intimately and tenderly near us. I talked about the benefit for the brethren and sisters when they give their hearts fully to the Savior and occupy themselves only with Him. When visited, the brethren and sisters were quite affectionate; there were only a few who complained about themselves. The old women are the most cheerful. We also held a small conference about our winter lodging. The majority favors moving back into the old winter huts. Monday, October 19 We were somewhat hindered in our early quarter-of-an-hour, for one of the neighbors came to us as we were already assembled. Almost all the brethren and sisters again went out to work. I, on the other hand, started holding school with the children. I was fairly anxious that day on account of the great number of departures on the part of the brethren and sisters. Br. Gideon also complained that he did not feel comfortable with it. There was no quarter-of-anhour in the evening. Tuesday, October 20 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I thanked the Lambd for all His love and faithfulness that He manifests in us poor children. Asked Him further to show mercy on us and to have patience with us. I had a rather blissful day. The brethren who were still home went out to make canoes. There was no quarter-of-anhour in the evening. Wednesday, October 21 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the dear Savior’s words of the day. Visited the brethren and sisters who were at home. Toward evening Br. Martin [and] Lucas came home, as did Joshua with his companie. I held school. That day I frequently thought of the brethren and sisters who are not at home. Thursday, October 22 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the dear Savior’s words of the day. Asked Him for a blessing from His bloody wounds. Moreover, we could feel and sense His presence among us. I again held school with the children. Visited the brethren and sisters who had come home yesterday. In the evening we had no opportunity to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour. 143

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Friday, October 23 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the text. My most beloved Lambd imparted this matter to me plainly, and invigorated me so that I once again took heart and was able to submit everything to Him and His steadfast care, and to have faith that He will preserve His own possessions well. Afterward, I visited all the brethren and sisters; also held school. In the evening I again talked about the blessedness that the poor sinners experience at the dear Savior’s feet. Also, the 2 brothers, Paulus and Johannes, and their sister Benigna,100 returned to this place from their visit to Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. Brother Gottlieb traveled to Potatuck. Br. Martin went out as well to bring home his wife and children, as well as Sr. Priscilla with with her daughters, who last Monday had gone out to work. Saturday, October 24 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the text. The Lambd with His bloody wounds was again very much near us. I observed the Sabbath and reminded the Lambd of all the souls and circumstances of His brown flockd in Pachgatgoch. Sr. Priscilla and her daughters came home, as did Sr. Caritas. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, October 25 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the words: Das Blut Jesu Christi des Sohns Kottes, macht uns rein von allen Sünden!101 At the Sunday meeting I talked about the words: Es kam das Er mit dem Tode rang, und seyn Schweiß war wie Blutstropfen, die fiellen auf die Erde.102 The bloody Lambd of God was quite intimately and tenderly near us in these two meetings. Before noon all the brethren and sisters who had still been out came home. I visited most of them that same day. Also, I held a small conference with Br. Gideon and Martha, also [with] Joshua and Elisabeth; we had a great deal to discuss with one another. Together we agreed that, henceforward, we wanted to hold this conference on Sunday mornings, following the quarter-of-an-hour. Br. Samuel shall join us as well. At the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and for the communicants, I talked about the words: Er ist seines Leibes Heiland.103 These words right away gave me the opportunity to say how closely we are related to the Savior and how He looks upon us, [and] how we need to look upon one another. Moreover, I told them why the 144

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Savior looked upon us as members of His own body, and it was for this reason that we called ourselves brethren and sisters and kissed one another. Monday, October 26 After our regular early quarter-of-an-hour, most of the brethren and sisters again went out to work. Br. Joshua and Jeremias went to Newtown. Nacban, Gottlieb’s son, traveled to Potatuck to get his father, because Sister Magdalena is once again ill. Simon, along with his whole family, went to make brooms and other wares, as did Martin with his family. Priscilla went with her daughters [to a place] about 30 miles from here. Caritas, Gottliebe, and Leah also went as a companie. Old Maria and her son Christian went to visit a sick Indian who is one of their kindred. I did some work on my housed. There was no quarterof-an-hour in the evening. Tuesday, October 27 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd, submitting myself and the entire assembly to the steadfast care of the dear Mother, that she may portray today for us much about the Lambd and the side holed. I visited all the brethren and sisters who were still at home. I made a few preparations for my winter lodging. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Wednesday, October 28 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd, recommending the entire assembly (which is now fairly dispersed) to His merciful protection. It is now a dangerous time for the poor heartsd because they disperse so. I worked on my winter housed. I now have to build it twice as I had torn it down in the spring, taking of it what was usable for the summer house. The Indians had not wanted to move back into the old winter huts given that the land is not theirs and that they have lived in that location now for two winters. But with winter being just around the corner, and the winter huts already built, and with the owner of the land having given them liberty to move there again, they thus all have a mind to live there for yet another winter. And that is why I have to rebuild my house. 145

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Thursday, October 29 We had no meetings since neither Br. Joshua nor Samuel was at home.104 They did not come home until late at night, along with Br. Jeremias. I held school. Thought of the dear Bethlehem very much and wished myself there, for I felt disheartened on account of several matters. Friday, October 30 Only 6 brethren and sisters attended the early quarter-of-an-hour. I prayed with them, and wished myself and them, and the entire assembly, deeply into the side holed. Br. Gideon traveled to New Milford. I worked on my winter housed. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Br. Joshua and Jeremias came home. Saturday, October 31 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to our faithful Lambd, entrusting to His faithful loving heart all the circumstances such as they appeared to me. My heart was full of sorrow over some matters, causing me to be occupied with [them] all day long, and to breathe a sigh for Him on account of the[se] blemishes and faults. I wanted to visit the brethren and sisters but found no one excepting several children. Br. Gottlieb came back. There was no quarter-of-anhour in the evening. Sunday, November 1 During our meetings our faithful and merciful Lambd of God was intimately and tenderly near us, so that one was able to tangibly feel how closely the side holed is able to approach the brown heartsd and set their hearts afire, and that all their weak ideas and their shy dispositions are, by nature, not able to avert this. At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the watchword. The Lambd invigorated me, and all at once freed me from me all the sorrow that I had felt, so that throughout the entire day I had a light, joyous, and confident heart toward everything that came before me. During the noon meeting I talked about the words: Es ist kein ander Heil, es ist auch kein anderer Name gegeben, dadurch wir kunten selig werden, als allein der Name Jesu Christi.105 During our Sunday conference we remembered all the circumstances concerning this assembly. I told them that the Savior has bestowed joyousness upon me; they too should take heart and 146

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

believe the Savior. We parted from one another with much love. We were not able to hold the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants because the brethren had gone into the sweat house. Also, several brethren and sisters came home: Gideon, Lucas, Amos, Gottliebe, Leah, Benigna, and Salome. From these brethren and sisters we learned that Martin and Paulus are ill. Esther and Wampachonant’s daughter came from Wechquadnach for a visit, likewise an Indian who lives 3 miles from here. Monday, November 2 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about the text. My dear Lambd was very much near me, and I think also near each of the souls present. After the quarter-of-an-hour I talked with Br. Christian and Gottliebe on account of their poor housekeeping together thus far. Most of the brethren went hunting. Petrus, Thamar, and Elisabeth went to sell brooms and baskets. Benigna and Salom[e] went again to where they had been the previous week, where also Br. Simon, Paulus, Martin with his family, and Sr. Priscilla with her daughters are. I went to the mill in Sharon,106 also at the same time to Satked,107 and returned home in the evening. Tuesday, November 3 Tonight I became very ill and got violent diarrhea, and at the same time, cold chills, so that it seemed I would come down with the ague. I had to stay in bed throughout most of the day. In the evening dear Br. Gideon brought me some of his medicine, which gave me immediate relief.108 An unmarried person came to me who said that for about 2 or 3 years he has felt in his heart an urge to go to Bethlehem. He asked me what I thought about something like this. I told him I was unable to advise him in this matter. He should, however, weigh it carefully in his mind before he went. He is not a stupid person. That day old Erdmuth went with her family into the winter house. Wednesday, November 4 My dear Lamb helped me and soon restored me to health, making it possible for me to go to the winter huts again and work there a bit today. I had a rather blissful day. Br. Samuel returned from New Milford. d

147

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Thursday, November 5 I again went to work on my winter housed. The 2 sisters Sarah and Gottliebe also moved into the winter huts with their children. The past 3 days I did not hold the quarter-of-an-hour as there are very few home. I wished them all deeply into the sided [hole]. Friday, November 6 I conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour with the few who were still at home. I prayed to the Lambd and laid myself and the assembly at His wounded feet, that He may render our hearts bloody and let His sweat and blood flow over our bodies and souls. I worked on my winter housed, and at the same time visited the brethren and sisters who are living there [in the winter huts]. Saturday, November 7 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd along with the assembly that was present. Still and all, there were twenty attending the quarter-ofan-hour. I would not have thought that there were still that many at home. I, for the first time, went to my closest neighbor, as I was in need of some straw. Also, the brethren returned home from hunting. They had a fairly poor hunt. Br. Martin came as well, bringing word that all the other brethren and sisters intended to come tomorrow. Gottlieb’s son arrived from the seaside. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, November 8 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I talked about yesterday’s texts, on which occasion our gracious Lambd of God mercifully revealed Himself. He let us feel what it is best founded on and with which doctrine one will make it through [life] most blissfully. At the regular Sunday meeting I talked about the day’s texts, on which occasion the Lambd put each one in touch with his heart. At the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and for the communicants, I talked about the words: Lasset uns Ihn lieben, denn Er hat uns zuerst geliebet.109 On this occasion, the Lambd put us in mind of His loving heart for us, and how He is so faithful toward us in every situation. I spoke for quite a while. After the early quarterof-an-hour the brethren and sisters came home one by one. Sr. Johanna, who had visited Gnadenhütten, also came back, bringing her [daughter] and Sister 148

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Juliana’s daughter with her. They stayed in the winter huts, given that they are closer to Bethlehem than the summ[er] huts. When we received word that they were coming from Bethlehem, it was mentioned at the same time that Br. Cammerhoff had arrived, which touched off such a longing in the brethren and sisters that they looked for him probably 100 times that day. Monday, November 9 We had a very blissful quarter-of-an-hourd this morning. I spoke on the words: Er hat uns zuerst geliebet.110 I visited the brethren and sisters who had come home yesterday. They all complained about themselves. I told them that it pained me every time I saw them leave; they should submit themselves to the Lambd all over again. He loved them and wanted to award them everything. In the evening I talked in the same manner with Br. Jeremias, who has been shy for some time. Br. Christian and Samuel went to New Milford; the former intends to work there this week. Several brethren and children helped me carry here the split wood that I had prepared for the winter house. Tuesday, November 10 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed with the brown assembly and thanked our bloody Lambd for the faithfulness and love that He shows us daily. Most of the brethren and sisters were at the winter huts today. Br. Joshua and his family moved there to stay. Br. Jeremias helped me roof my housed. I had quite a blissful day. Br. Samuel came back home, and Br. Gottlieb returned from the seaside. Wednesday, November 11 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed again, and we recommended ourselves to the steadfast care of our Lambd and to the unfailing care of our dear Mother, the Holy Spirit. Br. Martin and his wife traveled to the seashore. Br. Gideon, Petrus, Lucas, Simon, and Jeremias moved into the winter huts with their families. I worked there as well. Thursday, November 12 I gathered my belongings that I wanted to take to the winter huts and moved there that day. Br. Gottlieb gave me his horse. In the evening we had our first 149

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

quarter-of-an-hour in Br. Gideon’s hut [at the winter huts]. The Lambd was intimately near us and mercifully revealed Himself to us poor children. I visited all the huts, finding most of the brethren and sisters affectionate and in good spirits. Tonight I had to sleep in Br. Joshua’s hut as mine was not yet in order. Friday, November 13 We had quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I again visited several huts. Also made a bedstead for myself, and that night slept blissfully in my winter hut for the first time. Saturday, November 14 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I portrayed to the brown assembly the Lambd as a bloody figure with all of His wounds. In the evening our dear and faithful heart Cammerhoff arrived, whom we had long expected, and with him Br. Leonard Schnell. The brown assembly was heartily glad to see them. Sunday, November 15 I conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Cammerhoff the sermon and the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. The Lambd was intimately and tenderly near us, and His bloody wounds sparkled very clear and bright for each heart. Moreover, Br. Cammerhoff and Schnell visited all the brethren and sisters in their huts and announced that they wanted to go to Stockbridge tomorrow. Monday, November 16 Brother Schnell conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour. After that we traveled to Stockbridge, but took our road by way of Wechquadnach, visiting the Indians there. Tuesday, the 17th We reached Stockbridge, but found only a few Indians at home. Wednesday, the 18th We departed from Stockbridge and came as far as Sheffield that day. Thursday, the 19th We left early and came to Johannes Rau in the evening. 150

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Friday, the 20th We visited the Hutberg111 in Shekomeko, and also went to Nicolaus Rau that day. Saturday, November 21 We returned to our dear Indian brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch. Br. Cammerhoff commenced the [act of ] speaking that very day, and conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, November 22 Br. Cammerhoff conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour. He beseeched the Lambd, asking that He open wide his dear side holed today, and especially flood this assembly, and to especially bleed His holy blood onto the heart of each sould. Afterward, he also spoke with all the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, at which the Lambd could be felt near. The sermon was after 10 o’clock, and past noon, at about 2 o’clock, all the baptized ones and communicants enjoyed a blissful love feast. Immediately after the love feast we had a very blissful baptism. Warop’s wife was baptized and received the name Rebecca; her Indian name is Quarpem. Br. Samuel’s daughterd also was baptized and received the name Christina. Shortly after the baptism, all of the communicants who were participating this time assembled. Before Communion the entire assembly knelt down, and Br. Cammerhoff beseeched our Chief Elder and Husband112 that He wash away with His blood all faults and transgressions, and absolve each one anew. Directly afterward, Communion took place, at which time our Lambd could be felt and enjoyed so inexpressibly powerful and blissful that I cannot recount it. Following Communion Br. Cammerhoff and Br. Schnell took leave of the brethren and sisters, who also gave them many heartfelt greetings to pass on to the brethren in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. Br. Cammerhoff and Schn[ell] proceeded yet for 3 miles that evening. I accompanied them and stayed with them that night. Monday, November 23 We bade one another a heartfelt and tender farewell. Br. Cammerhoff and Schnell returned to Bethlehem by way of New York. I went back to my dear Indians, visiting all of them that day. Everyone is newly revived and invigorated, 151

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

[and] also so joyous and full of light that it seems to me I have never seen it like this for as long as I have been in Pachgatgoch. We had a very blissful quarterof-an-hourd in the evening. Johannes went to New Milford. Tuesday, November 24 We had another very blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I talked about the words: Wer an mich glaubet wird nicht zu schanden werden.113 Moreover, I announced that I intended to hold school again; the pupils all came, not one staying away. Br. Joshua and Samuel went to the mill and did not come [back] until late at night. Wednesday, November 25 This morning we had another very blissful quarter-of-an-hourd. The Lambd manifested Himself. I again held school and visited several huts; everyone was quite blissful and in good spirits. Several brethren made preparations to go hunting. We could not have a quarter-of-an-hour in the evening because the brethren went into the sweat house. Thursday, November 26 Because most of the brethren were going hunting, I conducted a quarter-ofan-hour with the baptized ones and the communicants, asking them to please preserve in their hearts the grace that the Lambd had bestowed on them. At the same time, I announced my journey to Bethlehem and promised them that I or another brother would come back to them soon. They said it was good that I told them, I should make sure to think of them often. Br. Joshua, Jeremias, Amos, Lucas, and several unbaptized ones went hunting. I visited all of them once more in their huts and bade them farewell. I also cut some wood suitable for a floor in my housed. Friday, November 27 We had another blissful quarter-of-an-hourd; Br. Samuel interpreted. He went today and joined the other brethren who are out hunting. I laid the floor in my housed and visited sick Br. Martin.

152

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Saturday, November 28 At the early quarter-of-an-hour I prayed to the Lambd and recommended myself and the entire assembly to the bloody side hole of our Lambd. I observed a very blissful Sabbath; I read several homilies of the wounds. There was no quarterof-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, November 29 I prayed again at the early quarter-of-an-hour; the Lambd was quite intimately and tenderly near me and the entire assembly. I was unable to hold the Sunday meeting as there is no brother here who can interpret.114 Otherwise, the brethren and sisters are all heartily lively and in good spirits. One can no doubt tell by looking at their eyes and faces that they have been near the slaughtered body of our Lambd and have enjoyed His flesh and blood. We could not hold the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening because the sisters were going into the sweat house. I prepared myself for the journey. Most of the brethren and sisters came to me and gave me many greetings for the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten.

B Monday, November 30 Before I departed, I held another quarter-of-an-hour with the baptized ones and communicants and took leave of them at the same time. They were all quite lively and full of light. At 11 o’clock I departed, taking my road to Fishkill by way of Sharon. [No entry for December 1] Wednesday, December 2 Early in the morning I traveled ferried across the North River and went another 26 miles that day. Thursday, December 3 I experienced very bad weather but nevertheless made it through the long meadows that day, as far as John Wilson.

153

Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750

Friday, December 4 I arrived at Br. Samuel Green’s in due time, and unable to get across the terrible creeks during the day, I stayed there that night. Saturday, December 5 I departed early from Samuel Green’s. The Lambd helped me safely across all the creeks, and also the Delaware, so that I arrived in Nazareth in the evening, and because they were in the process of celebrating the festival of our dear Husband, I even got my shared of it. Sunday, December 6 I arrived back in my dear Bethlehem, the dear Lambd, who has preserved me so mercifully and blissfully, be praised.

154

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 12 February to 16 June 1751

Pachgatgoch Diearium, from February 12, 17511 I came to Pachgatgoch, to the dear brown heartsd, on Friday the 12th. The watchword of this day read: Israel wird sicher alleine wohnen, 5 Moses 33.28. Dieß Kind soll unverletzet seyn.2 I was very glad to see the dear brown heartsd, and they [to see] me. I called on Br. Gideon. He received me with much joy, stepped outside the house, and [standing] in front of the door, called out that a brother from Bethlehem had arrived. Then everyone who was at home gathered in Gideon’s house and welcomed me with tender love. Joshua and Samuel right away made a fire in our house where I soon repaired. Gideon provided me with food. Had several visits from our dear brown heartsd that very evening. Jephthah expressed a great longing for Gnadenhütten; he had thought that one of his children would come for him, but so far no one had come. Yet his heart is in a quite agreeable state. He was sorry that Magdalena had come here. The 13th The watchword read: Ich wiel sie miteinander in einen festen Stall thun, Mic. 2.12. Kein Übels wird begegnen dir des Herren Huth ist gut da für.3 I went visiting in all the houses. They all received me kindly. I found Friederich, Abraham’s son, in Simon’s house. I spoke with him some; asked him whether he still loved me. He replied yes. I saluted him from his father and mother, likewise from Br. Cammerhoff. Afterward, I summoned the conference brethren and sister[s],4 Gideon, Martha, Joshua, Elisabeth, and Samuel, to my house; greeted them from the congregation[s] in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, especially from our dear hearts Johannes [von Watteville], [the] Cammerhoffs,

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

[the] Hermans, [the] Grubes, Gottlieb, and Abraham Büninger. Informed them that the congregation had sent me to be with them in A. Büninger’s stead for a while. Thus they were pleased at this. They had been looking for a brother daily. Also read aloud Gideon’s daughter’s letter.5 I asked how things had gone in Pachgatgoch since Abraham had left for Bethlehem. They said, fairly badly, especially with the young people. They said that Anna Benigna is said to have gotten betrothed to an unbaptized Indian. I told them that not long ago several couples had been married in Gnadenhütten with the blessing of the congregation, and how cheerful and blissful they were together, and that the brethren also wanted to look after the people in Pachgatgoch who were in like circumstances, at which they rejoiced and wished that it may come to pass here in the same manner. They said, because there was such tumult at the place where they are living now [the winter huts], and given that the land did not belong to them, they had resolved to move back into the summer houses next week.6 However, they first wanted to inform the rest of the brethren and sisters — whether they were satisfied with this. I told them that I had several letters to read to the brethren and sisters. What did they think would be the best time for this? They said, this Sunday; that way everybody would be home, and it was quite all right by me that way. Jeremias came home this evening; had gone threshing for a white man. He came to me and welcomed me, rejoicing that he found a brother from Bethlehem [here]; also brought me a piece of white bread that he had brought with him. Also, 2 Indians from Westenhook7 arrived here today, [to wit,] Joseph, the brother of our late Jonas, and Jephthah’s grandson, both of whom had attended school in Shekomeko. Sunday, the 14th The watchword read: Kein Einwohner wird sagen Ich bin schwach denn das Volck, das drinne wohnet, wird Vergebung der Sünden haben, Is. 33.24. Gnade schien uns auf zu wecken, Gnade küste, Gnade schlief, ließ sich fühlen, ließ sich schmecken, Gnade brachte auch zu schief.8 At 9 o’clock the baptized brethren and sisters gathered in Gideon’s house. I saluted them from the congregation and from the brown congregationd in Gnadenhütten, and read to them Br. Cammerhoff’s as well as the other letters. They were very atent [attentive] and very pleased that the congregation in 156

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

Bethlehem was still thinking of them. Afterward, Joshua came to me and reported that the brethren of Wechquadnach had requested to live here [in Pachgatgoch] with them, and that they had no objections. They wanted to give them some cleared land, and next year they would get back 10 acres from a white man; then they could have as much as they needed. The white people have taken from them — those in Wechquadnach — nearly all the land. Now they were daily awaiting a brother from there [Wechquadnach] who would bring them the[ir] full resolucion [resolution]. After that I conducted the service and passionately portrayed to them the Lambd and His beautiful red wounds. Monday, the 15th The watchword read: Gott weiß, ihr werdet befehlen euren Kindern und euren Hauße nach euch, daß sie meinen Weg halten. 1 Mos. 18.19. Und noch 1000. Herzen.9 Given that Gottlieb had not come home yet, although he had left word that he would return home on Saturday, the brethren were thus concerned that he may have fallen ill in the woods. Accordingly, they sent Amos and his son to visit him and to tell him that a brother had come from Bethlehem. Also, I started school today. After school I cut wood, and after that I went visiting. Samuel told me that they had been very concerned because A. Büninger was staying away for so long. They had thought perhaps he had fallen ill along the way, even wanted to send someone to meet him, but they did not have anyone who was able to get away. Toward evening Amos came back home and Gottlieb with him. He came right away to visit me; he was very glad that he had received the message that a brother had arrived. In the evening he sent me a piece of a turkey,10 and along with it, white bread. Tuesday, the 16th In the morning, we had [a] quarter-of-an-hour. After breakfast I had school with the boys. Old mother Erdmuth came to visit me. She was altogether full of light and in good spirits; inquired about several brethren whom she knew, also after Br. Martin, whether he had already a new wife.11 In the evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour; their hearts were warm from the wounds of our Lambd. They stayed together yet for a good while, and Joshua spoke to them a great deal about the Savior. 157

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

Wednesday, the 17th After the quarter-of-an-hour I had school with the girls. There were nearly 20 in school. Christian and Gottliebe went out with brooms and other items to sell. Beforehand I talked to them about their hearts. I went visiting in several houses, asking them [the Indians] whether they were in quite a happy state. Yet they all bemoaned their poverty. I then directed them to the wounds of our so beloved Savior, who would very much like to have them be blissful and in good spirits, if only they would go to Him and let this be granted to them. Juliana came toward evening. She was very warmhearted; spoke with me a great deal about her heart. Following the evening quarter-of-an-hour, the aforementioned Indian strangers from Westenhook came to take their leave of me. With them came 2 others. They told me that several Indians in Westenhook desired to see a brother there. They also said that there was a minister at the place for now, yet he intended to leave again in March; several people did not want him.12 Joseph said, if he knew I was going to Bethlehem in the spring, he would go with me to visit his friends13 in Gnadenhütten. He has felt a longing for that place for a long time now. Thursday, the 18th In the morning, several brethren and sisters came to take leave. Samuel went on horseback to Danbury to sell things. Priscilla, with 2 daughters, and A. Benigna went to New Milford to sell brooms and baskets. Jephthah came to visit me. Because it is still so cold, and the other brethren do not yet have a mind to move into the summer houses, it appears that we will continue living here for a while. Because they [the brethren] went into the sweat house today, we had no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Friday, the 19th Today Jeremias and his wife left to sell baskets and other items. I prepared wood for myself for burning, and afterward, I went out visiting. Many complained that they felt very poor. Paulus returned home from New Milford today. In the evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour. Saturday, the 20th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I thought of our dear Bethlehem, how the dear hearts [there] are presently preparing themselves for the 158

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Sabbath. Old mother Erdmuth brought me several pan cakes14 that she had baked for me. I then observed the Sabbath in my housed in quiet together with my most beloved Husband. Gideon went to Kent to fetch money for a man. Past noon the dear brown heartsd returned home in good spirits, [to wit], Jeremias and his wife, and Christian and his wife, [also] Priscilla with her daughters, and A. Benigna. Sunday, the 21st In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, we had a passionate conference. They [the conference brethren and sisters] informed me how matters stood with the brethren and sisters. Gideon had spoken with Gihorn about his heart. He said he felt every day that he had a wicked heart. Abel was talked about as well, whether he should be visited sometime. They replied that this would be good indeed. Joshua volunteered to visit him. His wife, Caritas, should be talked to first. Afterward, I conducted the service; my heart felt very comfortable there. A. Benigna and Priscilla’s daughter came to visit me; so did Thamar, who spoke with me about her heart. She is in a quite agreeable state. We had [a] quarter-ofan-hour in the evening. Monday, the 22nd The watchword read: So spricht der Herr, der die verstoßenen in Israel zusammen gebracht hat, Ich will zu dem Haufen noch mehr bringen. Is.56.8. Ave herein ins Hauß.15 After the quarter-of-an-hour I visited Christian and his wife; Sarah and the old mother Maria came there as well. I talked to them somewhat about their hearts. Christian is in a fairly bad state. He says, however, that he has wanted to pray to the Savior often, but could not do it. Since Abraham [Büninger] has been gone he has conducted himself badly, and his wife along with him. I showed him the way back; he should recover his senses, and the Savior would let him feel where he trespassed and acted contrary to the mind of the Savior, and he should ask the Savior to forgive him this, and [then] the Savior would wash it [his sin] away with His blood. Afterward, I held school. Past noon several single men came to visit me. I talked to them a little about the Savior, that He would like to render them blessed and wash them in His blood. Tuesday, the 23rd In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, Joshua came and said that he, along with Gottlieb and Paulus and Amos, wanted to go into the woods to get 159

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tassels and other wood for baskets;16 they would return home on Saturday. I spoke with all of them beforehand. Johanna and Magdalena also went. Wednesday, the 24th After the quarter-of-an-hour Gideon took leave of me to go to New Milford and to return home the next day. Petrus took leave as well. In the forenoon I had school with the girls. Simon came to visit me. He said that his children were doing great harm to his heart. Rebecca also came. Samuel went to an English man for threshing; so did Jeremias. Martin went to Dover. Thus, not many brethren remained at home. Thursday, the 25th After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school with the boys. Gideon returned home in good spirits today. Friday, the 26th I went visiting today. Everyone was very industrious. I talked with many about their hearts. Leah is very discontented that her husband is staying away so long while she is sitting here alone with her children. Saturday, the 27th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I thought of our dear Bethlehem. Visited Gihorns and Warubs. They both are very friendly toward me; however, I have not had the opportunity yet to speak with them about their hearts. Talked also to Christian today. He was very affectionate. [I] said he should visit me sometime. Everyone returned home in the evening. Sunday, the 28th We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. However, because so many white people appeared, and owing to other circumstances, we had no occasion today until that evening. Monday, Mart[i]us 1 Today’s watchword read: Gedencket nicht des Alten und achtet nicht auf das vorige, denn Siehe, ich will waß neues machen. Is. 43.18, 19. Weil noch zu keiner Kirchenzeit so blutig funckelte die Seit.17 160

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After the quarter-of-an-hour we had [a] conference. Gideon had spoken with Gihorn about his heart. Also concerning Joshua’s going to Abel — we postponed it for now because his wife Caritas was not quite comfortable with it at this time. And, regarding my leaving for Wechquadnach — that I was not yet entirely resolved; perhaps I would not go this week. Afterward, I was visited by English people. The single women again left for the week to make brooms in the woods. Jephthah and Paulus also went along. Tuesday, the 2nd I had school after the quarter-of-an-hour. Samuel went to a white man 3 miles from here. He [the white man] sent me greetings and [said that] I should visit him sometime; he would like to talk with me a bit about the Savior. Wednesday, the 3rd Gideon came to visit me in the morning. Gihorn came as well. I took the opportunity to speak with him about his heart — that the Savior would like to render him blissful and cheerful. He said that his heart was being so greatly tormented by worldly matters. I said that nothing could calm his heart like the Savior’s blood. The Savior is working on his heart, and I am hoping that he will become the Savior’s. After that I had school. Gottlieb went to New Milford. In the evening we had [a] quarter-of-an-hour. Thursday, the 4th In the forenoon I held school with the boys. Past noon I went visiting in several houses and found them [the brethren and sisters] quite agreeable. Several are returning home from the woods today. That evening a good number attended the quarter-of-an-hour. I was able to portray to them the Savior and his loving heart for the poor Indians in quite a lovely manner. Had a visit from Gottlieb’s son still that evening, who has a desire to be washed in the Savior’s blood, as do Gihorn’s son and several others. Friday, March 5 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, Gideon and I went to the summer houses to make [fire]wood. Gottlieb returned home. She [Gottlieb’s 161

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wife] came and brought me a piece of white bread and some apples that he [Gottlieb] had brought with him. Rebecca came to visit me. Her husband intends to continue living here at this place. I asked whether she sometimes spoke with her husband and son about the Savior, and did they not feel a desire to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. She said yes, at times they felt a desire. The boy is quite agreeable; he is a little shy. Saturday, the 6th The watchword read: Es sollen manche Nationen erfahren, daß ich der Herr bin der Israel heilig macht. Ezek. 37.28. Und Jesu Reich nicht pfantasey und lerer Traum gewesen sey.18 Following the quarter-of-an-hour Joshua came and said that he was moving with his family into his summer house today. I said he should follow his heart in that regard. I did not think, however, that he was moving away so quickly out of anger, because he harbored something against somebody. He said that he harbored nothing against anyone, [but] that his wife would like to go there.19 Martin and Samuel came to visit me. They are quite agreeable. After that, Timotheus and his wife, as well as Esther from Wechquadnach, arrived here. Also, several brethren and sisters who had gone into the woods at the beginning of the week returned home. In the evening we had a passionate quarter-of-anhour; it also was perfectly full. After the quarter-of-an-hour I spoke with Timotheus and Esther; I was quite pleased with them. Sunday, the 7th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After that I spoke with Gideon and Samuel about my going to Wechquadnach and the other places, and about several other matters. Next, I conducted the occasion; I felt quite comfortable there. Following the occasion I announced that the baptized brethren and sisters would have a separate occasion this afternoon; thus, they gathered at 2 o’clock, at which time I read to them the letter of our dear heart Johannes [von Watteville]. It pleased them greatly and they expressed their deep gratitude, especially [about] the greeting from Papa 20 and from the other brethren and sisters. I then talked to them a little about the love of the brethren and sisters for one another, and it was [words crossed out].21 I informed them that I would 162

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depart tomorrow; did not know how soon I would return home, yet would come back as soon as possible. Thereupon we had the kiss of love, and with that, we closed the occasion. Then Gideon talked to them a great deal more. In the evening Gideon came and said that Joshua had sent his son in [to the winter houses] — that Elisabeth was not well. Thus, 3 sisters went out. I told Gideon he should let Joshua and Elisabeth know that, should the child be weakly when she delivered it, I would baptize it. He sent Samuel out on Monday before daybreak; he brought word that she had [given birth to] a daughter and [that] she was well and in good health. Monday, the 8th The watchword read: Daß soll der Bund seyn. Mein Gesez will ich in ihr Herz geben, und in ihren Sin schreiben. Jer. 31.33. Dein süßes Evangelium ist lauter Milch und Honig.22 After the quarter-of-an-hour I took leave of all the brethren and sisters and recommended them to the Lambd and His side holed. Gideon went with me for a distance and showed me the most direct way to Filkintown through Dover. That evening I came to Henry Filkin where Br. Büttner and I had been interrogated once.23 He still remembers me. I stayed with them that night. I inquired about Adolph; they let me know where I could find him. Tuesday, the 9th The watchword read: Zu der Zeit wird man von Zion sagen, welche Wunder Gott thut. 4 Mos. 23.23.24 I took leave and went to call on Adolph and his family. I came then to their house; Tabea and her daughter were home. They were overjoyed at seeing me. She right away sent word to let her husband know that a brother from Bethlehem was here; thus he came home at once. He rejoiced greatly when he saw me, saying that he and his wife had been unable to sleep last night. They had talked with each other, whether a brother was to come; had laid down, but then had to get up repeatedly, and so they had to spend the night smoking tobacco. He reportedly had done damage to his heart by leaving Gnadenhütten. He had lived thereabouts [i.e., in Dutchess County] for more than 20 years; it had seemed to him that there was no better place in the world. Now he disliked it so much; once he was gone, he would not come back for the rest of his life. 163

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I asked whether he then intended to go back soon to Gnadenhütten with his family. He said he would go tomorrow if only he had paid his merchant, who he owed more than 4 # [£]. He daily feared to be taken to prisson [prison], and if he were to leave, they would bring him back. His wife was waiting for their25 son and someone else from Wanachquaticok, and together they wanted to go to Gnadenhütten. However, he would then have to stay [behind] by himself and work that much longer. I advised them that I thought it would be better if they stayed together and paid half, and send the remainder from Gnadenhütten when they had it. She was very sad, however. I asked whether they had heard anything [about] Johannes of Pachgatgoch. They said that he had stayed with them for a while, but now [he was] at a place called Pachqueick,26 making canoes there, but without gaining much. I said, if he saw him again he should tell him to come home. He also told me about the 2 sons of Nimham’s27 daughter — that they had a longing for Gnadenhütten. They had been to Wanachquaticok, or Stockbridge,28 but did not see that the Indians there lived any differently than other Indians in the woods; they too drank and carried on with all sorts of vice. They [the sons of Nimham’s daughter] intended to travel with them [Adolph’s family]. I then talked with them a great deal about the Savior and that things were proceeding so blissfully in Gnadenhütten. Thereupon we ate breakfast, and I then took leave of Tabea and her daughter. Adolph went with me for more than 3 miles and showed me the way through the woods; we still talked with each other about this and that. He said, he thought that, still and all, he would be back in Gnadenhütten in 6 weeks’ time, and with that we bade each other farewell. That evening I came to H. Rau, who received me with much love. He asked about Br. Martin, whether he was married again, as well as about many brethren he knows. I then also went with him to our former house; I also visited God’s Acre.29 His son wanted me to stay the night with them; he had not yet forgotten the brethren, but loved them still. But I went back home with H. Rau, and stayed that night with them. He told me that his 2nd daughter, also had died that winter, having left behind 8 small children.30 Wednesday, the 10th I departed from H. Rau [and went] toward the North River to call on Cornelius. Came to Jacob Maul’s [house]. They acted very cordially, she [Maul’s wife] 164

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in particular. He took me to Zacharias Haber. On the way I talked with him a little about his heart. He gave me to understand that something had crossed his path that had done him some harm. I said that would probably be Lischy’s books.31 But he did not want to take the blame — the books had fallen into his hands without his request. I stayed with him that night. Thursday, the 11th The watchword read: Er wird auf dießen Berg das Hüllen wegthun, damit alle Völcker verhüllet sind. Is. 25.7. Er leuchtet mitten in der Nacht.32 I went to Christian Führer. Jacob Maul and Haber went with me. He was overjoyed, saying he had thought the congregation had completely forgotten about them. We spent some time together, whereupon the two went back home and Fürer went with me to call on Cornelius. We then arrived at the house where he lived, but he was not there. Two other Indians [were there]: Wompecam and his wife and a girl; [i.e.] the father of our Johannes in Gnadenhütten, and Joseph’s mother.33 They were very pleased that I was visiting them. They said that Cornelius’s wife had left him and gone to Canada, and he had gone to bring her back. I passed on to them greetings from their children and said that they were well. I asked where their son Ignatius was. They said that he had left yesterday, and had not come back home yet, and that they intended to come to Pachgatgoch in 3 weeks’ time to live there. Next, I talked to them a little about their hearts. They said that they thought of the Savior often. I said they should salute their son; I was unable to wait any longer. I went home with Br. Führer and stayed with him that night. He has a great desire to be admitted to the congregation, like the people in Pennsylvania. He would not be able to profess allegiance to any other people but the Brethren, to be sure. In his heart he is otherwise in a quite agreeable state. Friday, the 12th Führer went with me to Jacob Maul. From there I went back toward H. Rau. Jacob Maul accompanied me for 2 miles in the woods. That night I stayed with H. Rau. Saturday, the 13th H. Rau had 2 horses saddled and took me as far as to his son Philip. From there I went to Wechquadnach. I came to a house; the people recognized me — that 165

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I was from Bethlehem. They were glad to see a brother. They said that our late Br. Bruce had preached at their house a number of times, and that Br. Rice had been at their house. I was obliged to take the midday meal with them. Then I came to Wechquadnach; found Susanna at home. The others were in the woods to boil [sap to make] sugar. She immediately sent word there to let them know that I was here. Hence, Timotheus and his wife, Esther, and Ampiwochnant’s 2 daughters, came home right away. Ampiwochnant, however, was hunting, and they did not know whether he would come home that evening. I then talked with all of them; I was quite pleased with them. The wife of Timotheus said that she had been ill and had felt a great longing for the Savior and His blood. However, feeling better, she did not find the same longing in her heart, and she was worried about that. I said she should simply give her heart to the Savior just like it was; only His blood could make it well. I told them that a brother would come from Bethlehem 8 days from this coming Wednesday. It would please me if they were in Pachgatgoch at the time. Susan said that she would probably not be able to get there given that she cannot walk well. They asked whether I had met with Cornelius and his wife. I told them that she had left him. They said that she had told him [Cornelius] already this winter that she did not want to stay with him because he had left Gnadenhütten — she wanted to go back to Canada. I stayed with them for some time, and they were very affectionate. Timotheus said that they had made up their minds to continue living there, if only the white people would not take the land that they still had. I then took leave of them and went to Nicolaus Rau; he had traveled to his father. She [Nicolaus’s wife] wanted to keep me [there], but I went to Winegar and stayed with them overnight. Sunday, the 14th The watchword read: Merk auf mich mein Volck. Is. 51.4. Hier lieg ich auf meinem Angesicht Befehl mich deiner Gnade.34 I left Gerhard Winegar early; came to my dear brown hearts in Pachgatgoch toward noon. Found [the] Gideons, [the] Joshuas, [the] Samuels, [the] Martin[s], Petrus, [the] Lucases, [the] Gottliebs, and Jeremias in the summer houses. They were in good spirits and quite full of light. My heart rejoiced at finding them in such a happy state. Gideon had brought part of my belongings from the winter 166

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house to this place, and so I stayed here. In the evening we had a general meeting for which a fairly large number had gathered. Monday, the 15th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After that I held school twice. Went to the winter houses and visited the brethren and sisters there. Gottliebe had been very ill, but was somewhat better now. I told Leah that I had heard from her husband; I believed he would come home soon. I found all of them in good spirits. Tuesday, the 16th I held school twice, and after that I went visiting in the houses. The mother of Schires is very friendly. He was not at home. At other times he attends the meetings regularly. Our brethren hauled wood with the sleds. They also brought me 2 sleds full. I was very grateful to them for that. Also, I received word that Johannes had come home. All of the brethren were pleased by that, and so was I. Wednesday, the 17th In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, Joshua said that he wanted to go out into the neighborhood to sell brooms and other items. I had him bring me one [loaf of ] bread. Also, Petrus, Christian, Schiris, and several unbaptized ones went out to make canuss [canoes]. And Rebecca came from the winter house to visit me. She is an agreeable sister. Samuel came to visit me in the evening; he is very affectionate. Thursday, the 18th The watchword read: Und sie sa[n]gen ihnen vor: Laßet uns dem Herren singen. 2 Mos. [15.]21. Bringet alle Sprachen zusammen in einen Glauben Amen.35 I held school in the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour. Gideon and Martha, and Samuel went to the mill, [and] I to the winter houses that afternoon to visit Johannes and to bring back with me some things from my house. Found Johannes quite full of light and lively. Most of the sisters had gone sweating. I visited Gihorn and his son, who had been in Bethlehem once, and who had been called a keeper of women.36 His name is Winemo; today he is married and 167

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already has a daughterd. I talked with him about the Savior. Was he not ready to give Him his heart? The Savior very much wanted to render him blessed. But he is very bold; he said no. I said, but the Savior loved him, he should reflect on it, and I felt in my heart that I could speak with him freely. I then went home. On the way I thought, if only the Savior could at some point break Winimo’s pride and hardness. There was a separatist at my house. He said that many of their people would like to speak with me; why was I not coming to them as well? I said that I did not have the time; there were still many Indians who I had not been able to visit until now. I went into Warup’s house; found the son alone. Spoke with him about the Savior and His blood; he was most affectionate, expressing the desire to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. He is a right agreeable boy, this son of Rebecca. Friday, the 19th The watchword read: Ich will sie unter die Völcker säen das sie mein gedencken in fernen Landen. Zech. 10.9. Daß man auch dort erfahre sein animum efflare.37 After the quarter-of-an-hour I started collecting my dirty laundry and washed it. Went into several houses to visit and got some wood for myself. Gideon came and said that they were going into the hat [hot] house now, to sweat. Thus, we had no quarter-of-an-hour. Saturday, the 20th The watchword read: Die Inseln harren auf mich. Is. 52.5. Man hat ihn, wo man um ihn weint.38 In the morning we had [a] quarter-of-an-hour. Today came home: Joshua, Johanna with her daughter, as well as Priscilla’s 2 daughters, Salome, and Benigna. Moreover, Johannes and Christian’s son came from the winter houses to visit me. Friederich also came home from out of the woods. Sunday, the 21st The watchword read: Dein Wille geschehe. Mt. 6.10. Durch des Lammes Herrden.39 In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, we met in conference. Gideon said that he had talked with Warop a bit about the Savior; he came to the meeting from time to time — was he not feeling something in his heart? Yes, he [Warop] certainly felt that he was in need of the Savior’s blood. Then did he 168

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not feel that he wanted to be baptized with the Savior’s blood? At that point he reportedly smiled and said nothing. In the same way, he [Gideon] had spoken with Schiris — did he not feel in his heart that he was living in a wicked way? He said yes. He would make up his mind not to do it, but was commanded to do it, regardless. He asked whether it had not yet occurred to him that he may be cleansed of it [sin] and freed from it with the Savior’s blood. He said yes, from time to time he indeed thought about it, but now and then it likewise occurred to him [that] if he came into a bad way again, it would be even worse than now. Martha said that Caritas was ill. She reportedly said [that] if she died now it would not look good; she has done many bad things again since her baptism. Her father had sold her large kettle. About that she had thought a great deal and had not been able to feel satisfied. Now her heart reportedly told her, Why do I think so much of my kettle, why do I not think of the Savior? I surely stand in greater need of that, for my heart is in such a bad state. Thus, she let go of the kettle and longed to have the Savior and His wounds in her heart. Winemo, Gihor’s son, was talked about as well, that he had been thrown onto a fire by a white man, and that his face was badly burned. On coming home he is said to have wept dearly, saying that if he had died now, [he] surely would have gone down to hell. Because it rained so hard today, and many brethren and sisters were indisposed, we postponed the occasion until the evening; also because no brethren and sisters from the winter houses were here. However, old Maria and 2 others came here that afternoon. In the evening we had a blessed serviced. My heart felt quite warm to me. Monday, the 22nd After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school [and] visited Samuel, who is somewhat ill. Gideon and Martha went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter houses; they found them fairly well and in good spirits. Gideon had spoken with Gihorn about the Savior. He had reportedly said all of it was true, but he did not open his heart. Johanna went to get her belongings from the winter house. Tuesday, the 23rd We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After that I held school with the boys. Priscilla’s 2 daughters, along with Johanna, went into the woods about 3 miles from here to make brooms. Joshua and Samuel were somewhat sickly. 169

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I went and got firewood for myself. Erdmuth came here to live in the summer houses. Christian’s son made preparations for them to be able to move to this place. Wednesday, the 24th Gideon came and told me that he intended to go into the woods to the brethren and sisters to see what they were doing and in what state their hearts were, and whether they intended to come home this week. I paid a visit to several houses; found them [the Indians] quite agreeable. Joshua is a little better; he went out to a white man. Several sisters also went out, with brooms and baskets to sell. I also visited the brethren and sisters in the winter houses, finding all of them well. Further, an Indian stranger came here from Farmington to visit, the son of Schiri’s brother. His father’s name was Mameho;40 he loved us. He died one year ago. He attended the meeting that evening. Thursday, the 25th After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school with the boys. Next I went to visit Schiris; also found the stranger there. Talked with him a little about the Savior. Schiris asked me whether a brother would come from Bethlehem this week; his heart felt a great desire to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. I said I was glad that he felt a hunger and thirst in his heart. I was hoping that a brother would come, provided the high waters did not prevent it. Also, Gideon came back home. He said that not all of them were quite well in their hearts, and that Paulus was ill. Jephthah had come with him but grew tired and stayed in the winter houses. The others would all come home this week. In the evening the Indian stranger came to visit me. Friday, the 26th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Jephthah came home. He visited me; complained about Magdalena, that she was behaving badly, the other unmarried people as well. He lodged with Gottlieb because there was no room in Gideon’s house. Saturday, the 27th I longingly watched for a brother [word crossed out], as did all our brethren and sisters, for I had informed them beforehand that a brother is to come from 170

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Bethlehem this week. Schiris and his cousin41 came to visit me, as well as several other brethren. And I paid a visit to several houses. Lucas with his two sisters Salome and Benigna, also Simon’s daughter Anna Benigna, and Johannes, Amos, and still others came home from the woods. Sunday, the 28th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After that I summoned the conference. But because I was visited by other brethren and sisters, the conference was postponed. At 11 o’clock I conducted the service. It was perfectly full. However, given that Joshua was not quite well, Samuel had to interpret, and as he could not endure it because of weakness, I then had to take Martin in the end. Afterward, the sisters who arrived here today from the winter houses came to visit me. Joshua had been in the sweat house and felt a little better; he came and asked whether we should have an occasion before the brethren and sisters returned to the winter houses. I too felt like holding an occasion for them before they left. However, because several awakened ones were here as well, I held a general meeting, and I felt very comfortable thereat. Warup came to me and asked whether one or more brethren would come from Bethlehem this week. His heart greatly desired to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. I told him that I was hoping so. In the meantime, he should make sure to frequently occupy himself with the Savior, so that his heart would be very hungry and thirsty, and allow the Savior to give much grace and blood into his heart. He said that he was thinking of the Savior and His wounds all the while. After that they went back home in good spirits. We then had a small quarter-ofan-hour that same evening. Monday, the 29th The watchword read: Wir sind Knechte, und unser Gott hat uns nicht verlaßen, wie wohl wir Knechte sind. Ezra 9.9. Die nach den Regeln der Natur daheime wären versauret.42 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning, and afterward, I held school. Our brethren set about making their fences.43 Next I visited Samuel; he is rather weakly. I did not feel so well either; have gotten it in the chest, and a sore throat. I fell quite ill that night, so that I had little sleep that night. My chest felt very sore. 171

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Tuesday, the 30th I was unable to conduct a quarter-of-an-hour today. Many brethren came to visit me when they heard that I was ill. Gideon immediately boiled roots and gave me to drink of it. I felt some instant relief. Then they went back to making their fens [fences]. Next, several sisters came to visit me. Agnes brought me bread that she had baked from white flour. Schiris too came to visit me. I did not get out of bed much that day. Wednesday, the 31st The watchword read: Zeige deinen Knechten deine Wercke. Ps. 90.16. So wollen wir auch fleißig seyn dich alle Stunden zu erfreuen.44 Schiris came in the morning, telling me that he intended to go to Stockbridge now.45 I said this did not please me; I thought that a brother was coming this week, and so it would be good if he was at home. He said that he had matters of necessity to attend to and was unable to postpone them any longer. He planned on leaving Stockbridge again next Monday. After that Gideon came, bringing me a kettle full of besson [medicine]. Past noon I went out again and visited Samuel and several other brethren. Samuel said that he had dreamed that night that a white and an Indian brother had arrived from Bethlehem, yet when he sat up, it was dark around him, and so it occurred to him that it had been a dream. This evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour again, and I felt very comfortable on that occasion. Aprilis Thursday, the 1st The watchword read: Der Herr baut Jerusalem und bringet zusammen die Verjagten in Israel. Ps. 147.2. Sein Werck kan niemand hindern.46 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, I held school with the boys. I still felt fairly weak. Friday, the 2nd After school I went visiting in the winter houses, but found few at home. They had gone into the woods to get wood for brooms and baskets. Jeremias and 172

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Agnes and several other brethren and sisters went out to sell things. Samuel is quite ill. Saturday, the 3rd We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I thought of our beloved Bethlehem often and how was it possible that I was not seeing a brother from there yet. I left it to the Lamb for now, and to Him I entrusted myself and the affairs of my brown brethren and sisters. Thus, many came home today in hopes of finding a brother here. Sunday, the 4th The watchword read: Breite deine Güte über die, die dich kennen. Ps. 36.11. Mache uns dir zur Gemeine.47 In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, we met in conference, wherein we conferred with one another about several matters. Something concerning Petrus came up as well — that he had reportedly conducted himself badly at the white people’s [places]. With the brethren and sisters from the winter houses having arrived here, I conducted the service. It was perfectly full. The brethren and sisters who were here from the winter houses came to visit me. All of them were full of light and in good spirits. I also spoke with Gihorn. He said that his heart desired to be washed with the Savior’s blood. Before they left I also conducted the quarter-of-an-hour, which is usually held in the [evening], and with that we closed that day blissfully and in a happy state. Monday, the 5th The watchword read: Du siehest doch, daß dis Volck dein Volck ist. 2 Mos. 33.13. Du hast für uns bezahlet.48 Following the quarter-of-an-hour I held school with the boys. Most of the brethren and sisters prepared themselves to go into the woods and to return Saturday. They then took a heartfelt leave of me; I reminded them to nicely watch out for their hearts, making sure that they will be full of feeling for the Savior and His wounds and blood. That way they also would return home nicely full of light, which they promised me. They went about 7 or 8 miles from here, all to one place. I had them salute Simon and Paulus, who had not come home. 173

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Tuesday, the 6th The watchword read: Nicht für Volck alleine. Jn. 11.52. Sondern hohlt durchs LößeGeld, die erschaffnen und erkauften Erstlinge aus aller Welt.49 After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school. Erdmuth went to New Milford with her little boys. I visited those who were at home. They all were in good spirits. Wednesday, the 7th I held school — in the forenoon with the boys, and in the afternoon with the girls. I visited Samuel, who is still very weak; talked with him about his heart, finding him in quite a happy state. Gideon came to visit me; talked with him somewhat about Petrus, who had been taken away by a kunstabel [constable], whether a brother should go and see what they were doing with him. He said that Warop had gone [there], and that we would receive word through Jephthah, who had gone to the winter houses. Petrus came home in the evening. Priscilla and Caritas went to New Milford. Thursday, the 8th Because there were almost no brethren and sisters at home today, we had no quarter-of-an-hour. I held school with the boys. Schiris came back home. Samuel seemed to have improved somewhat. I went to the winter houses to visit the brethren and sisters; found them all in good spirits. Toward evening 2 friends from Seebruck,50 Michel Hiell and Thomas Spencer, came to visit me and the [word crossed out] brethren and sisters. The one has been to Bethlehem twice. Their intention was to stay with me. I entertained them as well as I could. Michel Hill is a fine man. Friday, the 9th The watchword read: Morgen ist der Sabath der heiligen Ruhe des Herrn Exodu[s.] Nun laß uns fröhlich singen das Consummatum est.51 After breakfast I went with the 2 friends to visit the brown brethren and sisters, and after that they left. I accompanied them for probably one mile and then we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. Priscilla came home from New Milford. Gideon went to Dover. I thought about our dear Bethlehem often. Then Caritas came home from New Milford. Bartolomew arrived here from Wanachquaticok 174

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to visit me; said that Esther and his mother would come tomorrow as well. He was fairly full of light and lively. Gideon also came back home. Saturday, the 10th I observed the Sabbath in quiet. Jeremias went out to sell things that he had made. Bartolomew came to visit me, bringing word that Cornelius had died 10 days ago at [the house of ] white people by the name of Cobes Decker on the Lolob Janssens Kil,52 which made me a little sad for I had not spoken with him beforehand. He had not found his wife and had come back alone. In the evening several brethren and sisters came home, [to wit], Martin and she,53 Paulus and his wife, Lucas and his 2 sisters, Amos, and Petrus’s Anna. They all were full of light and in good spirits. Agnes, the wife of Jeremias, came home as well. In the evening, after the quarter-of-an-hour, I informed the brethren and sisters that Easter would be celebrated in our congregations tomorrow; that is when our brethren and sisters would go jointly to God’s Acre early in the morning before sunrise, and remember our dear Savior’s resurrection and the resurrection of our dear brethren and sisters who have gone home. Thus, we also wanted to have our quarter-of-an-hour a little earlier and remember our dear Savior’s resurrection. They were quite pleased at this. Sunday, the 11th Before sunrise Gideon sounded [the horn]54 for the quarter-of-an-hour. Everyone assembled at once. I then talked a bit about the resurrection of our dear Savior, and that on that same morning many other bodies of those who are holy and had loved Him, and had waited and hoped for Him, yet went home before Him, had been resurrected. I felt especially comfortable in my heart during the quarter-of-an-hour and throughout the entire day. Toward noon the brethren and sisters from the winter houses arrived here. Thus we conducted the service at once, in the course of which I talked somewhat of how the Savior had revealed Himself to His apostles, and to His people who had loved Him, and had shown them His wounds, and so I wished that the Savior, in like manner, would reveal Himself with His wounds in their hearts. Rebecca and Sarah and several others visited me. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. 175

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Monday, the 12th After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school. Several brethren and sisters prepared themselves to go back into the woods. They came and took leave of me, [that is], Martin and his wife, Paulus and his wife, the wife of Jeremias, and several unmarried people. I visited the rest, and after that I got wood for myself. Tuesday, the 13th Having held school I went to Gaylords and brought back with me one bread and several other items. I visited Kihor and Warup; Rebecca had gone to Danbury. I found everyone at home quiet and in good spirits. Wednesday, the 14th Before noon I held school with the boys; there are few at home. Jephthah came to visit me. I called on Samuel and Lucia; they are a couple of agreeable brethren and sisters. Samuel is feeling better for the most part. Thursday, the 15th The watchword read: Weide du dein Volck mit deinem Stabe. Mic. 7.14. Beij dem Grabe wieder funden.55 I held school. Rebecca and the old m[other] Maria came home from New Milford. Erdmuth went to get her daughter. Samuel came for the first time again to visit me. Friday, the 16th After school I did my wash. Old Erdmuth came home with Juliana, and Petrus and Thamar from New Milford. I visited the brethren and sisters who are home, finding them altogether in good spirits. Saturday, the 17th Today the brethren and sisters who had gone into the woods that week came home. Several [came] even before noon in hopes of finding a brother from our dear Bethlehem, but did not find one: Martin with his wife, [the] Christians, Jeremias with his Agnes, Friederich and Amos, Lucas, Priscilla’s daughters, and Benigna, [and] Magdalena. Joshua and his family were not able to come home 176

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all the way because of the bad weather. Also, Esther and Susanna came from Wechquadnach, having heard along the way that there were letters from Bethlehem for me in Sharon, yet by then they had gone several miles past it [Sharon]. I was overjoyed to hear something from our dear heartsd. Sunday, the 18th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, Joshua came home with his family. Next the brethren and sisters from the winter houses gathered here. Then we had our service. Several brethren and sisters from the winter houses visited me; they were very much full of light and in good spirits. Past noon we had a small conference wherein we conferred about several matters. Some of the brethren and sisters would have liked to have seen someone sent to get the letters this Sunday. Yet I intended to go myself this Monday. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Monday, the 19th The watchword read: Wir haben dier unßere Sache befollen. Jer. 11.20. Wir dinen deinen Willen.56 A number of our brethren and sisters had resolved to stay at home and to hear what our dear hearts from Bethlehem had written. After the quarter-ofan-hour I set out to get the letters and arrived there before noon. Opening them at once, I found the sad news concerning our dear Mother Julia,57 and about the dear heart Cammerhoff having been taken ill so severely. While [I was] in the process of reading, Timotheus from Wechquadnach entered the house; he was very much full of light and lively, telling me that Benjamin and the younger Moses had arrived from Gnadenhütten and had come to them this morning. Thus I right away resolved to go with him in order to hear in what state of mind they had left Gnadenhütten; secondly [because I] was hoping for further news, since the letters were one month old by now. We arrived there, and I found them altogether fairly full of light. They rejoiced when they saw me. I asked about our dear heart Cammerhoff, and they said that matters had improved with him to some extent, which was more than a small joy for me. Then they said further that they had no letters, but Nathanael and another brother [were coming] from 177

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Bethlehem; they might arrive in Pachgatgoch this evening. They had the letters. Hence I wished to be in Pachgatgoch now. Talked with them and the others for a while and told them that I wished they would come to us in Pachgatgoch this Friday or Saturday, which several promised. Thereupon I took leave and got as far as Nicolaus Rau, with whom I stayed overnight. Tuesday, the 20th I set out early, for I had a feeling in my heart that I would meet [the] brethren. About 2 miles from Pachgatgoch I came upon Esther and Susan[n]a, who said that [the Indian] Nathanael and another brother from Bethlehem had arrived in Pachgatgoch yesterday evening, which was more than a small joy for me. On arriving there I found my dear heart Bezold [Pezold] and Nathanael in Gideon’s house having breakfast with the brown heartsd. We then kissed each other affectionately and heartily. Our hearts rejoiced at seeing one another, and I especially. We went together to our house, and because I had not had breakfast yet, I made a little tea for both of us; Nathanael remained in Gideon’s house where he had taken up lodgings. Gottlieb, the dear heartd, brought me many a heartfelt affectionate letterd, greetingd, and kissd, telling me a number of things about Bethlehem and about the heartsd who are [working] at their plan in this country. After that we called the conference, and Br. Gottlieb passed on greetings to them from Br. Johann[es] [von Watteville], Cammerhoff, Herman, and from all of Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. They were grateful, and it was very weighty to them. It was resolved, furthermore, that Br. Gottlieb, along with the Indian Nathanael, would have to stay here throughout this week since many of our Indian brethren and sisters had gone back into the woods. Afterward, Br. Gottlieb and Nathanel went into all the houses to visit, finding all of those who were at home full of light and in good spirits. In the evening the dear heart Gottlieb conducted the quarter-of-an-hour and passed on the greetings to all the brethren and sisters, at which they greatly rejoiced. Moreover, he informed them about the going home to the Lambd of our dear and precious Mother Juliana, and about dear Brother Cammerhoff having been taken ill so severely, and that these 2 matters had prevented a brother from coming at the appointed time. After the quarter-of-an-hour Brother Gottlieb told me all sorts of delightful matters about our dear Bethlehem, at which I greatly rejoiced. 178

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Wednesday, the 21st The watchword read: Er wird ihre Sache selber tractiren. Pr. 22.23. Er hält sein Wort mit Freuden.58 Gottlieb, the dear heart, conducted a blessed quarter-of-an-hour. After that we had several difficult matters [to discuss]; we talked with Gideon and Joshua. Then we went to the winter houses to visit the brethren and sisters there. First, Gottlieb, I, and Nathanael visited Warup, who is presently not in a good state, however. Thereafter we visited Gihorn, who talked quite agreeably about his heart and desired to be baptized. He believed that, just as one could cleanse a bowl with water, the Savior’s blood could cleanse his heart. The sisters of that place had gone to the summer houses. Thus we went back home. In the meantime, our brethren had prepared the benches in our house, and for the first time the quarter-of-an-hour was again conducted in our house. Everyone gathered and the house was filled to capacity. Then the dear heart Gottlieb spoke in a very hearty and fervent manner of the Savior’s love for the poor sinners. Thursday, the 22nd We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, we spoke with Abraham’s son, Friederich, who has been in a bad state for some time, which he did not deny, also with Lucas, who, with a broken heart, complained to us about his poverty of the heart. Also, a girl, Ertmuth’s grendt scheid [grandchild], came, who tearfully requested to be baptized. Brother Gottlieb told her she should just occupy herself with the Savior and tell this to Him. We too wanted to remember her before the Savior. Nathanael visited Schiri, who [word crossed out] has gotten into fights because of others, and was presently unfit for baptism. Jeremias set out on horseback to buy bread for the love feast, yet returned home bringing none. Friday, the 23rd Sensemann held held the morning blessing and Joshua interpreted.59 It was called to mind that this evening’s quarter-of-an-hour was going to be for the communicants only. Then we began speaking with those brethren and sisters to whom things have happened during last Communion. Gideon and Martha and Nathaniel were also present, and Gottlieb’s and Sensemann’s hearts felt very comfortable on this occasion. Amos went out for bread and brought 179

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6 [loaves of ] bread. In the evening Br. Gottlieb conducted a blessed quarterof-an-hour for the communicants, reminding the brethren and sisters them to examine themselves as to whether something had befallen them since last Communion, and [they] should go to the Savior with that and have everything forgiven them, because next Sunday the Savior wanted to give them His flesh to eat and His blood to drink, and that the Savior was willing to forgive them everything and to embrace them anew with His love. Saturday, the 24th The watchword read: Er wird auß dem allen helfen. Ps. 34.20. Was sie drückt und bestrickt.60 In the morning the heartd Gottlieb conducted a passionate quarter-of-anhour. After that we again started to speak with the communicants, finding many quite abased and open so that our hearts rejoiced at it. Several, with whom some matters had come to pass, were very sincere and straight. We went to the winter houses to visit; found everyone well. Nathanael went to visit Gottlob. Thus we went back home and spoke yet with several brethren and sisters. Nathanael returned home; had not found Gottlob [and] had been unable to obtain any real word on him as to where he was. Br. Gottlieb conducted the quarterof-an-hour in the evening; it was perfectly full. Moreover, from Wechquadnach came Esther, Timotheus and his wife, Ampwochnant and his wife, [and] Moses and Benjamin. Sunday, the 25th Nathanael, Gideon, and Martha came in the morning. Thus we soon we began speaking [in preparation for Communion]. Several candidates had applied for baptism. We only spoke with some, however. [We spoke with] the wife of Timotius, who had been ill that winter and often desired to be baptized with the Savior’s blood, but no brother was there at the time, and [she] still felt [words crossed out] the same way in her heart. We were not able to deny her without doing harm and told her in the name of the Savior that she the Savior was going to fulfill her desire tonight at the love feast, and cleanse her from all the sins with His blood. Joshua and Elisabeth desired that their child, who is several weeks old, be baptized today with the Savior’s blood. We could not but grant them their request and desire, and shortly thereafter, during the sermon that 180

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was attended by a fairly great number so that there was almost not enough room in the house for everyone, it [the child] was overflowed with the bloody stream from Jesus’ side holed and named Anna. Because there were many English people here who were waiting for a sermon, we were thus obliged to deliver a sermon so that they could get back home. After the sermon there was [a] love feast for all the baptized brethren and sisters; several candidates were taken along to join [in]. It was reported what the Savior was affecting in the brown hearts in various places these days. Then, the wife of Timotheus, who received the name Hannah, was overflowed with the stream from Jesus’ side holed. They all felt well on this occasion and we sensed a special feeling of grace. Following that, we had the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, with our Husband absolving us, and we felt that He was present. After that we parted for a while and made preparations for Communion. Then a signal was given and everyone reassembled at once, and our Husband spread out His body over each heartd in such a way that I cannot describe the feeling. Everyone was absorbed and melted to tears, and with that, each one retired to his housed blissfully and in a happy state. Nathanael came to us that very evening, having been sent by an Indian stranger from Potatuck who requested to be baptized by Brother Gottlieb [Pezold]. However, because he does not live here, we did not consider it any further, but if it was important to him to become the Savior’s, he was welcome to move to this place, to our brethren. And so we closed this day with a heart melted to tears for our precious Husband for the grace that we enjoyed from Him during these days, and especially today. Monday, April 26, 1751 Pachgatgoch Diarium The watchword read: Der Feind gedachte, ich will meinen Muth an ihnen kühlen. 2 Mos. 15.9. Gieb mir ein treue Liebe zu allen daß uns haß.61 Br. Gottlieb held the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After breakfast Nathanael went to the winter houses to take leave of the brethren and sisters there. Br. Gottlieb spoke beforehand with those brethren and sisters who are going into the woods today to work, in particular with Joshua, who had not joined 181

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Communion this time, telling him that he thought he had not acted properly. Sensemann wrote several letters to the dear hearts in Bethlehem. The brethren and sisters from Wechquadnach set out to travel home. They were full of light and in good spirits, especially our dear Sister Hannah and Esther. Nathanael returned home, and then Gottlieb and Nathanael took leave of all the brethren and sisters who were at home. Sensemann went along to accompany them; Gideon and Samuel escorted us one and 1/2 mile and then we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. Sensemann told them that he intended to be back with them in 2 days. They gave them many a heartfelt greeting and kiss to pass on to the congregation in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. We then recommended the brown assembly in Pachgatgoch to the steadfast charge and care of the Lambd. We arrived in Wechquadnach late in the evening. The brethren and sisters received us with tender love. We were fairly wet from the rain. They gave us something to eat and prepared pleasant lodgings for us. We then went to sleep. Tuesday, the 27th The watchword read: Der Herr hört es. 4 Mos. 12.2.62 Gottlieb and Sensemann went with Timotheus to see the grave of our late Brother Bruce. His bones lie buried with many Indians; on his left they buried Lazara, Jephthah’s daughter. We wished that his sould may soon have the tabernacled follow, if this has not already occurred. We went back home, and having taken breakfast with the brethren and sisters, we took a heartfelt leave of them. Came to Hannes Rau toward evening who kissed us heartily and led us into his house; he did for us what he could. Gottlieb passed on the greetings from Br. Martin and from several other brethren and sisters. He said that they have been looking for Br. Martin every day and would very much like to see him sometime. Because it seemed that the weather was going to be good, Gottlieb, the heartd, and Nathanael set out to also go to Jacob Maul or Führer. Hans Rau and Sensemann accompanied them for a distance, and then we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. This hurt a little indeed, on the part of Sensemann. I stayed that night with Hannes Rau. Wednesday, the 28th I readied myself to get back to my brown assembly. Hannes Rau went [number crossed out] several miles with me on horseback, and then we took a heartfelt 182

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leave of each other. I came to a house to inquire about the way. The woman asked whether I was from Bethlehem. She was able to tell by looking at people’s faces. I said yes. They were New Lights. She put food on the table and I ate a little, and then went on my way. In the evening I came to my brown people, who were glad to see me again. Petrus and Thamar made a fi re for me and got water, and still others came to visit me. Gideon had gone to New Milford; Martha had the fever. Otherwise everyone was blissful and full of light, so that I was able to rejoice. Thursday, the 29th I held school in the morning. After that I visited the brethren and sisters who were at home. I found them still in such a state that I could see what our Husband had affected in them during Communion through His bodyd and blood. Friday, the 30th The watchword read: Sein Rath ist wunderbarlich, und führts herlich hinaus. Is. 28.29. Ehe man gedenckt, ist mehr geschen, als man sich je zu ihm versehe.63 Samuel set out on horseback; was arrested along the way because of some debt. However, under the circumstances, he conducted himself in such a manner that I can thank the Savior for it. I went to the winter houses to visit the brethren and sisters there; found them well and in good spirits, near the Savior and His wounds. Rebecca said that, at times, she had been sad on account of her husband, but now her heart was again full of light and happy. On returning home I sent Jeremias to see what the white people were doing with Samuel, who brought word that they had set out their claims [against him] and he would have to pay 5 # [£] in New England money in charges, and that Samuel had gone on horseback to Gaylords. Gideon returned home from New Milford in a happy state. Saturday, May 1 64 I put in Welsh corn today and thought of our dear Bethlehem a great deal. Jephthah came to me and said that he intended to have himself taken to Wechquadnach on Monday, and from there on to Gnadenhütten. Christian and Gottliebe came home from having been in the woods, as did Lucia and Priscilla[‘s] 2 daughters, and Petrus’s Anna, as well as Caritas. They all were in good spirits and full of light.65 We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. 183

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Sunday, the 2nd After the quarter-of-an-hour the brethren and sisters from the winter houses and several unbaptized ones, as well as Scheri, who has been working 4 miles from here, came to attend the sermon. It was fairly full for the sermon, and I felt very comfortable in my heart. I was able to portray with a warm heart the Lambd and His wounds to them. The baptized brethren and sisters were told that when there was blowing [from the horn] there would be a separate occasion for them, which occurred at 2 o’clock, wherein several letters from Bethlehem were read aloud. And after that we had the kiss of love, and with that we parted blissfully and in a happy state. Toward evening we had our general quarter-of-an-hour. Afterward, several candidates came to visit me who appeared to have a hungry and thirsty heart for the watering place in Jesus’ blood, which I wish for them soon. Monday, the 3rd In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, several brethren and sisters made preparations to go into the woods: Agnes, Priscilla’s and Petrus’s daughters, Gideon’s daughter Johanna, [the] Christians, and Petrus. I held school. Tuesday, the 4th The watchword read: Ich schweige wol eine zeitlang, und bin stille. Is. 42.4. Und wird doch gemacht.66 After the quarter-of-an-hour Gottlieb and Magdalena came and took leave to go to New Milford; asked that I keep an eye on their children. Thamar and Priscilla went with them. Thus, only a few remained at home. I held school in the forenoon. Past noon I wanted to go with Samuel to Gaylords, but we were unable to get across the river. I visited Gihorn’s house; Sarah was in a happy state. Her daughter Maria was feeling somewhat sickly in her body. We had no occasion67 today because there were almost no brethren and sisters at home. Wednesday, the 5th The watchword read: [word crossed out] Um Zion willen so will ich nicht mehr inne halten, biß daß ihr Heil entbrenne wie eine Fackel. Is. 62.1. Wie Schön leuchtet der WundenStern!68 184

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Br. Samuel and I left for Gaylords early. They welcomed us cordially; I also bought one bread and some meat; I ate and drank at their house, for which they wanted nothing. I visited his brother as well. In addition, there was a New Light with them who was glad to see me; he asked that I come and visit him someday. I did not promise him anything, however. Should I come that way, perhaps it would happen that I would visit him sometime. I went home. Gideon came to visit me in the evening. He was very affectionate. Agnes came home. Thursday, the 6th In the forenoon I held school with the boys. Gideon took leave to go 8 miles up the river to finish a canoe he had started. Samuel came to visit me; complained about feeling sickly again. Sister Thamar and Priscilla, [as well as] Gottlieb and Magdalena returned home from New Milford in quite a happy state. Petrus came home having hacked himself in the knee. Friday, May 7 The watchword read: Eß werden auch gebückt zu dir kommen die dich unterdrückt haben, und die dich gelästert haben. Is. 60.14. Die werden sehr erschrecken vor deiner Seligkeit.69 In the morning I held school. I paid a visit to the houses, finding everyone full of light and in good spirits. Christian and Gottliebe came home from New Milford. He told me that the separatists had asked for me and that they loved the Brethren. In the evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour. Saturday, the 8th Today I thought about our dear Bethlehem a great deal. Then the following brethren and sisters returned home from having been in the woods: Gideon, Simon with his entire family, Joshua with his wife and children, Lucas and his sisters, Johanna, Magdalena, [and] Petrus’s Anna. Our Sister Hannah and Esther also came from Wechquadnach, being quite full of light and blissful in their hearts. Since last Communion the Lambd has affected much in the brown heartsd, here and in Wechquadnach. Bartolomew and another 3 Indian strangers from Wanachquaticok came here for a visit, as did Benjamin and Moses. In the evening we had a passionate quarter-of-an-hour. 185

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Sunday, the 9th I had several visitors in the morning. Around 10 o’clock Gideon came and said that the brethren and sisters from the winter houses had arrived, and so we prepared for the meeting. The house was fairly full. I was able to speak to them with a warm heart about the Savior’s love for the poor sinners, and they all were attentive. The 3 strangers were present as well and appear to be agreeable people. One is the brother of Paulus’s wife. Toward evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour, and with that we closed the day with blessing. Monday, the 10th The watchword read: Du elende, über die alle Wetter gehen, und die Trostlosen. Is. 54.11. Ey nun Tröst dich Gott!70 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Old mother Erdmuth came and took her leave to go down below New Milford. Thamar and Priscilla, along with her daughter Benigna, came as well, and said that they had readied themselves and now wanted to go with baskets to Danbury. They all were full of light and in good spirits. Christian went to New Milford. Gottliebe started to grow somewhat sickly today, but it passed again. Johannes went into the woods to make [a] canuh; brought word to Paulus and his wife that her brother was in Pachgatgoch and wanted to speak with her. In the forenoon I held school, and in the afternoon I went with Br. Samuel to an English man whom I hired to plow my Welsh corn field. Br. Martin came to visit me in the evening. Paulus and his wife came home. Tuesday, the 11th We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Jeremias went to work for white people. Samuel went to New Milford. I visited the 2 [sic] strangers; they were very friendly. I asked about Br. Wielm71 and a few others I knew. They departed today, and Paulus and his wife went back into the swamp, as did Benigna. Gideon came and told me that he intended to go to New Milford now to buy nails. Joshua went into the woods to work. Wednesday, the 12th The watchword read: Die Fürsten unter den Völckern sind versamlet zu einen Volck. Ps. 47.12. Die alte Unitas Fratrum.72 186

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I held school in the morning. Afterward, Gihorn came, who I had to bleed. Thamar and her company all returned home in a happy state. I got firewood for myself. In the evening Jeremias came back home, as did Gideon. Thursday, the 13th I held school in the forenoon. After school I went to the winter houses, fi nding the brethren and sisters who were at home well and in good spirits. Sarah asked me to bleed her, which I did. Joshua and Samuel returned home today, full of light and in a happy state. We had no quarter-of-an-hour this evening because they [the Indians] sweated. Friday, the 14th Soon after the quarter-of-an-hour several brethren and sisters who needed to bleed gathered, and I bled 5 this time. After that I began to wash my soiled things. Having finished with that, I went visiting; found all of them well. Gideon came to visit me; he is an old, affectionate man whom I love. Saturday, the 15th The watchword read: Versiegelt die Knechte Gottes. Rev. 7.3. Blaße lippen, küßt Sie aufs Herz.73 I went with Samuel across the river to an English man [to ask him] to plow my land, as the last one did not come. He promised me to plow it next Monday. Next the brethren and sisters who had spent the week in the woods came home in quite a happy state. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, the 16th We had a delightful conference in the morning. Various matters came up in the course of it. Because something had occurred between Gottlob and his wife, Elisabeth had to talk to her. She had wept because of it, and said that she had already shed many tears over this, thus, we forgave her for it and so did her husband. Given that Sr. Thamar also was not truly full of light, and [because] her husband Petrus was at the root of the matter, we resolved that Gideon and I, along with Joshua, would speak with both of them. We then had the general occasion, and I felt quite comfortable in my heart thereat. Afterward, we spoke 187

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with Petrus and Thamar. Petrus, however, did not want to admit his guilt, even though he was guilty. However, when I put his matters before him, he grew dissatisfied and walked away. Next, Warup and his wife Rebecca called on me, as did Sarah and Leah from the winter houses; they were well and full of light. Also, an English man came to visit me. He appears to be a simple, open-hearted man. He said that he had visited Büninger frequently, and he him. He asked that I visit him sometime as well, which I half promised him. Afterward, I conducted the last occasion and the man stayed for that as well. Everyone in Pachgatgoch was quiet and well. Monday, the 17th The watchword read: Reumet den Weg, hebet die Anstöße aus den Wegen meines Volcks. Is. 57.14. Eine unverzaunte Bahn.74 Gideon came in the morning and said that he intended to go to Dover today and return home in about 2 days. His business there was to show the line of a piece of land that had been sold 30 years ago.75 Joshua and Jeremias went on horseback to Danbury to buy beans.76 My man, who I had hired, came and plowed my land. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Old Erdmuth came home as well. Tuesday, the 18th The watchword read: Sie sind ja mein Volck Kinder die nicht falsch sind. Is. 63.8.77 In the forenoon I held school, paid a visit to several houses, and thereafter, I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter houses. Found those who were home well and in good spirits. Also talked with Gihorn and Warup; they were very friendly. On returning home we had our quarter-of-an-hour. Several of the brethren stayed on with me. Wednesday, the 19th In the morning, Samuel, Martin, and Gottlieb,78 and also several single sisters, came and helped me plant my Welsh corn. Then I held school. After school I went to a white man and bought a piece of bread and a little meat for myself. The people acted very friendly toward me. On returning home [I found that] Gideon had returned as well. He came right away to visit me. Gottlieb also called on me. Jeremias came home in a happy state, as did Joshua. 188

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Thursday, the 20th I held school in the forenoon; in the afternoon I worked in the field. Our brethren and sisters were busy with plowing and planting. In the evening I was paid a visit by 2 neighbors who acted very friendly. In the evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour. Friday, the 21st After school Gideon came and asked me if there was not a brother from Bethlehem coming soon. I said I could not say anything for certain; I expected a letter from Bethlehem this week; that is when I would find out. I paid a visit to several houses; they [the Indians] all were full of light and in good spirits. Also, Gottlob came home to plant and do other work. Saturday, the 22nd I thought of our dear Bethlehem a great deal and felt a deep longing to soon find myself among the dear assembly. Several brethren and sisters came home blissful and in good spirits. Sunday, the 23rd In the morning several brethren came to visit me, and at about 11 o’clock Gideon came and said that they had all gathered, and so we commenced the service. Everyone assembled, and the Lambd was with us, and I felt very comfortable while speaking. Afterward, Joshua came and asked me whether a brother was going to come from Bethlehem soon. I said I could not say, but I assumed so. Gideon needed to talk with Gottlob on account of several one issues. I spoke with Thamar in regard to her husband.79 She said that he had turned to his heart and had said that he had not done things well. This lay heavy upon his heart; he was very worried about this. Then I had a visit from an English man. Toward evening we had the last occasion. Also, I informed Gideon that I intended to go to Wanachquaticok tomorrow; would probably stay out this week. Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, remained seated after the occasion and wept dearly, saying that she had not felt well in her heart this week. I said that I had noticed this about her, but had not had any opportunity to speak with her. I asked her from what it stemmed. She said that several brethren were treating her very harshly, and that was the reason. I directed her to the Savior and to His wounds; that is 189

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where she would rid herself of these things, and should not pay any attention to these matters, and with that she went home. Monday, the 24th The watchword read: Gott sey Danck für seine unaussprechliche Gnade. 2 Cor. 9.15. Daß man nun einmal den Passat der Leichnamsluft gefunden hat.80 In the forenoon I went with several sisters to plant my beans. After that Brother Joshua came and asked whether I still intended to leave today, and how long I thought I would stay out. He intended to go down to the seaside toward the end of the week; therefore, he would not be home this Sunday. Thus, I took leave of them and said he should just be sure to abide in the Savior and His wounds at all times. Several other brethren and sisters came to visit me. Our brown heartsd are quite full of light and in good spirits. They planted in common and did so nice and quietly, and with love. I then went to take leave of all the brethren and sisters, recommending them to the Lambd and His wounds. They gave me many greetings to pass on to the brethren and sisters in Wechquadnach and Wanachquaticok, and so I went on my way. Along the way I came to a man who said that the separatists had predicted that the day of judgment would come in 4 weeks. I arrived in Wechquadnach fairly late; several had already gone to sleep. Yet everyone grew lively, and they were glad when they saw me. They even wanted to make something to eat for me, but I soon went to bed, having passed on greetings to them from the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch. Tuesday, the 25th The watchword read: Gott dein Weg ist heilig. Ps. 77.14. Unßer Fuß der gehet ihn schon manches Jahr, und daß Herz verstehet dich nun ziemlich gar.81 Having spoken with the brethren and sisters in Wechquadnach a bit, and having found that they all were well and in a happy state, I set out on my journey toward Wanachquaticok. I came to several separatists who desired that I visit them. That evening I came to an inn; the people were very friendly, saying that 3 of our brethren had been there at the beginning of winter. One had looked like he was a schentelman [gentleman]. They asked me in a very modest fashion a few things about our congregation. 190

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Wednesday, the 26th The watchword read: Wir fahren dahin der Gnade ergeben. Acts 15.46. Über Land und Ocean.82 Early in the morning I set out and departed from there. I met P83 Captein [Captain] Aaron’s son. I asked where he was going. He said that his father was ill and that he wanted to go to the doctor to get medicine. When I had about one more mile to Wanachquaticok, an Indian came my way; it was Paulus, who had been in Bethlehem once, some years ago. He was very surprised that when he saw me, for he said he had heard that I was dead, and that was 2 years ago. He right away turned back with me and brought me to his house. His wife is Nathanael’s sister, who together with her 2 daughters rejoiced at seeing a brother from Bethlehem. They right away gave me food and drink. After that he went with me to Captein Aaron, who was very ill. I saluted him [Aaron] from our congregation in Bethlehem and from Gnadenhütten, as well as from Pachgatgoch and Wechquadnach. He thanked me kindly [and] asked whether they all were in good health and well. Then I spoke with him a little about the Savior and His wounds and how He so loved the sinners. It pleased him to hear something about that. He was surprised that the brethren in Pachgatgoch had not sent a brother with me. I excused them, saying that because they were still planting I had not asked for it, otherwise they would have been pleased to send one with me. I talked with him for a while; told him I intended to visit him once more before I left, which pleased him very much. I visited our Br. Wilhelm, but he was not at home. His wife is ill as well. She immediately had [something to] drink prepared for me. After that we went inside the Pforte 84 wherein there are still other families living. We came to our Sr. Eva’s sister and family. They were very glad to hear something about their sister and friends85 in Gnadenhütten. Several [people] came from other houses to see me, and I should please come and visit them as well; and I visited all of them and talked to them about the Savior, that He had died on the cross and shed His blood so that they shall be saved and have feeling in their hearts. They all were very attentive. Eva’s sister said that she wanted to go to Gnadenhü[tten] next fall to visit her sister and the congregation. After that I came to Ludwig Anton’s sister and friends,86 who asked me how he was. I said that he was in good health. I visited Bartolomew, but he was not at home. I talked some with his wife, and with Moses 191

RunningHeads

Fig. 3. Johann (John) Martin Mack (1715–1784), missionary at Pachgatgoch (oil). From the collections of the Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

from Gnadenhütten, who is staying here, along with Benjamin. I visited still others who were glad that the congregation was still thinking of them, especially one, who said that he had actually been awakened in Shekomeko, by Br. Rauch. I should pass on his many regards to him [Rauch] and Martin [Mack]. His name is Nickolaus. Two old people called me into their house — Ruth’s friends.87 The man’s name is Noah; dear, open-hearted people, who are not without feeling. They showed me all the kindness they could. It grieves me that the Indians came into the hands of the Presbyterians. They do not have another minister yet, but the minister[s] thereabouts go there and baptize anyone who allows himself to be baptized.88 Jephthah’s son came to me in the evening and said I should salute his father and tell him that he intended to come to Wechquadnach in 2 days time to hear if he his father wanted to go to Gnadenhütten or Wanachquaticok, and he would take him by horse to the place where he would like to be the most.

192

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Thursday, the 27th The watchword read: Ich will euch tragen bis ins Alter. Is. 46.4. Mit der Kirch im heiligen Geist.89 Early in the morning our Br. Wilhelm came to see me; he was very affectionate. I then spoke with him about his heart. He said that he was not quite blissful in his heart. I then talked to him a great deal about the Savior, and that the Savior wanted very much to render him blessed so that the others can tell by looking at him that he belonged to the Savior and the congregation. He said yes, that was true. I also spoke to Paulus and his wife and children about various matters regarding the Savior, how He so loved the sinners and wanted so much to let them feel His wounds in their hearts. She made me a present of about 2 # of sugar. After that I took leave of them and went with Wilm [Wilhelm] to his house. Paulus went with me. Next, we went to Captein Aaron, who I found fairly ill; I talked with him about various matters regarding the Savior, which he was pleased to hear. Then he said that I should pass on greetings from him to the congregation in Bethlehem and the other places. Perhaps he would not get to see them again, for it appeared that he shall die, and so it pleased him that he was able to have them greeted one more time. I said he should submit himself to the dear Savior’s will, and then he replied that this would be best and that he wanted to do so. I also told him that I was going to go to my brethren in Bethlehem in about 3 or 4 weeks. If there was a message going to Pachgatgoch, I would be pleased to hear if he had improved. My brethren in Bethlehem loved him and they would be glad to hear when he was well again. He said yes, when he was better, he would let me know. And then I took a heartfelt leave of him and his wife. Paulus went with me to Bartolomew, where Benjamin and Moses were as well. However, there was a large companie of strangers with them, and so I took Bartolomew with me and talked some with him about his heart, but he could not tell me much. He said that he intended to go with his wife to Gnadenhütten soon. I searched for Tabea’s son but was not able to lay eyes on him. After that we went to the schoolhouse, where 12 Indian children had been taken in, but there were none left, instead they all had gone back home. I asked what the reason for it was. Paulus said that they did not get enough to eat90 and no clothing with which to keep themselves warm.91 I also

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saw some of the Mackwash [Mohawk] Indians who had moved here this winter.92 I also spoke with our Abraham’s son — what should I tell his father? He said I should salute him and [that] he wanted to visit him soon. Several were not pleased that I was leaving again so soon. Paulus went with me for about 2 miles; he said if he was able, he wanted to visit the brethren in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten this summer, and then I bade him farewell and thanked him for all his kindness. He said he loved us so much, he could come along to Bethlehem just to please me. Friday, the 28th I arrived in Wechquadnach at about 10 o’clock; found the brethren and sisters well and in a happy state. I stayed with them for several hours; talked with them about their hearts. Timotheus said that his brother’s wife and daughter would very much like to be baptized, but they were afraid of Ampiwochnant, who was very wicked. I also talked with the daughter about the Savior, that He would very much like to wash her with His blood. Sr. Hannah and Esther said that they wanted to come to Pachgatgoch tomorrow, and with that I took a heartfelt leave of them. In the evening I came to my dear brown heartsd in Pachgatgoch, but found only few at home. Most had gone to New Milford and to the seaside with canuh [canoes] and brooms to sell. Those who were home came to welcome me and rejoiced at seeing me again. Gideon and several others had greetings passed on to me and had me informed that they intended to be back home in 9 days. Saturday, the 29th I was fairly tired today from my journey. I nonetheless planted a few beans around my house and visited the brethren and sisters. Petrus had a bad foot — I should please bandage him, which I did. Past noon Hannah and Esther arrived here from Wechquadnach. Gottlob came home as well. Sunday the 30th Toward noon we had a meeting; Gottlob interpreted. Afterward I went also, Paulus’s wife was delivered of a young son. Past noon I went to an English man who had asked me to visit him.

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Monday, the 31st The watchword read: Der Herr hat uns geruffen. 2 Mos. 3.18. Da sind wir und noch taußend Bauren.93 Hannah and Esther came and took leave of me. They were full of light and in good spirits. Simon, who wants to go with his children to New Milford, came as well, as did Priscilla. I reminded them not to forget the Savior and His wounds, and to salute the other brethren and sisters for me who are already there. Perhaps I would come down there as well. Next, I visited Paulus and his wife and little son; he was quite lively. Because they were about to eat, they asked that I stay on and eat with them. Gottlieb and his son came home from New Milford. Tuesday, June 1 As almost all of the brown heartsd had gone to the falls below New Milford, and [because] an awakened woman by the name of Bostwick had frequently asked me, through others, to visit her sometime, I made up my mind and went to New Milford, and then to our brethren and sisters. I found a number of them there; others had gone farther down. Those who were there were overjoyed that I had come to visit them. Next, I went to the house of the aforementioned woman, but she had gone to the meeting of the separatists. Her daughter, who was home alone, acted very modestly toward me; she [the woman] came home late, bringing her preacher with her. They talked with each other a great deal until midnight and during that time he twice prayed so loudly that one could hear it 1/4 mile away. Finally, he asked me what, then, our ground[s] and doctrine were. I said our way was simple, and we did not make much noise, and that the Savior and His wounds and dying on the cross were our ground[s] and doctrine, [and also] to know Him, and the power of His suffering and Christ’s resurrection. He said if we were in it so deeply, we were probably unable to commit any more sins. I said he was looking to start something. Yet we felt very well [about] what we were, and what [of ] the Savior and grace were inside of us. Thus he went silent. Wednesday, the 2nd In the morning, after we had risen, the separatist preacher again delivered his prayers, and after breakfast he took his leave. Mister Bostwick also left to work

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in the field with his people. She stayed at home and talked with me about her heart, and that, through Sister Mack, she had enjoyed many blessings for her heart. I visited my Indian brethren and sisters, finding all of them well. Gideon, along with his Martha, Johanna, Joshua, Jeremias, Erdmuth, and several others, returned to this place from Potatuck. They rejoiced at finding me there [at New Milford]. Gideon asked [me] on what day I had returned home from Wanachquaticok, and how had I found things there, which I told him. In the evening I went back to the Bostwicks to stay with them that night. She said that if she were able to stay in connect[i]on with brethren and sisters from the congregation, it shall be more of a blessing for her heart than [being] with the separatists. But since she did not have any brethren and sisters, she, of course, would have to follow someone. Thursday, the 3rd The watchword read: Schauet an den Fels, daraus ihr gehauen, und des Brunnen Gruft, darauß ihr gegraben seijd. Is. 51.1. Da gebahr Gottes Marterschaft.94 In the morning I took leave of the Indian brethren and sisters, as well as of [the] Bostwicks, and went back to Pachgatgoch with Gideon and his family. I visited Sekes on the way, but found him alone. We talked some with him about the Savior, and [asked] when he intended to visit us in Pachgatgoch. He said it could perhaps happen next Sunday. I bought one bread for myself from Gaylord. Thus, we arrived at home toward evening. I found the brethren and sisters well. Friday, the 4th Today I started to hoe my Welsh corn. Paid a visit to all the houses where someone was at home. Petrus said that he had not done things well at the time when I, and Gideon, and Joshua had talked with him. As for himself, he believed that he does not know his heart well. I said he should just go to the Savior; He very much wants to give him [Petrus] everything that he was in need of, which he promised to do. Saturday, the 5th The watchword read: Der Vater hat euch lieb. Jn. 16.27. Unßer lieber Vater du bist, weil Christus unßer Bruder ist.95 I did my wash in the morning, and in the afternoon I went again into the field. Sister Thamar came and said 2 brethren from Rhinebeck were here; I needed to 196

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come home. And when I came home and saw them, it was Führer and Haber. We were happy to see one another. Also, they brought me a packaged of letters from our dear heartsd in Bethlehem, at which I deeply rejoiced. But with that, I received the sad news of the going home to the Lambd of our dear heart Cammerhoff,96 which in my heart I have probably sensed ever since I had heard about his illness, yet had nonetheless always thought differently. It saddened both of the brethren as well when I told them about it. Sunday, the 6th The watchword read: Ich habe euch auch lieb. Mal. 1.2. Wangenpaar von Millionen Thränen der verliebten Kirche naß.97 I informed Gideon that our dear heart Cammerhoff had gone to the Savior. He was very saddened by the news. I conducted the occasion toward noon. Gottlob interpreted because Joshua and Samuel had not come home. After the occasion I informed our brethren and sisters that I had received letters from Bethlehem and many greetings for them, but also word that the dear heart Cammerhoff has gone to the Lambd, at which they grew very sad Indian brethren and sisters, finding them all well, and staying a short while with them, Br. Gideon arrived there from Potatuck. He rejoiced when he saw me, asking when I had returned home from Wanachquaticok and how I had found things there, which [I] told him and wept many tears.98 Some were so shocked that they remained sitting right where they were, not knowing what to make of it. Monday, the 7th The Indian brethren who were at home went out to an English man in the morning to hoe Welsh corn. The brethren from Rhinebeck also prepared themselves again for departure. Beforehand they visited the Indian brethren and sisters, taking leave of them at the same time. I accompanied them for 2 miles, and then we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. As soon as I had stepped into my house, Joshua from Gnadenhütten arrived. He was an unexpected guest, but I welcomed him with tender love. I asked whether he had not brought a letter for me; he at once gave me the letters and I saw the reason why the 3 brethren had come.99 After we had eaten and readied ourselves, and had taken leave of our brethren and sisters, I went with him to Wechquadnach. We arrived there 197

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fairly late at night, greeted and kissed our brethren and sisters, and then we went to sleep. Tuesday, the 8th The watchword read: Ihr solt heilige Leute vor [mir] seyn. Da habt ihr euer privilegium!100 I first spoke with Jonathan and Joshua. Next we summoned Augustus; we asked him whether he had seen Sr. Esther and how he presently felt in his heart.101 He said that he still felt the same way he had felt when the brethren in Gnadenhütten had put this before him. Thereupon we spoke with our Sr. Esther and presented the matter to her. She said that she had nothing against it; if her mother felt the same, then she should be glad. I felt very comfortable at her declaration. Thereupon we spoke with her mother, Hannah, who was somewhat more circumlocutory, yet had no objections. She deferred to Benjamin, however, [saying] that she was not able to completely settle this matter without his consent. Then Timotheus came home, who had gone out early. We also spoke with him about this matter, who said that it would please him if Esther would take Augustus for her husband; he had now opposed this matter 4 times,102 [saying] that Esther should marry a brother, and in the end his wife Hannah had become so dissatisfied with him and said that the first one who came along asking for Esther’s hand — she would no longer stop her. And he, Timotheus, had resolved not to have anything to do with this matter in the future. Besides, his wife apparently knew what sort of man Augustus was; he had often spoken to her about this. Given that it was almost evening, we were not able to do much more in regard to this matter. Also, 3 sisters and Samuel arrived here from Pachgatgoch. Sunday Wednesday, the 9th Because the matter rested on Benjamin — and Sister Hannah told us that someone should go to Wanachquaticok today to get him — we thought that Timotheus would be the best messenger, who resolved to do it, going there on a horse with the agreement to be back home tomorrow evening. Samuel and the 2 sister[s] set out on their way back toward Pachgatgoch. I felt in my heart like going back to Pachgatgoch. I thought about it; it was difficult for me to leave. I talked with Jonathan and Joshua on that account. They thought that the matter 198

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

was so far in good order. I stayed for another several hours, but I continued to feel I should leave. I gave the brethren yet several instruckcion [instructions] and entrusted this matter to the Savior. I took leave; the 3 brethren accompanied me for a distance and then we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. In the evening, fairly late, I arrived in Pachgatgoch. As soon as our brethren and sisters learned about it, a number of them still came to visit me. Also, there was an In. dian stranger here by the name of MSegan. Thursday, the 10th Joshua, Jeremias, and Gideon, and several others, came to visit me in the morning.103 Some had returned home in the meantime. I had Gideon and Joshua stay on with me; informed them that I intended to set out on my journey to Bethlehem next week. They said that they had thought a brother would come and hold Communion before my departure, also, that they had often thought that it would be good if 2 brethren were here, but they could not object to my journey. They both were very affectionate. Gideon said that he wanted to assemble the brethren tomorrow and have my Welsh corn fully hoed. I also spoke to them about a love feast before my departure, which pleased them very much. I sent Jeremias out to order bread and butter. Also, Lucas, Martin, and Jusstis [Justina?] returned home from the seaside. In the afternoon the little sond of Br. Paulus fell ill. In the evening, after the quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Paulus approached me through Gideon about the baptism of his little sond. However, because it was dark and very late, I went to take a look at the child, and we postponed it [the baptism] until the next morning. Friday, the 11th The watchword read: Sorget nichts. Mt. 6.25. Gieb uns deinen Frieden o Jesu!104 Gideon came in the morning and said that the child was quite bad, upon which I soon prepared for the quarter-of-an-hour. It being calm and warm, they thought that they could bring it into our house without doing harm. Paulus and his wife came with the child, and following the address, Sr. Martha took the child, and then it was buried into our Husband’s death and His side holed, and received the name Joseph. A general feeling of grace was present. After the baptism it [the child] was consecrated by several brethren through the laying 199

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

on of hands. Thereupon the mother took the child and carried it home. Afterward, Gideon called the brethren and sisters together and they hoed my corn. I had food cooked for them, and when they were done, they ate. I expected to see Joshua, Jonathan, and Augustus from Wechquadnach here today, but they did not come. Amos and several others came home from New Milford. Gottlob also came home to hoe his Welsh corn. Samuel went on horseback to Gaylords and got bread and butter for the love feast. Saturday, the 12th Several brethren and sisters came to me and said that they were afraid that they might stray from their hearts when I was gone. For if no brother was here, everyone would go his own way and fall into great disorder. I directed [word crossed out] them to the Savior and His wounds. There they could stay safe and blissful. Samuel sent on horseback to Wechquadnach today. I had the brethren saluted and inquired why they were staying away so long. He came home after the quarter-of-an-hour, bringing word that Timotheus had returned from Wanachquaticok, and that Benjamin had not been home, who they expected any time [now]. Also, that all the brethren and sisters in Wechquadnach were well and in good spirits. They, Jonathan and the 2 brethren, intended to be here in Pachgatgoch before the meeting tomorrow, if possible. Sunday, the 13th The watchword read: An Dorfern gebrachs vor diesen bis ich auf kam eine Muter in Israel. Jg. 5.7.105 In the morning we met in conference on various matters and made preparations for the love feast to take place following the service. After the conference I conducted the service. I felt very comfortable during the address and everyone was very attentive. Following the service the love feast was announced by blowing [the horn], at which point all the brethren and sisters congregated. I then told them various things, and the Savior was near me with His wounds and side holed. Matters proceeded in a very orderly and agreeable fashion. We had slices of bread with butter and tea with milk. After the love feast some unbaptized ones came to visit me I visited. The dear heartsd Joshua, Jonathan, and Augustus also arrived here from Wechquadnach. Everyone gathered to welcome the brethren and rejoiced at seeing them in Pachgatgoch. We had a blessed 200

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The brethren told me that Sr. Hannah, together with her sister, had gone to Wanachquaticok on horseback to speak with Benjamin, and, if possible, to bring him along and to be back home tomorrow, that is, on Monday evening, and at that point we shall have the whole word regarding her daughter. Monday, the 14th The watchword read: Eß soll meinen Orten wieder wohl gehen. Zech. 1.17. Den lieben deinen zum Beschluß.106 In the morning I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour and directed the dear brown heartsd to our Husband and His side holed, that they may be safe and in a happy state there, if only they cleaved to Him, and that He would care for them, likewise that His eyes would keep watch over them. They were indeed somewhat worried that they are to be left alone. After having had breakfast with the 3 brethren, and having readied ourselves, I took my leave in all the houses. Then everyone gathered at our house, and so we bade one another a heartfelt farewell. Several also accompanied us for a distance. I gave Gideon the key to the house.107 They [the brethren and sisters] sent their very heartfelt greetings to the congregation, and with that, the 3 brethren and I went toward Wechquadnach. Toward evening we arrived in Wechquadnach, finding Esther and Susanna, as well as some unbaptized ones at home. Hannah and her sister came home late from Wanachquaticok, but did not bring Benjamin along. Tuesday, the 15th In the morning, I talked with Sister Hannah about what she had agreed to with Benjamin, concerning the marriage of our Br. Aug[ustus] and Esther. She was very sad, however, saying that Benjamin had said that he loved A[ugustus] and had nothing against the marriage on the part of A[ugustus]. He only feared one thing, however, and that was this: Because the Delawar Nacion [Delaware Nation] was a jealous nation, he thus feared that it [the Delaware Nation] would begrudge Esther [Brother] Augustus, and would soon seek to do away with her. To which we replied that she [Esther] was not going to live among Wilde,108 but was going to live among brethren and sisters, and that I desired to hear from her [Hannah] only one of two words, which should be yes or no, for I could not hold up the 3 brethren any longer. Whereupon she [Hannah] replied that she was not yet able to say one word, but that we should please stay for one more 201

Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751

day, because Benjamin was coming home this evening, and that is when we shall be given full resolucion [resolution] so that we would be able to go on our way tomorrow. Whereupon I asked the brethren if they wanted to wait another day. Thus, they agreed to stay for one more day. Augustus went out hunting and brought home a large buck. The evening came, we waited for Benjamin, but he did not come home. Wednesday, the 16th The watchword read: Sie sollen nicht bauen daß ein anderer bewohne. Die Tage meines Volckes sollen seijn wie die Tage eines Baums. Is. 65.22. Ewige Wunden J[e]su! mein hauß zu wohnen. Ihr seijd in million aeonen noch immer neu.109 In the morning, I arose and prepared myself for traveling. I woke the brethren as well and told them to get themselves ready now. I then told our most beloved Husband that He Himself would now have to settle our affair. On seeing that we were ready for travel, Sister Hannah, Esther’s mother, got up and woke up Esther as well, left her house, went after Joshua and Jonathan, and said that she was now resolved to hand over her daughter, and [that] she shall travel with us now. Thus, she went into the woods at once and fetched her horse. Sr. Esther wept as she saw that we were ready for travel, not knowing at that point that she was to journey with us. Whereupon Joshua asked what she was weeping about. She said that up until now she had thought that she was going to travel with us to the congregation; now her hopes had vanished. To this Joshua replied that she should go ahead and rejoice, for she was traveling with us; her mother was already fetching her horse, at which she heartily rejoiced to hear such news. Our dear heart Augustus, who had been quiet so far and had submitted himself and this matter to the Savior, knew nothing other than what we had told him: that it was now only up to Benjamin. I had him called outside and told him how the matter stood, that Sr. Hannah had given her daughter to us to take her with us to the congregation now, and then to become A[ugustus’s] wife. He should tell us now how he felt in his heart. He replied that he was grateful to the Savior that He had carried it to this point, and in his heart he still felt the same way he had felt at the time when the brethren had proposed this to him. Next, Hannah packed Esther’s belongings and loaded them onto the horse, and then we took a heartfelt leave. Then everyone cried after Esther. Her mother accompanied her a little and then kissed her daughter and went home. 202

Abraham Büninger 27 June to 11 December 1751

Sunday, June 27, [17]511 I took leave of my dear brethren in Bethlehem, who wished me much luck and the embrace and close feeling of the bloody side holed for my journey to Pachgatgoch. Our dear heartd Sensemann accompanied me for 3 miles from Bethlehem. He also informed me of the present circumstances in Pachgatgoch and Wechquadnach. That day I traveled as far as Nazareth, where our faithful heart Johann Nitschmann spoke with me about the circumstances in Pachgatgoch. Monday, June 28 After the morning blessing I continued the journey to Samuel Green’s [place] by way of Friedensthal. That day I also had the opportunity to visit the Indians who are living on the land of old Samuel Green. Tuesday, June 29 I traveled quite blissfully through the wilderness under the protection of our beloved Husband and His dear angelsd, and came to Isaac Dizort’s [place] at about 3 o’clock. I intended to continue on for another good distance that day, but was unable to get any farther than about 4 m[iles] from I. D[izort]. Overtaken by a violent thunderstorm, I had to look for lodgings. Wednesday, June 30 I set out early. The Lambd helped me to the North R[iver] that day. Thursday, Julius 1 I got across the North River between 8 and 9 o’clock. Was unable to advance any more than 20 miles that day as I needed to get my shoes soled; also was in need of several things that I had to buy at the river.

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Friday, July 2 I had only 20 more miles to Pachgatgoch. Along the way I met Johannes, the Indian. He told me that they were well in Pachgatgoch, that they were working near the winter houses, and that he was journeying to Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. At noon I came to the winter huts and happily found all of the brethren there. (They were engaged in building a house for old Seyakes, who formerly lived 6 miles from here near Aaron Gaylord.) They were overjoyed that a brother was again coming to [stay with] them. Br. Gideon said that for the past 2 days he had felt that a brother was going to come today or tomorrow. There were several who said the same. Soon Br. Gideon went with me to the sum[m]er huts. I asked him how things have been since Br. Sensemann was gone. He said the brethren had not been out much. He believed that things were still the same as Br. Sensemann had left them. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-anhour, read Br. Sensemann’s letterd to the brethren and sisters, and passed on to them the greetings that I had for them from our dear brethren in Bethlehem and Nazareth. I also informed them that a brother would come soon, at which they were very glad. I slept very blissfully in my housed that night. Sabbath, July 3 In the morning, I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour on the texts. Paid a visit to all of the huts; many complained about their being poor and miserable. I also brought some wood home. I conducted another quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, July 4 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning [and] afterward, [a] conference with the workers. They told me of the circumstances concerning several brethren and sisters. Yet Br. Sensemann had told me everything beforehand. I pretended that I did not know anything about it, though. In addition, they related the circumstances surrounding Warrop’s child, who had died last week and was buried here on God’s Acre. This is how it had occurred with the child: Its father, Warrop, had been to New Milford with it. As he was walking in the open street, a Negro unexpectedly approached him from behind and pushed Warrop so that he fell hard on top of the child (who was on his [Warrop’s] back), doing 204

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

harm to it so that it died 11 or 12 days later. When it was dead, one of the neighbors here reported the matter to the maggistrats [magistrates] in New Milford, who right away called a grand jury and sent it to Pachgatgoch, where the child lay. The child was opened up by the doctors who were present, and it was recognized by the grand jury that the fall, brought on by the Negro, was the cause of its death. Afterward, the c[o]urt sat in judgment on it, but the Negro was able to present witnesses [who stated] that the child had eaten and drunk following the fall. Yet the child’s parents, Warrop and Sr. Rebecca, knew nothing about that, but this did not help the matter, for the testimony of the witnesses was accepted as truth. Thereupon the c[o]urt advised Warrop to reach a settlement with the master of the Negro and take money for his child, which then happened. The master of the Negro paid Warrop 24 # [£] New England corranzi [currency], in addition to all expenses. The c[o]urt, however, acquitted the Negro so that not a hair on his head was harmed, so to speak. Br. Samuel acted as interpreter. He said: It had made him feel sick at heart that the poor Indians were so despised. The c[o]urt reportedly hardly cared about that. Soon after I conducted the regular Sunday service. I talked about the text. There was a general quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The majority visited me in my housed today, also those who live at the winter huts. Monday, July 5 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Br. Jeremias went out working. The other brethren went hunting. I held school, also started hoeing some of my Welsh corn. There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Tuesday, July 6 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Martha, Johanna, Elisabeth, Juliana, and several others went to New Milford. Several went working elsewhere. The brethren went hunting again. Over these two days they got only 1 young faen [fawn]. I held school again and diligently went about hoeing the corn. Wednesday, July 7 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren went to Rass2 today to work. Joshua and Samuel returned today. I talked with Br. Gideon 205

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

concerning Friederich, for I would like to have him gone from here because he is a tempter. Br. Gideon thought it best that we leave him until Martin [Mack?] comes. Gideon had once before bid him go. I also talked with Br. Martin, held school, and diligently went about the corn. Thursday, July 8 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren started to jointly hoe their corn. I did not hold school because my corn is so grassy that I could hardly hoe it; hence I was quite diligent. I conducted [a] quarter-of-anhour in the evening. Friday, July 9 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren and sisters were again jointly working on their corn. I finished with my corn, also held school and the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Saturday, July 10 [I] conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Paid a visit to several huts, washed my clothing, also visited the winter huts, yet found no one [there] except for old Maria, and Leah, who cried hard over her heart and ruin. She is close to giving birth, and her husband Johannes has abandoned her, leaving her at home poor [and] with 3 small children. Also, Christian and Gottliebe came from New Milford. Saturday Sunday, July 11 There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning, afterward, [a] conference with the workers. I asked Joshua how things were going where the corn was being hoed. He said that the young folk were often light-minded. I told them how they had to act in that regard, namely, to be quiet and not to take pleasure in it. Furthermore, Gideon reminded us that some intended to go to the seaside. We rejoiced, hoping that next Sunday we will have our dear heart d Martin [Mack] with us. Our meeting placed was almost too small during our Sunday service, for everyone who belongs to Pachgatgoch is at home. I portrayed to them the Lamb of God as bloody figure, as their Savior and Redeemer of their sins. With a joyous and trustful heart I spoke on the words: Bittet so wird Euch gegeben werden.3 206

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Next, I paid a visit to several huts, especially where the strangers were staying who also had attended the meeting. They all looked at me in a friendly manner. Also, I spoke with several about their hearts, in particular with Friederich. In the evening an Indian boy came to me, asking me whether I lived here; whether I taught the Indians and preached to them. I replied yes. I asked him where he lived. Answer: Here in Kent. I asked whether he had ever been here before. Answer: No. He had heard of us before; thus he had thought to come and see us one day. Then he asked me when we held meetings. I told him generally [on] Sunday at 10 o’clock. He said that he had a companion, and they had often said that they wanted to attend the meeting here as well. I asked of what nation he and his companion were. Answer: Of the Mohikan[der] nation.4 I asked where they were born. Answer: Near Cape Cod, not far from Boston. I told him a little about the Savior and His wounds and that He died and shed His blood for him as well. I asked him, further, for how long he had been living here. Answer: Not for a very long time. He can speak English well, but no Indian, and is bound into service until he is 21 years old, as is his companion. He took a friendly leave and promised to return by Sunday. We did not have a quarter-of-an-hour in the evening because the brethren went into the sweat house. Monday, July 12 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I felt exceedingly comfortable and warm at heart. The brethren and sisters again jointly went about their work. I held school. After school I went to Wechquadnach to visit the Indians there, and to inform them that a brother would soon come from Bethlehem. Evening was falling just as I arrived there. Ampowachonat with his family, Anna [Hannah], Timotheus’s wife, old Simon, and Susanna were at home. Old father Jephthah, Moses, and Benjamin had traveled to Wanachquaticok. I heard from them that the old King Aaron [Umpachenee] had died 7 days previous. I learned from the Indians that shortly before his end, Aaron had sent greetings to the Indians in Wechquadnach and Pachgatgoch. The greetings I had from Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten were well and cordially received. I am sorry that I was not able to speak with them much; never before have I felt so well in Wechquadnach as at this time. 207

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Tuesday, July 13 In the morning, I set out from Wechquadnach to return to my dear Pachgatgoch; found that all of the brethren [there] were again working together in common. In the evening we had quite a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd. Wednesday, July 14 We had another blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I talked about the text: Er ist uns von Kott gemacht zur Kerchtigkeit, damit wollen wir vor K. bestehen.5 When we were assembled, one of the neighbors came, stood by the door, and asked whether he was permitted to enter. I said yes. He listened very thoughtfully. The brethren again worked in common. I held school and went visiting in several huts. Br. Joshua came to me and told me that Sr. Leah, the wife of Johannes, had been delivered of a young son. The poor sister is said to have had it so hard hard that both she and the child were nearly gone. They already had laid the child to the side, thinking that it had come dead from the mother. The child had lain like this for nearly half an hour before life could be felt in him. The mother had been the same — that no life could be seen in her. Sr. Elisabeth and Juliana were with her. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Thursday, July 15 I suspended the quarter-of-an-hour that morning because it rained very hard. I held school again; all of the children came. The brethren once more intended to work in common but had to hold off on it because of the bad weather. There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Friday, July 16 There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; Br. Samuel interpreted. The Lambd was intimately near me. The brethren again worked in common. I held school; also visited all of the brethren and sisters. With most I talked about their hearts. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Saturday, July 17 In the morning, we had [a] quarter-of-an-hour. I brought in some wood for myself. Also went to Gaylords to buy some provisions. On returning to Pachgatgoch, 208

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

[and] to my unexpected joy and that of the entire assembly, I found our dear hearts Br. Gottlieb Pezold and Schwartz.6 They brought for us many greetings of love and kisses from Bethlehem. Sunday, July 18 There was no early quarter-of-an-hour. We held a small conference with the workers on various matters, in particular, that we had no wine for Communion. Br. Samuel was willing to go. Br. Gottlieb conducted the regular Sunday occasion. In addition, he conducted a blessed quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones in the evening. Monday, July 19 Br. Gottlieb conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Then, speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion was begun. Br. Gideon and Martha interpreted.7 I went to Aaron Gaylord to order bread for the love feast. I also talked with Sr. Leah. She said that as soon as she had laid eyes on her child, she thought that when a brother came, he should baptize it with the Savior’s blood. I talked with Gihur as well. He asked me whether I thought that, with baptism, it was like with a soiled bowl — when it was washed, it became clean, inside and out. I did not give him an answer, though. Everything proceeded quite blissfully in Pachgatgoch today. Tuesday, July 20 Brother Gottlieb conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour. There were still some brethren and sisters to be spoken with [before Communion]. This went on quite passionately and blessedly, and the Lambd assisted us and was near us; all of the baptized ones were spoken with. Warrop, who is now called David, applied for baptism. He declared himself quite beautifully. The Lambd too agreed that he shall be baptized. Jerry applied for baptism as well. At 12 o’clock there was a general meeting for all the Indians. With a warm and feeling heart, Br. Gottlieb talked about the text: Er ist der grosse Hirte der Schaffe.8 Our Br. David was baptized first; his heart was completely melted by the red flood from Jesus’ side. This was also a blessing for everyone present, and a reminder of the grace granted them through baptism. Gihur was present as 209

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

well, so was Jerry, and most of the unbaptized ones. They were very attent [attentive]. Also baptized in the course of this meeting were: the sond of Brother and Sister Gottlieb — he received the name Johannes; also the sond of Brother Johannes and Sister Leah, who received the name Joseph. And with that this blissful and blessed act was concluded. Immediately thereafter we made preparations for the love feast. We had bread and butter, and tea. All the baptized ones attended the love feast. It was a blissful love feast. Br. Gottlieb told us of the blissful days that the brethren in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten enjoyed, and that the brethren bore us in loving remembrance at all times, which the Indian brethren and sisters were pleased and glad to learn. Soon after, we enjoyed the blissful absolution of our dear Husband and Chief Elder. He revealed Himself to us quite powerfully, and the hearts felt that they had experienced grace. We had Holy Communion in the dark. On eating His flesh and drinking His blood, body and soul entered into Him, and He embraced us as His souls and creaturesd from His bloody side. The brethren and sisters all went home quite blissfully and with hearts full of light. We too retired blissfully, thanking Him for everything that He has affected in the brown assembly. Wednesday, July 21 In the morning Br. Gottlieb conducted another passionate quarter-of-an-hour, wherein he also recommended to the brethren and sisters the enjoyment of the flesh and blood of which they had partaken and entreated them not to forget what the Lamb had affected in them. They shall now feel it in their hearts at all times, and not forget it. He then took leave of all of them in their huts, recommended them to the bloody side holed, and then set out from here with Br. Schw[artz] from Christiansbrunn. For their return journey they went from here through Rhinebeck. I went with them for several miles, bade the dear heartsd farewell, and returned to dear Pachgatgoch. Most of the brethren had gone out cutting [oats or wheat] at white people’s [places]; the others hoed their corn, as they had started doing, and got done. On returning I found them all quite blissful. Sr. Thamar came to me, telling me about Caritas, who had not been present at Communion, that during Communion she had stood in front of the door, listening. She had cried hard when she came home because she had not 210

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

been allowed to join. I told her that the Savior loved Caritas very much, and so did we, and if she abides in the Savior with her heart, the Savior will no doubt take her along again. Thursday, July 22 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. All of the brethren were out working the harvest, except for Br. Gideon, and Br. Gottlieb, who is sickly. I held school again. I also began laying the floor for the loft in my housed. Also, I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. They all said that they were well and blissful, especially Br. David and his wife Rebecca. The brethren had all gone out to work the harvest. Martin came home after all and interpreted during the quarter-of-an-hour. I thought much about the grace that that [sic] the Savior granted me on admission to the congregation 9 years ago today. I felt ashamed like a wormd for all the bad and worthless matters that cloud my heart so frequently. This verse frequently came to mind: Werd ich nicht bald deine seyn, inig selig unverdrossen zu geschlossen, von etc.9 Friday, July 23 This morning Pachgatgoch was as if emptied of brethren and sisters; thus, I was unable to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour. I held school again. Did some work on my housed.10 In the evening the dear Br. David and Petrus visited me. They started talking of the dear Savior of their own accord. Among other things, Petrus asked why the Savior was called Son of God. I I [sic] said, the Savior was God and has created us and everything. But because He assumed our flesh and blood and became like us, He was also called Son of God. I said that the Savior had very many names in the Holy Scripture; because He died for us and shed His blood for us, He was called Savior. Br. David inquired why then was He called Christ. I was afraid to give an explanation for that; he may not have understood it correctly. I told him, the Savior had sacrificed Himself for us, and had entered into the Holiest for us with His blood, and there He had made it known that He has shed His blood for us, and has redeemed us from sin, from the devil, and from the power of death. It was a blissful conversation [that we had] together. Br. Gideon, Samuel, Martin, [and] Amos came home late that night. They still came to me, wishing me a good night. Br. Gottlob had arrived yesterday already, ill with a toothache. 211

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Saturday, July 24 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. There were only a few of us, but the Lambd was among us. The brethren went cutting again. They were cutting only for fare. Br. Petrus and Samuel came to me. Petrus said he had a favor to ask of me. I said he should tell me. He said, I feel like someone who was ill and has recovered a little; such a person fears above all to fall ill anew. He, Petrus, said [he] was now blissful in his heart, but he was afraid. Question: Of what? Answer: The brethren and sisters who are home all intend to go cutting for Mills today. He wants to give only food and drink [as payment]. “Hence I fear that many will drink too much rum,” and he had come to me for this reason, to ask me to come along so that no pain may result among the brethren and sisters. I told him that if I knew the brethren and sisters wanted to be obedient, I would come. However, he persisted until I promised him to do so. First, I brought home some wood, hence I came to the cutters at about 11 o’clock, finding all of them lively, and fortunately, no stranger with them except for Mr. Mills. Things proceeded in an altogether orderly fashion. When the midday meal was ready, the brethren and sisters did not want to eat until Mr. Mills had prayed, by which he was amazed, saying [that] this [was] usually not custum [custom] among Indians. Everything went quite well until the evening when work had already stopped. At that point Mr. Mills still had about 1 quart or 3 point [pints] of rum that he gave to the Indians, making Samuel the servant — that he would distribute it — which happened. However, when I saw that the bottel went around too often, I said to Br. Gideon, he should now see to it that the brethren left. When Gideon heard this, he was the first to leave. Next, I went to Petrus and Gottlieb, telling them the same, who left at once. Poor Br. Samuel, who had gotten a little too much [rum] while performing his office of servant, in the end got into a quarrel with Gihur because he had passed over him once when distributing [the rum], at which Gihur took great offense. I went to Gihur and told him he should go into his house now, which he did. I took Samuel and led him home. The brethren who had been cutting elsewhere all came home as well. Sunday, July 25 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; it was as if no one wanted to get up. Moreover, I felt uneasy about Samuel. I visited all the huts where there 212

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

were brethren and sisters. With the exception of Samuel, I found everyone quite blissful and full of light, which in turn delighted me. The brethren and sisters having come from the winter huts, I held the general meeting. The housed was perfectly full. Br. Joshua interpreted. I talked about the text. The Lambd was near us so that our hearts felt it. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, I talked about the words: Preiset Kott an Eüerem Leib, und an Eurem Geist.11 The precious Church Mother suggested this matter quite clearly to me, and I repeated it that way to the brethren and sisters. In closing we sang in German and Indian: Tif nein, ins Seitelein.12 We also had the kiss of peace. In the evening Br. Gideon and Petrus visited me, saying that tomorrow they intended to go out cutting again. Monday, July 26 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; Br. Martin interpreted. Nearly everyone went out. Martin with his family, [as well as] Lucas and Priscilla, went to the seaside, as did Sr. Erdmuth with 2 of her angelsd. Excepting Samuel, all of the brethren went out cutting. Martha, Johanna, and her daughter went to New Milford. I held school and worked on my housed. Sr. Magdalena went to Dover with her children. I spoke beforehand with most of those who were leaving, asking that they abide in the Savior and His wounds, and not to forget what He has done for them. Also, I visited Samuel, but did not find him the way I would like it. The brethren and sisters who are off to the seaside promised to return in 14 days or 3 weeks. I thought of Bethlehem particularly often. Tuesday, July 27 In the morning, I conducted a brief quarter-of-an-hour for the few who are still at home, recommending them and myself, and the entire assembly, to the wounds and side holed of our precious Husband, and to the steadfast charge and care of the faithful Church Mother. Br. Simon and his daughter Benigna also departed, who is [are] following those going to the seaside. Before departing, she came to me, took her leave, and said that I should think of her. The son of Martha’s sister left as well. I was unable to hold school as all of the children are out. I put things about my housed in order. Martha and Johanna came home. 213

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Wednesday, July 28 There was almost no one at home, so that I was able to hold neither [a] quarter-of-an-hour nor school, and it was that way also the 29th. I was industrious, laying the floor in my housed. I frequently thought of the brethren and sisters who are working outside [of Pachgatgoch]. I appealed to the Lamb to protect them from all harm in His side holed. [No entry for July 29] Friday, July 30 I finished laying the floor in my housed and also did my wash. I thought quite often of the brethren and sisters who are outside [of Pachgatgoch]. My heart was greatly distressed on their account. Because almost no one was home, I held neither school nor [the] quarter-of-an-hours. Saturday, July 31 I was indisposed with respect to my tabernacle, causing me to feel all weak and fatigued. I thought about what would be best for me. I resolved to go to Gaylords and to purchase something. I had lived off nothing else but Indian corn and blueberry bread13 for more than 1 week, and this, I thought, was the cause of my weakness. When I came to Gaylords, they told me that Caritas had conducted herself very badly in New Milford and that they were very sorry for it. I bought some bread and butter for myself. Late at night Jeremias, Joshua with his family, Gottlieb with his family, and Paulus’s wife came home. We again did not have any quarter-of-an-hours. Gottliebe also arrived with her children. Sunday, August 1 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren were not all at home yet. Gideon, Petrus, Amos, and Paulus were still gone. However, in due time, all 4 of them came for the general meeting; all of the brethren and sisters from the winter huts huts came as well, along with the unbaptized ones. I talked about the text; Br. Joshua interpreted. Our dear Lambd of God was near us and invigorated my poor heart so that I was able to portray to everyone His wounds and side holed. This time I had no desire at all to hold the meeting. Yet the Lambd let me feel that it was most necessary at present. I visited all of the 214

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

brethren and sisters; they all lamented that they had strayed from their hearts. This pained me greatly; advised them to return to the Savior as poor sinners. He will forgive them everything. I also spoke with Christian[‘s] and David’s sons about the Savior. Christian’s son said it frequently occurred to him that he belonged to the Savior and would have to change. The brethren and sisters in the winter huts are currently the most blissful, especially Br. David and his wife. Br. Gottlob too was, in his own way, in a happy state. He declared himself quite agreeably. In the evening I had a quarter-of-an-hour with all of the baptized ones. Monday, August 2 I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Some again went out to work. I held school, also went on the mountain to peel bark. Wanted to conduct [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, but neither Br. Joshua nor Samuel was at home.14 Tuesday, August 3 There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the words of this day of Him who loves. Held school [and] again went on the mountain to peel bark. Br. Gideon returned home. The brethren went into the sweat house in the evening. Wednesday, August 4 There was [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I held school. Again went on the mountain to peel bark. Br. Joshua went with his family to cut rusches [rushes]. Br. Samuel went to Wechquadnach. Br. Lucas returned from the seaside. In the evening Br. Gideon visited [me].15 Thursday, August 5 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I visited those brethren and sisters who are still at home. Most were well and quite full of light. I also held school. Went with Br. Gideon on the mountain, showing him my bark that I peeled for a winter house.16 He said he believed the brethren were all going to build winter houses. He too would prefer moving away in the winter rather than staying. In the evening Br. Jeremias told me that he intended to go and peel bark as well. Br. Samuel came from Wechquadnach. He brought us many greetings from there, also from Br. Jephthah and his son, who are coming from 215

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Wanachquaticok. They brought word that old Aaron, whom we here had presumed to be with the Savior already for a long time, was still alive, but very weak. I came to think whether I should go to Wanachquaticok for a visit. Friday, August 6 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked somewhat about the text; Br. Samuel interpreted. I visited Petrus, and Thamar, who is sickly. As for her heart, she declared herself quite beautifully. She said her feelings about the Savior’s wounds were such [that] she did not want to leave them; if she had to leave the wounds, she would view this akin to someone wanting to leave his house to sleep in the woods, where there is no house. The wounds were her house within which she dwelled with her heart. I was unable to hold school; all the children were out picking blueberries. Priscilla returned with her daughters from the seaside, as did Benigna, Simon’s daughter. They all came home quite blissfully, visiting me at once. Also, Samuel’s Christina is ill. Saturday, August 7 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I paid a visit to several huts where there were brethren and sisters. Thamar is doing better. I also visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, finding all of them blissful and in good spirits, especially Br. David. Sarah and Leah told me that they intended to go out next week. On returning home, one of our neighbors came to me. He did not enter into a dispute. He said he was visiting me this time as a neighbor. He left on most friendly terms. I still went on the mountain and gathered the bark that I had peeled for a winter house. Sr. Erdmuth returned from the seaside, also quite well. Joshua with his family likewise came. All of those who had been out hunting arrived as well. Sunday, August 8 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; talked a bit about the text. I also met in conference with the brethren; I informed them that I intended to go to Wanachquaticok this week, for I had heard that old Aaron was still alive. Br. Gideon, who otherwise had intended to go to the seaside this week, at once decided to go too, for old Aaron is his cussin [cousin].17 Br. Joshua had intended 216

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

to go before this, because he has something to deliver there. Br. Joshua also talked about Paulus, that he was acting so badly, having brought rum into the winter huts yesterday evening, so that things had gone badly there that night. I paid a visit to several huts, asking them to abide in the Savior. I spoke with Lucas separately; he complains a great deal about himself. I visited Jery as well; his wife is now living with him again. In the general Sunday meeting I talked about the words: Gott sante seinen Sohn in der Kestalt des sündlichen Fleisches, und verdammte die Sünd im Fleisch.18 The Lambd invigorated me immensely, enabling me to talk freely and confidently about the deliverance from all sin through what He suffered with His own body as atonement for us. Moreover, that He has, by the grace of God, tasted death for us all. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and communicants, I talked about the watchword: Ich glaube Eine heilige Christl. Kirche.19 It provided me a favorable opportunity to talk about baptism and Communion. I had quite a blissful day. Monday, August 9 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning as it rained so hard. We also were not able to proceed with our journey. I held school with the children. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. Tuesday, August 10 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the text and recommended myself and the entire brown assembly to the faithful care of the dear Mother. I readied myself for the journey. Br. Gideon went with me to Wanachquaticok. Br. Joshua, Amos, Lucas, and unmarried Magdalena went as another companie. Br. Gideon and I took the route by way of Wechquadnach and stayed there overnight. The others went through Sharon. Wednesday, August 11 Br. Gideon and I set out early from Wechquadnach and reached Wanachquaticok that day. The other brethren were about 1 hour ahead of us, but they had horses. We right away visited the sick friend Aaron, who hardly knew us anymore, however. But Br. Gideon told him who we were and where we came from, whereupon he thanked us at once and said he was glad that we were visiting 217

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

him one more time. He frequently thought of his fr. [friends] in Pachgatgoch, Bethlehem, and Gnadenhütten. Br. G[ideon] wanted to tell him something about the Savior, but it was as if the sick one wanted to beat him to it, and said, he thought of the Savior and His wounds all the time. He always thought about this, that He died for him and shed His blood for him. In the end, he also said we should salute all the friends in Pachgatgoch, Bethlehem, and Gnadenhütten for him, which I promised him. I did not say anything further to him, other than that he should abide in the Savior with his heart. Gideon and I were assigned a place in another house, where we were to sleep. The people there received us most kindly. Thursday, August 12 Br. Gideon and I again visited old Aaron, but he was so weak that he was unable to talk. We did not tell him anything further while we were there. Br. G[ideon] and I paid a visit to all the houses where there were Indians. When the occasion arose, I told them about the Savior and His wounds; some were very attent [attentive]. Br. Gideon was my interpreter where they did not understand English. Br. Wilhelm was not at home, and his wife was ill. At present, there are very many sick in Wanachquaticok. On this day they had a day of fasting and prayer in Wanachquaticok on account of the impending installation of a new preacher.20 I admonished all the brethren from Pachgatgoch to attend the sermon, which they did. I myself went as well. Toward evening I visited on my own several huts that are located one mile from the church. In the evening Br. Gideon and I took leave of our dear Aaron. I recommended him to the bloody wounds of the Lambd. He was so weary and weak that he is no longer able to talk much. To all appearances, he will soon go to the Savior. Friday, August 13 I and Br. Gideon I set out early, at daybreak. The other brethren followed us and caught up with us after we had gone 14 miles. Here Br. Gid[eon] continued on with the comp[agnie]. I had to stay behind to get my shoe mended. That day I got as far as 3 miles from Wechquadnach; stayed overnight with a friend who had been acquainted with our Br. Bruce. My heart frequently thought of Bethlehem and I wished myself there. I had quite a blissful day. The side holed was right near me. 218

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Saturday, August 14 I went by way of Wechquadnach, where I also saw the brethren. I intended to hold a meeting if it was fitting. However, everyone had left with the exception of Timotheus and Wampachonant. I did not stay very long at all and continued on alone as far as Pachgatgoch. All of the brethren then also returned home. Petrus and Thamar visited me at once, telling me that Sr. Salome had been bitten by a snake Thursday, during the night, [and] that she was still very ill, because no one was able to extract the venom as well as Br. Gideon. Furthermore, Petrus told me that the pigs had been in my corn and had done a great deal of damage. I visited Salome and checked on the corn, which was in a pitiful state on account of the pigs. I was quite glad and thanked the Lambd that I was back in Pachgatgoch. Sunday, August 15 We had the [a] quarter-of-an-hours in the morning. In the general Sunday meeting I talked about the words of the dear Savior for this day: Ihr müsset von Neuem gebohren werden.21 The Lamb was near us with His side holed, and let us feel it. I felt quite comfortable and warm in my heart. Most of the Indian brethren and sisters attended the meeting. In the evening we could not have the quarter-ofan-hour for the communicants because the brethren went into the sweat house. I visited several brethren and sisters; thought of the congregation often, and of the blessing that the Lambd will bestow especially on the married people’s choir also on this day. Monday, August 16 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Br. Joshua went out with his family, but returned home in the evening. Wampachonant, who has been here for a visit, went back home, and with him, Br. Lucas. Petrus and Jeremias went to Gaylords to work. I held school. Visited Salome, Thamar, Caritas, and others, telling them all something about the Savior. In the evening 2 drunken Indians made a great deal of noise, so that the sisters who did not have their husbands at home had to flee into the woods. One of them chased after me especially. Yet I escaped him long enough to be able to get into my house. One time he got a hold of me, though. I asked him what he wanted with me. He said I had hit him once, now he wanted to see who was the stronger of us two. I told him he did not remember correctly; I could assure him that I loved him. As soon as I 219

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

told him that I loved him, he walked away from me and wept. I made haste so as to get into my housed. I took Sr. Agnes, who was hiding in the woods, into my housed, along with her children, as they were looking for her as well as for me. I told her the Savior would preserve us — she should just be quiet when the Indians came to the door, which she did. In the end, the drunken fellows got into a quarrel among themselves so that they both fought with each other. Then we had peace. Tuesday, August 17 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Br. Gideon went to New Milford. Paulus and his wife, Amos, Thamaseed, and Christian’s son went to Stockbridge; the other brethren, excepting Samuel, went hunting. I held school. After school I went to Aaron Gaylord to see whether there was glass to be had in New Milford. He himself was not at home, and his wife was unable to tell me anything definite. I also wanted to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts but did not find them at home. Wednesday, August 18 Given that almost everyone was out, I did not conduct [a] quarter-of-an-hour. It was hardly right, even for school; thus I only had the girls. I visited those who were still at home. Went into the woods to see if I was still able to peel bark, but it is already too late in the year.22 Thursday, August 19 There was again no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; there was almost no one home. I held school with the few children who are at home, washed my soiled laundry, and carried some wood home. Friday, August 20 I once again conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour with the few brethren and sisters who are home; also held school. I visited the brethren and sisters, telling them, as the opportunity arose, something about the Savior and His bloody wounds. In the evening the sisters and children who had gone to pick blueberries came home. They had been out this week, having dried the berries as they collected them.23 220

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Saturday, August 21 There was again [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I prayed to our Husband and Chief Elder for a bloody blessing of grace for this entire assembly. I talked particularly thoroughly with Br. Samuel, who has gotten into something and now does not know how to get himself back together. He said that he was very sorry for it and that it grieved him. I did not intend to do anything unusual, because it was the Sabbath. My heart thought of the congregation especially often. Also, the brethren returned from hunting. Sunday, August 22 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd; I talked a bit about yesterday’s watchword texts. In the general meeting I talked about the watchword. I was greatly distressed on account of the present circumstances, yet I portrayed to them [the Indians] the Lambd with all of His wounds, along with the whole merit of His death. There were few brethren and sisters attending the meeting; from the winter huts, no one at all. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, I warmly put the brethren and sisters in mind of the baptism and what the Lambd had granted them at the time, when He washed them with the blood and water from the side hole. I also visited all of the brethren and sisters who are at home. Except for Br. Gideon, they all complained about their poor circumstances. Monday, August 23 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Because no one from the winter huts was here yesterday, I went there right after the quarter-of-an-hour to visit them. Yet I found no one home other than Sr. Rebecca. I told her something about the Savior and reminded her of the grace that the Lambd had bestowed upon her. Br. David had left by then. I again held school with the children. I visited Petrus and Thamar, who were not home yesterday. In the evening we had quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd. Tuesday, August 24 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked a bit about the text. I held school again. Br. Amos returned from Wanachquaticok along with 2 unbaptized 221

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Indians. Paulus and his wife, who had promised to return today as well, have gone to Albany. Br. Amos also brought word that old Aaron, who had been ill for so very long, died last Saturday, on August 22.24 Wednesday, August 25 We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I went to Gaylords to see if there was still no glass to be had in New Milford. Gaylord told me that he had purchased glass, yet as it was night when he left New Milford, had been unable to bring it with him. Thursday, August 26 We held [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the text. The Lambd with His side hole was intimately near us. I held school again. Br. Joshua and Elisabeth went to New Milford. Friday, August 27 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; our dear Lambd of God was quite near us. I held school. Pachgatgoch was as if emptied of people. Most of the brethren and sisters and other Indians had gone out. I felt very blissful inside my Lambd and His side holed. Saturday, August 28 In the morning, I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with 5 brethren and sisters, recommending myself and the entire assembly to the bloody wounds of our Husband. Afterward, I observed the Sabbath with Him. I frequently remembered the dear Bethlehem. I visited Petrus and his family. They are quite blissful; they expressed themselves right beautifully about how their hearts stood with the Savior. Simon also declared himself quite agreeably. In the evening all of the brethren and sisters, excepting Christian’s family, came home, as did those who live in the winter huts. Sunday, August 29 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I had quite a blissful talk with the brethren and sisters who are members of the conference, at which time the 222

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Lambd was quite near us. He brought to the fore all of those matters that, for a long time, I had wished would be touched upon one day. Instead of inquiring [as] usual about the circumstances of the other brethren and sisters, I asked them plainly how they were doing, upon which Br. Gideon declared himself at once, saying how he felt. The general Sunday meeting was attended by almost everyone who lives in Pachgatgoch and the winter huts. I talked about the text. The Lambd was quite intimately and tenderly near me and the entire assembly. The Lambd was also quite intimately near us in the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and communicants. I also visited the brethren and sisters, fi nding most right blissful and in a happy state. Sr. Sarah was in especially good spirits, likewise Br. David. My heart was quite blissful at that which the Lambd affects in the brown assembly. This time He has no doubt affected much in them. In the evening Br. Lucas came home from Wechquadnach, bringing word that old Simon was very ill there. Monday, August 30 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Br. Lucas told me that Timotheus and old father Jephthah intended to travel yet to Bethlehem this week. I right away wrote a letter to our dear Br. Johann Nitschmann, wherein I reported to him somewhat about the circumstances. Afterward, I went to Wechquadnach to deliver the letter to Timotheus, and to see how old Simon was doing. Br. Gideon, Samuel, and Jeremias went ahead. I found old Simon very ill, so that he may possibly go home. The Lambd gave me a favorable opportunity to tell him something about His wounds and side holed. Br. Gideon interpreted for me. After I had finished speaking, Br. Gideon continued to talk at length to all the Indians about the Savior in a way that one could feel that [it] was coming from his heart. Br. Timoth[eus] said that if old Simon was not so very ill, he would be on his journey to Gnadenhütten by now. Petrus and Thamar went to Danbury. Joshua left as well, to make backs.25 Tuesday, August 31 In the morning, I held a small quarter-of-an-hour for the Indians in Wechquadnach; the Lambd was with us. My heart felt quite blissful. I soon set out on my return journey to Pachgatgoch. The brethren Gideon, Samuel, and Jeremias 223

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

stayed behind for now. I found all of the brethren and sisters who were at home quite well. Br. Jeremias also came home. Wednesday, September 1 We conducted a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I held school again. The brethren Gideon and Samuel came from Wechquadnach, saying that the sick person [Simon] had recovered somewhat. Salome and Benigna went to the seaside to fetch Br. Martin and his family from there. Thursday, September 2 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I held school. Visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. David and Leah were not at home. Sarah and Rebecca are quite blissful and in good spirits. Little Maria is sickly. Br. Samuel went to the seaside. Br. Joshua and Gottlieb returned home. I felt quite blissful inside the wounds of my Lambd. Friday, September 3 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I set about making acritches, yet was prevented from doing so because of bad weather. Sr. Erdmuth came from Wechquadnach; old Simon has reportedly recovered somewhat. Br. Jephthah and Timotheus have not yet set out on their intended journey to Gnadenhütten. Petrus and Thamar came home as well; they had been out to sell baskets. Both came home in a quite happy state. Saturday, September 4 I was unable to hold the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning, for I was very busy drying my corn, and it was lying about all over the house. Br. Lucas and Amos went hunting and will probably stay out for 3 weeks. Late in the evening, Christian and his family once again returned here. Also, Br. Samuel came from the seaside, bringing word that Br. Martin and his family were on their way to this place, [and] that an old Indian woman was with them, who wanted to visit Pachgatgoch once. She is old Maria’s natural sister. Also with Br. Samuel came Gideon’s son, Martin’s brother, on a visit for a couple of days. He too had lived in Pachgatgoch in former times and had held school here. 224

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Sunday, September 5 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. In the general meeting I talked about the words: Wir haben einen Hohenprister auf dem Stuhl der Majestät, der ist der Pfleger der heiligen Kütter, und der wahrhaften Hütten. Heb. 8.1, 2.26 Our dear Lambd of God was near us and invigorated me quite mercifully in my poverty. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, our Lambd manifested Himself quite intimately near us. Br. Joshua interpreted with all his heart. And the brethren and sisters were all right blissful and full of light. Immediately after the quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Martin and his family arrived back home from the seaside. It was a true joy for all the brethren and sisters to see them. The old Indian woman, Maria’s sister, also came with Martin, as did Salome and Benigna, who had gone for them. Monday, September 6 We had quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I went to Gaylords to collect my glass from there and to buy some provisions. Joshua, Elisabeth, Gottlieb, Magdalena, Jeremias, and Christian went to New Milford; the one mentioned last to work, the others to sell their baskets and backs. The Indian stranger left as well. He said he was now going hunting. On his return from hunting he intended to come here for a visit with his wife and children, and leave the children here so that they could go to school. Tuesday, September 7 We had another blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. The brethren and sisters who were home started making acritches. I also made some more for myself, because I was not able to hold school in any case as all of the children were busy. Br. Jeremias and Agnes returned home. One of my neighbors visited me. He asked how was it that we were not better neighbors — I never even visited them and have been here now for such a long time. He did not think that any person would throw any obstacles my way. I replied that I did not have much time to spare, that my time was well used by holding school and whatever else I had to do. The man was most amiable, also did not ask any questions. My heart felt blissful near the wounds of my Lambd. I thought very much and 225

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

frequently of my dear brethren and brethren and sisters in Bethlehem — what a beautiful day they will have.27 Wednesday, September 8 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; Br. Samuel interpreted. I was still busy drying my corn. The sisters and children were also diligently at work. I visited them; watched how they were doing it. I had quite a blissful day. Thursday, September 9 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the text; Br. Joshua interpreted. I visited several brethren and sisters, finding them quite blissful and in good spirits. They were again diligently drying corn. I told them that the drying of corn was a very old practice; that one could even read about it in the Bible.28 They were very surprised that something like this also could be found in the Bible. I said the circumstances where such matters are mentioned were always pleasant. I carried home some clay to repair the chimney and housed [in preparation] for winter. Friday, September 10 In the morning, we had quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd during which our Lambd was intimately and tenderly near us. I had washday and washed my clothing. A white man came here to ask advice of Br. Gideon, for he has had pains in his joints for several years and no doctor is able to help him. Gideon advised him to build a sweat house near his house and to sweat frequently. The man is a Quaker. I visited Justina. She said that she was so happy that the Savior had given her a young son. She has been in a constant state of bliss since he was born. Saturday, September 11 We again had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. After the quarterof-an-hour, Br. and Sr. Martin told me that, because the Lambd has bestowed on them a little sond, they felt in their hearts the desire to give a love feast for the brethren and sisters. They had felt this desire in their hearts on their journey home to Pachgatgoch, and they would like to give this love feast tomorrow. 226

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

I told them that this was good, and [that it] pleased me that the Savior had inspired them to this end, yet they should make sure to speak also with Br. Gideon about it, which they promise to do. I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts and announced it [the love feast] to them. David and Rebecca were not at home. I also talked with Simon’s Benigna, who came home yesterday evening; she had been as far as Albany and had left her brother Paulus there. An Indian came from the seaside to visit, and from Hartford, an Indian woman. Sunday, September 12 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked a bit about the words of the dear Savior. In the general Sunday meeting I talked about the watchword of the day; the Lambd was near us and assisted me especially in pointing to His wounds. Our meeting placed was so full, ever so much as it could hold. The 2 strangers, who are here to visit their friends,29 came as well. Past noon we had the love feast. Things proceeded in quite a delightful and blissful manner. Br. Samuel and I were servants. Martin and Justina declared themselves quite beautifully in front of the brethren and sisters, as did Gideon and Joshua. I reminded the brethren and sisters of how it was in the beginning, and said that we had reason to sincerely thank the Savior, for we are now able to be together so peaceful and quiet; that no one was obstructing and disturbing us, [and] that the Savior has now made rum [room], making it possible for brethren to live here. I also mentioned the singing, that they had gotten into the habit of singing so very slowly, [and] that it would be much better and more blissful if the brethren and sisters remembered it [the song] better. After the love feast I also visited several brethren and sisters. The Indian woman who has come from Hartford visited me in my housed. I took the opportunity to tell her about the Savior and His wounds. Because she is able to read English, I presented her with an English song. I was unable to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, for the brethren went into the sweat house. Monday, September 13 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I visited Christian but was unable to talk to him as his house was full of strangers. Br. Joshua came to me, telling me that he, Br. Samuel, and Gottlieb intended to go hunting and would 227

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

not return home until Saturday. I asked him how he had felt during the love feast yesterday, and how he had felt in his heart. He said he had not felt this way in a long time. It was as if he had rediscovered his heart. Before this he had felt nothing and had thought of nothing else but worldly things. However, when I mentioned what the Savior had told His apostles — [that] they would be recognized as His apostles if they loved one another — then his heart reawakened and told him, that is what you are lacking. Now he felt that he once again loved all of his brethren and sisters. Joshua also told me that Simon had told him that his heart awoke when I talked this way. Br. Petrus and Martin went out to work. Anna, Benigna, and Salome went out to make brooms. I worked in my corn, cutting off whatever is good for winter fodder. Tuesday, September 14 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I started making my window frames, also paid a visit to several huts; yet almost no one was home. Wednesday, September 15 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked a bit about the texts; Br. Martin interpreted. I continued working on the window frames. I visited the foreign Indian woman; she is staying with Jery. She was very friendly. Jery’s wife presented me with 2 candles, which appear to be something rare. Br. Jeremias visited me in the evening. I mentioned to him the love feast, because he had not attended. He said that he had not understood Br. Gideon properly. That is why he came to me now, to tell me that he had not stayed away intentionally. He also was very affectionate and understanding concerning his affairs. Simon visited me as well; he is quite blissful now. Br. Gideon left to build a sweat house for the man who was here last week and had requested this of him. I had quite a blissful and sweet rest. The Lambd was quite intimately near me in my sleep. Thursday, September 16 We had no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning because it was raining. Moreover, there were hardly any brethren at home. I continued working on my window frames. The foreign Indian woman visited me again, as did Sr. Erdmuth, but they did not stay long. I had quite a blissful day. My heart remembered 228

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

especially the Savior’s office of Chief Elder. I fully gave myself up to Him anew, to His service, wherever He wants to use me, poor heart. Friday, September 17 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the words of the dear Savior. Br. Martin interpreted. I worked on my house diligently, also went and got some straw from one of our neighbors. Br. Gideon returned home, and several [Indians] came from hunting. Br. Amos brought word that Lucas had dislocated an arm, [and] that it was so bad that the doctor was unable to reset it; the arm was now very swollen. Lucas is reportedly in Wechquadnach at present. Amos also said that he had heard that Indians from Gnadenhütten were on their way to Wechquadnach. Saturday, September 18 We had no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. That night I started having the gripes and acute pains in my bowels, so that I was unable to get up in the morning. This persisted until about noon. I felt very fatigued the whole day. I received the word on Br. Lucas only today. I merely confused it in the process of writing. In the evening Br. Joshua, Gottlieb, and his son came from hunting, as did Br. Samuel. These 4 have been out this week and got only one deer. Sunday, September 19 We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. As we were singing our precious verse Ye bloody Hands with Blessings fild [filled], I looked to the watchword, which read: Ich bette zu Gott, meines Lebens; Seel der Seele, und des Leibes Töpfer.30 I read it to the brethren and sisters, most of whom were present. Then I prayed and entrusted myself and the entire assembly to the faithful heart of the Lambd, our Chief Elder and Husband, with all of our circumstances, shortcomings, and failings. He was undoubtedly in our midst, bleeding onto our hearts. In the general meeting I talked about the words of the dear Savior and for this day: Das Himmelreich ist gleich einem Könige, der seinen Sohn Hochzeit machte.31 And the Lambd was near us with His open side, and had us feel how He was thirsting to embrace a soul. He was also near us in the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and communicants. Also, we met in conference; the winter huts 229

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

were discussed, and where the most suitable place would be for building. Br. Gideon said it is best to have a conference on this with all of the brethren and sisters. He wanted to summon all of them to his house this evening and then everyone could speak his mind. In the evening most of the brethren and sisters came into Gid[eon’s] huts. The Lambd moved them to be all of one mind and to decide to build winter huts, and they wanted to choose the proper place for this purpose tomorrow. During this conference everything proceeded in quite a brotherly fashion; no one chose something before the other. I asked one brother after the other what his intention was; they all said they wanted to leave it up to their brethren and sisters. Each one said he wanted to go where his brethren and sisters went. I said, if the brethren were agreeable, we would go together tomorrow morning and choose the best spot. They all were of one mind in this. I visited most of the brethren and sisters and portrayed to them the Lambd in His bloody crucified form, and put them in mind of the grace that the Lambd has already bestowed on them. Monday, September 20 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Our dear Lambd of God was intimately near us. The brethren Joshua, Gideon, Gottlieb, and Samuel went out to look for a place where they could live this winter. I also went with them. Along the way they changed their minds and resolved to make a sledge-path to enable them to bring the wood down the mountain during the winter. The brethren right away started working on the sledge-path. I helped them as well. I went visiting in several huts and reminded them of what the Savior has affected in them. Several went out to make brooms. Priscilla went to Wechquadnach because her son Lucas is there and has dislocated an arm. In the evening Br. Martin received a message through an Indian stranger that his grandmother was very ill and had the desire to see him once more. Thus Br. Martin left from here with the messenger this very evening. His grandmother lives near the seaside. Tuesday, September 21 We were prevented from holding the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning, so that I was unable to conduct it. I went to work on the sledge-path with the brethren. Our friend Culver visited me. He found me in the process of making the path 230

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

together with the brethren. Because he wants to leave tomorrow morning, I went home with him and began to write to my dear brethren in Bethlehem. As I was writing, Sr. Priscilla came from Wechquadnach, bringing me 2 precious letters from Bethlehem, also bringing word that Br. Augustus and his Esther had arrived. The dear Savior has timed this occasion well. Wednesday, September 22 Culver left again in the morning. He took a very heartfelt leave. He said he did not mean anything by not visiting me. Also, he had taken pleasure in the Indian brethren and sisters. I held school again, also went to Gaylords to buy some provisions. I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. David was quite lively; Rebecca was not at home. Sarah and Maria are both sickly. Leah went to Woodbury. Old Kihur was exceedingly amiable. The brethren were not working on the path because the weather was bad. Thursday, September 23 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I worked with the brethren on the path. So far things have proceeded rather well; the Savior has protected all of us from harm. Often we had to move very large stones out of the way. Anyone who sees it will be amazed that the Indians ventured to make a path up this rocky mountain. Friday, September 24 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the texts. The brethren continued working on their path; I also went working with them. We finished the worst part. Saturday, September 25 Very early this morning the brethren left for the woods to get splinters [splints] for making baskets so that I was unable to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour. I did my wash and picked dry beans. Also, Br. Martin came back from Derby; his grandmother has died. Martin said that he had prayed at the graveside. Several white people had also joined them at the grave. This Indian woman was not baptized, but she had had the desire to visit Pachgatgoch. Yet she had no longer dared come here, for she was very old and sickly. With Martin came an Indian 231

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

woman with a boy for a visit at this place. She already has one child here who is staying with old Erdmuth. The Indian woman is friends with32 Erdmuth. Erdmuth also came home, as did the brethren who had left in the morning. Sunday, September 26 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about yesterday’s text about the Lamb. Afterward, we met in conference; the Lambd was intimately near us. Special mention was made of belonging wholly to the Savior, and cleaving to Him with body and soul, and that through this our tabernacles will become partakers of His nature and He can mold us as He wishes. And that the blood continues to act upon us until we grow to be in the spirit of Jesus, and that this occurs as often as we come near His body, more and ever more. In the general meeting I spoke about the watchword of the day. The housed was so filled to the brim that it occurred to me that I need to build a larger one. The Indian strangers who are here for a visit all attended the meeting. The Lamb was intimately near us. Br. Joshua interpreted with a warm and feeling heart. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, I talked about tomorrow’s text of the Lamb. The Lambd right away put me on the path of speaking about the theme that we had dealt with at the conference. I felt quite comfortable when visiting. I portrayed the Lambd with all of His wounds, and put the brethren and sisters in mind of the grace that the Savior has already bestowed on them. Monday, September 27 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I talked about the words: Seyn Blut redet besser den Abels.33 The Lambd was intimately near us; Br. Martin interpreted. I held school again, and snapped off dry beans. Tuesday, September 28 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the texts. The brethren Gideon, Joshua, Petrus, Gottlieb, and Jeremias worked on the [sledge] path. I helped them. It was mustering day in Kent, when they elect new offecirs who, in accordance with their custom, give food and drink to the people. They had already 232

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

announced beforehand that they would give enough to anyone who came, also to the Indians and Negroes. Hence, I asked the brethren to be on their guard, and to abide in the Savior with their hearts. None of the brethren went, excepting Samuel and Martin. Both of them returned home in a fairly good state. The unbaptized ones all came home drunk and created a great deal of noise. Priscilla had to flee with her daughters from her house. I gave myself up to my my [sic] Lambd and was quiet in my housed. Wednesday, September 29 It rained fairly hard in the morning so that I suspended the quarter-of-an-hour, intending to conduct it in the evening, but was unable to do it then, for the sisters went into the sweat house. I visited Br. Samuel, Martin, and Christian. I also conducted school. The remaining time I spent with mending. Jery returned from Stockbridge. He brought with him a young Indian who is friends with him.34 This young Indian lives in Farmington. Br. Petrus visited me in the evening. He said he felt as if he had found his heart; he loved all of his brethren. This morning his heart had felt hungry, thus, he thought, the brother will soon hold [a] quarter-of-an-hour. But after that time had passed, he thought, we will have [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. And so he kept listening for when I would blow [the horn]. When that time had passed as well, he thought, now you must visit the brother. I told him how things had gone for me and the quarter-of-an-hour. Thursday, September 30 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked a bit about the texts. The young Indian from Farmington came to me and right away asked where Sensemann was; he knows Br. Sensemann. He told me he had visited him frequently this spring. In the evening he visited me again, and so did a couple of other Indian strangers. I read to them the hymn Ein Lämmlein geht u. Trägt die Schuld, etc., in English.35 Also, the min[i]ster from Kent, Mr. Marsh, visited me. He was very cordial and assured me that he had nothing against the Brethren. What he had done against them previously, he did for want of reason. He was very young back then and had been installed to preach just at that time. Also, had not known anything about the Brethren aside from the terrible things he had heard and read in Tennent’s book,36 and so he undoubtedly had not acted 233

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

the way he should have. He assured me that he now thought differently of the Brethren, [and] that he no longer wants to disturb them in their work among the Indians; instead, he wants to assist them when it is in his power. He asked me if if [sic] I thought that the brethren would take him in if he came to Bethlehem. He thinks they would still remember what he had done to them. I told him I believed the brethren no longer thought about it. He strongly urged me to visit him. But I did not make any promises to him; only if time would happen to bring it about. He said I shall be welcome in his house like his own brother any time. On bidding farewell he gave me his hand, wished me luck, and said he believed nothing else other than that our intention among the Indians was sincere. Old Maria and her sister returned from their visit among their friends.37 Friday, October 1 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I visited Thamar; she has been sickly for some days. I administered balsam to her for sweating.38 The brethren worked again on their sledge-path and finished it to the point that they now anticipate completing it in one day. I started working on a bedstead. Saturday, October 2 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the text. The Lambd was intimately near us. I continued working on the bedstead. My heart felt quite blissful in the side holed. I visited Jery; he is quite amicable. Thamar has recovered. Timotheus came from Wechquadnach. He told me that Susanna was ill, but old Simon [was] in good health. I took the opportunity to tell him something about the Savior. Sunday, October 3 I suspended the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning because it was so very cold, and most of the brethren and sisters are still going barefoot. Timotheus visited me again, and just at the time when we were to meet in conference. In the general Sunday meeting I talked about the texts; the Lambd was intimately near us. In the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants I talked somewhat about the verse Christi Blut u. Kerechtigkeit,39 and He was near us poor heartsd with His bloody wounds. Nothing new came up when visiting. 234

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Monday, October 4 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the texts. Afterward, I visited all the brethren and sisters who came home yesterday evening and who are leaving today to sell baskets: Martha, Johanna and her daughter, Priscilla and her daughter Benigna, as well as Petrus and Thamar. Paulus and his brother Amos, and Lucas, returned from hunting; his [Lucas’s] arm has healed very poorly. Also, Timotheus went back to Wechquadnach. I worked on the bedstead and brought in wood. Tuesday, October 5 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the text. Several brethren went out to work. I visited those who were still at home. The foreign Indian woman who had been here for a visit left yesterday. She took her children with her. She said that she intended to return for the Christmas holidays. I worked on the bedstead. In the evening I visited Br. Gideon and Samuel. Wednesday, October 6 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I again talked about the texts. I visited Br. Martin; he said he was quite blissful. Old Sr. Erdmuth returned, and with her Johanna’s and Juliana’s girls. The wife of Lemuel Bostwick in New Milford sent me a piece of bread. I completed the bedstead and got some wood for myself. I visited Magdalena in the evening; Br. Gottlieb is not at home. Thursday, October 7 I did not conduct a quarter-of-an-hour in the morning as there are hardly any brethren and sisters at home. Br. Joshua, Gottlieb, and Jeremias with his family, went out to sell baskets and backs. Martha and Johanna came home. I started gathering my corn, also visited those huts where there were brethren and sisters. The wife of Lemuel Bostwick sent me a dozen apples through Martha. Her husband wants to visit us soon. Friday, October 8 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; our dear Lambd of God was in our midst. I entrusted all the soulsd and circumstances to His faithful and 235

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

loving heart. Benigna, Simon’s daughter, went to New Milford. I was hard at work gathering corn. Saturday, October 9 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I washed my soiled laundry. Also brought my corn home, so that all of it is now under the roof. I visited Br. Martin and Samuel in the evening. All of the brethren and sisters except for Petrus and Thamar came home. That day I thought of my dear brethren in Bethlehem very much; I was half hopeful that a brother would come for a visit. Sunday, October 10 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I presented our circumstances to the Lambd and appealed to Him to bleed on us anew, and to forgive and cleanse where something has come about. Also, we met in conference, but nothing came up that was out of the ordinary. During the general meeting I talked about the words of the Savior during these days. My heart was greatly distressed about a number of matters so that I was not able to talk much. I felt the same way while visiting. We were hindered with the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, so that I was unable to conduct it. Monday, October 11 We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. Our dear Lambd of God was intimately near us. I talked about the texts; Br. Martin interpreted. I held school again. After school I went to Gaylords, as I was in need of some provisions. However, I was unable to get anything other than butter, and for that I had to pay 10 pens [pence a] #. I also visited the winter huts. No one was home excepting Sarah and the old, as well as little Maria, who is ill. The brethren started gathering their corn. Tuesday, October 12 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I prayed and recommended all of us to the bloody side holed. After the quarter-of-an-hour I visited all the brethren and sisters. Next, I held school again. I prepared clay for plastering the inside of my housed. A day of exerccicium [Latin: exercise] again occurred in Kent, hence everyone who went would receive presents like before. None 236

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

of the brethren went there, regardless. In the evening Sr. Priscilla came home with her daughter Benigna. They had to leave Petrus and his family behind because Anna is sickly. Wednesday, October 13 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the words of the beloved Savior: Suchet Euch die rechte Speise.40 The Lambd revealed Himself to us; Br. Martin interpreted. I plastered my housed. The brethren were gathering their corn. Br. Gideon visited in the evening. Thursday, October 14 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I talked about the text. Br. Joshua interpreted. I held school, also gathered beans. I have got all of them [the beans] in the house now. Br. Joshua visited in the evening. Friday, October 15 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I talked about the texts. Br. Martin interpreted. I held school. I carried home still more clay and plastered my housed. The brethren had their corn hauled home. In the evening they went about husking their corn in common; I helped them. Saturday, October 16 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning; I talked about the text. Br. Martin interpreted. Then I went visiting in the winter huts, but met none of the baptized ones, other than Sarah and her daughter, little Maria, who is still sickly. Sarah was quite lively and full of light. Sarah’s son’s wife and her mother came from the seaside for a visit. On my welcoming the old woman she right away said, I poor Wamem [woman] am come again to see you. Her reply took me by surprise, so that I was unable to say anything in response. One year ago she had behaved very badly here, acting as if she wanted to tear everyone apart. However, after a short while she again started pouring out her heart and said she was the poorest creature in the world. I sat down with her and asked what was wrong. She said once more, I am a wretched creature, I have lost everything. She had lost God as well. Several years ago she too had feeling in her heart, and had seen Jesus Christ once. But she had lost Him and become a sinner. That 237

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

sum[m]er when her daughter died, her heart was reawakened. Now she saw that she was a poor creature. At times she felt some life. That is when she hoped that things would soon turn for the better. But soon after, she would once again succumb to sin, and she lived all sum[m]er in this way. Now she was here to visit her friends.41 However, one year ago she had acted so badly that she was ashamed to go among them. I told her about the Savior — that He was a friend of sinners. She should go before Him just the way she felt; He will wash her with His blood and forgive her everything so that she could remain forever blissful. I then took leave of her. After I had walked a distance from the house, she came running after me, making me a praesent of 6 apples. I had also spoken with Gihur; he was friendly, but appeared indiferent to me. I washed my soiled laundry and carried wood home. In the evening Timotheus and Ampawaechnant came from Wechquadnach. The wife of the latter had reportedly taken a very bad fall off a horse the week before. Timotheus had intended to go to Gnadenhütten with his Hannah this autumn. He said he was not able to go now that this fall had occurred. Sunday, October 17 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked a bit about the watchword; Br. M[artin] interpreted. Br. Joshua interpreted during the general meeting. I talked about the words: Wenn Euere Sunde gleich Blut roth ist, etc. Wer in Jesu Wunde das Heil gefunden, der wird so h. als Jesu Wunden.42 The Lambd was in our midst and let us feel how His loving heart embraces poor sinners. The foreign Indian woman also attended the meeting. In the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, I talked about yesterday’s watchword: Euch ist gegeben, das Ihr im Blut des Lammes liegt und in all Euere Kriegen siegt.43 The Lambd was near us and gave me joy to speak and to portray the dear Lambd of God with all His wounds to the hearts of the brethren and sisters. When visited, the brethren and sisters who had been home last week were affectionate and full of light. Br. Joshua and Samuel visited me, each one separately. I took the opportunity to talk with them about their hearts. I reminded Br. Joshua of his first grace, and how close the Savior had been to him. Br. Samuel was very candid and acknowledged what has kept him back until now. I would have liked to have held conference as well, but was unable to get the brethren together. Petrus, Paulus, Christian and his 238

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

son, and Lucas came home. He [Lucas] has been to the doctor in New Milford with his dislocated arm, but that has not helped him any. Monday, October 18 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning; I talked about the texts. Br. Joshua interpreted. I held school again. Christian and his son went back to New Milford. All the young people went to one of our neighbors to strip44 corn. On that occasion, the white people do not give a day’s pay, but food and drink, and in that respect they often give more than necessary. Two of the unbaptized ones came home drunk. I locked myself in my housed, for I did not trust them. Br. Gideon visited me and stayed with me until the tumult was over. The brethren and sisters helped Br. Samuel gather his corn. I cut wood for a pigsty. Br. Timotheus went back to Wechquadnach. Tuesday, October 19 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Yesterday and today I was prevented from holding school since everyone set about stripping corn. Also, they readied themselves to go to New Milford, because a large general muster is taking place [there]; nearly everyone went. Br. Gideon and Jeremias stayed at home. I visited all of the brethren and sisters before they left, asking them to please abide in the Savior, and to remember His wounds. They promised me this, to be sure, but my heart was full of sorrow for them. I brought home as much wood for the pigsty as I could. Wednesday, October 20 I did not conduct a quarter-of-an-hour in the morning as there is almost no one at home. I visited the sick. Juliana is very ill, as is Br. Martin’s oldest boy. Anna has got the ague. This is presently epidemic in New England, along with the bloody flux.45 Br. Jeremias went to New Milford. I carried [in] wood for the pigsty. Thursday, October 21 I again did not conduct a quarter-of-an-hour. It rained all day. I held school with the few children who were still at home. Visited the sick and mended a shirt for myself. 239

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Friday, October 22 We did not have a quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I visited the sick and whoever else was home. I also started laying up my pigsty. Past noon the brethren and sisters came home one by one. First, Br. Jeremias arrived, then Joshua and Elisabeth, Samuel and Lucia, Salome, Benigna, Simon and his Benigna, also Gottlieb’s son Nacbar. I also visited Br. Samuel, for I had heard [that] he had drunk too much syder [cider]. Saturday, October 23 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour again in the morning. Went visiting in all the huts; Joshua was most amiable. He had not gone to the exercicium. He went to Woodbury to sell baskets. The other brethren came home as well. With Martin came his brother; he has been here for a visit once before, not long ago. In addition, Paulus, Amos, Lucas, Gottlieb, and Magdalena came. It rained nearly all day. I washed and mended, and carried home wood. I had intended to pay a visit to the winter huts, but it was good that I did not go there, for I would not have found anyone home. Sunday, October 24 We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. I talked about yesterday’s watchword: Der Herr hat uns den Sabbath gegeben.46 I was glad that I now had the opportunity to tell the brethren and sisters something about the Sabbath. The versed under the watchword inspired me with the theme. In the general meeting I talked about the words: Shie [Sieh], das ist Kottes Lamm, das der Welt Sunde trägt.47 The Lambd, with His most beloved side holed, was near us especially intimately. My heart was all warm from the subject. I portrayed to the brown heartsd the Lambd in the way He bore their sins and atoned for them. I also visited all of the brethren and sisters; they were amiable. They did complain about themselves, but my heart was nonetheless afforded comfort concerning them. I directed all of them to the Savior and His wounds. We were not able to have the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants because the brethren went into the sweat house. Br. Martin had a doctor summoned to his sick child as it is vomiting violently. The doctor administered [something] to stop the vomiting, which happened. But the child started to get worse right away. In 240

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

the evening he told his father he loved the Savior, and these were the last words that were heard from him. Monday, October 25 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After the quarter-of-an-hour I visited Martin’s sick child. It appeared as if he would soon go to the Lambd. I visited Juliana as well. She too had taken something administered by the doctor. Yet she felt worse than before. Br. Jeremias went to New Milford; he returned home in the evening. I held sch I worked on the pigsty and finished it, except for the roof. I frequently thought of the dear Bethlehem and wished that a brother would come soon. Tuesday, October 26 We had quite a blissful quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked about the texts; Br. Martin interpreted. I visited the sick child several times throughout the day. I held school and went on the mountain 3 times to get bark. In addition, I talked with Paulus about his heart and directed him to the Savior. I also visited Br. Joshua. I asked Martin if he was going to be pleased when his child went to the Savior. He said he would not hold [on to] it; if the Savior wanted to take it, it was His. Around midnight it [the child] fell asleep, blissfully and softly. His parents said that he had often talked about the Savior and His wounds, and said he loved the Savior. He had sung the versed, Wanechk paquaik, Wanechk paquaik, p[p]., Seitenhöhlgen, Seitenhöhlgen,48 p[p].,49 quite well. I remember that I had heard him sing it frequently in the woods when he was alone. I thought of my dear hearts in Bethlehem very much and believe that they have had quite a blissful day. Wednesday, October 27 We again had a blissful quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked about the text. The Lambd was intimately near us. I talked with Br. Martin [about] when he wanted to have his child buried. He said, In the evening. I went to the winter huts and made it known to the brethren and sisters there. Leah, Rebecca, and old Maria were not at home. In the evening we had the burial. I conducted a small quarter-of-an-hour. I told them that if one occupied himself a great deal with the wounds and the side holed, and loved them, then one was also looking 241

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

forward to seeing and kissing them one day, and that made going from the tabernacle to the Savior something that one could hardly wait for. My heart felt very blissful during this meditation. I prayed at the grave side. Br. Martin told me, he continued to feel this way — he wished that all of his children were baptized. Thursday, October 28 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; I talked a bit about the texts. Br. Martin interpreted. I held school. I visited Br. Martin and Joshua. The brethren went hunting, returned home in the evening, and had not gotten anything. Two men came here from Woodbury to collect on debts from the Indians. First they came to me and told me that they have come here a porpos [à propos] to see me and to talk with me about my affairs. I was surprised, but I gave no answer. Then they asked me about many issues to which I answered them very curtly. In the end they told me the real reason why they had come here, and that was to collect on debts from the Indians. They were so bold so as to demand of me that I pay off the debts or at least be good for them. But I told them that this was not at all my business, to meddle in the Indians’ external affairs. Moreover, the accounting appeared to be quite wrong, for they had put 8 # [£] 15 shillings to the account of John Jeremeia Cocksure. But since this was not the name of Br. Jeremias, they were not able to lay this charge to him. Moreover, Jeremias said that in all of his life he had not purchased anything from that man. They nonetheless sought to trick him in any way possible to get him to become entrapped by his [own] words. But Br. Jer[emias] insisted that he had never been in that man’s house. They wanted to take Br. Amos away and make him a serven [servant] for what he owed. In the end, Br. Amos had acquiesced — that he would go with the men. However, the Savior made it happen that just at that moment one of our neighbors came along, who warranted for him, and so Amos stayed here. Friday, October 29 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren worked again on their sledge-path. I also worked with them. In the evening our dear heartd Sensemann came to us, bringing us many heartfelt greetings and kisses from our dear Brother Johann Nitschmann and other dear hearts in Bethlehem, 242

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten. I and the dear Indian heartsd rejoiced at seeing him among us once again. Saturday, October 30 Because our dear heart Sensemann had to leave several things behind with Johannes Rau, I went today to retrieve them from there. Before leaving I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; talked a bit about the watchword. Br. Martin interpreted. Br. Sensemann visited his dear Indian heartsd. I returned home late at night with the things that had been left behind. Sunday, October 31 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Several of the Indian brethren and sisters visited us, to whom our dear heartd Sensemann portrayed the faithful heart of our dear Lambd of God. Br. Sensemann held the general Sunday meeting. He talked about the watchword and portrayed the bloody Lambd of God with all of His wounds to the brethren and sisters. He did so in the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants as well, saying at the same time how a heart felt who had given himself fully to the Lambd. In the course of the day we were yet visited by several of the Indian heartsd. Monday, November 1 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I talked a bit about the words: Also hat Kott die Welt geliebet.50 Afterward, I held school. The dear heartd Sensemann visited the Indian brethren and sisters. He also paid a visit to Jerey, who he told about the Savior and His wounds. During the remaining time we worked and arranged things for ourselves. Br. Amos, Lucas, and Martin went hunting, the last of whom intends to return by Sunday; the others will most likely stay a little longer. Tuesday, November 2 Br. Sensemann conducted a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. He also held school and visited several brethren and sisters. I worked with Br. Joshua and Petrus on the [sledge-] path. Br. Sensemann also helped once he was finished with school. The path is now completed so that one could drive on it if necessary. The brethren prepared themselves to go hunting. 243

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Wednesday, November 3 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; talked a bit about the texts. We had Br. Gideon join us for breakfast; talked with him about a number of circumstances. Br. Sensemann held school. After school we took a cannue full of split planks from the winter huts up the river to the sum[m]er huts. The brethren went hunting. Those who went were Br. Joshua, Samuel, Jeremias, Martha’s son, Gottlieb, and his son. We took leave of them beforehand, recommending them to the Lambd. Thursday, November 4 There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning as most of the brethren are out hunting. Br. Sensemann held school. I was went into the woods; cut and carried wood home. We also went to one of our neighbors to sharpen our tools. Br. David and another Indian went to join the brethren who had left yesterday to go hunting. Friday, November 5 Brother Sensemann held school. I cut firewood all day long. Sunday Saturday, November 6 In the morning, I went to one of our neighbors to see whether he could haul wood for us. I cut wood again; Br. Sensemann also helped. In the evening our dear Br. Post came from Bethlehem to visit the Indian heartsd, and to bid them farewell at the same time, for he is going to Europe. He brought us many heartfelt greetings and kisses from our beloved heartsd in Bethlehem. Also, Br. Gideon returned from New Milford. Sunday, November 7 Given that there are almost no brethren at home, and no one who can interpret, we thought it best to conduct a small quarter-of-an-hour with the brethren and sisters who are here.51 Br. Post conducted it; he talked about the words of the dear Savior of this day. Since arriving here, Br. Post has visited all of the Indian heartsd, and as the opportunity arose, told them something about the Lambd and His wounds.

244

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Monday, November 8 Brother Sensemann held school. Br. Post set about [making] a trunk. I cut firewood and went to a neighbor to order bread for a love feast. Tuesday, November 9 Brother Post finished the trunk. Also, we had firewood hauled home for us. In the evening I went for bread and milk for the love feast. We had intended to hold it that evening but were hindered because the bread had not been baked in time. Br. Gideon summoned the brethren and sisters for tomorrow morning. Wednesday, November 10 We had the love feast in the morning. Br. Sensemann talked about the blissful fellowship that we enjoy with one another when the brethren and sisters with their hearts abide in the Lambd and His wounds. Also, Br. Post informed the brethren and sisters that he intended to go across the great water and visit the brethren and sisters there. The Indian brethren and sisters sent with him many greetings of love, in particular for our dear ordinario.52 Those who knew him in the past were well able to remember him, and think of him often. After the love feast we talked with Br. Gideon. He gave us to understand that it would please him if he could see the brethren who are going to Europe and speak with them beforehand. He immediately resolved to go with Br. Sensemann and Post to New York. Thursday, November 11 In the morning the dear hearts Sensemann, Post, and Gideon left from here for New York to see the brethren and sisters who are going to Europe, especially our dear Johann Nitschmann. I again set about the work that still needs to be done. I also went out to buy some provisions. Friday, November 12 I wanted to hold school, but there were no children at home. I continued with my work.

245

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Saturday, November 13 I frequently thought of my dear hearts in Bethlehem, and what a blissful day this had been there 3 years ago, and how everyone had tearfully paid homage to our beloved Chief Elder.53 Our Br. Johannes, the Indian, returned here from his journey to Gnadenhütten. He is still very sickly. He has been traveling for 3 weeks from Gnadenhütten to this place. Along the way he laid over at [the house of ] a New Light who cared for him well, not charging him anything. Christian and David returned from hunting; they get nothing. Sunday, November 14 Brother Martin returned home from hunting that morning. He had been out for more than 14 days and did not get anything. I went visiting in the winter huts. Leah was back home; she had returned that Thursday. She greatly lamented her poverty. I directed her to the Lambd. Christian and David were very affectionate and revived. I arranged for a quarter-of-an-hour with them for that evening. Br. Martin interpreted during the quarter-of-an-hour. The Lambd was near us and revealed Himself to us. After the quarter-of-an-hour I visited Martin; he is very much indisposed as a result of his journey. Monday, November 15 I was unable to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. I went to the mill in Sharon and returned home in the evening. Tuesday, November 16 I was again unable to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour as Martin is still indisposed on account of his feet. I had washday. Christian repaired his hut. Wednesday, November 17 In the morning I had a quarter-of-an-hour with the few brethren and sisters who were still at home. I talked about the words of the dear Savior: Wer an mich glaubet, der hat das ewige Leben.54 Martin and his wife, also Agnes and Lucia, went out to sell things. I worked diligently.

246

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Thursday, November 18[th] [Today] was the day of Thanksgiving in New England.55 The brethren and sisters and almost everyone who was at home went out among the white people, because that day they will be presented with things everywhere. I visited the brethren and sisters before they left, asking them to abide with their hearts in the Savior and His wounds. I diligently went about the work that I have yet to do before leaving for Bethlehem. Friday, November 19 Pachgatgoch was again as if emptied of people. There was no one home except for some children. I visited them several times throughout the day. Saturday, November 20 Several brethren and sisters came back home: Magdalena, Lucia, Benigna, and Anna; from hunting returned Br. Gottlieb and his son, Paulus and his brother, as well as Lucas. I went visiting in the winter huts, yet found no one except Christian. He was very affectionate and amiable. Sunday, November 21 Brother Martin came home. I resolved to still conduct a quarter-of-an-hour, thus announced it among the brethren and sisters. In the evening we had the quarter-of-an-hour. I felt very comfortable and the Lambd was near us. Monday, November 22 I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Several brethren and sisters went out to work. I visited Lucas. He complained that his heart was not in a proper state. I directed him to the Savior and His wounds. I worked diligently. Tuesday, November 23 I visited the brethren and sisters who were at home, talking with several of their hearts, directing all of them to the bloody wounds of our Lambd of God. Br. Gottlieb and his son Nacbar went hunting. I worked diligently.

247

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Wednesday, November 24 That day almost all of the brethren and sisters returned home. First came Sr. Thamar, Caritas with her children, Elisabeth with her children, and Agnes with her children. Late in the evening Br. Joshua, Samuel, and Jeremias returned from hunting. They had a fairly successful hunt. Thursday, November 25 I wanted to conduct [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning, but was hindered. I visited the brethren who had returned home late yesterday evening. They all were quite lively and cheerful. My heart felt very much comforted by them. Br. Petrus returned home as well. I worked diligently. Friday, November 26 We conducted a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. The Lambd was intimately near us with His wounds. Two of the neighbors came here to haul wood. One cart hauled [wood] for me all day long, and the other for the Indian brethren. Saturday, November 27 We again had a blissful quarter-of-an-hourd in the morning. Today the two neighbors came back with their carts; they hauled wood for the Indian brethren. I went visiting in the winter huts. David and Rebecca had returned home yesterday. They were most amiable. Leah greatly lamented about her poor circumstances. Br. Joshua visited in the evening. Sunday, November 28 We had no quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. In the general Sunday meeting I talked about Heb. 10.24, 25. The Lambd was near us and revealed Himself to us. The housed was fairly full of brethren and sisters. Most of the unbaptized ones attended the meeting. In the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants, I talked about the beautiful text on the large side hole. My heart felt quite blissful. I portrayed the Lambd with all of His wounds to the Indian heartsd. I was hoping that our dear heartd Sensemann would arrive, but he continued to stay out.

248

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Monday, November 29 We had a blissful quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The brethren went hunting and returned home in the evening. I did some work on my housed. Br. Timotheus and Moses came from Wechquadnach for a visit. They intend to go to Gnadenhütten next week. I also went visiting in several huts. Tuesday, November 30 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Also, I resumed holding school. The brethren came went hunting and returned home in the evening. Br. Timotheus and Moses went back to Wechquadnach. In the evening I went out and bought candles. Br. Gottlieb and his son returned from hunting. Wednesday, December 1 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The Lambd was intimately near us with His wounds. Br. Joshua interpreted. I held school. Also, I finished the work that I had intended to do before being able to go to Bethlehem. Thursday, December 2 We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. The Lambd was intimately near us. I visited the brethren and sisters who were at home, reminding them of the Lambd and His wounds. Held school with the children, and repaired the roof of my housed. In the evening the dear hearts Sensemann and Gideon came back from New York. They brought us many heartfelt and fervent greetings from our dear hearts who are going to Europe, especially from our precious Johann Nitschmann.56 He [Nitschmann] also wrote a heartfelt letterd of farewell to the Indian brethren and sisters. My heart truly wept and I was very sorry that I had not been able to see our precious Johann one more time. Friday, December 3 I arranged yet several necessary things in our housed. Br. Sensemann visited the brethren and sisters. Br. Gideon had enough to do recounting what he had experienced in New York and how the brethren [there] had received him.

249

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Saturday, December 4 I readied myself early to go to the mill as it is fairly difficult for one brother alone if he has to leave Pachgatgoch. The Savior happily assisted me so that I returned home in good time. Br. Sensemann went visiting in the winter huts. Sunday, December 5 I held the general meeting. The Lamb was intimately near me with His bloody wounds. Brother Joshua interpreted. Brother Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones and the communicants. He also read to the Indian brethren and sisters the lettersd that had been written to them. Moreover, Br. Sensemann announced to the brethren and sisters that I intended to leave from here for Bethlehem tomorrow. In the evening we also were visited by several brethren. Monday, December 6 In the morning, by way of farewell, I once more conducted a quarter-of-anhour for the brethren and sisters. They gave me many heartfelt greetings for the dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten. Our dear heart d Sensemann accompanied me for 3 miles. He gave me many greetings and kisses of love for all of his dear heartsd in Bethlehem and Nazareth and Gnadenhütten. We took a heartfelt and tender leave of each other. The dear heart Sensemann turned around [to go] to his dear Indian assembly, and I took the most direct road to my dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. I had quite a blissful journey; the Lambd was near me with His wounds. [No diary entries until December 10] Friday, December 10 I came to my dear hearts Michlers in Friedensthal.57 They right away told me the joyous news that our dear heart Joseph [Spangenberg] had arrived from Europe and had been to their house.58 I stayed with them that night. Saturday, December 11 In the morning, I took my leave from the dear brethren and sisters in Friedensthal and went to Nazareth. [I] visited the childrend and spent some time with 250

Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751

Br. Samuel and other brethren. Afterward, I went to Bethlehem. I immediately found my dear and precious heart Joseph, who welcomed me affectionately and lovingly, as did all of the dear hearts. What my poor heart felt at this time, I cannot describe, and I will not forget it. Now, my dear Lambd, my faithful Savior, be praised for all the precious faithfulness and patience that He has shown me, and in particular in Pachgatgoch, and that He has stood by me so steadfastly, and has helped me through.

251

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Pachgatgoch Diarium, the 6th of December, Anno 17511 Added in copia2 to the Bethlehem diario of January 17523 Monday, December 6, 1751. The watchword read: Unter ihm wirds wachsen, und er wird bauen des Herren Tempel. Zech. 6.12. Die Kirch da er Ältster ist.4 In the morning, the dear heart Abraham Büninger readied himself for his journey to our dear Bethlehem. Beforehand, he conducted the quarter-of-anhour for the dear brown heartsd; almost everyone stayed on and bade him a heartfelt farewell, also sending many a greetingd to the dear heartsd in Bethlehem. I accompanied him for 3 miles from here, across the water, and then we embraced and kissed each other tenderly and dearly. I bade him salute the congregation in Bethlehem and Nazareth and the other places heartily, and not to forget me in my loneliness among the brown assembly. Thus I set out to return; found the Indian brethren digging out and lining their spring with stones. I too helped with it. Afterward, I went home and cooked food for myself, but it did not taste any good to me. That same evening I cried many a teard before the pierced feet of the Lambd, for myself and the brown assembly. Tuesday, the 7th. I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; entrusted the brown assembly to the pierced heart of the Lambd by means of a heartfelt prayer. I felt very comfortable on this occasion. Before noon I held school with the boys, and after noon, [with the] girls. Afterward, I went visiting. [The] Joshuas and

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

[the] Samuels came, saying that they intended to go into the woods to hunt, and the sisters, to make brooms and baskets. They took a heartfelt leave of me. Benigna, Simon’s daughter, took leave to go along with Caritas to Newtown to work there. I went visiting in all the houses and talked with them about their hearts. Most were blissful and in good spirits. Some felt poor; I directed them to the Lambd and His bloody wounds, wherein they can be quite blissful and cheerful. In the evening I held the quarter-of-an-hour on the Lamb’s text: Er fürete sein Volck wie eine Herde Schaafe.5 Wednesday, the 8th. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning on the Lamb’s text: Freuet euch ihr Heiden mit seinen Volck.6 I felt comfortable on this occasion. Martin interpreted. In the forenoon I held school with the boys. Next, David came from the winter huts where we had lived the previous winter. I took him into my house and talked with him about various matters concerning our bloody Lambd and His wounds. I believe it was a blessing for him. Later, he [David], Gottlieb and his 2 sons, Martin, and an unbaptized one by the name of Weiti set [out] and went hunting. They came and took leave of me beforehand; they thought to return home next Saturday. In the afternoon I held school with the girls. I gave each child a biskit [biscuit], which the New York brethren and sisters had sent with me. They were greatly pleased by it. I also went to several brethren and sisters to visit them, but only a few are at home. Thus we suspended our quarter-of-an-hour. Late in the evening an English man, who had been hunting, came into my house. He lodged that night with Gideon. Thursday, the 9th. Before noon I held school with the boys, and past noon, with the girls. I visited old Maria, the mother of Petrus and Christian, who had been down in Danbury for 2 months. I talked with her about her heart. She was full of light and in good spirits; said she was grateful to the Savior that she was back at home. I visited Christian, who also had returned home from hunting. 253

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Friday, the 10th. I held school again. Visited Gideon, Petrus, [and the] Priscillas. All of them were well and in a happy state. Jeremias returned home from hunting, yet had not shot anything. Saturday, the 11th. I went visiting in the winter huts on this and the other side of the river, yet found no one at home other than the ill Maria, Sister Sarah’s daughter, along with several other children. Also went to an English house to buy some white bread. On returning, I found our dear brethren and sisters, [the] Joshuas and [the] Samuels at home, having come back from hunting, blissful and full of light. Toward evening [the] Gottliebs came home as well, together with the other brethren. They had shot only one buck, 1/2 of which Gottlieb presented to David, and 1/4 to Martin. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. I talked about the watchword: Ihr solt mir ein pristerlich Königreich sein.7 Sunday, the 12th. In the morning, Sr. Magdalena came and brought me a piece of the deer that her husband had shot. Also, old Erdmuth returned home with her daughter Martha, and [with] Johanna, Martha’s daughter. The brethren and sisters from the winter huts having arrived, I held the general meeting, and in the afternoon, I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones. It was a blessing for all of them. I also talked with Brother David about his heart; he was well and full of light. Monday, the 13th. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning; Joshua interpreted. After that I held school; in the forenoon with the boys, and in the afternoon with the girls. Paulus returned home from hunting. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Gideon and Samuel stayed on with me for a while. His stay in New York has been a true blessing for Gideon. He intends to go to Bethlehem next spring to visit the congregation. 254

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Tuesday, the 14th. In the morning, after the quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Joshua went to Newtown to have his gun8 worked on. I held school before and after noon. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Martin interpreted. My heart felt quite warm on this occasion. Wednesday, the 15th. Following the early quarter-of-an-hour the Indian brethren made preparations to drive9 the sleds. I gave them ropes for this purpose, which I had brought from New York. They were amazed [words crossed out] that I had ropes, for they had already been in a quandary on this account. Some drove and others made cut wood for themselves in the woods. We had a passionate quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the Lambd was near me. I talked about the Lamb’s text: Weißet meine Kinder und das Werck meiner Hende zu mir.10 Thursday, the 16th. Gideon stayed on after the quarter-of-an-hour and told me that he intended to go into the woods to search for his pigs. Now that there was snow on the ground, he would be better able to find them. I held school twice. The Indian brethren cut wood. Things are proceeding quietly and agreeably among them. The Lambd is with us. What is most difficult is that they live so dispersed. Gideon came home in the evening, but had not found his pigs. He said they have probably been stolen. Friday, the 17th. In the morning, following the quarter-of-an-hour, I went on the mountain to visit sick Juliana. Found her in a fairly poor state with respect to her tabernacle. I talked with her about her heart. She was joyful and well. She said she had given herself to the Savior. Her husband Gottlob had just left to go hunting in the woods when I came. Her mother, Erdmuth, was somewhat saddened on account of her daughter, for it appears that she will go home. I said that the dear Savior had died for them us, and that He had all the enemies under His feet, so that our sould would simply fly from the tabernacle into His side holed. Once the heart was inside, we need not worry about anything else. I also visited Martha and her daughter Johanna, Br. Gideon’s wife and daughter, who live up 255

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

there as well. Gideon had talked with Martha about her son’s bad conduct, and had said that such people were not suited to be in Pachgatgoch; they could go to some other place. This had offended her and [so she] moved with Johanna and her daughter to her mother on the mountain. However, they are very uneasy about it. I was not able to talk much with them. We had a blessed quarterof-an-hour in the evening. I talked about the Lamb’s text: Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt das er seinen eingebohren Sohn her gab.11 Martin interpreted. He stayed on after the quarter-of-an-hour and said he wished from the bottom of his heart that all the brethren and sisters may had have felt this in their hearts the way he had. He is a blissful heartd; may the Lambd preserve him this way. The brethren were worried because Joshua was staying out so long; they had decided to send someone for him if he did not come home tomorrow. Saturday, the 18th. I conducted [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, I washed my laundry. It was very cold that day. Joshua came home in good spirits. The man where he had to carry out his business had not been home. Our Indian brethren hauled wood with 2 sleds. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. Samuel and his wife stayed on with me. Sunday, the 19th. I conducted the general occasion in the forenoon. David and his wife and children, likewise Sarah and Leah, as well as several unbaptized ones from the winter huts were here, as was old Erdmuth. She came to me following the occasion and talked with me about her heart. Next, I conducted a quarter-of-anhour for the baptized ones, wherein I felt most comfortable. Also talked with David about the Savior and His wounds. He was lively and full of light. Moreover, I informed the brethren and sisters that I intended to go to Wechquadnach on Monday or Tuesday, and with that we ended the day quite blissfully and in good spirits. Lucas and Johannes came home from the hunt late. Monday, the 20th. After the quarter-of-an-hour I summoned Gideon to have breakfast with me, which he did. I talked with him about his wife. He went to visit her. He also brought me a greeting from sick Juliana; had talked with her about her heart. 256

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

She had said that she thought of nothing else but of the Savior and His wounds. (Johannes and Paulus went to Danbury to sell skins12 and to buy blankets in exchange.) I held school twice. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I felt quite comfortable thereat. Tuesday, the 21st. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After the quarter-of-anhour I informed the brethren and sisters that I intended to go to Wechquadnach to visit the brethren and sisters there. Thus they gave me many a greetingd to pass on to the brethren and sisters at that place. I gave Samuel the key to the house and set out on my journey. I arrived in Wechquadnach that afternoon, finding them [the Indians] in the winter houses. They were glad when they saw me. I saluted them from the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch and Bethlehem, at which they rejoiced. I talked with them about their hearts. Sr. Hannah was full of light and in good spirits. Susanna was somewhat sad. She said that her brother has died, which has been very difficult for her. I then talked with them about various matters concerning our wounded Husband and His wounds, and that He wanted for us to be blissful and cheerful heartsd inside His wounds. Timotheus had traveled to Gnadenhütten 4 weeks previous. I also talked with the unbaptized ones about the Savior and His love for the poor Indians. They thought I would stay there that night and made arrangements for where I was to sleep. But I said that I was not able to stay this time; I would stay with them longer next time. I expected a brother from Bethlehem tomorrow — and that we would have Communion in Pachgatgoch next Saturday. I wished to see them there that Friday. They were pleased to hear it. Hannah said she intended to come unless her sickly tabernacle stopped her. I still set out, and on Wednesday, the 22nd, walked by moonlight 6 miles to the son of Hans [Johannes] Rau, where I stayed overnight. In the morning I set out from there for Pachgatgoch. I found all of the brethren and sisters well; they were glad to see me again. That evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour on the Lamb’s text; Samuel interpreted. Thursday, the 23rd. Following the quarter-of-an-hour I felt very sickly inside my tabernacle. I made some tea for myself; thought about lying down in my bed. Unexpectedly, the 257

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

dear heart Grube stepped into the house. We embraced and kissed each other quite tenderly; my illness subsided for joy. He brought me many a letterd, greetingd, and kissd from the dear hearts in Bethlehem and Nazareth, and especially from the dear and precious heart Joseph Spangenberg, at which I deeply rejoiced. It was no small joy to the dear brown heartsd that the congregation remembers them so faithfully. They all welcomed him warmly, baptized ones and unbaptized ones. Past noon we went together on the mountain, 2 miles from here, and visited sick Juliana and her mother Erdmuth. Brother Grube talked with the sick sister about her heart. She declared that she felt well and cheerful in her heart. He also talked with her about Communion. She said her heart hungered and thirsted for the Savior’s flesh and blood. Erdmuth too was well and full of light. The others were not at home, except for 2 girls with whom we also talked about the Savior and His wounds with a feeling heart. Gideon came to us. With him we talked about a conference tomorrow morning, which he thought would be good. In the evening the dear heart Grube conducted a blessed quarter-of-an-hour, also passing on the greetings from the congregation in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, and that the congregation wished them deeply into the wounds and the side holed of the Lambd, for which they were heartily grateful. In the evening the dear heart Grube read to me the heart-refreshing Gemein-Nachrichten,13 as well as the speeches by dear, precious Papa,14 and then we went to rest blissfully and with a happy heart in the soft bedd of our Husband’s side holed. Friday, the 24th. Br. Grube conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. After the quarterof-an-hour15 we had the conference brethren and sisters stay on in our house; talked with them about Communion, and that we intended to have a love feast with all the baptized ones beforehand, and for that we needed someone to get bread, which Sensemann had already ordered baked. Samuel furnished his horse for this purpose, and Simon’s son got it [the bread]. Then we began speaking with the brethren. They were fairly straight; they said how they stood with the Savior at this time. Samuel was not a sinner with respect to the circumstances that had come to pass with him that summer; [he] was looking to blame other 258

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

brethren.16 Hence, he was not able to join Communion this time. Afterward, we started speaking with the sisters. Joshua was present most of the time. We felt the close presence of the Lambd in our hearts. Although there were various matters that, to be sure, caused us pain, the Lambd nonetheless helped us through everything.17 In the evening conducted the dear heart Grube conducted the quarter-of-an-hour. Saturday, the 25th. On the first Christmas morning the dear heart Grube conducted the quarter-of-an-hour, with blessing. He talked to the brown heartsd about the childd Jesus, who was born that night. Afterward, we also spoke with several brethren and sisters, especially with Gideon and Martha. She said that we would probably not take her along to Communion, for she was living on the mountain and far away from us. We said we did not want to start in on that, she should simply tell us about the state of her heart, and whether she loved her husband. As she [sic] we started speaking with her of her heart, she wept; and they both became sinners and forgave each other, and she went home with her husband and both were in good spirits and full of light. Next, Br. Grube translated with Br. Joshua 2 verses from German into the Womponacksche tongue.18 The first, O wie weind mein Herz; and the 2nd, Drück unß an dein Hertze an deine Wunden.19 Joshua made it known in all of the houses [that] all the children shall come to the quarterof-an-hour at the blowing of the horn. However, because there was not enough time, we were unable to have word sent to the other places. We also made preparations for the small love feast, and this we held with them with buttered slices of bread. Twenty-four came to the love feast. Br. Grube sang several versesd with them and told them about our little Jesus, that He too had become such a small child and that He loved them very much. We felt quite comfortable on this occasion. Br. Grube went into several houses to visit. He talked with old Maria’s sister. She expressed the desire to become the Savior’s. Br. Martin and his wife Justina came and applied for the baptism of their little sond. This was promised them and they were overjoyed about it. Several unmarried persons also came, requesting to be baptized. We promised to remember them. A quarter-of-anhour was conducted with the communicants, during which a longing for the 259

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Savior’s flesh and blood was felt. At the same time, the brethren and sisters were informed that, at dark, a public occasion would take place, wherein the sond of our Br. and Sr. Martin is to be baptized. Also, that when there was now the blowing [of the horn], we would come together for the love feast. Then preparations were made for the love feast. We had slices of buttered bread and chocolate. Also, the 2 new verses were read and sung to the brethren and sisters. They were very pleased by this. Thus the general service took place at dark, during which our dear heart Grube talked about the bloody stream coming from Jesus’ side. This was accompanied by a blissful feeling. Then the sond of our Br. and Sr. Martin was baptized into the side-holed [word crossed out] death of Jesus and named Jacob. A short while after this meeting, the communicants gathered for the absolution, at which time our beloved Husband looked most graciously upon His brown assembly of sinners and gave absolution. And immediately thereafter the blissful enjoyment of the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ took place. His brown assembly was revived entirely anew, and inside their dear patamaos20 they felt very much in the spirit [of the Lord] entering them. And with that everyone retired blissfully to Jesus’ wounds. This time 20 brown hearts were partakers. Some were not were not at at home, and some stayed away of their own accord because of their circumstances. Sunday, the 26th. After our breakfast we set out together with Br. Joshua, and went on the mountain to sick Juliana to take Communion to her. She was quite hungry and eager for it. We also talked once more with her daughter about the Savior and baptism, for which she had asked. Then we returned home. Gihorn and Schiri came to us and talked about their hearts — that they would like to be baptized. We reflected upon it before the Savior, but did not get assurance in this matter yet. They are two special men on whom the Savior has been working for a long time. Sr. Martha came and said her son Maramob talked to her at length about his heart last night. At the child’s baptism yesterday he had thought, if only he could become as blissful as this child. He felt very wicked and corrupted in his heart and desired to be helped. At 12 o’clock the general sermon took place. Br. Grube talked about the text Jesus hing am Chreutze21 and portrayed the bloody 260

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Savior with His wounds to the brown hearts. Magdalena came and said that her oldest son Nakpan had a great longing to be baptized, and has not been able to sleep for several nights because of it. We summoned him and talked with him, and found that there was a sincere desire present in his heart. We also spoke with David’s son, who also demonstrated a longing for the Savior and for baptism. Br. Grube visited the brethren and sisters in their huts, finding them quite blissful and full of light, also told them that now was a good opportunity if they wanted to write to Papa, Br. Johannes [von Watteville], and Mother Anna [Nitschmann], which pleased them greatly. Next, there was the quarter-of-an-hour for all the baptized ones, wherein we recommended ourselves anew to our bloody Husband and His wounds. In the evening Br. Sensemann conducted the service and talked about little Jesus, who became so poor for us, and so this day too was blissfully closed. Monday, the 27th. Brother Grube delivered the morning blessing. Next, the brethren and sisters came and dictated to Brother Grube [a] letter for dear Papa, Johannes, and Mother, greatly rejoicing at that, and that they had so many more brethren and sisters across the great water. Br. Grube and Joshua translated into the Wompanoa tongue the versed In unßers Hertzens Grunde p[p], erschein uns in den Bilde, p[p].22 Thereupon we talked with the candidates for baptism, and the Savior gave us 2 to be baptized into His death. We consoled the others by holding out hopes for the future. There was a general meeting in the evening, and in the course of it, 2 hearts were baptized with the blood of Jesus. The first one was Gottlieb and Magdalena’s son, about 18 years old. Br. Grube baptized him, naming him Philippus. The other one was Martha’s son, about 20 years old, whom Brother Sensemann baptized and named Jonathan. The Savior was quite near all of us during this holy act. The brethren and sisters were exceedingly happy about these 2 new brethren. They all went into their huts in good spirits. I wrote in the diearium. Br. Grube went from hut to hut to visit one more time, and had a pleasant talk about the Savior at Schirry’s, where there were several other unbaptized ones. I then wrote several letters to my dear hearts in Bethlehem, and with that we went to bed, blissful and in good spirits. 261

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Diarium for Pachgatgoch, December 28, 1751. Tuesday, December 28, 1751. The watchword read: Bleib beij uns. Lk. 24.29. Da hast du Herz, und Hände, daß wir bis an das Ende wolln deine treue Seelen seijn.23 Following the quarter-of-an-hour the Indian brethren and sisters stayed on and took leave of Br. Grube, sending heartfelt greetings to the congregation[s] in Bethlehem, Nazareth, as well as to the brown congregationd in Gnadenhütten. Br. Grube then set out on his journey to Bethlehem by way of New York. Sensemann I accompanied him as far as Gaylords, where they24 kissed and took a heartfelt leave of each other. I bought some bread for myself and set out to return to my dear brown brethren and sisters, all of whom I found well. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; Joshua interpreted. Wednesday, the 29th. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys, and then with the girls. I went into all the houses to visit, finding the brethren and sisters full of light and in a happy state. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening on the watchword: Sehet, jetz ist die angenehme Zeit.25 I was able to portray the bloody wounds of our God on the cross to the brown assembly passionately [and] with a feeling heart. Thursday, the 30th. After the quarter-of-an-hour I went with Br. Petrus on the mountain, visiting sick Sister Juliana and the other brethren and sisters there. They were lively and in good spirits. I also talked with Brother Jonathan, who is feeling well in his heart following his baptism. I told him to stay with his heart in the Savior and His wounds at all times. He was now like a small child who was born and constantly needed to enjoy his mother’s milk; so too was he in need of nourishment from the wounds of the Savior. Petrus and I cut a piece of wood from which we made a trough for me to use. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, several brethren stayed on with me, to whom I had to sing the new versesd that Brother Grube had translated, so that they could learn the melody.

262

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Friday, the 31st. Sr. Priscilla came after the morning blessing and brought me 1/2 [loaf of ] bread and a piece of cheese that Gaylord, a separatist from New Milford, was sending me, who requested that I please visit him sometime. In the forenoon I held school with the boys, and past noon with the girls. We had a blessed quarterof-an-hour in the evening. I remembered the blessed time that our congregations will now have again. I also felt quite comfortable in my heart, and my spirit was with them, I could feel that. Saturday, Januari[us] 1, 1752, n. st. The dear Savior’s words read: Da ward sein Nahme genenet Jesus.26 At the morning quarter-of-an-hour I informed the brown assembly that today was the first day of the new year. Entrusted myself and the brown hearts to the pierced heart of our Lamb and Chief Elder by means of a prayer of the heart, and that He may flood us anew with the stream from His bloody side and wash away all of the old. Gideon came from the mountain, bringing me word from the brethren and sisters there. Magdalena said her son Mackwa had told her with a sad heart, now that his brother also had been baptized with the Savior’s blood, that he felt as if all the baptized ones had traveled to another town and he has been left behind alone. In the evening I talked about the Lamb’s text. Sunday, the 2nd. Several brethren came to visit me. Thereupon the brethren and sisters from the winter huts came, and so I conducted the general service. Afterward, I talked with Jonathan, who is feeling blissful and full of light since his baptism. Next I talked with Johannes and his wife Leah. Something had come between them. I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the married people, at which they rejoiced. In the evening I was paid a visit by several unbaptized ones, with whom I talked about their hearts. I sensed the Savior’s work on their hearts. Monday, the 3rd. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Lucas and Johannes went hunting. Paulus and 2 unbaptized ones went to Wanachquaticok. Several sisters

263

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went out with baskets. The brethren were hard at work, hauling wood. After school I went visiting, finding everyone who was at home in a happy state. Sr. Thamar has been feeling sickly for several days, but she appears to be improving. She was desirous of joining the occasion again, but I could not advise her to that end. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I talked about the Lamb’s text: Simeon nahm ihm auf seine Arme p[p].27 Tuesday, the 4th. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys, and past noon with the girls. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The Lamb was especially near me, and the bloody wounds were sparkling among us. The brown hearts have been especially full of light and in good spirits since last Communion. In the evening I visited Jeremias and Agnes; they were very affectionate. Joshua and Elisabeth were also there. Wednesday, the 5th. After the morning blessing I readied myself to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts; found Sr. Sarah and the other sisters well. Gihorn was happy that I came to visit him; took me to the other side [of the river], to David’s hut, who had gone hunting with his son. Rebecca was in a happy state and full of light; she was glad that I came to visit her. I also found old Maria there, who is quite lively and full of light. On [my arrival] home, several brethren and sisters came and said that the soul of Sr. Priscilla’s sick daughterd appeared to be flying away. I went to visit her together with Gideon. I indeed found her to be very ill and emaciated. Her mother said that a short while ago she had said to her, if only she could be baptized with the Savior’s blood beforehand; she thought she was going to depart soon. And that her mother shall not grieve for her, for she was going to the Savior. I asked her if in her heart she felt a longing for the Savior’s blood. She replied yes. Thereupon I consoled her [with the news] that the beloved Savior was willing to wash her with His blood and give her a new heart and life. However, we intended to baptize her tomorrow morning in the course of the morning blessing. Yet if she were to become worse, they should call me and several of the brethren and sisters. 264

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Thursday, the 6th. Gideon came and said that the little girl was becoming increasingly worse. Thus I had them make preparations in their house. Gideon informed the brethren and sisters that the morning blessing would be delivered in Priscilla’s house, and that the sick child shall be baptized. After the blowing [of the horn], everyone assembled there. An Indian stranger from Potatuck was also present. I then said something, that the Savior had died on the cross and had shed His blood for the sins of the whole world, which those poor sinners experienced in their hearts who knew not how to help themselves and came to Him with their poverty and depravity. All of His merit and His righteousness would be given to them to own [words crossed out] and to wear — with which they could enter heaven,28 p[p]. Having sung several verses, we stood up. Sr. Priscilla, who was seated behind the sick girl, sat her up and held her in her arms. Thereupon I stepped up and absolved her in the name of our Husband and Chief Elder, blessed the water with a heartfelt prayer, and [asked] that the Savior may let the stream that flowed from His side flow into this water.29 And then she was flooded with the stream from Jesus’ side and received the name Esther. The Savior’s presence was palpable, to which the brown brethren and sisters also testified following the baptism. Some of the brethren went out hunting. I held school with the boys. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. Friday, the 7th. Gideon came to my door in the morning, at daybreak, saying that Esther appeared to be going home now. I went there, finding her fairly bad. I consecrated her through the laying on of hands during the singing of several versesd. She recovered, though. All of the sisters from the winter huts came to visit her. I held school. Lucas, Esther’s brother, came home from hunting along with Johannes. Each brought a deer with him. In the evening, after the quarter-of-anhour, the brethren held a conference in Gideon’s house on account of outward circumstances. I visited sick Esther. She was having continuous convulsions. At about 11 o’clock Gideon came and told me that she had now gone home. Saturday, the 8th. After the quarter-of-an-hour the brethren asked when I thought the tabernacled of little Esther should be put into the ground. We decided on Sunday, 265

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

at 1 or 2 o’clock. Johannes went to Wechquadnach. Beforehand, I spoke with him about his heart and still other circumstances related to his wife. I went 2 miles from here and bought some bread and salt for myself. Martin made the coffin. Several brethren made a fi re on the spot where the grave is to be dug so that the ground would thaw, for it was frozen more than 1 and 1/2 feet deep.30 Because our brethren wanted to go into the sweat house, we held had the quarter-of-an-hour a little earlier. Sunday, the 9th. The brethren and sisters from the winter huts having gathered, I conducted the general service. Schiry and his mother came from 4 miles away to attend the meeting. The bloody wounds of our God were near me, and everyone listened aten [attentively]. After the blowing [of the horn] at 2 o’ clock, everyone gathered in our house. Following a brief address, the tabernacled of Sr. Esther was taken to her placed of rest. It proceeded in a nice and orderly fashion. Because it was such rainy weather, everyone31 stayed here. That evening I also conducted a quarter-of-an-hour. The house was fairly full. Several [brethren and sisters] stayed on with me after the quarter-of-an-hour, and with that the day was ended blissfully. Monday, the 10th. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, I butchered a small pigd that I had fattened some. Petrus and Samuel helped me. A sister brought word to me that Sister Juliana was having convulsions. Tuesday, the 11th. After the quarter-of-an-hour Br. Martin came and took his leave, saying that he intended to go out on horseback with baskets [to sell]. Moreover, almost all of the brethren readied themselves to go hunting. I went on the mountain and visited sick Juliana; found her in a very bad state with respect to her tabernacle. I asked her how she felt in her heart when she thought that the Savior might perhaps call her to Him. She smiled and said she felt most comfortable with it; the Savior shall take her if He wanted to, her heart was feeling His wounds, p[p]. I rejoiced over her. I read and sang to her the versesd that Br. Grube and 266

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Joshua had translated. She delighted in them. Her mother, Erdmuth, was also in a happy state and full of light, and so were the others. Johannes came home from Wechquadnach full of light and in good spirits. We did not have [a] quarter-of-an-hour as nearly everyone was out. Wednesday, the 12th. I held school twice. Br. Martin came home toward evening. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; Martin interpreted. Thursday, the 13th. In the forenoon I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon, with the girls. Martha came down from the mountain with her son Jonathan, who right away came to visit me. I asked him how he felt in his heart. He said that he felt well. Also, the brethren returned home from hunting, lively and full of light, yet had not shot anything. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I talked about the Lamb’s texts. I felt quite comfortable thereat. Friday, the 14th. After the quarter-of-an-hour I held school with the boys. There also came an English man to visit me. Our Indian brethren were hard at work splitting [fence] rails. I visited several brethren and sisters whom I found well and quite full of light. In the afternoon I held school with the girls. Saturday, the 15th. In the morning, following the quarter-of-an-hour, I had a small love feast with the 2 newly baptized single brethren. They were heartily full of light and well; I am happy about the grace that the Lambd has bestowed on them. The brethren were busy hauling wood. I did some of my white wash. Br. Martin came to visit me; I spoke with him about his heart. He said that he felt well and blissful in his heart and knew of nothing that could disturb him in this. Christian returned home from New Milford, Schiris from his winter house. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, several brethren stayed with me for a good while. 267

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Sunday, the 16th. Because it was so very cold I thought that surely no one would come from the winter huts. Yet, soon after, Jonathan and several others came down from the mountain, and after a short while, Gideon came and said that all the brethren and sisters were here. Thereupon I right away made preparations and blew the horn. Thus everyone assembled in our house so that they hardly had room to sit. The Lambd was near us. For the text I had Rom. 8.32, Ist Gott für uns wer mag wieder uns sein, p[p].32 Past noon all of the baptized brethren and sisters came alone. I conducted a Bible lesson for them based on the 3rd and 4th chapter[s] in Matthew, because the Lamb’s texts throughout this week had dealt with the Savior’s temptation; Joshua interpreted. They all listened atent [attentively]. I talked with Sr. Leah. Joshua and her mother Sarah were present. Because her husband Johannes had stayed out several times for long periods, she had carpingly told him to leave, which he did. He had stayed for a while in Gnadenhütten last summer. Now he would like to set the matter right again, but it cannot be done yet. I also talked with Christian, who had stayed awhile in New Milford, pointing out to him that, [now that he was one of the] brethren, things could no longer go on in the same manner as with the unbaptized Indians, intent on following their old ways. He recognized this himself, with sadness. Petrus and his wife Thamar came to me, saying how they stood in their hearts. He said that he felt very poor. I directed him to the Savior and His bloody wounds; they were open for those who are poor. Thus this day too was ended with blessing. Monday, the 17th. After the morning blessing I visited Schirÿ. He is very amiable. He told me at length about the bad state into which he had brought himself. I said that the Savior was able to help him out of everything; he shall simply give himself up to Him. He expressed his longing to this end. I held school with the boys. Afterward, an unmarried person33 came to me; said whether I had heard that he intended to marry Benigna, Simon’s daughter, and what I thought of it. I said I had heard about this at some point, but she had not told me anything about it. I would have indeed preferred that he had given his heart to the Savior beforehand, and if he intended to live according to his mind and will, it would be better for both of them if he married an unbaptized Wildinn [Wilden].34 But he said 268

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that he wanted to give his heart to the Savior. He only desired that a brother would come from Bethlehem. Did I not know at what time a brother was coming? I was unable to tell him a specific time, however. I told him, given that the two of them had so far agreed with each other on this matter, I had nothing more to say about it; I wanted to wish them mercy and blessings for it. She [Benigna] went to his house that same day, to the place where the winter houses are.35 It hurt me a little, to be sure, for she had enjoyed many a blissful time in the single sisters’ house in Bethlehem. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Tuesday, the 18th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. In the forenoon I held school with the boys. The Indian brethren were hard at work making [fence] posts and rails. Word came from the mountain that Juliana was very ill. I held school with the girls. Gideon and several other brethren stayed on with me for a while after the quarter-of-an-hour. Wednesday, the 19th. I went on the mountain to visit sick Juliana and the other brethren and sisters there, finding all of them well. Sr. Juliana lay there like a sheep, greatly emaciated. She is merely waiting for the Savior to call her home. It delighted her when she heard that I was there. I then talked with her about the Savior and His wounds, at which she rejoiced. Jonathan went down with me. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; in my heart, I could feel the Savior near me with His bloody wounds. Jonathan and Philippus were with me for a while that evening. I also visited Martin and the stranger from Potatuck. That evening I very much felt like weeping, but did not know why. Thursday, the 20th. After the morning blessing the Indian brethren readied themselves to resume their work. They held a conference with one another because the hunt is now almost entirely over, because and the English, by [their] shooting, are taking away all of the deer from them. And when going to work among the white people, they suffered damage to their hearts. Hence, they intend to plant a lot of Welsh corn and work at home. (The Savior shall give His blessing for it; it surely 269

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will be better for their hearts.)36 I went visiting in several houses, finding them [the brethren and sisters] quite well. We had no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening because the brethren were sweating. (I wrote in the diearium.) Friday, the 21st. Following [the] morning blessing I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon, with the girls. I called on Petrus and his wife Thamar. They both were well in their hearts and full of light. Sr. Priscilla and several others returned home from New Milford in good spirits. Toward evening there came word that Sister Juliana was very bad and that it appeared that her sould was going to fly away. Gideon and her sister, Martha, set out at once and went to her. I too would have still liked to have gone there but was unable to being that it was so late. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, and sang for Sister Juliana in Indian: Seiten höhlgen[,] Seitenhöhl[,] Seiten höhlgen[,] sie ist dein.37 Saturday, the 22nd. Jonathan came down from the mountain in the morning, bringing word that Juliana had gone home yesterday evening. Joshua took several brethren with him to bring her down. I went 2 miles from here to buy some wheat bread as my stomach was very bad from the Indian bread, but was unable to get any since all the mills were frozen.38 On returning home Gideon came and recounted how Juliana had been alert until breathing her last, and that up to that point he had spoken much with her about the Savior and His wounds. She reportedly replied that she thought of nothing else other than to mind the Savior and His wounds in her heart. At about 12 o’clock she is said to have gone home softly, without a stir. Everyone who until now had lived on top [of the mountain] came down. Joshua went and got board[s] for making the coffin. Preparations were made so that she could be buried tomorrow. We had the evening quarter-of-an-hour a little earlier, because the brethren wanted to sweat. Sunday, the 23rd. I had Gideon and several other brethren join me for breakfast. Because the sickly Maria, Sarah’s daughter, desired so greatly to attend the meeting sometime, they brought her up from the winter huts on a sled. As soon as everyone 270

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

was assembled, Joshua brought me word, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. A fair-sized assembly came together; my heart was burning for the brown assembly. I talked to them with a feeling and warm heart about the blessedness that a child of God experiences in fellowship with the beloved Savior and His wounds. After the meeting I spoke with Christian and his wife Gottliebe; he has put himself in a miserable situation as a result of his bad conduct. He had committed his son into servitude, and because he ran away, he had to take his place. I see this as divine providence on the part of the Savior, however. (Gideon said my wood was almost gone — should he not arrange for the brethren to cut wood for me? I had no objections, saying if they had the time at some point, it would be good.) Thereupon preparations were made for the burial of Sr. Juliana’s tabernacled. Following the blowing [of the horn], the brethren carried the body and set it in front of our door. Several verses were sung and a short address was delivered [about] how the Savior welcomed so lovingly into His bloody arms the poor sinners who came to Him with a broken heart, and showed them His bloody wounds that He had received for them, which we have observed about our Sister Juliana, p[p]. Next, the coffin was lifted up and German and Indian versesd were sung. The brethren and sisters walked in the same order as in our congregations;39 it proceeded nicely and well. (Samuel came in the evening and said Gideon had arranged for the brethren to cut wood for me.) Monday, the 24th. Because there was such a fierce and cold wind blowing, I wanted to prevent the brethren from having wood cut for me. However, since they insisted, I gave Martha dried green corn, beans, and meat for her to cook for them. I went out with the brethren. Thus, before long, 3 sleds followed to haul the wood home. They brought home a fairly good amount indeed. Yet more than half [of the wood] stayed out [in the woods]. On returning home, Br. Gideon sent the food to our house and summoned the brethren. Joshua was the servant and distributed it. I sang one verse, Mene nana hannemewe taquach; in German, Gieb unß unßer ewiges Brodt,40 p[p]. Then we ate. I said, the willingness of the brethren made me happier than as if someone had given me a big present, and I thanked them for their 271

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love. The stranger from Potatuck, who is staying here, joined us as well. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. Tuesday, the 25th. We had the morning blessing at an early hour; and before noon I held school with the boys. Afterward, I visited the brethren and sisters, all of whom I found well. Christian and the Indian stranger went to New Milford. Past noon I held school with the girls. Caritas came and talked with me about her heart. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. I talked about the Lamb’s texts. Wednesday, the 26th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Jonathan and several other brethren went to New Milford to sell spoons41 and other items. I held school twice. The other brethren were hard at work hauling wood. Sister Magdalena came to me and said that for several days she has not felt quite full of light in her heart. She has been holding something against her husband (he was supposed to have butchered a pig so that she would have some meat in the house, and he did not want to do it). Thursday, the 27th. Today, following the morning blessing, Gottlob came home and was very ill. He had been working for an English man. I visited him, but things had improved somewhat. In the forenoon I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon, with the girls. I went visiting in all the huts; the brethren and sisters were all in good spirits. Because our brethren were sweating, and several English men were lingering about here late, we had no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Philippus came home from New Milford. Friday, the 28th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour, entrusting the brown assembly to the pierced heart of our Husband and Chief Elder, p[p]., by means of a heartfelt prayer. Jonathan returned home from New Milford in good spirits. I went and visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. First I came to David, who was delighted to see me; he was well and full of light. He said he wanted to go with me across the ice to the other brethren and sisters to visit them now 272

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as well, and so we went together. I felt very comfortable about them; they all were affectionate and well. Joshua went out hunting. Returned home soon after, having shot a large buck. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. My heart felt full of feeling and warmth from the blood and wounds of the Savior. Saturday, the 29th. After the morning blessing old Maria and Erdmuth stayed on with me; both are well and in a happy state. Erdmuth told me that she intended to go to her elderly brother in Potatuck next week; he is said to be 100 years old and no longer able to walk. Next, Gideon came and told me that last summer the old man had told him he wished he were in Pachgatgoch; his heart was longing to become the Savior’s. There were several more like him at that place who have said they felt in their hearts that what they had heard from the brethren about the Savior was true. Today I was frequently with my heart in my dear Bethlehem, and felt a gentle quietude in my heart. I very much felt in the spirit of Communion and thought the congregation was perhaps enjoying the body of our Husband; thus, I went to sleep as if I had enjoyed it with them. Sunday, the 30th. In the forenoon I conducted the general service; had the text Jn. 20.19, 20. The Savior was near us with His bloody wounds. That afternoon I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for all the baptized ones, and we enjoyed the kiss of love peace. Thamar came to me and lamented that she was not feeling well in her heart today. I asked what the cause of it was. She said that her husband Petrus had asked her for a long pipe,42 and she had not wanted to give it to him, and so he became discontented with her. I said, when she got home she should right away give him a pipe and tell him that she had not done things nicely yesterday evening. She was pleased that I gave her this advice and said she wanted to do so at once. She said that her daughter Caritas told her that she felt a great hunger to eat the flesh and drink the blood of the Savior. Joshua sent me a piece of the deer that he had shot. The brethren went sweating. Monday, the 31st. We had the morning blessing at an early hour. The wounds of the Lamb sparkled among us. Several brethren stayed on with me for a while. Sr. Sarah (who 273

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

had stayed here overnight) took leave of me and went to the winter huts where she lives. I went into several huts to visit. Afterward, I held school with the boys. Jonathan went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. Two English men came and bought Welsh corn from several brethren. In the afternoon I held school with the girls. Visited [the] Gottliebs and several other brethren and sisters whom I found quite well and in good spirits. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, I had Petrus stay on with me and talked with him about his wife Thamar; I said he should tell her to come to me sometime tomorrow. However, she came that very evening and talked with me about her heart, as well as about the other circumstances related to her husband. Tuesday, February 1. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Afterward, I went into several houses to visit. Gottlob went out again to work for an English man. Thereafter I held school with the boys, and after that, with the girls. I visited Brother Martin and Justina, asking them about their hearts. They both said that they felt well in their hearts. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The wounds of our Lambd of God were most sensible in my heart. Joshua and Elisabeth stayed on with me for a while; both are affectionate, full of light, and blissful. I reminded them to go visiting frequently this week and to talk with the brethren and sisters about their hearts. I intended to hold a conference on Sunday morning so that they could report to me on the brethren and sisters, which they promised to do. Wednesday, the 2nd. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. The Lambd was near us. The Indian brethren were hard at work hauling [fence] rails. Before noon I held school with the boys, and past noon with the girls. Toward evening Timotheus, who had returned home from Bethlehem 2 days before, came from Wechquadnach, bringing me a package of letters from our dear hearts in Bethlehem, from Br. Joseph [Spangenberg], [Matthew Godfrey] Hehl, Nathanael [Seidel], [Johann] Graff, and from my beloved wife and other heartsd. This refreshed me anew and I delighted in the blissful news from Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. Next, we had [a] quarter-of-an-hour. There was a special feeling of grace present. I told 274

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the Indian brethren and sisters that I had received letters from Bethlehem; I wanted intended to read from them next Sunday. They were happy about this. Thursday, the 3rd. After the morning blessing I had Timotheus join me for breakfast, who told me some things about Gnadenhütten, also, that his heart had been well. I spent the day cheerful and blissful with my precious lettersd that I had received. Timotheus set out to return home, saying that he intended to come and visit us in about 14 days. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Samuel interpreted. Friday, the 4th. Following the morning blessing I went to the winter huts, and from there to Aaron Gaylord to buy some provisions for myself. Because the weather was so bad, the people did not want to let me leave. Thus I stayed there. He [Gaylord] desired to hear something from me about the Savior, and so I told them about the Savior and His righteousness that He purchased for us on the cross with 1000 pains, p[p]. He fell on his knees and prayed most heartily. Saturday, the 5th. I set out again and came to my dear brown heartsd; found all of them in good order. I went into the house of Jeremias, finding Thamar there alone along with her 4 daughters. Because Agnes was lying down I asked whether she was ill. Thus, Thamar said she had a small child and showed me the little heartd; she had been delivered that morning. I wished her mercy and blessings for it [the newborn]. She thanked me most heartily. The brethren and sisters were all glad when they saw me back at home. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the red wounds of Jesus were most feelingly near to me. Christian and Johannes returned home from New Milford. Sunday, the 6th. After breakfast, Joshua summoned the conference. Gideon, Joshua, and Elisabeth, and I first sang a verse in Indian, Drück unß an dein Hertze,43 p[p]. They related to me some news about the brethren and sisters they had visited. Some had felt poor in their hearts. We were blissful together. As soon as the brethren 275

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and sisters had assembled, Joshua came and informed me of it, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. I talked about the text from Psalm 64.9, 10; the wounds of Jesus were near me. Past noon, after the blowing [of the horn], all of the baptized ones came. Thus, I read to them from the letters that I had received from Bethlehem. They were delighted that the congregation thinks of them so much and that Br. Joseph Spangenberg himself would perhaps visit them. They openly gave thanks for it. Christian asked if I knew when a brother was going to come from Bethlehem so that he would not miss it, [for] he intended to go to Wanachquaticok. Beyond this I also talked with him about various matters concerning his heart. Monday, the 7th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. The Lambd was near us. Old Erdmuth stayed with me for a while. I talked with her about her heart. She said that she felt well in her heart. I went visiting in nearly all the huts, with blessing. Next, I held school with the boys, and afterward, with the girls. Sr. Priscilla came and said that she intended to go to New Milford together with her daughter Benigna, expecting to stay out for 3 days. She was warm and full of feeling in her heart. We had [a] quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. He is very lively and blissful. Jeremias sat with me for some hours and tearfully bemoaned his circumstances. Tuesday, the 8th. In the morning, I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Martin said that he intended to go to New Milford to sell spoons and other items. Gottlieb also took leave to go to the same place. I told them, if only their hearts felt the rosy red wounds of Jesus at all times, then they would have no worries. Erdmuth and her [grand]daughter Johanna went to Potatuck today. I held school. Wednesday, the 9th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Most of the Indian brethren went hunting. Gideon went to Kent. I went visiting in several huts. I held school; in the forenoon with the boys, and in the afternoon with the girls. In the evening the brethren returned home from hunting, but had not shot anything. 276

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Thursday, the 10th. Following the morning blessing, several brethren again went out hunting. I held school. Br. Martin returned home from New Milford in good spirits, as did Priscilla with her daughter Benigna. In the evening the brethren came home from hunting in a happy state. Petrus stayed with me for a while; he is lively and in good spirits. Friday, the 11th. After the morning blessing I washed my laundry. I visited Gottlieb, who has returned home from New Milford. Samuel and his wife Lucia went by sled to Kent to get boards. He intends to build a new house this spring. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Several brethren stayed on with me for a while. Martin told me how he had fared on his journey. He is a blissful heartd. Saturday, the 12th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour, entrusting the brown assembly to the Lambd so that He may be feelingly near to each one with His bloody wounds. I felt quite comfortable on this occasion. I frequently thought of our dear Bethlehem. I visited several brethren and sisters and talked with them about their hearts. Christian came home from New Milford, Schiry from his winter house. Sunday, the 13th. Samuel came and said that all of the brethren and sisters were here. Thus I made preparations and called the meeting by blowing [the horn]. I talked about the text; the Savior was near us. That afternoon I held a meeting for all the baptized ones, wherein I felt quite comfortable. We also enjoyed the kiss of peace. Next, I visited Br. Martin, with whom a stranger is staying. I intended to talk somewhat with him about his heart, but he made off. The Savior is working on his heart, but he does not want to hear [anything]. On returning home I saw a man coming up in front of the Indian houses, thinking this person looked like a brother. That is when I heard him speaking English, and so, I thought, this is not a brother from Bethlehem. I went into the house and added wood to the fire, thinking that if this is a brother, he will be here soon. At that moment H. van Vleck flung his arms around my neck, embracing and kissing me. I did not know what to say for joy and surprise. Yet, I thought he had brought my wife 277

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with him — I asked whether my wife was here. He said no, but 4 more brethren were here, who were at the door by then, all of them flinging their arms around my neck. All the Indian brethren and sisters were already at our door, welcoming them with much love and surprise. They [the brethren] were Owen Rice, [John] Kingston, Van Teick, and Rieth.44 Jeremias took their horses to an English man to have them fed. They brought many a heartfelt greetingd and kissd for me and for the brown brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch from the New York brethren and sisters. Thus, we were blissful in each other’s company. That evening we resolved to hold a love feast for the baptized ones tomorrow. Joshua and Gideon brought Indian mats on which the brethren were to sleep, and so they laid down by the fire, in the Indian way. Monday, the 14th. In the morning I went to Gideon and said that we wanted to have a love feast, which pleased him greatly. He right away sent a brother to the brethren and sisters in the winter huts and had them informed. Soon after, baptized ones and unbaptized ones came up. After the blowing [of the horn], all of the brethren and sisters gathered in our house. Several verses having been sung, biskit [biscuits] and tea were passed round. The brown brethren and sisters delighted in the white ones, and the white ones even more so in the brown ones. Everyone felt quite well. Br. Rice related how matters were in New York, what the Savior was affecting with his red wounds in the hearts there. Moreover, that the beloved Savior now had also lit a fire here in Pachgatgoch, and that this shall burn stronger yet, so that many more [Indian] nations shall be kindled by it, at which they deeply rejoiced. Then we enjoyed the kiss of peace and parted quite cheerfully. Past noon Br. V. Vleck and Van Dyck took their leave of all the brethren and sisters in all of the huts and set out for New York by way of Esopus. I accompanied them. Brother Amos went with them to the man where the horses were. Br. Rice then told me much joyous news about Bethlehem and the synod, how blissful everything had been there. In the evening I called the quarter-ofan-hour by blowing [the horn], upon which everyone assembled. Br. Rice conducted it, talking about the text: Ihr werdet mit Freuden Waßer schöpfen aus den Heill Brunen,45 p[p]. In the middle of his address, the brethren and sisters saw Gideon’s house engulfed in flames. There was nothing to be saved. The wind was 278

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blowing so strongly that one could not help but think that all of them [the huts] would go up in flames. But the Savior allowed it only the fire only that one [hut]. That evening I gave Gideon a blenckete [blanket] off my bed as a present so that he could keep himself warm that night. Tuesday, the 15th. Brother Rice conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning with blessing. Following the quarter-of-an-hour, all of the Indian brethren and Sisters remained seated. Then the New York brethren went round and took leave of each one [words crossed out]. An exceptional feeling of love was felt. The brown hearts felt shamed that the New York brethren and sisters have so much love for them. They sent heartfelt greetings to all the brethren and sisters in New York. After we had eaten breakfast, the brethren set out on their journey. I accompanied them almost as far as New Milford. The New York brethren could not express how comfortable they had felt among the brown brethren and sisters. They would not trade their having been here for anything. Having embraced and kissed one another, I set out to return. By the time I arrived home, the brown heartsd had almost finished building another housed for Gideon. I was not able to watch it without weeping, that is how much this delighted me. Gideon and Joshua had sent Jonathan to Potatuck to tell Martha and Erdmuth that their house and belongings had burned, so that they would not be frightened when they came up and suddenly heard about it. Wednesday, the 16th. I delivered the morning blessing. The bloody wounds of our God were feelingly among us. [The] Joshuas, Samuel, and Jeremias went to Woodbury. Lucia and several other sisters went to New Milford. Before noon I held school with the boys, and past noon with the girls. I visited several brethren and sisters. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Martin interpreted. Thursday, the 17th. Following the morning blessing I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. I talked with all of them about their hearts. They were full of feeling and well. When I came home, Sr. Priscilla and her daughter came to visit. 279

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; talked to the brown brethren and sisters with a feeling and warm heart. That evening Br. Martin and Justina came to visit. Several other brethren were there as well. Friday, the 18th. After the morning blessing I intended to go to [John] Mills to pay for the [feeding of the] horses. But I did not feel quite right about it; contemplated it for more than one hour. Because I had to go across the ice, it occurred to me that I might fall in. I took out the commen prayer [book], therefore, and opened it to a verse. I got the 4th verse from the prayerful hymn Und ihr geliebten Brüder,46 p[p]. That made me even more hesitant, but I felt in my heart an eagerness to go. When I reached the krick [creek] from which Pachgatgoch derives its name, it was thawed in the center, though a rail had been laid over it, and I got safely across it and also across the river.47 [When I arrived] at Mills’s, the woman told me that, before this, she had experienced much from the Savior. When I asked her how matters stood now, she wept and said that she had strayed from the Savior’s love and had fallen into disgrace. Thus, I directed her straight to the Savior and His wounds. She was very happy that she could talk with me about the Savior. Then I set out to return. When I reached the krick, the rail was still lying across it. Yet, no sooner had I stepped on the rail than all of the ice broke away from under me. Thus, I found myself standing in water up to under my arms. I had a bottle of milk and half a [loaf of ] bread; the bottle was on the bottom and the bread floated on the water. However, I got out safely [and] fished my bread out. Because an Indian boy happened to approach just at that moment, he was able to retrieve the bottle. Then I went home, made a fire, and put on dry clothes. Sister Lucia and Anna came home from New Milford in good spirits, as did Erdmuth from Potatuck. I visited her that same evening. Jonathan had missed her; Joshua had told her about it, that her house had burned down. Yet she was very calm about it. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; Martin interpreted. We felt quite well on this occasion. Saturday, the 19th. Today I frequently thought of our dear Bethlehem. I held school with the boys before noon, and with the girls past noon. Samuel and several other brethren 280

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and sisters came home in good spirits. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. I visited Brother Martin and his wife Justine. Martha and Johanna came home. Sunday, the 20th. Samuel came and told me that they had had a joyous journey together. Joshua, Elisabeth, [and] Jeremias came home at this time. Baptized ones and unbaptized ones came from the winter huts, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]; Martin interpreted. After the meeting I talked with David about his heart; I was able to delight in him. Then [I talked] with Sarah and Rebecca. In the afternoon I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones; there was a feeling of grace present. Following the quarter-of-an-hour Gideon invited all the brethren and sisters to his house for a love feast that his wife wanted to give. I too was invited. The brethren and sisters having assembled, they sent a servant and had me summoned. When I arrived there everything was in good order. I sang several verses and then the food was passed around. I had been worried all along that Martha and Johanna would come home greatly confused because of their house and belongings having burned. Thus, I asked Martha when she had made up her mind to give this love feast. She said when she moved down from the winter huts on the mountain, she had thought to give a love feast for the brethren and sisters once she returned from Potatuck. When she received word that her house and everything in it had burned, it had occurred to her: Now you can no longer hold a love feast. But then she thought that she would use whatever she had left. I asked her how she had felt when she heard that her house had burned. She said that she had not wanted to deal with it, yet had not been able to go to sleep at night because of this. That is when she thought, The Savior and His wounds are still here, and she began to feel them close to her and she felt well. Erdmuth said it [the fire] had confused her a little, but she had right away turned with her heart to the Savior again, and there she started to feel well once more. It was quite a blessed love feast; everyone who was there was happy. I said I truly believed that the Savior will feel great joy in his heart at seeing us sit here with such feelings of love for one another. You know in what way you used to come together before you knew the Savior and His wounds. Then they said, this is true. At that time we came together to drink, to dance, to fight, and for all sorts of indecent ways of life. They were 281

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grateful to the Savior that He has delivered them from this and brought them to His wounds. We then sang several v[erses] and thus parted in good spirits. David, Rebecca, and Sarah stayed here tonight. Monday, the 21st. We had the morning blessing at an early hour. The red wounds of Jesus were feelingly near to us. David and Rebecca took a heartfelt leave of me and went home. Christian went to New Milford. Lucas went to a merchant to pay a debt, and from there to Potatuck to visit Martin’s brother. I held school twice. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the wounds of our Husband were near me. Gideon complained that he was not feeling well in his body. Tuesday, the 22nd. Our Husband with His wounds was near us during the morning blessing. I went visiting in Petrus’s hut; talked with the brethren and sisters [about] how they are to act when dealing with their children, particularly with those who are baptized. They shall be preserved and raised in grace. We did not baptize any children unless we had faith in the brethren and sisters that they would care for their children’s souls as they cared for their own. This was a weighty matter to all of them. I visited Joshua and Elisabeth, who are both in a happy state and full of light. Gideon was feeling a little better. The air48 in Gideon’s house is now better than before. By means of the fire, the Savior has put Martha, and her mother [Erdmuth], and daughter [Johanna] back in touch with their hearts. Gottlieb brought home a deer, of which they immediately sent me a piece. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Our particular text reads: Der Herr Jesus Christus mit allen seinen rothen Wunden Beulen und Strimen, das tönet und hafft in die Hertzen.49 Samuel was with me in the evening; he is affectionate, lively, and full of light. I also visited Martin and Justina. Wednesday, the 23rd. After the morning blessing Erdmuth stayed on with me for a while; she is very weakly. Gideon drank several bowlsd of tea at my house because he was not feeling quite right. Next, I held school with the boys. Chopped some wood into small pieces for myself. Afterward, I held school with the girls. I conducted the 282

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I felt comfortable thereat. I asked Martin about his heart. He said that he felt well; he was feeling the wounds. Thursday, the 24th. Today I did not feel all too well inside my body, thus, I stayed home. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. Samuel stayed with me for a while in the evening. I talked with him about his heart. He said that once in a while his heart still wants to stray and turn away from the Savior, and [that] he had to constantly watch over that. Friday, the 25th. In the morning I delivered the morning blessing, giving thanks to the Savior for all the mercy that He has shown also to the brown assembly here in Pachgatgoch, and that He may gather into His bloody arms everyone He has washed with His blood, p[p]. I felt especially well on this occasion. I went to the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. Several had gone out. I talked with Sr. Leah about her heart. She said that she often thought she was the most corrupted person, but when she looked to the Savior and His wounds, she felt well. I talked with David and Rebecca about various matters concerning the Savior and His wounds; her heart was eager to listen. I felt quite well on this occasion. Jonathan came home from Potatuck. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the Savior was near us. Saturday, the 26th. Following the morning blessing I went into all the houses to visit. Several were [out] cutting wood, and those who were at home were busy making baskets. I thought much about the congregation in Bethlehem. Amos, who was working 4 miles from here, came home in good spirits. Several other brethren and sisters who live in the winter huts came with him. Sunday, the 27th. Schyri came home with his family. Also, the brethren and sisters from the winter huts and several other unbaptized ones came for the meeting. The Lambd was near me so that I was able to passionately portray the red wounds and the 283

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

entire martyred body of Jesus to them. David and Rebecca said that they intended to go to the seaside next week. I spoke with them about various matters concerning their heart[s]. Both were childlike and full of light. That afternoon I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, reminding the brethren and sisters that they had to do nothing else but abide with their hearts in the Savior’s wounds. I felt comfortable on this occasion. Samuel came in the evening and said that he wanted to haul home my wood that was still out [in the woods]. Monday, the 28th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour, thanking the Savior for the grace that He lets us feel here in Pachgatgoch. Also, I recommended myself and the brown brethren and sisters to His care and bloody arms. After breakfast Samuel came with the sled to get my wood. I rode with him. He brought all of it home, 6 sleds full. Joshua went on the mountain to work. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; Martin interpreted. The Savior was near us. Tuesday, the 29th. After the morning blessing Sister Thamar came to me; told me about her heart and how matters stood in her house with respect to the Savior. They are reportedly were all well in their hearts. Before noon I held school with the boys, and after noon with the girls. A foreign, unmarried person from Potatuck by the name of Kwànau Sawonet came to me, with whom I talked about the Savior and His love for the Indians. He said that he frequently thought of the Savior. He also attends the meetings regularly. Gottlob, who intended to go down to the seaside, stayed with me for a while in the evening. However, I did not approve of it [his going to the seaside], thus, he stayed home. Wednesday, March 1. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour; the Savior was near us. I went visiting in the huts. Talked to Schyri’s mother about the Savior, and His suffering and death out of love for poor mankind, so that they may be saved, and that she could partake of this as well, p[p]. She was quite pleased to hear this. Next, I went into Petrus’s hut; asked old Maria’s sister if she did not at times think of 284

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

the Savior. She said yes, but her heart continued to want to see a different path. I told her that the Savior’s blood needed to wash her and bestow upon her a fresh heart, p[p]. I bid Sr. Thamar to talk to her about the Savior in the meantime. I also talked with Caritas, who said that occasionally something would get in her way that rendered her unblessed. I directed her to the Savior; His blood was able to root out everything in our hearts if only we allowed the Savior to take it away. I went visiting in several more huts, finding them [the brethren and sisters] well and in good spirits. The Indian brethren and sisters greatly long to see a brother from Bethlehem. Martin said that he had not been able to sleep that night; he thought, A brother is coming tomorrow. Samuel said he had dreamed he saw brethren coming. Hence, he ran outside many times and looked about. Gideon came and said, Now it is certain, the brethren and sisters are departing from Bethlehem this very moment. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Samuel and Lucia came to visit me. Thursday, the 2nd. After the morning blessing Christian came from the winter huts, saying that his wife Gottliebe was very ill. During the night she told him to go to me as soon as day broke so that I would please visit her; she thought that she would go home. I soon set out and went with him. Nearly all the brethren and sisters followed. Once there, I asked what it was that she had to say to me, and how she was feeling in her heart. She said that her heart was quite well and that the wounds of Jesus were feelingly near to her. This pleased me, I told her, if only but this was not only in her mind, or was it? She said, No, no, I am feeling the wounds in my heart and my heart is well as a result, so much so that my pains are disappearing completely because of it. I told her to give herself up to the Savior, [to let Him] do with her as He pleased, and to simply abide in His wounds. She said yes, that is what she would do. I went visiting in the remaining huts. Talked with Gihorn about the Savior. He said he understood everything; it was true. I visited on the other side; David and Rebecca had gone out with baskets [to sell]. Old Maria was quite full of light and lively; her heart was full of feeling about the wounds of the Savior. I then visited Sr. Gottliebe again and took leave of her, promising to visit her the next day, if I was able to. 285

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Friday, the 3rd. Following the morning blessing Gideon came to me. I said I did not know what was wrong with Schyri, he did not behave as before. Gideon said that he [Schyri] was very dissatisfied that the brethren did not want to baptize him. He has been hopeful now 3 times, that when a brother from Bethlehem was here, he would be baptized, but it did not happen. It seemed that the brethren did not want to baptize him. I told Gideon to visit him and talk with him about his heart, so that he [would] look to himself for the cause, because the brethren loved him and have wished for a long time for Schyri to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. I visited Martin and Justina. Gottlob had gone on the mountain to make wooden utensils. The brethren are all hard at work. Because the ice would no longer hold, and with the river not being clear, I was unable to get to the winter huts. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Joshua and Samuel stayed on with me for a while. We were quite blissful together, and they recounted many a matter concerning their first counseling, when the brethren came to them. Mart[ius], 1752. Saturday, the 4th. After the morning blessing I visited the brethren and sisters; talked with several about their hearts, where I found the opportunity. In spirit I was frequently in Bethlehem. Word came from the winter huts that Gottliebe had improved somewhat. We felt comfortable during the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, the 5th. Several brethren and sisters came from the winter huts. Christian brought me word from his wife Gottliebe, that she had improved somewhat, but 2 children had fallen ill as well. Witlÿ, Benig[na’s] husband, was also reportedly very ill. We had the meeting; the Savior was near us with His wounds. Following the meeting Christian and several other brethren and sisters set out to return home because of the sick. I felt especially comfortable during the quarter-ofan-hour for the baptized ones.

286

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Monday, the 6th. After the morning blessing I readied myself and went to the winter huts. Gottliebe told me that her illness had affected her head a number of times so that she did not know what she was saying. I asked her how her heart was. She said that she felt well. Occasionally, something would occur that wanted to render her unsaved, but she was looking to the wounds of the Savior with her heart. I found Witlÿ very ill. Asked him whether he had not thought of the Savior. He said yes, he had thought of Him frequently and had wished that he was washed with the Savior’s blood. Because of his being so weak, I was not able to talk with him much; I directed him to the Savior. David and Rebecca came here to visit the sick. They were glad to find me here. Talked with the brethren and sisters about various matters — how good it would be if a person, in times of health, gave himself fully to the Savior and His wounds so that His blood would wash away all the old and wild manners, so that a person would grow to be very much in the spirit of Jesus and the wounds. That way one would be calm and peaceful even when ill. This was plain to them and rendered them full of good feeling. Then I set out to return home. Gideon came and asked how the sick were. I told him how I had found them and that it would please me if a brother visited them tomorrow. He said that he wanted to go. Ampiwochnant came here from Wechquadnach. I visited him and asked if the brethren and sisters [there] were in good health. He said yes. I also learned that Christina, the wife of Cornelius, was there. Tuesday, the 7th. Gideon went to visit the sick. Lucas came and told me that he wanted to go to Wechquadnach, and from there on the bear hunt. I had greetings passed on to the brethren and sisters and intended to visit them before long. I held school with the boys. Joshua went among the white people to sell wooden utensils. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua Samuel interpreted. The wounds of Jesus were near me. Gideon told me in what state he had found Gottliebe and the other sick persons, and what he had discussed with them concerning their hearts with them. Also, she [Gottliebe] has reportedly improved somewhat. Joshua returned home in good spirits today.

287

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Wednesday, the 8th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour; the Lambd was near us. Afterward, I went to visit Schÿri. He is longing to be baptized. I also visited old Maria’s sister, as well as several other brethren and sisters. Magdalena came and said she intended to go on horseback to Wechquadnach tomorrow to visit the sisters and the other Indians [there]. I had no objections. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, [the] Joshuas, [the] Samuels, [and] Jeremias stayed on with me. Joshua said he intended to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts tomorrow. Thursday, the 9th. Following the morning blessing I held school. Joshua told me that the brethren and sisters were in good spirits and [that] the sick had improved somewhat. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, with blessing. Friday, the 10th. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon, with the girls. I visited in several huts; the brethren and sisters were busy working, and in good spirits. Saturday, the 11th. (In the morning I delivered the morning blessing; the Savior was near me with His wounds. I washed my white linen.) An English man came to me who took several Indian brethren with him to work. I frequently thought of the dear Bethlehem. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Sunday, the 12th. I visited [the] Joshuas. Then, Samuel and Gideon came and said that the brethren and sisters from the winter huts were here. (Gideon lamented that the young people would get together in his house and often were very light-minded.) Next, I called the meeting by blowing [the horn]; the red wounds of Jesus were near me. Joshua interpreted with a warm and feeling heart. Everyone was attent [attentive] and quiet. Sarah and Leah stayed on after the meeting and reported how things were going in the winter huts. They further said that they intended to work in the woods next week; their corn was used up. Moreover, they were indebted 288

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

to a merchant. In the afternoon I had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd with the baptized ones. The brethren and sisters from the winter huts set out to return home. The brethren from here went sweating. I talked with Jonathan, who, in light-minded compagni, has again gotten himself into something. I pointed out to him that he should remember what the Savior has affected in him, p[p]. He was sad and said it was true; promised to cut himself off from this. Monday, the 13th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour, entrusting myself and the brown assembly to the Lambd, that the red wounds may sparkle quite bloody in the heart of each one. Christian came from the winter huts, saying that Gottliebe was again walking about and that the others also had improved somewhat. In the forenoon I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon with the girls. I went to Kent to buy a little bread for myself, but got none. Joshua told me that they had agreed that some brethren should go to Wanachquaticok to get the Indian Jhan. They want to tell him about their land in their language, and he shall write it down in English. This they want to take to the co[u]rt in order to keep [their] land.50 I was not able say much by way of reply. I held the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; I felt quite comfortable in my heart. Tuesday, the 14th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. I visited Br. Martin, who had been out and had gotten among drunk people. They beat him, about which he has grown somewhat somber. However, there was no opportunity for me to talk with him about this. I held school; first with the boys, and afterward with the girls. Salome told me that, together with her sister, she intended to go out with baskets tomorrow. Wednesday, the 15th. Agnes and Magdalena, Salome, and several others went to Sharon with baskets and brooms to sell, intending to go from there to Wechquadnach. Gideon said that he had a mind to go to New Milford today. However, because it started to rain, he put it off. I went visiting in several huts; talked with some about their hearts. Sister Priscilla is somewhat sickly, but as for her heart, well. I spoke with 289

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Jeremias. I felt quite comfortable about him. His heart was full of feeling and well. I visited Samuel and Lucia. Both are dear hearts; with him, things could go deeper into Jesus’ wounds. Thursday, the 16th. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys. Next, I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. Came to David’s hut first. David and Rebecca had gone with baskets to Danbury. Old Maria, who was well and full of light, was home alone with the children. The son of Sekes was there, who said that his parents would move back here in 3 weeks time. He took me across the river by canoe, and there I spoke with the remaining brethren and sisters who all are well and in a happy state. Gottliebe has almost entirely recovered. Sarah and her daughter Leah intended to go to Woodbury tomorrow to work. The sisters returned from Sharon in the evening; they had been unable to get to Wechquadnach because it rained so hard. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd. Friday, the 17th. I delivered the morning blessing (with blessing). Gideon went to New Milford to visit some friends51 who love the Savior, and also [to take care of ] other matters. I held school twice. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour on the text: Er hat sein Kleid in Wein gewaschen, u. seinen Mantel in Weinbeern Blut.52 With a warm and feeling heart, I was able to portray to the brown heartsd the bloody Savior with all His wounds, welts, and bruises. Petrus and his wife Thamar stayed on with me for a while. He told me about his heart — that at times the former Indian ways wanted to re-enter his mind — and whenever he engaged in something in thought, and he would afterward, on approaching the Savior with his heart, feel as if he had been called upon to go up a very high mountain that he could climb only with great difficulty, p[p]. I told him that he need not engage in these thoughts, he should let himself be entirely freed from them through the Savior’s blood, p[p]. Saturday, the 18th. In my heart I very much felt in the spirit of the Sabbath today. I visited several brethren and sisters. Gideon returned home from New Milford in good spirits. 290

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

An unbaptized Indian from Wechquadnach came, bringing word that Simon from Gnadenhütten had arrived and intended to come here tomorrow. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with blessing. Sunday, the 19th. Several sisters arrived from the winter huts, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. Thus, everyone assembled. I talked about the text: Eß wird den noch dazu kommen, das Jacob Wurtzeln wird, und Israel grünen u. blühen, p[p].53 It was pointed out that the Savior and His death, wounds, and blood were the fruit to which the text referred, which is spreading throughout the world. I felt quite comfortable on this occasion. In the afternoon I had a blessed quarterof-an-hour with the baptized ones; talked about the love of the brethren and sisters for one another, p[p]. Monday, the 20th. After the morning blessing the Indian brethren went to jointly build their fens [fence]. I held school with the boys. Afterward, I went to visit them [the brethren]. Everyone was industrious and matters proceeded in a very orderly fashion. In the afternoon I held school with the girls. Also, Moses and Simon from Gnadenhütten arrived here. In the evening I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour with blessing. Moses and Simon stayed on after the quarter-of-an-hour and I received them with love. They brought me heartfelt greetings from Hannah and the other brethren and sisters in Wechquadnach. Did they not have a letter for me, I asked. They said no. Did the brethren not know that they wanted to come here? They said they had not told anyone except their wives. I asked them about their hearts, if they were in a happy state and well. With deep sighs, they said no. Thus, I talked with them about various matters concerning the Savior, how blissful it was when our hearts felt the bloody wounds of Jesus. They were very sincere and straight. They told me some things about the brown assembly in Gnadenhütten, at which I was able to rejoice. Tuesday, the 21st. After the morning blessing Moses and Simon stayed on with me and joined me for breakfast. Then they went to visit the brethren and sisters. I held school 291

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

twice. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The Savior was near me. Several brethren stayed on with me for a while. Wednesday, the 22nd. Christian came from the winter huts, saying that Sister Leah’s little girl was very ill because her mother Leah was not at home. Hence, I had Gideon go and visit the sick child and the brethren and sisters there. Petrus went with him. Moses and Simon told the brethren and sisters of this place much about Gnadenhütten, which, in part, was not very edifying. I held school twice. Gideon brought me word that the child was fairly ill and that they had sent for her mother. Also, he had talked with the other brethren and sisters about their hearts, who all were well and in good spirits. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Jesus’ wounds were near me. Thursday, the 23rd. Following the morning blessing, Martin and Joshua went out with cans54 and spoons to sell. Petrus came to me, lamenting that it grieved his heart that some of the young menfolk were so light-minded. I told him that, for the time being, we could not change that, as not all of the brethren and sisters were of one mind. Some of them still loved their children and friends too much.55 We had to leave this to the Savior. He [Petrus] should merely look to his heart; the Savior would help us along. I went visiting in several huts; talked with Justina about her heart. She said her heart was again well and full of light. Joshua came home in good spirits. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. I felt quite comfortable. Friday, the 24th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Went visiting in several huts; talked with Magdalena about her heart. Afterward, I went to Kent and brought back some milk for myself. David was taken to the justus [justice] on account of a small debt that he had guaranteed. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Saturday, the 25th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Next, I went visiting, spending awhile in Jeremias’s house with Moses and Simon. Afterward, I washed some 292

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

of my laundry. I got such a headache that I had to lie down in bed. Because I was not able to conduct the quarter-of-an-hour, and there not being any blowing [of the horn], Gideon came to me. On seeing that I was lying down, he said he had thought right away that I must be ill. He went and told the brethren about it, whereupon most of them soon came to visit me. Samuel stayed with me for a while and gave me some assistance. After that I had him go home and take the key with him so that he would be able to get into the house in the morning. Sr. Hannah came here from Wechquadnach. Sunday, the 26th. With daybreak, Samuel came and asked how I was doing. My headache had eased somewhat. He made a fire. Several other brethren came to see me. After that I got up and prepared some tea for myself. Gideon and Hannah came to visit me. I talked with her at length about her heart. She is an agreeable sister; I delighted in her. Old Erdmuth and Priscilla also came to visit me. Several baptized and unbaptized ones arrived from the winter huts to attend the meeting. I was weak to be sure, but nonetheless readied myself to conduct the meeting. Samuel made preparations for it in the house, and this was followed by the blowing [of the horn]. The house became fairly full; the Savior was very feelingly near to me. I was able to feel that there were hungry and open hearts present. In the afternoon I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones with blessing. I felt especially comfortable in my heart throughout the entire day. Monday, the 27th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour, recommending all of the brown brethren and sisters to His charge and deep into His wounds. Soon after, Hannah came and took leave to return to Wechquadnach. I then talked with her somewhat about her heart; had her salute the other baptized and unbaptized ones for me. I went visiting in several huts. Afterward, I held school. In the evening we had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour. Moses and Simon stayed with me for a while. The Indian brethren gathered to speak about their land, for the justus of New Milford is to mete out to them as much land as the corth [court] has agreed on.56 293

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Tuesday, the 28th. Following the morning blessing Moses and Simon came, taking leave of me to return to Wechquadnach. Joshua went hunting with his son. He expects to come back home on Thursday. Withly, Benigna’s husband, came to me. I talked with him about his heart. He longs to be baptized. I conducted the quarter-ofan-hour in the evening; Samuel interpreted. Wednesday, the 29th. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys. Samuel came and told me that he intended to go to New Milford to sell wooden utensils. Joshua came home today because the weather was so very bad. Given that I did not have a brother there to interpret, I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in English. Thursday, the 30th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Afterward, I held school twice. Next, I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. First, I came to David’s hut; talked with Rebecca. She was affectionate and full of light. Thereafter I went to David, who was working in the field with his son. I talked with him about his heart. He was well. His son had to take me across the river to the other brethren and sisters, all of whom I found affectionate and well. They were pleased that I came to visit them. I felt exceptionally comfortable among them. Gottliebe said that since her illness she had felt quite well in her heart. Samuel returned home from New Milford in good spirits. I made it known to the brethren and sisters that the dear Savior had begun His suffering tonight, sweating His bloody sweat for our sins, p[p]. Friday, the 31st. After the morning blessing I held school with the boys. Thereupon I visited Jeremias; he was affectionate and well. Several brethren and sisters went to Kent with baskets and brooms to sell. This week I and the Indian brethren and sisters have been longingly on the lookout for a brother from Bethlehem. Also, I went visiting in several huts. Then I held school with the girls. I often thought of the dear Bethlehem and the time of grace that the brethren and sisters are presently enjoying there [words crossed out]. Br. Martin and Samuel came to me. 294

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

The former said that yesterday he had thought for sure that brethren from Bethlehem were going to come. He had been down the path, thinking that he wanted to welcome them there, but had to return home alone. Perhaps the waters were too high so that they were unable to cross them. Saturday, March April 1. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour; the wounds of the Savior were near us. Jeremias went to New Milford with buckets and other wooden utensils to sell. The other brethren and sisters were hard at work at home. I observed the Sabbath. At times melancholies were intent on entering my head, but the Savior is near me, especially with His wounds. Moreover, things are going quite well with the brown brethren and sisters so that I can feel blissful and cheerful in my loneliness. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with blessing. I told the brethren and sisters that we were going to have tomorrow morning’s quarter-of-an-hour a bit earlier than usual, for all of our congregations would go to God’s Acre tomorrow morning and remember the Savior’s resurrection, as well as the brethren and sisters who have gone to the Savior and the resurrection of their bodies; and we wanted to do that here in our house. This was very weighty to them. Jeremias returned home in good spirits. Sunday, the 2nd. At daybreak I made all the preparations and called the quarter-of-an-hour by blowing [the horn]. Soon after all of the brethren and sisters assembled. We sang several versesd, and then I talked a bit about the Savior’s resurrection and [that of the] many bodies of the saints after Him, p[p]. We felt quite well. Toward noon, as all of the brethren and sisters were gathered, I conducted the general service. My text was from Luke, ch. 24, v. 36, p[p]. The Savior was near me in my heart. I talked about the state of the apostles at the time, and in what state a heart was, even if it strayed from the Savior and into something else. On the other hand, [there was] the more more than motherly love of the Savior, and with what tenderness He seeks to set His apostles right again, as well as such hearts [that have strayed], p[p]. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones in the afternoon. We felt quite well. Everyone Jeremias came 295

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

to me for a while. We had a heartfelt talk with each other. Today Christian and his family came up from the winter huts to live here. Monday, the 3rd. After the morning blessing I visited Christian and Gottliebe in their house. They were affectionate and full of light, and delighted that I came to visit them. I also went visiting in several [other] huts. The brethren readied themselves to jointly work on their fenss [fence]. In the forenoon I held school with the boys, and in the afternoon, with the girls. I went out to visit the brethren at their work. They were just then ready to go home. My heart rejoiced at finding them so quiet and childlike. Then they all went into Gideon’s hut to eat. I went in as well and ate with them. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour on the text: Kom herein du Geseegneter des Herrn.57 The wounds of Jesus were feelingly near to me. Tuesday, the 4th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. The Savior was near us. The brethren again readied themselves to work on the fens [fence]. Justina told me that she intended to go into the woods about 4 miles from here to work; expected to be back home on Saturday. An Indian from the Highlands passed through; he came to visit me. He stayed for the quarter-of-an-hour afterward. Wednesday, the 5th. Samuel and Joshua went to Kent to see whether the surveyors would come today to survey their land, but they did not meet them. The Indian from the Highlands went home. I sent along greetings to Abel, who lives at that place. I held school twice. Thursday, the 6th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. Afterward, I announced school by blowing [the horn]. But because several of the boys were ill-behaved, I bade them go home. The Indian brethren went to make shingles for Joshua; however, they had to put it off because it started to rain hard. Gideon and Samuel came to me. I told them that the boys had been so ill-behaved in school that I was compelled to send them home. They were saddened by this. We had a blessed quarter296

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

of-an-hour in the evening. Jeremias stayed with me for a while in the evening, inquiring whether his boy had been at fault. I related the matter to him. Friday, the 7th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. I felt quite comfortable in my heart. I entrusted the brown assembly to the Savior’s wounded heart. I intended to go to the winter huts, but I had to stay home because the weather was so bad. I went visiting in all the houses. The Indian brethren were making shingles for Joshua. Joshua came to me in the evening and told me about his heart. He said that his wife Elisabeth was not quite full of light, but he did not know at this time what was causing it. He also told me about several brethren who he thought were not quite feeling the Savior’s wounds. Saturday, the 8th. I washed my laundry after the morning blessing. Afterward, I went visiting in several huts. The brethren and sisters were in good spirits and full of light. Martin went to bring his wife Justina back home. Salome and Anna, Petrus’s daughter, came to visit me. I talked with them about their hearts. Both were full of light and in a happy state. In the evening, following the quarter-of-anhour, Jeremias and Agnes, Samuel, and Joshua stayed with me for a while. Joshua asked Jeremias and Agnes what they were thinking regarding their small child. Had they not thought about baptism? They said yes, they had supposed that the child would be baptized on the first Sunday. He [Joshua] told them that they had not said so, however. Thereupon they said that they did not know this. They had thought that they would be told by me, and having heard that a brother would soon come from Bethlehem, they had thought I wanted to put it off until then. April Sunday, the 9th. Toward noon the brethren and sisters arrived from the winter huts, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. I sang German and Indian versesd. Afterward, I talked about the text Jn. 20.24, p[p]. The Savior was near us with His wounds. Sarah and her daughter Leah came to me and complained 297

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

that they have had a great deal of disturbance because of Wenemo’s wife. Sarah asked me how she should behave; this woman wanted to hit her all the time, and fair words were not helping. I told her [Sarah] that when she came into her house to hit her, she should have her taken outside, and should let her talk or rail against her; she [Sarah] would not become worse as a result of being railed against and should continue to abide in her ♥ . She [Wenemo’s wife] was just not a converted woman. Furthermore, they said that they intended to go and work in the woods again tomorrow, and that they would stay out for a week. Next, I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with the baptized ones with blessing. Afterward, the brethren went into their sweat house. Monday, the 10th. I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. I felt quite comfortable on this occasion. After the morning blessing I informed the brethren and sisters that, at the first blowing [of the horn] for school, the older boys are to come, and the second time, the little ones. The Indian brethren helped Samuel make shingles; I visited them. They were in an altogether happy state going about it.58 After school I intended to visit Brother David in the winter huts, for I had not seen him or talked with him for some time. Having gone for about 1 mile, I saw Joshua and Bathsheba of Gnadenhütten coming toward me. I delighted in advance at hearing something from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem [word crossed out], or to see someone [from there]. We then kissed one another affectionately. That I had met them was especially weighty to them. Thus, I went back with them. As the some of the Pachgatgoch brethren and sisters saw us coming up through the field, they announced it among the huts, whereupon everyone came out to see who of the brethren and sisters was coming, for they have been on the lookout for a brother from Bethlehem for a long time. Gideon came to meet us just outside of Pachgatgoch, welcoming Joshua and Sr. Bathsheba with tender love, and then everyone started toward us. A large number went with us into our house where Br. Joshua delivered to me a letter from our dear heart Joseph [Spangenberg], wherein, along with many heartfelt greetings and kisses for the dear brown hearts, he reminded us to receive Joshua and Bathsheba with tender love, like we would [receive] him, and that he, along with several brethren, was on his way to visit us. We lodged [the] Joshuas [from 298

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Gnadenhütten] in the house of Brother Joshua, Gideon’s son. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, I passed on to the brown hearts brethren and sisters the greetings from Br. Joseph, and that he was on his way to us, at which they deeply rejoiced. Joshua of Gnadenhütten did likewise.

E [Tuesday], the 11th. Joshua and Bathsheba joined me for breakfast. Afterward, I went with Joshua to visit the brethren and sisters in their huts. We talked with several about their hearts. Some said that they were overjoyed when they saw Joshua and Sr. Bathsheba coming; they would not have been able to rejoice as much had they seen their parents approaching. Because several sisters had gone to Woodbury to work, [a] two-day journey from here, and intended to return no sooner than in 14 days, I sent Christian’s son to inform them that we were expecting dear Brother Joseph any time. Gideon went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, yet did not find many at home. Bathsheba visited the sisters quite diligently. They were quite open with her and told her everything about how matters stood with them in their hearts. Joshua of Gnadenhütten interpreted in the evening during the evening quarter-of-an-hour.

C [Wednesday], the 12th. After the morning blessing several sisters went out with baskets and brooms to sell. Sr. Caritas came home from New Milford. Poor Schiry also hurried here on hearing that brethren from Bethlehem were expected to arrive. Also, Ampiwochinant arrived here from Wechquadnach. The Indian brethren made new fens [fence] posts for me.

F [Thursday], the 13th. I thought that the dear heart Joseph, along with the other brethren, would arrive here today. Hence, I went with Joshua of Gnadenhütten for one mile to meet them. However, because we did not meet them, we returned home. Joshua went to Ampawochnant to tell him that Br. Joseph and several other brethren from Bethlehem were going to come this week for certain [words crossed out] wanted to come. He shall make this known to the brethren and sisters in Wechquadnach, which he promised to do. I sent Samuel to order bread for the love feast. 299

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Christian’s son came and brought word from Woodbury that Sister Sarah and the other sisters were already on their way to Pachgatgoch. I went visiting in several huts, finding the brethren and sisters in good spirits and full of light. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, several brown brethren and sisters stayed on with me. Travelers came to the door. We thought they were our dear brethren from Bethlehem. However, they were 5 English men who had surveyed land in this area, having been sent out by the gofermente [government]. One [was] a captein, and [one] an advocate, the surveyor, and 2 others. They requested to lodge with me that night as it was very dark and there was no house nearby; they would be satisfied with sleeping on the flor [floor]. I told them that if they wanted to make do with it, they were welcome. They were quite glad about this. I had several Indian mats brought here [and I] gave them as many of my blankets as I could spare. They conducted themselves in a rather honet [honest] fashion.

D [Friday], the 14th. At daybreak the shentel [gentle] folk readied themselves to resume their land surveying. They were very grateful for the kindness that I had shown them and bade me a cordial farewell. They took Brother Samuel with them to show them the Indian line trees.59 This morning we had no quarter-of-an-hour. Before noon I held school with the boys, and past noon with the girls. The Indian brethren helped Joshua make shingles for the new house. Br. Joshua and Bathsheba of Gnadenhütten engaged a great deal in visited diligently, talking with each and every person about his heart. Samuel had spoken with the advocate about their land — that they had too little. He [the advocate] had referred them to the cord [court].

G [Saturday], the 15th. I was somewhat troubled that Brother Joseph failed to arrive for such a long time. The brown brethren and sisters, who have now been hungering for Communion for a good while, thought that they would eat the Savior’s flesh and drink His blood tomorrow. We thought perhaps one of them the brethren had fallen ill. Because the brethren and sisters of the conference did not fully trust it Ampiwochnant to announce in Wechquadnach that dear Br. Joseph was coming, Br. 300

Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752

Amos was sent there early to make it known to the brethren and sisters. The Indian brethren worked on Joshua’s house. In the forenoon I held school with the boys. Past noon I visited the brethren at their work. Sister Bathsheba came informed us that 3 men were approaching on the other side of the river — perhaps it would be Br. Joseph. When we looked closely, it was the dear heart Joseph [Spangenberg], Christian Fröhlich, and Carl Gottfried Rundt. I and several Indian brethren and sisters went to meet them at the river. We saluted one another across the water. But because we had no conu [canoe] on our side, I had to watch them until they came over to us, where I welcomed the dear heart Joseph, along with the other brethren, with tender love. The brown brethren and sisters did so as well.

301

Carl Gottfried Rundt 15 April to 22 May 1752

Diarium of Pachgatgoch from April 15 to 24, n. st. 17521 Account of the events among the brown assembly in Pachgatgoch since Br. Joseph’s [Spangenberg] presence there in the month of April, 1752.

G [Saturday], [April] 15, n. st. Br. Joseph, together with Br. Fröhlich and Rundt, arrived in Pachgatgoch around noon.2 Br. Sensemann and Gideon, along with Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten and his Bathsheba, welcomed us down at the water, which is called the Housatonic River, which we had crossed by canoe.3 As soon as we stepped into Br. Sensemann’s room, all the brown brethren and sisters, old and young, came to welcome most heartily Br. Joseph and the two brethren arriving with him.4 Once the brethren and sisters had gone home, one after the other, and Br. Joseph had enjoyed himself and conferred a bit with Br. Sensemann, thereafter directing Br. Gottfried (that is how the Indians now call Br. Rundt)5 to take charge of the diarium of this place, he [Br. Joseph] then6 went out with Br. Sensemann to visit and to salute one after the other the brethren and sisters in their huts. Afterward, he also viewed the land that belongs to them. Meanwhile, the other two, Br. Christian [Fröhlich] and Gottfried [Rundt], prepared something for the evening meal.7 After the meal in the evening8 the usual evening service occasion9 for all the brethren and sisters took place, which Br. Joseph conducted. Joshua from Gnadenhütten interpreted. After the occasion, those brethren and sisters of this place with whom the regular conference had previously been held — yet which for certain reasons

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

had not taken place for a while — stayed on in Br. Sensemann’s room, along with Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten and his Bathsheba. Br. Joseph announced to them that a conference would be held tomorrow after breakfast, to which the now present brethren and sisters shall come. Afterward, primarily because we were fatigued from our journey, we retired nice and early, making a fine fire in the fireplace, partially laying our blanquets on the ground, and partially covering ourselves with them, and thus had then we10 [had] our first night’s lodging here in Pachgatgoch, with quite a blissful and cheerful heart. A [Sunday], [April] 16 Thus there was right after 7 o’clock a11 the conference planned for yesterday. The persons who were present for it are of the white brethren and sisters the following there were:12 Br. Joseph, Sensemann, Christian Fröhlich, and Gottfried, this is what Br. Rundt is called by the Indians;13 of brown ones brethren and sisters there were, Br. Gideon and Martha, Joshua and Elisabeth, Joshua and Bathsheba from Gnadenhütten, and Br. Samuel [were] present.14 Br. Joseph began the conference in the following manner: First, he wished the brethren and sisters a heartfelt good morning, and that the peace of the Savior may also manifest itself powerfully in this conference, and [that] His dear and precious wounds may bestow upon the hearts of all the brethren and sisters a light as bright as the sun now shining in the sky. This following he Br. Joseph15 informed the brethren and sisters that he would have liked to have brought why16 Sr. Sensemann with him had not come along this time,17 but because Br. Sensemann was now going to the synod in Philadelph[ia], he himself would afterward bring her with him to this place from Bethlehem. So that the brethren and sisters of this place would not be by themselves during Br. Sensemann’s absence, he was thinking that leave with them Br. Christian and Gottfried would stay here for a period of time.18 The brethren and sisters were overjoyed at this, especially since Br. Joseph added that these two brethren, above all, greatly loved the Indians. And the latter [Br. Rundt], who back in Europe had been with our children in the congregation for a full 3 years, and loved the children most specially, would hold school for their children here. And most of them already knew Br. Christian anyhow. 303

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

The reason for leaving these brethren, who we could not readily spare, to the brown brethren and sisters, was solely because of the great love that the congregation felt for the Indians. Br. Joseph added that so far we have taken great joy in Gnadenhütten. The conference brethren and sisters of that place were of great assistance to the brethren there, partly by visiting their brethren and sisters, which they did daily, [and] partly by nicely keeping control of their own children. Thus, he also expected from them that they, as much as it is possible for them, keep proper control of their children and guide them with words and good examples.19 It would be of utmost joy to the congregation if the old and young here would truly prosper in the sight of the Savior and delight His heart. Br. Joseph asked further what they were thinking regarding the upcoming synodi. Would it not be good if perhaps a couple of the brethren and sisters from among them came along to the synod?20 Br. Joshua replied, he was almost inclined to go to the synod in company with the brethren. This point, however, was postponed for a later and more certain resolution. In the meantime, the brethren and sisters should reflect on it a bit, and later on inform Br. Sensemann of their thoughts on this. Furthermore, Br. Joseph presented to them his thoughts in regards to their planting. He said he had viewed their land yesterday, and because the time for planting was soon approaching, this was his opinion: Could not and would not the brethren and sisters want to plant some more Welsh corn in the future? He had important reasons that prompted him to make this proposal to them. First, the brethren and sisters could, if they did this, stay home more and better enjoy the occasions and all that is good at this place, and then [. . .]21 Thus, they would not need to solicit here and there from other white people, who are opposed to the Savior’s people, the one thing or other that they require solely to satisfy their external needs.22 Thereupon they declared that they23 had had this intention already the previous year, [that is,] to plant more Welsh corn, for just this reason, which Br. Sensemann confirmed. Further, Br. Joseph said [that,] in looking over their land yesterday, he had thought to himself whether it it [sic] would not be good and to their advantage 304

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

if, instead of the many poor horses that they kept for themselves, they would buy a couple of good, strong horses with which they could break open their land and cultivate it properly. They replied that they liked the proposition alright, but they were unable to make it happen at this time. Br. Joseph also expressed his satisfaction at learning24 that the brethren and sisters had not been out and about, here and there, during the past winter, but instead had stayed here at this place as much as possible.25 Then Br. Gideon noted that he had already proposed to his brethren here whether it would not be good if 3 brethren as one [group] went into the forest alone, without taking along their entire families, and made canoes there which they could afterward sell to the white people. Their women26 should get wood from out of the forest and make brooms from it at home. But not all of his brethren were of his opinion. They argued that it was much easier for them if they went there with their entire families and made everything there where the wood stood. Thereupon Br. Joseph said there was only one thing that he would not like to see, namely, that our brown brethren and sisters fall into the hands of those white certain wicked27 people and were become28 indebted to them; and this the white some29 people would only too gladly have happen, because they always had their wicked intentions and their underlying deceitful advantage as a goal. It would be nice if our brethren and sisters (according to the Bible) were not in debt to anyone, with the exception that they loved all of mankind. They were asked whether these proposed matters pleased them all. Brother Gideon and Samuel, in the name of the others, expressed that they were well pleased by this. They also were spoken with about their school,30 and the brethren and sisters were told that the very same would be considered at the next synodo. It would be looked into how their present German school could be changed into an English one, because it had been learned that the brethren and sisters would like it that way, and almost all of them knew English themselves (but not German),31 and also [because they] always had dealings with such people who spoke English.32 Furthermore, Br. Joseph told them how Br. Grube was presently endeavoring 305

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

to teach both German and English to the dear brown ones in Meniolagomekah, and his joy was manifested there in the great pleasure that they take in it, as well as in everyone’s obedience. Br. Grube, along with Br. Ant[on Seiffert] and his wife, and with Augustus,33 had been to the Easter celebration in Bethlehem. Br. Petrus [Böhler] and Nathanael from Gnadenhütten also have now gone on a journey to Wyoming to visit the Indians there — as several from among them [here] long to do — and had left Bethlehem at the same time as we. Br. Joseph also announced to them that he would celebrate a love feast tomorrow with all the baptized brethren and sisters, and relate to them beautiful news from St. Thomas, as well as Nathan[ael] Seidel’s journey through Pennsylvania and Maryland. Moreover, he would add some of the news that we had received from our brethren and sisters across the great water.34 Likewise,35 with regard to Communion, he [Br. Joseph] would yet further speak with the brethren and sisters, and if it [Communion] could not be celebrated now, he would then make a proposal at the synodo to that end, so that it would happen soon; but the exact time could not yet be determined at this point. In the meantime, he would look upon all of the brethren and sisters here to be sure, and speak with them, because this was indeed the main reason why a visit by the brethren to the brethren and sisters was taking place; namely, that it could be learned how much they loved the Savior and if their hearts nicely lived and burned in His blood. It was asked whether all their brethren and sisters who were supposed to gather were already assembled at this place. They replied [that] not many brethren had stayed away, other than Amos and Johannes. Paulus has been out for a long time. Hereupon, Br. Joseph read aloud a letter that the daughter of our Br. Gideon had written to him, as her father.36 It was written in German, thus, Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten interpreted it, and the letter was handed over to Br. Gideon. The brethren and sisters also were promised that a couple more letters from Br. Martin Mack and Abr[aham] Büninger shall be read to them at the love feast. Br. Martin had very much wanted to visit them himself, but the approaching time for planting had prevented him from doing so. In regard to the conference with the brethren and sisters here, which had 306

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

been suspended for some time: It was called to mind that it was most necessary and useful for a number of reasons, and it would be pleasing, therefore, if it got started again, now during the time when Br. Sensemann would be absent, but also especially when he returned again. The brethren and sisters were asked for their view in consideration of this point. Br. Gideon replied: the conference was very pleasing to him for his part, however, the other brethren needed to indicate for themselves whether they felt the same way. Br. Joshua replied: he found it important for his heart, yet he does not, at this time, recognize the intentions and the purpose of it. Sisters Elisabeth and Martha said the same. First, Br. Joseph explained it [the conference] to them by means of a couple of parables. Thereupon, he said one could express oneself in a conference more freely and securely about many subjects that not just anyone would understand right away if one talked to the whole, and which were not necessary for each and everyone to know. Br. Samuel,37 in the end, declared himself very beautifully with respect to this point, to wit, that his heart was fully inclined that way, and [that] he would be pleased to see the conference being treated in the right manner; [that is,] if the conference brethren and sisters conducted themselves (as he expressed it) like a couple of children and natural brothers, were nicely reserved, and expressed themselves lovingly toward one another. Br. Joseph replied: Yes, that way it would be beautiful, first, because the Savior was present at each and every conference. Second, that way He would delight in it when the affairs that concerned so many brethren and sisters were treated properly. And then, it was also true [that] we needed to adopt the manner of the children and enjoy learning. Thereupon, he further related to them, with much circumlocution, an example of how, on occasion, harm as well as good could be effected by the conference brethren and sisters. Br. Gideon was consulted regarding his daughter’s marrying. He declared that he would be pleased to see the marriage happen, but he would like to know first what kind of person this was who his daughter was to receive in marriage. 307

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

His wife, Sr. Martha, also did not object to the marrying of her daughter, and was of the same mind as her husband. In closing, Br. Joseph added that here they now had an example of how conference brethren and sisters could cause harm. Because if what was just now spoken about would be told to others, who indeed need not and should not know about it, then harm would certainly result from this. However, because various matters continued to come up with respect to the aforementioned marriage, Br. Joseph concluded the following in regard to this point: When the Savior directed something, when something came from Him, He made it so in the hearts of those people who are affected by it; that they would be able to willingly acquiesce to it and submit to His will with all their hearts. And because Br. Gideon and Sr. Martha, in the end, expressed themselves in a way as if they had heard from someone that their daughter Christina had already been promised to another person, Br. Joseph, therefore, showed them that not only was this an obvious lie, but he added that the brethren and sisters who had heard something of this nature should have properly inquired with the brethren about the truth of the matter. And precisely from this [example,] the brethren and sisters could see the great good and advantage of the conference; for when falsehoods were spread, the brethren and sisters right away could be informed of the true circumstances regarding such a matter. If the brethren and sisters had anything more to bring up, they could put it off until the next conference. And with that finally,38 the conference, which had lasted over 9 quarter hours, was closed. After one hour, around noon, all of the brethren and sisters gathered for the sermon, which Br. Joseph delivered, wherein he, in brief, entrusted to the brown hearts the entire content of the gospel with a great deal of emphasis and manifestation of the spirit. Br. Joshua of Gnadenhütten interpreted. The brethren and sisters were extraordinarily attent [attentive], and, in general, a very blissful feeling of grace could be felt on this occasion. There was a nice assembly gathered, and those who did not have room to sit on the benches sat on the ground, close together. Past noon, in the 3rd hour, there was an occasion for the baptized ones. At 5 o’clock there was a love feast with the brethren and sisters who are part 308

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

of the conference. The opportunity presented itself that the brethren and sisters were spoken with about various beautiful and in part weighty [matters], as well as many a matter of the heart, and their open nature, heartfelt declarations, wise responses to the questions posed to them, and [other] such matters caused us to stay together until half past eight, although it seemed to us that we had not sat together for much more than one hour. The cont[ents] of the subject matter [discussed], in short, were these: 1) Joshua, Elisabeth, and Sam[uel] are were,39 up until now, employed as servants;40 they have an aptitude for it, and also willingness, and the conference was in favor that they could be given this office, item that it would be good if they were introduced to the congregation. 2) So far Joshua has been employed as interp[reter], Samuel and Martin in his absence. It was called to mind that the 2 mentioned last could be employed more often, even when Joshua was home, and that with respect to this, not only should their aptitude be considered, but also whether their hearts were quite blissful in the Savior and His wounds. 3) As for Communion, the brethren and sisters declared that they hungered for it and would be very glad if it could be held. Joshua, of his own accord, admitted that he was presently not in a good state, and for that reason did not know if he would be able to join. 4) It was resolved that Br. Samuel is to go to Kent in the morning to get some wine from the diacono [Latin: deacon] there. At the same time he should bring something for the love feast for the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch. 5) Also, Jonathan is to go to Wechquadnach and announce our arrival there, and at the same time invite our brethren and sisters there to the love feast. To that end, he is to set out before daybreak. 6) Various candidates for baptism were talked about, and Br. Sam[uel] reported particularly on his little girl of 4 years, that she had certain hopes for it [baptism] and already would frequently lay herself on his knees and demonstrate with words and gestures how and in what way she will receive baptism. She reportedly often says: 309

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Then her sins would be washed away and she would become dear and pleasing to the dear Savior. The candidates for baptism would still be spoken with separately.41

B [Monday], [April] 17 Br. Jonathan left here for Wechquadnach before daybreak to invite the brethren and sisters there for the love feast. At 7 o’clock the regular early service took place.42 At noon the brethren and sisters assembled again for the conference, wherein Br. Joseph first announced to them that we did not get any wine from Kent. Initially we had intended to come here from N. Y. by water and bring wine with us, but because we had to go on foot later on, the wine too had to stay behind. However, their Communion would be remembered at the synodo, and if Br. Sensemann was not back at this place in 5 weeks time holding Communion for them, then a brother would be appointed in the meantime, who would come to them and hold it for them, so that therefore on the Sunday before Pentecost, or on May 23, new style, Communion infallibly shall be held. The brethren and sisters are to accommodate themselves accordingly so as to be home at such time. Moreover, at the syn[od], the attempt would be made to fix a certain time when, henceforth, their Communion is to be perpetually held at this place. It would not be necessary, it was added, that a brother came here from Bethlehem for this purpose every time; instead, Br. Sensemann, who was ordained a diac[ono] by the congregation, would administer their baptisms and Communions. The question was posed whether there was someone among them who would like to come along to the synod. They replied that because of several necessary matters that they intended to take up at just this time, this would not work very well. Thereupon Br. Joseph promised them that he, along with Br. Sensemann — because they were both fully aware of their circumstances — would remember them there [at the synod] and look out for their best interests, with which they were most satisfied. It was further asked, because they intend to go before the court for the purpose of purchasing a little more land, whether they perhaps had a good friend 310

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

to whom they could turn with respect to this matter, and who had some knowledge of how their affair should be handled before the court.43 Br. Joseph said he had heard that the country [possibly intending “colony”] was claiming the land all around this area, and that they had taken the land away from those people who had purchased land from Br. Gideon without paying them for it, for they assumed it to be theirs.44 Br. Joseph and Sensemann furthermore indicated that they [the Moravians] were in favor if they [the Indians] had someone from among the white people (who loved the Indians) who would take up their affair in court. They feared [that] the white people, little by little, were looking for ways to make themselves masters of their place and lords over their possessions. In the end, Br. Joseph made them this proposal: Would it not suit them, if, while in New York, he called on a lawyer about this, and presented their plan to such a man who understood this kind of matter as well as the laws of this country, so that he could draw up for them a formal, proper petition to the court, upon which they could afterward, in the presence of two witnesses, write their names or set their marks, and then take it before the court. They were most satisfied with this, and Br. Joseph thereupon took notice of the location and nature of their land, of the number of their families, of their usable and unusable land, and such associated, essential particulars, [then] put it on paper and promised to the brethren and sisters he would take care of this in New York, or in Philadelphia, and that the brother who would come here from Bethlehem the next time to hold Communion for them shall bring the prepared petition with him. Afterward, the brethren and sisters were talked to about a certain piece of land on which Br. Christian [Fröhlich] intends to plant some more Welsh corn than has happened thus far this year. Also discussed was the addition of a new room to Br. Sensem[ann’s] house, in which, henceforth, the boys’ school could be held, while Sr. Sensemann would hold the girls’ school in the other [room]. The brethren right away offered to perform every possible kindness45 in that regard, and to faithfully assist Br. Christian with this. Br. Christian would like to be finished with the construction before Sr. Sensemann came to Pachgatgoch. The love feast would take place past noon; Br. Joseph would also still speak with the candidates for baptism. And with that, this conference drew to a close. 311

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

After the meal, while the brethren Christian and Gottfried prepared for the love feast, Br. Joseph spoke with the candidates for baptism outside, and the following transpired: 1) Old Maria’s sister expressed [that] she longed to be washed with the blood of the Lamb. 2) Tscherry said, he has been waiting to be baptized for one year, and when brethren arrived here from Bethlehem, he had always thought it [the baptism] would happen. 3) Jeremias and his wife said about their child that they had submitted it to the Savior as soon as it was born, that it was His and should remain His forever, thinking, at the same time, that the brethren themselves would remember the baptism of their child. However, Br. Sensemann had been of the opinion that the parents should approach him about their child’s baptism. 4) Joshua’s son is a dear and obedient child and feels something of the work of the Holy Spirit on his heart. 5) Samuel’s girl is an agreeable and lively child. At 4 o’clock the love feast took place, for which also Timotheus and Sr. Hannah of Wechquadnach came today. At this time, the news and letters that had been promised were read to the brethren and sisters. It was altogether a very delightful and blissful occasion, and because our most beloved Br. Joseph also revealed his extraordinary fondness and love for the brown brethren and sisters in the end, expressing his whole heart to them, the love feast lasted quite a long time. After the love feast, several brethren and sisters stayed on with Br. Joseph, with whom he rejoiced a great deal, discussing one or another necessary and useful matter. Thereupon we all retired, with hearts that are truly grateful to our most beloved Savior for the very special grace enjoyed on this day.

E [Tuesday], [April] 18 At 7 o’clock in the morning the baptism of our Br. Jeremias’s little girl took place, who was named Catharina. It was a very respectable actus, on which 312

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

occasion many an eye became moist from an innermost feeling of the heart and of grace. Having been baptized, the child was consecrated by Br. Joseph and the 3 sisters, Bathsheba from Gnadenhütten, Elisabeth, and Martha, by the laying on of hands. After this the conference brethren and sisters stayed for breakfast in Br. Sensem[ann’s] house, and on that occasion, Br. Joseph had the names of all the brethren and sisters and their children told to him, the baptized ones as well as the unbaptized ones, which he wrote down and took with him. Hereupon he conducted the quarter-of-an-hour services: First afterward

7 sisters with their infants 12 little girls 6 single sisters 12 couples of married people 4 unbaptized boys and 3 baptized single brethren 11 small boys and 6 widows

Following all of these delightful and blissful events, our most beloved Br. Joseph as well as Br. Sensemann readied themselves for departure. In bidding farewell to the dear Indian hearts, things proceeded with great feeling, and the moist eyes that could be seen on both sides said more than enough about the extraordinary fondness that our dear Br. Joseph feels for his Indians, and their hearts full of love for him. The two brethren, Christian and Gottfried, had the pleasure of accompanying Br. Joseph and Sensemann for a distance. And after an equally exceedingly tender and childlike farewell, they returned to the place assigned and now so dear to them, wishing that the Savior may bless their being there with blessing and grace from His wounds. Immediately upon first entering the room, Br. Gottfried entrusted himself and his dear Br. Christian to the care of the Savior by means of this simple versed: 313

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Mach alle unsere Thaten hilf stets das beste rathen segnet ihr blutgen Hände den Anfang, Mittel u. Ende.46 Further continuation of the diarii of Pachgatgoch: As soon as we had arrived home from having accompanied our dear Br. Joseph, we put a few odds and ends in our room in order. Afterward, Br. Christian, for the first time, conducted the usual evening service for the brethren and sisters in English; Br. Joshua interpreted. In the end, he again passed on to them the tender hearts of Br. Joseph and Sensemann and their love for the Indians, along with their greetings. After the evening meal Br. Gottfried wrote in the diario, it. a letter to Br. Hehl, and meanwhile, Br. Christian conferred with Br. Joshua in his house about the construction that we are planning. Joshua himself had pressed Br. Christian to that end. [Wednesday, April] 19 The early service took place at 6 o’clock. Afterward, the brethren Gideon, Joshua, and Samuel stayed in our house, and in keeping with the agreement reached yesterday evening, decided on when, and in what way, the construction was to be undertaken. First, they declared themselves thusly, that it should be started at once, before the time for planting was here; there should be as many brethren as possible employed for it, and all those who are to work on it shall be spoken with beforehand. These brethren, then, were at once summoned, and everything that was necessary was agreed upon with them. They all were fi lled with willingness. Also on this occasion, Br. Christian sought to take precautions, that there may not be light-mindedness or the like arising, when in the future so many persons would be working closely together. Hereupon Br. Christian, the Indian, offered to give up his own wood for this purpose, which he had arranged to have cut down some time ago. Previously, he had wanted to build a house for himself with it; however, he did not 314

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

see himself being able to take on the construction at this time. The wood is reportedly still lying in the woods. At this, Br. Christian Fröhlich made this suggestion: He thought it best if the wood was brought out of the woods to this place and was then appraised by the brethren Gideon, Joshua, and Samuel, so that the Indian brother Christian could be justly compensated. This was at once agreeable to everyone. No sooner said than done. The work was begun right away. Several brethren from the winter huts were called for assistance, and with that, they marched into the woods. We had Welsh corn and meat cooked by Sr. Elisabeth for the brethren who were going to work. Toward noon a man from our neighborhood visited us and spoke with Br. Christian about various matters; however, because, in the end, his conversation turned to various subjects of religion (as is commonplace in these parts), Br. Christian broke [it] off as quickly as possible, dismissing him with humbleness and love. In the afternoon an extraordinarily delightful procession of Indians could be seen. Our whole town (I should like to say) — young and old — had gone, without having been pressed by us, onto the high mountain behind our house, to carrying hither from the woods there the wood for our construction, which previously had been cut down and belongs to the Indian brother Christian, as well as the wood that was cut by the brethren today; and now they came marching down all at once. This was delightful to watch, as each one came trundling down with joy, carrying hither his large and small pieces on his back. Many a large beam needed to be carried by about 8 to 10 men. We would have wished for our dear Br. Joseph to have seen this with his [own] eyes. At this, both of us white brethren, with a greatly moved heart, thought: Oh God, reward that man who once lay fainting at this mountain, working, and sweating blood, so that in doing so he would make the wild, obstinate, and lazy Indians into such willing people who immediately do everything with joy, as soon as they hear that it is to be done for the Savior. Afterward, the brethren who had come from working in the woods ate in Gideon’s new house what Sr. Elisabeth had prepared for them. 315

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

And thereupon the brethren and sisters went once more into the woods for wood. By the time they returned home it was evening, and the usual evening service was conducted for them. At its conclusion, it was announced that from now on the brethren and sisters would be given two signals every morning by blowing [the horn], so that they could prepare themselves a bit at the first [blowing], and at the next, soon after, come directly to the meeting. During the evening service Br. Gottfried sang the first Indian versed to the congregation. In German it is called Xti Blut u. Gerechtigkeit.47 Because all of our people were so filled with willingness, late that same evening Br. Christian brought all of his meat that he had stored up and almost all of his Welsh corn to Sr. Elisabeth to cook for the workers tomorrow. Hereupon we retired blissfully. The 20th Shortly after 5 o’clock the early service took place. From time to time it is conducted shortly after sunrise. After breakfast Br. Christian went into our neighborhood, 2 miles from here, to Mst. [Master] Mills, to get some bread for us. He also had to arrange several other matters there besides. In his absence, 4 sisters, [to wit,] Thamar, Caritas with her daughter, and Gideon’s daughter, reported that they would go to New Milford and stay out for several days. Br. Gideon, of his own accord, had reminded the brethren and sisters that they should always let the brethren know when and where they went, so that in the meantime they could be remembered before the Savior. Soon after, the single Br. Lucas visited Br. Gottfried, who, owing to [his] lack of the English language, could not say anything more to the former than Our Savior loves us very much. He has shed all his Blood for us, let us love Him[,] p[p]. Hereafter Br. Gottfried held school, first for the older and then for the little boys. Of the latter, some came flying hither as swiftly as birds, so that the pieced of shirt that they still wore about their their [sic] bodies came flapping together above their heads, and when school was out and they got back outside, it went almost more swiftly yet. School will continue daily. 316

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

As soon as Br. Christian had returned home, we put things in order up in the loft of our house, and especially sought to carefully put aside, in a separate spotd, the things left behind by Br. Sensemann. Br. Christian also created a repositorium [Latin: repository] in our room, as best as it could be done. Toward 1 o’clock the same Br. Christian conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the little girls; Joshua interpreted. It will be conducted every day at the same time. Thereupon he [Br. Christian] went to the brethren in the woods and helped them some with their work. In the meantime Br. Gottfried busied himself with cooking, washing, cutting wood, and the like. Throughout the entire day the brethren and sisters were most industriously at work in the woods, and carrying to this place our wood for building. Sr. Bathsheba from Gnadenhütten also did her best thereat. Both of us brethren did not have our midday meal until late in the afternoon, and took the evening meal along with it. Thus, we were done all at once. Following the evening quarter-of-an-hour several brethren stayed on with us for a while, among them the single Br. Jonathan, until each one went to retire. Afterward, Br. Gottfried still sat down and wrote some. The 21st. This forenoon Br. Christian visited all the brethren and sisters in their huts, and then busied himself with all sorts of domestic matters. As we were unable to give the brethren who are helping with the construction any meat to go with the Welsh corn this noon, while they, on the one hand, are proving themselves so industrious and are working well, and on the other hand, some among them are so poor that they have nothing stored up at home to eat — and if they were to go to the white people to earn something there for themselves, our construction would necessarily have to come to a standstill — Br. Christian, therefore, went 2 miles from here to buy there a piece of meat for them (which is very expensive here). He afterward divided it so that it would last for 2 meals, and brought the first part, together with the Welsh corn that goes with it, again to Sr. Elisabeth to cook it for the brethren for the next day. Sr. Bathsheba from Gnadenhütten is helping her with it. There are 13 persons 317

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

who are sharing in it [the food]. Yet there always comes (as one well knows) a child here and there to help, and then it goes according to the scripture Daß ein jeglicher ein wenig nehme,48 also on this occasion. All day long the brethren were hard at work making shingles for the roof of the new house. They were overjoyed that they, quite unexpectedly, had found in the woods beautiful wood for this purpose (which is generally simply called shingle-wood here).49 On that account it is to be noted [that] the brethren said the following to us at work today: Br. Gideon had previously looked very hard for precisely this sort of wood for his new house and was unable to find it; the white people in this area have walked about and put great effort into their search and had found nothing either. Now [that] we are building a house for the Savior, and are thinking of nothing else but the shingles, here, right away, there is a fine tree of this kind. The Savior has surely saved this tree for this purpose. Toward evening Br. Gottfried had Br. Joshua join him in his house for a short hour, as he had done yesterday, singing with him through several of the Indian verses that we have got here so as to impress upon himself the Indians’ way of pronunciation and their accent, for he has to sing them aloud during the regular occasions. It will henceforth continue this way every day. After the evening quarter-of-an-hour, 2 white people from our neighborhood came here to this place and took away an Indian boy who, several days ago, had turned up and had stayed in Br. Jeremias’s hut (who Br. Joseph also had seen and spoken with during his presence). They said they had ordre [orders] from the Mst. [master] from whom the boy had escaped to bring him back. Both of us brethren have neither interfered in the staying-here, nor in the taking-away of the Indian boy. Nonetheless, after both people had taken the Indian boy into their custody, they came to us into our room, sat down, and Br. Christian spoke with them a little and about something else. (Matters of religion usually are indeed the first discours with the New Englanders.)

G [Saturday], the 22nd. The morning and evening occasions, item both of the boys’ schools, took place as ordinair [ordinarily]. In the morning Br. Martin reported that he was going to leave, but he would return the same day. 318

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Sr. Thamar came back home today. Our brethren working on the construction labored industriously on the shingles today. A man from the neighborhood, who had some business among the Indians, visited us in the afternoon. We also learned through Sr. Thamar today, who came from New Milford, that our dear Br. Joseph had preached there in the house of the justice of that place on the festival day that was observed here in New England. It gave us and the Indian brethren and sisters special joy that a man who had formerly led the brethren to jail now offered his house for the preaching of the Brethren.50 Late in the evening Br. Gottfried heard Br. Martin singing the Indian versed Wanechk Paquaik (in German: Seitenhöhlgen, Seitenhöhlgen,51 p[p].) in his hut, which prompted him (especially because the moonlight was so beautiful) to sit down together with Br. Christian in front of the door to our house and play this as well as a number of other verses on his flaut[o]-trav[erso].52 He right away had several Indian boys around him as listeners. Hereafter he [Rundt] also wrote in the diario.

A [Sunday], the 23rd In the morning, at 7 o’clock, we held the regular conference with the brethren and sisters who are part of it. First, we posed a question to them: whether they were satisfied with us two brethren and if the brethren and sisters at this place loved us for the sake of the Savior? They confirmed both with a unanimous yes. Hereafter we assured them of our extraordinary love for them. Further, they53 were asked if they wanted to take advantage of the opportunity now, and send something in writing to the synod in Philadelph[ia] through Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten. They were willing to do so, and Br. Gottfried put their statement on paper, in the English language. Our building, which is presently being worked on, was also talked about, and we learned that the brethren were still filled with willingness to continue working. (N.B. At other times the Indians have a way to approach a matter vigorously, but then also drop it readily when something else comes along.) 319

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

With respect to their school, the brethren and sisters made a request of great importance to them; that is to say, that the sooner their children start learning English, the better. They also had this point [word crossed out] included in their letter to the synodum. (Incidentally, it is necessary to remark here that, when someone comes here to instruct the boys at this place in English, that person also has to bring along the necessary books for this purpose, because there is nothing at all of such things at hand here.) The interpreting during the daily occasions was reflected upon, at which time the 2 brethren, Joshua Martin and Samuel, who are employed for interpreting, proposed this: They wanted to take turns interpreting, along with Br. Martin, and in the event that the one who was supposed to interpret just then does not feel quite warm in his heart to do so, he would indicate it, so that someone else could do it. Br. Gideon issued a reminder that we, in due time, should arrange to get the necessary glass for the windows in our new house from New York. The question was posed whether Br. Christian would get a horse from the brethren when he went to Joh[annes] Rau 14 days from tomorrow, and retrieve from there the items that we are expecting from New York. He was promised this, and it was added that an Indian brother shall go with him, which pleased Br. Christian very much. Finally, Sr. Martha voiced a request that consisted of the following: Whether her daughter Christina in Bethlehem could come here with Sr. Sensemann for a visit, if she herself wanted to. At this, Br. Gideon added, it should be a visit just to see one another, afterward, she could go back again. At 11 o’clock the regular sermon took place, for which several brethren and sisters from the winter huts, and also Tscherry, had come. Toward 4 o’clock the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones took place. Today we also wrote a letter to the synodum of the Unitas Frat[rum] in Philadelphia. In addition, Br. Gottfried wrote a letter to Br. Joseph and Br. Nathan[ael] Seidel, and, on the whole, sought to complete the diarium of this place so that when Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten arrived here, who had departed 6 days 320

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

ago to go to Westenhook, he would find everything ready and could take it with him to Bethlehem. Br. Gottfried earnestly requests that for the sake of our congregation a bookd in 8tvo [octavo], wherein white paper is bound, is sent with the first brother who comes here, to enable him to write the few Indian versesd nicely into it and preserve them. It is no doubt quite bad when one sheet [of paper] is here and the other there, the sheets themselves are torn, and are beginning to take on the color of our chimney. Br. Christian also wrote to Br. Hehl, item to his wife in Bethlehem, and visited the brethren and sisters in the huts. Moreover, the same Br. Christian had the 3 brethren who are to be employed for interpreting come to us in the evening, and he spoke with them about this subject. And because some pleasant discourses arose afterward, Br. Gottfried took out his Indian verses, read them to the brethren, and had himself corrected. The brethren parted from us very lively and in good spirits, and we noticed [then] that we had sat together for more than two and a half hours.

B [Monday], the 24th Br. Samuel interpreted during the early service. In the forenoon Br. Christian went into our neighborhood, 2 miles from here, on account of some business. Br. Christian, the Indian, also left today, but returned in the evening. We learned that yesterday afternoon our Br. Gideon had conferred with several brethren and sisters, among whom was also Sr. Bathsheba of Gnadenhütten, having pointed out to them that we 2 brethren could not feed those persons who are working on the building every day: first, because we were only here on their account, and that was already a lot; finally, the building was only for the benefit of the Indians to be sure. Thus, they should make arrangements among themselves to provide their own food, as best they could. And because several among them were very poor, he [Gideon], for his part, would do what he could [to help]. Indeed, tomorrow he right away wanted to send a buschel of corn to the mill so that it would be ground and then baked into bread for the workers. Today the brethren continued working with a great deal of joy. Our old Gideon also is going about it very industriously. 321

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Whereas our new building was at first supposed to be smaller than Br. Sensemann’s, now it will be one shoe larger.54 The reason for this is twofold: one, the cut wood, as we received it from the Indian brother Christian, was one shoe longer than the old house, and under those circumstances the brethren did not want to cut off each piece of wood by one shoe in length. Later, they were also pleased to see that the new house became somewhat roomier than the old, for they thought, if only one single person is to live in it, who does not take up much room, then we could in the future perhaps hold our meetings in it, and then it is more comfortable for us. Moreover, the house will also have a pretty appearance from the outside, once the roof is covered with nice shingles. In the evening, at the 9th hour, as Br. Gottfried was about to close this diarium, we heard someone calling out loudly from the other side of the river, and when we listened for it outside, it was our Br. Joshua of Gnadenhütten, who arrived here very tired having walked some 40 miles today. We gave his wife some tea and sugar, [and] also bread, so that she could prepare tea for him and he could refresh himself. Pachgatgoch diarium from April 25 until May 22, 1752. n. st.

E [Tuesday], the 25th Br. Martin interpreted during the early service. Br. Joshua from Gnadenhütten, along with his Bathsheba, joined us afterward for breakfast. They subsequently readied themselves for departure, taking a heartfelt leave of us and the brethren and sisters in the huts, and departed for Bethlehem. We gave Br. Joshua the diarium of this place, from the 15th to the 24th of this month, to take with him, along with a paquet [packet] of letters, for delivery to Br. Hehl in Bethlehem. Sr. Erdmuth went to Wechquadnach early today and will stay there for several days. The brethren’s work on the building proceeded very nicely today. In the afternoon, when Br. Christian helped them with it, he asked them if they had also heard that our Savior had been a carpenter and had put up houses of just this 322

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

kind. They replied: Yes, they knew this very well. They greatly delighted that they in this circumstance of the life of our Savior having been brought to mind. Because the brethren wanted to go sweating after they were done working this evening, they asked that the evening occasion be conducted somewhat later than usual, which they were granted.

C [Wednesday], the 26th Soon after the early service Br. Christian went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. He found Br. David ill, [and] heard this and that about the great external poverty of the brethren and sisters, where especially Sr. Leah pointed out that she was in direst need. Her husband had left her, and her corn had been stolen from her the previous fall. Today we again had meat and Welsh corn with beans cooked for our brethren doing the construction. The work progressed very well. Because the limbs of our bodies had complained already for several nights that they were not bedded softly enough, we thus sought to come to their aid today. Br. Christian had tracked down a place where feathers can be gotten for free. That is where both of us went, namely, down toward the river, along the Indian field. There we found here and there on the uncultivated land some coarse, dried grass from the previous year. This we tore off with our hands and then made from it quite a soft under-bed for ourselves.55 All day long the woods on the mountain had been on fire, on the side where our huts stand, about 1 or 2 miles distant from where we are. Toward evening the fire on the mountain moved along behind our huts and grew very large. Thus, our brethren went to the fire to try to prevent it from getting to their fence. With time drawing near to when the evening occasion was supposed to be conducted, the brethren sent old Gideon to us to request that it may be suspended for today, which happened accordingly. At 9 o’clock they came home in good health, but very tired. At 10 o’clock the flames of the fire behind our huts became very large and it looked frightful. Therefore, Br. Christian went to the brethren, asking that they keep close watch, for the wind was now starting to blow harder than before. The good fortune in this regard was that the wind blew the fire past our huts. 323

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

F [Thursday], the 27th When we got up in the morning the fire had ceased for the most part; only one small line of it had moved down to the fence of the brethren and sisters, which could not do any damage, though. Following the early service everyone set about his work, and after the midday meal there occurred something of note: that the thus far prepared and joined wood was raised for the new house. Every one of the brethren and older boys who was home helped with it, and after 6 o’clock it was finished. Not only did it go without harm to anyone but also so quietly that one could also truly rejoice at that. The construction people were extraordinarily joyful on this occasion and said this was the Indians’ first house that they were building this way in this area.56 Br. Christian and Gottfried were very much astonished that the Indian brethren, while working on the building, as long as it lasted, conducted themselves like children, and that every time a situation arose when one person as well as the next was able to arrange, say, or do something, [they came to an agreement]; therefore, no dislike for or discord against the other person was seen or heard. In addition, it is to be noted here that the new house will be almost 2 shoes longer and higher and 1 shoe wider than the old one. Three windows out to 3 sides are to go in, if only the glass for them would get here soon. Had we the iron nails here that we are expecting from New York, then the work would be continued tomorrow, but now it must be suspended. Laths, shingles, and clapboards are lying here ready. The evening occasion was conducted earlier than usual because the brethren very much wanted to sweat this evening. After this everyone went to rest in good spirits. D [Friday], [April] 28 We cleaned up our construction site a bit. Afterward, Br. Christian went to Kent and bought from the saw mill there 317 foot boards for 62 sh. [shillings], and also a type of white-wood boards for 9 sh., and brought them down to the water, [a task] with which he occupied himself until evening, so that he came home quite tired. 324

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Having held school, Br. Gottfried busied himself with all sorts of domestic matters, item with reading and writing in English. In the afternoon he visited in their huts all the brethren and sisters who were home, finding them quite cheerful and going about their work most industriously, making buckets, troughs,57 baskets, and brooms. The external needs makes it necessary for some brethren to go daily to white people in the neighborhood and work there. Thus, they return home in the evening, some before, some after the occasion.

G [Saturday], the 29th Nothing out of the ordinary occurred.

A [Sunday], the 30th At the conference in the morning, Br. Christian presented Sr. Leah’s needy circumstances to the brethren and sisters, and put to Br. Gideon the request whether he could sell him one 1/2 buschel of Welsh corn and to present Sr. Leah with such. He was willing to do so. 2)58 It was learned that the brethren and sisters were not satisfied with Sr. Bathsheba [from] Gnadenhütten, and for this reason: Following the conference held here in the presence of Br. Joseph, she had talked to the single women and encouraged them to come along to Bethlehem, although their mothers had been completely against it. 3) The brethren and sisters also expressed their displeasure at the fact that, in all of Pachgatgoch, the content of this now intended conference was known, and because Sr. Martha was also seen as guilty in this regard, the two brethren, Gideon and Joshua, thus pointed out to her, in the presence of the conference, her wrong conduct. (Gideon is Sr. Martha’s husband, and Jos[hua] her son.) 4) Our unmarried persons of both sexes were recommended to the heart and to the prayer of the brethren and sisters, adding to this that one still did not feel confident about them. At the same time, however, one did not quite know how to reach them presently. 5) The help of the brethren was requested in bringing to this place 325

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

tomorrow, via the river, the boards that had been purchased. A garden also was discussed, which we intend to lay out and fence in behind our [partially] old and new house. The sermon took place at the usual time, to which several brethren and sisters from the winter huts had come. In the afternoon, after the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, the Brethren Samuel, Jeremias, and Petrus stayed with us for a while, at which time a very beneficial discours took place with them. The remaining part of this day was spent very quietly in the huts, especially since the weather was such that one did not like going outside. In the evening, Br. Christian went visiting in all the huts. The occasion for this was mainly this: that he had not seen a couple of the brethren and sisters, who were at home, at the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones.

B [Monday], May 1 Following the early service, [and] because the ground inside our new house stood in need of substantial filling-in, both of us brethren began to undertake this [task] until about 9 o’clock when school began, by first breaking out of the soil the very many stones in the area next to and behind the new house where we intend to lay out a small kitchen garden. With these [stones] the filling-in shall have its beginning, before we dig and use the necessary soil to that end. Afterward, Br. Christian, along with several Indian brethren, went with 2 canoes on the river up to the place from where our boards were to be retrieved. The Indian brethren arrived with their loaded canoes shortly past noon. Br. Christian, however, who later came rafting swiftly down the river on some of the purchased boards, had difficulty landing them here.59 As the water was quite high and the wind very strong from behind, he was carried farther with his boards than he wanted to [go]. Thus, he jumped into a canoe that was tied up near us, and in it chased after the boards that were floating away. But to control the canoe and also the boards with only one pole in hand, given such strong winds and the current, was truly hard and dangerous work. To a person who watched this from the place above where the huts are standing, it was frightful. Finally, it again got to the point that he was able to once more jump out of 326

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

the canoe and onto the boards, with several brethren from the huts coming to his aid with the other canoe. As soon as Br. Christian had partly washed [and] partly dried his clothes, we began to clear the area that is be used for the garden of the bushes that are standing on it, and to fence it in, for we need the fence right away, even before we plant any garden seeds. We busied ourselves with this work until the evening meeting. Today the Indian brethren who were at home also worked industriously on their own new fence that they are building directly behind their huts. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour Br. Christian portrayed to the brethren and sisters the patient Lamb and slaughtered sheep, Jesus Christ, plainly and emphatically. Br. Gottfried closed with a couple of composed and quite suitable English verses. E [Tuesday], the 2nd Several sisters who had gone out the previous week returned home this afternoon. Today we progressed with our garden to the point that we were able to plant the seeds. C [Wednesday], the 3rd Br. Christian went back to the place where he had bought the boards earlier and got himself several more, which are to be used for the floor. Today his ride on the river was not as dangerous and difficult as the day before yesterday. As for the rest, everything at our place here proceeded as usual. Little by little we are learning that our Indian brethren, who have to leave our place to work for white people, are regarded by them as honest, believable people after all. An example thereof is this: An Indian brother from our place worked for white people in the neighborhood. When someone there asked him about something, he gave the appropriate response to it. But because the man who had asked him doubted the correctness of the response, another New Englander being present turned the scale this way: You can believe the Indian; he is a Moravian and the Moravians do not lie.

F [Thursday], the 4th An Indian stranger visited our Brother Samuel. He is one of his relatives. 327

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

So that our construction would not be at a complete standstill, we started preparing the floor today, which is to be continued tomorrow. Also, this afternoon our construction people assessed the wood that we received from Br. Christian, the Indian, and used for the new construction. They found it to be worth 40 shillings of local money. In the evening we remembered our precious brethren and sisters who have (as we believe) now assembled in Philadelphia for the syn[od].

D [Friday], the 5th Our brethren were cheerfully at work. Having discovered how the laths could be fastened well to the rafters up above without iron nails, they were started to be affi xed. In the afternoon one brother left work to see whether he could catch some fish. One could tell, to be sure, that this did not entirely please the other brethren, who continued working, for each and every one of them could have done the same. But what happened? After awhile, he came home and brought with him nearly 2 buckets full of fish, had them cooked by his wife, and fed with them all of us who had been at work, and with that, no one had anything to say against the brother’s leaving; instead, it pleased everyone that this way his evening meal was taken care of at no concern on his part. During the evening occasion the Savior’s diligence, while working during the days of His presence here, was entrusted to the brethren and sisters. And at the same time, it was pointed out what a blessed affair it was when, in the course of all the external work, when the hands and the mind are always used as much as it is necessary, the whole heart nevertheless cleaves to the Savior. G [Saturday], the 6th In concluding the usual early service, Br. Gottfried sang to his dear Indians the following versed: Bleibet doch ihr blutgen Wunden und du großer Seiten-Riß Tag und Nacht und alle Stunden unsere Indianern süß Ja du Seiten-Höhlgen 328

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

blut auf jedes Seelgen hier in diesem Gnaden-ort immerfort. Mach sie selig hier und dort.60 The Indian stranger who was mentioned the day before yesterday left today. Because of the considerable heat yesterday and today, many a dropd of sweat was shed by the brethren at work. Today we again had Welsh corn and meat cooked for our workers. Br. Christian visited Br. Gideon today, as he had already done once this week. It happened mainly for this reason: that he could see his [Gideon’s] wife, Sr. Martha, and salute her warmly, as it has been noticed that she has not been quite full of light since the last Sunday conference. For that reason she also has not attended any of the occasions. At the evening meeting, almost all of our brethren, who are ordinarily accustomed to coming home on Sunday, were already assembled. Sr. Martha was present as well. Afterward, Br. Martin stayed with us for another short hour, and Br. Christian had a delightful discours with him about the Savior’s love for us and the love of the brethren for one another, as the marque [mark] by which the Savior’s people are recognized. Because our Sabbath has made us tired today, we now hurried with joy to our rest. A [Sunday], the 7th The sermon was delivered around noon, to which came not only the brethren and sisters from the winter huts, but also another Indian with his family, so far unknown to both of us. In the afternoon, after the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones was finished, Br. Christian announced to the brethren and sisters that he intended to go with Br. Gideon to the North-River tomorrow and return as soon as possible. On leaving the occasion, the brethren and sisters who had come from the winter huts also took a look at our building, and greatly rejoiced in it. Today Br. Christian visited all the brethren and sisters in their huts before his departure, and found them in good spirits. 329

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Also, he twice had the opportunity today to apply his surgery, in that he bled Br. Gottfried in the forenoon, and pulled a bad tooth for Br. Philippus in the afternoon. Both went very well. We presented Sister Leah from the winter huts was presented with the a half buschel of corn which we had bought for her from Br. Gideon.61 She thanked us for it with tears. Today there also came here for a visit 2 unmarried Indians from Potatuck. Noteworthy as well is the great quiet that rules in specie [Latin: especially] on Sundays in the huts of our Indians and among the brethren and sisters. This can be observed as well each time in the evening when their occasion is over.

B [Monday], the 8th Having conducted the early service, Br. Christian still had to bleed an Indian, [the one] who was here for a visit from Potatuck. Thereupon he departed from here for the North River with Br. Gideon. As the Indians’ horses are very poor, they took 2 horses with them. Br. Christian promised to be back home within 4 days, unless he unexpectedly had to wait for the items in question. Today Br. Jeremias took down his hut, which is the closest to the front of our house, and set it up behind the fence, not far from Br. Samuel’s hut. He probably did it mostly so that he can now lay out a small garden behind his hut, for which he did not have any room here; this our small laid-out garden has effected in him. That way we are gaining a nice space in front of the old and [partially] new house. And once we are finished with the construction and have this place cleaned up, and have removed the woodpile and wood-cuttings away from the front of the house and moved it to the back of the old house, then, with time, it will become green and have a good appearance. In the afternoon Br. Martin and Joshua also began to fence in for themselves an area for a garden. And so it appears that what Br. Samuel told us a couple of days ago truly seems to be the case; namely, that presently some new movement has come from among the brethren which has the effect that they arrange their external affairs a little bit better than has happened thus far, like planting a little more for themselves and such, so that in the future, little by little, 330

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

they would not need to go to the white people and work there. This cannot but please both of us brethren a great deal. The two sisters Hannah and Magdalana of Wechquadnach arrived here in the afternoon. Having occupied himself with a number of domestic matters today, Br. Gottfried read some English, and afterward enjoyed himself by reading the 26th speech of our precious Ordinarii62 from a[nn]o 1747, which caught his eye and fell into his hands by chance. In other respects, he was put a bit on the spot by the departure of Br. Christian, in that he had to conduct the occasions now in the morning and in the evening in English. He was not lacking the depth of heart to be sure, but the volubility of speech. However, one cannot have a great deal of reservations when it comes to these matters. He recommended himself to his Husband and approached this [task] poor and willingly. After the evening service, everyone who has found his eternal placed there retired to the bloody wounds of the Lamb in a happy state.

E [Tuesday], the 9th Having conducted the early service, Br. Gottfried had Br. Joshua stay on to sing with him through some Indian verses. This week our construction will be at a standstill until Br. Christian brings the needed iron nails with him, for they are now lacking. The floor is already cut to size and fitted in, and the laths are affi xed. Because there was still a space left under the floor that had to be filled in with soil, this then was Br. Gottfried’s work, outside of school today. Today in school he Br. Gottfried was missing Br. Simon’s son, an older boy, and upon inquiring about him, he learned that the boy was so ill that he could not keep on his feet for weariness; he reportedly had severe head and backaches. To Br. Gottfried This boy moved him to pity, and at home he looked for some jarsd containing medicine. However, as he himself is not knowledgeable about medicine, and as there were no signa [Latin: inscriptions, i.e., labels] to be found on the jars about what sort of species were contained therein, the choice was difficult for him to make. Finally, he took a taste from a jard, where not all of it, but most of it, was bezoar.63 In his mind he deemed this to be 331

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good, and following the evening service, administered of this to the boy, distilling 50 or 70 [drops] with water, trusting that the spilled drops of the blood of Jesus could and would bless it. Most of the brethren had gone out today. Those who stayed at home worked on their gardens, fences, and huts. Several sisters also had left to get the particular wood that they require for making baskets. They returned in the evening.

C [Wednesday], the 10th After the early service, Br. Gottfried inquired about the sick boy and learned that matters had improved with him to the point that he would perhaps come to school today, which happened later on. Br. Gottfried made him a jugd full of tea in the afternoon. Given that stones had to be wedged under the sills of the new house, which in some places are somewhat high off the ground, and soil needed to be thrown on afterward, Br. Gottfried busied himself with this today, aside from his usual daily occupation. Several brethren left in the forenoon to catch fish, and they brought home a considerable quantity in the afternoon. A man, a native of Albany,64 residing 5 miles from Shekomeko, arrived here wanting to buy corn from our Indians. But he had come (as the saying goes) to the hospital for a roast.65 Because he spoke High German,66 Br. Gottfried talked with him some. He knew something about Bethlehem and at some point in time had intended to go there. Late in the evening, shortly before the occasion was to begin, and while Br. Gottfried was still outside digging, having worked himself into quite a sweat, he suddenly experienced the onset of a violent headache, which compelled him to suspend the evening occasion and lie down at once. The evening air indeed is usually quite comfortable for doing such [work] outside, but perhaps it was too cold this time, if one has heated oneself in the process. He could not sleep probably for several hours afterward, though by and by the pain disappeared. F [Thursday], the 11th Br. Gottfried conducted the early service yet again. Br. Samuel went out 5 miles from here and returned home in the evening. 332

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Br. Martin has for some time been working for our neighbor Mst. Mills. Yet he is always present at the morning and evening occasion. That is also how some other brethren do it when they work nearby. As per their promise, Br. Gottfried expected the two brethren Christian and Gideon in the evening. For that reason he had cooked Welsh corn. But they did not arrive yet. D [Friday], the 12th Because it rained all day today, all the brethren and sisters stayed in their huts. An older boy, who had been out for 4 days, 24 miles from here, came back home in the afternoon and reported to Br. Gottfried. Br. Gottfried was also visited by the unmarried Br. Lucas in the afternoon.

G [Saturday], the 13th In the forenoon our old Sister Erdmuth visited Br. Gottfried, who spoke with her some about the beloved Savior and His precious wounds. Because Br. Christian had also arranged with Mst. Mills, our neighbor, for his people to plow 2 fields67 for us, this work was thus carried out this week during his [Br. Christian’s] absence. In the afternoon, already somewhat late, Br. Christian, to our joy, finally arrived here with his old Gideon. They had to lay by because of yesterday’s steady rain. At Joh. Rau’s their two Indian horses had run away, which they had led into the field for grazing, and Joh. Rau had given them one of his best, strong horses to take with them, on which to bring our things here, on the condition that Br. Christian return it himself. On the arrival of both brethren we immediately had our house completely filled with brethren and sisters, boys and children, in keeping with the Indian way. After they had dispersed somewhat, Br. Gottfried prepared the afternoon luncheon for the arrivals. And after the items that had been brought were moved a bit to the side, Br. Christian conducted the evening occasion, and in closing, passed on greetings to the brethren and sisters from the dear Br. Jos[eph] [Spangenberg] and Sam[uel] [Herr?]. Afterward, we sat down in quiet and read with considerable appetite the beautiful letters and extracted news from Bethlehem and Europe that our dear 333

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

Br. Joseph had sent us from New York. We truly marveled at the effort he had made to write to us so much in his own hand, and regarded this as a sign of his great love for us. Thereupon we went to bed much rejoiced. (N.B. The items that we received without [having submitted] a specification have all [arrived] in good order and undamaged, and we most heartily thank our brethren and sisters for their love and efforts in our name and in the name of all those who will benefit from it.)

A [Sunday], the 14th During the conference [the following was related] to the brethren and sisters: 1) The English letter that Br. Joseph wrote to the conference was read aloud by Br. Gottfried; Br. Joshua interpreted. The brethren and sisters greatly delighted in the news and the information that was therein related to them by Br. Joseph.68 2) The brethren and sisters were informed that all the Indians were subject to the law of the Connecticut goverment, and thus had to conduct themselves nice and quietly on all occasions, and in accordance with the laws of this place, for the sake of [their] conscience, not for fear of punishment. 3) That the brethren should plant for themselves as much as is possible for them, so that afterward, they would not need to run about in the woods or near the white people. 4) We would arrange for a little bit of land to be plowed for old Sr. Erdmuth on account of her incapacity and because of her age. 5) Then Br. Christian requested for the coming week the faithful assistance of the Indian brethren for the construction, because he now had the required nails in considerable supply. 6) There was also an English letter from Br. Post that was brought here yesterday as well. But because it concerned all the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, Br. Gottfried would therefore read it to the entire assembly after the sermon. 334

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

7) Because it appeared to want to become custom here — that sometimes, after the meeting is ended [and] before the brethren and sisters leave, [that] the brethren and sisters need to be reminded about external matters, for example, concerning their animals, chickens, eggs, fields, and such, and this having been addressed by an Indian brother, generally the interp[reter], and we do not at all deem this thing to be proper — we asked the brethren and sisters to suspend this henceforth. If it was absolutely necessary to point out something to the brethren and sisters, then one would have them assemble at a different time, when it could happen more suitably and better, also when there was more time for it. With that the conference was closed. Toward noon the regular sermon took place. This after the letter from Br. Post mentioned earlier was read to the entire assembly. Br. Joshua interpreted it sentence by sentence. The greetings from Br. Johannes [von Watteville], Pyrlaeus, and Joh. Wade were passed on as well. In the afternoon a couple of unbaptized menfolk joined the quarter-of-anhour for the baptized ones, because they wished to know what special matter was treated there. They were permitted to do so this time, but without future continuation. One of them was Benigna’s husband. Toward evening Br. Christian went with Br. Gottfried to view the two pieces of land that had been plowed for us; namely, the one piece, 3/4 acres that Br. Sensemann had used before, and then the 5/4 acres that were added this year. In the process, Br. Christian selected several placesd where we want to plant beans, cucumbers, and squash. Having returned home, Br. Christian told Br. Gottfried further details about his journey. For example, that along the way he was received rather well by the friends with whom we are acquainted; that he had the opportunity to speak with several persons about our Savior and about blissful themes; that a couple of those friends spoken to on the way want to visit us here in Pachgatgoch for Pentecost; that Joh. Rau especially showed himself very amiable toward him; and [that] our old Br. Gideon had truly acted like a child of God on every occasion. About the one mentioned last, Br. Christian could not say enough. At this point it is not unfitting to note that, since our brief stay here, both 335

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of us brethren have experienced our old Gideon and Br. Samuel as the 2 most childlike, simple, and at the same time, most affectionate brethren of this place, based on our perceptions, hearts, and feelings. This evening we also learned that Br. Joshua did not want to plant anything this year. We will, however, investigate whether this matter is quite true, and what, then, the reason for this is. Also, Br. Gideon summoned the brethren and sisters to confer with them about the partitioning of their land that they presently require for planting.

B [Monday], [May] 15 Immediately after the early service Br. Christian set out to return the borrowed horse home to Joh. Rau, and to see whether our 2 Indian horses had been recovered thereabouts. Because the conferences of the Indians usually have to be long, those brethren and sisters who had been at Br. Gideon’s yesterday evening went to him again right after the early service in order to arrive at a decision regarding their affair, which had not been possible yesterday. Afterward, Br. Gottfried wrote a bit in the diary, then held school, and later helped the construction people a little, who were at work by this time, by lending a hand where he could. Because everything was already prepared and cut to fit, nailing the clapboards and shingles in place went rather quickly, and the brethren took great pleasure in their work. A couple of Indian strangers turned up here in the afternoon, and for several hours watched the brethren go about their work. One of them (to whom Br. Joseph had also spoken along the way, back when we went from New York to Pachgatgoch) attended the occasion in the evening; the other one went on his way. Because the brethren were fatigued, they retired early.

E [Tuesday], [May] 16 Right after the early service, Br. Gottfried started to clean up some in front of our house, and having already yesterday evening gathered together in a circle pieces of small scrap wood, shavings, and dug-up brush, he thus set it on fire. This is usually the Indians’ work in the evening, when, at the same time, their 336

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children warm themselves by the fire and also jump over it once, to be sure. However, it is unsafe toward night, and we have previously warned against it. Today the brethren cheerfully continued their work on the building, and it proceeded to the point where, by evening, the house was faced with clapboards all around and the roof was finished. In the evening, as the brethren and sisters were leaving the occasion, a drunken Indian, who is the son of Martha’s sister and is here quite frequently, could be heard near the huts screaming and making some dreadful noise, which at once instilled fear in everyone. Br. Gideon and Petrus, for fear, did not even go home, and stayed with Br. Gottfried. Dear Br. Philippus also came here. After they had sat together like this for a while, Br. Christian arrived home, bringing one of the lost Indian horses with him; the other one came home on its own the next morning. He had found them in Dover, 5 miles from here. Thereupon Br. Christian began to report that he had lost his way, or should have lost it by all rights, and had neared the winter huts. There he reportedly came upon this previously mentioned drunken Indian, along with our Jonathan, the unmarried one, who also had gotten completely drunk. They both are said to have made a great deal of noise, threatened to destroy the huts of the sisters there, [and] indeed, even beat Sr. Leah. Br. Christian had reportedly spoken to Jonathan, who had listened to reason. Thus, Br. Gideon and Petrus sat with us for part of the night, while the fellow made such a noise in the huts here, and afterward, they went home. However, Philippus stayed with us throughout the whole night, lying down.

C [Wednesday], the 17th Inside of our new house everything that could possibly be done was done, with respect to nailing fast the floor, shutters, doors, p[p]., which afforded plenty of work. Br. Christian asked Br. Gideon and Joshua to speak today with the Indian who was drunk yesterday, and make him understand that henceforth such noise and misconduct could not be tolerated here at this place, but that other measures would have to be resorted to. However, Br. Gideon’s hands are tied, in that he cannot do as he wishes in this matter, or is able to, and this because of his own 337

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

wife.69 He is in quite a spot, the poor brother. More mention shall be made of this in the future, on a more opportune occasion. The occasions in the morning and in the evening took place as usual. Late in the evening Br. Gottfried related to Br. Christian something about the circumstances in which he found himself on this day 10 years ago: that at the well-known battallie [French: battle] of Chotusice,70 in Bohemia, a great many bullets had to fly past him for him to be able to sit here in Pachgatgoch among the Indians 10 years later; that back then he had already been to Herrnhut for a visit; that at that time, when the Austrian Hussars had plundered part of our [soldiers’] encampment, he too had lost his belongingsd, white linen and such, leaving him with nothing but the shirt on his back, yet that his little bible was left which the Hussars had picked out from among all of his belongings and thrown on the field into the dust; and more of the same. Afterward, we went to rest inside the bloody wounds of our Lamb blissfully and in good spirits. F [Thursday], the 18th This morning, right after the occasion had been conducted, both of us brethren went into the field to plant Welsh corn and beans. And because we wanted to get all of the 5/4 acres done at once, we occupied ourselves with this until the 3rd hour in the afternoon, and afterward came home very hungry and tired so that we hardly had the desire and strength to cook a few beans for ourselves. While in the field, we remembered our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and here and there, and that we should have had a special festival day today, because according to the old style, our Savior’s Ascension Day falls on this day. It is not celebrated here, however. On this occasion Br. Gottfried mentioned that this was the first time in his life that he helped cultivate a field. School was suspended today. The Indian who was mentioned on the 15th is still staying here and attends the occasions once in a while. In the evening we also busied ourselves somewhat in our new house.

D [Friday], the 19th In the forenoon, after school, several surveyors entered our house in friendship. They had been sent by the government, yet they never expressed their intention 338

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in any way, but instead left on horseback right after having sat with us for a bit. While they were still with us, our dear Br. Sensemann arrived to our great joy. We surely had not expected him. The letters from Br. Joseph, Hehl,71 Nathanael, p[p]., item the news from Bethlehem, Philadelphia, and Europe, greatly delighted us. No sooner had Br. Sensemann set foot in our house then the brethren and sisters all at once appeared in great numbers to welcome their dear Br. Sensemann, immediately inquiring whether he had brought along his wife, for they very much longed for her. Next, Br. Sensemann viewed our new house, which is finished to the point that it can be used for the occasions. How Br. Sensemann found us, of what nature our new building is, and what we have done since his absence, he himself will be able to report to our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem by word of mouth, to which, for the sake of brevity, only [passing] reference is made at this point. Br. Sensemann conducted the occasion in the evening, wherein he committed the inexpressibly tender, loving heart of our Savior to the care of our brethren and sisters. Afterward, the conference brethren and sisters stayed on with us for a bit, and at that time our dear Br. Joseph’s letter in English was read to them by Br. Gottfried, which was quite weighty to them, and joyous. They were told that there was also a letter from Br. Nathanael, which is to be communicated to them tomorrow; likewise, that the petition drawn up for the [Connecticut] assemblee had arrived as well, which also shall be read to them shortly. Furthermore, it was then agreed that tomorrow, quite early, Br. Amos is to go to Wechquadnach to inform the brethren and sisters there of the presence of Br. Sensemann, and to announce that Communion would be held here on Sunday. Br. Sam[uel] is to do the same in the winter huts. The love feast that we intend to hold was thought of, and several things that we require for it were procured.

G [Saturday], the 20th The early service was delayed until the brethren and sisters from the winter huts were here. Only the baptized ones attended it, though. At this time dear 339

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Br. Joseph’s letter in English was read again, and then also Br. Nathanael’s, and the greetings that Br. Sensemann has brought with him were passed on to the brethren and sisters. Afterward, Br. Sensemann spoke [with the] brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, and time was spent with this until the evening occasion. He felt quite comfortable in his heart at this time, and he rejoiced in it a great deal, in part [because of ] the ardent longing of many of the brethren and sisters [and] their hunger and thirst for the sacrament, [and] in part [because of ] the open confessions by others and [their] acknowledgment of the state of their hearts and what great respect they have for Holy Communion. The sisters Hannah and Magdalena from Wechquadnach also had arrived here today and were spoken with [in preparation for Communion]. Br. Sensemann conducted the evening occasion.

A [Sunday], the 21st The speaking with all the baptized ones [in preparation for Communion] was continued by Br. Sensemann, from morning until after 12 o’clock noon. (As speaking with the Indian brethren and sisters proceeds very slowly.) Immediately thereafter the regular sermon was delivered by Br. Sensemann, and for the first time in our new house at that. On this occasion, there was first a German, and afterward a few Indian verses sung. Next, the congregation rose and Br. Sensemann said a prayer that he delivered in the English language, wherein he most earnestly appealed, for himself and the dear Indians, for the close presence of the dear Savior today and henceforth, and for a rather blissful feeling of the wounds, as often as one would come together in this house for teaching and listening. Thereupon the congregation seated itself again, and the sermon was delivered, during which a pleasant breeze of grace was felt. In the end, “Nun balsamire, Herz u. Haus mit Blut-Geschmiere,”72 p[p]., was sung. Because of the many persons who were present — some 80 had been counted, not including the children — our room was barely large enough. At 4 o’clock, all the baptized ones enjoyed quite a blissful, delightful love feast, wherein Br. Sensemann brought to mind that our dear brethren and sisters 340

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in Bethlehem probably were not able to imagine at this time that we were already sitting here together in a new roomy house, dedicating our new house by means of such delightful occasions. He further added that, given that the construction has by now proceeded to the point where it could be made use of during summertime, the two brethren, Christian and Gottfried, were now able to concern themselves so much the more with visiting and speaking with the brethren and sisters, as well as related matters. Some 40 persons were present for the love feast, not including several children. Br. Joshua and his Elisab[eth] performed the duties of servants thereat. At 7 o’clock, a quarter-of-an-hour and the absolution for the communicants were held. Preceding the latter, with the brown assembly having knelt before the heart of the Friend of the sinners, Br. Gottfried sang some German verses (which are found in the enclosure),73 and our bloody Husband of the souls absolved all of us with His pierced hand. Having dispersed for half of a quarter-of-an-hour, the brethren and sisters were summoned for Communion by blowing [the horn]. The number of communicants from our brown assembly was 19 this time, and one sister was present as a candidate on this occasion. None of the unmarried persons attended Communion. The consecration took place with the words that are spoken at the institution of the Eucharist, in English. Because the words that can be said about the blissful enjoyment of His martyred body and His holy blood are indeed of little honor to our dear and most beloved Lord, it is better to keep silent. Enjoying, feeling, keeping, and loving forever surely continues to be the best. Offered by God, we have truly partaken of the Easter Lamb that, with ardent love, was roasted for us on the cross — and we have drunk from the blood of reconciliation — [and] that on the day of His coronation with the green crown of thorns smelled inexpressibly sweet on the Father’s throne above. Several German verses, which together with the Indian ones were recited solo by Br. Gottfried, partly before [and] partly after Communion, can be found in the previously mentioned enclosure. 341

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

The brethren and sisters having parted blissfully and extraordinarily cheerful, Br. Gottfried now was presented with something new and unexpected. Der weiseste Regierer Schickt her den Bruder Führer u. läßt ihm sagen: Komm zurück komm, u. erfahr ein neues Glück.74 Dear Br. Führer, who was sent here express from Bethlehem with letters from Br. Joseph and Nathanael, had hurried greatly to arrive here before Communion. However, he nonetheless came too late, not benefiting from it other than by hearing the very last verses recited while in front of the door of our house. We received him afterward with love, broke open the letters that he had brought for us, and learned from them75 each one in his own section, to his very own enjoyment, our particular instruction and ordre. Having spoken with him for a while, we quite blissfully laid down to rest in the soft bedd of Jesus’ side.

B [Monday], the 22nd Br. Christian conducted the early service in the new house, which will continue in this way for now and is a great convenience for the brethren and sisters, given that here the air can flow through nicely in the summertime. Next, the drafted petition of the Indian brethren and sisters of this place, sent here by Br. Joseph, with which they intend to go before the Assembly of Connecticut this month, was separately read and made quite plain to the Brethren Gideon, Joshua, and Samuel, and a clean copy was made of it by Br. Gottfried.76 Meanwhile, Br. Sensemann and Christian went to view the field that we have planted. They also had the opportunity to speak with some of our communicants, who were very much full of light and in good spirits. The Indian brethren now went about planting Welsh corn, and did so quite industriously all day long. At noon our brethren and [the] inhabitants of Pachgatgoch assembled in our new house for the signing of the petition, bringing with them 2 white people from our neighborhood to be present as witnesses. The petition was again read aloud to everyone, and afterward, 15 Indians signed it with their usual marks, 342

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

around which Br. Gottfried wrote their names, roughly this way: Gide + ons his Mark. In the end the 2 witnesses also set their names on it and confirmed with a few words that they themselves had seen the Indians make their marks in person. A cop[y] was made of it, which is to be sent to Bethlehem. The brethren want to go with the petit[ion] before the court tomorrow.77 In the afternoon Br. Gottfried finished the diarium with the exception of today, and readied himself for his intended journey to Bethlehem tomorrow. He had thought, in order to first become quite acquainted here, he first wanted to begin living here [at Pachgatgoch]. And see, things already took a different turn. But the expression Ey nun, so laß ihn ferner thun u. red ihm nichts darein prompted [him] that he was ready to return [to Bethlehem] at once.78 Br. Christian wrote several letters to Bethlehem. Then Br. Gottfried visited the brethren and sisters in all the huts; they did not yet know anything about his departure. We see now that Br. Joshua goes about planting just as well as the other brethren. This is to be considered along with what was said about this brother on the 14th of this month. The brethren who were in the process of planting Welsh corn sent Br. Joshua to us, inquiring through him whether they could do us a favor if they planted our field along with theirs. A great favor was rendered to us by this, because otherwise Br. Christian, who is now going to stay here alone, would have had to do this with much difficulty. Yet, when many of them get [together], then it is easily done. Sisters Hannah and Magdalena took leave of us today and returned to Wechquadnach in quite a happy state. Following the evening occasion, the baptized brethren and sisters were informed through Br. Sensemann that Br. Gottfried had received his rappell [French: recall] from Bethlehem, and [he] assured our dear brown hearts that the congregation would not forget them, but would assume every necessary motherly care for them, to the best of its ability. Moreover, the greetings from our dear hearts, Br. Joseph, Nathanael, p[p]. [and] indeed, from the entire precious congregation, were passed on to them. Thereupon Br. Gottfried took a very hearty and tender leave of his dear Indian 343

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

brethren and sisters, recommending them to the most lovely Lamb of God and His precious wounds. He will take his route by way of Rhinebeck and Esopus to Bethlehem, because Br. Führer, at the same time, wants to visit his father at the first place. Br. Sensemann, however, who also will leave from here for Bethlehem tomorrow, is going to travel by way of New York, owing to some business there. [Page break] [Enclosure] Beilage zum 21sten May Vor der Absolution Da fällt dir nun um deinen Fuß ein Häuflein brauner Herzen die du durch deine schwere Buß erlößt, in Blut u. Schmerzen. 2. Du lieber Gott u. Menschen-Sohn, der Armen ihr Berather, Schenk ihnen Absolution, Du höchster Erz-Beicht-Vater. 3. Leg die durchbohrte Hand auf sie, Laß sie Vergebung spüren, und was du ihnen schenkst hie, ja nimmermehr verlieren. 4. Schmück sie schön mit Gerechtigkeit mit der Schneeweißen Seite,

344

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

u. mach sie dir in künftiger Zeit zu deiner ganzen Freude. 5. Dein blutger Schweiß, der Klumpenweis von deinem Leib gefallen der mache ihre Herzen heiß, o Schönster unter Allen! Vor der Administ. des ges. Brodts Die Braune Schaar ist wieder da, Nun kann sie es nicht laßen. Jzt kommt sie deinem Leichnam nach jzt wird sie dich umfaßen. 2. Ja was umfaßen Sie wird gar von deinem Leichnam zehren wie er am Holz verblutet war Du kannst es ihr nicht wehren. 3. Sie hungert ungemein nach dir; Nach dir ist ihr Verlangen. Komm, gib dich allen Seelen hier wie du am Creuz gehangen. Vor der Adm. des ges. Weins Was schon gegeßen hat von dir das will von dir auch trincken. Es fühlen alle Seelen hier, dein holdes freundliches Wincken. 345

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

2. So arm u. sündig, schlecht u. klein sie sich auch immer fühlen sind sie doch Leute, die um dein u. auf dein Creuz hinzielen. 3. Sie laßen ihre Jährlein vor dir, dem Lamm hinfließen. Ihr durst geht ganz in dich hinein Blut wollen sie genießen. 4. Blut, das ihr Gott, der starke Held ihr großer Heils-Erfinder vergoßen vor dir ganze Welt u. vor dir gläubgen Sünder. 5. Das, das verlangen sie allein in Specie nun Heute. Gib ihnen von dem rothen Wein aus deiner offnen Seite. 6. Sie wollen gern als Würmelein im Blute immer schweben, u. in dein Herz begraben seyn da ist ihr ewges Leben. Nach dem AbMhl. Das war einmal ein selger Tag den uns das Lamm gegeben 346

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

das für uns auf der Schlachtbank Nun wird sichs fröhlich leben. 2. Und damit wäre heut geweiht auch diese neue Hütte dem Lamm, das unser Seligkeit, am Creuz mit Blut erstritte. 3. Lamm, fange nun aufs neue an dein Pachgatgok zu segnen Du lieber Herz-u. Schmerzens-Mann Laß viel Blut darauf regnen. 4. O Vater! Halt die Hut u. Wacht durch deine starke Engel nun immerfort, bey tag u. Nacht auch über diese Sprengel. 5. O Blut vom theuren Gottes-Lamm u. o ihr heilgen Beulen bringt jedes Herze hier in Flamm Kommt segnen, stärken, heilen. 6. Macht dir, o. Geist, Du Mutter-Herz, du Land-und Leut-Bekehrer, hier manche Seel noch täglich Schmerz, Dein Mühen stündlich schwerer.

347

Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752

7. Hör darum nicht auf von dem Lamm und seinem Blut zu zeugen; Es muß doch vor dem Creuzes Stamm sich endlich alles beugen. 8. Dem Gottes-Lamm sind doch schon die Indianschen Heiden bestimmt, vor seine Müh zum Lohn und ihm zu ewgen Freuden. 9. Ist denn das Fest79 nun ganz vorbey? Bewahr uns Gott! Wir halten nun Feste alle tag aufs neu, bis zum Kuß seiner Spalten. (N.B. Der 5te vers muß nach dem 3ten folgen.)

348

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

Pachgatgoch Diarium, From anno 1752, Month of August, the 7th until the 13th of October a.c.1 August 7, 1752 Brother Christian Fröhlich readied himself to travel himself back to our dear Bethlehem, beforehand taking leave in all of the huts. Br. Gideon went with him to Bethlehem. Br. Sensemann accompanied them for a few miles, and then they bade one another a heartfelt farewell. Meanwhile, Sister Sensemann had been paid a visit by the minister (Mr. [Cyrus] Marsh) and his wife from Kent, who acted very modest amiably. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Martin interpreted.

B [Monday], the 8th In the morning I delivered the morning blessing, entrusting ourselves and the brown assembly to the pierced heart of the Lambd by means of a heartfelt prayer. Sister Priscilla, together with her daughter Salome, came home from having been in the woods. They were very glad to fi nd us here. I presented them with several things that Brother Post had sent for them from London.2 She was very glad and grateful for them. The sister[s] frequently come to visit my wife. I cleared a patchd of land for myself and sowed some turnip seeds. C [Wednesday], the 9th After the morning blessing several Indian brethren went into the neighborhood to work. My wife visited several Indian sisters. The minister from Kent called on us because it was raining hard. I presented a pipe of tobacco to him. Joshua and Elisabeth came home. They both came and welcomed us. I conducted the

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Samuel interpreted. We thought of our dear Bethlehem much and we felt especially well.

F [Thursday], the 10th I intended to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts today, together with my wife. I learned, however, that nearly all of them had gone working. We visited the brethren and sisters in the huts here; talked with them the brethren and sisters about their hearts. Lucia was very openhearted toward my wife and felt blissful and well in her heart. Lucas and Philippus came home from hunting, full of light and in good spirits. My wife was paid a visit by 2 unmarried English women. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, with blessing.

D [Friday], the 11th Br. Gideon brought me a letter from Br. Christian Fröhlich, from which I learned that the white people had frightened Gideon with respect to the smallpox, and Br. Christian had therefore sent him back. I was pleased in a way. My wife and I went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there, yet found only Sr. Sarah and her daughter Leah at home, along with some unbaptized ones. My wife then occupied herself with the sisters, talking with them about their hearts. We went to see my old house where I had lived the first winter. When we returned, they [the Indians] had cooked us new Welsh corn. We ate and set out for home again. I still went to Kent and got some bread for myself. Meanwhile, my wife was visited by several Indian sisters. G [Saturday], the 12th We thought of our dear Bethlehem. The Indian brethren and sisters again gathered at home; Jeremias with his family, Christian from New Milford, Benigna with her husband, Sister Maria, and several more. They were affectionate and in a happy state. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; the Savior was near us. A [Sunday], the 13th Several English women came to attend the occasion. Afterward, the brethren and sisters arrived from the winter huts, and then we gathered for the sermon. The Savior was near us and everyone was atent [attentive] in listening. After the 350

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

sermon I visited Martin. I talked with Gottlob about his heart. Next, I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, with blessing. In the end, we enjoyed the kiss of peace. My wife visited several sisters, and I was paid a visit by an unbaptized Indian, Sekes, on whose heart the Savior is working. In the evening we thought of our dear Bethlehem, and we felt especially well, and then we laid ourselves blissfully down to sleep.

B [Monday], the 14th After the morning blessing I visited Christian and his wife Gottliebe, who wanted3 to go to New Milford. Several brethren and sisters again set out in order to work for white people. My wife visited the remaining sisters.

E [Tuesday], the 15th I went with Samuel to an English man on account of outward business. Martin and Lucas took leave to go to the seaside; Martin wanted to visit his brother. Joshua went to Newtown. C [Wednesday], the 16th We were paid a visit by 2 awakened English women from New Milford. They were most affectionate. My wife went with them to visit the Indian sisters. Because it became too late for them, they stayed here and went along to the quarter-of-anhour in the evening. The Savior was near me with His wounds. I spoke about the watchword of that day. Joshua came home full of light and in good spirits.

F [Thursday], the 17th After the morning blessing the 2 women readied themselves for their journey home. They had been quite pleased by everything, except that we did not pray as long and as much as they did in their meetings. I went into the woods to cut wood into clapboards.4 I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. D [Friday], the 18th I went back to my work of making klaborts [clapboards]. My wife visited all the sisters who were at home, finding them all in good spirits and most affectionate. 351

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

G [Saturday], the 19th Samuel went on horseback to Wechquadnach to visit the Indians at that place today, and old Erdmuth came home from there. The other brethren and sisters, who had been working for the English people that week, also came home. Schiry came to visit me along with an Indian stranger from Farmington. I talked with them about the Savior, and asked the stranger if he too felt in his heart a desire to become the Savior’s. He answered yes. A [Sunday], the 20th [In the] morning I summoned the conference brethren and sisters, Gideon, Martha, Joshua, and Elisabeth. We began the conference with the versed Seegne unß auß deinen Heiligen Wunden.5 I asked the brethren and sisters whether they felt well and cheerful in their hearts. One after the other, they began to say how they felt in their hearts. Afterward, we had to confer with one another on several subjects. We came to talk about Leah, that her heart was not in a good state, and that they had heard that Gottlob wanted to marry her. We said that we wanted to talk with her about this and hear whether there was anything to that matter. We felt right comfortable during the conference. After the brethren and sisters had assembled, I called the meeting by blowing [the horn]. Thus, everyone gathered. Three English people joined us as well. I spoke on John, chapter 6: Das ist Gottes Werck das ihr an dem glaubt den er gesant hat.6 The Savior was near us, and everyone was very attentive. That afternoon I conducted a quarter-ofan-hour for the married people, and my wife, for the single sisters, both with blessing. We talked with Sister Leah. Her mother Sarah was present. We asked her [Leah] about her heart and how she stood with the Savior, but she was not able to say much by way of response. We inquired about the matter regarding Gottlob, and pointed out to her that she had been told enough when she sent away her husband Johannes — and if she took Gottlob to be her husband, she should know that she could no longer have any connection with us or with the Savior. Her mother Sarah was very sad. After that, 6 English people came in anticipation that there would still be a sermon. They came into our house for a while, and when the opportunity presented itself, I told them something about the Savior and His reward, which is ready for the poor sinners if only they came to Him just the way they were. One among them had been in Martin’s house 352

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

and had wondered whether the sinners were to come to the Savior. Martin had answered him that it surprised him [Martin] that this struck him [the questioner] as so strange; in his [Martin’s] heart he felt it most plainly and weighty, and he had experienced it in this way. In like fashion, he [Martin] had spoken a good deal with them about the subject. They took a friendly leave of us, urging us to visit them. B [Monday], the 21st After the morning blessing I started working on our house, tearing off the old bast7 and covering it 8 up with klaport [clapboard], which I had made the previous week. Gideon went to a white man on the other side of the winter huts. On returning, he brought word that Rebecca, the wife of David, had been delivered of a young daughter. Gideon announced this to the brethren and sisters after the quarter-of-an-hour.

E [Tuesday], the 22nd We were paid a visit by Mr. Mills9 and his wife. The wife has something of the Savior in her heart, thus, she came to speak with my wife about her heart. She lamented that she had allowed herself to get so deeply involved with worldly matters and had suffered damage to her heart. My wife directed [her] straight to the Savior, to give her heart to Him; that way, the [worldly] matters would surely fall away on their own. They both took their leave with great love, entreating us to please visit them, which we had to promise them.

C [Wednesday], the 23rd We went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, finding Rebecca with her child well and in a happy state. David too was full of light and well, as were the other sisters. My wife took the little heartd, and kissed it, and recommended it to the Lambd. F [Thursday], the 24th Old Sister Maria and Sarah came from the winter huts to visit us. Martin and Lucas came home in altogether good spirits. We had a blessed quarter-of-anhour in the evening. 353

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

D [Friday], the 25th In the morning, after the morning blessing, old Erdmuth came and joined us for breakfast, telling us something about her heart. She is blissful and in quite good spirits, and at 80 years of age such a good walker that, on hearing that we need something from 2 or 3 miles away, she is immediately ready to get it for us, and cannot be stopped from doing so. G [Saturday], the 26th Today I made preparations to see whether we could make a small oven so that we need not always go to the white people to buy bread whenever we want to hold a love feast; we talked with several brethren about this. Most of those who had been out came home. In the evening we conducted the quarter-of-an-hour; we felt comfortable in our hearts on this occasion.

A [Sunday], the 27th We talked with Gottlob concerning Leah, whether he intended to take her to be his wife; Joshua was also present. He said no, he did not want to do that, yet he was not in a right happy state and full of light about it. We then pointed out to him the Savior’s mind. Several English people came with horses to attend for the sermon. The brethren and sisters having assembled, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. We were disturbed in holding the quarter-of-anhour as the white people stayed here in the Indian huts after the sermon, and some with us. Samuel came in the evening, saying that an English man wanted to have him arrested on account of an old debt of 3 #,10 which Gideon had taken upon himself to pay, and for which he had received things in exchange. I said I would talk to Gideon about it. B [Monday], the 28th After the morning blessing Gideon had the brethren and sisters carry stones and clay for the baking oven. (Beforehand, we got Gideon, Joshua, and Jeremias together in our house, and talked about the debt to Doctor Sackett.11 But Gideon did not want to agree to pay it.) Afterward, we set about building a small baking oven, so that we can bake bread ourselves when we want to have a love feast. [The] brethren and sisters were all industrious, and within a short time 354

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

there were as many stones gathered as we needed for it. Jeremias and I started walling up [the oven]. Samuel and Lucas took leave to go out hunting.

E [Tuesday], the 29th After the morning blessing Jeremias and I again went about our work. Gideon, [the] Joshuas, and [the] Martins came and said that they wanted to go into the woods this week to make canuhs and brooms so that they could buy blankets for the winter. Sister Priscilla went into the woods with her 2 daughters, along with some other sisters, to to get wood for baskets and brooms.

C [Wednesday], the 30th We held no meeting as nearly everyone was out. I again went to work on the baking oven and it was entirely finished today. F [Thursday], the 31st Sister Priscilla came home in good spirits with her 2 daughters Salome and Benigna, and several other sisters. My wife visited the sisters. Sr. Magdalena had said that her son Mackwah very much longed to be baptized. He had been promised that he would be baptized when a brother came from Bethlehem. D [Friday], September 1, 1752 I went to Sharon on account of outward business. Returned home in the evening, finding everyone who was home in good spirits. G [Saturday], the 2nd My wife and I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. Most had gone out to work for English people [words crossed out]. The ones we found at home were full of light and in good spirits. On our way back home, we came upon Christian Führer from Rhinebeck. We learned that Henrich Martin was with him as well. They then gave me several letters among which was one from our dear Martin Mack, from which I learned that a great visit of the Nanticocs [Nanticokes] had occurred in Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem, and that the Brethren were welcome to them, which pleased us greatly. [The] Joshuas, [the] Martins, and Br. Gideon came home in good spirits and full of light. I 355

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. The Savior was near us with His wounds. A [Sunday], the 3rd In the morning, several English people came to attend the sermon. However, being indisposed, I was unable to hold the meeting before noon, yet as matters improved somewhat, I held [the] sermon and quarter-of-an-hour in the afternoon. B [Monday], the 4th Because the 2 brethren from Rhinebeck wanted to visit the Indian brethren and sisters in their huts, I went with them. The Savior provided the opportunity in order that I could talk with several about their hearts, which was edifying and weighty to the 2 brethren. And because the weather was so rainy, they [the brethren from Rhinebeck] stayed with us today as well. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

E [Tuesday], the 5th After the morning blessing both Führer and H. Martin set out on their journey home. I accompanied them to the first plantation. They expressed that they had felt well being with us. When I returned, my wife and I went about roasting green dried Welsh corn, which the English here call schwit corn.12

C [Wednesday], the 6th Today nothing of note occurred. Samuel and Lucas came back home from hunting, not having shot anything more than one deer.

F [Thursday], the 7th We again went into the field to make schwit corn. Sr. Priscilla and Magdalena came to help my wife. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. My wife and I talked about and thought of our dear Bethlehem a great deal. We felt especially well.

D [Friday], the 8th After the morning blessing I went into the woods to cut wood [words crossed out]. My wife [words crossed out] was busy doing the wash. On returning home with a 356

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

piece of wood, I found the dear heart Martin Mack in my house, together with his father-in-law Johannes Rau. I was surprised and delighted at the same time, for I was [word crossed out] had expected Brother Martin in about one month. We kissed and rejoiced most tenderly, being glad to see each other. Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, with blessing.

G [Saturday], the 9th Br. Martin Mack delivered the morning blessing, talking of the state of bliss that one is able to experience near the Savior and His wounds. We felt quite comfortable on this occasion. Hans Rau again set out on his journey. Martin and Sensemann accompanied him for a distance. Lucas went on horseback to the mill and got 2 buschel[s] of flour that Sensemann had ordered ground. Then Br. Martin Mack began to tell us about his journey, [about] how mistisch13 it had looked at the Oneidern [Oneidas] in the beginning, and how the Savior had changed their hearts, that they not only let the brethren pass through their lands but were also helpful, such that the chi[e]fs from the other nations were summoned to Onondagon [Onondaga] by them, for which we could be grateful to the Savior.14 Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Joshua, Gottlieb, and several other brethren returned home from hunting. On learning that Martin was here, they came and welcomed him with tender love. Br. Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. A [Sunday], the 10th Brother Mack held the meeting. Everyone who was present was very atent [attentive]. The Lambd was feelingly near to us. That afternoon the baptized ones came alone, at which time Brother Mack told them about the visit that they were paid in Gnadenhütten from the Nanticocs [Nanticokes], which was very weighty to them. After the occasion the brethren and sisters were told that there would be a love feast tomorrow afternoon. B [Monday], the 11th After the morning blessing all of the Indian brethren and sisters readied themselves to build an Indian house for a family from the seaside that wants to move up here; some are already here. [Lines crossed out] We found all of them industrious 357

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

in the field making Schwit corn. Almost all of them knew him, for they had seen him at the seaside 9 years ago, and were glad to see him.15 [The] Sensemanns made preparations for the love feast, and after [the] blowing [of the horn], all of the brethren and sisters assembled in the church.16 Sensemann commenced the love feast with a German versed, and then the female and male servants carried round the love feast’s bread. Br. Sensemann said that he and his wife had long desired to hold a love feast with the Indian brethren and sisters, but it had not been possible sooner. Now that our dear Brother Mack was present, it was more pleasing to us yet, and because he had undertaken a great journey among the 6 Nations,17 he would surely tell us something about it. Whereupon Brother Mack began to tell them what the intention was of our travels among the 6 Nations, and then [about] the journey itself, and after that [he passed on to them] a heartfelt greeting from Br. Rund and David Zeisberger.18 There was a feeling of love and grace present. Everyone was joyous and full of light. Br. David and Sister Rebecca came with their little daughterd and asked that she be washed with the Savior’s blood; it would be a blessing for them. We could not refuse them. It was pointed out to them that children like this have to be preserved and raised in the grace that they receive through baptism. There was a general meeting in the evening, at which time everyone appeared here. Br. Mack delivered a blessed address. Afterward, it [the child] was flooded by Br. Mack with the red stream from Jesus’ wounds, receiving the name Anna Maria, and was consecrated by 4 sisters, among whom were 2 at the age of 80, with the v[erse] Die Seele Christi Heilige Dich.19 And then everyone retired blissfully.

E [Tuesday], the 12th Following the morning blessing, Br. Samuel was sent by Br. Mack to Johannes Rau, for he intended to go straight to New York from here. Sensemann and Mack visited the brethren at their house construction, and then they went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. They found everyone busy roasting schwit korn. Br. Mack talked with some about their hearts. Br. Mack conducted the quarter-of-an-hour this evening, portraying quite passionately to the brown assembly the Savior with His red wounds. The foreign Indian woman attended the meeting regularly, and Br. Sensemann also spoke with her about the Savior.20 358

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

C [Wednesday], the 13th Brother Mack delivered the morning blessing by way of farewell, wishing that the brown brethren and sisters steadfastly abide in the wounds of the Savior with their hearts. After breakfast he, together with Sensemann, went visiting in all the huts, taking a heartfelt leave of all the brethren and sisters, and then set out on his journey toward New York. Sensemann accompanied him, and they had yet many a beneficial conversation with each other, and then they bade each other a heartfelt farewell. It surely hurts a little each time when one takes leave of one another. Sensemann set out to return [to Pachgatgoch]. He visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, finding them all affectionate and in good spirits. In the evening, after the quarter-of-an-hour, I passed on to them Br. Mack’s greetings that he had sent back for them. It pleased them and they thanked him. F [Thursday], the 14th I delivered the morning blessing in the morning; the Savior was near me. I was able to present to the brown assembly the martyred Lambd quite in the spirit of the wounds. Sr. Sarah and Caritas went to the seaside to help bring up the Indians’ belongings. My wife visited the sisters in all the huts; she had a heartfelt conversation with them, during which she felt most comfortable, delighting in the Indian sisters. D [Friday], the 15th My wife visited several sisters. Sr. Justina said that since the love feast and baptism she was feeling especially well. I visited several brethren, with blessing. In the evening, 2 unbaptized, unmarried fellows joined the meeting, seating themselves wrongly on the bench, who were told after the quarter-of-an-hour that, if they wanted to attend the meeting, they needed to be orderly, or they would be asked to leave. G [Saturday], the 16th Today nothing of note occurred, except that everyone went about his work industriously. A [Sunday], the 17th In the morning, we had the conference brethren and sisters assembled in order to learn from them whether anything had occurred among the brethren and sisters. We learned that everything proceeded along its path of grace. 359

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

After the brethren and sisters had assembled, the occasions were conducted as usual. B [Monday], the 18th I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour. The Savior was feelingly near to us. The Indian sisters were busy drying sweet corn,21 for it had rained for several days and most of it had spoiled on them.

E [Tuesday], the 19th Gideon, [the] Joshuas, and Martin went to the previous place,22 about 9 miles from here, to make canuhs. I and my wife were busy gathering beans. My wife visited several sisters with whom she talked about their hearts.

C [Wednesday], the 20th Jeremias and several sisters and boys rode with 4 horses to the seaside to get things for the Indians who want to move up here. Several brethren went bear hunting. Toward evening the brethren came home from hunting; they had shot a deer, of which they sent us a piece. We had the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Samuel interpreted. I felt quite well on that occasion. F [Thursday], the 21st The brethren and sisters were all going about their work industriously, and blissful at the same time. D [Friday], the 22nd Following many requests, I and my wife visited [the] Mills in Kent; [Mrs. Mills is] an awakened woman. G [Saturday], the 23rd After the morning blessing I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, but found no one other than David’s family, all of whom were full of light and in good spirits. Toward evening Gideon, and thereafter Jeremias and his compani, came home full of light and well, so that we rejoiced when we saw them.

A [Sunday], the 24th A number of English people came, asking whether the meeting would begin soon. They were told, as soon as the Indians were assembled. Several Indian 360

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

brethren came to visit me. Gottlob and several others came home. After the brethren and sisters from the winter huts had arrived, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. Everyone having assembled, we began the meeting with English and Indian versesd, and then the text Jn. 57.15 was talked about; the Savior was near us and everyone listened quietly and atent [attentively]. Following the sermon I went with my wife to view God’s Acre. Afterward, the quarterof-an-hour for the baptized brethren and sisters was conducted with blessing. David and his wife Rebecca came to visit us; they both were affectionate. They took leave at the same time and went back home.

B [Monday], the 25th I had intended to go to Wechquadnach today to visit the brethren and sisters and the other Indians there, but my chest had become so afflicted that I could hardly talk. Thus, I was unable to conduct the morning blessing. My wife also was not well. Almost all the brethren and sisters came to visit us. Gideon went with his Martha to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. On coming home they brought us word that the brethren and sisters were well. Samuel and his wife Lucia both went 5 miles to get broom wood. Sensemann went to visit [the] Christians. They both were affectionate and hard at work making baskets. I delighted in them, which I also expressed to them. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, with blessing. E [Tuesday], the 26th My chest felt very poorly. Gideon boiled roots, of which I had to drink, but it was not having any effect. We felt comfortable during the evening quarter-ofan-hour; there was a tender feeling of grace present. C [Wednesday], the 27th All the brethren and sisters were going about their work industriously, making canuh [canoes] and baskets. Sister Susanna and Magdalena arrived here from Wechquadnach. Gottlieb had shot a bear, of which they sent us a piece as well. F [Thursday], the 28th I and Brother Samuel went several miles today, to an English man, on account of outward business. I also thought my sickness would subside in the process. 361

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with a warm and feeling heart. D [Friday], the 29th My wife and I went into the field to gather beans. Toward evening Brother Martin came down the river with a canuh. He was well and full of light, bringing us word that Joshua and his family were well and intended to come home tomorrow. Late in the evening Gideon came and said that he had just received word that Withly, Benigna’s husband, who had been working for an English man 5 miles from here, had suffered a fall in the barn and lay like he was dead. I said they could send someone there as soon as possible, and if he wanted me, I would come go there the next day.

G [Saturday], the 30th In the morning, Gideon and several other brethren and sisters went to visit the Indian who had fallen. Benigna and a number of other brethren and sisters came home. A neighbor brought the Indian who had fallen home on a horse. Timotheus, as well as 2 unbaptized ones, arrived here from Wechquadnach. A [Sunday], October 1, [1752] The general occasion was conducted around noon, afterward, [there were] several quarter-of-an-hour services by choir, wherein the brethren and sisters were full of light and in good spirits. B [Monday], the 2nd After the morning blessing Brother Gideon came to me, saying that the brethren wanted to go down to Gihorn and lay up a new house for him.23 I visited them at their work, and things proceeded in an altogether orderly fashion. Because they came home very late in the evening, no quarter-of-an-hour was conducted this time. E [Tuesday], [October] 3 Timotheus took leave and set out to return home along with his brother. Petrus went to the seaside with wooden utensils to sell. David and Rebecca came to visit us; they said that they wanted to go and work in the woods for several weeks. They were reminded never to lose sight of the Savior and His bloody 362

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

wounds. Martin took leave to go and work in the woods along with his father and brother. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, [and] having eaten our evening meal, came we heard that a stranger was coming into Pachgatgoch. My wife said, Perhaps it is someone from Bethlehem. I replied, Who, then, will it be? Thereupon, to our amazement and delight, the 2 Indian brethren Nathanael and Anton from Gnadenhütten came through the door. We welcomed them with tender love. Nathanael soon handed us a package of letters and [passed on] many tender greetingsd and kissesd from our dear hearts in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten, which was more than only a small joy for us. However, as I opened the letters, [the news] of our most beloved Christel’s going home soon caught my eye, which cut my dear A. Catharine and me to the quick, causing that we almost could not read any further on account of our tears and quite robbed me of my sleep that night. Gideon’s house being too crowded, the 2 brethren slept in our house. Our most beloved Christel’s going home quite robbed us of our sleep that night.24

C [Wednesday], the 4th In the morning, Jonathan was sent to tell Gideon, Joshua, and Martin that 2 brethren, Nathanael and Anton from Gnadenhütten, were here [and] that they shall please come home. I then enjoyed myself with my dear lettersd and rejoiced at the tender love of the dear brethren and sisters for us. Nathanael and Anton visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. At noon, the brethren Gideon, Joshua, and Martin came home. Nathanael talked with Br. Gideon [about] what his business here was, namely, to make known here and in Wanachquaticok the covenant that has been made between the Nanticoks [Nanticokes] and the Brethren in Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem. Gideon at once summoned all the Indians, great and small, and asked me whether this [word crossed out] could be announced in our church, which I allowed them. Beforehand, Nathanael opened the belte [belts] and strings of wampon [wampum], and I read to him what each said.25 Everyone having assembled, we went into the church, and Nathanael made known to them one matter after the other. This was very dear and weighty to them, especially that they [the Nanticokes] wanted to hear words of our God and Lord. In the evening I conducted the quarter-ofan-hour, with blessing. 363

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

F [Thursday], the 5th In the morning, during the morning blessing, our Husband was feelingly near to us. Nathanael and Anton set out on their journey to Wanachquaticok. (Gideon and Joshua [and] Martin again went into the woods to work on their canuh). I visited several brethren and sisters. In the evening, during the quarter-of-anhour, 2 English attended the meeting; Samuel interpreted. D [Friday], the 6th I went into the woods today to cut wood for the winter. Meanwhile, my wife was visited by several Indian sisters. Gideon came home along with the 2 brethren Joshua and Martin. He came to visit us; said he was now finished to working in the woods. G [Saturday], the 7th During the morning blessing I entrusted the brown assembly to the care of the bloody wounds of our precious Lamb and Chief Elder. I felt quite comfortable on this occasion. Today we also thought of our dear Bethlehem a great deal and observed the Sabbath with them in our hearts. I wrote in the diarium. I am still somewhat sickly. I visited Brother Martin; he was affectionate and well. Several brethren came home in the evening.

A [Sunday], the 8th In the morning, Samuel summoned the conference brethren and sisters to our house. Many a matter was conferred through about with them, especially about Communion. They expressed a great longing for it, and gave us to understand that they have been awaiting it for a long time. However, as the issues that had prevented it were pointed out to them, some became sinners and admitted that they were to blame for this [the delay]. Then it was agreed that it [Communion] should take place next Sunday. A true feeling of love could be felt. We kissed one another with heartfelt love, and then the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. Owing to the bad weather, there were not as many present as usual; still, the Savior was near us. Past noon the quarter-of-an-hour was conducted for the baptized ones, and the heartfelt greetings from the dear hearts in Bethlehem and the other places were passed on, likewise [the news of ] the going home of the most beloved Christel, which deeply grieved them. It was also announced 364

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

that Communion shall be next Sunday; it was a great matter when the Savior gave us His flesh to eat and His blood to drink. During the coming days the brethren and sisters should discuss this with the Savior. We wished this for all of them, and [it] would be a great joy for us if they all would be able to enjoy this. Thereupon we had the Kiss of Peace and parted cheerfully.

B [Monday], the 9th After the morning blessing I went visiting in several huts; found [there] Petrus, who along with Amos had just come home from the seaside. Gideon came and said he wanted to go with wooden utensils to Quaker Hill; perhaps he would not return home today.26 Samuel also departed for several days. Sr. Justina visited my wife and told her that she felt so well near the bloody wounds of the dear Savior that she was not capabel [capable] of expressing it. We felt especially well during the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening and full of feeling. E [Tuesday], the 10th Following the quarter-of-an-hour it was announced that school would be commenced today. Before noon the boys’ [school] would be held, and in the afternoon, the girls’, which indeed had its rather nice beginning. The boys all have resolved to learn English; among the girls there is perhaps still one left who is learning German. Old Erdmuth was sent to Kent to order something for our upcoming love feast. The Indian brethren helped Joshua work on his new house.

C [Wednesday], the 11th My wife visited several sisters in the forenoon, as I was holding school with the boys, and in the afternoon I visited the winter huts but did not find many [Indians] at home. In the evening some Indian strangers were present. The Savior was near us. F [Thursday], the 12th I talked with Brother Gideon about some Indian brethren and sisters who were working in the woods, whether someone should be sent to them. Br. Amos was charged with informing them that Communion would take place this Sunday, and that they had to be home this Friday. Toward evening our dear brethren Nathanael and Anton returned to this place from Wanachquaticok. The Indian 365

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

brethren and sisters and we welcomed them with tender love. Gideon and Nathanael talked with each other. After the evening quarter-of-an-hour, Gideon summoned all the Indians to his house, where Nathanael then presented the pelt [belt] from Wanachquaticok, and the words that Abraham27 shall be Captein in Gnadenhütten shall, which pleased them well, and they too sent their word and a pelt [belt]. D [Friday], the 13th of October I delivered the morning blessing at an early hour; Nathanael interpreted. During it I felt in my heart quite in the spirit of the wounds. Afterward, I also wrote several letters to my dear hearts in Bethlehem. Given that the Indian brethren had work to do several miles from here, they took a heartfelt leave of Br. Nathanael before [departing], sending warm greetings to the congregation[s] in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten; the sisters did the same. Old Erdmuth sent greetings to her son Martin. He had always called her his mother, and therefore she wanted him to be saluted as her son, and she wished that when she died she could be buried in Bethlehem. [part 2] Br. Joach[im] Sensemann’s Pachgatgoch Diearium, from October 13, 1752, to January 17, 175328

D [Friday], October 13, 1752 Brothers29 Nathanael and Anton took leave of the Indian brethren and sisters and set out on their return journey to Bethlehem and [word crossed out] to Gnadenhütten. I accompanied them as far as through the Indian field, where we then kissed one another affectionately. They [word crossed out] asked me to give their heartfelt greetings to the Indian brethren and sisters following the quarter-ofan-hour in the evening, which I promised to do. On returning, we began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. They were straight and openhearted. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour our Husband was right intimately near us.

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Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

G [Saturday], the 14th After the morning blessing Br. Gideon came, asking whether he and several other brethren could leave for a little while and take their canuh [canoes] over the falls. We let them go. Meanwhile, we spoke with those brethren and sisters who could speak and understand English well. That afternoon Gideon and Joshua were present, the latter as interpreter. We sensed the continuous work of the dear Mother on the brown hearts. They were like sinners; some, who we, in part, would have taken along without hesitation, shed many tears and said, We feel too miserable in our hearts and cannot join Communion this time. In the evening I and my wife were busy baking for the love feast. A [Sunday], the 15th In the morning we spoke yet with some brethren and sisters. After that some awakened English people attended the sermon. I spoke on the text Matthew, ch. 5, Selig sind die geistlich arm sind, denn das Himelreich ist ihr.30 The Savior was near us, making the word active in the hearts of the hearers. After the English people were gone, preparations were made for the love feast, and [after the] blowing [of the horn] all of the baptized ones came to the love feast. Several who were not in a good state at this time stayed away of their own accord. There was something said about love, [about] how blissful one was, being able to love, and there was such a feeling of love to be sensed. At the end of the love feast, the brethren and sisters who were to participate in Communion this time were let go (and that they are to assemble for the quarter-of-an-hour when there was another blowing [of the horn]). After some darkness had fallen, the quarter-of-anhour was called by blowing [the horn], and when the communicants had assembled there was something said [to the effect] that all of us gathered here knew that we were sinners and needed for the Savior to wash each one [of us] with the stream water from His side, and to give absolution with His pierced hand. Whereupon we fell down [on our knees] and with a heartfelt prayer I asked entreated the Savior for this in English. We felt the absolution and a blessed feeling of peace and love passing through our hearts. Afterward, we enjoyed the kiss of peace. Brother Amos — who during the [act of ] speaking himself had not felt confident about joining [Communion], and given that we [word crossed out] were

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unable to reflect on him owing to the fact that he had been among white people for some time — joined us for the absolution. The the servant came and said that Amos was present as well, whereupon I asked him [Amos] to come outside and to me. I told him he was not joining Communion this time. He said, he had talked with the Savior and was feeling a great desire to join; he would not allow himself be turned away, standing there like a poor sinner. I could not find it in my heart to turn him away forcibly, and allowed him to go back inside. We then came together for the enjoyment [word crossed out] of our Husband’s flesh and blood, and His martyred body and the exhalations from the grave passed through our tabernacle and soul. In the end, “In das weiche betlein deiner Seite”31 was sung, and then we had the kiss of love, and then everyone retired blissfully. This time there were 22 brown brethren and sisters present for the enjoyment of Communion, and one candidate, Sarah’s daughter Maria.

B [Monday], the 16th We felt most comfortable during the morning blessing. Everyone still felt so well and blissful on account of last evening. A great many sisters came into our house after the morning blessing and embraced and kissed my wife, saying that they felt so well, they could hardly express it. Amos came to me and said, Brother, my heart feels quite well; one could also see this in his eyes. Because some families are very poor and do not have any blenet32 they said that they needed to go down to the seaside with their canoes33 and baskets to sell them. Thus, the brethren and sisters agreed to go together, because some had otherwise wanted to go only in 3 weeks. We made preparations for a small love feast with some of those who wanted to go down there; reminded them of the grace they had enjoyed and that they should remember it during their absence, p[p], which they promised to do. Then they all took a heartfelt leave and set out on their journey. There were few who stayed home.

E [Tuesday], the 17th My wife and I went about breaking off the Welsh corn, and because there were almost no Indians at home, except only children, the meetings were suspended for that time. 368

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

C [Wednesday], the 18th Minister Marsh from Kent came to visit us. [Words crossed out] he said he had heard that his old friend Martin Mack had been with us and had not even visited him once. He was very sorry that he had not seen him. He remembered that he had not done things better nicely with the brethren, p[p]. He had heard that Br. Spangenberg had been here. He very much would have liked to have spoken with him. He said he might not be our neighbor much longer. We asked what the reason for this was; this [his leaving] would not please us. He said that, in part, he could no longer deal with his congregation. He could no longer make ends meet with his salerius [Latin: salary], and in addition, they were simply too ungodly. (He reported that when a short while ago he wanted to celebrate Communion, one [from among his congregation], of whom he had heard had cursed and sworn in the presence of more than 30 of his people, and had conducted himself horübel [horribly], now intended to join Communion. He had questioned him on that account [his cursing and swearing], yet he had denied it, and when he [the minister] asked for 2 witnesses among the 30, not one of them had either seen or heard it. And he believed that the way one [person] was, so were all the others).34 I said that things were indeed easier for me in that regard among my Indians than for him among his Christians, for when I questioned the worst one among them on returning home from a journey, thinking that something might have occurred with him, he himself would tell me everything. I did not need any witnesses with them. He said, No doubt, I must put my people in mind of this matter. And then he took his leave, inviting us sincerely to visit him. We were not able to promise him this with certainty. F [Thursday], the 19th I and my wife went into the field to break off Welsh corn. Br. Petrus and Thamar came to help us. School had continued this week in due order. D [Friday], the 20th One of our neighbors came, bringing home our Welsh corn and some wood.

G [Saturday], the 21st The sisters and children came and peeled helped us strip our W[elsh] corn and bring it up into the loft. 369

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

A [Sunday], the 22nd We observed this Sunday in quiet today, thinking frequently of our dear Bethlehem. B [Monday], the 23rd We started holding school again. I went into the winter huts and from there to English people where I had to attend to something.

E [Tuesday], the 24th We continued with our school.

C [Wednesday], the 25th The first brethren, Samuel and Martin, came home from the seaside. F [Thursday], the 26th Br. Gideon and his family came home. Gideon came to us; we asked him how things had gone and where they were last Sunday. He said, in Derby. They had also gone to church there. I asked if they had met anyone who loved the Savior. He said, No, he had heard of nothing else there but of the great, almighty God. We resumed our quarter-of-an-hour that evening; Samuel interpreted. D [Friday], the 27th Several more families came home, bringing word that Benigna, Simon’s daughter, was delivered of a sond [blank] on October 20. In the evening, during our quarter-of-an-hour, the red wounds of our Husband were right feelingly near to us. G [Saturday], the 28th Today I went into the winter huts and visited the brethren and sisters there. Joshua, along with Elisabeth, came home in good spirits. A [Sunday], the 29th We conducted the general meeting when the brethren and sisters from the winter huts were here; the baptized ones had their quarter-of-an-hour in the afternoon. Both [took place] with blessing.

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Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

B [Monday], the 30th After the morning blessing I started holding school with the boys. Meanwhile my wife visited the sisters who were home. Jeremias and Samuel went hunting. E [Tuesday], the 31st The Indian brethren and sisters started breaking off and bringing home their Welsh corn. Samuel had shot a bear, which they brought home. We felt right comfortable during the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. C [Wednesday], November 1, [1752] Nothing of note occurred. F [Thursday], the 2nd We continued with school and visited the brethren and sisters, who were full of light and in good spirits, going about their work industriously. We also remembered that the brethren and sisters were gathered in Oley this evening for the synod and were rejoicing together. D [Friday], the 3rd We often thought of our dear brethren and sisters at the synodus in Oley; our spirit too was with them. We were confident that they would not forget us or the brown assembly, for we do belong with them, and that heartened us in our absence. I went on the mountain to search for Sr. Priscilla’s horse, and to take 2 buschel [bushels] of Welsh corn to the mill as the pounding is very toilsome, but was unable to find it [the horse]. In the evening I conducted the quarter-ofan-hour; the Lambd with His wounds could be felt by us. G [Saturday], the 4th I went out to buy some bread, but got none. Meanwhile my wife was busy with her wash. Brother and Sister Gottlieb came home from Old Milford. He brought his old mother from there, who wants to live with them.

A [Sunday], the 5th We summoned the conference brethren and sisters for the conference in the morning. They reported on how things had gone on their journey to the seaside. 371

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

They all came home without harm done to their hearts, except for Martin, who had had a quarrel with an unbaptized person, because who35 he was supposed to lead him out of a merchant’s house as the unbaptized person was drunk. Thereafter we had the sermon; the Savior was near me. Following the quarterof-an-hour Sister Sarah came to us; my wife talked with her about her heart. She said that she was quite well,36 except however, that37 she was somewhat concerned because her husband wanted wanted to go to Woodbury next week to work, and she had to come along. She was afraid of herself, because in former times she had loved the seiter [cider] so very much; we should think of her often. We said she should simply abide with her heart in the Savior and His wounds, then it would not mean anything there would be no danger that she would get involved in something. One of our neighbors came in the evening, requesting that Gideon please talk to the Indian brethren and sisters if they, big and small, could help him work the next day, which he promised them [sic] to do. He [the neighbor] also came to us and asked if we too were agreeable. We need not worry that he would throw them into disorder with strong drinks. We told him that we had no objections that they38 to work at his [place].

B [Monday], the 6th After the morning blessing almost everyone, big and small, went to Mr. Mills to work. I and my wife went to visit the brethren and sisters at the lowermost place39 and found some at home, who were glad that we were coming to visit them. We talked with them about their hearts. They were well and in good spirits. We also visited some unbaptized ones. E [Tuesday], the 7th After the morning blessing I started school with the boys. Some are learning to read English quite nicely. Petrus and Sr. Thamar came to us, complaining about their daughter Anna, who was not minding them — what they should do with her. My wife talked with her about it. She found that there was a misunderstanding concerning the matter, yet admonished her in earnest to be submissive and obedient to her parents, which she promised. In the evening quarter-of-an-hour the Lambd was near us with His red wounds, so that I wonder about it and feel ashamed. 372

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

C [Wednesday], the 8th Here in the Connecticut governument [government] it is custom to celebrate a day of thanksgiving after all the crop has been harvested. On this day there is butchering and a great deal of preparation done as all the friends and acquaintances invite one another for a meal. Since it is also an old custom of the Indians to visit those white people, where they have good friends — [as a result of ] which a disorder has come about at times, as I have heard — we let our brethren and sisters know, on a private occasion, that we would be pleased if they stayed nicely at home. We too were invited by Leftenert [John] Mills40 for that same day, the 9th of November. But we declined with thanks, saying that we were not here for our own sake, but for [the sake of ] the Indians, to set a good example for them, which he was able to understand. Joshua, Samuel, Gottlieb, and several others went hunting in the woods. They came beforehand and took leave of us; they said they intended to return home on Saturday. At most of the sisters’ [houses] cooking continued — should they not, according to old custom, visit their old acquaintances and observe thanksgiving with them? Only few attended the meeting in the evening. F [Thursday], the 9th Most of the Indian sisters had decided to stay at home, yet some of them made off. One of our neighbors sent 2 of his daughters to invite us for the evening meal, but we had ourselves excused, politely and with thanks. My wife and I celebrated that day by ourselves; we visited the brethren and sisters who were at home. D [Friday], the 10th After school I went on the mountain to cut firewood. G [Saturday], the 11th The sister[s] who had been to the thanksgiving [celebration] came back home ashamed and broken [in spirit], so that they were nowhere to be seen. (Justina sent us baked goods that she had brought back. We would have liked to have returned [the gift], but we felt in our hearts so to accept it.) Then the brethren who had been hunting also came41 back home. Christian too, and also an 373

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unbaptized one, came home from New Milford. I conducted the quarter-of-anhour in the evening, with blessing. One could feel that there were sinnerlike hearts standing before oneself. We often have to become sinners by judging a matter more harshly than the Savior. He has an extraordinary patience with the Indian brethren and sisters. Even when they get involved in something, and then turn again to the Savior, He does not look upon them sourly because of it, but forgives and embraces them with loving arms.

A [Sunday], the 12th My wife went to visit Justina. She said she was glad that we had not sent back the pay [pie]; otherwise she would have thought that we were dissatisfied with her. She had felt altogether well in her heart, and did so now as well; she had not had anything to eat at home and that had forced her out. Afterward, we had the meeting, and in the afternoon, the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, during which we felt especially comfortable. B [Monday], the 13th After the morning blessing Br. Joshua came to me and said he intended to hold a love feast for the brethren and sisters. I did not have any objections, or did I? The brethren and sisters rarely came to his house to visit him, thus he had thought of inviting them for a love feast. I said I should be glad; he should go ahead. I then started school with the boys. After school, Brother Gideon came and said that the brethren and sisters were gathered in Joshua’s house; did I and my wife want to come. We then soon followed him, and found the hut completely filled; the brothers on one side and the sisters on the other, quite orderly. We then began the love feast with an Indian versed: Menenana hana mewe tachquoch, or, in German, Gib unß unßer Ewiges Brodt.42 I asked Joshua what the purpose of the love feast was. He said that he loved the brethren and sisters, however, not yet as much as he wished; thus he had thought that this love feast also shall be a a [sic] renewal of love. Gottlieb was the servant and passed round the food, schwit 43 corn and meat. We felt quite well thereat. After the love feast we went home. The brethren and sisters stayed together to talk about some issues of an outward nature. My wife commenced school with the girls.

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Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

E [Tuesday], the 14th Nothing of note occurred.

C [Wednesday], the 15th The Indian brethren agreed with one another that each household is to cut wood, which they wanted to carry home jointly, so that they could go hunting the coming week. F [Thursday], the 16th After the morning blessing everyone went to cut wood. Also, Ignatius, who had been in Gnadenhütten, arrived here. Sister Thamar fell ill; my wife visited her. She had said, her body was no doubt ill, but her heart was well, and this eased her illness pains. During our evening occasion the Savior was near us with His wounds. D [Friday], the 17th After the morning blessing Br. Gideon bid everyone come and carry wood. I readied myself to go on horseback to Wechquadnach. Jeremias loaned me his horse. On arriving there, I found Esther, Augustus’s wife, with her little daughterd Hannah, and Jonathan’s son Nathanael. They were glad to see me. She right away busied herself to prepare food for me. Next, Sister Hannah, Esther’s mother, came home. I talked to them about their hearts but was not able to get much out of them. They said that they thought of the Savior often, and that they wanted to visit us in Pachgatgoch as soon as they were able to do so. I stayed with them for several hours. Sister Susanna, who was also there, said that she intended to come to Pachgatgoch next week and wanted to live there this winter. Timotheus and young Moses had traveled to Wanachquaticok. I came home very late that evening.

G [Saturday], the 18th Everyone was well and busy carrying wood.

A [Sunday], the 19th Samuel summoned the conference brethren and sisters in the morning. (I asked about Ignatius, whether he wanted to live here. But they did not know. They said

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that he had said he wanted to leave again; the brethren had right away taken him along to carry wood. I told them that he had conducted himself badly in Gnadenhütten, and for that reason the brethren should watch him. I intended to talk with him today and ask him why he had come here). Meanwhile, 5 English men came to attend the meeting, thus I had to have the conference brethren and sisters depart. The brethren and sisters having assembled, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. The Savior was near us with His bloody wounds. That afternoon, after the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, I summoned Ignatius; Br. Joshua was present as well. I asked how and when he had left Gnadenhütten, and whether he intended to live here. He was very straight. He also said he intended to stay here this winter; he did not know where else to go. I told him I had nothing against it as long as he conducted himself here better than he had in Gnadenhütten. He said that from now on he was resolved to surrender his heart to the Savior anew.

B [Monday], the 20th Brother Joshua came, asking how much longer it was until Christmas. I when he heard that it was but a few weeks, he talked to the other brethren and they all readied themselves to go hunting tomorrow, 40 miles from here. I held school that forenoon, and my wife that afternoon. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening, with blessing.

E [Tuesday], the 21st After the morning blessing Br. David came from the winter huts, and then the brethren left. They, the brethren, came and took leave, saying that they would come back home 4 days before Christmas. Gideon, Simon, Petrus, and Martin stayed home. In the evening, Sr. Magdalena came to our house and said that Gottliebe had been delivered of a son, but the child was dead. My wife went right away to visit her to see what the situation was. We thought perhaps it the child had become unconscious, but it had been dead for several weeks.44

C [Wednesday], the 22nd After the morning blessing 2 joiners came bringing the window frames for the 376

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church. Br. Martin made the coffin for Christian and Gottliebe’s child. The brethren who were at home buried it toward evening.

F [Thursday], the 23rd My wife visited Sister Thamar and brought her a little tea, which quite revived her. Brother Gideon returned home from New Milford. Some of the awakened people had given him some meat for us, which pleased us greatly.

D [Friday], the 24th After the morning blessing I started working on the church windows and puttied the glass. My wife visited the sisters, finding them all full of light and in good spirits. Thamar had improved somewhat. Sr. Susanna arrived here from Wechquadna[ch]. G [Saturday], the 25th The sisters were busy carrying wood. A [Sunday], the 26th I held the meeting; Martin interpreted. B [Monday], the 27th After the morning blessing I went on the mountain to cut wood. Those of the Indian brethren and sisters who were home were blissful and in good spirits. Sr. Erdmuth went to Wechquadnach.

E [Tuesday], the 28th After the boys’ school I again went about cutting wood. Meanwhile my wife held school with the girls. C [Wednesday], the 29th In the morning, during the morning blessing, the red wounds of our Husband were feelingly near to us. Afterward, we held school. F [Thursday], the 30th We held school. 377

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

D [Friday], December 1, [1752] We held school and visited those brethren and sisters who were at home. Two unbaptized ones came home from hunting, bringing word that the brethren were well and had shot 7 deer and 2 bears.

G [Saturday], the 2nd Today we often thought of our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, wishing to be near them for a few hours. Old Sister Erdmuth came home from Wechquadnach bearing a heartfelt greeting from Esther and her mother. A [Sunday], the 3rd An English woman came to attend the meeting. She said that her husband apparently would not be satisfied when he heard that she had come to our meeting, because he believed that we had a picture, and whoever saw it once would be immediately infected. She said that if this were true, she would like to see it once. She thought it surely could not do her any harm. I said [we have] nothing different from what Paul and the Apostles from had preached about, and this the Holy Spirit would have to paint into her heart; we had no external picture. Then we held the meeting. She listened very atent [attentively]. After the meeting my wife still spoke with her a great deal; she cried hard. After the quarterof-an-hour for the baptized ones, Gideon went to visit Christian and asked him about his heart, if it was ill, for he had not seen him at the meeting for several days. He had replied, his heart was not ill, he had merely been hindered.

B [Monday], the 4th Brother Petrus and Lucas went hunting. I started school with the boys; meanwhile, my wife visited the sisters in the huts. I visited Brother Gideon in the afternoon. He was hard at work currying hides. He said he thought the brethren would soon come home from hunting as the snow was too deep — they could not hunt. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Martin interpreted.

E [Tuesday], the 5th Martin, along with an unbaptized [Indian], went to New Milford. Because our firewood was almost all used up, an Indian sister had secretly carried several 378

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

loads of wood to the front of our house. In the evening, after we had already gone to bed, the brethren arrived from hunting. On coming to the river, several fired shots so that they [in Pachgatgoch] would take them across by canuh.

C [Wednesday], the 6th Joshua came and said that they had shot 20 deer and 2 bears. I asked how things had gone during that time, if they had been in good spirits and had been loving toward one another during that time. Yes, things had gone quite nicely, and they were grateful to the Savior for what He had bestowed on them; there were some unbaptized ones who had not shot anything. F [Thursday], the 7th Lucas and Petrus came home from hunting. They brought 2 deer that they had shot. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

D [Friday], the 8th After the morning blessing 2 Englishmen came with 2 sleds to haul wood for us; several of the Indian brethren helped load them.

G [Saturday], the 9th We went visiting in several huts; the brethren and sisters were full of light and in good spirits. Because I had intended to go45 to the North River some weeks ago to see whether there were any letters from our dear brethren and sisters from Bethlehem and New York, I decided to go there on horseback next Monday.

A [Sunday], the 10th In the morning we met in conference with our laborers. Gideon’s thoughts were [that] the brethren should shoot 1 or 2 deer this week, and this way have a love feast for all the baptized and unbaptized ones. However, the remaining brethren and sisters did not view this favorably, because when this had occurred in the past [it] was had never been a blessing. I told them that I intended to go to Rhinebeck next Monday to visit the brethren and sisters and to see whether there were any letters from Bethlehem. After the brethren and sisters from the winter huts had arrived here, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. Thus 379

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

everyone was gathered, and the church was quite full. Also, the Savior was also near us with His wounds. [In the] afternoon the baptized ones had their quarter-of-an-hour, with blessing. Several sisters, who had not been home for some weeks, visited us. They were affectionate and in good spirits.

B [Monday], the 11th At the morning blessing I announced to the brethren and sisters that I intended to go to the North River today; thus, they gave me heartfelt greetings for the awakened people there. Old Sister Erdmuth stayed with my wife in the meantime. That evening I came as far as to Hans Rau, who was very glad to see me. E [Tuesday], the 12th I departed on horseback from H. Rau and came to Christian Führer toward evening, who heartily rejoiced when he saw me and welcomed me with tender love. He also showed me a small packaged that the brethren and sisters from New York had sent for us, as well as a package of letters and the Gemeinschriften46 from Bethlehem, which pleased me greatly — to see and to hear something from our dear hearts in Bethlehem. We went to Jacob Maul in the evening. Both he and she [his wife] were glad to see me. They said that they had thought of us often, and would have soon thought that we must be ill as I had stayed away for so long.

C [Wednesday], the 13th I stayed with Führer; visited yet some awakened people. In the evening there came to us Jacob Maul with his wife [and] Henrich Martin with his wife. We had a blissful conversation with one another; they mostly lamented not having a brother47 among them. They believed [that] if it were so, it would be a great blessing for them. F [Thursday], the 14th I took leave of them. Führer accompanied me for several miles and then we kissed each other and he returned home. In the evening I again came to Hans Rau, where I stayed overnight.

D [Friday], the 15th I set out on my journey. It was very cold. I had to go mostly on foot because I could not bear it on the horse. Fairly late in the evening I came to my dear 380

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, some of whom had been on the lookout to welcome me. My wife and old Erdmuth had already said I was probably not going to come any more. I found my wife and everyone quite well and in good spirits. In the meantime, my wife had been paid visits by all of the Indian sisters. Nearly all of them would have liked to have stayed with her during that time. Paulus, who has not been here this winter, had come home in the meantime. A stranger had arrived as well.

G [Saturday], the 16th I and my wife observed the Sabbath and visited the brethren and sisters in the huts. A [Sunday], the 17th The occasions proceeded in due order, as usual. B [Monday], the 18th We started our school. Most of the Indian brethren went hunting.

E [Tuesday], the 19th Nothing of note occurred.

C [Wednesday], the 20th Our Husband was especially near us in the morning during the quarter-ofan-hour. My wife visited the sisters, finding them all full of light and in good spirits. F [Thursday], the 21st The brethren came home from hunting. Joshua and Christian had each shot a deer. Until then school had proceeded in due order. D [Friday], the 22nd Everyone was in good spirits and hard at work carrying wood. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. G [Saturday], the 23rd We baked bread for the love feast. Toward evening Sister Hannah, along with Moses and his wife Miriam, arrived here from Wechquadnach. In the evening, 381

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

after the quarter-of-an-hour, Sister Miriam stayed here, embraced and kissed my wife, being happy to have found us here. During the quarter-of-an-hour the brethren and sisters were also reminded that our dear Savior was born tonight, and that all of our congregations were keeping watch tonight and gave thanks to Him, appealing to Him at His bleeding feet that He leave His throne [words crossed out]. This was very weighty to them and a blessing. In spirit, my wife and I were with out dear hearts in Bethlehem. We had a small love feast with one another and were quite blissful.

A [Sunday], the 24th When the brethren and sisters had arrived from the winter huts, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. In the evening, during the quarter-of-an-hour, it was made known that this was the night when the dear Savior was begotten born, p[p]. All of our congregations were keeping watch tonight and reminded themselves of the great mercy that had been brought upon us and mankind by this. My wife and I also remembered our dear Bethlehem. In spirit we were with them; we felt quite well.

B [Monday], the 25th We had the sermon in the forenoon. The Savior was near us. After the sermon, preparations for the love feast were made. When everything was48 ready, [the horn] was blown, at which point all of the baptized ones gathered in the church. There were 39 brethren and sisters, not counting the baptized children. We had slices of buttered bread and chocolate. They all felt quite well on this occasion. Among other things, the brethren and sisters were reminded that we had intended to hold Communion this evening, but that it could not quite be done. Then the dear Savior’s incarnation was talked about and [it] was a blessing for all of us. After the love feast Hannah and Miriam came into our house, along with Moses and still other brethren. We talked with them about their hearts. Miriam said that her heart was not quite well — her husband had not conducted himself agreeably on the journey. He was reminded how blissful he had been before this; how was it that he has been in such a bad state now for such a long time. He admitted to it, to be sure; he said he did not know how it was happening. Whenever he had done something in the past, he had felt punishment 382

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

for it right away. Now he did not feel quite the same way in his heart; he was very sad about this. We directed him to the Savior; His blood could soften and warm his hard and cold heart, p[p]. He thought about going back to Gnadenhütten at the first opportunity, yet wanted to visit us beforehand. Hannah was also in fairly good spirits. We asked her about Esther, the wife of Augustus, if she intended to travel back to her husband soon. They said they thought [Esther would do so] when it was a little warmer; it was too cold for the child, otherwise she too would have come here together with them.

E [Tuesday], the 26th After the morning blessing the brethren and sisters of Wechquadnach came and took leave. Miriam said that she felt well in her heart again. Our Pachgatgoch brethren were busy cutting and carrying wood. We started our school again.

C [Wednesday], the 27th Nothing of note occurred.

F [Thursday], the 28th After the morning blessing I held school with the boys. Meanwhile, my wife visited the sisters. Justina had told her, among other things, about her awakening and baptism. The awakening had occurred 2 days before her baptism, when that night she was unable to sleep because of her grief and appealed to the dear Savior to move the brethren so that they would inquire about her heart, which then happened, and that she could not express how she had felt at the time of the baptism. And until now she has always been blissful and in good spirits.

D [Friday], the 29th Early, during the morning blessing, the red wounds of our Lambd of God were near us. The Indian brethren and sisters all were in good spirits and working industriously. G [Saturday], the 30th We remembered our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, wishing to be near them for only a few hours. I visited Lucas, who felt somewhat ill, and Jeremias, who also is feeling a little ill. 383

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

A [Sunday], the 31st The meeting took place toward noon, wherein we felt well. That afternoon we had a passionate quarter-of-an-hour with the baptized brethren and sisters. It was also announced that tomorrow was New Year’s Day,49 that the sermon would take place in the forenoon, and [that we] wanted to hold a small love feast with the baptized children that afternoon. After the quarter-of-an-hour the old year was closed by means of a heartfelt prayer and thanksgiving.

B [Monday], January 1, 1753 When the brethren and sisters from the winter huts were here, the meeting was called by blowing [the horn]. The Savior bestowed on me grace and themes [to discuss] about the beginning, of His [when He] gave Himself up for us into [our] suffering; the listeners were very atent [attentive]. In the afternoon, [after the] blowing [of the horn], the sisters whose children are baptized came and brought the children to the love feast. The children were so still that not only were we amazed but also the Indian sisters themselves. My wife and I sang them delightful versesd, at which time the children pointed to where the Savior had the wounds. The sisters were told that from now on there would be a quarter-of-an-hour for the children every Sunday. Sister Rebecca stayed on in our house for a while. She said that she felt quite well and blissful in her heart, which we could believe. E [Tuesday], the 2nd After the morning blessing Br. Gideon said he intended to go to New Milford today. We started school. [No entry for the 3rd]

F [Thursday], the 4th I went to visit the brethren. They were well and in good spirits. Br. Gideon said brethren from Bethlehem were coming next week. I asked who had told him this. He said, his heart. D Friday, the 5th After the morning blessing I and my wife went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. They rejoiced when they saw us. We talked with them about their hearts. They all were well in their hearts. We found little Maria, 384

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

Sarah’s daughter, ill with respect to her tabernacle, as a result of which she will probably go home. Otherwise she was well. While we were visiting the brethren and sisters, 10 unmarried English women had been [here] to visit us. They had been very sorry not to have found us at home.

G [Saturday], the 6th I and my wife observed the Sabbath; we thought of our dear Bethlehem often.

A [Sunday], the 7th The general meeting took place in the forenoon. Next, there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, during which we felt quite well. Thereafter my wife conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the single sisters. In the evening we also had a small occasion with the baptized ones, during which the Savior was near us with His wounds. B [Monday], the 8th After the morning blessing several brethren went hunting. Christian and his wife went several miles from here to work this week. Several of our brethren and sisters were longing for a brother from Bethlehem. In their dreams they also had seen 2 brethren coming, and believed that someone would come soon. [No entries for the 9th and 10th]

F [Thursday], the 11th I visited several brethren after school; talked with them about their hearts. Past noon, as I was just about to leave the house on account of outward business, I heard someone calling out from across the water. Turning that way, I saw 2 persons standing [there] who looked to me like brethren. Just as I was looking at them, they called out “Sensemann.” I quickly ran outside and told my wife that there were 2 brethren across the water [and] along with me, [she] was overjoyed. I quickly went to bring them across. On reaching them, I saw that our dear and precious heart Nathanael [Seidel], together with David Zeisberger, was here.50 We kissed and rejoiced with one another. I then led them to our house; my wife welcomed both brethren like angelsd having come out of heaven. The Indian brethren and sisters were at once also there, and welcomed them with great 385

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

love, deeply rejoicing. Our the dear heart Nathanael conducted the quarter-ofan-hour that evening, bringing many a heartfelt greetingd to the dear brown hearts from the dear hearts in Bethlehem, and Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten, especially from the dear hearts [the] Hehls and [the] Lawatsches, about which the brown hearts were exceedingly happy. That evening I and my wife could could hardly finish reading our dear lettersd for joy.

D [Friday], the 12th The dear heart delivered the morning blessing; portrayed to the brown hearts the Lambd with His wounds quite passionately and with fervor. Afterward, the conference brethren and sisters, Gideon, Martha, Joshua, Elisabeth, and Samuel, were summoned for the conference. Br. Nathanael then passed on, especially to them, heartfelt greetings from the congregation. He said that they had been sent by the congregation to see how matters stood with [the] Sensemanns and the brethren and sisters — whether they were in quite a happy state — and should51 they find that the brethren and sisters longed for Communion, then he is to celebrate Communion with them. Gideon said his heart had longed for it for a long time. This they all said, and there were reportedly others who were longing for it as well, p[p]. [word crossed out]. For this reason a brother was sent to Wechquadnach to inform the brethren and sisters there that 2 [word crossed out] brethren from Bethlehem were here. Afterward, I went with Nathanael and David to the winter huts. The brethren and sisters who we found at home said that their hearts had greatly rejoiced at hearing that the brethren had arrived. Having spent some time with them, we returned home. Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. All of us felt quite well thereat.

G [Saturday], the 13th After the morning blessing the communicants stayed in church, where the dear heart Nathanael then announced to them that we intended to have Communion tomorrow, and that we therefore wanted to speak with the brethren and sisters today. They should stay nicely at home so that we could get a hold of them. The speaking [of the brethren and sisters] was thus soon begun, at which point the dear heart Nathanael asked them about their hearts. They were sincere and straight. We all felt quite comfortable on this occasion. Sr. Sensemann was 386

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

hard at work baking bread for the love feast. Toward evening 5 brethren and sisters arrived here from Wechquadnach. Sister Miriam was spoken with that very evening. Yet her present circumstances were such that she was not able to join Communion this time. In the evening Br. David Zeisberger conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in English, quite passionately and with fervor.

A [Sunday], the 14th Some other brethren and sisters were yet spoken with in the morning. Next, the dear heart Nathanael held the meeting, with blessing; there were some English men present who were very atent [attentive] to listen. The servants, Joshua and Samuel, helped to prepare for the love feast. Everything being ready, the brethren and sisters were called by the servants, at which time the dear heart Nathanael told them some things about Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, how blissful matters were proceeding among the brethren and sisters there. He also read to them a letter from the dear heart Mattheus [Hehl], which gave them joy — that the congregation thought of them so much. It was a blessing to everyone. Following the love feast, Esther from Meniolagomeka was spoken with. Yet her heart and circumstances were such that she could not join us for Communion. After the blowing [of the horn], the communicants assembled in church. Brother Nathanael delivered a brief address and said that now was the blissful time during which the dear Savior wanted to give us His flesh to eat and blood to drink, p[p]., before which we wanted to throw ourselves at His pierced feet and ask Him for the absolution that He Himself may perform for each one of us with His pierced hand. Thereafter we knelt before our Husband at His pierced feet and Nathanael said a heartfelt prayer for the absolution, and we felt in our hearts that the dear Savior was present and was absolving us. After that some versesd were sung in Indian and German, and Nathanael blessed the bread consecrated52 [the bread, and] with the words of the institution [of the Eucharist,] Thereupon the brown assembly received53 our Husband’s martyred body and His blood. Passing through our hearts, souls, and bodies, a blissful and penetrating feeling of grace could be felt, which, even being in the dust, bowed us to His bored-through feet. Thereafter was the kiss of love. Br. Nathanael reminded the brown brethren and sisters that they should retire nice and quietly. Thereupon everyone retired to his hut d, quietly 387

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

and blissfully. Indeed, it was so quiet in Pachgatgoch, that one did not as if no one was there. There were 22 Indian brethren and sisters who partook of the body and of the blood this time.

B [Monday], the 15th Br. D. Zeisberger delivered the morning blessing. All of us were still in the spirit of the body. The Indian brethren and sisters appeared well and quite full of light. After the morning blessing it was announced that the 2 brethren, Nathanael and Zeisberger, along with Sensemann, intended to travel to Salisbury54 this morning and thought to return in 2 days. They soon set out on their journey. Sister Sensemann visited the Indian sisters, who could not express to her enough how well they were and what they had felt during Communion. That evening we came to the people who, in a letter to the congregation, had asked for a brother to preach among them about the Savior and and His wounds; they were very pleased when they learned that the congregation was remembering them, and that the brethren were coming to them.55 That very evening they summoned the people who had signed their names to the letter.56 E [Tuesday], the 16th In the morning the people assembled, at which time the dear heart Nathanael listened to their thoughts and promised them to communicate them to the congregation. We then set out on our way back to Pachgatgoch. My wife and the Indian brethren and sisters welcomed us with much love. C [Wednesday], the 17th Brother Nathanael had resolved to set out on his journey today, but because Brother and Sister Sensemann entreated [him] to stay on today, he, while the morning blessing was underway, came to feel that he should stay on with them and the brown assembly today. As there were also some matters to consider with the conference brethren and sisters, it was announced to them that the brethren were staying here today as well. We soon went visiting in the winter huts with Br. Joshua and Elisabeth; we spoke with an almost 80-year-old Indian woman who has been longing to be baptized for a long time, and after her renewed application, she was promised that she shall be baptized this very day. Having visited the huts, we went home and soon met in conference with 388

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

the Indian workers. The entire conference was very pleased that this old Indian woman shall be baptized today. It was also resolved that Brother Joshua shall travel with Nathanael and D. Zeisberger part of the way, for they wanted to call on Brother Abel, who for several years now has been running about lost, and is shy and timid. The conference brethren and sisters, particularly Gideon, Joshua, [and] Samuel, sent their love and affection to the congregation[s] in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten, especially to the dear brethren and sisters across the great water, to the dear Jünger, the Mother,57 Johannes [von Watteville], [and] Johann Nitschmann, p[p]. During the conference we felt quite well in the company of each other. The meeting in the evening took place at the usual time. There the candidate was first beforehand briefly spoken with about the importance of the matter that the Savior wanted to let befall her. Then she was clad in white by Sr. Sensemann, [and] and led into the church, [and] Brother Nathanael delivered a brief address about the love of the Savior for sinners.58 Thereupon the baptismal water was brought in and the candidate knelt before the water, and so she was absolved by the laying on of hands, [and] then, right away baptized by Br. Nathanael into the death of Jesus by means of a threefold flooding, receiving the name Theodora. She was consecrated by her sponsors, namely by 7 sisters, by means of the a59 verse and the laying on of hands. It was a blessed and feeling act. In closing, Br. Nathanael and David Zeisberger took leave of all the Indian brethren and sisters, and they sent their greetings to the congregation in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten, and everyone was quite glad and in good spirits. This evening I and my wife wrote some letters and news to the dear congregation and to various brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and we continued to be in rather good spirits together with the 2 dear brethren who had been with us now for several days, together with whom we have enjoyed ourselves a great deal. Diearium for Pachgatgoch, from January 18, 1753, to February 19 ejd. ai. 60

F [Thursday], January 18, 1753 In the morning, the brothers Nathanael and D. Zeisberger readied themselves for their journey to Bethlehem by way of New York. Many Indian brethren and sisters came to see them once more, and to once again take leave of them. 389

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

Joshua went with them with the intention to call on Abel. Br. Sensemann accompanied them for several miles, when they still kissed one another heartily, and cheerfully went their way. Sensemann went back to his brown assembly. (Gideon came to Sr. Sensemann, telling her that he wanted to go out several miles [from here] on account of outward business.) Sr. Theodora went to the winter huts. In the evening Br. Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with blessing, and passed on to the brown assembly the greetings that had been sent back with him by the brethren Nathanael and Zeisberger.

D [Friday], the 19th Everyone was in good spirits and blissful. We were visited by several brethren. Sister Theodora was no longer able to like it at the winter huts; she came back here so that she could enjoy the meeting[s].

G [Saturday], the 20th Sr. Sensemann went to visit old Theodora after the morning blessing. She asked her how she felt in her heart after her baptism. She replied she was feeling quite well in her heart. Before, she had been fearful of us, but now she loved us very much. Soon after, she also came to visit us. Br. Joshua returned bringing a little noted from dear Brother Nathanael, that they had been unable to find any [word crossed out] traces of Abel. Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. The peace of the Sabbath that a person experiences inside the wounds of the Lambd was talked about, and we indeed felt that way in our hearts. A [Sunday], the 21st The sermon took place before noon, after that, the children’s quarter-of-anhour, which is a blessing for the children and mothers, [and] toward evening there was the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized brethren and sisters; the Savior was near us. At the end we enjoyed the kiss of peace. Samuel stayed on with us for a while that evening; he recounted how he and his wife had been especially blissful and in a happy state since Communion.

B [Monday], the 22nd Today we started holding school again. My wife visited several sisters; talked with them about their hearts. They were full of light and in good spirits, especially 390

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

Lucia and Theodora. I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening; Joshua interpreted. E [Tuesday], the 23rd After the boys’ school I visited some of the brethren, who I found blissful and in good spirits. My wife and several Indian sisters visited Lucia, who was growing somewhat sickly. In the evening I conducted the quarter-of-an-hour with blessing. C [Wednesday], the 24th In the morning, before the morning blessing, Br. Samuel came and told us that the Lord had delighted him with a little sond, and that mother and child were both well.61 We wished him grace and blessing for this. Br. Samuel came to us past noon; said that his wife and he had talked with each other about on account of the baptism of their little sond. He said that throughout the entire time that his wife had carried him [the son], they had surrendered it [the child] to the Savior, thinking all that time that it would have to be baptized as soon as it was born. We said that we had no objections. Br. Gideon and Joshua were summoned to our house, to whom it was announced that Samuel’s sond shall be baptized this evening during the quarter-of-an-hour; they were quite pleased to hear this. In the evening, the meeting having been called by blowing [by horn], and everyone having assembled, the grace of baptism and the covenant that the dear Savior made with the child to be baptized through this sacrament was talked about a little. Following the address, several versesd were sung. Then the water was blessed by means of a heartfelt prayer, and the dear Savior was appealed to, that He may mix it with the blood and water that flowed from His side. Then it [the child] was flooded with the stream from Jesus’ side and received the name Timotheus, and was consecrated by Gideon, Joshua, and Jeremias by means of the v[erse] Die Seele Christi Heilige unß,62 p[p]. There was an allpervading feeling of grace present.

F [Thursday], the 25th I visited Br. Martin; asked him about his heart. He said he felt well in his heart, yet his body was not quite well. Several Indian sisters visited my wife. Toward evening 2 Indian strangers arrived from Derby: Sr. Maria and Theodora’s brother, and the daughter of Br. Philippus in Gnadenhütten by his first wife. The latter attended the meeting in the evening. 391

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

D [Friday], the 26th After the morning blessing, old Maria came here from the winter huts. [No entry for the 27th]

A [Sunday], the 28th We met in conference in the morning. Br. Joshua reminded the other Indian conference brethren and sisters that they should show more loyalty toward the other brethren and sisters than has been the case thus far, which they all believed, and they are promising to exercise more loyalty than they had done so far. Following the conference the meeting was held, wherein the Savior was feelingly near to us with His wounds. In the afternoon there was first the quarter-of-an-hour for the children [and] afterward, the one for the widows, conducted by my wife, both blissful and with passion. Finally, the married people had their quarter-of-an-hour, wherein we felt quite comfortable.

B [Monday], the 29th After the morning blessing several brethren and sisters left with baskets and brooms and other items to sell. We started school. After school I went to Kent on account of outward business. My wife visited several sisters, with blessing. E [Tuesday], the 30th I visited several brethren; talked with them about their hearts. They said that they have been in a quite happy state since last Communion. The brethren and sisters who had left with baskets yesterday came home in good spirits. Two Indian strangers came to stay here for a while. C [Wednesday], the 31st Br. Joshua came in the morning, asking me for advice about their land, which they want to fence into two parts so that they could use one for winter and the other for summer crops.63 I told them that I would be pleased if they set up their affair properly. In the evening they met with one another in conference about this. F [Thursday], February 1, [1753] After the morning blessing Br. Gideon summoned the brethren, and then they went to split rails. Following the boys’ school I went out to visit the brethren at 392

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

their work. They were hard at work making rails, and things proceeded nice and orderly. We had a pleasant quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

D [Friday], the 2nd After the morning blessing the brethren again went about their work. Two awakened English men came to visit us. After they [were] gone I went on horseback to the mill in Sharon with Welsh corn. Returned home in the evening. Meanwhile, my dear wife had received visits from many Indian sisters. [No entry for the 3rd]

A [Sunday], the 4th When the brethren and sisters had assembled in the forenoon, the meeting was held. The Savior with His red wounds was among us. Past noon the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children took place, and thereafter the one for all the baptized ones, both with blessing. Several of the brethren and sisters from the winter huts visited us. B [Monday], the 5th My wife visited the sisters in several huts. In the meantime I held school with the boys. Past noon my wife was paid a visit by 4 English women. Toward evening one of our neighbors came to us. He said that previously he had thought that there could not be much good about us, because we went to live among the Indians, but now he knew us better and knew what our intention was among them. The Indian brethren went into their steam bath64 to sweat. Thus we did not have an evening quarter-of-an-hour.

E [Tuesday], the 6th After the morning blessing the brethren went to build a bridge. Our quarterof-an-hour in the evening took place with blessing. C [Wednesday], the 7th After the morning blessing Joshua said that he intended to go to Wechquadnach with his wife today. Thus they soon came and took leave of us. We sent greetings to the brethren and sisters there. Later I went visiting in several huts; 393

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

talked especially with Br. Petrus about his heart, and that it would be good if he stayed home nicely and did not go among the white people much. He said that his heart was telling him the same and [that he] would therefore stay home.

F [Thursday], the 8th Jonathan, Abraham’s son, arrived here from Gnadenhütten together with his wife and 2 children.65 He acted very amiably, but he did not bring me a letter from the brethren, from which we concluded right away that he must be in a bad state. D [Friday], the 9th My wife felt somewhat sickly. That afternoon I went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts and found all of them at home. They were full of light and in good spirits; they were glad that I came to visit them. Br. Gideon went to New Milford. [Words crossed out] Anna, Jonathan’s wife, came to visit my wife. She was affectionate and in a happy state. G [Saturday], the 10th We sat in our housed, thinking much of our dear Bethlehem. Our Husband was near us with His dear, unctuous [i.e., anointing] wounds. [The] Joshuas came home from Wechquadnach, bringing us heartfelt greetings from the brethren and sisters there. [Joshua] said that the Wanachquaticok Indians had sent to those of Wechquadnach a stren of wampen [string of wampum], accompanied by the message that their gate was open to them66 should they want to move to them. However, they had not yet informed them of a decision. Br. Gideon came home from New Milford. Some of the awakened people there sent greetings to us and word that we should please come and visit them, which they believed would be a blessing for them, because they felt very corrupted sometimes. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Jonathan and his wife stayed with us for yet a good while. A [Sunday], the 11th In the morning, Moses with his wife and son, along with an unbaptized [Indian], arrived here from Wechquadnach. They had to sleep in the woods that night. When the brethren and sisters from the winter huts were here, the meeting 394

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

was held; the Savior was near us with His wounds. Thereafter the quarter-ofan-hour for the baptized children was conducted with blessing. Toward evening there was also a general meeting.

B [Monday], the 12th After the morning blessing, I learned that Moses and Jonathan, the renegades from Gnadenhütten, had tried to confuse the brethren in Pachgatgoch about the congregation with all sorts of lies and recent news from Gnadenhütten that has arrived, which had some afect [effect] on Samuel.67 I summoned Jonathan in Samuel’s presence, and talked with him about it fairly harshly. Yet he wants to remain on friendly and good terms. They soon left from here for Wechquadnach. Samuel and an unbaptized [Indian] went with them.

E [Tuesday], the 13th Gideon and Joshua came to visit us. We thought they had been made doubtful by Jonathan and Moses, but they were full of light and in a happy state, which pleased us greatly. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. [No entry for the 14th]

F [Thursday], the 15th We held school after the morning blessing. Next, we went visiting in the huts, finding the brethren and sisters well and in good spirits.

D [Friday], the 16th Our dear Brother Christian Fröhlich arrived from the precious brethren and sisters in Bethlehem with several affectionate lettersd for the brown assembly, as well as for us, from which we learned that C. Fröhlich is to stay with the brown assembly in our stead for a while; and I and my wife could travel to New York a for a short time, to see and speak there with the dear Brother and Sister A. Johanna and Telk[remainder illegible] before their departure for Europe, which was more than a small joy for us. He, C. Fröhlich, was welcomed most tenderly by the brown brethren and sisters; we conducted a passionate quarter-of-an-hour for them in the evening. 395

Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753

G [Saturday], the 17th Sensemann and Fröhlich went to one of our neighbors to hire a horse for Sister Sensemann, to [go to] New York, which we obtained. In the evening Br. Sensemann conducted the evening quarter-of-an-hour with blessing. A [Sunday], the 18th In the morning the conference met, wherein several letters that we had received through Brother Fröhlich from Bethlehem were communicated to the conference brethren and sisters. Afterward, there was the the sermon was delivered by C. Fröhlich. Next, Sister Sensemann conducted the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children, at which time a blissful feeling could be sensed. Past noon, the quarter-of-an-hour for all the baptized ones was conducted, during which several letters from our dear Bethlehem were communicated through which the journey of Brother and Sister Sensemann was made true became known to the brown brethren and sisters. Following the quarter-of-an-hour, several brethren and sisters came to our house, some of whom were half doubtful whether we would return. But because we knew nothing beyond New York, we could assure them that we would come back.

396

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

Chr. Fröhlich’s Pachgatgoch diar[ium], from February 19–April 11, [17]531 February, the 19[th]2 Brother and Sister Sensemann readied themselves for their journey to New York to welcome our dear and precious brethren and sisters, and also to take leave of them. I went with them for one mile, and then we bade one another a tender farewell for a short while. On my way back I went visiting in the winter huts, passing on greetings from [the] Sensemanns to the brethren and sisters. The brethren and sisters were right glad that I intended to stay with them again for this length of time. And then the evening service took place. I told them that I would preach to them again the old word, yet the old that was always new in our hearts. I appealed to the Lambd to please let the blood from all of His wounds flow plentifully over our hearts. There was a sweet feeling present at the meeting, and then everyone retired quietly. The 20[th] First there was the morning blessing. I delivered it in the house because it was too cold in the church;3 we felt well in each other’s company. And then I visited nearly all of them [the Indian brethren and sisters] in their huts. Also went yet to the winter huts; had a heartfelt talk with Brother and Sister David.4 And then I conducted the evening service. My heart delights in the brown flock, that the Lambd is working on them, and will receive them as reward for His pain after all. The 21[st] The morning blessing took place with a heartfelt prayer to the bloody5 Lambd, and then I cut some wood for myself so as not to burn up Br. Sensemann’s supply.

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

One of the neighbors came asking me to please doctor his daughter. I said I had not come here for that; he should go to the doctors who lived here. I was not able to rid myself of him, however. He said he would not leave the house until I went with him. I went with him and gave her something, and the dear Savior blessed it. The evening service was blessed by the Lambd. The 22[nd] We felt well during the morning service. We entrusted all of the brown hearts to the care of the beloved Lambd, also those who have lost their way, so that He might bring them back and put them in His barn. Today no evening service took place as the brethren had gone sweating. I visited them at their sweat chamber [sweat house]. And then I retired blissfully to my roomd. The 23[rd] First there was the morning blessing, and then I visited the winter huts, for I knew that the wicked enemy [Satan] had [his] instruments there again. They were white people, who were felling trees there; they had brought rom [rum] with them that they wanted to give to the Indians. They were supposed to be good and work for them. This failed, however; they had drunk their rom and also cut their wood themselves. The Lambd was near us during the evening service. The 24[th] I said we wanted to spend the entire day with the Lambd; we felt especially well. Then I did my housework, baking and washing; visited in all of the huts. Also, Moses and his wife arrived here, as did Jonathan. The 25[th] First there was the sermon. Everyone from the winter huts [had come]; many white people were there as well. I said the meeting was not for white people but for the Indians, and [that] everyone should go to the church to which he belonged. However, since they were already here, they may go in this time. And then there was the quarter-of-an-hour for the small children. This is quite a delightful occasion. The dear Lambd is especially near them, and they sit as still 398

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

as lambsd, opening raising their little mouths up high wanting to be kissed. And then the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones took place. I still paid a visit to some of the huts, and then everyone retired quietly. The 26[th] We felt well. I also went visiting in the winter huts; I was kind toward all of those who are timid, and encouraged them. [The] 27[th] We felt well during the morning blessing. One can feel that the Lord is near; He is in our midst. I also heard the Lambd being praised in the Indian language. [It] just sounds so very beautiful to hear the dear hearts sing following the evening service. How must the Lambd delight in them. [The] 28[th] I felt especially well during the morning blessing. My heart delights in the brown hearts and I love them very much. Moses and his wife, as well as Jonathan, came to take leave of me and return to Wechquadnach. They said they had felt well here; they intend to come back soon. I told them not to forget what the Lambd has affected in them, and then there was the evening service, and with that the day was blissfully brought to a close. Martij the 1[st] The Lambd can be felt during all of the occasions. His precious blood is flowing plentifully among the brown hearts in the face of all of their failings and shortcomings, which continue to frequently bar their way. Yet when [one talks] to them about blood and wounds, their hearts are nonetheless soft; that encourages one every time. I6 also went visiting in the winter huts. After the evening service, I paid a visit to several more huts, and then I went to rest in the protection of the Lambd. The 2[nd] After the morning blessing I went to [New] Milford to get something for my nourishment. I also visited Justes [Justice] Canfield. He was very kind, also asked about Br. Spangenberg, if he was well, sending him his heartfelt greetings. 399

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

The 3[rd] I returned to the dear brown hearts; visited them in their their huts. They were glad to see me again. Also, Martin and she [his wife], and Lucas returned home from the seaside. They visited me shortly after their arrival, looking full of light. We felt well during the evening service. I still went visiting in some huts. Afterward, I retired blissfully, locking myself into my roomd. The 4[th] First there was the sermon about Domas [Thomas], how he had lifted his fingers and his hand into the dear Savior’s nail marks, and what power the dear Savior’s blood holds.7 And then the meeting for the small children took place, a meeting8 blessed by the dear Lambd, and then followed the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones. I still went visiting in the winter huts since not many of them [the Indian brethren and sisters] had attended the meeting, and with that the day was brought to a close with blessing. The 5[th] The morning blessing was blessed by the Lambd, and then I cut wood for myself. Went visiting in some huts. We felt well during the evening service. The 6[th] It was sincerely requested of me to visit one of my neighbors, who is very ill. I had the opportunity to portray to him the Lambd with all of His wounds, and it pleased him and all those around him. And then there was the evening service and everyone retired quietly. It delights me greatly that everyone is so quiet after the evening service, as if no one lived at this place. The 7[th] There was a sweet feeling present during the early service. I spent most of the day visiting. Simon, Jeremias, Martin, and Samuel stayed on after the evening service. We had [a] blissful conversation about the Lambd and His blood — how good this tastes to us poor sinners, and then we retired blissfully. The 8[th] During the early service the Lambd was prayed to heartily for our common well400

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

being, that we may feel the precious blood in our hearts as warmly as it flowed from the dear Savior’s side. An Indian from Farmington visited me. He said he could read and write. I asked him if he knew the dear Savior. He said no. He said he knew He was taking an interest in him. I said that was the most important thing for him to learn, how He had hung upon the cross for us, and how His body had been opened by a spear. Next, I went visiting in some huts. After the evening service I went visiting in the others. The 9[th] We felt well during the morning blessing. I also went visiting in the winter huts. Fieliebus,9 and Jeremias, and Martin stayed after the evening service. We talked about the Lambd and His love. They also recounted how much noise there used to be here in the evenings, and how everything is now so quiet. This the Lamb had accomplished, no doubt. Surely no man could have brought this about. The 10[th] I observed the Sabbath; felt blissful with my dear assembly. The 11[th] First there was the sermon; the beloved Lambd was feelingly near, and then there was the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones. I still paid a visit to some huts and then I quietly retired to my roomd. The 12[th] I went visiting in the winter huts, but there were not many at home. We felt well during the evening service. The 13[th] The morning blessing took place with a heartfelt prayer to the Lambd. We remembered all of the congregations of heathens, and then one of our neighbors came asking me to please come with him; his child was very ill. I gave it something and things improved. The 14[th] I went visiting in the winter huts, finding them [the brethren and sisters] well. Had a blissful conversation with old Maria; she is so happy that she has found 401

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

the Lambd even in her old age. There was a sweet feeling present during the evening service. The 15[th] I paid a visit to nearly all of the huts; it was a blessing for them and me. We felt especially well during the evening service. The 16[th] After the morning blessing I did my housework, also went visiting in some huts. The 17[th] I observed a blissful Sabbath. My heart was frequently with you in Bethlehem. There was a sweet feeling present during the evening service. The discourse was about the bloody Lamb. We appealed to Him for His blood to keep our hearts warm and pure at all times. The 18[th] First there was the sermon on the Lamb of God who has taken upon Himself the sins of the world, and then the meeting for the small children; thereafter the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, and then I still went visiting in some huts. And with that, the day was blissfully brought to a close. The 19[th] Most of the brethren and sisters came and said that their Korn would soon be used up; they needed to go out and earn something. The brethren intended to make canoe[s] and the sisters brooms. As nearly all of them left, there was no meeting. The minister of Kent [Cyrus Marsh] came to visit me. He was very cordial, saying he regretted not having stood by the brethren when they were led away from here, but he did not know us [then].10 He did not want to put even the smallest obstacle in our way. He thought that since we have lived among them, the Indians were much better than they had been before. He asked that I come and visit him, and said we should not be schei [shy] with each other. The 20[th] I made some [fence] posts to make my garden a little larger. Also, I visited the brethren and sisters who had stayed here. My heart and my mind11 were with you in Bethlehem nearly all day long. 402

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

The 21[st] I went to [New] Milford to get something for my refreshment. The 22[nd] I went visiting in the winter huts; there were not many [brethren and sisters] at home. The 23[rd] I was hard at work in my garden, still visited the brethren and sisters who had stayed here, and then I retired blissfully, locking myself into my roomd. The 24[th] I observed quite a blissful Sabbath, all alone with my Lambd. My heart was more in Bethlehem than here as there were not many brethren and sisters at home. They turned up one by one for the Sunday sermon. The 25[th] First there was the sermon. The dear Lambd could be felt in our midst. That alone gives one courage, for the Lamb dispenses a sweet feeling at all of the meetings; and then the other occasions took place, and with that the day was closed with blessing. The 26[th] Almost all of the brethren and sisters went out to work. Some of the brethren and sisters told me [that] when they were alone in the woods like this, they could indeed talk with the Savior a great deal, yet they preferred being able to attend the meeting twice a day. I said I too preferred being able to see them every day and tell them something about the Lambd. The 27[th] I went visiting in the winter huts but did not find many [brethren and sisters] at home. The 28[th] I worked hard in my garden, also visited the brethren and sisters who had stayed here. The minister of New Fairfield visited me; I acted cordially toward him, and he toward me. He wanted to start a debate. I told him that I could not and did 403

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

not want to do this; this [sort of discussion] has put an end to many a friendship — we wanted to remain friends. And so we continued to be such. The 29[th] I went to the sawmill to get boards for the church and was able to get them home on the water.12 The 30[th] I visited the brethren and sisters in their huts; had a joyous conversation with our dear Brother Gitieon13 about the dear Savior’s love for us poor human beings. The 31[st] I observed another joyous Sabbath. I delighted in all of my dear brethren and sisters who are scattered all over the world to preach Jesus’ martyrdom. April 1, [1753] First there was the sermon on Jesus’ suffering and dying. I had no interpreters. We felt well in each other’s company, and afterward, there was the quarter-ofan-hour for the baptized ones, and then I still visited them in their huts. And with that the day was closed with blessing. The 2[nd] The brethren and sisters returned to the woods to work. I worked hard in my garden. The 3[rd] I was again industrious going about the same work. Also visited the brethren and sisters who had stayed here. Then I still had a blissful conversation with our dear old Brother Simon about the blood of the Lamb, and both of us felt quite blissful. The 4[th] I went to [New] Milford for some provisions. The 5[th] Much to my joy, dear Brother and Sister Sensemann arrived back in Pachgatgoch, but not many brethren and sisters were at home. He also brought word 404

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

that 3 more brethren were coming, Nathanael Seidel, Gottlieb Petzold, and [Mattheus]14 Kremser. We informed the brethren and sisters that the brethren and sisters would come. The 6[th] The dear hearts arrived here well and in good spirits. It was no small joy that there were so many of us here. The dear brethren and sisters brought for me many beautiful tidings from the congregation. The 7[th] We observed a joyous Sabbath, and the brethren and sisters came home one by one. We still held a conference with the workers, and with that the day was brought to a close with blessing. The 8[th] First there was the morning blessing, and then we began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion], finding all of them blissful and in quite a happy state, and then there was the love feast during which our dear Br. Nathanael reported a great deal about the congregation. Our dear Br. Gideon also addressed his people in his language — that the brethren were taking great pains to bring the heathens and them to the beloved Savior; and [that] the beloved Savior has affected so much in them, yet they were still frequently committing such wrong. They should please no longer do this, [that is, cause] the beloved Savior and the brethren to grieve; he said it with a feeling heart. Afterward, we enjoyed quite a blessed Communion at which the Lambd visited us with a sweet feeling. Everyone was very quiet and retired blissfully. The 9[th] First there was the early service, and and [sic] Br. Nathanael informed the brethren and sisters about the visit of the Nantegock [Nanticokes] in Bethlehem, and then we readied ourselves for our journey to New York. Br. Sensemann went with us for 2 miles and then we took a cordial leave.15 The 11[th]16 At 8 o’clock we arrived in New York, where we were received with much love by our dear brethren and sisters. 405

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

[The following entries are by Sensemann] Diarium of the brown assembly in Pachgatgoch, from April 9, 1753

B [Monday], the 9th Br. Nathanael Seidel conducted the morning occasions, at the same time informing the entire brown assembly of the visit of the Nanticocks [Nanticokes] and Schawonos [Shawnees] to Bethlehem, which occurred in the month of March 1753, and the meaning thereof.17 They all were glad to hear about it. Afterward, the Brothers Nathanael, Gottlieb Pezold, Fröhlich, [and] Kremser bade the Indian brethren and sisters a heartfelt farewell. Upon their request, Br. Samuel and his wife Lucia were granted permission by Br. Nathanael, [who was] in the process of leaving, to move to Gnadenhütten yet this spring. Br. Sensemann accompanied the brethren for several miles, and then we took leave of one another with many tender kissesd. I then set out to return to my brown assembly. [The] Joshuas, [the] Martins, and several other Indian brethren and sisters went into the woods some miles from here to finish making the canuhs [canoes] that they had started. I visited the brethren and sisters who were at home, finding all of them full of light and in good spirits. E [Tuesday], the 10th After the early service Sr. Erdmuth went to the winter huts to visit Sr. Theodora, who is ill. Sister Maria came from there to visit my wife, saying about Theodora that she was very ill with respect to her body. We sent her word that we intended to visit her soon. C [Wednesday], the 11th We resumed holding school with the children today. I went visiting in several huts. Gideon went to Dover on account of outward business. We also were visited by several Indian brethren and sisters. F [Thursday], the 12th We felt quite well during the early quarter-of-an-hour. Next, I held school with the boys; meanwhile my wife visited the sisters who were at home, finding them 406

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

well and in a happy state. Jeremias came to visit us. I spoke with him; he was affectionate and abased. D [Friday], the 13th During the meeting the Savior was particularly intimately near to us with His wounds. G [Saturday], the 14th We went to the winter huts to visit ill Sr. Theodora. She was somewhat better than she has been. My wife asked her about her heart. She said her heart felt quite well to her; what was in her heart also was shining in her eyes. Several brethren and sisters returned home from the woods in a happy state. During the evening meeting the Savior with His wounds could be felt among us.

A [Sunday], the 15th Toward noon there was the general meeting, afterward, the quarter-of-an-hour for the children, and toward evening the occasion for all of the baptized ones, with blessing. B [Monday], the 16th Today several families set out to return to the woods to finish the work they had started. Gideon went to Dover on account of outward business. I conducted school with the boys in the forenoon, and my wife with the girls in the afternoon. Several brethren and sisters went to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. [No entry for the 17th]

C [Wednesday], the 18th After school we visited the brethren and sisters who were at home. My wife had an edifying discourse with Sr. Justina about the Savior’s suffering. Justina said that for several days she had not felt well with respect to her body, assuming she had a severe illness. But it had occurred to her that her illness and pains were nothing compared to the pains that the dear Savior had suffered for her. With that she had given herself up to the Savior, for Him to do with her as He pleased. Br. Lucas returned home from hunting; he was glad to find us here again. He brought word to the Indians that an English man had struck dead a Wanachquaticok Indian.18 407

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

F [Thursday], the 19th Today Joshua returned home with his family, bringing a new canuh [canoe] laden with wood for baskets and brooms, which they intend to process at home. Several brethren went into the woods to work. Joshua interpreted at the meeting in the evening. During the meeting, the Savior’s sufferings and martyrdom into which He entered mainly during this night, and what was purchased with it for us, p[p]., was demonstrated.

D [Friday], the 20th We felt well during the early service. Today we frequently remembered our congregations, being among them and with them in our hearts and minds. We very much felt in the spirit of Good Friday, and several of the Indian brethren and sisters expressed themselves in like manner. G [Saturday], the 21st Today I and my A[nna] Catharine observed the Sabbath in quietude. Several Indian brethren and sisters returned home from the woods in good spirits. Toward evening we had visitors from Rhinebeck, Br. Führer and Henrich Martin, to [word crossed out] observe Easter with us. They brought us heartfelt greetings from the other brethren there. Our evening meeting took place with blessing. There were still Indian brethren from Wechquadnach arriving here late.

A [Sunday], the 22nd On the 1st day of Easter not many brethren and sisters came from the winter huts. We did not know what the reason for this was, but soon learned that Sr. Theodora, as well as Sara’s daughter Maria, were very ill, [and] for their sake several [brethren and sisters] needed to stay home. Toward noon the general meeting took place. Today’s watchword was talked about; the Savior was feelingly near us. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, it was announced that a love feast for all of the baptized brethren and sisters would be held tomorrow, so that the brethren and sisters would stay home given that no one here in New England knows about some of the holidays throughout the year.

408

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

B [Monday], the 23rd Toward 10 o’clock a signal was given, at which time all of the brethren and sisters who were at home gathered for the love feast. Before the love feast, however, Br. Amos was spoken with about his heart. He was like a sinner; said he felt his heart to be poor. Thus, he was given permission to join the love feast. The love feast was begun with German and Indian verses, and then the male and female servants brought in what had been prepared. At the love feast it was pointed out that the Savior and His sufferings were the only reason that we were together at this place, to which the 2 Rhinebeck brethren attested as well; otherwise, they would surely not be here among the Indians. There was a feeling of love and grace felt throughout. The 2 aforementioned brethren could not say enough [about how] well they felt during the love feast. Following the love feast, Mosses went back to Wechquadnach, [and] Joshua and Lucas to Wanachquaticok to learn how matters stood in regard to the Indian who had been struck dead. With the 2 Brothers Führer and Henrich Martin, I went visiting in the winter huts, finding Theodora and Maria very ill as for their bodies. After the evening meeting everyone joyfully retired. E [Tuesday], the 24th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour the 2 brethren took to their road [to return] to their own [people]. I accompanied them and then we took leave of one another. Most of the brethren and sisters again went into the woods in pursuit of food. Not many stayed at home. C [Wednesday], the 25th Today we resumed holding school with the children. Afterward, we visited the brethren and sisters who were at home; they were full of light and in a happy state. During the evening meeting Br. Martin interpreted quite nicely. I and my wife remembered yet our dear Bethlehem. F [Thursday], the 26th Following the morning occasion we held school and visited the brethren and sisters who were at home.

409

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

D [Friday], the 27th The brethren and sisters were hard at work making brooms and baskets. G [Saturday], the 28th After the early service several brethren and sisters readied themselves to bring their canoes down over the falls. I went into the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. On my way back I came upon Gottlob, who had been at the seaside for a while to visit his friends.19 I asked him about his heart and how things had gone with him in the meantime. He said that he had thought of us frequently and had felt a deep longing in his heart to be with us again.

A [Sunday], the 29th The 2 Moses[es], [and] Joshua and Lucas with them, came down the river with 2 canoes. With the Indians having arrived from the winter huts — several Negroes came as well, likewise some Dutch and English — the signal for the meeting was given. The Lambd with His wounds was passionately portrayed to them. Past noon the quarter-of-an-hours were conducted in due order.

B [Monday], the 30th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour several brethren and sisters came to us, saying that they intended to ride down to the seaside now [by canoe]. We reminded them to guard their hearts well, and not to get involved in anything else that could lead their hearts to stray from the Savior, which they promised us to do. Gideon went along as far as New Milford. Samuel intended to go to Woodbury to sell the land that they have in Potatuck, and then move with his family to Gnadenhütten.20 Several old brethren and sisters and the children stayed home. E [Tuesday], May 1 [1753] Today I had my land plowed by one of our neighbors in order to plant it with Welsh corn. I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, finding all of them well and in good spirits. C [Wednesday], the 2nd We held school. Br. Gideon came home from New Milford in a happy state. The brethren and sisters who had stayed home visited us frequently, especially 410

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

old Sr. Erdmuth. Old Brother Simon and Petrus went to New Milford to sell wooden utensils. F [Thursday], the 3rd We continued holding school and visited the brethren and sisters who are were at home. [No entries for the 4th and 5th]

A [Sunday], the 6th Today several English people came to attend the sermon. I had no interpiter [interpreter]. The Indian brethren and sisters said they had understood me quite well. Samuel and Lucas came home. Samuel did not sell the land. One Indian family had not been agreeable to it.21 He felt somewhat sickly. Sr. Sarah came to visit my wife. B [Monday], the 7th We resumed holding school. Jeremias and his wife Agnes returned home from the seaside in good spirits, bringing word that the other brethren and sisters were still back at the river catching fish. A man from Dover wanted to have me come to [see] a sick person. I said that I was not a doctor. He said a doctor who had tried everything and did not know what else to do had said that if there was one person in the world who could help him, it would have to be one of the Moravians, and for that reason he had come here. I should please go with him by horse. Because I was not able to rid myself of him, I sent him some of our medicine that we had brought for our own use from Bethlehem. E [Tuesday], the 8th Today several more families returned home from the seaside. They were very tired from their journey. I and my wife worked in the field; also remembered our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, p[p]. [No entry for the 9th]

F [Thursday], the 10th Samuel and the 2 Moses[es] went to Wechquadnach. A special feeling of grace could be felt during the evening meeting. 411

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

D [Friday], the 11th I visited several brethren; talked with them about their stay down by the seaside. They themselves admitted that they felt most blissful when they were able to stay at home. The father of the aforementioned sick person sent a manservant, and through him asked me to please come to him; his son was nearly recovered. As soon as he had taken the medicine he had improved. I went with him on horseback, but encountered many crowds on the way. The people waited for me along the way, wanting to ask me for advice about their situations. I had enough to do to rid myself of them. [No entry for the 12th]

A [Sunday], the 13th The occasions were conducted in due order. Toward evening Jonathan and Samuel came from Wechquadnach, bringing me word that the brethren and sisters there have decided jointly, also all the baptized ones, to move to Gnadenhütten or Wyoming, and that Jonathan is to go down to Gnadenhütten to inform the brethren there about it. Given this opportunity, I wrote a letter to Br. Martin [Mack] and [Johann] Schmick.

B [Monday], the 14th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour Jonathan set out on his journey to Gnadenhütten. During the meeting this evening the Savior was near to us with His red wounds. E [Tuesday], the 15th Following the early service I held school with the boys. The Indian brethren and sisters were busy planting Welsh corn. I went visiting in several huts, finding them industrious and in good spirits.

C [Wednesday], the 16th After the morning occasion I went to New Fairfield on account of outward business. Meanwhile, my wife was visited by many sisters; spoke with them about various matters concerning the Savior and His love for poor sinners. [No entry for the 17th] 412

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

D [Friday], the 18th22 Everyone was busy with plowing and planting. We felt especially well during the evening service. G [Saturday], the 19th Several brethren and sisters who had been out this week in pursuit of food gathered at home. The 2 Moses[es] from Wechquadnach came here.

A [Sunday], the 20th The Sunday occasions were conducted as usual.

B [Monday], the 21st Several brethren and sisters came, telling us that they intended to go down to the falls at New Milford to catch fish, which every year around this time come moving up from the sea. Those who stayed home were busy planting. It proceeded quite pleasantly and orderly. The 2 Moses[es] too helped diligently. [No entry for the 22nd]

C [Wednesday], the 23rd I visited several brethren. The 2 Moses[es] took leave to return to their own. Several more brethren and sisters went down to the falls to catch fish. Thus, only a few remained at home. [No entry for the 24th]

D [Friday], the 25th After the morning meeting I went to Dutchess County to pass on to the awakened people there the message that had been given to me by Br. Nathanael, namely, that a brother from Bethlehem would soon come to them. When I announced this to them they were overjoyed at it, for they had already planned on writing to the congregation one more time. I felt very well there.23 I set out to return, but was not able to make it home that day. Stayed that night with Nicolaus Rau, the brother of late Sr. Mack.24

G [Saturday], the 26th I set out early for Pachgatgoch. Found my dear Catharine and the brown brethren 413

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

and sisters, who were home, well and in good spirits. Old Sister Erdmuth had kept my wife company in the meantime.

A [Sunday], the 27th Around noon the general meeting was held; Martin interpreted. Toward evening the quarter-of-an-hour for all of the baptized ones took place. Both with blessing. B [Monday], the 28th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour I commenced school with the boys. However, presently there are only few at home. I went visiting in the huts. Gideon told us that he intended to go to the falls to see if he could catch some fish. We had him pass on greetings to the brethren and sisters for us. We told Gideon to see how things were going with them, if they all were in touch with their hearts. [No entry for the 29th]

C [Wednesday], the 30th Gideon returned home from New Milford, bringing a considerable amount of fish with him, of which he sent us some as well. He let us know that he had found the brethren and sisters in good spirits. F [Thursday], the 31st We remembered and spoke a good deal about our dear Bethlehem. In our hearts and minds we were frequently with them, wishing to see and hear something from the congregation sometime soon. At the meeting in the evening the dear Savior’s ascension and His return were talked about, and that since that time His people have been awaiting His appearance and have been looking forward to it. A feeling of grace could be sensed.

D [Friday], June 1 [1753] Several brethren went with baskets and other items to Filkintown to sell them. My wife visited the sisters; spoke especially with Elisabeth about her heart as she has not been quite full of light for a while. She said that the Savior has put her back in touch with her heart. She had seen that the heart of her husband 414

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

Joshua was not quite in a proper state. That was when she reportedly thought, it cannot be that both of us are becoming unsaved, and thus, she soon went to the Savior and begged His pardon. The dear Savior reportedly did forgive her, and once again made her heart well.

G [Saturday], the 2nd Everyone who had been out during the week again gathered at home. The Savior was near to us during the evening service.

A [Sunday], the 3rd The Sunday occasion was conducted as usual.

B [Monday], the 4th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour Br. Gideon directed the brethren to help hoe our Welsh corn. And everyone who was at home came [to help], baptized as well as unbaptized. Thus we were done in half a day. They all went about it most joyfully. In the meantime my wife had prepared food, and so we gave them a meal to eat. E [Tuesday], the 5th and C [Wednesday], the 6th Several of the brethren and sisters were busy hoeing corn. The occasions were conducted as usual. F [Thursday], the 7th Gideon and Joshua were spoken with about some of the brethren and sisters and their hoeing of the Welsh corn — to remind them regularly that they work their corn properly, so that they each family will have enough to eat next year, and need not go among the white people as much. This they promised to do.

D [Friday], the 8th I was out on account of outward business. Meanwhile Br. Martin Mack and Nathanael arrived from Gnadenhütten. I learned about it along the way and hurried so much the more to get home. Found both of them [at home] and was delighted to see someone of our dear hearts from Bethlehem. Received many a delightful letterd, which gladdened and refreshed us. In the evening Brother 415

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

Martin conducted a heartfelt and passionate meeting on the blissfulness [to be found] inside Jesus’ wounds.

G [Saturday], the 9th Br. Sensemann delivered the morning blessing entrusting the brown assembly to the care of the Savior’s pierced heart by means of a heartfelt prayer. Br. Martin related to us some things about Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten and the other places, as well as about the dear Savior’s work of grace there, for which we gave thanks to the Savior. Toward evening Christian Führer, H. Martin, Zacharias Haber, and Jacob Maul came from Rhinebeck to observe Pentecost with the Indian brethren and sisters [and] us. They rejoiced at finding Br. Martin Mack here. Br. Martin conducted the evening service with blessing.

A [Sunday], the 10th On the 1st day of Pentecost, Br. Martin held the general meeting in German; Br. Nathanael interpreted. Everyone listened atent [attentively]. Afterward, he spoke with Br. Samuel about his moving to Gnadenhütten, which, for the time being, is not going to happen after all. Past noon the usual quarter-of-an-hour was conducted separately with the baptized Indian brethren and sisters, wherein Brother Martin informed the brethren and sisters of the congregation’s mind, chiefly with respect to Communion — that we would have to suspend it for the time being because it cannot go on like this, with the excesses [committed] by some of the brethren and sisters.25 For that same reason it was likewise suspended in Gnadenhütten at present. The brethren and sisters must not think that this was a small matter, p[p]. Some became very sad as they had assumed he [Brother Martin] had come to hold Communion, and now they were hearing the opposite. Also, many had been looking forward to it with all their hearts. Br. Martin talked then with Joshua, but he appeared to be somewhat indifferent. Br. Martin delivered yet a brief evening blessing in our house, in the presence of the 4 Rb. [Rhinebeck] brethren.

B [Monday], the 11th Following the morning meeting, Br. Martin and Nathanael readied themselves for their journey, [in order to] first call on the Wechquadnach Indian brethren 416

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

and sisters and to pass on to them the congregation’s message. Sensemann readied himself went with them. The 4 Rhinebeck brethren set out to return home. We came to the place where they [the Wechquadnach Indians] live, but did not find any brother at home.26 Having carried out our task, we continued on and stayed that night with Joha[nnes] Rau, Martin’s father-in-law.

E [Tuesday], the 12th We arrived in Rhinebeck at Christian Führer’s [house], who welcomed us with much love. C [Wednesday], the 13th Having visited the brethren there, Br. Martin took leave and set out on his journey together with his dear Nathanael. Sensemann and also some Rb. [Rhinebeck] brethren accompanied them for several miles and then we bade one another farewell. Sensemann also inquired with Matth[eus] Hoffman about a package of letters that he was to receive there. But they had not yet arrived. F [Thursday], the 14th I set out to return. Arrived in Pachgatgoch late in the evening. Everyone had already retired. My wife had old Sister Erdmuth with her for company. D [Friday], the 15th Sister Sarah from the winter huts came to visit us. The Indian brethren and several sisters went to get barck [bark] for Gideon’s new house. Br. Martin, the Indian, interpreted during the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

G [Saturday], the 16th Joshua left on horseback to sell things to the white people. In the meantime his wife Elisabeth was delivered of a daughterd. My wife visited her. She had given birth to the child in the woods; was quite well, along with the child. Joshua came home. Came and visited us several more times today, yet said nothing about the child’s baptism. This was, however, the reason why he came to us. We did not say anything about it either. In the evening he came once again; said the child was ill. Thus, my wife had to go there to see it, but it was not in any danger. 417

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

A [Sunday], the 17th Joshua came in the morning, applying for his child’s baptism. However, because he had been prejudiced against the workers in Gnadenhütten by some confused brethren from Gnadenhütten, and would rather see the Wechquadnach [brethren and sisters] at this place than in Gnadenhütten, and for that reason had not long ago expressed himself harshly against us on that account, I asked him about his heart — how it presently stood with the Savior. He surely could remember in what state he has been for some time. He said curtly that his heart felt somewhat better and more comfortable. I explained to him told him [that] when we baptized children, we first had to know that the parents themselves were on proper terms with the Savior. If they themselves were not on proper terms with the dear Savior, and were unable to deal faithfully with the grace that the Savior has bestowed on them, how could they preserve their children p[p].? He said nothing further and went home. Several English people came to attend the meeting. With the Indians from the winter huts having arrived here, the signal for the general meeting was given. Martin was unable to get on with the translating today, and so I preached to everyone in English. The Savior was near us. The occasions for the baptized children and for all of the baptized ones took place with blessing. B [Monday], the 18th I went visiting in the winter huts. Spoke with Br. David and Rebecca, and because they inquired about the baptism of Joshua’s child, I told them the congregation’s mind as it concerned the baptism of the children of the brethren and sisters. They grew very quiet. I also talked with the other brethren and sisters about their hearts, and that with their hearts they should abide in the Savior’s wounds. They were quite well and in good spirits. E [Tuesday], the 19th and C [Wednesday], the 20th The brethren were hard at work building a new hut for Gideon. We held school. The sisters were busy making baskets and brooms. F [Thursday], the 21st and [Friday], the 22nd We continued holding school; the brethren worked away at the huts. The occasions took place in due order. 418

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

G [Saturday], the 23rd I and my wife visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. My wife talked with several of the sisters about their hearts. Theodora said that her heart was with the dear Savior day and night. If only she could again have enough strength to come up again and attend the meeting; her heart greatly longed for it. They were thankful that we had visited them. Jeremias and several sisters went to bid the Wechquadnach Indians farewell.

A [Sunday], the 24th During the general meeting today’s watchword, O wie wiel ich noch reden daß er mir wird halten seinen theuren Eid, Is. 38.15., was talked about.27 Our heart rejoiced and was grateful for all the grace and blissfulness that the Savior has let flow our way from His precious wounds, p[p]. That day we felt especially well. Thamar came to visit us. My wife asked her about her heart. She said her heart felt quite well to her; also said that she intended to go to the seaside tomorrow along with her daughter Anna and an unbaptized Indian woman. B [Monday], the 25th Following the early service everyone went about his work. We visited those brethren and sisters in the huts who were at home. Jeremias and the other brethren and sisters returned home in good spirits from their visit with the Wechquadnach brethren and sisters.

E [Tuesday], the 26th and C [Wednesday], the 27th Nothing of note occurred. We felt well during the occasions.

F [Thursday], the 28th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour we went into the field to work. Afterward, we visited several brethren and sisters. D [Friday], the 29th and [Saturday], the 30th The brethren and sisters who had been out this week in pursuit of food gathered at home. 419

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

A [Sunday], July 1 [1753] Brother Martin came to our house; I was just then reading the Bible. I read something to him. He listened diligently; I asked if he would be able to translate everything. He said several passages were very difficult to translate into their language. I sent him to see whether the brethren and sisters had arrived from the winter huts, and when he brought word the signal for the general meeting was given. Today’s watchword was talked about: Hebe deine Augen auf, dieße alle kommen zu dir. Is. 60.4.28 It was stated that there was yet a great multitude that would have to be brought to the Savior and His wounds, and that the beginning to this was being made among several nations at this time, of which they at this place were also a partd. Brotherly love was talked about during the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones; where this was not present, the brethren and sisters were not on [proper] terms with the dear Savior, p[p]. My wife visited several sisters; spoke with Priscilla about her heart. She said that at times she strayed from her heart because of her children — that they did not want to abide by the Savior. My wife said, that is why she [Priscilla] should stay that much closer to the Savior; that way she could set a positive example for her children, and also [would be able to] put in a good word for them with the dear Savior from time to time. I visited Schery, who had returned home yesterday from his visit with the Wechquadnach Indians. He said that several days ago some of them had set out on their journey to Gnadenhütten, and [that] the remaining ones would start out tomorrow. He was thinking of visiting them after the harvest. I met ManSchiro from Potatuck in Petrus’s house. He is the cousin29 of our late Johannes and looks just like Johannes. He acted most amiably toward me, and I likewise toward him. B [Monday], the 2nd After the quarter-of-an-hour old Br. Simon summoned the brethren to build a new hut for Sr. Priscilla. Everyone gathered; they went for several miles to get bast [bark] as they are building it entirely from bast. I and my wife went into the field to work. Old Sr. Erdmuth went to New Milford to get Welsh corn. E [Tuesday], the 3rd After the morning quarter-of-an-hour the Indian brethren returned to their 420

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

hut-building. I visited them. Things proceeded quite agreeably among them. The evening occasion took place with blessing.

C [Wednesday], the 4th My wife was paid a visit by Mrs. Mills and her daughter,30 and when she wished to visit the Indian sisters, my wife went with them. She is an awakened woman who feels troubled at heart. My wife spoke with her a great deal about the Savior. Old Erdmuth returned home from New Milford in a happy state. Sr. Thamar, who came home with her daughter Anna today, visited us. We inquired how things had gone on her journey, whether she had been blissful and in good spirits. She said yes. She was reportedly very glad when she laid eyes on Pachgatgoch again. The people had asked her many things, also what her minister was preaching. She had said it would be better if they came here themselves and heard it, then they would know. F [Thursday], the 5th After the morning blessing we again went to work in the field. The brethren were still busy repairing their huts. Old Br. Simon worked not far from us. I went there to visit him, finding him engaged in a heartfelt prayer to the dear Savior. I stayed back until he was finished praying, and then I went to him; had an affectionate conversation with him. Toward evening I visited the brethren at their hut-building; they were helping one another in quite a brotherly manner. [No entry for the 6th]

G [Saturday], the 7th The Indian brethren began laying up stones for a chimney in Joshua’s house. My sister wife called on Sister Justina. We were concerned about her, that her heart may not be in a proper state as she had gone out without saying anything. But she said that her heart was quite well. She had been driven out by necessity, for she did not have anything to eat in the house, and had intended to return home right away, [but] had not been able to sell her things. Thus she had been forced to stay out that night. Gottlieb, who also had been out with wooden utensils, returned home in a happy state. 421

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

A [Sunday], the 8th Toward noon the general meeting took place, which some English people attended. The Savior granted me a warm heart [to speak] about His love for the poor sinners who do not know what to do, and [who] come to the Savior just the way they feel. We felt quite well on this occasion. After the sermon 2 of the English people came into our house. I talked with them about some matters regarding the Savior, in particular about His sufferings and martyrdom. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, today’s text was talked about, p[p]. Following the quarter-of-an-hour I spoke with Christian about his heart. He said that he felt most comfortable when he was able to be home and hear about the Savior. In the evening Sr. Thamar told us about an old Indian woman who attended the meeting today for the first time. What was the meaning of this, [that] she could not help but shiver severely during the meeting[, the Indian woman asked]. She had thought to herself, she must have a wicked heart. Thamar had replied, Of course your heart is wicked; it is afraid of the Savior. My wife and I remembered our dear Bethlehem; we longed to see a brother from there soon, and then we retired blissfully. B [Monday], the 9th We held a small conference with Br. Gideon; we sent him to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters there. He had spoken with those who were at home about their hearts — how they stood with the Savior. He then brought us word from them. [No entry for the 10th]

C [Wednesday], the 11th Most of the brethren went to work the harvest at the white people’s — cutting. Some worked their own Welsh corn. Two English people came, inquiring after an Indian who had committed himself into servitude with a man in New Milford, and has run away. They had heard that he had gone to Gnadenhütten. We told them that we had not heard anything about this and knew nothing about it, and had not seen him in several weeks. Besides, those people who planned matters of this sort would not inform us as we are opposed to such things. They 422

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

believed us and went away. Indeed, none of the brethren knew anything about it. The Savior was near us during the evening occasion.

F [Thursday], the 12th Most of the brethren again went out to work. The sisters [were] busy at home with their usual work of making baskets and brooms.

D [Friday], the 13th I went visiting in all of the huts. After that I went with my wife to the winter huts to visit the brethren and sisters. We found several sisters at home, with whom my wife talked; she asked them about their hearts — on what terms they were with the Savior and His wounds. Theodora testified that her heart had fellowship with the Savior day and night.

G [Saturday], the 14th The Indian brethren came home in good spirits. During the evening meeting it was explained that nothing had forced or driven the dear Savior to suffer for us other than His love for poor mankind, to set [them] free from [word crossed out] Satan’s clutch, and to deliver them to His heavenly being along with Himself. We felt well on this occasion. A [Sunday], the 15th (In the morning, at daybreak, someone came and woke us up. When I opened the door, it was a man inquiring after the runaway Indian, and when I told him that he had been searched for at this place previously, he said that he was well aware of it. They had heard he was staying here, and they had orders to look for him at this place. I said that to my knowledge he was not here. But it was possible that I did not know it [for sure]; he should look for him. Thus, he took leave of me. There also were 3 men with him who stood guard at the ends [of the settlement], and so they searched all of the huts, but did not find him. They right away set out for the winter huts and did the same there as here. But [he] was not to be found there either.)31 With the brethren and sisters having come up from the winter huts, the general meeting was held, wherein the Savior was near us. The quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children is taking place with 423

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

blessing. The little hearts are so quiet and one feels especially well on this occasion. Several foreign Indian women, who had attended the sermon today, came to talk with us about their hearts; one had been baptized by the Presbyterians and was feeling troubled at heart. She said that she has been unable to sleep some nights; had not found anyone among the English people with whom she could talk about her heart. We spoke with her affectionately, directing her to the Savior — that He most gladly took in all those poor sinners who did not know what to do and came to Him, letting them partake of every blessedness. She was very glad to hear this. She said that once she had told a minister that she felt so troubled at heart [word crossed out]. He had prayed over her, but that had not helped any. We told her to simply give herself up to the dear Savior; that way she would become blissful. Old Sr. Erdmuth, being present, told her how blissful her heart felt near the Savior and His wounds. Then there was the service for the baptized ones, with blessing. During visits, Petrus said that one time several weeks ago I had spoken with him and had admonished him, which he had not taken lovingly. He has felt troubled at heart on that account ever since. I said that I no longer held anything against him, [that] I had long forgiven him for that; he should simply ask the dear Savior for forgiveness for having so trifled away his time. That day we felt especially well and we observed the same with the Indian brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 16th Because one of our neighbors intended to travel to New York, I wrote several letters to the brethren there and brought them to him. Meanwhile my wife visited the sisters. Elisabeth was sad that her little daughterd was not being baptized, and that her husband Joshua has often been irritable [?]32 for some time now. Apparently, she was not staying with her husband, but her heart grew sad when she thought about the child. My wife said that she [Elisabeth] knew only too well the circumstances concerning the child’s baptism, because in his heart Joshua was not on proper terms with the Savior. She [Elisabeth] said that she was certainly well aware of this, and had often reminded him and had directed him to his heart. She wished that Br. Sensemann would please talk with him sometime. Perhaps that would help. My wife said she should abide by the Savior and leave all matters to Him; He would take care of it all right. This she 424

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

promised to do. Brother Martin said he believed that a brother from Bethlehem would come soon; he has been repeatedly on the lookout for him. When asked how he would know this, he said he felt his heart believing [it], and his ♥ was looking forward to it.

E [Tuesday], the 17th Our Husband was near us with His wounds during the morning blessing. Our Indian brethren and sisters are very poor. Old Sr. Erdmuth told us that they had no food in their house. She needed to go out and see where there was some Welsh corn to be had. We gathered some dried green Welsh corn and beans and distributed them among those in need. They were very glad and thankful for this. C [Wednesday], the 18th Most of the Indian brethren went out to work in order to earn some corn. Fairly late in the evening our dear Brother [Abraham] Reincke arrived, having been accompanied here by Br. Führer. We were happy about their arrival, especially about our dear heart Abraham, and the heartfelt lettersd and greetingsd from our dear and precious brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Several Indian brethren and sisters had learned about it [their arrival] also, and welcomed them.

F [Thursday], the 19th In the morning all of the brethren and sisters who were at home came and welcomed Brother A. Reincke, happy to see a brother from Bethlehem. Afterward, I went with Br. Abraham and Führer to the winter huts but found few brethren and sisters at home. The majority had gone into the woods to work. In the evening Br. Abraham conducted an anointed and blessed meeting on the bloody wounds of our martyred Lambd. Because Br. Führer [needed to] return home tomorrow, and also had business at the river, we wrote several letters to our dear brethren and sisters in New York and Bethlehem. In addition, Brother Abraham resolved to leave tomorrow for Salisbury to attend to his plan,33 and because he is unfamiliar with this area, Br. Sensemann will accompany him there. We indeed would have very much liked to have him stay with us for a few days, but we could not very well keep him since the people [there] have been waiting for a brother for a long time. 425

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

D [Friday], the 20th Brother Abraham conducted the morning occasion, wherein he informed the brown brethren and sisters that he intended to leave for Salisbury today. Besides, few Indian brethren were at home. However, he intended to visit them again soon when he expected to find all the brethren and sisters together. Brother Sensemann would accompany him there. They became a little sad that he was leaving so soon. Old Erdmuth said [that] for the sake of the brethren he could not leave so soon. They all would come home tomorrow to be sure. We took leave of the brown brethren and sisters. Sensemann promised them to return home tomorrow. We went together for several miles, and then Führer took leave and went toward home on horseback. He is a serviceable heart and he considers it a favor to serve the brethren. We then came to the area where the Wechquadnach brethren and sisters had lived.34 We also looked at the house in which our dear heart Johannes [von Watteville] and Cammerhoff baptized many a brown heart into the death of Jesus, and in which our dear late Brother Bruce went to the Savior.35 Br. Abraham was glad that this way he had the opportunity to see this area. Next, we came to the peopled in Salisbury. I stayed there overnight. G [Saturday], the 21st I bade dear Brother Abraham farewell and set out to return to my hearts in Pachgatgoch. Arrived home fairly late in the evening. A [Sunday], the 22nd The occasions were conducted as usual, like before. The Savior was near us during all of the occasions that day. B [Monday], the 23rd Following the morning meeting Br. Gideon came; said that he intended to go out to work. If he found none, he would return home today. We yet talked a bit with him regarding a number of brethren about whom he was of one mind with us. Several other brethren went with him. Br. Martin interpreted during the evening meeting. E [Tuesday], the 24th Almost all of the Indian sisters went into the woods to get blueberries. The bloody wounds of our Husband were near us during the evening meeting. 426

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

[No entry for the 25th]

F [Thursday], the 26th I visited several brethren. Toward evening the minister [Cyrus Marsh] from Kent called on us, as it appeared to be raining hard. We discussed various matters. Among other things, he said [something] about some of the awakened preachers, that from their pulpits they were running down the other preachers so horübel [horribly]. I told him that this was not the way we did things; instead, we preached the Savior crucified to the people. At the same time, I had a favorable opportunity to portray to him most passionately the Savior with all of His merit and wounds. My heart felt very warm to me on this occasion.

D [Friday], the 27th Sr. Erdmuth told us that she intended to go out with other Indians to sell baskets and brooms. I went to the winter huts, but there were not many at home. Sarah and her daughter Maria were in good spirits.

G [Saturday], the 28th My wife and I remembered the dear Bethlehem. Several Indian brethren and sisters who had been working away from home gathered at home. The peace that a poor sinner experiences inside Jesus’ wounds was talked about during the evening meeting. A [Sunday], the 29th The righteousness of God, p[p]., was talked about during the general meeting. There were two English men present; to one of them this was most edifying. After the sermon he spoke further to me about his heart, at which time he wept. Next, there was the quarter-of-an-hour for the children, and then that for all of the baptized ones.

B [Monday], the 30th Following the morning occasion several brethren and sisters went out to work on account of their food situation. Some went out with baskets and brooms to sell. E [Tuesday], the 31st Two joiners came to cover the interior of our meeting house with boards. I entrusted this work also to the care of our Savior, as well as to the whole of our 427

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

circumstances. I remembered today’s watchword, which reads, So wird der Gott des Friedens mit euch sein.36 We were unable to conduct an occasion until the work was finished. Doctor Chase came, wanting to have me go to a sick person. He reportedly had tried everything, but was unable to help him. I told him that I was not here for that, and that I was not a doctor, p[p]. [No entry for August 1]

F [Thursday], August 2 [1753] The work on our meeting house proceeded in a nice and orderly fashion.

D [Friday], the 3rd and [Saturday], the 4th The joiners continued. I visited several brethren. A number of brethren and sisters who had gone out at the beginning of the week returned home. G [Saturday], the 4th37 Our meeting house was finished. I was grateful to the Savior that the work was completed. The joiners were very content and plist [pleased], and the Indian brethren and sisters [were] glad that it was nice and strong now, and warm in the meeting place. We conducted our meeting in the evening; the Savior was near us. A [Sunday], the 5th Today we remembered the days of grace that we enjoyed among the precious congregation in Marienborn 12 years ago.38 The grace was fresh in our hearts; we gave thanks to the Savior in a childlike manner. We further entreated Him for His merciful guidance, p[p]. The occasions were conducted as usual, with blessing. Also, several of the brethren and sisters were spoken with about their hearts. Sr. Sarah told us about her sick daughter Maria, that she, her daughter, desired that the Savior take her to Him.

B [Monday], the 6th Following the morning occasion, several brethren and sisters went out to work. I went visiting in a number of huts, finding the brethren and sisters in good spirits and full of light. We received a letter from New York, wherein we received news about St. Thomas and Bethlehem, as well as the Irin39 (the Irin — that she 428

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

was to be expected with 30 brethren any day, which stirred in us a longing to hear [and to see] who might be coming with it).40 [No entry for the 7th]

C [Wednesday], the 8th I went to visit an Indian family 6 miles from here; found the daughter very ill.41 I asked her whether she was thinking of the Savior — she had attended the meeting frequently and had heard about Him that He loved the poor sinners so. She said that she thought of Him often. However, she was so ill that she was unable to say much about her heart because of the pain. I also spoke with Magdalena, who in former times had lived in the Sisters’ house in Bethlehem. On the way back I went to the winter huts, to which Br. Gideon came as well. Sr. Sarah along with her sick daughter Maria was lively and in good spirits. F [Thursday], the 9th Gideon told us that he intended to go to New Milford, and wanted to visit Sekes’s sick daughter along the way. Sr. Erdmuth came, having been sent by Sr. Priscilla to inform us that it was agreed among them that her daughter, Salome, was betrothed to Br. Jonathan, and that the parents on both sides were agreeable, and that they would be pleased if I married them. Sr. Priscilla felt ashamed that we had not been informed about the marriage of her daughter Benigna to Philippus. Magdalena, Philippus’s mother, said that she had in fact told us about it, which had indeed happened one time, about 3/4 of a year ago. We sent word to her that we had nothing against the marriage. It was merely our desire that it occurred in an orderly fashion and with the consent of the parents. The evening meeting took place with blessing. D [Friday], the 10th and G [Saturday], the 11th The brethren who had been out this week, some to hunt and some on account of other affairs, again gathered at home.

A [Sunday], the 12th Joshua came to me. On that occasion I began to ask him about his heart. He said that he was thinking of the Savior all day long and that he felt well in his heart. 429

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

Yet he thought that he was still lacking in one respect, in that he was not truly a poor sinner. I told him that I too believed that about him, p[p]. I had him interpret during the general meeting. He is the best interpiter. Past noon the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children took place, and thereafter that for all of the baptized ones, wherein we felt quite well.

B [Monday], the 13th Following the morning occasion, several brethren informed us that they intended to go with their families into the woods to work, to make canoe[s] and brooms. Some went hunting again. I went with my wife to one of our neighbors to buy some provisions. However, they were as rich as we. On returning home we found dear Brother A. Reincke with 3 additional brethren from Rhinebeck [there], who were most welcome to us.

E [Tuesday], the 14th Br. Abraham R[eincke] conducted a passionate quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, it was pondered whether we should hold a love feast today with those brethren and sisters who were at home, because the Rhinebeck brethren had brought with them things for it, and given that it had been a blessing for them when they [the Rhinebeck brethren] joined the love feast in the past. Br. Gideon was charged with informing the brethren and sisters about it so that they would make sure to stay nicely at home, who soon passed it on to be sure. Br. Abraham held the meeting in the evening, portraying the bloody Savior quite passionately. C [Wednesday], the 15th In the morning preparations were made for the love feast because the Rhinebeck brethren intended to be home still today, and when the signal was given, the brethren and sisters who were [at home] gathered, 24 in number, plus 10 baptized children. The lettersd from the dear Jünger Johannan42 to some of the Indian brethren and sisters were read aloud, which was more than only a small joy for them. Br. Abraham told them about his people in Salisbury — how hungry they were for the gospel, p[p].; all of us were quite pleased to hear this. We all felt quite well during the love feast. The 3 brethren from Rhinebeck took a 430

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

tender leave of us as well as of the brown ones. During the meeting in the evening the Savior was near us with His wounds.

F [Thursday], the 16th Brother Abraham Reincke and Sensemann visited the brethren and sisters in the huts. The occasion in the evening was conducted with those who were at home. D [Friday], the 17th During the early service it was announced that Brother Abraham Reincke would return to his people in Dutchess County today, and that Br. Sensemann would accompany him. In passing through, Doctor Chase and the minister of that same place came to our house. The doctor would very much like to have some medicine from Bethlehem. Br. Sensemann advised him to write a letter to our Doctor Otto on that account, yet he thought to travel there perhaps himself. They both were very cordial, and then they took their leave. We then set out on our journey, reaching Azariah Smith’s house in the evening, where we found a ready welcome. G [Saturday], the 18th I took leave of dear Brother Abraham and set out to return [to Pachgatgoch]. I found my dear wife along with the Indian brethren and sisters well and in good spirits. The brethren and sisters who had been out this week in pursuit of food gathered at home as well.

A [Sunday], the 19th Br. Samuel came home in the morning to attend the meeting, bringing us word from Martin and his wife that they all were well and blissful, also heartfelt greetings from them. They are working about 8 miles from here up the river, making canoe[s] and brooms. I also talked with Br. Samuel about his heart. Br. Samuel interpreted during the general meeting; the dear Savior was near us. The quarter-of-an-hours that afternoon took place with blessing.

B [Monday], the 20th Following the morning occasion several sisters went out to sell things; those at home were busily going about their work, making brooms and baskets. 431

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], the 21st Br. Gideon told us that he intended to go to the seaside with his wife Martha to visit his son who lived that way.43 He also had to attend to other matters there. Martha took brooms and baskets with her to sell. The meeting was conducted with those brethren and sisters who were staying home. C [Wednesday], the 22nd Today I made some hay. Joshua and Jeremias returned home from hunting in good spirits, but had not shot anything. Joshua interpreted during the evening meeting. F [Thursday], the 23rd I went visiting in the winter huts. Everyone was very cordial toward me, baptized ones as well as unbaptized ones. Sr. Sarah also was quite revived and well. D [Friday], the 24th Old Sr. Theodora came to our house telling my wife about her heart — how well she was feeling near the Savior. Brother and sister Martin and [the] Samuels came home in good spirits. [No entry for the 25th]

A [Sunday], the 26th The occasions took place in their usual order. B [Monday], the 27th Following the morning blessing, several sisters went into the field to roast and dry green Welsh corn. Gideon and Martha returned home in good spirits from their visit to the seaside. E [Tuesday], the 28th Br. Martin told us that he intended to go to New Milford to sell cans44 and other such items. [No entry for the 29th]

F [Thursday], the 30th My wife visited the sisters, finding them affectionate and in a happy state. She 432

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

also was paid a visit by an English woman. At the evening meeting I was able to passionately portray the bloody wounds of Jesus to the brown assembly.

D [Friday], the 31st All of the Indian brethren and sisters were in good spirits. Outwardly, they were busy in the field, drying their green corn. Old Sr. Erdmuth came45 home from New Milford in good spirits. Sr. Thamar visited us in the evening.

G [Saturday], September 1 I and my A. Catharine observed the Sabbath in quietude today. Our hearts were frequently in Bethlehem among our dear brethren and sisters. We also felt the nearness of our bloody Husband and we felt especially well. In the afternoon we visited several brethren and sisters. G [Saturday], September 1, 175346 I and my wife observed the Sabbath in quietude. Our hearts were frequently in Bethlehem among our dear brethren and sisters. We also felt the presence of our Husband and we felt especially well. Past noon we went visiting in several huts. A [Sunday], the 2nd The occasions today were conducted as usual. Everyone was calm and quiet in his hut. Erdmuth and Thamar came to visit us; we had an edifying discourse with them. B [Monday], the 3rd We felt quite well in the morning during the morning quarter-of-an-hour. The Indian brethren and sisters went about their work. Past noon Brother Gideon came, telling us that Abraham [the Indian] had arrived from Gnadenhütten. (I asked if he knew whether [he] had a letter for me; he should please ask him.) In the evening meeting the words of the Savior were talked about: Fürsten und Herren regieren, von dießer großen Zeit Verseumniße sind seine Jünger dispensirt.47 It was pointed out that the Savior’s kingdom was not from this world, and he who and he who thought to be someone among his people shall be everyone’s servant. Nothing would be more comforting to my poor sinners than to rest eternally inside Jesus’ wounds, p[p]. 433

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], the 4th Abraham had all of the brethren summoned to Gideon’s house, where he informed them about the covenant between the Mahikander [Mahicans] and Delawar [Delawares].48 Br. Gideon came saying that Abraham had not brought a letter. He was not coming [directly] from Gnadenhütten at present; besides, Martin [Mack] reportedly had not been at home. Moreover, he [Abraham] is said to have been expelled by Br. Martin. Brother Gideon said he thought that Abraham’s heart was in a very bad state; he had talked to him on that account and directed him to the Savior. C [Wednesday], the 5th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour Abraham went to Wanachquaticok. I visited several brethren in their huts; I found them to be well. Several appeared to be somewhat concerned about Abraham. [No entry for the 6th]

D [Friday], the 7th Several brethren went out hunting. I wrote in the diarium. G [Saturday], the 8th The brethren and sisters who had been out in pursuit of food gathered at home again. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour the peace [felt] inside Jesus’ wounds was talked about. A [Sunday], the 9th After the general meeting several brethren and sisters went to the winter huts to visit Br. David, who returned from the seaside with his family yesterday. Toward evening the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones took place with blessing. B [Monday], the 10th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour everyone stayed at home to welcome Brother Abraham Reincke, for he had given notice that he would come here again today. Toward evening Br. Abraham Reincke arrived, having been accompanied here by Azariah Smith. We, along with the Indian brethren and sisters, welcomed them with tender love. Br. Abraham conducted the evening occasion with blessing. 434

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], the 11th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour Azariah Smith readied himself to return home on horseback. He said that he had felt particularly well here with the Indian brethren and sisters and during the meeting. C [Wednesday], the 12th During the morning blessing Br. Abraham Reincke announced to the brethren and sisters that he now intended to set out on his journey to Bethlehem. He was pleased that he has had the opportunity to see the Indian brethren and sisters. His actual plan, however, was in Salisbury. Perhaps a brother from Bethlehem would soon be sent come to them; Br. Sensemann would take him as far as Rhinebeck. Thus, they sent many a heartfelt greeting to Bethlehem, [New] York, and Rhinebeck, and with that we took leave of them. Meanwhile, my wife took old Sr. Erdmuth into her house for company. That evening we arrived at Br. Führer’s [house], who received us with much kindness. F [Thursday], the 13[th] and D [Friday], the 14th Several Indian families went out into the woods to work; those at home were in a happy state. G [Saturday], the 15th My wife was visited by several Indian sisters today. Sr. Johanna, and Jonathan with his wife Salome came home from their work in the woods in good spirits.

A [Sunday], the 16th Several English men came to attend the meeting. One of them had spoken much about Abraham Reincke, that he had liked his sermon so well. My wife spent this Sunday visiting the Indian sisters.

B [Monday], the 17th I took leave of dear Brother Abraham Reincke and the other brethren and sisters in Rhinebeck. I arrived at Azariah Smith[‘s house] in the evening and delivered the horse that Br. Abraham had taken with him; stayed there overnight. [Word crossed out]

435

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], the 18th I came home finding my dear A. Catharine, along with the Indian brethren and sisters, well and in good spirits. They all welcomed me and were glad to see me back at home. Sr. Erdmuth said that this time, when Abraham Reincke came, she had thought for sure that Communion would be held; her heart had been looking forward to it for a long time. C [Wednesday], the 19th In the evening meeting it was pointed out that a child of God would not find any peace in the world, even if it could have ever glory. Instead, our peace was inside the wounds of Jesus; therein all the blissfulness can be obtained, p[p]., and the Savior was near us, and we felt His presence among us.

F [Thursday], the 20th Most of the sisters went out to sell the things that they had made. Hence, we did not have any occasions. D [Friday], the 21st I went visiting in all of the huts. My wife did likewise; talked with Sr. Justina and communed with her from the heart. G [Saturday], the 22nd An Indian stranger from Farmington, Witly’s brother, came here for a visit. Johanna, as well as Jonathan and his wife, came home from their work in the woods in good spirits; so did several sisters, from New Milford.

A [Sunday], the 23rd At the general meeting several English women and adult men were present. The text Ich bin die Tür49 was spoken about. The Savior was near me, and all the brown and white ones were attentive. Afterward, some English women stayed on with us for a while. Toward evening the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones took place with blessing. Br. Martin and Justina were also spoken with.

436

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

B [Monday], the 24th Several brethren and sisters returned to their work in the woods; some went hunting. Only a few stayed at home. E [Tuesday], the 25th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour Br. Gideon came, telling us he intended to go to New Milford to sell [wooden] troughs. Thamar told us that an unbaptized Indian had asked for their50 daughter Anna in marriage. The answer Sr. Thamar had given to his father was, how could he [the son] possibly think of marrying her daughter. After all, he was not a brother and did not even attend the meetings, nor did he so much as think of converting. We said that we were not able to advise her in this matter. She [Anna] was still young, and if she gave herself up to the Savior, He would care for her. I went visiting in several huts. Martin and several others went on the mountain to make troughs. C [Wednesday], the 26th After the morning blessing everyone who was at home went about his work.

F [Thursday], the 27th Br. Gideon returned home from New Milford in a happy state. Martin and the other brethren came down the mountain with their work. Br. Martin interpreted during the evening occasion. [No entry for the 28th]

G [Saturday], the 29th I visited the winter huts, calling on the baptized ones and unbaptized ones who were at home. David returned home from the woods with his family. A [Sunday], the 30th With the brethren and sisters having come up from the winter huts, the signal for the general meeting was given. The Savior was near me so that I was able to portray with passion to the brown assembly Jesus’ loving heart for the poor sinners. Many a teard was shed by several Indians. Following the children’s

437

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

quarter-of-an-hour, Sr. Rebecca, who had strayed from her heart some time ago, was spoken with through my wife. She regretted that she had trifled away her time, and said that from now on she intended to stay at home; her heart was well again. A number of the huts were visited as well. Next, there was the quarter-of-an-hour for all of the baptized ones, with blessing.

B [Monday], October 1 Following the morning meeting Br. Martin and Justina took leave to go to the seaside with canuoe [canoes] and other things. Several others also went with them. We reminded them to make sure to abide in their hearts, which they promised us to do. I and my wife went into the field to break off Welsh corn.

E [Tuesday], the 2nd After the early quarter-of-an-hour we returned to our work in the field. Sr. Erdmuth went to New Milford to visit from there Sr. Johanna, Jonathan, and the others who are working with her [Johanna] in the woods. C [Wednesday], the 3rd Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour we had one of our neighbors haul our Welsh corn home. Br. Jeremias helped us, and later several sisters and most of the children came to help us strip it. We spent several days with this work. Those Indian brethren and sisters who were at home were well and in good spirits. [No entries for the 4th and 5th]

G [Saturday], the 6th Sr. Erdmuth, along with the [the] Jonathans, came home from the woods in a happy state. Several others came together as well, namely, Elisabeth with her children, [as well as] Anna, her sister, having bought blankets with their [handi]work. They all were in good spirits and full of light. The beloved Savior was feelingly near to us at the evening meeting. A [Sunday], the 7th Toward noon, when everyone who wanted to attend the meeting had arrived from the winter huts, the signal for the general meeting was given. We felt quite 438

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

well during the sermon. The Indians were atent [attentive] in listening. Then there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hourd. The little heartsd are quite glad when their occasion is being held for them, and listen so diligently as if they understood it well. We were visited in our house by the brethren and sisters from the winter huts. My wife called on Sr. Magdalena, who is somewhat sickly. Several huts were also visited; everyone was in good spirits and full of light. Next, there was the quarter-of-an-hour for all the baptized ones.

B [Monday], the 8th We went and visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. They all welcomed us with tender love, especially David and Rebecca; they both were very affectionate. Sarah was well; her daughter Maria is still ill, yet at the same time quite full of light and in a happy state. We also met an Indian stranger here who promised us to come and visit Pachgatgoch. [No entry for the 9th]

C [Wednesday], the 10th During the morning occasion the watchword, Ihr seid alzu mal Kinder des lichts[,] dennes lammes Blut hält die Kleider rein,51 was talked about. Nothing feels more refreshing to us in our meetings than when there is a resonance for [the] blood and wounds. Sr. Gottliebe returned home from the seaside.

F [Thursday], the 11th and D [Friday], the 12th The occasions were conducted with those brethren and sisters who were at home. G [Saturday], the 13th Azariah Smith came from Salisbury with several letters from Br. A. Reincke in New York, as well as from Br. Führer in Rhinebeck, containing joyous tidings regarding the safe arrival of the Irine, and especially that of the 30 dear brethren and sisters of whom, however, no one was named other than our dear hearts [the] Böhlers; and [also] special news, which gladdened us very much. Owing to a hard rain we did not have a meeting in the evening. A [Sunday], the 14th In the morning we received through Br. Joshua, who had arrived from Sharon 439

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

late at night, a package of letters and Gemeinnachrichten from dear Brother Hehl, which refreshed our hearts in our loneliness. Afterward, the general meeting was held. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones, the greetings from A. Reincke, the brethren from New York, [and] from Bethlehem, p[p]., were passed on to the Indian brethren and sisters, as well as [the news of ] the arrival of the 30 brethren and sisters in [New] York, and in species [Latin: especially], dear Brother and Sister Böhler’s [arrival], at which they exclaimed Hó Hò52 and rejoiced, saying, We saw him [Böhler] in Shekomeko. They also were given hope that they would see a brother from Bethlehem at this place soon, at which they became hopeful that Communion, after which the majority greatly hungers, would once again be held then. Azariah Smith, who has been with us since yesterday, set out for home.

B [Monday], the 15th After the early meeting school with the children was resumed. They assembled nicely, and also were quite agreeable. Old Sr. Maria, Theodora, and Caritas went into the woods to make brooms and baskets so as to be able to buy blankets and other items that they need for winter.53

E [Tuesday], the 16th My wife visited the sisters while I was holding school. The best time to visit [them] is when the children are in school. The brethren and sisters are still busy breaking [off ] and bringing in Welsh corn.

C [Wednesday], the 17th and [Thursday], the 18th The occasions were held in due order. School was continued. This evening, all of the young people as well as several brethren had come together to strip off Welsh corn. I heard that it was proceeding with some levity, went to them, and greeted them, and looked at them. Then everyone immediately fell silent, and even afterward, no one could be heard talking. D [Friday], the 19th After the morning blessing I commenced school with the boys. Meanwhile my wife went visiting, and I went visiting afterward. For our noon meal we roasted 440

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

[a] turnip in ashes, for we had nothing with which we could cook it. In the afternoon a hare54 appeared in front of the door and we caught it. We accepted it as if it had been given to us by our dear Father, and cooked a fine evening meal from it. As we were eating, we were reminded of the quail[s] that the people of Israel ate in the wilderness [words crossed out].55 We refreshed ourselves with that and were grateful for it.

G [Saturday], the 20th I went on horseback to the mill with Welsh corn. I received an affectionate letterd from our dear Brother Frederic Otto, with news about several brethren and sisters who have left Bethlehem for their posts with blessing, [mentioning] especially the time of bliss in our dear Bethlehem, p[p]., in which we rejoice and partake. My wife was visited by several English women. In the evening the meeting took place as usual.

A [Sunday], the 21st During the general meeting the heart felt warm; the Savior was near us with His wounds. An English man was present. Everyone was atent [attentive], [the] brown [ones] and the English man. Afterward, there was the quarter-of-anhour for the children, and then the one for the baptized ones.

B [Monday], the 22nd After the morning occasion I commenced school with the boys; my wife called on the sisters. I went visiting that afternoon. The brethren and sisters are longing greatly to see a brother from Bethlehem. They have stayed home from the hunt for 14 days so as not to miss it [the arrival of a brother]. Jonathan had built 2 conue [canoes] in the woods; a white man took both from him, saying it was wood from his land. Now they have to carry their brooms and things down to the seaside on their backs.

E [Tuesday], the 23rd After the morning quarter-of-an-hour Joshua and Jeremias, and several others with them, went on horseback to New Milford to buy [gun] powder and other things. Those who stayed at home were busy working in their huts. 441

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

C [Wednesday], the 24th Brother Gideon said that he intended to go to New Milford today, and his wife and daughter Johanna to the seaside with brooms to buy blankets for themselves. Brother Martin came home with his wife Justina and [their] child. His child had been ill and that had prevented him from coming home sooner. [No entry for the 25th]

D [Friday] 26th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour I went with my wife to the winter huts. We talked with the brethren and sisters and asked them about their hearts. They were56 quite lively and very pleased that we were coming to visit them. We also talked with several unbaptized ones about whom we entertain fair hopes. G [Saturday], the 27th We sat in our housed and thought of our Sabbath’s hearts in Bethlehem a great deal. [We] also were at times on the lookout for a brother. The brown brethren and sisters were industrious and in good spirits; several who had been out in pursuit of food gathered at home.

A [Sunday], the 28th Baptized ones and unbaptized ones from the winter huts gathered. In addition, quite a number of English people came to attend the meeting as their minister is ill and unable to preach. Then the signal for the general meeting was given.

B [Monday], the 29th After the morning meeting we commenced school with the children. Several brethren went hunting nearby. We visited old Sister Erdmuth, who is feeling somewhat sickly, but is in quite a happy state at the same time.

E [Tuesday], the 30th and [Wednesday], the 31st The Indian brethren were on the lookout for a brother from Bethlehem. We continued holding school and visiting the brethren and sisters.

442

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

F [Thursday], November 1 Samuel and David, and others with them, went out hunting for several [word crossed out] weeks, about 40 miles [from here]. While bidding them farewell, we wished for them the close presence of our dear Savior and His wounds. Sr. Priscilla took 2 horse loads of brooms to Newtown. D [Friday], the 2nd I rode on horseback to the mill, about 10 miles from here. On my way back I visited sick Maria, Sarah’s daughter. She told me that she thought of the beloved Savior continually and was near Him with her heart. [No entry for the 3rd]

A [Sunday], the 4th In the morning, the Sisters Martha and her daughter Johanna, along with Sister Priscilla, came home in good spirits and full of light. Owing to yesterday’s rain and storm they had not been able to come home [sooner]. The meeting as well as the quarter-of-an-hours were conducted as usual. Sister Sarah petitioned us about the marriage of her son to Thamar and Petrus and Thamar’s daughter Anna. In response we told her we wished her son would give his heart to the Savior; that would be better for him. Otherwise she was in quite a happy state. In the evening Sister Thamar also came to us about the same matter. B [Monday], the 5th After the morning blessing Sr. Thamar came, saying that Sr. Sarah had brought a packet for her daughter, (and that were fine blankets), and now she had informed her daughter about it.57 She [Anna] had sent her [Thamar] to us; she [Anna] would do whatever we advised in this matter, and whatever pleased the Savior. We said that they should send the things back, and put it off [the decision] until a brother came from Bethlehem. Then we would inform her of the Savior’s and our mind concerning this matter. Br. Joshua and Jeremias took leave of us to go hunting, possibly for 2 months. It was now their best time for hunting; they could no longer wait for a brother. However, Joshua said that should

443

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

a brother come in the meantime, and we were able to let him know, he would come home at once. Also, he intended to send his son home on the 2nd Saturday. Everyone able to hunt left today. Of the brethren, Gideon, Simon, Martin, and Gottlieb, who is sickly, stayed home.

E [Tuesday], the 6th In the morning, we held our meeting with the brethren and sisters who are home, and continued with holding school and visiting. C [Wednesday], the 7th After the early quarter-of-an-hour Thamar and several other sisters went into the woods to work [in order] to buy some more blankets. We visited old Erdmuth. Her heart is well, but she is very weak with respect to her body. It could well be that she will fly home soon. F [Thursday], the 8th; D [Friday], the 9th The Savior manifested Himself during our meeting. [Lines crossed out] Minister Marsh of Kent came from New Milford and called on us as he was passing through. He said, Why had I not visited him even once while he was ill? He stayed with us for a good while and then he took a cordial leave. We had to promise him that we would visit him. Gideon had been his companion from New Milford. G [Saturday], the 10th In our minds we were frequently in Bethlehem, [and] were on the lookout for a brother again and again. A [Sunday], the 11th Toward noon the general meeting was held with blessing, afterward, the one for the baptized children. But because there were few brethren and sisters at home, no quarter-of-an-hour was conducted. B [Monday], the 12th Following the morning blessing we held school and went visiting. E [Tuesday], the 13th Several of the sisters readied themselves to go among the English people, for 444

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

they, the English, are holding their festival of thanksgiving this week. Yet, it was as if the Savior was against them, and in the end they were not able to get across the river and therefore returned home. Also, Mr. Mills, one of our neighbors, came wanting to invite us for giving thanks Thanksgiving. We declined with thanks, however. C [Wednesday], the 14th There are only a few brethren and sisters at home, thus there is just a meeting held in the mornings. But during these we feel particularly well. Today Br. Martin left on horseback with cans and other wooden utensils to sell.

F [Thursday], the 15th During the meeting in the morning the gratitude of mankind toward God was talked about, especially that of God’s children, and that they, in everything that they enjoyed, always returned to the Pünctgen,58 [namely,] that the beloved Savior, their Creator, had ransomed them with His blood. Afterward, a man from Kent, having dispatched his son to us, sent us friendly salutations and invited us to their thanksgiving. However, we had our thanks passed on and let them know [that] we were not going out today; indeed, we were quiet and sat in our housed. We visited our brethren and sisters who were at home and made them a present of a bit of cabbage, for which they were most grateful. That afternoon Gideon went to New Milford to take there hides that he had curried. D [Friday], the 16th I along with my wife went to the winter huts to visit sick Maria, Sr. Sarah’s daughter, and continued on some from there to buy some provisions. G [Saturday], the 17th We frequently remembered our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem; we observed the Sabbath in quietude. Gideon and Martin came home in good spirits. Jonathan and several unbaptized ones came home from hunting, bringing word that all of the brethren were well and, having shot one bear and 5 deer.

A [Sunday], the 18th There was the meeting toward noon, and after that the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones. In addition, several brethren and sisters were visited. 445

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

B [Monday], the 19th During the morning blessing the brown assembly, those absent as well as those present, was entrusted to the Savior’s care by means of a heartfelt prayer. After the boys’ school I left on horseback on account of outward business. On my way back I went visiting in the winter huts. Sick Maria told me that her heart felt quite well. E [Tuesday], the 20th Today old Sister Erdmuth again attended the meeting, the first time [since her illness]. After the meeting she came to our house to visit us. We continued to hold school and to visit the brethren and sisters. C [Wednesday], the 21st Martin, Gottlieb, and those who had returned home the previous Saturday went hunting. Hence, of the brethren, only Gideon and Brother Simon stayed at home. The older boys who usually attend school went with them [the hunters] as well. F [Thursday], the 22nd We felt quite well during the quarter-of-an-hour in the morning. Afterward, we held school. I visited old Brother Simon; asked him about his heart. He said that his heart felt well, and in my presence prayed to the dear Savior aloud. Told me that he was sometimes worried on account of his children.

D [Friday], the 23rd and [Saturday], the 24th I spent my time making [fire]wood. I and my wife, as well as the Indian brethren and sisters who were at home, felt blissful inside Jesus’ wounds. [Words crossed out] A [Sunday], the 25th Toward noon, when the signal was given, everyone who was at home gathered for the general meeting. After that we were paid a visit by several unbaptized Indians. Past noon the quarter-of-an-hours were conducted with blessing. B [Monday], the 26th Following the morning blessing I commenced school with the boys. Sister Erdmuth told my wife that her heart felt especially well and joyous today. She thought that someone from Bethlehem was must be on his way here. 446

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], the 27th The sisters and brethren who were at home attended the meeting[s] regularly. We visited Anna, Thamar and Petrus’s daughter, of whom we had heard that she was ill. We continued holding school. C [Wednesday], the 28th and F [Thursday] the 29th Nothing of note occurred. [The following entries are by Carl Gottfried Rundt]

D [Friday], the 30th We felt quite well during the morning quarter-of-an-hour. Today we prepared some Welsh corn to take to the mill. After a long and eager wait, our two dear brothers Abraham Büninger and Gottfried Rundt arrived here in the evening to our great joy and that of the Indian brethren and sisters. They brought us many heartfelt greetings from our dear and precious brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, likewise much joyous news. The Indian brethren and sisters who were at home came very shortly to welcome them most heartily. Soon after, several Indian brethren who had been hunting came home as well. They were well, and had shot 15 deer and 2 bears. G [Saturday], December 1 Br. Büninger conducted the early service, wherein he passed on to the Indian brethren and sisters of this place the greetings from the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Br. Sensemann took Welsh corn to the mill in Kent, and Br. Abraham Büninger and Rundt went to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, who were overjoyed to see once again brethren from Bethlehem at their place. Shortly before evening they did the same in Pachgatgoch, where the Indian brethren and sisters also were very glad about their visit. Br. Gideon and his Martha delighted in the letter that their daughter had written them, as well as in her being well in Bethlehem. Very late in the evening Br. Führer arrived here from Rhinebeck for a visit.

A [Sunday], the 2nd Br. Büninger delivered the sermon. Soon after we summoned old Br. Gideon, 447

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

and agreed with him to send Br. Samuel into the woods to the brethren who are still absent, who is to report to them that 2 brethren from Bethlehem are here, and that Communion will be held in Pachgatgoch next Sunday. Because we also learned that Sr. Theodora — who some weeks ago had gone into the woods several miles from here together with her own sister Maria — was very ill, it was agreed that Br. Christian, the son of Maria, is to visit them59 and leave from here tomorrow. Past noon, first the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children was held, and afterward, the one for the baptized brethren and sisters. In the evening Br. Rundt read from the Nachrichten [Gemeinnachrichten] that he had brought from Bethlehem, and which give us so much joy. He will continue with this every evening throughout this week.

B [Monday], the 3rd The early service having been held, Br. Sensemann went to the mill in Kent to bring his flour home. At the same time he visited Minister Marsh of that place, who for a long time, and on various occasions, had invited him to his [house]. He received him very cordially and courteously, yet Br. Sensemann did not stay with him long. In keeping with what was agreed upon yesterday, Br. Samuel went into the woods to the still absent Indian brethren, and Br. Christian to visit sick Sr. Theodora. Anna went into the woods with a horse to bring home her father, who had developed a bad foot on the way. Today Br. Büninger began making a sled for Br. Sensemann, to enable him to haul with it the firewood that he needed. Br. Führer helped him with it.

E [Tuesday], the 4th Br. Petrus came home. We spent the day together most joyfully, each one going about his business. Late in the evening all of the Indian brethren returned home from hunting. C [Wednesday], the 5th Br. Büninger conducted the early service, and afterward, together with Br. Rundt, welcomed the brethren who had come home. Br. Führer took a very affectionate leave of us and went back home.

448

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

F [Thursday], the 6th Shortly after the early service, which Br. Büninger conducted, the conference brethren and sisters came together, to whom dear Br. Mattheus’s [Hehl] letter in English was read. At the same time, they were informed that tomorrow and the day after tomorrow the communicants would be spoken with [in preparation for Communion]. Not long after, all of Pachgatgoch was greatly unsettled by a merchant from Woodbury, who appeared here along with several of our neighbors, and because he had several [and] on account of debt claims against several Indians, he went into their huts during the absence of the Indians, seizing their deer skins and paying himself with them. Indeed, he paid himself with Johannes and Leah’s 2 children for a debt that Johannes owed him, and immediately turned around and sold these 2 children to one of our neighbors.60 Because Leah did not want to yield her children right away, this affair produced here, for a full 3 days, indeed, well into the nights, a mob of people and many a disturbance. D [Friday], the 7th and G [Saturday], the 8th The speaking of the communicants [in preparation of Communion] proceeded thoroughly and with blessing. Those who were admitted to Communion this time felt quite poor in their hearts, and were very hungry and thirsty for Jesus’ body and blood. And the Holy Spirit reaffirmed His work and manifold motherly faithfulness even in those who stayed away this time. A [Sunday], the 9th Br. Abrah[am] Büninger, with grace and blessing, preached on Jn. 15.16, Ihr habt mich nicht erwählet, sondern ich habe euch erwählet.61 One of our neighbors also attended the meeting, along with his wife. Past noon, around 4 o’clock, there was a love feast for all of the baptized brethren and sisters and children; of the brethren and sisters there were 30 in number, and of the children 10. It was very weighty to them, for no love feast had been held here in a long time. In the course of it, the letter in English from Br. Mattheus [Hehl], that he had written to the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, was read by Br. Rundt to the

449

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

joy and satisfaction of all of the brethren and sisters. At 7 o’clock the communicants admitted this time gathered for the absolution. Immediately thereafter, we, together with 13 Indian brethren and sisters, had the inexpressibly blissful enjoyment of the holy body and blood of our dear Lord in the sacrament, and then we went to rest blissfully inside the wounds of our dear Savior.

B [Monday], the 10th During the early service we felt the close presence of our bloody martyred Lamb most powerfully. E [Tuesday], the 11th Br. Sensemann wrote several letters to the dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Because a considerable amount of snow began falling toward evening, Br. Büninger and Rundt scheduled their departure from here for tomorrow morning. Beforehand, they visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts and took a most affectionate leave of them. [The following entries are by Sensemann]

C [Wednesday], December 12, 1753 Brother Büninger delivered the morning blessing and took leave of the Indian brethren and sisters. He also visited Br. Joshua, directing him to the Savior as a sinner, which he accepted with love. Sensemann accompanied the 2 brethren across the field and then they bade one another an affectionate farewell. I also hauled some wood to the house with my horse. F [Thursday], the 13th Brother Gideon came home from New Milford. The people had told him that the above-mentioned English man had not been able, by fair means, to get the Indian [Johannes] to sell his children, hence he had tried it with romm [rum], and thus overcame him. The occasions were conducted in due order.

D [Friday], the 14th During the boys’ school my wife visited several sisters. Our communicants look quite full of light and revived, and we are gladdened by this. 450

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

G [Saturday], the 15th My wife and I were with the congregation in spirit. We felt a quiet Sabbath’s peace in our hearts. The Indian brethren and sisters were in their huts, blissful and in good spirits. A [Sunday], the 16th We felt well during the general meeting. Sr. Sarah told us about her husband Kihor, that he felt a great desire to be baptized; had been on his way to tell us this, but had grown timid and returned home without having achieved his objective. Now he was sad about it. There was a pleasant feeling of grace felt during the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones. B [Monday], the 17th During the morning blessing I was able to portray most feelingly Jesus’ loving heart to the brethren and sisters. Everyone was attentive and eager. Old Brother Simon told us that his ill son had sent him word requesting that he please come to him; he had something to discuss with him. The Indian brethren readied themselves to go hunting again. We reminded them to be sure not to forget the beloved Savior and the grace that they had enjoyed, but to continuously refresh and strengthen themselves with the wounds of the Savior.

E [Tuesday], the 18th After the early quarter-of-an-hour old Br. Simeon set out on his journey toward the seaside. We went visiting in several huts, finding the brethren and sisters well. C [Wednesday], the 19th and [Thursday], the 20th We visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. D [Friday], the 21st After the morning quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Gideon said that he intended to go to New Fairfield on account of outward business. G [Saturday], the 22nd Sr. Erdmuth came and said that a little daughterd had been born to Jonathan and Salome that night. I went visiting in the winter huts, yet some of the brethren 451

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

and sisters had left on account of outward business. Br. Gideon came home in a happy state, visiting us yet before evening. Br. Lucas returned home from hunting, having shot 2 deer.

A [Sunday], the 23rd At the general meeting there were English people and Germans present, along with the Indians. Sr. Sarah brought us word that Christian had returned home yesterday evening, having said that Sister Theodora had improved somewhat and that she wished that a couple of sisters would come and get her. Afterward, the quarter-of-an-hours took place in due order, wherein it was announced that holy Christmas was next Tuesday, given that it is neither known nor celebrated in this Jovernoman.62 B [Monday], the 24th Following the morning quarter-of-an-hour several sisters went into the woods to get wood for brooms, who also returned home today. Christian again went to Danbury to fetch his mother Maria and Theodora. In the evening we put ourselves in mind of the birth of our dear and precious Savior. I would have very much liked to have celebrated a small love feast with the brown brethren and sisters, but had nothing for it. My wife and I were frequently with the congregations in spirit, especially in Bethlehem, and felt the presence of our dear Jesusd in our midst. E [Tuesday], the 25th On the 1st day of Christmas the general meeting was held around noon. Today’s gospel was talked about and we felt a remarkable closeness of the Lambd. Afterward, a small love feast was held with the baptized children, and in the course of it, it was pointed out how our children in the congregation rejoiced at congregation the birth of the beloved Savior at this time. We also felt quite well during the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones; indeed everyone was full of light and well in good spirits.

C [Wednesday], the 26th We I visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. Rebecca and Caritas went to get sick Theodora and old Maria. 452

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

F [Thursday], the 27th Following the morning blessing my wife commenced school with the girls. Old Br. Simon came home in a happy state, yet had not met his son. D [Friday], the 28th I visited several brethren. Gottlieb told me how in his heart he had felt so very much like a poor sinner last night, and that he had felt so well at the same time; he had never before quite felt it that way. G [Saturday], the 29th The Indian brethren came home from hunting in good spirits.

A [Sunday], the 30th Br. Gideon came in the morning, saying that Sr. Priscilla and her daughter Salome, as well as Jonathan, had sent him to request baptism for their child. They had thought about it a great deal from the time it was born, and now it [the child] was ill and it seemed like it would go home. My wife visited it and found that it was fairly near its end. Thus the reply was sent to him [Jonathan] that it shall be baptized yet before the sermon. Brother Gideon right away summoned the sponsors and several brethren and sisters for this. We soon set out for Sr. Priscilla’s hut, and then the little sick heart was flooded with the blood from Jesus’ wounds and was named Priscilla. Afterward, several [brethren and sisters] came from the winter huts, at which time the general meeting was held, and in the afternoon, the quarter-of-an-hours. B [Monday], the 31st After the early quarter-of-an-hour the sould of little Priscilla, who was baptized yesterday, went to the Lambd. Hence preparations were made today for it [the child] to be buried tomorrow. During the meeting in the evening the brethren and sisters were reminded that today had been the last day of this year. Thus, each one shall examine his heart and beg the beloved Savior’s pardon for all of his trespasses this very evening, and let absolution be granted him, so that the new year could be begun with new grace and new blessing, p[p]. We felt quite well thereat. 453

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

E [Tuesday], January 1, 1754 The brethren and sisters having assembled, the meeting was conducted. Right after the meeting there was the burial of little Priscilla’s tabernacled. C [Wednesday], the 2nd Rebecca and Caritas came home. But because the snow that had fallen was so deep, they had been unable to get Theodora and her sister Maria through. Rebecca’s little A. Maria had fallen ill on the journey. I went on horseback to the mill in Sharon. Gideon and several Indian sisters also went that way with brooms and baskets to sell. I returned home fairly late in the evening. Thursday, the 3rd Br. David came and said that his Anna Maria would probably go home soon. Sister Martha, Thamar, and still others went with him to visit the sick child. The sisters who had gone out yesterday in pursuit of food returned home today in good spirits. D [Friday], the 4th Following the early quarter-of-an-hour I went to the winter huts to visit the sick child and the brethren and sisters. Learned even before reaching the huts that the sould of little A. Maria had already flown into the side wound hole of the Lambd. It had been one the children most dear to us. On Christmas Day, when the children had a small love feast, and my wife was holding her, she did not want to go from her, and that was the last time that she had been at it. 63 I also took the opportunity to speak with David and Rebecca about some things.

G [Saturday], the 5th We frequently remembered our Sabbath’s hearts in Bethlehem; were among them in spirit. A [Sunday], the 6th In the morning, Br. Gideon and Samuel came; we talked about the burial of little A. Maria’s tabernacled. Jeremias was sent down to help bring the body up.64 Everyone who was at home was present for the general meeting. The state of man before his conversion and following his conversion was talked about; the Savior was near us. Everyone was atent [attentive] in listening. Right after the 454

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

sermon the tabernacled of little A. Maria was taken to its chamberd. Things proceeded very orderly. Lucas and Philippus carried it [the body], and then everyone followed in pairs. German and Indian versesd were sung. Later on we were visited by several brethren and sisters, and then there was the quarter-of-anhour for the baptized ones, with blessing.

B [Monday], the 7th When visited, Br. Martin related how well he often felt while interpreting, and how vivid these matters were in his heart. He frequently appealed to the Savior that He may please make it this plain to all of the brethren and sisters, so that it is felt by them. He often went and visited the other brethren and sisters to see and hear whether they too felt so well in their hearts.

E [Tuesday], the 8th After school I visited several brethren in their huts. Sarah, David, and the whole family went to the justes [justice] in New Milford on account of Leah’s children, because the martschen [merchant] is attempting to get the other 2 [children] as well. We are just sorry for little Joseph, for if he falls into the white people’s hands, he too will be corrupted for life. Gideon also went to New Milford to see if he could effect something in regard to this matter.

C [Wednesday], the 9th After the early quarter-of-an-hour most of the Indian brethren set out to go hunting again. Samuel stayed at home because his little Timotheus was very ill. I went visiting in several huts. Everyone who was at home was in good spirits and full of light. F [Thursday], the 10th I visited Brother Martin. We carried on a blessed discourse with each other. He wanted me to tell him about something from the Bible, which I did.

D [Friday], the 11th and [Saturday], the 12th The meetings were held in due order. Each one of the brethren and sisters was blissful and in good spirits, going about his [or her] business. Old Sister Erdmuth is again somewhat sickly. Nonetheless, she had set out to come and visit us; said she had very much longed to see us. 455

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

A [Sunday], the 13th No one from the winter huts came for the meeting. The Indian brethren and sisters suspected that sick Maria was in a very bad state, which indeed turned out to be so. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour Sr. Sarah sent us word that her daughter was very ill and that it appeared that she would not [make] it much longer soon go home. Thus I set out at once, and nearly all of the Indian brethren and sisters with me. On arriving there I found her no longer able to talk, but she nonetheless was quite intelligible. When I asked her if her heart was with the Savior, she expressed it [the answer] through facial expression. I sang several versesd, and by means of a heartfelt prayer, entrusted her to the care of the beloved Savior’s pierced heart, and surrendered her into His bloody arms. All the while she never ceased looking at me. Afterward, I set out to return home along with several brethren and sisters; some stayed there that night. B [Monday], the 14th In the morning there was the quarter-of-an-hour. Afterward, we held school. Gideon and several brethren and sisters visited us in our house.

E [Tuesday], the 15th In the morning, following the morning blessing, they sent us word that Sarah’s daughter Maria had gone home. Br. Martin and Samuel went there and [word crossed out] made the coffin. Gideon was sent there by us to communicate that she shall be buried tomorrow. C [Wednesday], the 16th Toward noon the body was carried up from the winter huts. Thus, there was a signal given soon after, and everyone gathered in the church. Following a brief address the tabernacled of Sr. Maria was carried into her resting chamberd. Her father Kihor and mother Sarah came into our house for a while. As his daughter was going home, he had said he believed his sins were the reason that his daughter had lain ill for so long, and now had to die. He had long felt that he should give his heart to the Savior, but he did not do so, and this, he believed, was the reason [for her death]. 456

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

[No entry for the 17th]

D [Friday], the 18th I went to New Fairfield on account of our business. At the same time I visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. Several brethren are coming home from hunting, but had not shot anything.

G [Saturday], the 19th Everyone who had been out in pursuit of food gathered [at home] without exception. We put ourselves in mind of the Sabbath’s peace and blessing in the congregation, and partook of it. A [Sunday], the 20th The meetings were held as usual. We felt the nearness of the dear Savior. [Word crossed out] were visited in our house by several brethren and sisters, at which time we took the opportunity to talk with them about the state of their hearts.

B [Monday], the 21st [and] [Tuesday], the 22nd The meetings were held as usual. The brethren and sisters were busy working at home. C [Wednesday], the 23rd Four brethren set out on their journey to Danbury to carry sick Theodora to this place, for she greatly longs to be here with the brethren and sisters. F [Thursday], the 24th We visited the brethren and sisters at their work in their huts.

D [Friday], the 25th The 4 brethren brought Theodora, carried on 2 poles. They had a horse in front [and] they took turns carrying the ends. Her sister Maria and her brother, an unbaptized one, also came along. They were taken to Br. David’s [house] at the winter huts. G [Saturday], the 26th Old Maria came here, Rebecca along with her. My wife spoke with Sr. Rebecca; she felt quite well in her heart. 457

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

A [Sunday], the 27th After the general meeting Br. Gideon came and called us for the love feast that old Sr. Maria had prepared for all of the brethren and sisters in the house of her son Petrus. She said she was glad to be back among brethren and sisters, and out of gratitude to the brethren and sisters for bringing her and her sister here, she had prepared this love feast. Although she had no doubt been far away, her heart had nonetheless been here frequently. We sang German and Indian verses. Afterward, the quarter-of-an-hours were conducted with blessing. B [Monday], the 28th After the morning blessing Joshua set out with his family to work in the woods, and several others with them. We commenced held school with the children.

E [Tuesday], the 29th Several others set out for the same place where Joshua is, to work, to make brooms and baskets, for such wood is not readily available hereabouts.

C [Wednesday], the 30th After the early service Br. Martin told us that he intended to go out on horseback among the white people with wooden utensils to sell. We reminded him to diligently guard his heart so as not to suffer any harm among them, which he promised us. F [Thursday], the 31st The occasion and [the] visit were [conducted] in their usual order with the brethren and sisters who were at home. My wife visited Sr. Priscilla in her hut, asking [her] how her heart stood with the dear Savior. She said [that] she very much felt that she had a poor heart, but when she stayed near the Savior, her heart felt well. My wife reminded her that she was a widow, yet [that] the dear Savior intended to be her husband, p[p].

D [Friday], February 1, [1754] Brothers Martin and Lucas came home in good spirits. We were paid a visit in our house by Br. Samuel and other brethren and sisters. Also, everyone at home was full of light and in a happy state. 458

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

G [Saturday], the 2nd We remembered the Sabbath’s heartsd in our beloved Bethlehem, while feeling blissful and cheerful being among our brown assembly. Jeremias went with wooden items to New Milford and [returned] home in good spirits.

A [Sunday], the 3rd [It] was a very rainy day, yet old Sister Maria, 90 years of age, came up 3 miles in this heavy rain for the occasions. Old Sr. Erdmuth came to us; said her old tabernacle was very frail, but her heart was nonetheless well and in a happy state.

B [Monday], the 4th Following the morning blessing I brought some wood to this place with my horse. Afterward, I held school with the boys. I went visiting in several huts. [No entry for the 5th]

C [Wednesday], the 6th I and several Indian brethren took advantage of the snow that had fallen during the night and hauled wood down from the mountain for ourselves. My wife visited the sisters in their huts.

F [Thursday], the 7th and [Friday], the 8th School, as well as the occasions, took place in due order. The brethren and sisters all were in good spirits.

G [Saturday], the 9th Everyone who had gone out in pursuit of food this week gathered at home.

A [Sunday], the 10th The brethren and sisters from the winter huts having assembled here, the signal for the general meeting was given. Thus, everyone who was at home gathered for the meeting. Following the sermon, we were paid a visit by several sisters from the winter huts. We delighted in their well-being. Also, they said that they intended to go working in the woods for several weeks. The quarter-of-an459

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

hours afterward were conducted with grace and blessing. We felt exceptionally well today; we saw the same in the Indian brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 11th Following the morning blessing I had Samuel and Martin [come with me], who assisted me somewhat with matters outside. Next, I saw a brother approach the river. As I approached him, [I saw that] it was our dear Brother Rundt, who I brought across at once, welcoming him with tender love. Not only did the Indian brethren and sisters do the same, but all of the children rejoiced at his arrival. It was [due to] Br. Rundt’s heart being filled with love for them. He gave the children small presents, [and] embraced and kissed them. Sr. Sensemann was visited by an English woman. E [Tuesday], the 12th [Word crossed out] we informed Brothers Gideon and Samuel that A. Büninger, together with his wife, would come to us in a few weeks, and then [the] Sensemanns would go to Bethlehem. Br. Gideon requested that we please take him with us, for he very much would like to see the brethren in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. In the evening Br. Sensemann conducted the evening occasion, passing on to the Indian brethren and sisters the greetings from Bethlehem, which pleased them greatly. C [Wednesday], the 13th Several brethren and sisters came from the winter huts to welcome Brother Gottfried Rundt. They were very glad, and because they heard that [the] Büningers would arrive soon, and [that the] Sensemanns would return to Bethlehem, they wanted to wait another 2 weeks. Br. Rundt commenced school with the boys today. The children quite love him. It is a pleasure for them to go to school.

F [Thursday], the 14th and [Friday], the 15th The occasions were conducted with blessing; the other time was spent visiting the brethren and sisters and with outside work.

460

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

G [Saturday], the 16th We remembered the Sabbath in our dear Bethlehem. Were paid a visit in our house by several brethren. In the evening Br. Sensemann held the evening meeting. The Lambd was near us with His bloody wounds. A [Sunday], the 17th In the morning, Br. Joshua came from out of the woods to attend the meeting. He rejoiced at Br. Rundt’s arrival; received him most cordially. The occasions were conducted amid a close feeling of the wounds of the dear Savior. B [Monday], the 18th Br. Joshua set out to return to his people in the woods. There having been some snow, Sensemann and Rundt were industrious hauling wood. E [Tuesday], the 19th Br. Sensemann visited the brethren who were at home, asking some about their hearts, how they stood with the Savior.

C [Wednesday], the 20th Br. Sensemann visited the families that are working in the woods; found all of them full of light and in good spirits. They were happy about his visit [word crossed out]; said that they intended to come home Friday. The white people [there] bore them witness that they had conducted themselves agreeably. In the evening Br. Rundt conducted the occasion with blessing. Br. Sensemann came home late in the evening. Br. Rundt did not feel so well in his body, for which reason he took some medicine.

F [Thursday], the 21st Br. Rundt delivered the morning blessing; read some verses from John the Evangelist, which were translated into Indian by Br. Samuel. Br. Rundt was bled by Sensemann. Past noon I the 2 went together to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts; talked with baptized ones and unbaptized ones about the

461

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

state of their hearts. One unbaptized person said [that,] when I went to Bethlehem, I should assure the single sisters, among whom she had formerly lived for some time, that she intended to give her heart to the Savior. Her husband, who had applied for baptism several years ago, said the same — that it was still his intention to become the Savior’s.

D [Friday], the 22nd Following the morning blessing, Br. Gottlieb and Jeremias told us that they intended to go to New Milford to sell wooden items. Sister Johanna, and other brethren and sisters along with her, came home from out of the woods in good spirits. G [Saturday], the 23rd It was very quiet, as if everyone was observing the Sabbath. Joshua came home with his family toward evening, as did Jeremias from New Milford. After the evening occasion, Sister Elisabeth and several other sisters came to our house to visit us. School proceeded nicely in order this week, so that we delighted in it. The children also attend the meeting frequently. A [Sunday], the 24th Br. Sensemann held the general meeting. We felt quite well thereat. Br. Rundt [conducted] the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, entrusting the little heartsd to the care of the pierced heart of the Lambd by means of a heartfelt prayer. We were paid a visit in our house by several brethren and sisters. Toward evening the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized ones took place with blessing. B [Monday], the 25th Brother Petrus and Sr. Thamar told us that they intended to go working in the woods for several weeks, as it was too difficult for them to carry the wood to this place from so far away.

E [Tuesday], the 26th Because there was such fierce weather, everyone remained quietly in his hut d. The occasions were conducted as usual.

462

Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754

C [Wednesday], February65 27 The before-mentioned brethren and sisters set out for the woods; Jeremias [went] with them for several days. The remaining ones were visited by us in their huts. Br. Sensemann held the evening meeting; Br. Joshua interpreted.

463

Carl Gottfried Rundt 2 March to 14 May 1754

G [Saturday], Marti[us] 2, 17541 Right after having delivered the morning blessing, we made use of the snow that was falling so abundantly throughout the entire day, hauling home from the mountain the wood that we had prepared this week, continuing with this until toward evening. While we were still busy with this work, our dear Brother and Sister Abrah[am] Büninger arrived at our place, bringing us, to our great joy, many pleasant letters from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. They [the Büningers] were welcomed kindly and received with much love, first by us, and right afterward, by our Indian brethren and sisters, [and] likewise by all of the children. We spent this evening with a very joyous discours [discourse] and [with the] reading of our letters. A [Sunday], the 3rd We had the conference brethren and sisters assemble in the morning and passed on to them the greetings from the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, Gnadenhütten, and Meniolagomeka. Next, Br. Büninger reported somewhat on the blissful way of grace among our brethren and sisters, particularly at the last two places. Afterward, the letter of apology by Br. Jonathan of Gnadenhütten to the congregation was read to them.2 This impressed the brethren and sisters deeply, as one was able to tell. Lastly, Br. Sensemann announced the upcoming Holy Communion for next Sunday. Br. Abraham Büninger delivered the sermon on 1 Jn. 4.9. at the usual time, with blessing. An English man from our neighborhood was present for it. The baptized children’s quarter-of-an-hour took place in the afternoon, and immediately afterward, the meeting for the baptized brethren and sisters, wherein Br. Sensemann announced to them the heartfelt greetings from

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and their keeping of them in loving remembrance; [also] informed [them] of Brother and Sister Büninger’s staying here and Brother and Sister Sensemann’s replacement by them, and then made known [to them] the upcoming great day, or the Holy Communion to be held next Sunday. We were yet paid a brief visit by several Indian brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 4th Br. Büninger conducted the early service, and therein talked about the blissfulness and safe preservation that each poor sinner could experience each and every day, if he allowed himself to be led, step by step, by the pierced hand of the Savior. Immediately thereafter, Br. Büninger left on horseback to buy a couple of bushel[s] of flour for the upcoming love feast. While school for the boys was held, Br. Sensemann went visiting in several huts; after it [school] Br. Rundt did likewise. Old Sr. Maria reported that she intended to go to her sister Theodora for a couple of days. Br. Joshua did the same, who also went to Danbury for 2 days to sell some handiwork there. Br. Büninger returned home in the evening. Br. Sensemann conducted the evening occasion. E [Tuesday], the 5th The morning blessing having been delivered, Br. Sensemann and Büninger went to the winter huts to visit. There they found only 3 sisters at home. The brethren and sisters from the winter huts had sent a messenger to the brethren and sisters who are working in the woods, to call them home because of the upcoming Communion. Sr. Sensemann’s school had to be suspended today because all of the girls had gone out in today’s warm weather to collect birch sap.3 Old Sr. Erdmuth and Magdalena visited the Sr. Sensemann and Büninger.

C [Wednesday], the 6th During the morning blessing Br. Sensemann entrusted all of our Indian brethren and sisters, present and absent, to the care of the loving and pierced heart of the dear Savior by means of a heartfelt and childlike prayer. 465

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

Afterward, Br. Büninger went to the mill in Kent with some Welsh corn for our use. For some time now our Indian children have been attending the meeting[s] more frequently than before, and school is becoming more and more pleasant and important to them. Sr. Sensemann, whose habit it is to visit one of the Indian sisters almost every day during the boys’ school, was told during today’s visit with Sr. Elisabeth, Joshua’s wife, that an old Indian woman by the name of Maquaenwish, who has been living here for almost one year, had spoken with her about the state of her heart and had asked, among other things, whether a brother from Bethlehem would soon come here and baptize [Indians]. Br. Joshua returned home past noon, as did Br. Büninger soon after. During the evening meeting Br. Büninger spoke about the blissfulness of those who are poor in spirit.

F [Thursday], the 7th The snow that had fallen last night was of great service to us, as Br. Sensemann and Büninger were able to bring several sleds full of wood down from the mountain during schooltime. In the afternoon, Sr. Sensemann and Büninger went to visit the Indian sisters, who were overjoyed to also see the latter in their huts.

D [Friday], the 8th and [Saturday], the 9th Were in great part spent speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion], along with several preparations for the occasions that were to be held Sundays. Br. Joshua and his Elisabeth were spoken with thoroughly and in detail about the state of their hearts thus far. They recognized themselves to be sinnerlike. He, in particular, declared that he had been proud, and because of that had been led into all the rest. As it concerned the baptism of his child, they, and truly we as well, were in a dilemma. However, in the end it resulted in the Savior’s permitting the child’s baptism.4

466

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

A [Sunday], the 10th Br. Sensemann delivered the regular sermon, upon the conclusion of which the child of Brother and Sister Joshua was baptized by him into the death of Jesus and named Rosina. All of the children were present for this and sat on the benches in the front. Soon after, the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children took place. Around 4 o’clock there was the love feast for all of the baptized ones, 25 adults and 9 children. All of the brethren and sisters were very much in good spirits thereat, and Br. Sensemann and Büninger gave them many a beautiful account of our dear Indian brethren and sisters in Gnadenhütten and Meniolagomeka. In addition, Br. Sensemann announced his departure from here tomorrow. At 7 o’clock, following absolution, we, together with 17 Indian brethren and sisters, had the blissful enjoyment of the holy body and blood of Jesus Christ in the sacrament, and then everyone went to rest most blissfully in the soft bedd of our Lord’s holy side. On the whole, we enjoyed a very blessed day for our hearts today.

B [Monday], the 11th Br. Rundt delivered the morning blessing. Thereupon Brother and Sister Sensemann readied themselves for their departure, and many Indian brethren and sisters came to take leave of them once more. Pachgatgoch Diarium, from Mart[ius] 11 to May 14, 1754

B [Monday], the 11th5 Having bade Brother and Sister Sensemann a heartfelt farewell, we wished them a safe journey and had them set out on their road to Bethlehem in peace and with our love. Br. Büninger escorted them for several miles. We gave them various letters to take with them for our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. Br. Gideon reported that he intended to go to New Milford for a couple of days; Br. Martin went out as well.

467

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

E [Tuesday], the 12th While school for the boys was held, Br. Büninger went with his [wife] Martha to visit the brethren and sisters in all of the huts, finding them in good spirits. Our communicants of the day before yesterday especially had a way about them that was blissful and full of light. The old Indian woman Maquaenwish had complained to an Indian sister about Br. Sensemann’s departure, for she believed she needed to be baptized soon. She had been present the day before yesterday at the baptism of little Rosina, the daughterd of Brother and Sister Joshua. C [Wednesday], the 13th During the morning blessing Br. Büninger recommended, in a childlike prayer, all of our Indian brethren and sisters, present and absent, to the faithful and wounded heart of our Savior, for Him to bless, preserve, and care. Because we intend to put another roof on our house, Br. Büninger, during school time today, went into the woods on the mountain to choose and fell a couple of large trees from which the necessary shingles can be made. Past noon, Br. Gideon came home in good spirits, it. Br. Martin and Lucas. Sr. Büninger visited several sisters in the huts, and in turn was visited by a number of others. Following the evening occasion Br. Büninger requested the help of our Indian brethren in making the shingles tomorrow. They were very willing to do so. F [Thursday], the 14th Shortly after breakfast the brethren went about the aforesaid work and continued with it until the 6th hour in the afternoon. Meanwhile, food was prepared for them and the schools were held. The older boys and girls, along with several sisters, were industrious carrying the shingles to this place in the afternoon. The meal was eaten together in our meetinghouse in the evening. There were 36 persons in number, young and old. It was a delightful sight, and everyone was very much in good spirits thereat. During the meeting shortly thereafter, Br. Büninger spoke on Jn. 6.67, 68, Herr! Wo sollen wir hingehen6 p[p]., and then everyone retired blissfully. 468

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

D [Friday], the 15th Yesterday’s work was continued by the above-mentioned company, and we entertained them like we had yesterday, with Welsh corn, meat, and bread. During the evening meeting it was demonstrated [to the brethren and sisters] that God’s children were not known to the world and would remain so, and that it has not yet been revealed what we shall be when Christ, our life, manifests Himself. 1 Jn. 3.2, Col. 3.4. G [Saturday], the 16th Irrespective of all our external occupations, we observed with our hearts quite a joyous Sabbath near the wounds and grave of our precious Lambd. A separatist preacher from this area visited us and appeared to be very much inclined to discuss matters of religion with us, and to learn a great deal about the state of our Indian brethren and sisters here. However, he was dismissed as curtly and as well as it could be done, and [we] had him set out on his road. A [Sunday], the 17th During the sermon our Indian brethren and sisters were told about all of the stations of Jesus’ suffering, from the Mount of Olives to His death, and this wonderfully weighty matter was recommended to their hearts for their continuous meditation. The occasions for the baptized children and baptized brethren and sisters took place in the afternoon, as usual. Monday, the 18th After Br. Joshua had first inquired with us how soon a visit from Bethlehem could be expected here in Schaghticoke, he went with his entire family into the woods for several weeks, about 20 miles from here, to make canoes there. He and his wife have been in right good spirits and full of light since the last Communion and the baptism of their child. Br. Gideon went to the same area, item Petrus, Jonathan and his wife and Philippus with his wife. To commune with the Man of Suffering, and to stay close to His holy wounds, was much recommended to these brethren and sisters; Br. Joshua could occasionally hold a singing serviced for the brethren and sisters in the woods. 469

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

E [Tuesday], the 19th Br. Martin went out beyond Kent today, to work there; Jonathan and his wife went with him. The remaining brethren and sisters, who are still at home, were visited today. C [Wednesday], the 20th During our early occasion it was our passionate desire, as always, therefore, also especially today, to have the picture of our precious Savior’s martyrdom before our hearts and eyes. Sr. Thamar visited Sr. Büninger and testified to her how blissful and joyous at heart she felt near our Savior’s wounds, particularly since the last Communion. Following school hours Br. Büninger went with his Martha to visit the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. There they spoke especially with Leah, who henceforth intends to resume coming to the general occasions, which she has not attended for some time. Benigna with her husband, as well as David’s son with his wife, came home. At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, Sr. Magdalena was delivered of a daughterd. On learning about it, Sr. Büninger visited her and brought her something for her refreshment. F [Thursday], the 21st After the morning blessing, Sr. Magdalena was once again visited by Brother and Sister Büninger, and it was recommended to her to surrender and dedicate her newborn childd to the Savior, beginning with the first minutes of its life. In regard to her child’s baptism, she was put off until the arrival of a brother from Bethlehem. D [Friday], the 22nd Because of the snow that had fallen so abundantly, the early service was suspended, as had occurred with yesterday’s evening occasion. During the boys’ school, Brother and Sister Büninger went visiting in several huts. Sr. Priscilla went with some of her handiwork to [New] Milford to sell it there. Very late in the evening the minister of Kent, Mr. Marsh, visited us. He was 470

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

most amiable and courteous in his manner and very modest in his discours; asked about Br. Sensemann, and in the end, invited us to visit him in turn.

G [Saturday], the 23rd Given the beautiful weather today, Br. Büninger was busy choosing and felling the necessary building wood for our roof. As so many brethren and sisters had gone out, and several sisters here are feeling sickly, not many of our morning and evening meetings took place this week, but all the same with blessing.

A [Sunday], the 24th An Indian by birth, who understands English and is bound to someone in our neighborhood as serve [servant], was present during the sermon and listened eagerly. Afterward, he conferred with Br. Samuel and then with Br. Büninger. He desired to read something in English for his edification, and because there was nothing else, he received as a present from us the noted Pilgerbrief.7 He accepted it with pleasure and right away read in it for a while. Before long, toward evening, the unmarried Br. Lucas was spoken with and reminded to let his former grace and the cleansing from sin in the blood of Jesus that he had attained be weighty and great to him, and to stay very close to the Savior and His wounds every day so as to remain protected from evil. B [Monday], the 25th The early service having been conducted, Br. Büninger went out about 10 miles from here to buy some provisions for us, but returned home in due time. Br. Lucas went out as well, to make [a] canoe. Sr. Erdmuth and Caritas visited Sr. Büninger. The first one testified to the great desire she felt in her heart to taste and experience ever more of the power of the Savior’s blood and wounds. During the evening meeting the wonderfully great matter — that the maker of all creatures became one with our physical being inside the womb of a virgin — was recalled and entrusted to the care of the brethren and sisters. [No entry for the 26th] 471

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

C [Wednesday], the 27th During the early service we appealed to our beloved Savior for the intimate nearness of His blessed wounds also on this day. Upon its conclusion, Br. Büninger announced to the Indian brethren and sisters that there would be a meeting held in the winter huts this afternoon. During the boys’ school, Sr. Büninger went to visit the Indian sisters and found the few who are still at home all in right good spirits and well. Past noon, Br. Büninger at once went with his Martha to the winter huts, and there held the aforementioned meeting with much grace and to the joy of the Indian brethren and sisters. He took Br. Samuel with him to interpret. Yet all of the sisters from here who could possibly get away went to attend the meeting there as well. Br. Gottlieb went out with his son for a couple of days to build a canoe, and Lucas returned home. During the evening occasion witness was borne to our Savior’s faithful and merciful heart for poor sinners. F [Thursday], the 28th During the morning quarter-of-an-hour today’s watchword was spoken about some. Immediately thereafter Br. Rundt departed for Rhinebeck to visit our friends there. We sent with him many heartfelt greetings and a couple of letters for them; at the same time, we wrote to our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Br. Jeremias went into the woods to choose several trees for [making] canoes. Sr. Büninger visited Sr. Priscilla, who told her that her heart felt quite blissful and well to her, being near the Savior, yet she worried about her children. Br. Büninger communed with Br. Samuel in a heartfelt manner. The latter said that, since he was baptized, he has never felt in his heart as blissful as now. In the evening the words Ihr heißet mich Meister u. Herr, u. saget recht daran8 were talked about. D [Friday], the 29th Sr. Büninger was paid a visit by several Indian sisters. Lucia told her: Her heart was completely open toward the Savior, and toward her sisters just the same; she quite loved all of them. 472

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

Br. Gottlieb returned home with his son. In the evening, during the quarter-of-an-hour, today’s watchword was talked about. Our Lamb of God was in our midst.

G [Saturday], the 30th We observed a rather quiet [and] blissful Sabbath together. We visited all of the brethren and sisters who were at home. A traveling English man, a separatiste [separatist] who lives 50 miles from here, happened to call on us, inquiring about the way. He was very much surprised that we are able to live among the Indians, and he asked us where we came from. And when he was given the proper information, he acted as if confounded and said he had for many years felt the desire to see the Brethren and for that reason had often intended to go to Bethlehem. However, until dato [Latin: this date], he had never seen a brother. Now he was glad at this. Today’s text for our evening occasion read, Die Gnade unsers Hn. Jesu Xsti sey mit euch allen.9 A [Sunday], the 31st The Sunday occasions proceeded in their usual order. During the general meeting Heb. 10.14 was talked about. Sr. Magdalena was present as well. Because the minister of Kent was not home, up to 16 of his parishioners attended our meeting today. The Lambd was especially near us with His bloody wounds. The strangers also appeared to be content. B [Monday], April 1 During the early service today’s watchword was talked about. After school Sr. Büninger visited the Indian sisters. She found them well and going about their work industriously. Martha, Gideon’s wife, had learned that we did not have many provisions left, thus, she made us a present of beans. E [Tuesday], the 2nd During the morning blessing we recommended ourselves, and all of our brethren and sisters who are presently in the woods, to the providence, care, and preservation of our faithful shepherd. Br. Jeremias went into the woods to make a canoe. He was in quite a happy state. 473

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

Several Indian sisters who visited us testified that their hearts felt blissful and in right good spirits near the wounds of the Lamb. Mr. Marsh, the minist[er] of Kent, who with his wife traveled past our house, called on us. They both were amiable and offered to assist us in every way possible; also requested our visit most earnestly. When he was told that many of his parishioners had joined our meeting the previous Sunday, and that we did not approve of such [behavior] to be sure, he replied: as far as he was concerned, they could go ahead, he was not opposed to it. After all, everyone could go wherever he liked it best.

C [Wednesday], the 3rd During the early quarter-of-an-hour, today’s watchword was entrusted to the care of the Indian brethren and sisters. Past noon, Br. Büninger went with his Martha to the winter huts. There he conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the few persons who were still at home, and then they all were thoroughly spoken with about the state of their hearts. Our hearts felt very well during the evening occasion.

F [Thursday], the 4th Toward noon Br. Büninger went out to buy flour for us, and returned home in the evening. Br. Rundt came back from his visit to Rhinebeck. He had found our friends there well and in good health, and full of warm feelings for the Brethren. Before his departure he had conducted an occasion for them, and had entrusted to their care the surpassing worth of knowing Jesus Christ our Lord, the God on the cross. D [Friday], the 5th The schools proceed in good order every day, and the children show great desire to attend them. Several among them are very studious, joyfully learning their lessons when at home with their parents. Aside from the school lessons and the usual visits to the Indian brethren and sisters, we kept ourselves busy with garden work this week.

474

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

The 6th Am Sabbath waren wir stille, und thaten aus der Fülle des Lamms uns was zu gut: Es schmecken doch die Gaben die man sonst stets muß haben, am Sabbath sonderlich sehr gut.10 In the afternoon, all of our brethren and sisters who had been in the woods working together until now came home on the river all at once, with 11 new canoes, bringing with them a good deal of wood that they need for [making] brooms, p[p]. We went to meet them and welcomed them at the river. During the evening occasion we rejoiced with them at the merciful charge, care, and preservation of our faithful Savior, which we experience from Him every day or every hour. A [Sunday], the 7th In the morning we had the conference brethren and sisters assemble, and inquired with them about how things had gone among them and the remaining brethren and sisters since their absence. Thus, we learned to our great joy that our communicants had cheerfully lived side by side in peace, and had worked very diligently. At the same time we mentioned that this coming week was our Savior’s so-called Holy or Passion Week, and reminded our brethren and sisters to stay especially close to the Lord and to the wounds of our Lamb of God in hopes of partaking of a special bloody blessing from Him. The regular sermon was preached on Phil. 2.5–9. We were delighted to once again see before us all of our Indian brethren and sisters together. The other Sunday occasions took place as usual. Following those, Sr. Büninger still visited several Indian sisters.

B [Monday], the 8th The Indian brethren and sisters were industriously at work. Br. Samuel with his wife, it. Br. Martin with his wife, went out today to look for work. During the evening meeting I started reading the Passion story of our Lord

475

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

to the brethren and sisters, which is to be continued during this week’s evening occasions. E [Tuesday], the 9th Br. Gottlieb went out with his son to work for several days.

C [Wednesday], the 10th Br. Büninger and Rundt went to the winter huts. There a quarter-of-an-hour was conducted for the Indian brethren and sisters who were present. Old Theodora continues to be very ill. She was reminded to stay very close to the Savior’s bloody wounds in her miserable outward circumstances. [No entry for the 11th]

D [Friday], the 12th Br. Gottlieb came home with his son, bringing a new canoe for himself. In the evening Br. Samuel and Martha came home as well. In the course of the week Br. Büninger broke some new land next to our house, for our use. During the evening meeting we enjoyed quite a blissful serviced in consideration of today’s day of death of our Lamb of God. We celebrated His death and wounds in song, and in the end made a wish for us to be deep in the shrine that is His side. G [Saturday], the 13th During the early quarter-of-an-hour we especially remembered our Lord’s divine peace in His grave, imparting from Him to our hearts a special blessing for today’s great Sabbath. Our Indian brethren and sisters were visited regularly by us throughout the entire week. Thus there have been frequent opportunities to point out and praise to them our Savior’s loving heart. The schools proceeded as usual. During the evening meeting we quite exceptionally felt the nearness of our Love who had paled on the cross, and thereupon our limbs joyfully went [to] sleep in the earth with the Lambd.

A [Sunday], the 14th On Easter Day all of the baptized brethren and sisters gathered before sunrise. 476

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

The story of our Lord’s resurrection was read to them from Jn. 20, and then the opportunity was seized to speak, after the story of Thoma[s], about the blissfulness of those who believe in the Savior and love Him, although they do not see Him in person. Br. Büninger and Rundt afterward went to our burying place and there, at the graves of our Indian brethren and sisters who have died in our Savior, they appealed to our Lord for eternal fellowship with Him. We also thought very often of our beloved Bethlehem and our dear brethren and sisters there. The regular sermon was blessed, and attended by many. Thereupon an English man from our neighborhood, who had come to the sermon, asked for the wellknown Pilgerbrief, because he liked it so much, and [because it] was useful. Upon the whole, we enjoyed a very blessed day for our hearts today.

B [Monday], the 15th During the morning blessing it was our heartfelt desire to have our bloody God and Lord very close for the sake of our hearts, like Thomas. At the same time, part of the litany was read aloud and prayers were prayed. Br. Joshua and his wife went out, and Christian with his family arrived here in the evening. Br. Büninger right away had the opportunity to speak thoroughly with Christian. He admitted his transgressions, but nonetheless declared his loyalty for the brethren and sisters. Sr. Thamar also went out for several days. [No entry for the 16th]

C [Wednesday], the 17th Br. Büninger visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts with his Martha, and spoke with them about the state of their hearts. During the evening meeting the joyful approach to the throne of grace in time of distress was discussed, and then we went to retire inside the wounds of the Lamb. [No entry for the 18th]

D [Friday], the 19th Br. Joshua returned home well and in a happy state. During the evening occasion, abiding in the Savior, after Jn. 15.7. — as the surest means to remain preserved 477

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

from sin, [the] world, and from all of earth’s distress — was sincerely recommended to the Indian brethren and sisters.

G [Saturday], the 20th At the morning blessing all of our Indian brethren and sisters, present and absent, were entrusted to the care of the loving shepherd’s heart of the faithful Savior by means of a heartfelt prayer. As often as they were visited this week, the brethren and sisters were found altogether quiet, in good spirits, [and] going about their work most industriously. And we fenced in the newly broken pieced of land next to our house this week. When visiting the brethren and sisters toward evening, several of them were found sickly, especially Br. Gideon. We also learned that old Sr. Theodora in the winter huts was very weak. Tsherri, who had been absent from here for a while, came back home. A [Sunday], the 21st The sermon took place at the usual time. Soon after, Br. Büninger went to the winter huts with his Martha to visit old Theodora. They found her exceedingly weak, though she still recognized Brother and Sister Büninger. When asked if, in her heart, she presently felt well and blessed, she made it known with a clear yes. Afterward, several verses were sung to her, and her soul was recommended to the bloody hands of our Savior, for them to lead her home blissfully. While Brother and Sister Büninger had gone to the winter huts, the quarter-of-an-hour service[s] for the baptized brethren and sisters and the children were held. Right afterward, several Indian brethren and sisters also went to the winter huts to see old Theodora once more. Br. Gideon and several of the other brethren and sisters were visited by us before evening. B [Monday], the 22nd In the forenoon Br. Büninger again went to the winter huts, as he had business in that area anyway. On returning, he found that Sr. Theodora had already gone home. Thus, he at once made the necessary preparations for her burial tomorrow, and in an orderly fashion charged the Indian brethren with what the one or the other needed to do for this. 478

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

E [Tuesday], the 23rd Around noon the dead body was brought up from the winter huts. In the afternoon all of the Indian brethren and sisters gathered for the burial. First an address was given on Rev. 14.13, Selig sind die Todten, die in dem Herrn sterben.11 And then they all followed [the body] to the grave in their order.12 The body was lowered down accompanied by the words: O ihr Wunden Jesu! wo wir drinn begraben, wollt dis braune Hüttlein haben13 p[p]. Sr. Theodora, who has gone home, was a widow of 70 some years of age, having been baptized here in Pachgatgoch by Br. Nathanael [Seidel] a little more than a year ago. Since her baptism she has been a quiet and cheerful heart, though she has been sickly for some years, and has not attended the meeting for several months. Now she is in peace. Today Br. Gideon went out again today, and was likewise present for the burial. [No entry for the 24th]

F [Thursday], the 25th During the morning blessing we, for the benefit of our hearts, availed ourselves of the question our Savior asked Petrum [Peter] 3 times, Hastu mich lieb?14 Br. Joshua and Samuel went out today to do work for themselves.

D [Friday], the 26th Sr. Thamar returned home and was right away visited by Sr. Büninger, who found her in a happy state and blissful at heart. Br. Joshua and Samuel came home as well. These days we frequently thought of Bethlehem and of our dear brethren and sisters there, and were expecting a visit from there.

G [Saturday], the 27th During the morning blessing our dear Lord was entreated, by means of a childlike prayer, to pour the blessings from all of His holy wounds over all of our Indian brethren and sisters in general, and our brown assembly here in particular, and to grant them new powers of grace. When visiting the Indian brethren and sisters this week, they, at all times, were found most industrious and busy going about their outward work, so that one delighted in it, and in their hearts they felt blissful and well. 479

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

At the evening meeting the love with which He loved us until His death was pointed out to the brethren and sisters.

A [Sunday], the 28th The sermon was delivered with blessing on Jn. 10.14–16, on the one good shepherd who laid down his life for the sheep and now must, can, and will gather them from among all the nations. The meeting was attended by many. After the other occasions, Br. Büninger went with his Martha to visit the brethren and sisters in all of the huts.

B [Monday], the 29th Following the morning blessing, old Sr. Maria visited Sr. Büninger and informed her that she intended to move up from the winter huts this week to live here now, chiefly so that she would be able to attend the occasions every day. We were quite pleased to hear this. On many occasions the Indian brethren and sisters express their desire to soon see a brother from Bethlehem at their place. E [Tuesday], the 30th In the morning Br. Büninger left on horseback to buy flour and some other necessary provisions for us; he returned home in the evening in good time, and at the evening meeting spoke somewhat about our commonwealth and the homeland, which is above, and about how blissful and happy a person was once he sent his heart ahead to where he wishes to be for ever and ever. C [Wednesday], May 1 After the morning blessing Sr. Thamar reported that she and her husband would go out for several days with some handiwork [to sell]. Br. Büninger visited the Indian brethren and sisters in the winter huts in the afternoon, and his Martha all of the sisters at this place. During the evening meeting we reflected upon the Savior as the friend of the poor sinners, once they appear before Him in their misery and bow before His cross.

480

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

F [Thursday], the 2nd Shortly after the early service nearly all of the brethren went into the woods nearby to work, returning home with their finished work before the evening meeting. [No entry for the 3rd]

G [Saturday], the 4th During the morning blessing, the Savior was reflected upon as He who examines the thoughts of the heart and who brings to light that which occurs in obscurity. Throughout this week the visiting of the brethren and sisters, as well as the schools, were attended to as usual. And we have been industrious with our garden work. The Indian brethren and sisters have been working away most industriously throughout this week as well, especially since they intend to leave soon for the seaside with what they have made so as to sell it there. At midnight we were very much gladdened by the visit of our dear Br. Sensemann coming from Bethlehem. It afforded us some extraordinary joy to be entertained by him for sometime into the night with an account of a number of good tidings from the congregation and especially about the arrival in America of our precious Brothers Joseph [Spangenberg] and Nitschmann, and of so many other dear brethren and sisters. And then we again retired blissfully. A [Sunday], the 5th All of the Indian brethren and sisters and children, little by little, arrived here early to welcome Br. Sensemann, each one rejoicing at seeing him back here so soon. Then Br. Sensemann delighted us anew by handing out many a letter from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, Nazareth, etc. With these Brother and Sister Büninger received a quite painful message, of the blissful going home of their youngest child. Br. Sensemann later delivered the sermon at the usual time, and in the afternoon, following the quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized children, he also

481

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

conducted that for the baptized brethren and sisters wherein he reported the joyous news about the arrival of our dear brethren and sisters from Europe; the pleasant greetings from our precious Brothers Joseph and Nitschmann, as well as those from many other brethren and sisters; and, in general, the love of the congregation for them. They were overjoyed at this. Br. Gottlieb and his Magdalena came forward and applied for the baptism of their child, who is already more than 6 weeks old. Br. Sensemann promised this to them, yet the actus itself was postponed until next Sunday.

B [Monday], the 6th After the morning blessing, Br. Gideon informed us that he intended to go and visit the old Indian Sekes today, who is lying sick several miles from here. In the afternoon Br. Sensemann went with Br. Rundt to visit the few brethren and sisters who are still staying in the winter huts. During the evening meeting, which Br. Büninger conducted, the joy which the Savior imparts to His peoples’ hearts, and the resulting soft wind of love that blows there, was talked about somewhat, based on today’s text.

E [Tuesday], the 7th Br. Büninger departed from here for Rhinebeck even before daybreak, to bring up from there the one or other necessary item from those things that had been sent to us from New York. Also, Sr. Martha and old Erdmuth went to visit old Sekes, their kin. Several brethren went out, to [New] Milford. We had our land plowed today, and Br. Sensemann visited those brethren and sisters who were at home. During the evening meeting, which was conducted by Br. Rundt, we availed ourselves of the declaration of the apostle for the benefit of our heart: Ich hielte mich nicht dafür, daß ich etwas wuste unter euch als Jesum Xtum, u. zwar als gecreuzigt.15 C [Wednesday], the 8th Br. Sensemann delivered the morning blessing, recommending with a childlike prayer our brown assembly of this place to the beloved wounds of our Lamb of God — to bless, bleed on, keep holy, and to preserve until the blissful 482

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

accompaniment home. During the evening meeting he spoke on today’s beautiful text: Ihr seyd alle Brüder,16 p[p]. Br. Gideon returned home in the evening, and after him, also Br. Büninger from Rhinebeck. F [Thursday], the 9th Shortly after the morning blessing Br. Sensemann had the conference brethren and sisters assemble and announced to them that he had been sent here by the congregation primarily for that purpose, to see and learn whether the hearts of the brethren and sisters felt quite hungry and thirsty for the flesh and blood of our Savior, so that he could then hold holy Communion with them. They expressed a heartfelt and sinnerlike desire for it and right away named several other brethren and sisters who came to mind, and of whom they knew longed for it deeply. In the afternoon Br. Sensemann went with Br. Rundt to the winter huts, and at the meeting in the evening, Br. Büninger spoke on today’s text: Einer ist eurer Vater,17 p[p]. D [Friday], the 10th Only the communicants gathered for the morning blessing. Br. Sensemann informed them that the speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for holy Communion was going to take place, and he conducted a most blessed quarter-of-an-hour to that end. During the speaking itself, the brethren and sisters were found to be open-hearted and straight, and several among them expressed themselves in such an exceptional manner, and so full of feeling about the state of their hearts, their fellowship with the Savior, and [about] the love that they felt for Him and His wounds, that we delighted in it.

G [Saturday], the 11th Toward evening a couple of our dear friends from Rhinebeck came to pay us a visit, namely Christ[ian] Führer and Jacob Maul. We received them with much affection, and the Indian brethren and sisters and children also were immediately present to welcome them. A [Sunday], the 12th Br. Sensemann preached on Tit. 2.11, 12, Es ist erschienen die heilsame Gnade Gottes allen Menschen,18 p[p]. to a large gathering, with blessing, and right afterward, 483

Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754

Brother Gottlieb and Sister Magdalena’s daughterd was baptized into His death in the palpable presence of our martyred Lambd and named Martha. In the afternoon the love feast for all of the baptized brethren and sisters and children took place; of the former there were 32 in number, and of the latter 11. Everyone was in a most happy state thereat. At dusk our communicants assembled for the absolution. Blushing with shame like sinners, we knelt before our dear Lord and let ourselves be consecrated and absolved anew by His pierced, bloody hands. Shortly thereafter we, along with 18 brown brethren and sisters, partook of the blissful enjoyment of the body and blood of our Lord in the holy sacrament, at which time we tasted and felt more of the power of the dead body of our martyred Lamb and of His wounds’ juices than can be expressed. Our dear Führer and Jac[ob] Maul looked on. Then everyone retired blissfully inside Jesus’ wounds. B [Monday], the 13th After the morning blessing, our aforementioned two friends traveled back home to Rhinebeck with right cheerful hearts, although yesterday evening our dear Führer had tearfully expressed his desire to share in more community graces in communion with the Savior’s people. During school time Br. Sensemann bled many of our Indian brethren and sisters, and afterward, he went with Br. Rundt to the winter huts, where both took a heartfelt leave of the brethren and sisters there. Br. Rundt conducted the evening occasion. In the end he recommended himself to the heart and love of each of our Indian brethren and sisters, for he will depart with Br. Sensemann from here for Bethlehem early tomorrow.

E [Tuesday], the 14th Br. Sensemann still delivered the morning blessing, and then he, along with Br. Rundt, bade Brother and Sister Büninger, as well as all of our dear Indian brethren and sisters, a heartfelt and tender farewell, and with that, both departed from here in good spirits with the watchword: Sie gürtet ihre Lenden. Und so durch die Welt gerannt.19

484

No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario, 1747

No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario, from the month of June, 17471 [Item 1]2 Indian families who arrived in Bethlehem from Pachgatgoch on June 20/July 1, 1747 ___________________________________________________________________ 1. Lucas, Quawatschonit, (to lead a child by the hand) 2. Priscilla, Lucas’s wife, Amanariochqua or Apénmaù[,] means to unravel something, a loop or stocking. 3. Gantaachquà, Lucas’s daughter, about 14 years [old], means she passes through the house diagonally. 4. Papachgenõch (it is dark), Lucas’s son, 15 years old. 5. Quiminsquà (nearly red Welsh corn)[,] Lucas’s daughter, 11 years old. 6. Ajamõsqua, it is shooting into ears [of corn], ears are developing, Lucas’s daughter, 7 years old in August. 7. Atechtanoàh, Priscilla’s mother, 70 years old, soon ripe. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Andreas, As ha, to cut [pierce or stab], about 30 years old. 9. Lea, his wife (Urane˜squa, hen’s tail) [Sherman’s daughter]. 10. Utaramaüschà, (he walks), Andreas’s son, 7 years old. 11. Kahatsch, Andreas’s sond, 3 months old. ___________________________________________________________________ 12. Nangumáüch, he walks straight, Schermann.

No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario

13. Thamar, Ganapechtaù, his wife, they came together. 14. Me˜hsqua, T’quáhiü, insensible, as in a drunken state or illness, Shermann’s daughter, almost 11 years [old]. 15. Pechtaüsquà, daughterd of Josua in Pachgatgoch, 3 years old, to fold twice [Sherman’s granddaughter]. ω

ω

16. Abel, Uni achséchga en, he stands, (from the Highlands). 17. Gewastásqua, his wife, Sherman’s daughter. The heart thinks of many things, is distracted [Caritas]. 18. Gahatsch, his [Abel’s] boy, 5 years old [Gabriel]. 19. Quatschel, his girl, nearly 2 years old. 20. Martha, Tatapenóa, I can reach it with the hand, Gideon’s wife. 21. M’tachsansquà, nestling, last child, 20 years old, daughter of Martha. 22. Meschensquà, (feel ashamed), Gideon’s daughter, a widow, 26 years old [Johanna]. 23. Gunahapesquà (an ornament of white Seewand [sewant: wampum] to hang from the ear), the daughterd of the previous one, 8 years [old]. 24. Uttagghem, (soft), Simeon’s daughter, unmarried, 18 years old. 25. Maramap, Martha’s son, 14 years old, not ripe. 26. Wenemüà, the brother of Peneh’s wife, 14 years [old], he made him angry [böse]. [Page break] [Item 2]3 Simon’s daughter, wutakem, juicy Welsh corn, or milky corn — Benningna. and his son wanspachek, a glow by the water when it is dark — Paulus nasskaschak, black iron — Gottlieb massahaampéochquah, a sckunck[?],4 or blowing schell [shell] — Magdalena Gidion’s son, wanawahek, a deer with beautiful hair — Martin his wife quachscháwap, one who walks in and sits down at once — Justina 486

No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario

Gidion’s daughter, meschanschquah, a modest woman — Johanna the mother of Petrus and Christ[ian], apatanõme, one who tramples the corn, and it straightens itself right away — Maria nanakumãwocha, one who walks on and does not stop — Petrus pentawãm, one who walks in the elbow of a kreek [creek] — Christian Daughter of Petr[us] and Thamar — one who is nowhere at home, daughter kiwaaschãschquah — Caritas and her son Gabriel. wawãpam, an acquaintance, or, I know him — Gottlob nahpatschun, the mother of Jerem[ias] [and] Samuel, one who is poor and needs to be helped by others — Rachel. nooskælekah, one who steps twice on one spot, Samuel’s wife and the daughter of Petr[us] and Thamar — Lucia. tschanãtamsquah, that is, unknowing, or an ignorant person, Martha’s mother — Erdemuth. papachkenõcha, now dark — Lucas. The Wechquadnachs wanequakseet, very good Welsh corn — Elenora. Schauwabéam, one who is as weak as a small plant — Katherina. wonakawechk, sand — Lazara.

487

Christian Heinrich Rauch 17 June to 27 July 1754

Christian Heinrich [Rauch]’s Diarium of his visit to Pachgatgoch, 1754.1

B [Monday], June 17 I departed from Bethlehem for Pachgatgoch with my dear Anna [and] with the blessing of my beloved brethren and sisters. On taking leave, genuine pains of love passed through me. Today I traveled as far as Rockhill’s Mill.2 Along the way, at the Delaware [River], [I] met Br. David Nitschmann3 together with another brother whom I did not know. E [Tuesday], June 18 Today I had a rather blessed journey with my Anna. I frequently thought of my beloved and dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Past noon [I] came to Brunswick. I had planned on visiting my old K. Scheiler [Schuyler], but I found neither him nor her [Schuyler’s wife] at home. In their stead, however, I found Brother and Sister Reincke, from whom I learned so much as to decide to go another few miles today. Beforehand, however, I assisted Brother and Sister Reincke in expediting their departure from Brunswick to New York, and afterward, I still continued my journey and advanced for several more miles.

C [Wednesday], June 19 We had a good and safe journey as far as Jackiss Cattelgaw,4 by whom we were received with much love, staying with them overnight. We felt comfortable at his house. F [Thursday], June 20 We departed from Jakes’s [house]. He accompanied us for several miles. At noon I and my Anna came to New York, having traveled quite happily and blessedly.

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

Our brethren and sisters received us with love, and we found Br. Petrum [Peter Böhler] somewhat sickly. June 21, 22, 23, 24 In New York I visited all of my old acquaintances, and the Savior was with me, and I had an innermost sense of comfort going about the work. I was gladdened by most things, but also saddened by some.

E [Tuesday], June 25 I departed from New York with my Anna. On the way we visited Mr. Debaut. He and she [his wife] acted very amicably toward us. Moreover, something came over me today so that I took my road to Pachgatgoch by way of Rhinebeck. This evening I came to take up quarters with rather fine people. C [Wednesday], June 26 I came as far as the Highlands, where I found a Jew at the inn who immediately availed himself of my company, and [who] acted quite amicably and in a temperate manner. He assured me that he had every respect for the Brethren. F [Thursday], June 27 My Anna did not feel altogether well today, moreover, such heavy rains set in that I was unable to reach Rhinebeck, requiring me to stay overnight in a miserable house 10 miles from there [Rhinebeck]. It was certainly not unlike a murderers’ den, but the Savior comforted us by His nearness to our hearts. D [Friday], June 28 Today my host and his wild company were very humble; they were sensible of their ways. I remained stern toward them, and [I] visited Streit today, who was very glad to see me again. Afterward, [I visited] Zacharias Haber, and Jacob Maul, Christ. Führer, and Heinrich Martin. They were very happy to see me, Führer in particular. I remained the 29th and the 30th of June among these peopled, also because my Anna was somewhat indisposed.

B [Monday], July 1 I departed with my Anna from Rhinebeck; Christian Führer traveled with us. I revisited my dear old Shekomeko. Visited my old Johannes Rau Sr. He was very 489

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

happy to see me, and I stayed overnight with young Johannes Rau, who is living in our house.5 They rendered us a great deal of kindness.

E [Tuesday], July 2 I departed with my Anna and Christian Führer from Johannes Rau Jr. On the way to Pachgatgoch, visited Philip, Wilhelm, and Nicolaus Rau; we took our midday meal with the one mentioned last. They were quite pleased to see me. On leaving Rau’s we encountered rain and a bad road. My Anna’s horse stumbled, causing her to fall off. At that moment the dear helping spiritsd performed their office so faithfully that she did not suffer even the least bit of harm. In the afternoon we arrived at Pachgatgoch. Brother and Sister Büninger received us with much love. Those Indian brethren and sisters who were at home right away came running to welcome us. They were happy. We spent the remainder of the day in quite a loving manner. In the evening Br. Büninger conducted the quarter-of-an-hour. C [Wednesday], July 3 Br. Büninger delivered the morning blessing. Christian Führer stayed here until noon. I had a in-depth conference of the heart with him. He departed from here following the midday meal. I visited the winter huts with Br. Abraham Büninger, and had a conference with him [on] 1.) how the congregation was doing and how it was generally going in Pachgatgoch, 2.) how he was doing and how he was disposed toward the congregation, and 3.) how his wife was doing. The Savior was in our midst. He shed many tears in front of me and my heart was greatly stirred to love him very much. I also visited a sick sister today, Gideon’s daughter Johanna; she is longing to go home. Br. Büninger conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. Afterward, I gave him Joseph’s [Spangenberg] letter. F [Thursday], July 4 Br. Abraham Büninger delivered the morning blessing. Afterward, I had Joseph’s letter read to the conference by Br. Abraham. It having been read, I asked them if they had understood it well and taken it to heart. The response that I received to this question told me a great deal about the present situation at Pachgatgoch. I said no more and had the conference break up, and I hid myself alone in the woods to confer with the Savior, and so I spent the entire day 490

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

engaged in meditation. Also, 2 drunken Indians arrived here; they sang their drinking songs in plain Indian and then took off again. Br. Abraham conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

D [Friday], July 5 In the morning Br. Abraham delivered the morning blessing. The sick Sister Johanna, Gideon’s daughter, sent for our sisters, as she desired to speak with them about her heart. I had many a heartfelt discussion and conference with Brother and Sister Büninger. My heart felt well to me on that occasion. G [Saturday], July 6 Br. Büninger delivered the morning blessing today. Afterward, he went to the mill for some flour. He returned home in the evening, and our sisters had gone visiting today. I, however, remained in a state of blissful tranquility, and was in conference with the Savior about the circumstances in Pachgatgoch. Also, Br. Abraham conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. A [Sunday], July 7 Brother Abraham delivered the sermon today. I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants and testified to what the Savior saw as being important among them. In my heart I felt compelled to openly speak the truth. And one was able to notice about the brethren and sisters who were present that, in the close presence of the Savior, they felt something that penetrated [them] to the very marrow. In the evening Br. Joseph’s letter was read to all of the baptized ones. In the end, Gideon had to prophesy.6 Something extraordinary overcame him; the Savior wanted to have it this way. Drum bleibts warheit, Er kann alles waß Er will, im himmel und auf Erden, und durch Menschen wie Er sie Eben Nimmt.7 Later, an English man with his wife came to visit us. They would have liked to have learned from me much that was new.

B [Monday], July 8 At 1 o’clock I had the communicants assemble again, and spoke to them warmly and in depth, and declared to them the Jesus of those who are genuine. And this we had to stress with the Indians, as truly, and firmly, and surely, as we 491

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

were the man servants of the Lord Jesus. And he who in keeping with heathenish desire intended to live in every nastiness, allowed himself to be tormented by the devil, and chose the miserable life over the state of bliss inside Jesus’ wounds, trampled upon our beloved Savior and us as well. And such poor, ignorant children made our work among the Indians difficult with their insubordination. With sighing, and pained hearts, we would have to look at them and think: Ah! How greatly will this hurt our beloved Savior — the Indians who have cost Him His precious blood, for whose life and welfare He has hungered and thirsted for so long — He is given bile to eat and vinegar to drink, p[p]. Today’s watchword was, in the end, my text. I also informed them [the Indians] of the departure of Brother and Sister Büninger; [and of ] my and my Anna’s staying; the feelings of my brethren and sisters in Bethlehem for the Indians; [and] the mind of the beloved Jünger8 and his fellow laborers in Europe. I furthermore told them about Gnadenhütten, and about those who had moved to Wyoming, and that we had not sent them there, but that they had chosen this for themselves. And after this occasion Abraham Büninger left to still pay off some debts. He returned home in the evening. I conducted the quarter-of-anhour and afterward held an in-depth conference with Samuel about his being a servant among the assembly here, and at this opportunity, I came to speak with him about various matters. He became persuaded by several [of these], rendering him all soft in his heart.

E [Tuesday], July 9 In the morning, Brother Abraham delivered the morning blessing. Afterward, I went visiting with him and still had to confer with him about this and that. In the afternoon he departed from here with his wife, quite sinnerlike, soft, and melted. I accompanied them for a distance, and Br. Samuel went with them as far as Rhinebeck. This evening we were paid a visit by several Indian sisters. [I] conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for them in the evening. C [Wednesday], July 10 Two English women visited us; they had many questions. I went into the woods to get wood. They stayed until almost noon. Past noon still another one came to visit; she stayed until the evening. [I] conducted the quarter-of-an-hour this 492

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

morning and evening, and therein have demonstrated to them the loving heart Jesus. F [Thursday], July 11 [I] delivered the morning blessing. At the 10th hour a minister by the name of Mr. Schmit,9 having learned of my presence here, visited us; he acted very amicably and in a temperate manner. He wished me many 1000s of blessings among the Indians [and] that I may experience among them much joy in exchange for my faithfulness and industry. Afterward, he went to visit Mr. [Cyrus] Marsh. Br. Gideon came to visit me in the evening; he told me that the brethren intended to go in their sweat house10 this evening. Thus, I should please postpone suspend the quarter-of-an-hour for this evening. At midnight Br. Samuel returned home from Rhinebeck. He brought a letterd for me from Br. Büninger.

D [Friday], July 12 This morning [I] conducted the early service. Today I was greatly troubled by white people’s visits. Several among them were quite rude, and impudent, and forward, asking all sorts of things. I visited Martin today and had a heartfelt conversation with him. He also attended the quarter-of-an-hour this evening. He had made two crutches for himself today, for he had hungered so for the Savior’s word, having been unable to come in a long time. After the quarter-of-an-hour Petrus and his Thamar came to us. They had a longing to speak with us about their hearts. They were upright and sincere, and my heart was quite open toward them. They were with us for about 2 hours and parted from us quite heartily. G [Saturday], July 13 [I] conducted a quarter-of-an-hour this morning. I had only few [people in attendance]. I and my Anna went visiting today, and in the evening [I] conducted the quarter-of-an-hour. A [Sunday], July 14 [I] held the general meeting today with a warm heart; I had a rather large number of hearers and was not troubled with any visits from white people today. Also today, I conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the children, and in the evening for all of the baptized brethren and sisters. And I had an in-depth conversation of the heart with the conference brethren today. My wife also spoke 493

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

with several sisters today, who expressed themselves with sincerity and uprightness toward her. B [Monday], July 15 In the morning, [I] conducted a quarter-of-an-hour. I spoke quite openly with them [about] how much effort the Savior had expended with the Indians in Pachgatgoch for some years. I went into the woods today to procure some firewood. In the evening an English man came to me; he held a claim of a debt against Abraham Büninger. I satisfied him and afterward later delivered the evening blessing. E [Tuesday], July 16 [I] delivered the morning blessing and committed the poor torn hearts to the care of the faithful and loving Lambd. In the afternoon my dear old Michael11 arrived here as courier from Gnadenhütten. He was full of joy and love. He brought me letters from Joseph [Spangenberg], Martin [Mack], and [Johann Jacob] Schmick. He soon began to talk about Gnadenhütten and about his joyful and safe journey, and how close to his heart he had felt the Savior along the way. There were several Indians present who blushed with shame during his account. Among other things, he said that a böstern Mann12 had tried to entice him into drinking romm [rum], but the Savior in his heart had been stronger than the corruptor, and had preserved him. In the evening [I] conducted a blessed quarter-of-an-hour and warmly passed on the greetings that I had.

C [Wednesday], July 17 In the morning I delivered the morning blessing and later spoke with Samuel and Joshua, but especially spoke at great length with Gideon; my heart was quite open toward him. Moreover, he was particularly disposed to hearing me today. I also spoke extensively with Br. Michael, Martin, and Petrus today. Martin in particular became fairly soft over my discussion with him. In the evening [I] conducted a rather blessed and most special quarter-of-an-hour. My main theme was that I wished for them that the blood of Jesus may seize their hearts as hot as fire. Many a person sighed very deeply on this occasion. F [Thursday], July 18 In the morning, [I] delivered the morning blessing. My Anna and I went visiting today. Michael came to me today and told me how he was feeling here in 494

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

Pachgatgoch, who of the brethren he was feeling, and who appeared to him to be cold and dead. In the evening [I] conducted the quarter-of-an-hour. Afterward, I had another conversation with Br. Michael.

D [Friday], July 19 In the morning I delivered the morning blessing. Today one of our finest neighbors came to me, having much to ask. I answered his many questions with one reply, causing him to immediately look down and blush with shame, and with that he went his way. Gideon informed me today that he intended to travel to Gnadenhütten with Br. Michael. Today I also spoke with Samuel openly and in depth, who throughout it was feeling, and in the evening my dear Michael visited me again. My Anna went visiting today as well. Gottlieb and his wife and children went out today to earn something by means of the harvest, which began yesterday in this area, recommending themselves to our thoughts. [I] conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening. G [Saturday], July 20 In the morning, I delivered the morning blessing. Br. Michael visited us today and told us of his concern, [namely,] that he is finding so little love among the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch. My Anna and I also went visiting in the winter huts today, but we did not find much there that was pleasant, and returned home with sorrowful hearts. In the evening, [I] conducted the quarterof-an-hour.

A [Sunday], July 21 I had a meeting that was attended by many. I preached with quite a warm heart on the words [from] Acts 26, verse 18. Past noon I went visiting a bit, and toward evening [I] conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for all the baptized ones. On this occasion [I] spoke with emphasis on the words wer in Christo Jesu ist, der ist eine Neue Kreatur,13 p[p]. Following the quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Michael stayed on with us for a long time visiting. He wished that all the Indians of Pachgatgoch may recognize how well and blessed they could live near the wounds of Jesus. B [Monday], July 22 In the morning, [I] delivered the morning blessing. Afterward, Joshua came 495

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

to me and told me that he would go out today to help the white people with the harvest. I seized the opportunity to speak with him so as to affect his heart. We had many visitors today who did not have anything to tell us, however, except that they were going out. Thus Pachgatgoch came to be nearly vacant. After they all had departed, I wrote to Br. Joseph, Martin, and Schmick, as Brother Michael intends to leave from here tomorrow. I did not conduct a quarter-ofan-hour today, nor on Tuesday, the 23rd of July. Br. Gideon visited me, as well as Br. Michael, telling me that they both intended to leave today. I spoke with them with affection. But beforehand they went from hut to hut to say farewell. Afterward, Michael came to me once again and I supplied him with what he needed for his journey, and with that let him go in peace. He was full of joy and declared that being here had made his Gnadenhütten so much the more dear and important to him. Also, Martha, Erdmuth, Justina, [and] Thamar visited my Anna today. In addition, Mr. Mills came this evening to visit us.

C [Wednesday], July 24 My Anna visited several sisters who were yet at home. I too went visiting today and some came to visit us.

F [Thursday], July 25 I visited Martin. He and she both were quite affectionate and full of light. Several Indian women came to visit us today, among others one by the name of Hannah, whom an English preacher had baptized. She thought of herself as very holy and righteous. She told us how devout she was. She was not at all haughty, and had not laughed in 9 years. She was often full of sorrow over the Indians here. She has lived with them for only one year, as of yet she has [neither] seen nor heard anything good among them; we are quite deceived by these people [she said]. As long as they were at the meeting and at Communion they were good, yet once they got to be among the white people they were much more ungodly than they had been before. Our work was completely wasted on these wicked people. She also complained that she was seen by the Pachgatgoch Indians as mad and a witch. My wife issued her a sharp admonition, and with that she went back home. My Anna and I paid a visit to Samuel’s hut [where his] little Timotheus is very ill and from all appearances will go home. Furthermore, 496

Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754

3 drunk Indians arrived here toward evening; among them was one Schirÿ. They danced and created a horrible racket, causing everyone to flee from their houses. I felt completely secure, and was left alone this evening as well. They sang their drinking songs and at times cursed much like barbarians.

D [Friday], July 26 At daybreak Schirrÿ came to our door, calling me, [that] I should open the door — he needed to speak with me about his heart, he wanted to be baptized. I told him he should sleep himself sober first, then he should come back. Besides, I intended to sleep longer myself. [Yet] it was of no use; he threatened me [that] if I did not open the door for him, he would break it in two and strike me dead. I got up, got dressed, opened the door, and spoke with him sternly. He was very humble and paid [me] many compliments, telling me what the white people and also the Indians thought of me; moreover, telling me openly all of his most secret thoughts of the heart. Then he stumbled back into his house and soon after went out for more romm [rum]. He has made up his mind to drink for 14 days at a stretch. Today my Anna paid a visit to Johanna and to Samuel’s hut. It was there that she learned that Magdalene, Priscilla, and Benigna, as well as old Simon, had gotten very drunk at Sackett’s, and had carried on an absolutely abominable existence [there], having danced through an entire night. Moreover, Erdmuth came to our house and told us the same story, with many frightful gesticulations, and did so very faithfully. Oh, yes! Poor Pachgatgoch is a sad, deplorable place. I likewise received word on Sarah today, that she is drunk. I called on Martin and [took] my leave of him; he was affectionate. In addition, my Anna visited Samuel’s people. During the night Samuel came and informed me that his son was going to the Savior right at that moment. I got up and went there. Yet, in the course of the singing the little heart revived.

G [Saturday], July 27 In the morning, Br. Samuel visited me, telling me about his child, how sweet it was. At this opportunity I spoke with him with affection. My Anna visited Johanna, and thereafter I set out from Pachgatgoch, recommending to the Savior my Anna and the souls [here] for [His] protection and preservation.

497

Abraham Büninger and Christian Heinrich Rauch 25 July to 31 December 1754

Abraham Büninger’s Diarium, and Christian Heinrich’s, of Pachgatgoch.1 Thursday, July 25, [17]54 I arrived in Bethlehem from Pachgatgoch together with my wife. Brother Joseph [Spangenberg] and all of the brethren and sisters welcomed us with heartfelt love, charging me at once with returning to Pachgatgoch and resuming care of the Indian brethren and sisters. Brother Christian Heinrich [Rauch] and his dear Anna, who were there [in Pachgatgoch] caring for the Plan2 in the meantime, are to come to the synod, which is to be held in Gnadenhütten on August 6. And I was to stay there [in Pachgatgoch] until they or someone else would relieve me. To that end I left Bethlehem that very day and stayed overnight with the dear brethren in Christiansbrunn. The 26th I was delayed for a long time at the Delaware as no one would take me across, so that in the end I was forced to swim [across] the river. After that I also missed the right trail into the woods; thus, I did not get as far that day as I had thought I would. This caused me to arrive in Pachgatgoch almost one day later than I would have otherwise expected.3 The 27th I got back onto the right trail and traveled my road happily and with good courage. [No entry for the 28th]

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

The 29th I reached the North River but had to wait for several hours until I was able to get across. I stayed overnight at the river, on this side. The 30th I came as far as 4 miles from Pachgatgoch. Wednesday, July 31 I came to Pachgatgoch at an early hour. The watchword read: Sicher alleine,4 5th Book of Moses 33.28. Nun kan uns kein Feind schaden mehr.5 Thank God, I also experienced this on my journey. The dear Brother Christian Heinrich [Rauch] had already left for Bethlehem the previous Friday Sabbath. He had left his dear Anna behind to look after to keep an eye on the place and the Plan, also because most of the Indian brethren and sisters brethren were helping white people with the harvest, and the sisters [were] at home. Sr. Anna told me that on July 29 little Timotheus, Samuel and Lucia’s sond, had gone to the Savior, [and] that she, at the time, had sung to him several Indian versesd. He was buried on the 30[th]; Sr. Anna sang a number of Indian and German versesd at that time. See The child’s grandfather had to carry the child to the grave himself, as no baptized Indian brethren were at home. That day Martha6 visited Sr. Anna. She poured out to her her sorrow and hurt about Pachgatgoch, because the brethren and sisters were presently acting so badly. Martha said it has been going on like this for 5 years, [i.e.,] that they were all back to their old affairs. Gideon has been repeatedly wanting to remove his daughter Christina from the Single Sisters’ House.7 But she [Martha] did not desire to have her back here, and she wished that all of the brethren and sisters would tell her this, that her mother did not wish to have her back in Pachgatgoch. After little Timotheus had gone to the Savior, it occurred to Br. Samuel and Lucia that now they had the time and opportunity to go to Gnadenhütten for a visit and to visit the brethren there; [they] would also get there in time for the synodo. Br. Samuel told me his thoughts on this, and Lucia spoke with Sr.

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Anna. This pleased us and we helped them with the journey. At the same time we wrote to our dear brethren and sisters in Gnadenhütten. Thursday, August 1 They [Samuel and Lucia] set out on their journey.

D [Friday], the 2nd Most of the brethren and sisters returned home. Br. Joshua visited us; we spoke with him a great deal about their present circumstances. He was very impudent, however. G [Saturday], the 3rd Christian Führer from Rhinebeck visited us. Also, the remaining brethren and sisters came home. A [Sunday], the 4th I held only a general meeting for the brethren and sisters and spoke on the text. Next I visited the brethren in their huts.

B [Monday], the 5th Christian Führer went back to Rhinebeck. Old Erdmuth went to Newtown; Thamar also went out for several days. In the evening there was a quarter-ofan-hour. E [Tuesday], the 6th The morning blessing was at an early hour. Caritas and Gottliebe returned home. They had been to the seaside; from what we are hearing, they have conducted themselves poorly. In the evening there was no quarter-of-an-hour. C [Wednesday], the 7th During the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke about the blessedness that one may experience near Jesus’ wounds, if one stays close to Him. Sr. Anna visited the sisters who were at home. Agnes complained to her about her corrupted heart, saying that it was nearly dead.

F [Thursday], the 8th The morning blessing was at an early hour. I visited Br. Jeremias, asking him how he was. He said, I am in a bad state. I am growing worse by the day. I asked 500

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him if he did not think it was time to turn back to the Savior and to give Him his whole heart. He replied [that] it was high time for him. I spoke a great deal with him about this subject. I also visited Br. Martin. He said that his heart was well and happy. Also, Anna communed with Magdalena; she was straight and sincere. D [Friday], the 9th The morning blessing was at an early hour. Thamar, who had been away for several days, came home. I visited the brethren who were at home. Old Erdmuth, who had visited her cousin8 in Potatuck, came home; so did Martha.9

G [Saturday], the 9 10th Joshua returned home with his family. He had been in the woods building a cannue for himself. I visited him, spoke with him about his bad conduct up to now. However, he was not at all a sinner and laid the blame on others.10 But I told him, and demonstrated to him, the whole truth and the danger to which he was exposing himself. In the evening there was a quarter-of-an-hour. That day we thought of our brethren and sisters in Gnadenhütten a great deal, wishing to be there. Erd Martha came from the seaside[.] A [Sunday], the 11th During the general meeting [I] spoke on 1 Jn. 2, verse 15: Habt nicht Lieb die Welt,11 and so forth. Afterward, I called on Br. Martin and Jeremias. Sr. Anna visited Elisabeth and communed with her thoroughly. She was entirely straight and admitted [that] her heart was dead and had again fallen in love with sin. While it often occurred to her to return to the Savior, she saw that her heart was not willing to do so. She is truly hardened.

B [Monday], the 12th At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the daily covering12 that the dear Savior grants us and has us experience. Martha went to the seaside to bring back from there a sick Indian woman. The Indian woman lives here. I went to Gaylords, visiting Magdalena at the same time; she is very ill.13 Petrus left yesterday, so that no one knows where he went. He has resumed drinking and stealing. 501

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

E [Tuesday], the 13th We put ourselves in mind of the congregation’s memorial day.14 Sr. Anna was paid a visit by Justina, who spoke with her about her heart. Sr. Anna was very sorry that Justina has adopted so many things and expressions from the Presbyterians. The majority here are corrupted by that poison. C [Wednesday], the 14th [The] quarter-of-an-hour was at an early hour. Johanna, who had been ill for a long time, for the first time visited Sr. Anna in our house. F [Thursday], the 15th [The] quarter-of-an-hour was at an early hour. Menzero, an Indian from Potatuck, came here for a visit. I went to the mill, returning home in the evening. D [Friday], the 16th The morning blessing was at an early hour. Our Indian sisters told us that Magdalena, the wife of old Seyakes’s son, was so ill that she will soon go home. Sr. Anna at once resolved to visit her, 6 miles from here, for she is a soul who is one of us, and was baptized by the Brethren. And in former times, while she lived with the Single Sisters’ Choir in Bethlehem, she had joined the congregation for Holy Communion. Justina and Priscilla went with her to see her once more. Sr. Anna said that she had found her very weak and faint, but had been happy to see find her a sinner, and [that] she tearfully recognized her misery and bad circumstances that she had brought upon herself. Sr. Anna directed her as a poor sinner to the Savior and his bloody wounds, and returning that evening, as did the 2 Indian sisters. So ists war, Es läufft am abgemeßnen Ende, ihm doch alles in die hände.15 G [Saturday], the 17th Nothing special happened here. We were hoping to see Br. Christian [Rauch], but he did not yet come that day. Br. Joshua, along with his family, came from out of the woods where he had worked on his cannus this week. A [Sunday], the 18th During the general meeting I spoke on the watchword. The Savior was near 502

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me and strengthened me. Afterward, Sr. Anna visited the Indian sisters, and I [Büninger] the brethren.16 I [Rauch] arrived at Rhinebeck yesterday at noon. And because one is not permitted to travel here on [Sunday], and having experienced strong rains for the past 2 days, I stayed in Rhinebeck through Sunday and dried my things; and besides, [I] had the one or another business to attend to here.

B [Monday], August 19 I departed from Rhinebeck. Christian Führer accompanied me for several miles. In the evening I arrived at Pachgatgoch in good time. My Anna came to meet me partway; she was happy with all her heart to see me again. Abraham [Büninger] too was glad to see me again, and the Indians who were at home also came running right away to welcome me. Abr. B. has done things rather well, and my Anna is well satisfied with him.

E [Tuesday], August 20 Today I had my Anna and Br. Abrah[am] tell me how things had gone among the Indians during my absence. Hence, I got to hear many a sad piece of news concerning the deplorable circumstances here, so that I had a mind to suspend all of the occasions and to hold nothing but a public sermon on Sundays, and to conduct frequent house visits. Br. Gideon, and Samuel, along with his wife, arrived here today from Bethlehem, bringing me a letterd from my dear [Brother] Joseph. I soon went to visit them, and Abrah[am] and my did likewise. My Anna also visited Samuel’s wife. C [Wednesday], August 21 Today we again heard all sorts of sad stories. Gideon brought the entire place into a state of unrest over [the issue] that Andreas’s wife in Gnadenhütten was treating his daughter’s child so barbarically.17 Once she reportedly nearly beat him to death. Lucia, Samuel’s wife, furthermore reported [that] in Gnadenhütten people did not even deign to look at her; all of the sisters had been spoken with [in preparation] for Communion except her. However, as I knew just the opposite about this matter, I had her harshly admonished through her husband 503

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not to lie so shamelessly, for she had gotten involved in something in Gnadenhütten, through Lidia, and this I knew.

F [Thursday], August 22 Br. Abraham Büninger decided to leave from here for Bethlehem today. Beforehand he paid a visit to the huts and I wrote a letter to dear Br. Joseph. Then he left here in rather good spirits. I accompanied him for a distance and had the one or another heartfelt conversation with him. Later we were visited by several Indian brethren and sisters with whom I had the opportunity to speak in depth and with affection. D [Friday], August 23 I went visiting today, and I was visited in turn. Otherwise nothing happened.

G [Saturday], August 24 We were paid a visit by various Indian brethren and sisters, and the Savior made it so that I was welcome to speak to them convincingly about many a matter. I had visitors until very late into the night.

A [Sunday], August 25 This morning the captain of Cent Kent came to this place, ordering the Indians to help find a mad person today, who had escaped from them and is supposed to be somewhere hereabouts in the woods. Their order was very strict and sharp. Several [Indians] came and reported to me — they would have to go. My Anna said to Samuel, You poor brethren in Pachgatgoch. You boast so much of your freedom; one can tell [just] how free you are. Do not ever rail against the Gnadenhütten brethren again, else you sin [against them], for they are 1,000 times more free [than you]. They do not boast of it, but are [free] nonetheless. You [on the other hand] boast of freedom, and do not have it. He said, It is true, sister. I, however, told them, Be submissive to that authority which has power over you, and go.18 Then they went. Today I preached from the words on how the dear Savior cleansed 10 lepers and how 9 showed themselves to be so ungrateful toward Him.19 Br. Martin interpreted for me today. (At present I can no longer use Joshua for interpreting; he is an impudent, corrupting soul.) The Savior was right close to me, and my hearers, of whom there were only a few 504

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today, were quite broken and like sinners at this time. But I had opened my heart to them quite a bit to be sure, which caused Martin, my interpreter, to melt to tears, so much so that he was no longer able to speak, and then my meeting was over. During the remainder of the day all was very quiet. In the evening the brethren returned home from their compulsory service.20 Then the others told them what had come to pass today. Thus, I was right away visited by several [brethren] who came wanting to get something from me as well. Among other things, I thoroughly and at great length spoke with Samuel, who was quite soft and melted. B [Monday], August 26 Gideon visited me this morning; I kept him with me me to have breakfast at my place. He told me that today he, together with the brethren, intended to bring sick Magdalena to the winter huts; she was reportedly very ill. She believed [that] she would go to the Savior and was said to be longing so to go home here. I told him that I would be very pleased if he did this. I went to Mr. Mills on account of outside business. We also had many white people for visitors today. One of them was so bold as to want to direct me to capture the mad person with the help of the Indians and then to deliver [the person] to them. I said to him, Dear friend, I am presently the minister at this place and not the captain, and I thought you would know who the captain is. How am I to understand this, that you want to demand of me something of this nature which is not at all my affair? He went on his way and said not another word. In the evening Samuel paid me a visit and stayed with me for a long time.

E [Tuesday], August 27 Br. Jeremias visited me this morning and looked very much confused. I spoke with him a bit and did so quite affectionately. He was feeling so because of his faithlessness toward the Savior. Today I traveled to Nicolaus Rau to buy provisions for myself there. My Anna, along with several Indian sisters, visited sick Magdalena. She felt right comfortable with her. She [Anna Rauch] is said to be very soft, affectionate, and childlike, and quite edifying for everyone she visits. She preaches to many with her hot tears of a sinner. I came back home in the evening. Old Erdmuth visited us this evening and stayed with us for a long 505

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time. However, this woman is so rich and satiated, and at the same time so dead in her heart, that there is not much to be affected on her at this time.

C [Wednesday], August 28 We again received frequent visits from the Indian brethren and sisters, and I visited several in turn. White people again visited us as well.

F [Thursday], August 29 Thamar returned home today, but her husband Petrus did not. She at once visited my Anna and spoke with her in a very sisterly way about her heart. Several more sisters paid a visit to my Anna today, such as Johanna, Elisabeth, Justina, Lucia, Magdalena, Agnes, etc. My Anna also visited Benigna, that is, Priscilla’s daughter, and spoke with her thoroughly.

D [Friday], August 30 Br. Martin visited me today and spoke with me about his heart in quite a brotherly way. In addition, we received a visit of rank today. The minister of Kent, Mr. Marsh, and his wife, were here today, and a doctor,21 and Mrs. Mills, and another man. But they acted quite amicably, courteously, and in a very temperate manner, asking no questions and merely assuring us of their love and friendship. And we too acted right pleasant toward them. They stayed here with us almost until evening, paying visits to all of the Indian huts hereabouts, and when taking leave, warmly inviting my wife and me for a visit. Whether it would come to pass — I did not promise them. Br. Jeremias visited me in the evening, and my Anna called on Justina. I spoke with Jeremias right thoroughly and from the heart, reminding him of the way I knew him, 10 and 11 years ago.22 He wept hot tears, and my heart harbors great hopes for him that he will return to the arms of his good Shepherd. He hears, feels, and understands me quite well. He knows himself, and knows of all of his unfaithfulness; also, what he has lost as a result and what harm he has suffered. G [Saturday], August 31 Martin visited visited me this morning, thereafter Samuel, and after that Gideon, Erdmuth, and Elisabeth. The one mentioned last said to my wife [that] she had 506

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no words and could not find any that expressed her poor and miserable heart; she had lost much, [she said]. I and my Anna spoke with her very affectionately and in a straightforward way.

A [Sunday], September 1 Br. Martin visited me at an early hour. Today I preached with a great deal of palpable grace and affect on the Indian hearts. I dare say, something extraordinary overcame me today; I was as if inspired. Following the sermon all was very quiet. I and my Anna visited sick Magdalena in the winter huts; she is improving. She was quite friendly toward us. In the evening we were paid a visit by one or another of the brethren and sisters. During the night there was an alarming noise at our place, and on wanting to learn what it was about, [I found out that] it was a false mighty alarm about the war, and that the French Indians were making inroads, having struck dead and scalped23 4 people near Westenhook.24 B [Monday], September 2 There was much for me to do to console my people; they were in a complete state of fear and terror. I was visited by them quite frequently today. In the evening 2 English [people] from New Milford came to us. They had a good mind to enter into a disputation with me. They made use of all sorts of cunning tricks to get to me. I was short with them, however. They were 2 rather rude, brazen people. They thought for sure I was Pyrlaeus.25

E [Tuesday], September 3 I went visiting in the huts today, and my Anna did the same. I especially spoke a great deal with old Simon and Martin. Petrus also returned home today. Many wanted to go to the seaside today, but old Gideon issued them an order [so] that they had to stay. For some time he has been diligently preaching to them repentance. He went from hut to hut exhorting them.

C [Wednesday], September 4 Samuel visited us and so did Thamar. Samuel had a number of concerns about which he spoke with me. Old Erdmuth also visited us today. Also, the doctor and the minister from Kent came to visit me today. They acted exceedingly friendly 507

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toward me. My Anna visited the sisters at work today. They started making argritgens today. Also, several brethren came home in the evening. In addition, Zacharias Haber came from Rhinebeck to pay us a visit, bringing me a letterd from Führer, by which he informed me of Br. Leighton and his wife’s arrival in Rhinebeck.26 F [Thursday], September 5 Haber stayed with us today as well. Throughout the entire day we received many visits from Indian brethren and sisters. I also wrote a letterd to Hendrick van Vleck today, and had many a heartfelt conversation with Haber.

D [Friday], September 6 Old Zacharias Haber departed from here today. Br. Gideon called on me today. I also went visiting in several huts today. My Anna was paid a visit by several sisters. G [Saturday], September 7 Today we were visited by a number of Indian brethren and sisters. My Anna especially spoke a great deal with Elisabeth today, and I with Br. Martin and Jeremias. A [Sunday], September 8 I preached today, and the Savior was especially close to me, and my hearers were very attentive at this time. Moreover, it was so very quiet in Pachgatgoch today, as if there was not one human being here. Br. Martin came to visit me, with whom I had a right thorough and affectionate conversation. My heart was very open toward him. My Anna went visiting in the huts. B [Monday], September 9 Today 3 Indians, who for some time had been bear hunting near Shekomeko, came home. They had shot 4 bears and a number of deer.27 Also, several [Indians] went out today. Today the sisters were again busy making argritchens. We went visiting quite often today.

E [Tuesday], September 10 Old Gideon called on me today. He intended to hold a conference with the brethren and sisters this evening, on the issue of strict and good order, also 508

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with respect to the upbringing of children. Also, several sisters came to visit my Anna today. C [Wednesday], September 11 Gideon visited me this morning and spoke with me a great deal, and I with him. I told him of my concerns about a number of matters. Everything was quite clear to him. Also, several [Indians] came to us today, who reported that they intended to depart for the seaside today to sell their baskets and brooms there, etc. Gideon said he feared [that] they would probably do some hard drinking again. He admonished them very earnestly.

F [Thursday], September 12 Old Marie visited us today. And Br. Martin’s wife Justine was happily delivered today, giving birth to a young daughter. My Anna visited her a number of times today. I also went visiting in several huts today. D [Friday], September 13 A number of the Indian brethren and sisters visited us today. Thamar and her husband both went into the woods today. Mr. Mills called on us in the evening. My Anna visited Justina. Also, old Erdmuth paid us a lengthy visit today.

G [Saturday], September 14 I and my Anna went visiting today. Moreover, we longingly expected someone from Bethlehem. Martin and his Justina declared herself toward my Anna today, [that] it would be a great mercy to her [Justina] if I baptized her poor child.28 He, Martin, visited me today, but he did not discuss anything with me regarding the baptism of his child. A [Sunday], September 15 At a very early hour Br. Martin visited me and spoke to me, much like a sinner, about the baptism of his child. At this opportunity I spoke with him very openly, pointing out to him the sad examples that made it evident that the baptized children in Pachgatgoch were godlessly ruined by their parents and kin,29 yes, as if murdered with respect to their tender hearts, and dragged into every vice and abomination. For that reason I had scruples baptizing any children here at 509

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this place, and told him, at the same time, [that] I had only baptized one Indian child, Joshua’s, and this had occurred in Bethlehem. At the place of a congregation where God’s divine laws were observed, I would not have such great scruple[s]. However, he remained persistent in his request and his eyes filled with tears, and [he] emphatically declared that they both had promised their child to the Savior for His eternal possession, even before it was born. Thus, I encouraged him to wait for 8 more days, as I was expecting a brother from Bethlehem who may be coming here to stay. He should baptize his child for him, and I, from this day forward, intended to care for it as if it were my child. For it was indeed more appropriate for a brother who was staying here [to baptize the child], and [who] could also keep an eye on how the child was dealt with, than for me who was only here for a sojourn and visitation. Afterward, I preached, but I had few hearers. Yet the Lambd was right near me. The words on the offnen brunnen, wieder alle Sünden und Unrei[ni]gkeit p[p]. were my text.30 There was a pleasant feeling present during the meeting. After the sermon Joshua and his wife Elisabeth paid me a visit. No sooner had I begun speaking with her husband, an angel (so I believed) commanded her to leave. It was the right moment for me to point out to him his misery. At first he showed himself to be very hard, but the Savior granted me victory over him in that he said, with sadness, Brother, you have hit it right. I am just the way you say. I am an enemy of the Savior. I no longer love any brethren, you neither. I am in love with sin, and I love it so much that I do not seek help from the Savior. What I did to Br. Abr[aham] B[üninger] I regretted at once. It was too harsh, I must admit. But I was quite angry that day. My father-in-law, Petrus, had told me something about Abr. B. which had made me so angry [that] I could have hit him.31 Thereupon I [Rauch] pointed out to him the reason why Satan had so much power over him at present. I declared myself about this at length toward him. He took hold of me, also wanting to feel me. Then I fell about his neck, kissing him with sadness. In the name of Jesus, I promised him mercy as soon as he would be in need of it and could no longer stand being tormented in Satan’s murderous clutches. And I firmly insisted that he belonged to the Savior, and not to the devil. Afterward, I thought on and spoke about various matters with concerning the Savior, on account of this poor child and whoever is here of its kind. I regretted only one thing, that he [Joshua] is going to the seaside, and that cannot be changed. 510

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B [Monday], September 16 I cut firewood in the woods for myself and carried it home, for it is already quite bitterly cold here, and I spent the day with this. My Anna — she went visiting, that is true. A[nna] has been used by the Savior as his tracking dogd throughout this time in Pachgatgoch. E [Tuesday], September 17 Joshua visited me again and took leave of me so as to depart for the seaside right away. I told him what the Savior was dictating into my heart for him. He left agreeably; I kissed him with affection. But when he will come back — God knows. Afterward, many more [Indians] who are also traveling to the seaside in compangnie with Joshua came to take leave, and thus, poor Pachgatgoch grew entirely empty. Toward noon Br. Abr[aham] B[üninger] arrived here from Bethlehem, to our great joy. He was welcome to us most warmly, and then we were visited by the few Indians and children who were still at home, and we spent the remainder of the day together quite blissfully.

C [Wednesday], September 18 Br. Gideon and Simon and Samuel visited us. The first asked Abr. B. a number of things [about] what the brethren in Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem were doing, whether they were still so successful in their hunt, etc. Here, he [Gideon] continued, our Indians have no hunt other than the hunt for seider [cider] and romm [rum]. He was afraid that all of them would return home from the seaside in a wounded state. My Anna visited several sisters today. Petrus and Thamar also returned home. F [Thursday], September 19 Today Br. Abraham Büninger traveled to Potatuck for a visit. I had weighed it [the visit] in my mind between me and him; however, given the circumstances, it so happened that he went. My Anna went visiting today, and the Savior had accompanied her visit. She spoke quite openly with several [of the sisters]. I also spoke with Petrus very thoroughly and sharply today.

D [Friday], September 20 I and my Anna went visiting today. This evening Br. Abraham Büninger returned 511

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home from Potatuck. He had found the old man Maqua all alone at home, and had spoken with him at length. However, in the end, he, Maqua, had declared himself toward Abraham in brief and to the point. He did not like hearing about the Savior, for this reason: because he wanted to remain a true Indian and die as such. Kiery eleison [kyrie eleison]32 (a wretched candidate for baptism).

G [Saturday], September 21 Br. Martin visited us again today. He was affectionate. Br. Abrah[am] summoned several brethren and sisters for a conference that he is to hold with them this afternoon. I and my Anna went visiting in the winter huts, and Br. Abraham held the conference; the Savior laid His blessing on it. A [Sunday], the 22nd33 [No entries for the 22nd and 23rd] Diarium of the Indian brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, starting September 24, 1754.34

E [Tuesday], September 24 The dear hearts Christian Heinrich [Rauch] and his Anna departed from here to return to Bethlehem. They took a heartfelt and friendly leave of all the Indian brethren and sisters, recommending them to the Lambd and His bloody wounds. Br. Christian also gave me the necessary instructions as to how Pachgatgoch can most effectively be dealt with for now, for the [benefit of the] dear Savior. Thereupon we took an affectionate leave of one another. Because I was in need of provisions I rode on horseback to N[icolaus] Rau. Yet it got to be too late for me to get home that day.

C [Wednesday], the 25th The brethren and sisters who had been to the seaside came home.

F [Thursday], the 26th Br. Gideon and Samuel visited me. I had an affectionate conversation with 512

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them, expressing to them my heartfelt desire to see the brethren and sisters on a blessed course, that everyone may enter into a close fellowship with the dear Savior. Br. Gideon went to New Milford, and Samuel to Sharon. Friday, the 27th Br. Jeremias visited me; the dear Savior guided me into a beneficial conversation with him. He admitted the danger to which he has been exposed up until now. He said, Now I do not know how to help myself. I spoke with him affectionately and directed him to the dear Savior. I also visited Magdalena. She reported to me of her journey to the seaside.

G [Saturday], the 28th Br. Joshua visited me, telling me that he intended to visit Gnadenhütten as soon as he was able to get ready. He said his heart was always telling him that he was too much removed from the acquaintanceship with the brethren in Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem. I also went visiting in the winter huts. I was able to speak quite beautifully with sick Magdalena about the Savior and his wounds, and to make her aware of her present circumstances. Wenemo’s wife said, It often occurs to me that I belong to the Savior. She had also wanted to attend the sermon on Sunday, but her husband did not want to let her go.

A [Sunday], the 29th During the meeting I spoke on Heb. 10.22, 23, 24. My dear Savior was powerfully near me and strengthened me, enabling me to speak with a warm heart. Past noon I went visiting in several huts. My heart frequently thought of dear Bethlehem and the joy that the children will experience on the occasion of their angels’ festival.35 B [Monday], the 30th I again started holding school with the children in the order in which it was held before, that is, first with the boys and then with the girls.

E [Tuesday] 1 October The brethren went bear hunting. 513

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

C [Wednesday], the 2[nd] I went visiting in all of the huts. I happened to come at a favorable time. It was just as if the dear Savior had cleared the path before me, in the huts as well as in the hearts of the brethren and sisters. They all were openhearted and trusting, telling me how matters stood with them. Moreover, the dear Savior was exceptionally close to me, and granted me new grace from his bloody wounds with each one of them, enabling me to advise each one according to his situation. The account would be too long if I were to report everything in detail. In short, the dear Savior let me find open hearts. Also, the brethren came from bear hunting. F [Thursday], the 3rd Seeing that the children enjoy learning, I felt especially well holding school. I also think that it is the best opportunity to tell the children about the dear Savior. I also spoke with Petrus. He greatly lamented that some time ago he had started straying so very far from the dear Savior. I spoke with him thoroughly and with affection, telling him that it had saddened me deeply when I saw him running about at the reins of the wicked enemy. He promised me that he would amend his ways; I should forgive him for this. I directed him to the dear Savior, that he should stay near Him; He would be able to free him to be sure. The brethren again went hunting.

D [Friday], the 4[th] and G [Saturday], the 5th I had all that I could do to get some Indian corn ground. I had to go for 10 miles, because all of the mills around here are standing dry. The brethren came from hunting, having gotten 2 deer. A [Sunday], the 6[th] I spoke on the words: Wer mir nachfolgen will, der muß sich selbst verläugnen, Lk. 9.23.36 The Lambd was was powerfully near me and to those present. When speaking, my aim was to show why the beloved Savior enjoyed preference over all other matters and creatures, namely, because He died for us and shed His blood for us. And our little churchd was full of people; many unbaptized ones attended the meeting. Visiting, I sensed a right sinnerlike feeling with several 514

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

of the brethren and sisters. I also had the opportunity to speak with Christian. I did so thoroughly and with affection, just as I had been instructed to by Br. Chr. Heinrich [Rauch], for he [Rauch] did not get to speak with him himself.

B [Monday], the 7[th] The brethren went hunting.

E [Tuesday], the 8th Sick Magdalena came from the winter huts and once again visited the sisters here. The brethren returned from hunting, but had not gotten anything.

C [Wednesday], the 9th They again went hunting; got a bear. F [Thursday], the 10th Moses Woncopa¯sch’s wife was delivered of a young son in the winter huts. These are unbaptized people. I finished gathering my Indian corn. It is a bad year for Indian corn throughout New England. Brother Leighton came from Salisbury to visit me. He told me that the people there were very fearful of the Indians because 4 people recently had been murdered in Stockbridge,37 and it was not yet known whether [the] Fransche [French] or English Indians had done it. They sent us exprse [express] words from Sharon that no Indian from here should show his face in their township, and where it happened, given these times, they would shoot him.

D [Friday], the 11th Br. Leighton traveled back to Salisbury.

G [Saturday], the 12th I went to the winter huts. In several places the dear Savior granted me the opportunity to bear witness to Him. Gihur said he could not forget the brethren; he was constantly reminded of what he was hearing about the Savior. 515

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

Toward evening the wife of young Tam Torkis was delivered of a sond. It was very difficult for this poor woman. She was in labor for 3 days; all of the sisters here thought that she would have to die. But they got an English midwife; hence, the child was soon born.

A [Sunday], the 13th During the sermon I spoke on Eph. 4.15. Brother Joshua and Samuel visited me; we had a beneficial disc[o]urse during which I read to them extensively from the Bible. Visiting, I had in several places a favorable opportunity to speak of the Savior. B [Monday], the 14th The brethren went hunting on the mountain — got nothing.

E [Tuesday], the 15th The Indian brethren started bringing their Indian corn home. They all have very little, as it is a bad year and our fields are old and barren. The first land that they cultivated has been planted on for 17 consecutive years.38

C [Wednesday], the 16th Late at night 5 men came from Sharon and 3 from our neighborhood, among whom was Esq. Ensam [Ransom] of Kent. The reason for their coming was that the people in Sharon are in a state of fear because of the Indians, for several white people recently had been murdered in Stockbridge. The English suspect that the Indians in Stockbridge themselves did it.39 That is why they are in such great fear. These men said that about 10 days ago, at night, 2 Indians had been seen at the place where Wechquadnach had stood.40 Mr. Barns and another English man are said to have taken shots at them, wounding one.41 He [the Indian,] supposedly came here, died here, and last week we buried him, and were silent about it. Now they wanted to see if this was true or not. I told them that there was no truth to that entire story. Moreover, I assured them that our Indians here had no connection to Stockbridge, that no Indian from there had been here in 12 months. These men looked over all of the Indians that very evening. The brethren, for their part, were so very much relieved that they [the men] saw that there was no truth to this. 516

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

F [Thursday], the 17th Most of the aforesaid men returned today to gain even better satisfaction. Br. Joshua, Samuel, and Martin led them to the burial ground and showed them all of the graves so that they, on no account, shall have any more scruple [i.e., doubts]. They were completely satisfied and recognized this as a lie that was told about us. Next they demanded a list of all the Indians here, and because they carried orders from the magistat [magistrate] in Sharon,42 I made one for them.43 They then took a cordial leave, asking that we do not take it ill. We assured them that, as for our part, they had nothing bad to fear, but instead [could expect] goodness and kindness. D [Friday], the 18[th] The following brethren and sisters went to Potatuck to catch eels:44 Petrus, Thamar, Jeremias, Philippus, and Lucas. All of this fall they had also gotten many [eels] here [at Pachgatgoch]. I went to the winter huts but did not find anyone at home except Sarah. She very much mourned over her corrupted heart, that she kept straying from the Savior.

G [Saturday], the 19th The brethren helped Samuel place his house in a different spot, because the old one is standing too close to the public road for him.45 I frequently visited them at work. A [Sunday], October 20 At the general meeting I spoke on Mic. 7.7. The dear Savior was especially near to us; I felt indescribably well in my heart. Toward evening I had all the brethren and sisters assemble, pointing out to them the circumstances that have come to pass, making it clear to them how important it was during these times that they always report to the brother living here whenever they want to go out, as inquiries about them [the Indians] invariably are first made with the brethren; and if he [the Moravian brother] is unable to give satisfaction to the people, he is under suspicion along with the Indians. The matter was understood by all of them so that they have decided henceforth to report properly when they want to go somewhere.46 517

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

Visiting, I had a favorable opportunity to speak with Martin and Justina; likewise with Gottlieb, in our house. From the 21[st] until [the] 26th nothing special happened. The brethren and sisters who had gone to Potatuck came back, yet had gotten few eels. I visited the huts several times, and when there was the opportunity, talked about the Lambd and his wounds. I wanted to visit in the winter huts but learned that all of them [the Indians] had gone to New Milford. In addition, school proceeded in due order. A [Sunday], the 27th At the meeting I spoke on 2 Tim. 1.9. Our Lambd of God was with us. Past noon I visited the brethren and sisters. I have not felt this well during a visit in a long time. B [Monday], the 28th Joshua visited me, telling me that soon he will be ready for his visit to Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem. E [Tuesday], the 29th Joshua helped me bring in my hay.

C [Wednesday], the 30th I wrote to my dear brethren in Bethlehem, informing them of the circumstances at this place. F [Thursday], the 31st Joshua, together with his Elisabeth, his little Rosina, and [his] eldest son, departed from here for Bethlehem.

D [Friday], November 1 Jerry visited me; I spoke with him at length about the dear Savior. He indeed listens in a temperate manner to what he is being told. Br. Gideon called on me as well. He had a good number of things to tell me. The brethren left to go hunting. At present, they only go so far [as to ensure] that they can be back home in the evening.

G [Saturday], the 2nd I very much thought about the beloved Bethlehem, wishing for the blessing and 518

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

joy of my dear brethren and sisters, hoping that I would be visited soon and be given the pleasure of blessed news.

A [Sunday], the 3rd I felt exceptionally well and blessed during the meeting. My text was Eph. 4.15, 16. The dear Savior enlightened me quite beautifully and graciously about the subject matter. The rest of the time I spent visiting. Br. Martin told me about the old Woncabasch, that she reportedly said she hardly knew any more where she stood with respect to the old Indian ways; if what the Brethren were preaching was true, then she was entirely miß [amiss]. B [Monday], the 4th Christian went with his family to Woodbury; he intends to stay there for several weeks. Br. Jeremias visited me; I had a heartfelt conversation with him. Tuesday, the 5th Lucas, Jerry, Wittly, and several other young people went hunting across the North River. Br. Gideon visited me, telling me his worries about Pachgatgoch. It is true, the enemy is busy in all sorts of ways, obstructing the dear Savior’s work of grace. Martin and Justina visited me. They are a couple of rather dear hearts who are cleaving to the Savior with body and soul. Samuel went to Sharon.

C [Wednesday], the 6th The brethren and everyone who is able to hunt went hunting. Should difficulties arise, they intend to build cannous.47 The 7th and 8th I chinked the cracks in my housed with clay.

G [Saturday], the 9th The brethren returned from hunting but had not gotten anything. Also, Samuel came from Sharon. 519

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

A [Sunday], the 10th During the meeting [I] spoke on Phil. 1.6. The dear Savior was powerfully near us. Mr. Paine, a neighbor, visited me; that was a hindrance to my visiting [the brethren and sisters]. B [Monday], the 11th Jeremias and Gottlieb went into the woods to build a cannoue. I again did some chinking on my housed. E [Tuesday], the 12th Martin, Priscilla, and her daughter Salome went to New Milford. I went to Mr. Mills on account of business. C [Wednesday], the 13th It was the day of Genneral Thanks Giving in [the] Connecticut goverment. As is always customary, most [of the Indians] went out into the neighborhood since they are always presented with food and drink by the English on that day. That morning Benigna, the wife of Philippus, was delivered of a young daughter. I used this day for the benefit of my heart; paid homage to my faithful Chief Elder anew, to remain true to Him as long as I shall live.48 F [Thursday], the 14th Several [Indians] returned home. The rest came on the 15th and 16th. The Thanksgiving had caused that no school could be held this week. [No entries for the 15th and 16th]

A [Sunday], the 17th During the meeting I intended to speak on 1 Tim. 1.15., but was right away prevented from doing so by the screaming of the children, so that I soon had to close [the meeting]. Visiting, I noticed that the brethren and sisters are greatly longing for someone to come from Bethlehem soon.

B [Monday], the 18th It was a very stormy day, making it impossible for me to hold school. The rainstorm washed all my chinking down the exterior of my housed. 520

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

Thamar visited me toward evening, telling me how she had fared until now, that she had strayed with her heart from the Savior. I directed her back to the Savior and his bloody wounds.

E [Tuesday], the 19th The brethren went hunting. I held school.

C [Wednesday], the 20th I went visiting in several huts. I thought especially often of dear Bethlehem and my dear wife. F [Thursday], the 21st Several brethren and sisters went out into the neighborhood and came home on the Sabbath, the 23[rd], as did the brethren who had been hunting nearby. I observed a rather blessed Sabbath.

A [Sunday], the 24th During the meeting I spoke on Col. 1.13, 14. The dear Savior was especially near me. Visiting, I was able to speak with several brethren very much from the heart. B [Monday], the 25th I again held school. Br. Samuel visited me in the evening; the dear Savior with His bloody wounds was no doubt powerfully near both of us. E [Tuesday], the 26[th] Br. Gideon went to New Milford, Samuel and his brother Jeremias into the woods to build a cannuoe. C [Wednesday], the 27th Br. Martin went to the mill for me as I did not have the time myself. Gideon came home. F [Thursday], the 28th Thamaseed, the son of Sim[on], and another Indian stranger came from the seaside. 521

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

[No entry for the 29th]

G [Saturday], the 30th Because I have not been feeling well for several days, and have been unable to do anything, I brought in some wood today. However, Jeremias and Samuel took pity on me, and each one brought me a sled full.

A [Sunday], December 1 At the meeting I spoke about the Sunday’s Epistle. In the afternoon I visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. Jeremias and Martin called on me in the evening. They had me read to them from the Bible. The dear Savior was with us.

B [Monday], the 2nd Esqr. Ensam [Ransom] of Kent sent me, through Br. Samuel, his law book for several days. The ordinance that the Assamble [Assembly] passed concerning the Indians is indeed a commendable ordinance. If only it would be adhered to, then the Indian brethren and sisters would be well able to provide for themselves before the Savior. Upon the request of the brethren I read to them this acte [act], as well as the one concerning Sunday observance.49 [No entry for the 3rd]

C [Wednesday], the 4th Several brethren visited me. We enjoyed a blessed discurs together, which they will not forget for some time, I hope. F [Thursday], the 5[th] Samuel, Philippus, Makwa, Simon’s sons, and also an Indian stranger went hunting 20 miles from here. The Gen. Assamble [General Assembly] created bounds where the Indians are at present permitted to hunt. [No entry for the 6th]

G [Saturday], the 7th A white man with his wife called on me, requesting that I please give them something to eat. And fortunately I had [food], making it possible for me to give them some. Last Wednesday a justus [justice] lodged with me, having been overtaken by the night; to him I was unable to give anything. 522

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

A [Sunday], the 8th During the meeting I spoke on the common Epistle, Rom. 15. The dear Savior was near us. And anyone who could possibly come attended the meeting. During the remainder of the day I went visiting in the huts. B [Monday], the 9th I held school and set myself up for cutting firewood.

E [Tuesday], the 10th Brother Martin visited me. He spoke with me a great deal about his heart. He said, Brother, I do not know what will become of me. I often sense my heart to be so ill-mannered and stuborn, that it is not as gntle [gentle] as that of a head of cattle. Then he said, If a man who owns a horse that is very wild can get the horse to take salt from his hand just once, it will always come back to him for more. Now, I feel my heart is not like that toward the dear Savior. He keeps holding out to me the hand with His grace. I once before have taken grace from that hand, yet my heart wants to keep running from Him, and I frequently run from Him when He puts the hand bearing His grace in front of me. This is how dumb we Indians are, he said, that we do not have as much sense as the beast, [for] it right away comes running when it sees salt on the hand. But we are so proud that we resist taking the grace from the hand of the dear Savior. That is when I invariably recall the words of the Savior that I have once heard: It is easier for a cammel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich, that is, proud person to come to the Savior and take grace from Him. He declared himself in this manner for a good while. I spoke with him a great deal on that occasion. C [Wednesday], the 11[th] Priscilla and Caritas went to Sharon to sell baskets. F [Thursday], the 12th Nathan Gaylord of New Milford visited me. He is our good friend and a kind man who loves the Savior. [No entry for the 13th] 523

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

G [Saturday], the 14th To my greatest joy Br. Post and Ludwig Hübner arrived from Bethlehem, bringing me the spirit and the peace of my dear brethren. My heart rejoiced indescribably over the loving remembrance in which my dear brethren keep me and all the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, for they sent us dear Br. Ludwig Hübner that he may stay with me this wint[er]. Our Indian brethren and sisters were most heartily delighted to see their old Achamawant.50 [Page break] Pachgatgoch Diarium.51

A [Sunday] 15 During the general meeting I spoke about the common Epistle, Rom. 13. The dear Savior was powerfully near us with His bloody wounds. Next I, together with Br. Achamawant, visited several Indian brethren and sisters. We had a favorable opportunity to remind the brethren and sisters of their initial time of grace. I hope it was a blessing for the dear hearts; several acknowledged this with tears. B [Monday], the 16th We celebrated a blessed love feast with all of the baptized brethren and sisters. At this time Br. Achamwant passed on the heartfelt greetings that he was bearing from the beloved Jünger [Zinzendorf ], and Johannes [von Watteville], and from other dear brethren and sisters in Europe, as well as the warm greetings from the dear hearts in Bethlehem. All of the brethren and sisters showed themselves grateful for the loving remembrance in which their dear brethren and the entire congregation kept them. Moreover, Brother Achamawant expressed his joy and pleasure at seeing his old familiar friends52 and all of the brethren and sisters together. We conversed a great deal about our Lambd of God, about His sufferings, and the claim that He has to each heart, as well as about the close fellowship that we may enjoy with Him as sinners. Late in the evening Samuel [and] Philippus, along with several unbaptized ones, came from hunting.

E [Tuesday], December 17 After school I, together with Brother Achamawant, visited the brethren and 524

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

sisters in the winter huts. The dear Savior Himself made for the opportunity that we could speak with each one separately about his heart, and the brethren and sisters were open-hearted. Leah wept silently and bemoaned [that] because she was such a great sinner, she believed that she could no longer go among her brethren and sisters. We affectionately directed her to the Lambd and His bloody wounds. At the same time Br. Achamawant took leave of the brethren and sisters. They sent with him many heartfelt greetings for the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten.

C [Wednesday], the 18th We were paid a great many visits by our Indian brethren. Toward evening I went with Achamwant to visit Mr. Mills and she [his wife], as they have very much requested this of us, and are old acquaintances of Achamwant. They acted exceedingly joyful and courteous. We had also an opportunity to say a good wordd about our Lambd of God.

F [Thursday], the 19th We were busy writing lettersd to our beloved brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and Achamawant prepared himself for his return journey. D [Friday], the 20th He [Post] bade us and all of the Indian brethren and sisters a heartfelt farewell. We sent with him many greetings and kisses for our dear brethren and sisters. [Br.] Abr[aham] accompanied him to Nicolaus Rau, and they stayed with him that night.53 G [Saturday], the 21st We took a heartfelt leave of each other and set out to continue attending to our calling. Abr[aham] returned to Pachgatgoch in good time. I observed the first Sabbath here with my dear Ludwig [Hübner]. A [Sunday], the 22nd During the general meeting I spoke on Phil. 4.6, 7. Our Lamb of God was powerfully near us. Following the sermon all of the baptized brethren and sisters 525

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

reassembled in the hall where our dear Brother Nathanael’s [Seidel] letter was read to them. All of the brethren and sisters were delighted and encouraged by their brethren and sisters in Bethlehem keeping them in loving remembrance. Moreover, I informed them of the forthcoming Christmas celebration, and in what way we intended to celebrate it for [the benefit of ] our hearts, so that it may be a blessing for us all. Br. Jeremias visited us in the evening. He is in a blessed state at present; may the dear Savior preserve him in it.

B [Monday], the 23rd School was resumed. Christian returned with his family from out of the woods. In the evening the dear Savior delighted us with the visit of Br. Martin. E [Tuesday], the 24th In the evening the dear Savior provided us with a most heartfelt joy through the visit of several brethren and sisters whom we told a great deal about our Jesusd, that He came into the flesh for our sake. It was a blessed conversation, giving us comfort and joy. I and dear Brother Ludwig observed a most blessed night watch together.54 C [Wednesday], the 25th To our delight, all of the unbaptized ones and baptized ones assembled in our halld on Christmas. The dear Savior was powerfully near us and had us feel His loving heart. First we sang a number of Christmas versesd in English. Afterward, I read to them the story of our Savior’s coming into the flesh, from Luke, chapter 2. Next, I spoke with a warm and feeling heart of His great love for us poor sinners. This meeting having ended, all of the children, 30 in number, assembled. I also told them something about their Jesusd, and that He was a childd born for them. They were very attent [attentive]. I promised them to again conduct a quarter-of-an-hour every Sunday hereafter. Afterward, we had many visits from the brethren and sisters, at which time we pointed out to them the importance of this day. In the evening, to our great delight and to that of all of the brethren and sisters, our dear heart Martin [Mack] arrived, and with him our Br. Jonathan from Gnadenhütten. He brought us many heartfelt greetings and kisses from our dear brethren and sisters.

526

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

F [Thursday], the 26th All of the brethren and sisters came and welcomed their dear Martin, and were happy to see him here once again. Afterward, he visited them in their huts. Also, Br. Lucas came from hunting, likewise Br. Joshua and Elisabeth from his [their] visit to Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. I hope the visit will be a true blessing for them. D [Friday], the 27th We began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion]. Br. Martin [Mack] at once informed them of the reason for his coming and why his dear brethren sent him here, namely, to see and hear what our dear Indian brethren and sisters are doing and in what state they are. To our delight we found that the brethren and sisters were openhearted and straightforward, telling us about their hearts and minds under the present circumstances. At the same time we saw various traces of grace of the faithfulness and love of our Lambd for our dear brethren and sisters, also that He seeks to bring all onto the right track. G [Saturday], the 28th We were busy all day long speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion]. We were again able to see clearly the dear Savior’s work of grace. Anna, Petrus’s daughter, Sarah’s son’s wife, was delivered of a young sond. A [Sunday], the 29th Dear Br. Martin preached with much blessing and grace on the words of the dear Savior: Ich bin der Weg die Wahrheit und das Leben.55 Our little halld was as full as it could be with people, all of whom were very attent. After the sermon Br. Martin also conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the children, during which we felt the nearness of the Lambd as well. We then went on to visit several brethren and sisters in their huts.

B [Monday], the 30th We again spoke with several brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion], yet were unable to finish with all of them as some had gone out into the

527

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

neighborhood. Past noon we hauled home wood for ourselves because it was icy. Jeremias and Samuel visited us in the evening.

E [Tuesday], the 31st In the forenoon we spoke with several more brethren and sisters who openly told us about their hearts and minds, how they felt, and how they had fared until now. They all recognized themselves to be poor sinners who frequently have done wrong. We touched them with our love and directed them to the bloody wounds of Jesus, the fountains of grace for poor sinners. Because we would like to celebrate a love feast and a small night watch at the closing of this year, we sent Br. Christian, who had volunteered to do this, down to the winter huts to inform the brethren and sisters to that end. Past noon we prepared for the love feast. In the evening, at nightfall, all of the baptized brethren and sisters gathered. Our dear Brother Martin gave a brief but blessed address, at the same time informing them the brethren and sisters that we intended to celebrate a love feast and a small night watch. The brethren and sisters assembled around 10 o’clock. We opened by singing a number of German and Indian verses. At the love feast, many useful matters were discoursed upon. For example, we reminded the brethren and sisters of their baptisms and the grace that the dear Savior bestowed upon them back then; moreover, that we are brethren because we partook of His blood, [and] that we are no longer to look upon one another as foreigners or strangers, but as brother[s]. On this occasion, we also put ourselves in mind of all our brethren and sisters, here and in Europe, and wherever else we are dispersed in this world. Next we asked them if they indeed knew how many brethren had visited them over time. They were able to name all of them from the beginning. Then the circumstances that had come to pass in the course of the past year were recalled and committed to the care of the brethren and sisters. We found many reasons to lay ourselves at the feet of the Lambd. Afterward, Brother Martin gave a blessed address during which he described, [in a manner] quite lively and with feeling, the Lambd with his bloody wounds,56 praising to everyone his loving heart. Then we all fell on our knees, and Br. 528

Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754

Martin beseeched our God and Lamb for absolution and the forgiveness of all [our] previous faults and trespasses, that He may wash away everything with His blood and take us into the new year as pardoned poor sinners, enabling us to serve Him with all our hearts and all our souls. Then we again sang a number of Indian and German versesd and again happily laid ourselves down to sleep inside the bloody wounds of the Lambd.

529

Abraham Büninger and Carl Gottfried Rundt 1 January to 7 December 1755

Pachgatgoch Diarium1 Wednesday, January 1, 1755 After the brethren and sisters came up from the winter huts, a general meeting took place. Brother Martin [Mack] spoke on Jn. 12.46, on blissfully walking in the light and near our Lambd of God and His bloody wounds. Afterward, Abraham [Büninger] and Martin visited a sick child in Gideon’s hut who has been ill throughout the entire autumn with paralysis of the nerves,2 [so] that she is now completely lame on one side. Amid all of her pains she told us how she felt in her heart. She said, I entreat the Pachtamawos at all times that He may wash my heart with His blood. I am a poor child, I feel my heart, yet I often grow impatient. I am unable to help myself; the Pachtamawoos must help me.3 Please entreat the Savior that He may soon help me and wash me with His blood. Br. Martin told her about the Savior’s wounds, that He died for her4 and shed His blood for her, [and] that the Savior wanted to take her to be His child. For this she thanked Br. Martin and asked that we think of her always. That day we had observed a particularly blessed way about our brethren and sisters, full of light; many visited us and demonstrated that they were quite blessed. In the evening we had a separate meeting with all of the baptized, for we wanted to hear their thoughts about their circumstances up until now, especially because the quarter-of-an-hour services in the morning and in the evening had been discontinued. They all declared that they regretted that it had turned out this way, [and they] wished that the Savior would show mercy on them and let them hear His words as before. Br. Martin informed them of the congregation’s heart and mind [regarding this matter]. Also promised them that

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

the quarter[-of-an-hour services] in the morning shall be reinstituted, which caused a great deal of joy among all of the brethren and sisters.

F [Thursday], the 2nd Brother Martin conducted the early quarter-of-an-hour for us on the versed Bless this Day Lord and Savior[,] etc. Afterward, Martin and Abraham went to the winter huts and there visited the brethren and sisters.5 The dear Savior was with us. We had a favorable opportunity to bear witness to His blood and wounds. Br. Martin conducted the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening.

D [Friday], the 3rd Abraham delivered the morning blessing. Br. Martin visited the brethren and sisters. Abraham went to our neighbor Mills to buy some Welsh corn. G [Saturday], the 4th We observed a rather blessed Sabbath together, which we white brethren concluded with a small love feast. We also wrote lettersd to our dear brethren in Bethlehem. A [Sunday], the 5th Brother Martin preached on the words Wache auf der du schläffest,6 [words crossed out] with much grace and blessing. After the sermon there was [the] children’s quarter-of-an-hour, in the course of which Brother Martin baptized the sond of Jeremias and Agnes, giving him the name Anton. It was an exceedingly blissful and blessed actus, which was a great blessing for all those present, especially for the children. In the evening Brother Martin still conducted a quarter-of-an-hour for the baptized, during which he pointed out and reminded them about several matters; for example, about [their] leaving and selling of the wares that they make, also about school, and that they are to make sure to report [to us] properly when they leave. B [Monday], the 6th At the early quarter-of-an-hour our dear heart Martin put the brethren and sisters in mind of the Lambd and His bloody wounds, and that they are to cleave to Him with their hearts. He, at the same time, took leave of them. They gave 531

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

him many heartfelt greetings for the beloved brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. I and Brother Ludwig [Hübner] accompanied him for a mile and bade him a warm and tender farewell.

E [Tuesday], the 7th In a heartfelt prayer we recommended ourselves to the Lamb d and His bloody wounds. Then our dear brethren and sisters and we blessedly carried on in our course throughout the entire day. In the evening the brethren went sweating in the sweat house. C [Wednesday], the 8th At the early quarter-of-an-hour I read the first chapter [of the letter] to the Ephesians. Nothing noteworthy occurred that day. In the evening [I] spoke on the words Er ist nicht alleine vors Volck gestorben, sondern das Er alle Kinder Gottes zusamen brächte.7 [No entry for the 9th]

D [Friday], the 10th Anna, a girl who had lived with Gideon, went to the Savior. G [Saturday], the 11th We wanted to bury her, but were unable to, for it was very stormy all day long. We observed a blessed Sabbath together, remembering our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. A [Sunday], the 12th During the general meeting [I] spoke on Eph. 2.20, 21, 22 3.16, 17. Afterward, there was [the] children’s quarter-of-an-hour, and at the same time, the burial of our little Anna. She was a girl of about 10 years of age [and] had been baptized by Mr. Graeham8 in Southbury when she was still very young. Her father lives in Potatuck, where she was born. Her mother died when she was still a small child. Her father then gave her to Hannah, the wife of Timotheus in Gnadenhütten Wechquadnach. But when Timotheus moved to Gnadenhütten, she [Hannah] gave Anna to Erdmuth and Martha, Gideon’s wife, who then took her in and kept her until her blessed end. 532

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

B [Monday], the 13th At the morning blessing we recommended ourselves to the Lambd and His precious wounds by means of a heartfelt prayer. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening I read aloud the 4th chapter [of the letter] to the Ephesians. The whole assembly was very attent [attentive]. E [Tuesday], the 14th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on Eph. 4.13. Our Lamb of God makes Himself known to us, quite mercifully and near. We sledded some firewood from off the mountain for ourselves. There was no quarter-of-an-hour in the evening because the brethren went into the sweat house. C [Wednesday], the 15th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the text. Our Lambd of God was powerfully near us and let us feel His loving heart. Br. Joshua visited us. He spoke much with me about his heart. The dear Savior has affected a great deal in him up until now. He [Joshua] also told me about several things that had occurred here, [and] that he is hopeful that matters will improve in Pachgatgoch. Br. Samuel went to Sharon. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour I read aloud the last 2 chapters of the epistle to the Ephesians. F [Thursday], the 16th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the beautiful text. Br. Gideon went to New Milford [and] Gottlieb to Sharon. In the evening, following the quarter-of-an-hour, Br. Joshua and Martin visited us. The dear brothers are lacking suitable words in their language to express themselves when interpreting. For example, they do not have any fitting words for grace, blessing, and redemption. We advised them to incorporate these particular words into their language, as one language often borrows one word from another language. We spent quite a blessed evening together.

D [Friday], the 17th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] again spoke on the text. Abraham went out into the neighborhood to see whether he could buy some Welsh corn but did 533

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not get any. Br. Ludwig held school with the children, and in the evening, the quarter-of-an-hour. It was the first address meeting that he held in the English language. G [Saturday], the 18th After the morning blessing we went visiting in the winter huts. The Savior granted me an especially favorable opportunity to speak at length with Gottlob. And he expressed himself in great detail about how he feels in his heart. He said, I often recall what the brethren told me when I wanted to move away from Pachgatgoch, and afterward came to live here [at the winter huts]. They fully predicted how I would feel. And everything happened just exactly the way they had told me. My heart has become deathly ill and cold toward the Savior. I have succumbed to sin [so] that I now no longer know how to help myself at all. We spoke with him quite brotherly-like and with affection, presenting to him in prayer the merciful heart of the dear Savior. Our other visits were of great joy to us; we were able to most heartily give thanks to the Lamb for the mercy He is bestowing on this small poor flock. Having finished visiting, we prepared a small love feast for ourselves, rejoicing together, and remembering our dear brethren at the synodo.

A [Sunday], the 19th At the general meeting [I] spoke on [blank]. Afterward, the children’s quarterof-an-hour took place; then, we still went visiting in several huts. Our hearts were made to feel ashamed and humbled over the work of grace that the Savior is at present engaged in with the dear brethren and sisters. In the evening we had a blessed singing serviced together. Then we went to sleep inside the nearby wounds of the Lamb.

B [Monday], the 20th Br. Ludwig went to Salisbury to visit Br. Leighton. I held school. Throughout the day [I] was visited several times by brethren and sisters brethren. At our morning and evening quarter-of-an-hour services the dear Savior was powerfully near us. [No entry for the 21st] 534

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

C [Wednesday], the 22nd Br. Ludwig returned home. Christian went to New Milford. F [Thursday], the 23rd At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the words Durch seine Wunden sind wir geheilet.9 Nothing noteworthy occurred that day. The brethren and sisters blessedly proceeded on their course. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. D [Friday], the 24th At the morning blessing we recommended ourselves to the Lamb and His bloody wounds by means of a heartfelt prayer. Sr. Rebecca, David’s wife, was delivered of a young daughter that morning. Br. Samuel’s house caught on fire because of his children’s carelessness, but [the fire] was right away extinguished by the brethren [so] that he suffered no additional damage. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the text.

G [Saturday], the 25th After the early quarter-of-an-hour we went to the winter huts to visit. Sarah complained about her children, that they were lazy and ill-mannered, and did not want to do any work. In the past she had frequently admonished them in that regard, and seeing that it was of no use, she had told them [that] they should then go ahead and see where they would get something to eat for themselves. She very much wanted to hear our thoughts on this matter. We told her the following during the Bible hour: That he who does not want to work also should not eat, and her children were big enough to earn their keep; she should not agonize over this. Leah said [that] she had felt blessed this week. We also spoke I also spoke with Rebecca. A [Sunday], the 26th For the general meeting our little churchd was completely filled with brown sheepd, old and young, for which we heartily praised the dear Savior. I spoke on Jn. 6.27, 28, 29. Our bloody Lambd was powerfully near me. Moreover, He made the hearts of all those present favorably disposed to what was spoken and testified about Him. Next, there was [the] children’s quarter-of-an-hour. 535

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

And they all came so that almost no one was missing; our beloved Lambd was in our midst, granting us a blessing. Past noon we visited the brethren and sisters in their huts.

B [Monday], the 27th At the morning blessing our Lambd of God was powerfully near us. Petrus and Thamar reported to us that they needed to go out this week to work, for they had nothing more to live on; their corn was used up. He [Petrus] said, Brother, it is difficult for me these days. Not only do I have to provide for myself, but also for my grandchildren, those of Caritas — who has 4 children and cares for them poorly. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the text. Right after the quarter-of-an-hour a young Indian visited us, who is bound to a neighbor until he is of age. Not long ago I had presented him with the Pilgerbrief. He said that in reading it, it came to him that he should visit Bethlehem. He intends to do so as soon as he is free, which will be this coming April. He is of the Mohik. [Mohegan] nation; does not live far from Boston. E [Tuesday], the 28th At the evening quarter-of-an-hour I read aloud chapter 10 [and] 11 in John. [No entries for the 29th and 30th]

D [Friday], the 31st Joshua and Elisabeth went to Quaker Hill to sell their utensils. G [Saturday], February 1 This month was begun with a heartfelt prayer and supplication to our Lambd of God. Then we went to the winter huts. The main purpose of our visit was to speak with David. He said that he was reluctant to come to us any more because he had done wrong and had stayed away from us for so long. I told him that he had done this on his own; we had not told him to stay away. The door to us had always remained open for him and shall not be closed to him, to be sure. He said, I want to come back tomorrow. I told him [that] he had to promise me this solemnly, which he did. Rebecca and Maria acted very amicably. Anna and 536

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Sarah said that they had been in good spirits this week. In the evening Samuel visited us and related to us the beginning of his awakening. The dear Indian brethren feel the same way we do; their hearts feel humbled before the Savior each time they call to mind the initial time of grace.

A [Sunday], the 2nd At the general meeting [I] spoke on the words [from] Acts 16, Glaub an den Herrn Jesum so wirstu sel.10 Our Lambd of God invigorated me quite strongly. The Indians, baptized and unbaptized, were very attent [attentive]. During the children’s quarter-of-an-hour I described the dear Savior’s childhood, how He as a child had conducted Himself in the world. Then [I] said that through His bloody death He had purchased the grace for us to become like He was. Past noon we had quite a joyful visit at the brethren and sisters’.

B [Monday], the 3rd During the morning blessing we recommended ourselves to our faithful Lambd of God, appealing to Him that this week He may shelter us inside His holy wounds and bless us. Br. Gideon went to New Milford to sell [some] of the utensils he had made. Abraham went to the mill in Kent to mill some Indian corn. In the evening the brethren went into the peesponk.11 Later, Br. Martin visited us and told us what discourses had taken place between the brethren while sweating. He said, Brother, we have decided among ourselves that we want to frequently remind one another about the Savior and His wounds, so that we will not return to our former ways from which the Savior has redeemed us. Afterward, he still told us a great deal about his heart and that the Savior helped him out of the poor circumstances in which he found himself this last summer, [so] that now he was able to be very grateful to the Savior. E [Tuesday], the 4th At the early quarter-of-an-hour the text was discussed some. Joshua and Samuel went to Sharon upon the request of several men who have been appointed to a comitee by the General Assembly to put in order the land affairs of the Wechquadnach Indians.12 In the evening [I] spoke on the words: Er ist die versöhnung für unsere Sünden.13 537

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

C [Wednesday], the 5th Gottlieb’s family went into the woods to work because they have absolutely nothing more to eat; we were sorry for the children, for they have to do without school. They were well into the course of learning. In the evening [I] spoke on the words Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet, daß etc.14 Our Lambd of God was powerfully near us with His bloody wounds.

F [Thursday], the 6th At an early hour there was [the] quarter-of-an-hour. Br. Joshua came back from Sharon. Nothing was done about their [land] affair because the committe was unable to come to any conclusion other than to take this matter before the court in Litchfield. To this end Br. Samuel was sent by the commitee to Stockbridge to inform Timotheus that he is to appear before the court. The commitee was of the opinion that several of the Indians here should go to the court in Litchfield and see to it that the matter was dealt with fairly, because several brethren here are acquainted with the circumstances concerning the Wechquadnach land.15 At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the text.

D [Friday], the 7th At an early hour [I] spoke on the words Du solst lieben Gott Deinen Herrn von Gantzen herzen — und den Nächsten als dich selbst.16 The dear Savior was exceedingly close to us. Because some snow had fallen, we were busy sledding home firewood. It [the snow] was gone again by noon. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the text. F [Thursday], the 8th After the morning blessing we went visiting in the winter huts; there were not many at home, however. Nothing noteworthy occurred. Brother Jeremias visited us; we discoursed on many matters. He especially enjoys hearing someone speak or read to him from the Bible. He also declared himself to be very satisfied, thanking the Savior for the school, because his children have the opportunity to learn something and are so willing to do so. Also, the brethren built a cannue for themselves, as the high waters this week had carried away their old one. 538

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 9th During the general meeting [I] spoke on 2 Th. 1.11, 12. Our churchd was again filled with people. For some time now the unbaptized have diligently attended the meetings, and it can be observed that the dear Savior is working on several hearts. At the children’s quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the versed Christi Blut u. Gerechtigkeit, etc.17 Past noon we went visiting in the huts. Thus [we] saw the work by the dear Mother18 on the hearts of the dear brethren and sisters. The 10[th] Abraham went to Nicolaus Rau to get some wheat and corn flour. Br. Ludwig Hübner conducted the quarter-of-an-hour services in the morning and in the evening, and held the schools. The brethren finished their new cannue and hauled it into the water. E [Tuesday], the 11th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the text. Gottlieb went to his family in the woods, as did Philippus with his wife. Petrus and Thamar also went into the woods to work. We visited them all and exhorted them to cleave to the Savior and His wounds.

C [Wednesday], the 12th Brother Samuel came from the court in Litchfield. However, it [the court] has not yet arrived at a decision; instead, [the question of the land] shall be settled on next week in Sharon. Timotheus came along with Samuel. At the quarterof-an-hour in the evening [I] read aloud the 5th chapter in Matthew.

F [Thursday], [the] 13[th] At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on Mt. 5.7, 8, 9. In the evening, after the quarter-of-an-hour, Joshua visited us with Martin. We had a favorable conversation about a great number of matters that so happen to occur inside the kingdom of the dear Savior.

D [Friday], [the] 14[th] At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke about the verse “O! Haupt voll,19 p[p].” Br. Samuel reported to us in detail on his journey to Stockbridge. We are very 539

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

pleased and see it as the divine will of the dear Savior that Samuel arrived there. This way we learned in good time about the plans that they have: They [at Stockbridge] would very much like to have our young folk from here go to Stockbridge as soldiers to guard their new ford [fort]. Several chi[e]fs as offeciers of the Indians intend to come to us before long, wanting to see whether they can recruit some [Indians here]. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the text. F [Thursday], [the] 15[th] At an early hour there was the morning blessing, then we went visiting. Br. Ludwig went to the winter huts, and Abraham into the woods to [visit] Gottlieb’s family. The brethren and sisters are yet satisfied and in good spirits [as they proceed] on their course. A [Sunday], the 16th At the meeting [I] spoke on 2 Cor. 6.1, 2. I was once again greatly disturbed by the restless children; I was deeply sorry for it, but could not help it. Brother Ludwig conducted the children’s quarter-of-an-hour on the versed Here by the Cross then will I stay, coll[ect] N[um]. 70.5. At the visit, Br. Joshua told us that the brethren intended to hold a conference about the intelligence that Samuel had brought from Stockbridge. The dear brethren are truly at a loss about this placed here.

B [Monday], the 17th The quarter-of-an-hour took place early, afterward [was] school. Next, we hauled home some wood for ourselves, for it had snowed some. In the evening during the quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the words Ich glaube Herr hilf mir wieder meinen Unglauben.20 E [Tuesday], the 18th After the morning quarter-of-an-hour the following brethren went to Sharon: Gideon, Joshua, Samuel, Martin, and Jeremias. They have been called by the commitee, because the matter concerning the Indian land in Wechquadnach is to be brought to a close now. C [Wednesday], the 19th Was [the] morning blessing. Elisabeth, Priscilla, and Caritas went to Sharon to sell brooms and baskets. In the evening I read aloud chapter 3 in John. 540

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

The 20th and 21st There was hardly anyone at home. Because some fair amount of snow had fallen, we worked hard hauling home some firewood for ourselves. The schools proceeded in due order, as usual.

F [Thursday], the 22nd We went visiting in the winter huts, but found only 4 people at home. Toward evening the brethren and the rest of the company came [back] from Sharon. The commitee has decided on the matter concerning the land at Wechquadnach. Timotheus received about 76 sh. [shillings] Yörksch [New York] currency for the claim that he had laid to the land, and was obliged to give [in return] a lawful deed for more than 200 acres of land. Now it is also clear who had played the trick in Wechquadnach that was imputed to our brethren here. It is one of their [the colonists’] own bad boys in Sharon who did it in order to frighten the people.21 A [Sunday], the 23rd At the meeting [I] spoke on Lk. 9.24, 25. The dear Savior assisted me quite mercifully and invigorated me, and the entire assembly was attent [attentive] and orderly. Past noon we had a rather joyful visit; Lucas visited us in our house. Br. Ludwig spoke with him affectionately.

B [Monday], the 24th Because it had snowed heavily during the night, there was no quarter-of-anhour in the morning, and because it continued snowing, there was also no school that day. We visited the brethren and sisters in their huts. Most of them poured out their hearts to us on account of their poverty. Gottliebe was boiling her last corn. Joshua said he had not one päck [peck] left. Petrus, Martin, Jeremias, and Samuel have had to buy [corn] for a long time. Yet, the Savior is nonetheless blessing them in their tremendous poverty, [so] that not one is discontented or morose. When one consoles them in their poverty they say, Yes Brother the Savior will Help us through. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening; I spoke on Heb. 5.9. 541

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

E [Tuesday], the 25th At the early quarter-of-an-hour [I] spoke on the beautiful Indian text. Thereafter I spoke with Caritas, for she is conducting herself so badly, and, moreover, does not show any concern for her children. I quite heartily exhorted her to turn back from her wicked ways. But her reply to me was, I still like it quite well this way, I cannot turn back yet. If I did not like it this well, I would have turned back a long time ago. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening the reading of the passion story was begun. C [Wednesday], the 26th At an early hour there was the morning blessing. Next, several brethren and sisters went out to see where they could get provisions. Poverty is fast gaining ground among them. In the evening we felt a lovely air of grace emanating from Jesus’ bloody wounds. The brethren and sisters indeed all attended the meeting. F [Thursday], the 27th At an early hour there was the quarter-of-an-hour. Nothing noteworthy occurred that day. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on Mt. 18.14.

D [Friday], the 28th At the early quarter-of-an-hour I spoke on the words Gleich wie Moses eine Schlange erhöhet hat, in der Wüsten; also muste der hld. erhöhet werden, auf das ein jeder der an Ihn Glaubt[,] p[p].22 At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening I read aloud chapter 26 in Matthew. Sabbath, March 1 At the morning blessing we felt the nearness of our dearest Lambd. We recommended ourselves to His merciful protection by means of a heartfelt prayer. Next, we went to the winter huts. The brethren and sisters are quite lively and blessed [as they proceed] on their course, [and] are very glad when one visits them. On returning home, Martin, Petrus, and Thamar visited us. Their reason was to tell us that they feel rather well and blessed near Jesus’ wounds. Br. Martin said, When I look at Pachgatgoch, I think that we are like a seed that a man sticks into the ground. First it lies in the ground for a while, then it sprouts, soon it gets hoed around and hilled, then it [grows] ears and becomes mature. 542

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

The Brethren and the Savior have planted a seed such as this in Pachgatgoch, and this kernel has sprouted. Presently, it is being tended and cared for. I wish that all of us will turn out well and bear fruit for the Savior.

A [Sunday], March 2 At the meeting [I] spoke on Gal. 1.4, 5; the Savior manifested Himself to us quite mercifully, likewise during the children’s quarter-of-an-hour. Past noon we visited all of the brethren and sisters in their huts. In the evening Br. Samuel visited us. He told us about all sorts of disquieting circumstances, making us realize [that] the wicked enemy23 is very busy disturbing the brethren and sisters on their blessed course on which they have proceeded for some time, robbing them of their peace. By way of closing the day, we prayed the church litany together. B [Monday], the 3rd At an early hour there was the morning blessing. Br. Martin went to New Milford on business, and Lucas to Stockbridge. The remaining brethren went to the winter huts, as Sarah had asked them for one day of work. Br. Ludwig went to Nicolaus Rau, for we were hoping that the items that our dear brethren and sisters had sent us from New York had arrived from Rhinebeck. They had not come, however. At the quarter-of-an-hour in the evening [I] spoke on the words Christus wird Euch vor die Augen Gemahlt.24 Caritas left here with 3 of her children; she gave her little Gabriel to her father, Petrus. She shed many tears as she took leave of her parents. David along with his family also went into the woods. E [Tuesday], the 4th Because it was such stormy weather, we were neither able to conduct [the] quarter-of-an-hours nor [the] schools. C [Wednesday], the 5th The storm continued until about evening. We visited our brethren and sisters. This has been difficult for them. We had a blessed quarter-of-an-hourd in the evening. 543

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

F [Thursday], the 6th and D [Friday], the 7th Nothing noteworthy occurred. The quarter-of-an-hour services and the schools proceeded in due order. Also, Martin came from New Milford, with great effort, for the snow is so very high. F [Thursday], the 8th To our delight, and that of all of the brethren and sisters, our dear Brother Martin [Mack] came from Bethlehem, and with him dear Brother and Sister Jungmann, as well as Gottfried Rundt. They were welcomed by us with affection and much love. A [Sunday], the 9th The rest of the brethren and sisters, who had not been able to come here yesterday evening, came and welcomed the dear hearts brethren and the sister25 who were coming to us. The dear Brother [?]26 conducted the general meeting; he spoke on Is. 53.5. He described the Lambd in terms of His great love for poor sinners quite beautifully and lovely. Next, there was the children’s quarter-ofan-hour. They were told about the Savior’s suffering and dying, and what blessedness He has therewith purchased for us. Past noon there was a quarter-of-anhour for all of the baptized brethren and sisters. Dear Brother Martin passed on to them the congregation’s heartfelt greetings. He also gave relation of the baptism of dear Sr. Elisabeth, the wife of PakSchanos. This was a great blessing for the dear brethren and sisters and [it] raised their spirits.27 B [Monday], the 10th Br. Büninger went into the neighborhood on account of some business. The Indian brethren and sisters visited us, and in turn were visited by us. Br. Martin conducted the evening meeting. Also, this morning Br. Ludwig Hübner went had gone from here to Br. Leighton in Salisbury with several letters that had been brought for him from Bethlehem. Also, Br. Rundt wrote likewise wrote to him, reporting to him the most noteworthy news from the congregation. E [Tuesday], the 11th In the afternoon Br. Martin went to visit the Indian brethren and sisters in their huts. 544

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Toward evening Br. Hübner returned from Salisbury, bringing us heartfelt salutations from Brother and Sister Leighton, having found them well and in good spirits. Their joy had been immeasurable when they learned that they are to see and enjoy Bethlehem again. Soon after we had a delightful and joyous love feast with all the baptized of this place, adults and children. At this time, Br. Martin informed the brethren and sisters of Brothers Abraham Büninger and Ludwig Hübner’s departure from here for Bethlehem tomorrow, and in the end delivered a blessed address to them. On this occasion several Indian brethren expressed themselves very affectionately, openly, and emphatically with respect to their hearts and their present condition, desire, and longing. Following everything, we white brethren and sisters celebrated a very blessed Holy Communion, previous to which we knelt before the heart of our faithful and merciful Savior and let ourselves be absolved by His pierced hands, and afterward, with delight and h[oly?] trembling, we ate from the body that was committed into death for our sins, and drank from the blood of the Lamb wherein life and God’s powers are found. Thereupon we retired in the soft bedd of the holy side of our Bridegroom of the Souls.

Pachgatgoch Diarium, from Mart[ius] 17 to May 20, 1755

B [Monday], the 17th At an early hour, having held a blessed early service, and having taken an affectionate leave of us and of all of the Indian brethren and sisters, he [Martin Mack] left from here for Bethlehem. We accompanied him with our love and remembrance, and gave him several letters for Bethlehem to take with him. Sister Jungmann visited the Indian sisters and we, having held school, hauled some wood to this place. The Indian brethren worked in the woods nearby. At the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were reminded of the many good and wholesome words about our Savior’s love for sinners, as well as [His] mercy, blood, wounds, and death, which they have heard privatim [Latin: privately] 545

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

and publicly through Br. Martin since his presence here, and it was wished for them that the same [words] would sink deeply into their hearts, and as if in a fine [and] good soil, bear the desired fruit. In the course of this occasion, Br. Christian’s wife Gottliebe was delivered of a young daughterd. E [Tuesday], the 18th Shortly after the morning blessing Sr. Jungmann visited Brother Christian’s wife and found her, along with her child, well. The father [Christian] had declared himself toward her in this way: that he wanted to give this child, who was given to him by the Savior, back to Him to be His possession, and to that end wished that it may soon receive the grace of holy baptism. He had expressed himself in the same way already yesterday toward Br. Martin, [the] Indian. Br. Gottlieb and his Magdalena went into the woods, 4 miles from here, to work there for a while. Br. Jungmann went to the mill in Kent during school hours, and in the afternoon Br. Rundt went to meet him with a horse, to bring home the flour. Yesterday and today our Indian brethren were busily at work; they jointly built a new fence around a piece of fresh ground near their houses, which they intend to have broken in order to be used by them. At the evening meeting, guided by 1 Jn. 4.7–11, the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the love of our Lord, with which He loved us to His death, and for this reason [they] also were reminded of the warm, brotherly love toward and among one another. Br. Joshua and Samuel visited us in the evening for a short hour.

C [Wednesday], the 19th At the early service we reflected on Is. 53, 4–7. Soon after, Br. Jungmann and Rundt went visiting in Br. Christian’s house. Br. Jungmann obtained some things in the neighborhood necessary for our household.28 F [Thursday], the 20th At the early service Heb. 2, 14–17, was spoken about, that is, about our Redeemer’s great love for us, about His great humiliation, through which He assumed 546

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

not the nature of angels but that of the poor, fallen people, [and] about His faithful and pitiful heart for all sinners who feel sick, weak, and needy, p[p]. All of the Indian brethren and sisters were visited by Brother and Sister Jungmann, who found them all well and industrious. Br. Joshua went out today to get wood for brooms, returning home in the evening. Lucia, Samuel’s wife, visited Sr. Jungmann in the evening and conversed with her warmly. The facility with which God’s commandments are kept, once a person has started to believe in Jesus and has gained a fresh heart, was discussed at the meeting in the evening in accordance with 1 Jn. 5.3 & 3.23.

D [Friday], the 21st During the morning blessing we recommended, by means of a heartfelt prayer, all of our small Indian flock here to the faithful wounds of our beloved Lord and to His faithful hands, to bless and preserve. Br. Jeremias went with several crafted wooden utensils to New Milford; Philippus went with him.29 At the evening meeting, as had occurred last Friday, the reading of our Savior’s passion story [was] continued. Br. Samuel visited us afterward, and because our discussion with him offered the opportunity, several circumstances that had taken place during the Savior’s passion, death, and resurrection were read to him from the Bible, to which he listened with thorough attention and deep feeling. F [Thursday], the 22nd In the forenoon Br. Rundt visited all of the huts, finding the brethren and sisters in good spirits, and where the opportunity presented itself, he reviewed with the boys their school lesson[s]. We seasoned our midday meal with a song suited to our circumstances. Past noon Brother and Sister Jungmann went to the winter huts and visited the brethren and sisters there, but did not find all of them at home. Several sisters had gone out today, but returned home before the evening occasion, it[em] Br. Jeremias and Philippus. 547

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

At the evening meeting the words from Jn. 2.24, 25 were considered, Jesus knew all Men & knew what was in Man.

A [Sunday], the 23rd There was the sermon at the regular time, on Acts 4, verse 12, There is none [sic] other Name under Heaven given among Men, whereby we must be saved, than the Name of Jesus. A man from our neighborhood was present at this. At 2 o’clock there was the children’s meeting, in the course of which several words of our Savior concerning the children were read to them from Mt. 18, and then were discussed some; Br. Joshua interpreted. Immediately thereafter Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in all of the huts and conversed especially with the brethren and sisters who had come up here from the winter huts for the sermon. After 3 o’clock, in the course of a small love feast, we had a heartfelt conversation with Brothers Gideon, Joshua, Samuel, and Jeremias, and held a Bande with them.30 Rather delightful subjects came up: for example, about their first awakening; [their] acquaintance with the Brethren; about their baptism; and since then, the various manifestations of the Savior’s grace in their hearts in different situations; about the brotherly and tender love among them; and so forth. Finally, [we] also spoke about this or that word and expression in the Bible that our brethren here are unable to express with one word when translating into their language, thus having to circumscribe them, and explained to them as best as possible the true meaning of these. On this occasion, we proposed to them to hold in our house, whenever possible, a meeting such as this each Sunday toward evening, and they all thought this to be very good and beneficial. And with that the brethren went home, newly bonded to one another by love. Soon after Br. Martin also came to us, of his own accord, with whom we had likewise a very affectionate discours. This day was quite a blessing for us as well as for the Indian brethren, and our good Lord was in our midst, in keeping with His promise. During our singing serviced, which we three always hold in the evenings before going to bed, we celebrated in song, through beautiful verses, the subject of today’s general text in the presence of our Bridegroom of the Souls, at which 548

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time we smelled the sweet fragrance of His name, which fell like dew upon us poor sinners also at that hour.

B [Monday], the 24th At the morning blessing the brethren and sisters were reminded that this week had been our Savior’s passion week. At this time they were dearly entreated, especially this week, to cleave with their hearts to the Savior and His wounds, to occupy themselves with Him, and to appeal to Him for a special blessing. Br. Philippus went with his Benigna and [with] Priscilla to Dover, to work there this week. Br. Gideon likewise went out, with Br. Petrus; the former to New Milford and thereabouts. Petrus returned home in the evening.

E [Tuesday], the 25th At the morning blessing [we] spoke about keeping Jesus and the bloody form of His martyrdom constantly on one’s mind, and how this was the sole means by which to preserve our hearts in a perpetual state of blessed feeling. At breakfast we remembered today’s congregation festival,31 singing our Ave and Gloria to the son of God and Mary, who saw our suffering and did not shun a poor woman in order to become man in her womb. Br. Joshua and Martin went out several miles from here with some handiwork, to procure with it some provisions. In the afternoon Johanna along with her daughter visited Sr. Jungmann, and in the evening, Br. Samuel spent a short hour with us. During the evening occasion we reflected upon the words from 1 Tim. 1.15, This is a faithful Saying-that C. J. [Christ Jesus] came into the World to save Sinners[,] p[p].

C [Wednesday], the 26th At the morning blessing, guided by the words of Paul, 1 Cor. 2.2, the knowledge of Jesus crucified as the sole and highest wisdom of God’s children was spoken about. Br. Joshua and Martin came home in the afternoon, as did Br. Gideon. Br. Jungmann reported to the one mentioned last, requesting of him an acre32 of new land to be used by us. 549

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

During the evening occasion we availed ourselves of the words of David, Ψ [Psalms] 16.8, I have set the lord always before me — Therefore my heart is glad, for the benefit of our hearts.

F [Thursday], the 27th In the forenoon one of our neighbors called on us for a while. Among other subjects of his discourse, he gave us to understand [that] we should remind our Indians here that none of them is to go to Stockbridge; the government did not want it. The current talk is that one Indian from Pachgatgoch had gone up there regardless. (This is Lucas, who went there against Br. Gideon’s reminder, even before we arrived here.) There was concern that a complaint about this would reach the government. Afterward, we spoke with our Indian brethren about this subject. Br. Martin told us today [that] last night he lodged with a separatist who had attended our meeting several times. He [the separatist] had acted and declared himself very amicably toward him. He very much loved those Indians who love the Savior. When Br. Martin, at this opportunity, declared himself toward him [the separatist] on what the Savior had affected in his own heart, how important the Savior’s life and death were to him now, [and] how much he loved Him, p[p]., the separatist reportedly turned to his 2 children, who were present, and said to them, You Children! Are you listening carefully to what the Indian is saying? I wish you would become like this Indian. Their discours is said to have lasted until after midnight. In several other houses Br. Martin was frequently asked, for example, How do matters presently stand concerning the war with the French? He reportedly answered: I do not know anything about it. Question: Are you not afraid of the war? Answer: No! The Savior will surely preserve me. Question: But in this area all of the people are afraid of the war. Answer: The people have a bad conscience and do not know their Savior; that is why they are afraid. Question: But are you not afraid of death? Answer: No! My Savior died for me on the cross. I believe in Him and will not die but live forever; so He spoke. Thus the people marveled at him and said, This is an exceptional Indian. D [Friday], the 28th During the early meeting on the day of the death of our Lamb of God, the 550

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

particulars of what happened to the Savior on the cross, and especially His last 7 words (on which occasion only a little was noted here and there) were read aloud to the brethren and sisters with deep feeling, and were listened to by them in the same way. Br. Joshua interpreted. This occasion was accompanied by a special blessing for all of our hearts. Soon after, at the visit, Br. Gideon declared himself thus: His heart had been all in tears at the time. Martha, his wife, reportedly said, in like fashion: This time she had felt so well in her heart, [just] like when she had heard these words about the Savior’s suffering and death from us for the first time in Shekomeko. Several brethren and sisters regretted that they were not present at the early service and did not also benefit from the blessing. We visited those afterward and repeated with them this important matter, and indeed, not without the blessing for their hearts. As for the rest, this day was spent in quietude. And in the evening meeting we saluted and kissed our Lord’s bloody wounds, again reflected on His death and the reason for it, and submitted to Him our poor heart as an offering of gratitude. Late in the evening Br. Rundt visited Br. Martin, and because Br. Jeremias was present as well, this yet provided the opportunity for quite an affectionate and edifying discours.

G [Saturday], the 29th At the early meeting the circumstances surrounding our Savior’s burial were read aloud, and were listened to with attention. Soon after Br. Rundt went visiting in all of the huts. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann and Rundt visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, and very late in the evening Br. Rundt still visited Br. Samuel and had a heartfelt conversation with him. Thus far, school and the visits to the brethren and sisters were continued daily. The children are learning with joy, and the visits surely have not been without blessing. A [Sunday], the 30th After 11 o’clock on Easter Day the regular sermon was delivered on the words I am he that liveth & was dead — & have the Keys of Hell & of Death, Rev. 1.18. Having disbanded at half past twelve o’clock, there still came 8 persons from 551

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

our neighborhood to hear the sermon,33 who did not know exactly what time it was, and [given that they were too late,] were obliged to turn back after they had stayed with us for a while. Br. Joshua interpreted for the children’s meeting, and immediately afterward, there was a general meeting during which the story of our Savior’s resurrection, according to the harmonious account of the Evangelists, was read aloud and listened to with blessing. Next, Brother and Sister Jungmann, along with several Indian brethren and sisters, went to the winter huts to visit Leah’s child, who is very ill. Br. Jungmann had the opportunity to speak quite affectionately with the 2 unbaptized [Indians], Sarah’s husband Kihor and [their son] Wenemo, about their innermost state.34 We felt the close presence of our good Lord during all of our occasions, [and] altogether had a rather blessed day, frequently thinking of our beloved brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and at other places; and at our singing service in the evening [we] sang, with a very joyful and grateful heart, to Him who lives and was dead, the [hymn] Allein Gott in der Höh sey Ehr! p[p].35

B [Monday], the 31st During the morning blessing was one section from the church litany was recited in prayer, as far as to the words with thy holy Resurrection comfort us D. Lord & god. Thereupon Br. Jungmann rode on horseback to the mill and came home early in the afternoon. Today Br. Petrus, Thamar, and Benigna went out [to a place] several miles from here to work. Br. Gideon went to visit Br. Gottlieb and his family, who for the past several weeks have been living and working in the woods about 4 miles from here. April.

E [Tuesday], the 1st During the early occasion we reflected on the words Ye Know that He was manifested to take away our Sins[,] p[p], 1 Jn. 3.5, 6, 8, 9. Br. Samuel rode on horseback to [the] Oblong with handmade wooden utensils. Br. Gideon came home from his visit; brought us greetings from Br. Gottlieb 552

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

and his Magdalena, reporting that their child’s illness had been the reason that they did not come here for the meeting last Sunday. Sr. Johanna also went there today to visit them. The evening meeting was suspended today, for the brethren had gone sweating. C [Wednesday], the 2nd During the morning blessing we recommended ourselves and our absent Indian brethren and sisters to our Savior’s faithful and wounded heart by means of a heartfelt and devout prayer. In the afternoon Br. Joshua went out several miles from here.

F [Thursday], the 3rd Our meetings were not attended by many because so many brethren and sisters had gone out. Br. Samuel came home in the forenoon, it[em] Br. Joshua. In the evening Eph. 2.1–5 was spoken about, You hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and Sins &c., and on [Friday], the 4th, early, that day’s text, The Lord God is a Sun. After the midday meal Br. Rundt went to the winter huts but found few persons at home. Leah was glad that matters have improved with her sick child, and said on this occasion [that] she would have been pleased to give the child up to the Savior, had only the child been baptized before. Today the Indian brethren were busy working on their new fence. G [Saturday], the 5th Br. Jungmann went out, about 3 miles from here, to purchase some wood necessary for his trade.36 He took Br. Martin along and afterward paid a visit to the winter huts. Several Indian brethren and sisters who had been out for several days returned home today, such as Petrus, Thamar, Jonathan, p[p]., it[em] Tsherry, who had been gone for a while. At the evening meeting we had for our blessed reflection the words of John, chapter IV, [verse] 19, We love Him, because he first loved us, and concluded this week with [our] hearts feeling grateful to our lovely and faithful Lord, who let 553

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us experience His mercy, His nearness, as well as His assistance in spirit at the daily visits to the brethren and sisters, [and] in school, and everywhere else.

A [Sunday], the 6th The sermon was at the usual time. Today’s Sunday gospel on the Savior’s appearance among His disciples after His resurrection, according to Jn. 20.19– 30, was read aloud, and then Thomas’s exclamation My Lord and my God! was mainly spoken about. The children’s meeting was at 2 o’clock; Br. Samuel interpreted. Afterward, all of the Indian brethren and sisters were visited. Brothers Jeremias, Samuel, and Martin visited us toward evening, at which time we had a very joyous conversation with them, ending with a humble and grateful remembrance of what God had us experience, and [about] His great miraculous deed, and [about] what He has ransomed for us at such a high price.

B [Monday], the 7th Br. Joshua came to us shortly after the morning blessing, and it so happened that we came to engage in a quite affectionate and edifying conversation with him. This was brought on by the sermon that had been heard yesterday. In the course of this, one also came to speak of the Savior’s appearing among His apostles following His resurrection, of His warm and loving way toward them, about His ascension, and [about] what powers of God were still present at Pentecost during the sermon of the disciples about the death of the Lord. All of this was read to him [Joshua] from the Acts of the Apostles for additional testimony. He very much rejoiced to hear all of this in its entirety, and immediately upon arriving at home, he joyfully told his wife about this. The Indian brethren were busy working on their new fence, and were presented with a half bushel of corn by us, for they have so little in store at home.

E [Tuesday], the 8th In the forenoon we got to hear the bad news that yesterday the unbaptized husband of Benigna, Simon’s daughter, by the name of Wittli, drowned 2 miles from here in the river that runs here past Pachgatgoch. He and another unbaptized Indian, named Paschqua (by the English [he is called] John), Anna’s husband, 554

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

had intended to go home to the winter huts in their 2 canoes. However, they had drunk too much rum; thus Wittli drowned and the other one came close to it. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann went a few miles from here on account of some business; his wife went with him. Soon after, it happened that the daughters of Br. Christian and Joshua, 2 unbaptized girls [and] both in one canoe, fell into the river, as the first intended to collect her father and take him across the river, it being very high presently. They had suddenly run onto a tree branch; the canoe capsized and drifted off. The Savior, however, showed them mercy and preserved them until someone was able to come to their aid, in part with another canoe and in part by other means, so that in the end, they escaped with their lives. Br. Gottlieb came home, having left his wife and children in the woods, safe and in good health. He will return there tomorrow. At the evening meeting Lk. 12.36, 37, 40 was spoken about, about the necessary watchfulness of God’s children and their willingness to joyfully meet their Lord when He calls them home to Him.

C [Wednesday], the 9th In the morning, the text of the day, from Jn. 8.12, I am the Light of the World, was reflected upon. The Indian brethren went out to look for Wittli’s body but did not find it; they did find the 2 canoes. Today his wife Benigna moved up here from the winter huts. She will live with her father, Br. Simon. When the brethren came home, they brought home a live deer of considerable size that they had seen swimming in the river and caught there. During the meeting in the evening we had for our blessed meditation the Savior’s words according to Jn. 15.4–7, Abide in me & I in you &c.

F [Thursday], the 10th In the forenoon several brethren and sisters went out, some to Sharon, some to Dover, to sell their handiwork. The lack of corn is already widespread among them. Br. Martin’s wife Justina went to New Milford along with Christian’s daughter. 555

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

At the meeting in the evening, occasioned by today’s text, the Savior as the light of the heathens, rendering them children of the light, was reflected upon.

D [Friday], the 11th Magdalena, who until now has lived with her unbaptized husband in Danbury, visited Sr. Jungmann. Br. Jungmann and Rundt had gone to the winter huts. Magdalena will live here with her husband once the time for planting approaches. Now they are returning to Danbury. Br. Joshua worked in our neighborhood today and returned home late in the evening. During the evening meeting, the faithful and merciful heart of our Savior toward His children and members in the face of everything that occurs to them was discussed. G [Saturday], the 12th The brethren and sisters who had been in Sharon, Dover, and New Milford returned home, as did Br. Gottlieb with his family, from out of the woods. In addition, several of Wittli’s relatives, who had learned of his death, came here for a visit. In the afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts, and there [they] had spoken quite affectionately with the baptized and unbaptized. In the evening we reflected on Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is Liberty, from 2 Cor. 3.17. A [Sunday], the 13th The sermon was on John XX.31, The Gospel was written to this End, that ye might believe, that Jesus is the Christ &c. The meeting was attended by many, and the Savior did not remain unmanifested among us. The Indian strangers were quite attent [attentive]. The children’s meeting also was blessed. In the afternoon we were visited by a number of brethren and sisters, in particular by Br. Joshua, Samuel, and Martin.

B [Monday], the 14th After the morning blessing the Indian brethren measured out 2 acres of new land for Br. Jungmann for our use. We prepared one of these acres for this year. 556

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Several sisters went out with handiwork but returned home in the evening. Our good Lord was quite close to us during the evening meeting, and everyone, young and old, attended the occasion.

E [Tuesday], the 15th We had our land broken open after the Indian brethren had helped us, of their own accord, to clear it by the time for breakfast, in return for which we entertained them with breakfast. In the evening the 15th chapter of John was read to the brethren and sisters. Afterward, Br. Samuel visited us for a short hour. C [Wednesday], the 16th Several brethren went out, who, however, returned in the evening before the meeting, in the course of which the familiar words of David, Ψ [Psalms] 73.25, 26, were spoken about, Whom have I in Heaven but Thee? & there is none upon Earth that I desire besides Thee. [No entry for the 17th]

D [Friday], the 18th Wittli’s body was found not far from the winter huts where the current had thrown it ashore, and [it] was also buried in that area. G [Saturday], the 19th The brethren and sisters here, as well as in the winter huts, were visited [by us], and many a word concerning our Savior’s love, faith, and mercy for His people was recommended to them. Br. Jungmann celebrated his 36th birthday today, and Br. Rundt congratulated him on it by means of several verses. In the afternoon Azariah Smith of Salisbury visited us and brought back to us several items from here that had been on loan to Br. Leighton. He was in rather good spirits, and used his time here with us to his benefit; demonstrated to us that he, as well as several other friends there [in Salisbury], very much regretted Br. Leighton’s recall from Salisbury. They were resolved to soon write to the congregation in Bethlehem regarding this matter. At the evening meeting today’s text, Jn. 6.33, was considered: The Bread of god 557

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

is he which cometh down from Heaven, p[p]. The dear Savior could be felt to be very near, and the meeting was attended by many, because all of the brethren and sisters were at home. A [Sunday], the 20th The sermon was delivered on the following 2 passages: Is. 53.6 and Jn. 3.16, 17: All we like Sheep have gone astray: we have turned every One to his own Way; But God so loved the World that he gave his only begotten Son &c. Before the sermon, part of the church litany was recited in prayer. Soon thereafter, Azariah Smith left us again for Salisbury. Br. Jungmann conducted the children’s meeting. Afterward, we were paid a visit by several brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 21st After the morning blessing many brethren and sisters went out, some to New Milford, as well as to other places, to earn there something with their work, and to procure provisions for the time of planting that is approaching. We recommended them to the Savior and wished them His blessed nearness and merciful preservation wherever they are. Brother and Sister Jungmann went several miles from here to Nicolaus Rau, where he had some business, and returned home before the evening occasion. After school Br. Rundt visited the brethren and sisters who had stayed at home. At the meeting in the evening, 2 Cor. 5.17 was discussed: If any Man be in Christ, he is a new Creature, old things are past [sic] away &c. E [Tuesday], the 22nd After school, and having visited the brethren and sisters, which occurs daily, we started on our garden work. In the evening, the story of the woman who had suffered from a hemorrhage [Mt. 9.20] was read aloud and applied for the benefit of our hearts.

C [Wednesday], the 23rd Br. Gideon, as well as Joshua and his Elisabeth, came home in rather good spirits. 558

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

During the evening meeting, witness was borne to [the notion] that the life, power, and blessedness of God’s children only exists because they do not turn their eyes and hearts away from the Martyred Husband, from His face that was spit on, and [from His] open, bloody wounds. Several sisters, who had left on Monday with some handiwork to sell, came home well and in good spirits, whereas Br. Martin left with his Justina and Br. Samuel. David’s family arrived at the winter huts, yet he himself [David] did not, for the time being. His son, about 16 years old, died 3 days ago not far from Old Fairfield, and had been baptized there by an English minister. In the afternoon, W'enemo, Sarah’s unbaptized and married son, visited us and declared toward us his desire to be baptized by the Brethren. He, along with his wife, has had a mind to that end for a long time. He would like to be freed from sin and the enslavement to sin. He felt that he was not able to help himself. He was spoken with most affectionately, and the Savior’s merciful and faithful shepherd’s heart for all the poor and lost sinners and strayed sheep was recommended to him. In the evening we had quite a blessed meeting near our good Lord. Rom. 14.7, 8[,] was discussed: None of us liveth to himself, & no Man dieth to himself.

G [Saturday], the 26th All of the remaining brethren and sisters who had gone out this week also came home. When visited, several [of them] told us, to our delight, [that] on the way they had beforehand discussed with the Savior the thingsd they intended to sell on the one hand, and to buy on the other. And He had made everything happen just the way they had desired, [so] that they would have to give thanks to Him for this. The Indian corn is already scarce and difficult to come by in this area. On the days of this week we have been paid the one or another visit by people from our neighborhood, and today by the English minister of New Fairfield.37 They all had presented themselves in an amicable and temperate manner. The schools are attended by the children with joy. The children benefit in their own way, and their parents rejoice when they, at times, hear them read a versed. At the evening meeting we had the declaration of Paul from 1 Cor. 2.2 and Gal. 6.14 for our blessed reflection. 559

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Before going to bed, the three of us celebrated in song, with hearts that are poverty-stricken but in love with the Man of Affliction, this heavenly sweet subject, and then laid ourselves down to rest inside His wounds.

A [Sunday], the 27th At the usual time was the sermon on 1 Pet. 1.18–19: [Y]e know that ye were not redeemed with Silver & Gold-but with the precious Blood of Christ &c. The children’s meeting [was] in the afternoon, and then the brethren and sisters were visited. B [Monday], the 28th The Indian brethren worked partially on their new and partially on their old fences, and were in rather good spirits while doing so. At the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were read to from Jn. X, on the subject of when the Savior presents Himself as the only good shepherd, and His people as His sheep, and this was discussed some. [No entries for the 29th and 30th] Majus.

F [Thursday], the 1st At the morning blessing [the belief] that one could be kept and preserved nowhere safer and happier than inside the wounds of our Lamb of God was discussed. Br. Samuel and Joshua went several miles from here to work. In addition, several sisters went out to sell their handiwork. In the afternoon, Brother and Sister Jungmann went to the winter huts to visit but found few at home. A New Englander, a captain and recruiter, came to this place and inquired whether any of the Indians wanted to serve in the war for money. But no one had a mind for that trade. [No entry for the 2nd]

G [Saturday], the 3rd Br. Samuel and Joshua, as well as several other brethren and sisters, returned 560

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home today. When [we were] visiting the winter huts, only a few of the unbaptized were found at home. At the evening meeting the words [E]very Spirit that confesseth that Jesus Ch. is come in the Flesh, is of god[,] p[p]., 1 Jn. 4.2, were discussed. Just as this occasion was getting started, our dear Br. Christian Seidel, in the company of Br. Wilhelm Böhler, arrived here entirely unexpectedly and to our particular joy. As soon as the occasion was over, we as well as all of the Indian brethren and sisters and children greeted them most warmly. Afterward, we were much cheered by many a good tiding from the congregation, in part through our dear Br. Christian Seidel’s relation by word of mouth, [and] in part through the various letters from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem; and [we] spent a very joyous evening together.

A [Sunday], the 4th Before it was time for the sermon, which he delivered on Lk. 12.49, I am come to send fire on the Earth, & what will I, if it be already Kindled, Br. Christian received several visits from the Indian brethren and sisters. He likewise conducted a passionate quarter-of-an-hour for the children in the afternoon. At this time, Benigna, Simon’s daughter, was delivered of a daughterd. Following this there was also a general occasion, in the course of which Br. Christian passed on to the small brown flock here the heartfelt greetings from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Gnadenhütten. Next, the letters from our dear Br. Joseph [Spangenberg], Petrus [Böhler], Martin [Mack], Grube, and those of several Indian brethren and sisters in Gnadenhütten were read aloud, at which everyone greatly rejoiced. In the evening, moreover, Br. Christian had a passionate and heartfelt conversation with Brothers Gideon, Joshua, and Samuel in our house.

B [Monday], the 5th In the afternoon Br. Christian and Rundt went visiting in all of the huts here, and Brother and Sister Jungmann, at the same time, went to the winter huts to pay a visit. Br. Christian conducted the evening occasion, and before going to sleep [also 561

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held] a passionate quarter-of-an-hour for us white brethren and sisters on today’s text, Er ist Richter der Gedanken u. Sinne des Herzens,38 along with the added evening blessing. E [Tuesday], the 6th A number of the Indian brethren and sisters visited us. Br. Christian conducted the evening occasion on Apocalypse [Revelation] 3.20: Behold, I stand at the Door, & knock &c. C [Wednesday], the 7th Br. Joshua and Elisabeth went to [New] Milford to sell their handiwork.

F [Thursday], the 8th Br. Seidel delivered the morning blessing. Br. Jungmann went 10 miles from here on account of business, returning home in the evening. Sr. Martha, who last week had gone out along with Johanna and Salome, returned39 home today, in rather good spirits. Br. Christian, along with Br. Rundt and Böhler, visited the brethren and sisters in a number of huts. In the evening, the story of the Savior’s ascension was read aloud to the brethren and sisters. D [Friday], the 9th Br. Christian delivered the morning blessing, and shortly thereafter, in the presence of Brother and Sister Jungmann, began to speak with all of the baptized brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion]. In the evening he spoke on today’s text, Apocalypse 5.6: I beheld, & lo, in the midst of the Throne — stood a Lamb, as it had been slain.

G [Saturday], the 10th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the afternoon Br. Christian, who had not been able to go out much throughout this week because of his swollen feet, went with Brother and Sister Jungmann to the winter huts, speaking there with the baptized and unbaptized. During the evening occasion he [Seidel] spoke most warmly on the text Die Liebe Gottes ist ausgegoßen in unser Herz durch den h. Geist.40 562

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A [Sunday], the 11th Right after breakfast Br. Christian held a conference with Brother and Sister Jungmann, in the course of which today’s candidates for baptism, today’s Communion, and other occasions were conferred about; see enclosure.41 At noon he preached on Jn. 15.4: Abide in me, & I in you. A few people from our neighborhood were present for this. At about 2 o’clock, the children’s meeting was conducted by Br. Christian, for which all the children and adults were present, and the following 3 children were baptized by him into the death of Jesus: Gottlob and Leah’s, a boyd nearly 1 year old, with the name Jonas; the child of Simon’s daughter Benigna, a girl, 8 days old, with the name Anna Rosina; and David and Rebecca’s daughterd, 4 months old, with the name Elisabeth.42 Br. Rundt stood sponsor to the boy, and Brother and Sister Jungmann to the other two children. Soon after there was a love feast for all the baptized, 35 adults and 16 children in number, at which Kihor and Tsherry, who are currently awaiting the grace of holy baptism, were present as well. On this occasion, Br. Christian discoursed upon various matters, and in particular told the brethren and sisters just how much Pachgatgoch and the small brown flock here are being remembered in prayer before the Savior in Bethlehem, day and night. He then also read aloud several letters from the Indian sisters in Gnadenhütten to the sisters here, which were listened to very attent[ively]. Immediately thereafter a general meeting took place, at which time Sarah’s husband, named Kihor, some 70 years old, as well as Tsherry, also a husband of quite an advanced age, both of whom had come to know the Brethren before in Shekomeko, were baptized by Br. Christian into His death amid the palpable presence of the Savior — the first one with the name Abraham, the 2nd, Solomon. The persons to be baptized were in albis [Latin: in white], and were led by Br. Jungmann and Rundt to, as well as from, the meeting. In the evening, we, in the end, partook of the blessed enjoyment of the martyred corpse and the blood of our Lord in holy sacrament, with 20 brown brethren and sisters, namely, 7 brethren and 13 sisters; together with us 5 white brethren and sisters, 25 persons in all. And then, having been flooded with grace and the blood from the wounds, we blessedly laid ourselves down to rest in the arms of our Husband of the Souls and Martyred Husband. 563

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Fig. 4. God’s Acre, the cemetery at Pachgatgoch. From the collections of the Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

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C

LEGEND Fig. 4. God’s Acre, the cemetery at Pachgatgoch. (A) God’s Acre in Scatticok

(20) Lea[,] Andreas’s wife (21) Old Hetschet’s daughter Söre (22) Sarah’s sister’s daughter[,] unbaptized

(B) Southeast

(23) Sarah[,] Sarah’s daughter

(C) * Unbaptized

(24) Priscilla’s daughter Esther

(D) About a couple of 100 paces behind our house in the woods lie buried, in addition, 2 baptized Geschwister [brethren and sisters], namely, Joshua’s father’s wife Lazara, and Samuel’s wife Maria.

(25) abrah, and Sarah’s daughter Maria (26) Near a tree lies Andreas’s child, David (27) Rosina[,] Paulus’s wife’s child (28) M. Elisabeth[,] Sophia’s sister

(E) * Graves of the unbaptized

(29) Salome[,] Salome’s little daughter[.] Maria Elisabeth[,] Sophia’s sister [line drawn through this notation]

(1) Ludwig[,] Anna’s son

(30) Josua’s daughter Maria

(2) Andreas[,] P.’s wife’s son

(31) Christian’s child, went home [died] after birth

(3) A candidate for baptism[,] Sophia’s brother

(32) Jonath.’s child Priscilla

(4) Levi[,] Lucas’s little son

(33) David’s daughter Anna Maria

(5) Marcus[,] Jeremias’s little son

(34) Hetschet his Anna[,] or his daughter

(6) Jephta, Christoph’s little son

(35) Petrus and Juliana’s little son

(7) Matthias[,] Martin’s little son

(36) Tsherry’s 4 children

(8) Anton[,] Jeremias’s little son

(37) Tsherry’s wife

(9) Samuel’s child Timoteus

(38) [Tear in document] N[ ]chkamon[,] old Johannis’s father

(10) Paulus’s child (11) David’s little son

(39) Gideon’s mother

(12) Gottlieb’s little son

(40) Josua’s child

(13) Christian’s child

(41) Zachaeus’s wife’s daughter

(14) Martin’s child

(42) Andreas’s mother

(15) Martin’s child

(43) Jos.’s brother’s child

(16) Gideon

(44) Paulus’s wife

(17) Theodora[,] old Marie’s sister

(45) A small child

(18) Samuel’s mother Rahel (19) Simon’s Anna [Hannah?][,] his wife

Note: The drawing of the tree is in pencil.

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

B [Monday], the 12th At the morning blessing 2 Tim. 1.12 was discussed: I know, whom I have believed. Shortly thereafter, in the course of a separate occasion, the daughterd of Brother Samuel and Sister Lucia, born tonight, was baptized into the death of Jesus by the name of Anna Maria. We began planting Welsh corn on our new land. In the afternoon, Br. Christian had Brothers Gideon and Joshua give him the names of the brown brethren and sisters who are lying in our God’s Acre at this place, and made a drawing of God’s Acre.43 Br. Rundt visited Solomon and conversed with him warmly. Br. Christian conducted the occasion in the evening, and before going to bed, [delivered] the evening blessing to us white brethren and sisters. E [Tuesday], the 13th Br. Christian delivered the morning blessing and shortly thereafter departed from here for Salisbury and Rhinebeck, along with Brother and Sister Jungmann. Brother Joshua went several miles from here, as did a number of other brethren and sisters. At the evening meeting it was discussed that, for those children of God who drew their spiritual life from Jesus’ blood, everything else that does not sprout forth and come from the wounds of the Lamb of God is dry and without taste. Moreover, that they season, sanctify, and anoint all of their lives’ circumstances, affairs, places, and the like with the subject of His blood, wounds, and death.

C [Wednesday], the 14th Yesterday and today Br. Böhler and Rundt continued planting Welsh corn. Br. Joshua and the other brethren and sisters who had left yesterday returned home today. Toward evening Br. Rundt visited the brethren and sisters in the huts, finding them in good spirits and full of light. Solomon went out today. [No entry for the 15th]

D [Friday], the 16th In the evening a Bible lesson from Jn. 14 was read to the brethren and sisters as 566

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

an advance reminder of the upcoming feast of Pentecost, with a few matters being remarked upon in the course of this.

G [Saturday], the 17th Right away in the morning Br. Rundt visited the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, and afterward also the brethren and sisters at this place. The girls’ school was suspended this week. Toward evening Br. Christian Seidel returned home, along with Brother and Sister Jungmann. The Indian brethren and sisters welcomed them. During the evening occasion Br. Christian passed on to the Indian brethren and sisters of this place the heartfelt greetings from our friends in Salisbury and Rhinebeck. A [Sunday], the 18th The sermon was delivered by Br. Rundt at the usual time. Br. Christian, [the] Indian, came home, together with his family and Solomon. Br. Christian conducted the children’s meeting, and in the evening also a general occasion, which shall be continued henceforth every Sunday evening. Finally, before going to sleep, he delivered to us white brethren and sisters a brief and passionate address based on today’s festival texts, as well as the evening blessing. B [Monday], the 19th At the morning blessing Br. Christian baptized the daughterd of Br. Christian and Gottliebe, born on March 17 of this year, into the death of our Lord, with the name Dorothea. Following this, several Indian brethren and sisters came to Br. Christian to dictate their letters to him that they want to write to the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten; several brethren came to Brother Rundt and did the same. Today Br. Gottlieb went out with handmade utensils; item Br. Samuel in the afternoon, who, however, returned home this very night. One of our friends from the Oblong, named James Allworth,44 visited us, bringing a letter from there for the congregation, which he delivered to Br. Christian, returning thither soon after. Br. Christian conducted the evening occasion. 567

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

E [Tuesday], the 20th Immediately after the morning blessing, Br. Christian and Brother and Sister Jungmann had to speak with and agree upon the one or another matter with several of the brethren and sisters. We wrote to our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Our Indian brethren began planting their Welsh corn over the course of these days and were very industrious at that. We had an acre of old land plowed today. Our dear Br. Christian prepared for departure along with his companion. During a general occasion in the evening, took David’s son, called Wawampékum, and his wife, Johanna’s daughter, called Salome, were baptized by Br. Christian into the death of the Savior; the first with the name Johannes, and she with the name Zipporah.45 Immediately afterward, there was, moreover, a separate occasion for all of the baptized brethren and sisters, in the course of which David’s son, otherwise called Wawampékum, and his wife, Johanna’s daughter, otherwise called Salome, were baptized by Br. Christian into the death of the Savior. He received the name Johannes and she the name Zipporah. As soon as the newly baptized were led from the meeting by Br. Jungmann and his wife, Br. Christian proposed to the brethren and sisters his intention, to wit, to divide the brethren and sisters into small fellowships, or Banden,46 including their purpose, and the hopefully resulting advantage, benefit, and blessing of these Banden, collectively as well as for each one individually. Thereupon he read aloud the names of the brethren and sisters and their grouping.47 Finally, we white brethren and sisters yet enjoyed the blessed meal of the Lord. And in the course of this feast of the body and [of the] blessed drink from the wounds, we submitted anew [our] hearts and hands to our precious Lord, and pledged ourselves to remain His faithful souls until the end. C [Wednesday], the 21st During the morning blessing Br. Christian still baptized the sond of Anna and Paschqua into the death of Jesus by the name of Ludwig. And then he [Br. Christian] fell upon his knees and prayed in the German language, recommending the entire small brown flock of this place in the most supplicating manner to the heart and precious wounds of our Lamb of God. 568

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Pachgatgoch Diarium, from May 21 to August 3, inclusive, 1755.

C [Wednesday], the 21st Shortly after the morning blessing, having taken a tender leave of us and all the Indian brethren and sisters and children, our dear Br. Christian Seidel, along with his companion Br. Wilhelm Böhler, went back to Bethlehem by way of New York. Br. Jungmann, Rundt, and the Indian Brother Joshua accompanied them for several miles, and then the first two turned back. We gave thanks to the Savior for this visit and for all the grace that He granted us since the presence of Br. Christian among us. Immediately afterward, we began planting corn on our old land. During the evening occasion the Indian brethren and sisters were once again saluted from Br. Christian, and then they were warmly reminded to preserve well in their hearts everything that they have heard, felt, and enjoyed in the course of these days. F [Thursday], the 22nd and D [Friday], the 23rd Both days were spent quietly by us and the Indian brethren and sisters with field and garden work. On the first evening following the occasion, Br. Samuel visited us for a short hour and Br. Joshua did the same on the second.

G [Saturday], the 24th Br. Rundt rode on horseback to the mill several miles from here, and Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts. At the meeting in the evening, Phil. 1.6, I am confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good Work in you, will perform it &c., was discussed and applied to our baptized brethren and sisters, as well as the good work which the Savior has begun also in them, and has continued up to this point.

A [Sunday], the 25th The sermon took place at the usual time, on 2 Tim. 1.12, I Know, whom I have believed &c., and the meeting was attended by many. 569

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Immediately after the midday meal the Banden, such as had been established here by Br. Christian before his departure, were begun with all of the baptized brethren and sisters, in the name of the Savior. We felt well on this occasion; the brethren and sisters were upright and openhearted with one another, and in part quite glad about this opportunity. And we had but one wish: that the Savior may continue to further guide them in this simple and affectionate direction, and [that] He may make ever more clear and weighty to them the reality and the blessedness of this occasion. Next Br. Jungmann conducted the children’s meeting. Afterward, we were paid a visit by several brethren and sisters. In particular, those who live in the winter huts reported that they all wanted to go fishing in New Milford this coming week. We recommended to them the close communion with the Savior, who can and will preserve and bless their souls everywhere. In the evening there was also a general singing service.

B [Monday], the 26th During the early occasion it was discussed that the Savior had made the particular promise to His people, and to each and every soul that belongs to Him, that He Himself wanted to protect and preserve them from evil, from sin, and [from the] world, and that no one can, nor shall, tear His souls from out of His hands, as long as they stay well at home inside His wounds. In the afternoon the merchant from Kent, a European Jew, who speaks German well, having settled there not long ago, called on us with 3 unmarried English women from our neighborhood.48 Brother and Sister Jungmann led them round at this place and into the Indian huts. They had a mind to attend our evening meeting, but it was a bit too late for them. In the evening Phil. 3.1, To preach the same things to you, to me indeed, is not grievous, but for you it is safe, was spoken about; the Savior let Himself be especially felt with His nearness. E [Tuesday], the 27th Br. Christian with his family, also Br. Samuel with his, [as well as] Br. Joshua and his wife, and many more brethren and sisters went out today, the majority to New Milford to fish. 570

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

C [Wednesday], the 28th At an early hour today’s name of the Savior was talked about a bit: He is the Prince of the Kings of the Earth. Because today everyone of this place went to New Milford, except for 2 brethren and about 3 sisters, Br. Rundt set out as well, following his parishioners and school children to that place. Just as he arrived there the brethren were making a catch of some 80 shet [shad] fish. F [Thursday], the 29th They did the same, but got only half as many, because it was cold and the water had risen owing to the heavy rains. As for the rest, the brethren and sisters were quiet, orderly, and made brooms and other pieces of work besides. After sunset Br. Rundt conducted the occasion for them; Br. Joshua interpreted. The brethren and sisters sat on the elevation next to the river, on the green grass by the road, in rows, as is usual otherwise. About 4 people from the nearest houses, who have been coming toward evening to visit the Indian brethren and sisters and observe their economy, sat down with them and listened attent[ively]. The orderly and quiet manner of the old and young during the meeting had quite impressed them. [Lines crossed out] D [Friday], the 30th Because the fish catch did not yield much, several of our Indian brethren went to the white people to work. Others changed their place, and Br. Rundt and Gideon went back home. During these 2 days Br. Jungmann had delivered the evening and morning blessing for the few brethren and sisters and children there [at Pachgatgoch]. Also, throughout yesterday afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann had one of our nearest neighbors for a visit, along with his wife. Tonight another one of our nearest neighbors, whose wife had given birth, requested through a messenger that Sr. Jungmann come to him, and at the same time sent along a horse for her. She had her reasons to decline this errand; went there, however, early on [Saturday], the 31st, together with her husband. Afterward, Br. Jungmann continued on as far as 10 miles from here on account of other business, returning home in the afternoon. 571

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Last night we had such a hard hoarfrost that it caused most of the field and garden plants that were already above ground to freeze. Even the foliage on many trees looked as if it had been burned off by fire.49 Br. Joshua, Samuel, and Martin, with their families, as well as Salomon, Sr. Thamar, Johanna, and Caritas, came home before the evening occasion today. Julius

A [Sunday], the 1st The sermon was on Jn. 14.19: Because I live ye shall live also. Afterward, the Banden were held with the few brethren and sisters who were at home, and immediately thereafter the children’s meeting [was held]. During the evening occasion a Bible lesson was read aloud to the brethren and sisters, namely, the 5th chapter from Ephesians as far as to the 4th v[erse] of the 6th chapter. Thereupon we again fell upon our knees, and by means of a supplicating prayer, Br. Rundt recommended the entire small brown flock of this place, those absent and present, baptized and unbaptized, to the care of the beloved, faithful, and wounded heart of our Lord and Savior, whose nearness could be felt among us. B [Monday], the 2nd We used [this day] to haul wood to this place for our use.

E [Tuesday], the 3rd Br. Joshua, with his eldest son, and Br. Gottlieb went out into the woods today. Br. Jungmann went to the winter huts, for we had heard that several brethren had returned home from Milford; yet they were going back there right away. In the evening Col. 3.11 was spoken about: Christ is all, & in all. C [Wednesday], the 4th Br. Samuel and Martin went out today but returned before the evening occasion, for which we had the 16th verse from Ψ [Psalms] 66 for our blessed reflection: Come & hear, all ye that love God, & I will declare what he hath done for my Soul. 572

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

F [Thursday], the 5th At the morning blessing we reflected on the words of our Savior: Without me, ye can do nothing. Br. Joshua returned home with his son today. In the evening a Bible lesson from the Savior’s sermon on the mountain was read aloud to the brethren and sisters. D [Friday], the 6th Br. Gottlieb, as well as Johannes and his Zipporah, came home today. Br. Rundt went to the mill several miles from here and had corn milled. During the evening occasion 1 Jn. 5.18 was discussed: He that is begotten of god, Keepeth himself, & that [sic] Wicked One toucheth him not. G [Saturday], the 7th At the morning blessing the 95th psalm, from which today’s name of the Savior was taken, was read aloud up to the 7th verse. Hereafter, our King’s virtue and power of love, which led Him from God’s throne down to the cross, was celebrated in song, with deep feeling. We used this day today in particular to do work in the garden; also had an acre of old land plowed for our use, to be sown with buckwheat.50 This week school was continued with the children as usual, even though hardly half of them are at home. A [Sunday], the 8th During the regular sermon the summary content of the 2nd chapter [of the letter] to the Ephesians was considered and applied for our edification. The Banden were held with those brethren and sisters who are at home, with blessing. Next Br. Jungmann conducted the children’s meeting, and in the evening we also had a blessed meeting. B [Monday], the 9th Br. Jonathan came home from Milford with his wife. During the evening occasion 1 Cor. 1.18 was discussed, about how powerful the word of the cross is to those who are becoming blessed, but folly to those who are perishing.51 573

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

E [Tuesday], the 10th Today we hoed the Welsh corn on our new land. The Indian brethren and sisters who were at home and had time helped us with it, and we fed them in return. C [Wednesday], the 11th Yesterday during the evening occasion, as well as early today at the morning blessing, it was discussed, according to Rom. 5, that just as sin and death came into this world through the first man’s transgression and spread to all men, so too reign righteousness and eternal life through the gracious death of the one man, which will be experienced and enjoyed by all those who believe in Him and are in Him. Sr. Jungmann was called to a woman in our neighborhood who was in the process of delivering.

F [Thursday], the 12th Having held school, Br. Rundt went to the mill 10 miles from here, and while there, [he] took care of several other matters concerning our house economy. He returned home in the evening. D [Friday], the 13th At the morning blessing it was demonstrated [to the brethren and sisters] that actions of God’s children are done in God, for they are never alone, but the Savior lives and moves in them, and they in Him, and that none of them, having his wits about him, could allow sin the slightest liberty over him, not even in thought. Br. Gideon went to Sharon, and Samuel to New Milford. G [Saturday], the 14th Most all of our Indian brethren and sisters, who until now had been at the falls near New Milford for fishing, returned home, as did Br. Gideon and Samuel. Today we learned that Christian, Gottliebe’s husband, let himself be recruited into English service and took enlisting money; this happened in New Milford. In the afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann went to visit some of our nearest neighbors. 574

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 15th The regular sermon was on Heb. 2.14, 15: As the Children are Partakers of Flesh & Blood; he also himself likewise took part of the same, &c. Because several of our Indian brethren and sisters from the winter huts had not come up for the sermon, Br. Jungmann went there to visit them right after the meal. Then the Banden were held amid the feeling of our Lord’s nearness, and immediately thereafter the children’s meeting. We were visited by several brethren. During the evening occasion the church litany was recited in prayer, and with that, this day was blessedly brought to a close. B [Monday], the 16th Today our Indian brethren together built a new house for old Simon. Sisters Elisabeth and Thamar went to the seaside. E [Tuesday], the 17th Several sisters again went to New Milford, such as Salome, Benigna, p[p]. The remaining brethren and sisters jointly started to hoe their corn, and we, likewise, busied ourselves in the field during these days. The minister of Kent [Cyrus Marsh] called on us for a little while, and was very courteous and amicable. Today, Brother and Sister Jungmann especially remembered the birthday of their youngest sond, Johann Jacob, and we sang him a few verses in the course of a small love feast. In the evening we in particular felt the nearness of our Lambd of God when discussing the verse: In the same Form to me appear, wherein-Thou-to Death thyself didst bleed. [No entry for the 18th]

F [Thursday], the 19th Venemo’s wife came home to this place, along with several of her relatives, item David with his family, and Sr. Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, with her children, who all had been away until now. 575

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Brother and Sister Jungmann spoke with Venemo’s wife, pitying her loss that she had brought on herself by leaving here and [by] separating from her husband. Before Br. Christian Seidel’s arrival she, along with her husband, had the desire to be baptized, but now he has again joyfully given himself wholly to sin; [he] has, moreover, taken another wife.

D [Friday], the 20th Today Brother and Sister Jungmann paid a visit to several of our neighbors; the girls’ school was therefore suspended. During the evening occasion the verse Grant, o Christ! thou Son of god — that we always weigh the Cause of thy Death & Suff’ring &c. made for the opportunity to speak, with a blessing for our hearts, about the death of our Lord and its cause. G [Saturday], the 21st Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts. Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, and Sarah were issued warm and earnest reminders about a number of things that they have been heard saying, and both were put in touch with their hearts. Venemo came here with his 2nd wife to live in the winter huts. In the evening the close and near connexion [connection] was discussed, [one] that each heart needed to have and maintain especially with the Savior if it wanted to feel [nothing] but blessed, have the peace of God within itself, and remain preserved from sin.

A [Sunday], the 22nd The sermon was on 1 Tim. 2.4,5,6, God our Savr. will have all Men to be saved &c., about the redemption that was brought about through Jesus and of what it consists; beforehand the church litany was prayed. One of our neighbors, who had never before attended our meeting, was present for it. Many requests for medicine are being made to us by English people — and whether a doctor was going to come here again soon — like now, just before the sermon, when someone in quite a hurry came to ask for medicine. The Banden and children’s meeting afterward went on as usual. Because Sarah has been stirring up bad quarrels for several weeks, and especially yesterday, between her children and [her] sister’s children, baptized as well as unbaptized, 576

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

also having drawn her husband Abraham into it, there first came [to us] in the afternoon Brothers Joshua and Samuel, by their own painful impulse. And afterward, prompted by them, [there] came with them Brothers Gideon, Martin, and Jeremias, along with Sr. Elisabeth, for the same reason, inquiring about our thoughts [regarding this matter] and what was to be done. We conferred on this, and it was agreed that Brother and Sister Jungmann, along with Br. Gideon and Joshua, should go to her [Sarah] tomorrow and ask her, in the name of the Savior and [of ] the brethren and sisters of this place, if she intended to submit herself wholly to sin and sacrifice herself to the enemy, or if she wanted to be the Savior’s to whom she lawfully belonged. Her acting the hypocrite, looking for excuses, and apologizing were loathsome to all of the brethren and sisters here. Moreover, David as well as Leah are to be spoken with warmly and severely about the state of their hearts. In the evening there was still the singing service, which was concluded with a short prayer to our only Lord and Head.

B [Monday], the 23rd After the morning blessing the aforementioned brethren and sisters went to the winter huts and carried out their commission. Sarah wept about herself, and the other ones also admitted the poor condition of their hearts, wishing to be freed from it. Today the Indian brethren and sisters finished hoeing their Welsh corn, [a task] in which they have been jointly engaged every day until now. At the evening meeting it was discussed that every faithful child of God neither could, nor should, let these 2 considerations leave his heart: 1) I am a poor sinner, a fallen person, I have sin and misery in and about me, [and] I can no longer rely upon myself in the least; but 2), I am atoned, I am a redeemed and saved sinner, much was forgiven me, [and] now I am able to love a great deal. He to whom I lawfully belong, [and] who ransomed me, shall have me wholly as His own, just the way I am. He can, wants to, and will preserve me in a state of blessedness. E [Tuesday], the 24th Christian, Gottliebe’s husband, went to Woodbury today, to his [militia] captain. He had received from him several days leave to come here in order to hoe 577

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

his Welsh corn, and so he did. We spoke with him with affection. However, he is dry in his heart and fearful of us, so much so that indeed he cannot be gotten into our house. His wife and children are staying here for the time being. In the evening the example, based on Lk. 10, 38–42, of Mary, who had chosen the good portion, was reflected upon with blessing.

C [Wednesday], the 25th Br. Martin and his wife went out to Sharon for a couple of days, as did Philippus and his wife, and Benigna, Simon’s daughter, to sell their handiwork there. Today’s text was discussed during the evening occasion. F [Thursday], the 26th Old Erdmuth and Salome went to the area of Shekomeko today.52 Br. Rundt visited the few brethren and sisters who were at home in the winter huts, reminding them of what the Savior has done for and affected in them. Old Abraham had gone to Woodbury with his Sarah, where they will stay for a couple of weeks, for they have nothing more to eat here. On the whole our Indian brethren and sisters are having a difficult time now because victuals are very expensive and scarce here and they have nothing more stored. Br. Martin and his Justina returned home, it[em] old Erdmuth. [No entry for the 27th]

G [Saturday], the 28th Right after the morning blessing Br. Jungmann went 10 miles from here with some handiwork [he had] made from pine, taking it to several of our acquaintances there who had ordered it from him. At the same time he had visited several of our Indian sisters, as well as some of the unbaptized from here, who had pitched their huts in the woods along the way and were working. He returned home in the evening. Venemo’s first wife, along with her mother (a widow baptized by the Presbyterians) and several more of her unbaptized relatives, moved up here from the winter huts, for they had been treated there very badly by Sarah and her family. In the evening the verse O dearest Savr. might my Heart be quite giv’n up to Thee! O might it, to be always Thine, my highest Pleasure be! was discussed. 578

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 29th The sermon was delivered on Is. 35.4: Behold, your God will come, he will come and save you. Eight persons from our neighborhood, who had never before attended the meeting of the brethren, joined in. The Banden and [the] children’s meeting were in the afternoon, as usual, and the brethren and sisters were visited in their houses. During the evening occasion the church litany was prayed. B [Monday], the 30th Following the morning blessing Petrus went with his Thamar to the area of Stissing to work there. We had already yesterday shared some food with them, for they had nothing at all, and so it happens sometimes that we have to help out the brethren and sisters with food for half or whole days.53 Br. Samuel with his family, likewise Br. Gideon, went out as well, about 10 miles from here; those mentioned first intend to work there in the woods this week. The German Jew from Kent, a merchand [merchant], along with several women from our neighborhood, visited Brother and Sister Jungmann. Julius.

C [Wednesday], the 2nd Br. Gideon came home and gave us greetings from our brethren and sisters who are working together in the woods in the area on the way to Sharon. Brother Jungmann tilled a piece of land of 5/4 acres, and sowed it with buckwheat. The few brethren and sisters who were at home here were industrious and tended their corn. Today an Indian (it was the brother of David’s wife) came from Stockbridge with a String of Wampum as a messenger from the Indians there. He reported to Br. Gideon, calling for all of the adult men of this place to go there within 6 days and hear their propositiones concerning the present war situation. They would have a conference about this with all of the Indians living in these parts. Moreover, a messenger is to go immediately from here to Potatuck, and to the Indians in the Highlands, and relate there the same [message]. Even before we 579

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

knew anything about the arrival of the foreign Indian, Br. Gideon had sent Br. Martin to Potatuck. Br. Rundt rode on horseback to the mill 5 miles from here, and at the same time went visiting in the winter huts, where the foreign Indian was lodging with his sister [Rebecca] today. He [the foreign Indian] was also present at the evening occasion, in the course of which 1 Jn. 5.18 was discussed: Whosoever is born of God sinneth not.

F [Thursday], the 3rd The foreign Indian went back to Stockbridge in the morning. Lucas went to the Indians in the Highlands. Our Indian brethren and sisters who have been away until now all came home today, prompted by a messenger sent to them by Br. Gideon. In the evening, according to the text Col. 3.17, Whatsoever ye do in Word or deed do all in the Name of the Lord Jesus, it was said that the unspiritual people who neither knew nor loved the Savior, and were slaves to sin, were able to do anything they longed for or that came to their minds. This, however, was very different with the child of God, who was freed from sin through Jesus’ blood. That [child] had a very different nature. Its heart, mind, thoughts, intentions, and actions, in small as well as in large matters, were at all times focused on the Savior and His heart, mind, will, word, and example. At every undertaking it [the child of God] would first inquire if this was the Savior’s will; was he able to execute this or that affair in His name; would the Savior advise him to that end if He were to stand there in person, p[p].? D [Friday], the 4th Even before our Indian brethren agreed among themselves which one of them was to go to Stockbridge, both of us brethren spoke with Br. Joshua, reminding him that in their conference to be held, he is to earnestly point out to our Indian brethren to be sure to be very careful, and not undertake or agree to anything that went, even in the least, counter to the King of England, as our overlord, or [against] the governement here. We were even worried about their merely going up to Stockbridge, for we had learned that last winter our Indians had been forbidden by the governement here to go to Stockbridge. Br. Joshua replied [that] they 580

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

too had already thought about this and would continue to do so. He thought that they would report to the nearest justice of [the] peace, to point out their intentions to him, and [to] hear his thoughts on this, which satisfied us. During these days, both of us brethren again hoed our Welsh corn and other garden fruits. In the evening the story from Lk. 7, about the woman who, in the Pharisee’s house, anointed the Savior with ointment and wept over His feet, was read to the brethren and sisters, and the heart, love, urge, as well as the sinnerlike feelings that were present in this woman were wished unto them.

G [Saturday], the 5th Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts but found only 2 sisters at home. They had most affectionately spoken with Leah, who came right out and said [that] her heart had been in a bad state before, even before she was caught up in the most recent quarrel between her mother and her brother’s wife. At the evening occasion the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the various manifestations of grace, [the] blessing, [the] faithfulness, and [the] acts of kindness by the Savior that we have experienced here together throughout an entire week, spiritual and physical, inward and outward, not to mention that which each one experiences separately for himself. Moreover, their hearts were encouraged to henceforth show humbleness, gratitude, thankfulness, love, and complete surrender to Him.

A [Sunday], the 6th At the sermon, it was demonstrated — guided by the summary content of the 6th chapter [of the letter] to the Romans — that all men were from the start sinners by nature, and had participated in the fall of the first man. [Moreover,] that all of those who did not want to accept the redemption in Jesus’ blood, secretly or openly, necessarily remain slaves to sin, have Satan as their lord and master, and ultimately would have to expect their reward from him [Satan]. However, that the children of God, who through grace were freed from sin in the blood of Jesus, have sin to be sure, yet they do not let sin rule inside their mortal bodies; 581

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

instead, they live by the will of Him who died and rose for them, and in the end inherit the gift of God — eternal life. Right after the meal were the Banden. Br. Gideon felt uncomfortable that he had accepted the message from Stockbridge and had entered into a promise with the Indians at that place to send there several persons from here. He had simply been in too much of a hurry, and had not told us anything about it, and now that he was conferring with his brethren, no one wanted to go up. Brother Jungmann later conducted the children’s meeting, and in the evening there was also a singing service. B [Monday], the 7th Immediately after the morning blessing Br. Gideon and Salomon reported that they would go to Stockbridge now. We recommended them to our Savior’s guidance and preservation, and reminded them once again not to pass by the justice in Kent but to properly report to him. Br. Gideon requested from Brother Rundt a letter for the justice, but he [Rundt] was not able to grant him his request, for he did not want to meddle in this affair at all, not even from afar. After school Br. Rundt rode on horseback 10 miles from here to get some provisions for us. Today our Indian brethren and sisters helped us hoe our Welsh corn on our new land, and we fed them in return. Old Erdmuth went to Potatuck to visit her brother, and several other sisters went some miles from here, wanting to work there. [No entry for the 8th]

C [Wednesday], the 9th The Indian brethren and sisters again set about [tending] their corn, hoeing it. This year it very much looks like there will be a plentiful harvest. In the afternoon we had visitors from our neighborhood, a woman with several of her children. Today a general day of fasting was observed in this government on account of the present war situation.54 They say that the gouverneur of here [this province] took to the field in person. F [Thursday], the 10th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing, and immediately afterward, David left from here for Danbury, along with his Rebecca and his children, where they intend to stay for a while to earn something to satisfy their needs. 582

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

[No entry for the 11th]

G [Saturday], the 12th Sr. Elisabeth, Joshua’s wife, was delivered of a daughterd last night. In the afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts but found only 3 brethren and sisters at home. Meanwhile, Br. Rundt was visited by several brethren and had the opportunity to especially speak with Petrus openly, thoroughly, and with much compassion about the present poor state of his heart. Old Sr. Erdmuth came home.

A [Sunday], the 13th The sermon was on Jn. 1.41, We have found the Christ, about the threefold office of our Anointed One. An English woman [from] about 3 miles from here was present as well, along with some of her children, it[em] a foreign Indian family. The Banden for the brethren were held after the meal by Br. Rundt; the ones for the sisters were suspended because of the foreign family that stayed with us until about evening. Then the children’s meeting was held by him [Rundt], and this day was concluded with a singing service.

B [Monday], the 14th During the morning blessing it was rather concernedly recommended to the brethren and sisters to stay also during this week quite close to the Savior with their hearts, cleave to His wounds, avail themselves of His spirit’s teachings and reminders, and generally, to mix the Savior into all of their affairs and outside work. Immediately thereafter most of the brethren and sisters left; the brethren in order to work here and there, and the sisters to pick blueberries.55 They have now finished hoeing their Welsh corn. These days we frequently thought of Br. Gideon and Solomon who had gone to Stockbridge and have already been gone for several more days than they had expected. [No entry for the 15th]

C [Wednesday], the 16th At the morning blessing it was discussed that it was the purpose of our creation 583

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

and redemption, and [that it] was [for the benefit of ] our own blessedness, that we cleave to the Lord and live by His will. The Indian children, big and small, were fed by us today, for they had helped us carry to this place the clay to build a new fireplace in our meeting house. From Br. Gideon, who came home yesterday (Salomon had to lay by on the way and came only today), we learned that the Indians in Stockbridge had neither approached nor agreed upon anything special with him; they had merely asked that our Indian men go up to them and let themselves be used as soldiers in the present situation, to which he was not able to consent. They are living in a state of insecurity in that area, and white people as well as Indians are keeping watch night and day. They say [that] the French Indians have already committed violent acts in those parts as well, and have even killed people. Yesterday and today Brother and Sister Jungmann had visitors from our neighborhood. The participation in another man’s sins was spoken about during the evening meeting. Immediately afterward, we spoke with Br. Gideon and Joshua, urgently requesting that they assist us and not tolerate old Indian practices and abominations to again appear out in the open here in Schaghticoke. We had learned that Priscilla, against all admonitions and [her] better sense, had again brought rom [rum] here in order to entertain with it the foreign Indians who she was expecting at this place. They [Gideon and Joshua] promised to do so. Indeed, Br. Gideon issued her a reminder later on; however, she showed herself obstinate and voiced threats.56

F [Thursday], the 17th Christian came here again with his family, with the permission of his captain, to hoe his Welsh corn for the 2nd time.

D [Friday], the 18th On the days of this week Br. Jungmann worked on our new fireplace,57 and today several Indian brethren helped him with it, who we fed in return. In the evening the words Keep Jesus Chr. in Remembrance were discussed, and 584

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

this reminder of the apostle was, in the most moving manner, committed to the care of the brethren and sisters.

G [Saturday], the 19th Br. Martin, who for most of the week had worked in the neighborhood helping with the wheat harvest, came home today, whereas Br. Jeremias went to New Fairfield. The other brethren, who had worked for the English people in the nearby area, had come home previously in the course of this week. Abraham and his Sarah also returned home from Woodbury.

A [Sunday], the 20th The regular sermon was delivered on Jn. 3.18, 19, He that believeth on [sic] him, is not condemned &c., at which time the true form and nature of a believer and a nonbeliever were demonstrated. First, witness was borne against the false presumption that one could be a believer today, tomorrow a slave to sin, the next day once again a believer, and could continue in that way. Because we ran out of time, the 2nd part was postponed until the evening occasion. Afterward, at the regular time, the Banden for the brethren and [for the] sisters, as well as the children’s meeting, were as usual. During the last mentioned [occasion], Thy Blood-Sweat dear Savr. rain on her like Water &c. was sung for Br. Joshua’s little daughterd, who his wife brought to the children’s meeting today for the first time. In addition, the brethren and sisters were visited separately in their houses by Br. Jungmann. Brother and Sister Jungmann remembered the birthday of their sond Johannes today. B [Monday], the 21st The morning blessing was delivered quite early, for immediately afterward, most of the brethren went to work in the neighborhood here and there, gathering in the crop. Christian with his family went back to Woodbury, to his [militia] compagnie. A couple of English men came here to inquire whether some Indians would like to have themselves recruited as soldiers. [They] also had asked Br. Jungmann about it, whom they met, but none of our adult menfolk was at home. 585

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

E [Tuesday], the 22nd In the morning our brethren again went to work where they had been yesterday. They always return home before the occasion in the evening. During the evening occasion Jn. 6.68, 69, Lord, to whom shall we go: thou hast the Words of eternal Life &c., was discussed; [that is,] that those hearts who believe and are in love with the Savior could not be removed from Him or His wounds till the end of time. [No entry for the 23rd]

F [Thursday], the 24th In the course of these days both of us brethren made a scanty supply of hay for the winter. Br. Jeremias returned from New Fairfield. Br. Rundt went to visit Abraham in the winter huts, who was found there all alone, and reminded him warmly of his baptism and of what the Savior had done for him on the cross. He feels uneasy at heart, for he committed a transgression after his baptism.58 In the evening a lesson from the Bible, Phil. 2, was read aloud. D [Friday], the 25th Magdalena, the daughter of Lydia’s sister, came here together with her husband Stephen but immediately left again. She did not want to engage with us at all, nor answer us. Driven by his own conscience, Solomon has stayed away from all our meetings ever since his return from Stockbridge. He says he could not do as the other baptized Indians did, those who also get drunk and attend the meeting and go to Communion regardless.59 Br. Jeremias brought from New Milford, from a justice of [the] peace there, for our Indians here, a copy of the response and resolution of the General Assembly of Connecticut concerning their [the Indians’] demonstration and request made to them in the month of May, 3 years ago, for additional land for their own use. In it 1 1/2 lot are granted them with these words, to wit: [F]or their Improvement & for the Cutting of Wood & Timber for their own Use only — during the Pleasure of this Assembly. The copy was signed by the secretair [secretary] of the Gen. Assembly by the name of George Wyllys. (The copy in extenso vid. [Latin: see at full length] in the enclosure.)60 586

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

G [Saturday], the 26th Brother and Sister Jungmann went for a visit in our neighborhood. Brothers Martin, Jeremias, and Samuel have several times before expressed to us that they had a mind to pay a visit to Bethlehem as soon as their circumstances at home allowed it. We do not want to either encourage or discourage them in this regard. Occasioned by the verse Stream thro’ the Bottom of my Soul Blood of the Son of God &c., the all-seductive, invigorating, sanctifying, and strengthening power of Jesus’ precious blood was discussed at the evening meeting. (Belonging to the 25th of July.) At a General assembly holden at Hardford in the Colony of Connecticut on the 2 Thursday of May Anno dom. 1752.* Upon the Memorial of Gideon an Indian and Several other Indians living on the Country Lands on the West Side of Ousatunnik River at a Place called Scatacook Praying this assembly to Grant to them some Lands at or near said Scatacook for their Improvement and for Timber &c. Resolved by this Assembly that the said Indians the Memorialists shall have the Liberty and they have hereby Liberty Granted to them for their Improvement and for the Cutting of Wood and Timber for their own Use only, the whole of the Twenty fifth Lot as the Lots are now laid out and also the Equal half of the twenty fourth Lot on the Southward part thereof adjoining to said twenty-fifth Lot and this to be improved by said Indians as afore — said during the pleasure of this Assembly A True copy of Record Test George Wyllys Secretary * This [line] and the last 2 lines were written in the secretary’s own hand. 587

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 27th The sermon was delivered on Heb. 8.10, 11: This is the Covenant that I will make with them, saith the Lord: I will put my Law into their Mind[s] — they shall be to me a People — all shall Know me, from the least to the greatest. It was demonstrated that he who [word crossed out] was one of the people of God and could be called a Christian, a brother or sister, surely behaved himself in the same way He had walked on earth. He about whom this was found not to be so, still had an understanding with and a connection to Satan, the world, and sin. It was the inspiration and persuasion of the wicked enemy when baptized Indians thought [that] the white brethren and sisters were well able to attain the grace to be free from the domination of sin, but they, as born Indians, were not. A foreign Indian who understands English well also attended the sermon. After the Banden had been held with the brethren and sisters, there was right away the children’s meeting. Afterward, all the baptized parents also gathered. Br. Rundt put them in mind of several matters in regard to their children, in a concerned and thorough manner. Then Br. Jungmann went to the winter huts and visited old Abraham, who did not come to the sermon today. He found him somewhat sick. In the evening there was still a singing service. B [Monday], the 28th Solomon again attended the occasions. Most of our Indian brethren went out into the neighborhood to help the English people with their harvest, and through this earn a little for themselves until their Welsh corn is ripe. Moreover, they will not come home for several nights because it is too far. At 8 o’clock in the morning our dear old Haber came from Rhinebeck, bringing us, to our particular joy, pleasant letters from Bethlehem from Br. Joseph [Spangenberg], Matthew [Hehl], p[p]., it[em] several Gemeinnachrichten from Pennsylvania, Greenland, Jamaica, etc. These had been given to him last Friday by Br. David Nitschmann who had come there by way of New York. He [Haber] went back in the afternoon, and through him Br. Rundt wrote to our friends 588

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

there. Thereafter the latter [Rundt] went to the mill with my [his] corn, returning home before the evening occasion.61 In the meantime, Brother and Sister Jungmann had been paid a visit by some women from our neighborhood. It was a pity that because so few brethren were here, one was unable to pass on, still warm, the good tidings received by us to the brethren and sisters during the evening occasion. Meanwhile, most hearty greetings were passed on from the congregation, and the rest will be communicated to them little by little at a favorable opportunity. This will be surely quite a feast for them.

E [Tuesday], the 29th Sr. Justina, Martin’s wife, had declared herself to Sr. Jungmann in the following manner during these days: While picking blueberries in the woods, she reportedly conversed with her heart, and it became very apparent to her that her heart was indeed quite hungry and thirsty for Jesus’ flesh and blood. (She meant the enjoyment in holy sacrament.) Thus she reportedly said further to the beloved Savior: Will it be much longer before we eat your flesh and drink your blood? Sometimes I indeed feel as if I could not stand it any longer. Several other sisters also had indicated their heartfelt longing for the holy sacrament.62 Also, the majority of the sisters went out for several days today, some to the places where their husbands are working, some into the woods to procure a supply of rushes with which they weave mats, p[p]. [No entry for the 30th]

F [Thursday], the 31st Br. Jungmann went 10 miles from here to get some provisions for us, returning home in due time. Christian’s wife, Gottliebe, came back here with her children; her husband is now on the march.63 Augustus D [Friday], the 1st Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts; there were only 3 people at home. 589

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

G [Saturday], the 2nd Our Indians returned home little by little. During the evening occasion the heartfelt greetings from Br. Joseph, Matthaeus [Hehl], etc., indeed, from the entire congregation in Bethlehem, were passed on to them; they were informed of the forthcoming synodus in Warwick,64 and at the same time, it was announced that Br. Rundt will be departing for that place next Monday, on the 4th of this [month]. Then the reading of the Memoirs from Bethlehem was at once begun. The brethren and sisters were extremely pleased to hear about everything, especially this: that Br. Matthew [Hehl] had made arrangements in New York that, henceforth, we may expect good tidings of this kind from there. In the end we sang Lord Jesu, — did the whole Earth but feel thy Flame! O Kindle it in every Place thro’ the good Tidings of Free Grace. A [Sunday], the 3rd The reading of the Gem[ein] Nachrichten that we had received was continued, so that we completed everything in 4 sessions in the fore- and afternoon, to the special joy of all of the brethren and sisters. Having heard the relation from Jamaica, we sang Think on our Brethren, Lord, who spread the Gospel Word, in Spirit free & bold, in Perils, Heat & Cold. At noon 4 people came here from New Fairfield. They had heard something about a new preacher here — they wanted to hear him. However, because the regular sermon was suspended today, they soon turned back to return home. The children’s meeting was held by Br. Jungmann at the usual time. Several Indian brethren had short and heartfelt lettersd written to Bethlehem. Upon his earnest request, Joshua was given permission to go to Bethlehem and to attend the synodum. He intends to leave here in a couple of days. Toward evening there also was an occasion for all the baptized brethren and sisters, in the course of which Br. Rundt recommended them as a whole to the precious wounds of the Lamb, advising them to keep our eternal object of the heart inside their hearts and before their eyes for their blessing, life, advancement, and preservation. Thereupon the church litany was prayed. At the words O Christ, Almighty god Have Mercy on us! we fell on our knees and sang The Son of Christ, p[p]. With that Br. Rundt thus concluded our blessed day today and immediately thereafter took a particularly heartfelt and tender leave of all of the brethren and sisters. 590

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Brother Jungmann’s account about what occurred here in Schaghticoke in the month of August.65 August 4 In the morning Br. Rundt departed from here for Bethlehem by way of New York, to go from there to the synodum at Warwick. Soon after I delivered the morning blessing, in the course of which I reminded the brethren and sisters to frequently remember before the Savior the two of us, and Br. Rundt, as well as the synodum to be held by the Brethren this month. Today we were often visited by our Indian brethren and sisters and had heartfelt conversations with them. At the meeting in the evening I wished for them that they too may truly feel the Savior in their hearts as their vital strength. The 5th Br. Joshua left from here today for a visit to Bethlehem, and I went to Kent, on account of some business there. Old Sr. Erdmuth went with her daughter Martha to Potatuck, the former to visit her very old brother there. The 6th We were paid a visit by a doctor and a merchant, both English; they acted in very temperate manner, and in the end, took a friendly leave of us. The 7th After the morning blessing I visited the sick boy Gabriel, Caritas’s son, who is baptized. He had a high fever, and in a dream during the night before, he had seen the Savior, which he later joyfully related to his grandmother [Thamar]. [No entry for the 8th]

G [Saturday], the 9th After the morning blessing I went to the mill, 10 miles from here, returning home in the evening; and in the evening, by means of a heartfelt prayer, committed all of our brethren and sisters to the care of the faithful heart of the Savior.

591

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 10th In place of the sermon, I read the 1st chapter from John as far as the 30th verse. Later on a couple of people from the neighborhood came for the sermon, but soon went back home, for none was being held. In the afternoon I spoke with the children about the Savior’s love for them. B [Monday], the 11th Today we were paid many visits by people who were passing through, who all acted courteously and in a temperate manner. Cap[tain] Marsh66 inquired about many things in Bethlehem, and was well satisfied with our brief reply. At the evening meeting I spoke somewhat about the Savior’s name for today, Mein Gott! u. ward ein armer Mensch wie ich,67 [and] that no one may say this save he who has found forgiveness of his sins in Jesus’ blood. And for becoming a poor human being, He is now to have our whole heart.

E [Tuesday], the 12th After the morning blessing we went visiting the brethren and sisters in the huts. When later on I went into the woods to search for brushwood,68 I found our mare there, dead. She had gotten her hind foot entangled in a wild vine, [so] that she had to die of hunger on the spot. Her foal perished along with her. This is quite a loss for our house, because here we have to get everything we need for running the household from afar; [we] have [it] far to the mill, and soon had intended to haul with her some wood for the winter to this place. C [Wednesday], the 13th At the morning blessing I once again put the brethren and sisters in mind of the synodum, which begins today, saying [that] they should please appeal to the Savior for a good blessing for our brethren and sisters at the synod[um]. The Savior liked to see us think of one another, especially on such occasions; they would get to enjoy it [the synod] as well. I went with my Anna to several of our neighbors, who love us and have repeatedly asked us to visit them. [No entry for the 14th] 592

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

D [Friday], the 15th At the morning blessing I read to the brethren and sisters the beautiful names of the Savior that we have enjoyed since the 11th, such as Mein Gott[,] p[p], Lieber Vater[,] p[p], Du Meister meiner Jugend[,] p[p], Ach Bruder[,] p[p], Mein Lieber[,] p[p], and in the evening, from the 1st Epistle of Peter 1.18, 19, Wißet daß ihr nicht mit vergänglichem Silber oder Gold erlöset seyd[,] p[p].69 G [Saturday], the 16th Today we learned that Salome, Jonathan’s wife, was delivered of a child 20 miles from here, in the area of Danbury; also, that both mother and child had been close to going home [dying], but matters had now improved somewhat with the mother. A [Sunday], the 17th I read a little to the brethren and sisters from Matthew, chapter 18, and reminded them of how the Savior had searched for us as well, and had deceived us so as to be able to render us blessed. In the afternoon I told the children that the kingdom of heaven was theirs, and that the dear Savior had ransomed it for them with His blood; they shall be sure to come to love Him dearly. Because many brethren and sisters were not at home, the fellowships were suspended, and we visited the remaining ones [Indians] in their huts.

B [Monday], the 18th Soon after the morning blessing Jonathan arrived with his wife, it[em] Priscilla, Gideon and his wife, and several others who had gone to Danbury, bringing with them Jonathan’s child, who had gone home [died] there, to be buried here, which is what happened later.

E [Tuesday], the 19th At the evening quarter-of-an-hour we reflected on the Savior’s words on the cross: Mich dürstet!70 I said these were such sweet words, that he whose heart was not immediately seized by this had to be as hard as stone in his heart. Br. Martin visited me afterward, with whom I carried on a blessed conversation about our Savior’s death and sufferings. He said he had felt his heart to be quite soft during the quarter-of-an-hour. 593

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

C [Wednesday], the 20th Today I visited Br. Jeremias and had the opportunity to speak with him about various matters. He declared himself most agreeably toward me. At the evening quarter-of-an-hour I demonstrated how a poor sinner always concerned himself with himself and cannot so occupy himself with his brother or sister that he would forget his own heart over this. F [Thursday], the 21st I and my Anna went to visit all of the brethren and sisters today, for nearly all of them were presently at home.

D [Friday], the 22nd At the morning blessing we presented ourselves to our good Lord just the way we are, asking Him for His nearness on this day. We immediately felt that He was in our midst. Today one of our neighbors, who loves us, came to visit us from 5 miles away. In the evening I conducted a brief singing serviced. A man from Kent was present for it, staying on with us afterward for another hour. He desired to read something from the speeches of our dear Jünger, and said he had read several before. I gave him the Berlinische Reden71 to take with him.

G [Saturday], the 23rd Today a minister from the high English church in New Milford called on us and inquired about various matters.72 For example, if the Moravians were living here; if I was one; if I taught the Indians; where the minister was; if I did work from pine; where the worshipful73 Gr. v. Z.74 was presently; and so forth. He said he had been to London the past winter and had visited Lindsey House; it was a very beautiful house.75 He acted in a temperate manner, in the end wishing me good luck and blessings, saying he believed we would not be among the people here without blessing. A [Sunday], the 24th At the meeting I spoke of the love that the father of our Lord had felt for us, that He gave His only son so that everyone who believed in Him was not lost, but had eternal life. 594

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

During the fellowships many brethren and sisters demonstrated a hunger for Holy Communion, for which we gave them fair hopes. Then the children’s meeting took place, and in the evening we had yet a meeting, which was attended by many. [No entry for the 25th]

E [Tuesday], the 26th At the morning blessing I read to the brethren and sisters from Jn. 6, from v[erse] 47 to 54, and said, if one did not nourish himself daily with the Savior, eating His flesh and drinking His blood, one’s heart would become sick, and in the end, would even have to die. C [Wednesday], the 27th At the early quarter-of-an-hour I discussed that the Savior loves His poor sinners so that He is unable to forget even a single one; they have cost Him too much, and His death and sufferings are yet fresh in His mind. [No entry for the 28th]

D [Friday], the 29th Today I went to the mill in Sharon,76 and returned home in the evening and conducted the quarter-of-an-hour. Some time during the night our Br. Joshua arrived here with rather beautiful letters and tidings from Bethlehem, with which he delighted us a great deal. We gave thanks to our Savior for everything that He does, especially for His congregation, but also for the entire country. G [Saturday], the 30th Br. Gideon, who had been called to a sick person yesterday, returned home today, as did Solomon from his work, where he had gone last Monday.

A [Sunday], the 31st At the meeting I spoke on the 1st verse from 1 Jn. 3: Sehet, welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeigt, daß wir Gottes Kinder seyn sollen.77 Afterward, there were the children’s meeting and the fellowships, as usual. During the latter we felt especially well, and the Savior was in our midst; our hearts felt it. 595

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

September

B [Monday], the 1st At the morning blessing we most heartily appealed to the beloved Savior, that He take us anew into His wounds and preserve us there, also during this week. At 5 o’clock in the morning something of an earthquake could be felt at this place as well as in the surrounding area. Our house and our bedstead, p[p].[,] inside of it moved noticeably. At the same time something resembling a thunderstorm could be heard through the air.78 Br. Gideon and old Sr. Erdmuth went 4 miles from here to visit one of her sick relatives, returning home on [Tuesday], the 2nd. During the evening occasion a man from Kent, who knows the Brethren, was present. C [Wednesday], the 3rd At the morning blessing I talked about this as something that came to the mind of a child of God first thing in the morning: O mein H[ei]land! laß mich doch deine Nähe diesen ganzen Tag fühlen. Sey mir doch in deinem Xzes-Bilde stets vor den Augen u. Herzen.79 And he who has this always feels afterward blessed and preserved for the entire day. I went to the winter huts to visit but found only Sr. Anna, Paschqua’s wife, at home. F [Thursday], the 4th Our good Lord was very much near us during the morning blessing. Today many brethren went out on account of their business to New Milford, Kent, and into the woods. In the evening, we availed ourselves of the description of the opening in Jesus’ side for the benefit of our hearts, according to Jn. 19.34,35. Der SeitenSchrein, ist doch unser liebstes Pläzelein.80

D [Friday], the 5th Br. Gideon returned home. In the evening I spoke about the election by grace that we have found in His blood for so many other 1,000 people, and reminded our Indian brethren and sisters to realize the importance of belonging to the Savior’s church, being permitted to know the Savior and to love Him.

596

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Pachgatgoch diarium, from September 7 to October 6, 1755.81 Sunday, the 7th [September] Very early in the morning Br. Rundt arrived here at our place from Bethlehem with letters from Br. Joseph, and other brethren and sisters there, which were quite pleasing to us. Right away he was warmly welcomed by our Indian brethren and sisters, and children. He delivered the sermon at the usual time, and afterward read aloud Br. Christian’s letter that he had written to the Indian brethren and sisters here. Next he conducted the other occasions, and visited all the brethren and sisters in their huts. B [Monday], the 8th The school children quite rejoiced that their school was resumed today. [No entry for the 9th]

C [Wednesday], the 10th Our Br. Martin departed from here for a visit to the congregation in Bethlehem, of which he has heard and enjoyed so much, yet which [he] has never seen before. At the morning blessing we sang for him In Thy Five holy Wounds so wide let Him as in his Rock-holes hide &c., and gave him several letters for our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Because the weather was rather warm these days, our Indian brethren and sisters prepared for themselves a supply of sweet corn for winter. We did the same. Throughout this week we heard one kind of intelligence after the other that a large number of the menfolk from our neighborhood have been ordered by the authorities to come to Albany right away, thence to be used in current military operations. We were sincerely grateful to our dear heavenly Father for the outward peace and quiet we have been able to enjoy here thus far, for the sake of His son and His cause.

597

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

G [Saturday], the 13th Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the winter huts but found few brethren and sisters at home. A [Sunday], the 14th During the regular sermon, according to 1 Tim. 3.16, Great is the Mystery of Godliness: God was manifested in the flesh, the main reason for God to appear in the flesh, that is, to reconcile the world to Himself, was reflected upon. At the Banden in the afternoon, several brethren and sisters expressed their deep longing for Holy Communion. [No entry for the 15th]

E [Tuesday], the 16th At an early hour today’s name of the Savior, He is thy Lord, and in the evening the word of the Savior, All the Churches shall Know Me, were discussed some. [No entry for the 17th]

F [Thursday], the 18th Three English recruiters came here. They inquired in all of the Indian huts whether anyone wanted to let himself be enlisted to go up to Crown Point; however, they found no one willing to do so. Today there was again a general day of prayer and fasting in this governement, on account of the present war situation.

D [Friday], the 19th Today the two Indians, Moses and Johannes, departed from here for Crown Point, for the war. They had allowed themselves to be recruited as soldiers somewhere in Newtown, and last night lodged at this place. G [Saturday], the 20th At the morning blessing, with blessing for our hearts, we reflected upon the Savior as the only shepherd for the multitudes ransomed with [His] blood. Several brethren and sisters who had left for a couple of days with crafted wooden utensils to sell returned home in good spirits today. 598

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

A [Sunday], the 21st The sermon was on Jn. 1.12, As many as received him, to them gave he Power to become the Sons of God. We especially felt our Savior’s nearness at this time. Br. Jungmann held the children’s meeting. Later on the Banden were held with the brethren and sisters, and then we closed this day with a singing service. [No entry for the 22nd]

E [Tuesday], the 23rd Br. Gideon, who had gone to New Milford yesterday, returned home today. Brother and Sister Jungmann went into our neighborhood for a visit. Lucas, who had been to the seaside, came home, at the same time bringing himself a wife from there. In the evening it was discussed how blissful and happy one is in every situation, and throughout all changes in this life, if one stays quite close to the Savior’s heart and remains in continual, uninterrupted communion with Him. [No entry for the 24th]

F [Thursday], the 25th This week our Indian brethren and sisters, and we as well, busied ourselves with harvesting several crops from the field. We in particular brought in our buckwheat, which turned out well. In the evening we reflected upon the name of the Savior for today, Er ist der große Prophete.82 An unbaptized Indian and relative of old Sr. Erdmuth arrived here, who, based on his account, was recently wounded at Crown Point. He wants to stay here for a while until he has recovered. [No entries for the 26th and 27th]

A [Sunday], the 28th The sermon according to Is. 55.1–9 was delivered at the usual time. Several strangers from our neighborhood came and joined us, but only at its [the sermon’s] closing. At 2 o’clock in the afternoon, when the children’s meeting was about to 599

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

start, our dear Br. David Zeisberger arrived here completely unexpectedly and to our heartfelt joy, as well as that of the Indian brethren and sisters, bringing us pleasant letters and news from the congregation. He was immediately welcomed warmly by the Indian brethren and sisters and children, and soon after he went and visited them in all of the huts. Br. David conducted the evening occasion, and at the same time, passed on to our small brown flock here the heartfelt greetings from the congregation in general, and from a number of brethren and sisters in particular. Later on our dear Br. Joseph’s letter to the communicant members concerning the forthcoming Holy Communion, p[p]., was read to them by Br. Rundt, and was listened to by them with a great deal of attention.

B [Monday], the 29th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Thus far our Indian brethren and sisters have caught a large number of eels in this river, and we have been able to enjoy this along with them. In the evening Br. David spoke about the undying blessedness that the heart of a poor sinner could bear, possess, and enjoy in Jesus’ wounds, if it [the heart] cleaved to Him. E [Tuesday], the 30th At the morning blessing Br. Rundt spoke on Jude, verse 24, [G]od our Savr. is able to keep you from falling &c., discussing that our Savior was neither lacking the will or inclination, nor the ability, to preserve His people until one day He is able to present them, without blemish, before the presence of His glory with rejoicing. Br. Jungmann departed for Rhinebeck in order to bring several items from there that had been sent to that place for us from New York. He returned late [on] [Thursday], the 2nd of October, and to our heartfelt joy, brought with him our dear Br. [Jacob] Rogers, whom he had met on the road. Through the latter we at the same time received a couple of letters from our dear Br. Petrus in New York, addressed to us and the Indian brethren and sisters. D [Friday], the 3rd [of October] Br. Rundt delivered the morning blessing and declared himself with respect to the verse: My Heart is glad & I know why; it is, because a Lamb did die for me, &c. 600

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Today our Indian brethren and sisters, one after the other, visited Br. Rogers, being quite joyful about his visit. Br. Rogers conducted the occasion in the evening, simple, with passion, and full of feeling. And a short while after this, a quarter-of-an-hour was conducted by Br. David [Zeisberger] for all of the communicant members.

G [Saturday], the 4th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. At noon Br. Rogers again went back to Salisbury to preach there tomorrow, in keeping with his promise. In the afternoon the Indian brethren and sisters were spoken with by Br. David [in preparation] for Holy Communion, in the presence of Brother and Sister Jungmann. A [Sunday], the 5th Br. Rundt preached on Eph. 1.7, In J. C. we have Redemption thro’ his Blood, the forgiveness of Sins, according to the riches of his grace, about the redemption that came about through Jesus Christ, and how one was able to share in it. About 11 strangers were present for this. At the children’s meeting in the afternoon the daughterd of Brother and Sister Joshua, born on July 12, was baptized into the death of the Savior by Br. David, with the name Elisabeth. At 4 o’clock there was a love feast for all the baptized. This time 23 adults and 19 children were present for this. On this occasion several letters from the congregation were read aloud, such as the letter from Br. Petrus [Böhler] to the Indian brethren and sisters here, which we had received through Br. Rogers, likewise, Br. Christian Seidel’s and Christian Heinrich’s [Rauch] letters to them. In addition, Br. David told them several things about our Negro brethren and sisters on St. Thomas, p[p]. In the evening we gathered for holy absolution with our communicants [who were admitted] at this time, only 11 in number,83 because the majority was not at home this time, and right afterward, we partook of the blessed enjoyment of the body and blood of our Lord in holy sacrament. B [Monday], the 6th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. 601

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

We as well as our Indian brethren and sisters wrote letters to the congregation in Bethlehem today. In the course of the evening occasion, the mother of our Solomon, an old widow, was baptized by Br. David into the death of the Lord, with the name Gertraud. E [Tuesday], the 7th At the morning blessing Br. Dav. Zeisberger yet committed this entire small flock to the Savior and His wounds, and after a heartfelt farewell he departed to return to Bethlehem from here by way of New York. Pachgatgoch Diarium, from October 7 to December 7 incl. [inclusive], 175584

E [Tuesday], the 7th Immediately after having delivered the morning blessing, our dear Br. David Zeisberger took a heartfelt leave of us and the Indian brethren and sisters, and set out on his return journey to Bethlehem. Br. Rundt accompanied him for several miles. Joshua and his wife, as well as several other Indian brethren and sisters, went out 85 into the area of Potatuck and to the seaside. For this reason our daily occasions were not attended by many. Br. Rundt made a modest beginning with the boys in school to read written script.86 The girls’ school was suspended this week on account of Sister Jungmann’s indisposition. She was caused much discomfort by a cough. [No entry for the 8th]

F [Thursday], the 9th Br. Petrus and his Thamar, as well as Caritas, who had been out into their 4th week, returned home today. D [Friday], the 10th Br. Martin [the Indian] arrived back here from his visit to Bethlehem, in good spirits and full of light. Along with the many heartfelt greetings from the 602

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

congregation, he also brought us several letters from Br. Matthew [Hehl], Pezold, Grube, etc., as well as several Gemeinnachrichten. It was something very special for us here to receive letters and news from Bethlehem twice within a period of 13 days through persons coming from there. The new English hymnal, which we received at the same time, was a pleasant present for us.

G [Saturday], the 11th Br. Jungmann went 10 miles from here to procure several items for our household. Br. Joshua and his Elisabeth returned home, along with several other Indian brethren and sisters from here and from the winter huts, who had been absent for some weeks, so that our assembly at the evening occasion was again more numerous, in the course of which the 5th supplication from the Lord’s prayer was discussed and a brief reminder was issued as regards the Indians’ singing along during the meeting.

A [Sunday], the 12th The sermon was on 1 Pet. 2.25, Ye were as Sheep going astray, but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your Souls, about the unblessed state of those souls who are living in this world without Jesus, and about the blessed state of those who have come to Him and His wounds. Several English strangers were present as well. At the children’s meeting in the afternoon, for which, however, our entire brown flock here was present, the letters to our Indian brethren and sisters that had been received from Bethlehem through our Indian Br. Martin, were read to them, and were listened to with pleasure and attention. Later on Br. Martin visited us, and we gave him the opportunity to pour out [i.e., express without restraint] everything that he has seen and heard at the congregation, and that which he has felt in his heart, which hitherto he has not been able to do. He admitted not being able to sufficiently express himself about everything. Br. Jungmann visited several brethren and sisters.

B [Monday], the 13th At the morning blessing it was pointed out that in all of our affairs, business, 603

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

and labors, Jesus needed to be the beginning, the middle, and the ending if something that is beneficial and blessed is to be the result. Thus, we wanted to begin this week’s business in His name, then the middle, and end it in His presence. At the evening meeting the words of the Savior, Jn. 4.34, My Meat is to do the Will of him that sent me, provided us the opportunity for a blessed reflection upon His love of man and [His] hunger for our blessedness, giving rise to our selfsearching, feeling shame in His presence, and submitting ourselves to Him anew, so as to mold ourselves in such a way that to do His will may become our nourishment and heart’s joy.

E [Tuesday], the 14th We harvested our Welsh corn, and the Indian brethren and sisters began to do the same. Our Welsh corn turned out tolerably well; that of the Indians for the most part better. In the evening today’s word of the Savior was discussed some: They are not of the World, even as I am not of the World. [Jn. 17.16.] [No entries for the 15th and 16th]

D [Friday], the 17th At the evening occasion we began using our new English hymnal, and in the beginning, Br. Rundt read aloud the excellent hymn: Dear People of the Lamb our Head, be of his Wounds for ever glad &c. [No entry for the 18th]

A [Sunday], the 19th The sermon was delivered on Rom. 14.9: To this End Christ both died & rose, that he might be Lord both of the Dead &c. There were again English strangers present, also a man from New Fairfield. Soon after we also had a visitor from our neighborhood. B [Monday], the 20th Today Sr. Jungmann again started the school for the girls, which she was obliged to suspend for a couple of weeks owing to her being indisposed. She also received a visit from Sr. Thamar, who has been ill until now. 604

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

David’s entire family, which had come here from the seaside to harvest their Welsh corn, again departed thither, it[em] [the] Gottlobs and [the] Abrahams went out. During the evening occasion part of yesterday’s text was taken up again, and special mention was made that Christ had also died so that he may be Lord over the dead. E [Tuesday], the 21st At the morning blessing, in remembrance of today’s watchword, Jacob betete,87 we recommended ourselves and our entire small flock here by means of a humble and childlike prayer to our faithful Lord and Savior, [for Him] to bless, guide, and preserve [us]. And in the evening, the familiar words of David were discussed: Whom have I in heaven but Thee? & there is none upon Earth that I desire besides Thee [Ps. 73.25]. Throughout this our dear Savior could be felt quite near us. [No entries for the 22nd and 23rd]

D [Friday], the 24th Br. Jungmann went several miles from here on account of business for our house, and at the same time visited in the winter huts the few people he found there. In the evening we had for our reflection from 1 Pet. 1.5: We are kept by the Power of God thro’ Faith unto Salvation. G [Saturday], the 25th At the morning blessing today’s name of the Savior was discussed: He is the Life &c. Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in our neighborhood. Most of our Indian brethren and sisters had stayed home throughout this week, having busied themselves with harvesting the blessing that our dear Father in heaven has presented them. We did the same. The schools proceeded every day in their usual course. In the evening we closed this week reflecting on the word of the Savior: Watch ye & pray always [Lk. 21.36]. A [Sunday], the 26th During the sermon the beautiful song See World, upon the bloody Tree thy Life there 605

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

sinks in Death[,] p[p]. was discussed. A couple of English strangers from the farthest end of Kent were present; [they] also stayed with us for the meal. Because our Banden had been suspended for a couple of Sundays, in the afternoon we spoke with those leading the Banden, renewing in them the purpose and benefit of our small fellowships, on which they agreed with us wholeheartedly. We asked that each one of them do the same with his brethren and inquire with them if it would please them and be a blessing for the heart if the Banden were continued the way we had done thus far. They did so, and in the evening brought us the reply: that each one whose heart had life had declared himself in favor of keeping the Banden. Sr. Jungmann assembled those Indian sisters who are to lead the Banden, and did the same with them. Br. Samuel, who for some time now has not had a light and lighted heart, to which he also admits, was most warmly advised to throw himself at the Savior’s bloody mercy, just the way he is. In the evening the first 2 verses of the song Ye Hands of Love once pierc’d with Nails &c. gave us the opportunity for a refreshing reflection, and then we blessedly laid ourselves down to rest in these hands of love. [No entry for the 27th]

E [Tuesday], the 28th Br. Gideon went to New Milford. Several Indian sisters visited Sr. Jungmann. [No entry for the 29th]

F [Thursday], the 30th Br. Gideon returned home. In the evening Br. Martin visited us, with whom we carried on a brotherly and heartfelt discours. At the evening occasion the words Lord, thou Knowest all Things were discussed, and it was demonstrated how consoling this truth was for a true child of God, but also how frightening it must be for all those who do not follow the truth and live in such a way as to cast disgrace upon the Gospel through which they were called upon. [No entry for the 31st]

606

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

G [Saturday], November 1 At the morning blessing we reflected on today’s name of the Savior, He is the God of all Gods, and in the evening today’s word of the Savior was discussed: To whom Little is forgiven, the same loveth little [Lk. 7.47]. In the course of this last occasion our dear Heinrich Martin arrived here from Rhinebeck. He brought some things up for us that had been sent to him from New York for our use. At the same time, we received pleasant letters from Br. Joseph and some news from the congregation. A [Sunday], the 2nd The sermon was delivered on Eph. 4.24, Put on the new Man, which is after God created in Righteousness & true Holiness, which was used to demonstrate, in part, how wisdom, righteousness, and holiness fared with the unspiritual people, and then, what makes up the true and eternal wisdom, righteousness, and holiness of the children of God. The Banden for the brethren were held by Br. Rundt in the afternoon (those for the sisters were still suspended). The poor condition of their hearts was pointed out to Petrus and Philippus, and they were movingly entreated to allow themselves to be seized by the Savior together, and to be brought to His wounds. Br. Jungmann held the children’s meeting. In the evening there was still the singing service. B [Monday], the 3rd Henrich Martin went back home at an early hour. Br. Rundt wrote a letterd to Br. Hendrick van Vleck in New York [to be delivered] through him. At the evening occasion Br. Joseph’s letter was read to the Indian brethren and sisters, which could not happen yesterday because a stranger was present. In addition, the news of the blessed going home [death] of several children from the European institutes,88 etc., was related to them, and contentedly listened to by them. E [Tuesday], the 4th Br. Joshua and his eldest son, it[em] the son of Simon, went out to build canoes today. In the evening Br. Sauter’s account about his journey to Wachovia89 was read to the Indian brethren and sisters.

607

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

C [Wednesday], the 5th Today the Brothers Martin and Gottlieb, it[em] Lucas and Jonathan, followed Br. Joshua to [also engage in] the above-mentioned work. Br. Samuel, who had been out for a couple of days, came home. Br. Rundt visited him soon after, and had the opportunity to engage in a heartfelt and in-depth Bande with him. He [Samuel] felt like a sinner, was humbled, and admitted that nothing else but his own righteousness had, up to now, prevented him from enjoying the grace and kindness of the Savior and the sweetness and power of His wounds. F [Thursday], the 6th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Old Sr. Erdmuth went to Newtown. Benigna, the daughter of Simon, also left, for a different area. Br. Martin returned home this very same evening. [No entry for the 7th]

G [Saturday], the 8th Br. Joshua and Gottlieb, along with those who had been part of their compagnie, returned home. Today Br. Jungmann went to the area of Sharon on business for our house, and came back late.

A [Sunday], the 9th The sermon was at the usual time; the Banden were suspended. Brother and Sister Jungmann went into several huts to visit the Indian brethren and sisters. Br. Rundt discussed matters with Br. Joshua and Martin regarding their boys, and showed them how to animate and encourage them, in a loving manner, to learn their written versesd that they bring home from school, and to sing along during the meeting. The latter is difficult for them, just as it is for the old. At the evening occasion the church litany was prayed. B [Monday], the 10th At the morning blessing the apostolic salutation and closure of all the letters of Paul, The Grace of our Lord J. C. be with you all, was what was most warmly wished upon our Indian brethren and sisters when starting with their weekly tasks and business. 608

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

E [Tuesday], the 11th Br. Gideon and Samuel went to New Milford. In the evening, guided by yesterday’s and today’s word of the Savior, it was discussed that we were 1.) created by Him, and 2.) were ransomed with His own blood in order to live here with Him in the close connexion [connection] of a bride, and one day to rest eternally in the arms of our Husband of the Souls. C [Wednesday], the 12th Br. Martin and Gottlieb, as well as several sisters, went out with handiwork; and in the evening Br. Gideon returned home still before the occasion, in the course of which today’s word of the Savior, Continue ye in my Love, [Jn. 15.9,] was reflected upon. F [Thursday], the 13th90 At the morning blessing it was pointed out to the few of our baptized people who were at home — the majority having left yesterday, and indeed without our knowledge,91 given that there is today in the Connecticut colony the day of general thanksgiving — what the true offering of thanksgiving to our God consists of; also for a blessed harvest and all the other temporal gifts. We, at the same time, spent this day blessedly in quiet, praying to our precious Chief Elder, having ourselves absolved and blessed by Him anew, and appealing to Him for the favor to remain His faithful souls until the very end.

G [Saturday], the 15th Brother and Sister Jungmann visited someone in our neighborhood, 3 miles from here. Little by little our small flock came home; hence all of them — except for those who live in the winter huts, of whom we have seen no one in several weeks, and who are said to be in Potatuck — were present for the sermon [on] [Sunday], the 16th, in the course of which 1 Cor. 11.26 was discussed: Ye should shew forth the Lords Death till he come. Right after the meal there was another occasion. In it Rom. 8.32 was discussed: He that Spared not his own Son — ; how shall he not with him also freely give us all Things. Only the baptized were assembled, to whom, in the end, it was demonstrated, warmly, yet in earnest, that they had cast disgrace upon the Savior, the congregation, and this place with their running out to the worldly people 609

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

and begging them in importunate ways for some food and drink, such as we, not without feeling, had to experience with them last week, especially given that God gave them such a plentiful harvest and they all are healthy and able to work.92 Furthermore, they had acted against instructions [by] not reporting to us, and had sought out themselves the opportunity for their hearts to suffer harm most easily. Some were at once deeply affected, and they recognized their wrongdoing. Right afterward, Br. Jungmann conducted the children’s meeting. Several brethren and sisters also were visited, and during the evening occasion, the church litany was prayed.

B [Monday], the 17th Toward evening we experienced an unexpected joy. Our dear Azariah Smith visited us from Salisbury, bringing us a small paquet [packet] from Bethlehem that had been given to him by Elijah Colver[,] who has been there recently for a visit to the congregation. In it we found a letter from our dear Br. Matthew [Hehl], the statement of the arrival and departure of the mails93 from Bethlehem, from September 27 to October 17, and the new, excellent liturgy bookd, for all of which we felt a deep gratitude. At the evening occasion we had for our blessed reflection the words of the apostle: Keep J. C. in Remembrance. Tonight, around the 3rd hour, we experienced here a very strong earthquake, lasting for more than 3 minutes.94 Our house and the furniture inside it was cracking all over, and although we were not moving on our bedsteads, we nevertheless felt the movement so strongly as if we were thrown with great force from one side to the other. The weather was very clear and moonlit. The beginning of the earthquake reportedly sounded (according to how Br. Jungmann observed it, who was awake at the time) as if a party of about 10 horsemen was advancing at great speed.95

E [Tuesday], the 18th Because everyone, young and old, appeared today for the early occasion, as is otherwise the case for the sermons on Sundays, an address was delivered on Rom. 14.7, 8, None of us liveth to himself, & no Man dieth to himself. For whether we 610

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

live, [one or two words crossed out and illegible] we live unto the Lord &ca., and the happiness of those people who know their Lord, are in love with Him, who live by His will, and are daily looking out for His second coming with 1,000 joys, was pointed out [to the Indians]. Moreover, how sure these [people] are in their souls that neither death, nor life, neither that which is present, nor that which is in the future, and so on, can separate them from His love. However, how, on the other hand, the hearts of those people tremble who disobey the Gospel of J. C., and their loins tremble, when only they think about it that one day they have to appear before the Lord. Toward noon Azariah Smith again returned to Salisbury, in quite good spirits. It pleased us that we were able to entertain and delight him by reading to him several tidings from the congregation which we had here in English. Sr. Erdmuth returned home from the area of Potatuck. [No entry for the 19th]

F [Thursday], the 20th Br. Joshua went hunting above Kent with his eldest son, as well as Jeremias, Jonathan, and old Simon’s son. They intend to stay there until Christmas. At the evening occasion we reflected upon the Savior’s word for this day: This thou hast, that thou hatest the Things, which I also hate [Rev. 2.6]. Br. Gottlieb had also left today to go hunting with his eldest son.

D [Friday], the 21st Br. Jungmann went 3 miles from here to select some wood for his profession. He returned home in the evening. The minister of Kent called on us and saluted us, and late this evening we also were paid a visit by 4 English people from our neighborhood. G [Saturday], the 22nd At the morning blessing we recommended all our present and absent Indian brethren and sisters to the faithful Savior by means of a childlike and devout prayer, to be blessed and mercifully preserved by Him, while at the same time committing to His merciful heart especially those, who, their baptism notwithstanding, have been walking about for quite some years without life and 611

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

[without the] feeling of His bloody mercy and power.96 At the same time [we] remembered, with tender love, our precious brethren and sisters and witnesses to the Lamb in America and Europe before our Savior. In the evening, at about 9 o’clock, there was again something of an earthquake felt.97

A [Sunday], the 23rd The sermon was on Eph. 5.1: Be ye followers of god, as dear Children. Br. Martin interpreted. After the children’s meeting, Brother and Sister Jungmann visited the Indian brethren and sisters in the[ir] huts. In the evening the words Such a One is my Beloved were spoken about, without an interpreter. [No entries for the 24th and 25th]

C [Wednesday], the 26th Br. Jungmann went to Sharon on business for our house; Br. Gideon to New Milford. Caritas came back home with her eldest son, and Solomon went to Stockbridge to sell some mats. We advised him against it to be sure, but he was of the opinion [that] he needed to go there.98 Circulating in this area, for some time now, are very different, false, and contradictory reports about our brethren in Bethlehem. Thus, several weeks ago, for example, a rumor spread, [that] the Moravians in Bethlehem had supplied the French with battle ammunition.99 And today, Br. Jungmann was told everywhere in Sharon that the people in Bethlehem had all been slain by the French. Some, however, reportedly subtracted a large part of this number, saying, only 100 persons of them had been killed, but that was absolutely certain.100 [No entry for the 27th]

D [Friday], the 28th Br. Gideon returned home. On a couple of days during this week Br. Jungmann prepared for himself some wood for his profession 3 miles from here. Sr. Jungmann had a number of visitors from the neighborhood.

612

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

G [Saturday], the 29th Sr. Jungmann closed her girls’ school for now and gave the biggest ones their school bookd to take home to practice there on their own. Br. Jeremias returned from hunting, having shot a deer. A [Sunday], the 30th For the sermon a couple of strangers, from 6 miles distant, were present, who also stayed with us for the midday meal. After the meal Br. Rundt visited all the brethren and then held the children’s meeting. Sr. Jungmann visited the Indian sisters and took leave of them for a while.

B [Monday], December 1 Sr. Jungmann also was present for the morning blessing, which she had not attended in a couple of months. Soon after, Br. Jungmann departed from here for Rhinebeck with his wife. There she will await her delivery in the house of our dear Henr. Martin. In the evening Br. Samuel visited me for short hour. Johannes returned home from the war. E [Tuesday], the 2nd Toward evening, all the brethren who had gone hunting on the 20th of the previous month, already returned home. All of them together had shot about 6 deer. After the evening occasion, when I had Br. Joshua join me to inquire of him how things had gone at their place of hunting, our conversation was right at the beginning pleasantly interrupted by the visit of our dear Brothers Christian Seidel and Utley.101 Along with their delightful presence, we also received a number of letters from Bethlehem, from our precious Br. Joseph and several other brethren and sisters there, it[em] from New York, and several Gemeinnachrichten, all of which were very pleasing to us.

C [Wednesday], the 3rd At the morning blessing Br. Christian Seidel greeted our small flock here quite affectionately, not only from the congregation as a whole, but also from several

613

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

brethren and sisters by name, and appealed for them, and for himself, for the Savior’s special presence of grace and the plentiful flooding from His wounds for the duration of his stay. Afterward, all of the Indian brethren and sisters and children came to welcome our pleasant guests. In the afternoon, Br. Utley and Rundt went to Kent, and in the meantime, Br. Christian visited the Indian brethren and sisters in their huts. For the evening occasion Br. Christian read dear Br. Joseph’s letter to the conference brethren and sisters, and in addition, informed them that a love feast would be held next Sunday for all baptized, and 8 days thereafter, Holy Communion. Both of which were also announced soon afterward in the course of the occasion that he conducted on today’s word of the Savior: Hold that fast which thou hast [Rev. 2.25]. F [Thursday], the 4th Br. Utley delivered the morning blessing, and with a great deal of feeling bore witness to the truth that if one had Jesus and enjoyed His blood and wounds, one had and possessed everything to give us eternal joy. He closed with a childlike and inspiring prayer. Br. Rundt remembered, with a heartfelt expression of gratitude before the Savior, his arrival in America 4 years ago today. He conducted the occasion in the evening. Br. Jungmann came home late from Rhinebeck today, bringing us warm greetings from our friends there.

D [Friday], the 5th Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Later on several Indian brethren visited Br. Seidel. In the evening he spoke on the text from the Old Testament.

G [Saturday], the 6th Br. Christian and Utley visited the boys’ school. The former promised to soon send new books as a present for the bigger boys in the reading class, to which they are looking forward very much. Solomon came home from Stockbridge today. At the evening occasion Br. Christian spoke on the text from the New Testament for today: I have a few Things against thee [Rev. 2.14].102 614

Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755

Sunday, the 7th Br. Rundt delivered the sermon on Isaiah 35.4, 5: Say to them that are of a fearfull Heart, fear not: behold, your God will come & save you. In the afternoon Br. Christian held the Banden, and Br. Utley, the children’s meeting. Toward evening Br. Christian celebrated a love feast with all the baptized. First, he related to them many a delightful matter from the congregation. Afterward, he read aloud to our Indian brethren and sisters here the letters from several brethren and sisters from the congregation, and finally, Br. Joseph’s [letter], which contained, among other things, Br. Rundt’s recall from here to be at the synodo in York [Pennsylvania], on the Catores [Codorus River], on the 18th of this [month]; and in the end, he spoke with a great deal of feeling about the verse: Love[‘]s Smart will I feel for ever for the Side-Hole I’ll be sick. Following everything, we, as well as our Indian brethren and sisters, wrote letters to the synodum, and [to] several other brethren and sisters. We enjoyed overall quite a joyous and blessed day. Aufs Aeltsten-Fest der Gemeine den 13ten Novbr. 1755. in Scatticok103 Text aus dem a. T.: Von der Zeit an, segnete der herr das Haus, u. war eitel Segen des herrn in allem, zu hause u. zu Felde, Gen.39, 5. Dein Gnad u. all’s Vermögen in uns reichlich vermehr. Name des heildes: Der Alte der Tage, Dan.7, 9. Nach den Jahren und nach dem merito. Text aus dem N. T.: Ich habe die Schlüßel: Apoc.1, 18. Authoritaet zu Schluß und Sperr. 1. Du, den man an den Wunden kennt, durchs Geistes Offenbahren; und den man, mit der Bibel, nennt den Aeltsten nach den Jahren, 615

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dem schon vor allen Zeiten so wie heut der Nahm’ gebühret, und der auch nach dem merito den Aeltsten-Titel, führet. 2. Du, der sein Da-und Nahe-seyn beweist, mit Gottes-Kräfften in seinem haus, in der Gemein, und den Gemein-Geschäfften; Der du mit Einem Blick durchsiehst die Zeit und Ewigkeiten, und dennoch dich so sehr bemühst mit deinen Creuzes-Leuten 3. Wir sinken vor Dir heute hin Du Aeltster aller Chöre! Wir beten an mit Herz und Sinn und geben Dir die Ehre, du Herzog deiner Zeugen-Wolck: Wir thuns in Geists-Gemeinschafft mit deinem Bethlehemschen Volck und ihrer Herzens-Freundschafft. 4. Was thust Du? Was hast Du geschafft bey deiner Blut-Gemeine, die selig, fröhlich, sünderhaft, arm, mangelhaft; Doch Deine. Sie lebet in dem Wunden-Meer: Noch mehr! Sie sieht jezunder auch noch dazu ein ganzes Heer von lauter Gnaden-Wunder. 616

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5. Stammst Du /: O Weisheit, Gnad und Ehr!:/ gleich her aus unserm Mittel, uns bleibt doch heilig, hoch und hehr dein Stab, Stuhl, Amt und Titel Dein Da-seyn in der Creuz-Gestalt, dein unter uns Regieren, mit Licht, Recht, Gnad und Liebs-Gewalt, ists was wir veneriren. 6. Ach absolvire, pardonir, wasch, heilige und stärke mit deinem Blut uns alle hier, daß jedes Herz es merke. Erneure mit dem Dornen-Stich, auch ganz besonders heute, an uns den Blut-und Sünder-Strich: Wir sind ja deine Leute. 7. Gib Gnad, daß künftig immerdar wir uns Dir überlaßen, daß Herz, haupt, Händ’ und Füße gar in deine Absicht paßen, damit, nach deinem ganzen Sinn, wir Dir noch brauchbar werden, /:für deine Arbeit zum Gewinn:/ zum Dienst bey deinen Heerden. 8. Es ist wohl nicht der Rede werth, was wir zu Lieb Dir machen; Doch du bist der, der’s Herz begehrt, sieh’st nicht auf große Sachen. 617

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Du brauchst uns nicht: Gnad ist es nur. Du willst uns dadurch ehren, und manches nöth’ge auf der Spuhr an uns und andern lehren. 9. Es halte unser Aug und Herz dein Todes-Blick stets munter, und misch auch unter unsern Schmerz den Wunden-Honig drunter. Dein Da-Bey-Um-und In uns seyn laß uns beständig haben, so außer als in der Gemein, samt allen nöth’gen Gaben. 10. Der du allein die Schlüßel führst zum Auf-und zum Zuschließen, und Gottes Schätze dispensirst und mittheilst zum Genießen, wo man auf deine Hände schaut, bleib hier in unsrer Mitte, wo doch manch Steingen wird behaut zu deiner ew’gen Hütte. 11. Bespreng mit Blut hier diese Stätt und die Gelegenheiten, die Herzen, Banden, das Gebet, ja unsre Kleinigkeiten. Sey deinem kleinen Dörfflein hier sehr gnädig und gewogen: Du bist ja doch in dis Revier einmal schon eingezogen. 618

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12. Authoritaet zu Schluß und Speer hast Du an allen Orten; Du heißt und bist und bleibst der Herr: Schleuß zu des Satans Pforten. Versperr dem Feinde seinen Paß zun Indianer-Seelen, die schon einmal geschmecket was aus deinen Wunden-Höhlen. 13. Gedenk an die Gemein, dein haus: Laß drinn seyn eitel Segen. Breit deine gnade drinnen aus: Vermehre all’s Vermögen. Laß es dein Lob seyn in der Zeit, ein Shelter armer Sünder, des Satans Schreck, der Engel Freud und aller Gottes Kinder. 14. Du Bischoff einer jeden Seel des Volcks, die deine Glieder; Du Aug und Wächter Israel, der Unitaet der Brüder, sey deinen Seelen allerseits stets gut für allen Schaden: Und weid’ sie mit dem Wort vom Creuz. Thu es aus lauter Gnaden. 15. Du, deiner Jünger Fürst und herr, ihr Principal und Führer, ihr specialer Aeltester, Hirt, Meister und Regierer, 619

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der du, dem Amt nach, Vater bist auch Priester und Erz-Engel, der wesentlich zugegen ist in jedem Kirchen-Sprengel. 16. Siz in dem Rath der Jüngerschafft als Chef und Praesidente: Besorg’ das Volck der kleinen Krafft, als wahrer Creuz-Regente. Sez ihnen deine Liebes-Absicht, mit manchem Ort und Lande, noch immer mehr in hellers Licht und bring sie selbst zu stande. C.G.R.

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Notes

dhny mab nycd prcc

rmm uah

Abbreviations The Documentary History of the State of New York, Arranged under Direction of the Hon. Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Documents Relative to the Colonial History of New York; Procured in Holland, England, and France by John R. Brodhead, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from April 1636 to October 1776 . . . transcribed and published, (in accordance with a resolution of the General assembly), eds. James Hammond Trumball [vols. 1–3] and Charles J. Hoadly [vols. 4–15] Records of the Moravian Mission among the Indians of North America (Cited by reel/box/folder/item number, and date, where available) Unity Archives, Herrnhut, Germany

Introduction 1. Thomas Jefferson to William H. Harrison, 27 Feb. 1803, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651–1827, Library of Congress. The epigraph to this chapter [emphasis added] is from the same source. 2. Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes, 231–49. 3. PRCC, 8:38. The lands at Pachgatgoch do not appear to have been expressly granted to the Indians until 1752 (PRCC, 10:108). 4. Trumbull, Indian Names, 43. 5. Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk; Jennings, Invasion of America; Lapore, Name of the War. 6. Jennings, Invasion of America, 325; Mandell, Behind the Frontier, 2. 7. Campisi, Mashpee Indians; Mandell, Behind the Frontier; O’Brien, Dispossession by Degrees. 8. Axtell, Invasion Within, 135. 9. rmm 30/225/3/1, 21 Dec. 1748.

Notes to Pages 3–6 10. Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England”; Conkey, Boissevain, and Goddard, “Indians of Southern New England”; Snow, Archaeology of New England. 11. Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England”; Snow, Archaeology of New England; Bragdon, Native People; Starna, “Pequots.” 12. Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England,” 168; Conkey, Boissevain, and Goddard, “Indians of Southern New England,” 177–78, 181–84; Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes; Grumet, Historic Contact, 153–58. 13. PRCC, 2:419. 14. Jennings, Invasion of America, 300–302; PRCC, 2:369. 15. rmm 1/111/4/4, 14 June 1743. 16. Readers interested in the origins and history of the Moravian Church, and generally its mission to the Indians of North America, should consult J. Müller, Geschichte; K. Müller, 200 Jahre; Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church; Beck, Brüder in vielen Völkern; Meyer, “Zinzendorf und Herrnhut”; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work; Loskiel, History of the Mission; Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission. 17. Fries, Moravians in Georgia; Schwarze, History of the Moravian Missions, 5–14; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 19–20; Fogleman, “Decline and Fall”; Jones and Peucher [Peucker], “‘We Have Come to Georgia.’” The Moravians returned to the South — the Winston-Salem area of North Carolina — in the early 1750s but were unsuccessful in establishing a dedicated Indian mission until 1801, this among the Cherokees (McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries). 18. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 9–11. Rauch was supposed to have traveled with another brother, but this person fell ill and was unable to make the journey (uah r.8.33.a.3.a, 10, 30 Dec. 1739; rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51, 1/111/1/1, 1739–46). 19. These Indians were part of a delegation that had come to New York to meet with the colonial governor, George Clarke, an original patentee of the Little Nine Partners patent within which Shekomeko and the lands there contested by the Indians, in particular Shabash, later baptized Abraham, were located (uah r.15.h.i.a.1.1, n.d.). See discussion at note 35. 20. Martinus Hoffman (b. Kingston ny, 1707, d. 1772). A major landholder, miller, wheat merchant, militia officer, and justice of the peace in Dutchess County who figured importantly in land disputes involving Shekomeko (Reynolds, Genealogical and Family History, 1:89–90; Bonami, Factious People, 169; DHNY, 4:134). 21. rmm 1/111/1/1, 1739–46. 22. See Kittle, Palatine Emigration, 268; Otterness, Becoming German. 23. uah, Christian Heinrich Rauch to Petrus Böhler, r.15.h.i.a.2.1., 12 Jan. 1741. 24. uah, Christian Heinrich Rauch to Petrus Böhler, r.15.h.i.a.2.1., 12 Jan. 1741; rmm 1/111/1/1, 1739–46; W. Reichel, Memorials, 54.

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Notes to Pages 6–8 25. The Esopus or Sopus Indians occupied the west side of the mid-Hudson Valley, while the Highland Indians, in particular the Wappingers, the areas of Dutchess and Putnam counties on the east side (Goddard, “Delaware,” 213–14). The Moravians identified the Indians from Pachgatgoch and vicinity, that is, the middle stretch of the Housatonic Valley, as either Wampanoags or, more frequently, Wompanoos. We use “Wompanoos,” the singular form of which is “Wompanoo,” to avoid any possible confusion with the Wampanoags (Pokanokets) of southeastern Massachusetts. “Wampanoo” (*wá·pano·w: easterner) is a Munsee term for the native people living to their east. See Goddard, “Ethnohistorical Implications”; Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England,” 175. 26. rmm 2/112/17/1, 1745. See also W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 63. 27. Nelson, “Boehler’s Reminiscences”; Smaby, Transformation, 9. 28. These Indians were Seim and Kiob, both Wompanoos, and Shabash, a Mahican (uah r.15.h.i.a.1.2.a, 1742–49). 29. rmm 26/211/5/1, Dec. 1741, Jan. 1742. In a letter dated 18 Dec. 1741, Rauch informed Zinzendorf of his wish to visit him and the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, bringing along these three Indian men. Before the letter could be delivered, however, Büttner had been ordered to Shekomeko (rmm 29/221/4/5, Dec. 1741). 30. Early on, the Moravians referred to Stockbridge by its geographic location, Westenhook, the far southwest corner of Massachusetts and the adjacent part of New York (rmm 26/211/5/1, 25 Jan. 1742; see Wm. Alexander, “A Map of the lands in Controversie Between The Province of New York and Massachusetts,” 1754, co 700/New York 21, Public Record Office, Kew, United Kingdom). 31. rmm 29/221/4/5, Dec. 1741, 1/111/1/1, 1739–46. On Zinzendorf’s journey to Shekomeko, see W. Reichel, Memorials, 45–61. 32. rmm 1/111/1/1, 1739–46. In the entry under Rauch’s name, Träger and TrägerGroße, Dienerblätter, furnish the New Style date for his ordination as 22 February. See also W. Reichel, Memorials, 145n. 33. rmm 26/211/5/1, Jan. 1742, 1/111/1/1, 1739–46. Seim also carried the name Otabawánemen (W. Reichel, Memorials, 145). 34. See nycd, 7:246. On Abraham’s land, see rmm 3/113/5/4, n.d., 3/113/5/6, 16 Oct. 1743. 35. Jeannette or Johannetta Mack, née Rau. See Linn and Egle, Marriage Register, 119. See also [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 7. At least a dozen Moravian brethren, several with their wives, passed through Shekomeko during the first four years of the mission. 36. rmm 29/221/4/5, 18 Dec. 1741, 1/111/2/1, 21 Feb. 1743. At this early period of

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Notes to Pages 8–10 their mission to the Indians, the Moravians were much more liberal in terms of what was required of an individual to be baptized. 37. That an unknown number of Indian people were settled at a place called Shekomeko [Shekomakes] is first documented in 1724 (rmm 3/113/5/2, Sept. 1743; see also 3/113/5/6, 16 Oct. 1743, 3/113/5/11, n.d.). By the early 1740s the community’s mixed Indian composition, the uncertainty about who its leaders were, and the sense that its membership was not only fluid but unconsolidated suggest that it had become a gathering place for Indians who had surrendered or been forced from their lands as a result of expanding colonial settlement and population loss from disease. An indication of how quickly non-Indians moved into the region is reflected in census data from Dutchess County. A total of 445 “inhabitants and slaves” was counted there in 1714; 1,727 in 1731; 3,418 six years later; and by 1746, 8,806 (dhny, 1:240, 471, 472). For references to leaders at Shekomeko, see rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51. 38. This is Tschoop, a.k.a. Wasamapah (W. Reichel, Memorials, 55). Abraham was appointed elder (Ältester), Jacob exhorter (Ermahner), Isaac sexton or servant (Diener), and Johannes teacher (Lehrer). 39. rmm 26/211/5/5, Oct. 1742. 40. W. Reichel, Memorials, 32–33, 57, 64–66. Zinzendorf never visited any of the Iroquois communities, although several other Moravians did. See Beauchamp, Moravian Journals. 41. rmm 26/211/5/1, Oct. 1742. 42. rmm 29/221/4/1, 4, 1743. The minister Rauch encountered was in all likelihood the Reverend John Jacob Ehl (Ehle, Ehlig, Oehl, Oël) (1685–1777), a Palatine German whose homestead was just east of modern Nelliston. See Lydekker, Faithful Mohawks, 63–64; Corwin, Ecclesiastical Records, 3:2232–33. 43. rmm 1/111/1/1, 9, 10, 15 Aug., 2, 8 Sept. 1743, 29/221/4/1, 4, 1743. 44. rmm 1/111/1/1, Jan. 1743. On 19 August 1742, a number of Indians traveled a short distance from Pachgatgoch to a place where they were preached to by the yet unordained “New Light” David Brainerd. “New Lights” were practitioners of the religious revival known as the First Great Awakening. See uah, Cammerhoff to Zinzendorf, r.14.a.28.1, 22 May 1747; Edwards, David Brainerd, 175–76; W. Reichel, Memorials, 27–28n. Reichel, however, is mistaken in his belief that this event took place while Brainerd was at Kaunaumeek. His mission did not begin there until April 1743, after the Moravians had begun baptizing Pachgatgoch Indians. The Moravian bishop Johann Christian Friedrich Cammerhoff believed that it was Brainerd who had awakened these Indians; however, there had been earlier contacts with local Presbyterian clergy. See The Law Papers, 1:42–43; prcc, 8:480–81; Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes, 252.

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Notes to Pages 10–13 45. The discussion that follows of the Macks’ visit to Pachgatgoch and Potatuck is from rmm 1/111/3/1, 27 Jan.–18 Feb. 1743, 1/111/3/3, 26 Jan.–18 Feb. 1743. 46. See [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:118–118b; prcc, 6:551, sec. 5 [11 Aug. 1725], viz., “If any Indian or Indians shall assault or threaten to kill, or anyways unlawfully terrify and disquiet any of his Majesties subjects . . . the said authority are ordered to commit such Indian or Indians to the common goal [jail].” 47. Jeannette Mack, who grew up next door to the Indians at Shekomeko, spoke Mahican, as did her brother Wilhelm. See rmm 30/225/3, 17 Dec. 1748. The available evidence indicates that the inhabitants of Pachgatgoch and Potatuck spoke Wampano, an eastern dialect of Munsee. Nevertheless, given the exposure these Indians had had to surrounding native speech communities, a degree of mutual intelligibility must have developed between many of the region’s Mahican, QuiripiNaugatuck-Unquachog, and Wampano speakers. See Goddard, “Eastern Algonquian Languages,” 72–73; Goddard, Review of Mahican Language Hymns; Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England,” 160. The claim that Jeannette spoke Mohawk, which is traceable to W. Reichel, Memorials, 100–101n, and has been repeated by others, cannot be substantiated. See Carter, Early Events, 90; Merrell, “Shamokin,” 19; Merritt, At the Crossroads, 75. 48. Büttner asked the headman whether he and the others wanted to have their baptisms conducted in English or in their own language, and whether they wished to choose their Christian names for themselves. Maweseman replied that he did not care one way or the other, and in any case, the Moravians knew how to proceed with such matters better then he. In addition to Gideon and his son, whose Indian name was recorded as Schoop, Büttner baptized Gideon’s daughter Maria, the widow Rachel, Amos (Hiop, also Kiop/Kiob), and Samuel (Buicke) (rmm 1/111/3/3, 1/111/2/1, 13 Feb. 1743). 49. The discussion that follows on Mack’s second journey to Pachgatgoch and Potatuck is from rmm 1/111/3/2, 4, 22 Feb.–11 Mar. 1743. 50. The diaries strongly suggest that the mother of Chuse and Martin, and Joshua’s mother, were not the same woman. 51. rmm 26/211/5/1, 8, 15–16 Apr. 1743. 52. Characterized as the “Chiefe Sachem of the indians in these parts,” Metoxson figured prominently in several land transactions in Connecticut in the 1720s and 1730s, where he was identified as Corlar (var.) and also Collonel ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:244–244c). The Iroquois had favored Governor Edmund Andros with the honorific “Corlear” in about 1675, and with the exception of Benjamin Fletcher, who was styled “Swift Arrow,” it has been used ever since in addressing New York’s chief

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Notes to Pages 13–16 executive. The name is traceable to Arent van Curler, who in 1643 negotiated the first treaty between the Mohawks and the Dutch (Jennings et al., Iroquois Diplomacy, 235, 237; Gehring, Court Minutes, 457). How it was that Metoxson appropriated or perhaps was given this name is unknown. Whatever the case, the name may have functioned to buttress his actual or assumed status of head sachem. Büttner describes Corlaar or Metoxson as being about seventy years old in 1743 (rmm 1/111/2/1, 21 Feb. 1743). The date of his death is undocumented. 53. rmm 1/111/2/1, 15, 21 Jan. 1743. 54. Whether the number of miles is fifty or sixty is unclear in the German-language document. See rmm 1/111/2/5, 16 Aug. 1743. It is definitely not thirty, the figure found in the English translation (rmm 1/111/2/8, 16 Aug. 1743). See also Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:244. Other than what the Moravian records provide, there is nothing known about this Indian community. 55. rmm 26/211/5/1, 6 Oct. 1743, 1/111/2/8, 6 Nov. 1743, 29/221/21/1, 1739–51. 56. This legislation, written in support of the “Old Light” religious establishment in western Connecticut, was introduced by Jonathan Trumbull, a member of the assembly who would serve as governor from 1769 to 1784. See prcc, 8:521–22. 57. Abel Wright (d. 1770) was one of Kent’s leading citizens, an original proprietor who served at one time or another as captain of the militia, selectman, town agent, and moderator. He also was a charter member of Kent’s Congregational church. In early July, following the arrests of the Moravians, and after having invited “‘notoriously corrupt’” New Light preachers into his home, he was suspended from gospel privileges, with the Reverend Cyrus Marsh prominent on the list of prosecutors. Rejecting a call to confess, he turned to the teachings of the Moravians, causing himself further trouble with the locals. The next year, he moved to Fairfield, Connecticut. In 1760 he returned to Kent, running the town’s general store until his death (Grant, Town of Kent, 165–66). 58. rmm 1/111/4/2, 1–18 June 1743, 1/111/4/4, June 1743; uah, Spangenberg to Zinzendorf, r.15.h.i.a.7.3.f, 14 May 1752. 59. uah, Spangenberg to Zinzendorf, r.15. h.i.a.7.3.f, 14 May 1752. 60. rmm 1/111/4/4, June 1743. 61. rmm 1/111/2/1, Feb. 1743. 62. rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51. 63. dhny, 3:613. It is not known whether colonial officials in Connecticut and New York were in contact and sharing information in regard to Moravian activities and how best to deal with them, although we believe it likely. 64. dhny, 3:613.

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Notes to Pages 16–17 65. A description of this visit and its aftermath is drawn from Büttner’s personal diary (rmm 26/211/5/1, 16–19 June 1744, 1/111/1/1, 16–19 June 1744), which is summarized in Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:112–15. 66. rmm 26/211/5/1, 16–19 June 1744, 1/111/1/1, 16–19 June 1744. As one of its many responses to King George’s War, the Connecticut assembly passed an ordinance in October 1744 in respect to Indians residing within the colony “appointing the limits where such Indians may range and the badge by which they shall be known.” This was to “prevent their being mistaken for the enemy Indians and fired upon as such.” The efficacy of this directive, and the extent to which it was complied with by Indians or colonists, is unknown (prcc, 9:76). 67. rmm 2/112/6/6, 19 June 1744. The Reverend Peter Pratt also acted as an agent for the town of Sharon in an early and controversial land deal with the Indians. He was removed as minister in 1747 following charges of intemperance (Sedgwick, General History, 37, 42–43). 68. There is minor disagreement in the record concerning the date on which the Filkins and their associates visited Shekomeko, and also on the number of men in the posse. According to colonial authorities, it was 17 June and 18 June. Büttner wrote that it was 19 June. The governor’s letter maintained that ten men were in the posse, while Büttner reported numbers of eleven and thirteen. See dhny, 3:613–14; rmm 26/211/5/1, 19 June 1744. Büttner, and soon other Moravians, refused to take “the Oaths by Law appointed to be taken, in Stead of the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, Subscribe the Test, and make, repeat and Swear to, and Subscribe the abjuration Oath” required under “Das Act die Naturalisation” [The Act of Naturalization], as Johannes von Watteville identified it in 1748. See rmm 30/225/3, 26 Dec. 1748. First promulgated in 1683, the 1715 revision of this statute is titled “An Act declaring that all Persons of Forreign Birth heretofore Inhabiting within this Colony and dying Seized of any Lands Tenements or Hereditaments shall forever hereafter Deemed Taken and Esteemed to have been Naturalized, and for Naturalizing all Protestants of Forreign Birth now Inhabiting within this Colony” (Colonial Laws of New York, 1:123–24, 858–63). To “Subscribe the Test” was to take the oath stipulated in the Test Act of 1691, which repudiated transubstantiation, the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary, and the sacrifice of the Mass (See Corwin, Ecclesiastical Records, 2:1012–13). In New York, the Test Act led to the passage in 1700 of a particularly odious piece of legislation, “An act against Jesuits & popish priests” (Colonial Laws of New York, 1:428–30). The Abjuration Oath was prescribed by laws put into force by William III, George I, and George III opposing the right of the Stuarts or other pretenders to the crown. 69. rmm 26/211/5/1, 2 July 1744. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem

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Notes to Pages 18–20 Diary, 2:114, 178. The other patentees living at this time were George Clarke, New York’s colonial governor from 1736 to 1743, and Rip van Dam, a former member of the colonial council and a former acting governor. F. Franconier was still alive in 1742. Henry and Francis Filkin’s father, Henry Sr. (1651–1713), had been a patentee of the Great Nine Partners patent of 1697, the lands of which lay adjacent to and south of the Little Nine Partners patent. 70. rmm 26/211/5/1, 1–2 Aug. 1744; dhny, 3:614–17. Sensemann may have had the easier time of it; he knew very little English and thus could not readily understand or be understood by his inquisitors (rmm 2/112/6/2, 13 Aug. 1744, 1/111/1/1, 18 Aug. 1744). 71. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:133–34. 72. Colonial Laws of New York, 3:424, 428. The oaths required under this 1744 statute were one of allegiance to “his Majesty King George the Second,” a second repudiating any assumption of authority by the Sea of Rome or any “foreign Prince, person, Prelate, State or Potentate,” and a third rejecting claims of pretenders to the Crown (Colonial Laws of New York, 3:425). 73. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:175. 74. dhny, 3:617. The act would expire one year later, on 21 September 1745. A first violation carried with it a fine of forty pounds and six months’ imprisonment without bail or surety. Expulsion from the colony would follow a second offense, and if such an order was ignored, it was decreed that the offender “shall Suffer Such Punishment as shall be Inflicted by the Justices of the Supreme Court, not Extending to Life or Limb” (Colonial Laws of New York, 3:424, 428). 75. rmm 26/211/5/7, 19 Dec. 1744. 76. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:198. 77. This money may have been a part of that appropriated by the Connecticut assembly in May 1742. 78. rmm 26/211/5/1, 7 July 1743. 79. rmm 26/211/5/1, July–Dec. 1743. For Lazara’s baptism, see rmm 26/211/5/1, 13 Aug. 1743. See mab, Maps and Architectural Drawings, drawer 7, folder 8, no. 32 [fig. 4]. Shortly after Lazara’s death, Gideon married Martha, a Potatuck Indian who had been baptized by Mack on 3 January 1744 (rmm 26/211/5/1). 80. rmm 26/211/5/1, 28 Dec. 1743, 2 Jan. 1744; W. Reichel, Memorials, 144, 148. 81. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:36, 48; Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 62. 82. “de gayeté [gaieté] de Coeur” (French): out of sheer wantonness. 83. nycd, 6:270.

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Notes to Pages 21–24 84.nycd, 6:279. 85. nycd, 6:311. See also dhny, 3:619–21. 86. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:203, 213. 87. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:233; W. Reichel, Memorials, 138n. During their visit to Shekomeko in 1748, the Moravian bishops Johannes von Watteville and Johann Christian Cammerhoff counted twenty-five graves in the cemetery: Büttner’s, those of twenty-three Indians, and that of Robert Bos or Boss (d. 26 June 1745), a white man “who loved the brethren” and had asked to be buried in Shekomeko’s God’s acre (rmm 30/225/3, 15 Dec., 1/111/1/1). A Robert Bos, also Boos, appears on tax lists from Dutchess County in 1736 and 1737, and again in Rhinebeck precinct from 1738 to February 1745 (Frank Doherty, personal communication, 2004; see also Jones, Palatine Families). 88. rmm 2/112/16/7, 10/1, 21 Mar. 1745. Although we cannot be sure, this may have been Henry Livingston (1714–1799), Henry Beekman’s cousin and confidant. See Bonami, Factious People, 167–68. 89. About this incident, see rmm 2/112/16/7, 21 Mar. 1745, 2/112/10/1, 1–5 Mar. 1745; Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:237. 90. rmm 2/112/8/1, 2, 1 Feb.–Aug. 1745, 1/111/1/1, Nov. 1745–July 1746. 91. rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51. 92. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:306. Two years earlier, Büttner had characterized Hoffman as “having acted upright” in the controversy over Abraham’s land (rmm 3/113/5/6, 16 Oct. 1743). 93. Zeisberger and his companion Brother Post had been released from confinement in New York City several weeks earlier; they had been held there since their arrests in Mohawk country in early February 1745. Both men returned to Bethlehem on 16 April (Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:228–30, 273, 275; rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51). 94. rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51; Beauchamp, Moravian Journals, 12–13; Wallace, Conrad Weiser, 219–22. 95. rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51. 96. rmm 1/111/1/1, 1739–46. Reports reaching Shekomeko and Pachgatgoch about the alleged abusive manner in which the Moravians were treating the Indians in Gnadenhütten and Bethlehem were a cause of some concern (mab, Epistola Tertia Johannis Friederici Cammerhoffii, Cammerhoff: Letters to Zinzendorf & al.: 1747–51). Gnadenhütten was destroyed in an Indian attack on 24 November 1755. 97. rmm 3/113/1/5. 98. rmm 3/114/1/1.

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Notes to Pages 24–28 99. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1747, 7, Beylagen, 1 July. 100. W. Reichel, Memorials, 34; rmm 4/116/1/1, 19 Aug., 2 Sept. 1747. 101. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1747, 7, Beylagen, 3 July, 1 Sept.; rmm 4/116/1/1, 2 Sept. 1747. 102. uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.3, Aug.–Sept. 1747; rmm 4/116/1/1, 2 Sept. 1747, 29/221/21/1, 1739–51; mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1747, 7, Beylagen, 24, 31 Oct. 1747. 103. [Acta Fratrum Unitatas], 634–38. 104. rmm 30/225/3/1, 15–16 Dec. 1748; uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.4, 18 Mar. 1748. 105. rmm 3/114/8/1, 1, 20 July 1753. 106. rmm 3/114/8/1, 16, 20 Dec. 1753, 26/211/7/1, 3/114/1/2; uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, 16 May, 15 Sept., 21 Oct.–1 Nov. 1749, r.14.a.a.6, 26 Feb. 1750. 107. The discussion on the location and layout of Pachgatgoch that follows is from Dally-Starna and Starna, “Picturing Pachgatgoch.” Not considered here are the movements of missionaries and Indians to and from communities in western Connecticut and eastern New York, and also those in Pennsylvania, namely, Bethlehem, Friedenshütten, and Gnadenhütten. 108. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1768–71, 28:548. 109. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1765–67, 27:531. See also mab, Protocoll der Oeconomats Conferenz, 1767–74:168–69. There had been deliberations among church leaders in Bethlehem about closing the mission in 1768, and a suggestion to consider doing so two years before that (Protocoll der Oeconomats Conferenz, 115–17; mab, Joachim Sensemann to Nathanael Seidel, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 31 Dec. 1765; uah, Joachim Sensemann to Nathanael Seidel, r.15.h.i.a.2.95, 2 April 1766, r.24.b.16.35, April–July 1765). 110. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1772–74, 29:177. 111. Hamilton, John Ettwein, 252. 112. rmm 1/111/2/1, 21 Feb. 1743. 113. The description of Pachgatgoch that follows is from the von Watteville– Cammerhoff journal (rmm 30/225/3/1, 20–21 Dec. 1748). 114. We translate the German “Hütte” as “hut” rather than attempting to add unwarranted specificity to the type of dwelling referred to; for example, by translating “Hütte” as “cabin” or “wigwam,” terms the Moravians supplied when they thought it necessary. The word “fireplaces” (Feuerplätze) used here is meant to suggest an open hearth, not a stone structure at the base of a chimney. 115. “kill” (Dutch): creek. Distances reported by the Moravians were probably based on the time it took them to travel from one point to another. Even so, and

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Notes to Pages 28–33 almost without exception, their estimates closely match those of measured statute miles. 116. Gideon had remarried after Lazara’s death in September 1743 but before the first days of January 1744 (rmm 26/211/5/1, 3 Jan. 1744). 117. Seven years earlier, in July 1741, Indians at “‘Scaticook’” sold a large parcel of land “‘on Stratford [Housatonic] river at a place called Sassucksuck, northward from the place where the Ten Mile river falls into the Great River [also the Housatonic]’” (Orcutt, History of the Towns, 17). Written “Sasaksuk” by Cammerhoff, this was a large falls on the Housatonic just upriver from Bulls Bridge. 118. Insofar as we have been able to determine, there is no similar structure described in the literature from southern New England or adjacent New York for any time period. 119. In 1904 a hydropower plant was completed at Bulls Bridge, impounding upstream waters and elevating the river surface. In addition, an overflow channel for the power canal was created on the west side of a landform that is today called Bulls Bridge Island. 120. rmm 3/114/5/1, 28 Jan. 1752, 11 Dec. 1751. 121. rmm 3/114/4/1, 19–20 Sept. 1751. 122. rmm 3/114/4/1, 23 Sept. 1751. 123. rmm 3/114/5/1, 30 Dec. 1751. 124. rmm 4/115/9/1, 11 Dec. 1759. Gideon died on the mountain on 28 January 1760. 125. rmm 4/115/11/1, 1 Apr. 1761. 126. rmm 4/115/12/1, 26 July, 9 Sept., 3 Dec. 1762. 127. In early 1756 Bishop Spangenberg reflected on the use of the name “Pachgatgoch,” writing: “we do not want to abandon this name, for it is better known to the congregation than this: Scatticock” (rmm 4/115/15/18, n.d. [ca. May 1756]). See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 128. rmm 4/115/10/1, 25 Oct. 1760. 129. rmm 4/115/10/1, 3 Jan. 1761. 130. rmm 4/115/2/1, 19 Oct. 1754. 131. [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:77. 132. Barber, Historical Collections, 470. 133. rmm 4/115/2/1, 15 Oct. 1754. 134. rmm 4/115/11/1, 20, 23 Jan. 1761. 135. rmm 4/115/11/1, 14 May 1761, 4/115/12/1, 20 Feb. 1762. 136. rmm 4/115/6/1, 15 May 1756.

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Notes to Pages 33–39 137. uah r.15.h.i.a.5.8, 13 Mar. 1749. 138. rmm 2/112/17/1, 1745; W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 63. 139. rmm 30/225/3/1, 20 Dec. 1748; McBride, “Archaeology.” 140. rmm 3/114/2/1, 8, 29 June, 28 Oct. 1750. 141. mab, Journals, Box je: Letters s, Box je III 2c, Oct. 1760–May 1761. 142. rmm 3/114/6/1, 19 Apr. 1752. 143. Quoted in Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 137. 144. rmm 4/115/3/1, 12 May 1755. 145. For grave number 29, the notation “Maria Elisabeth[,] Sophia’s sister,” was crossed out and replaced with “Salome[,] Salome’s little daughter.” Maria Elisabeth’s grave is number 28. 146. rmm 30/225/3/1, 15 Dec. 1748; Gollin, Moravians in Two Worlds, 67–89, 109. 147. The placement of Gideon’s grave should not be interpreted as reflecting his headman status in the community; it indicates only that he was an adult male and as such was not to be buried with children of either sex or with women. 148. rmm 3/114/2/1, 9 July 1750, 3/114/5/1, 8 Jan. 1752, 3/114/7/1, 22 Nov. 1752, 4/115/9/1, 10 Aug. 1760. 149. rmm 1/111/1/1, 13 Feb., 13 Aug., 24 Sept. 1743, 27 Sept. 1744. 150. rmm 34/3191/1/1; mab, Edward Thorp to John Ettwein, P.H.C. 1765–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 13 May 1770. 151. We do not include Lazara and Maria in our calculations, as their graves are not within the boundaries of the cemetery. Neither do we include the one unlabeled grave. 152. rmm 2/112/17/1; W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 63; Sabathy-Judd, Moravians in Upper Canada, xxx, figure facing 310. 153. W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 71, 73–76; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. 154. W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 71, 76–77. 155. rmm 4/115/10/1, 25 Oct. 1760. 156. W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, writes: “As at Pachgatgoch (as we ascertained later), so here [Shekomeko] the Indians buried their dead on low ground; whether these were exceptional instances, or whether it was a custom, is a question of interest yet to be decided” (70). We would only caution that, in respect to the location of the cemetery at Pachgatgoch, the Moravians were relying on Beardsley’s word. 157. rmm 4/115/11/1, 18 May 1761. 158. mab, Joachim Sensemann to Nathanael Seidel, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 31 Dec. 1765.

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Notes to Pages 40–44 159. Todd, Olde Connecticut, 215. 160. The count of Indians that Gideon gave to Cammerhoff in 1748 should be considered conservative, as it may have represented only those who were at the winter huts that day. Eighty Indians, “not including the children,” were in attendance for a sermon delivered at Pachgatgoch in 1752 (rmm 3/114/6/1, 21 May). Ezra Stiles restates the figure of 127 Indians living at “the upper end of Kent on the west side of the Oustonnoc river” found in the 1762 census ([Stiles], Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 10:112). Brother Edward Thorp, the last missionary at Pachgatgoch, reported a population of ninety-four in mid-1770 (mab, Edward Thorp to John Ettwein, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 13 May 1770 resp[ectively], 24 July). The 1774 colonial census lists sixty-two Indians in the town of Kent (prcc, 14:490). 161. rmm 3/114/8/1, 16 Jan. 1754, 3/114/9/1, 22–23 Apr. 1754, 4/115/6/1, 2 Aug. 1756, 4/115/12/1, 27 Apr. 1762. 162. [Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:66–68d. 163. The discussion that follows is drawn from Dally-Starna and Starna, “‘Amongst the Brown Flock’”; Dally-Starna and Starna, “American Indians and Moravians.” 164. In 1725, after learning that the Indians at New Milford [Weantinock] and Potatuck “had lately several dances, and sundry of them have painted themselves as is usual for Indians to do that design war,” Connecticut took steps to discourage such behavior: “It is therefore resolved, that if any Indian or Indians within the Colony shall be seen painted. . . . They shall be taken for enemies and proceeded against as such” (prcc, 6:551). We suspect that this edict, along with other less obvious, but perhaps equally effective signals from the colony’s inhabitants in the form of prejudicial words and actions, may have inhibited other similarly visible expressions of Indian culture. 165. mab, Journals, Box ja I 11, 24 Sept.–4 Nov. 1745. 166. mab, Bethlehem Diary, 24 July 1758, 19:56 [60]. That the image on Michael’s jaw was of a wild boar is doubtful. It was most likely a rude rendering of a bear or perhaps a wolf’s head. 167. It is an anthropological axiom that in areas where horticulture — farming — is dominant, so too is matrilineality. This correlation stems from the fact that women controlled and managed virtually all elements of this form of subsistence. 168. See Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England”; Snow, Archaeology of New England; Bragdon, Native People; Starna, “Pequots.” 169. Spangenberg, Account, 91; Gollin, Moravians in Two Worlds, 67–89; Smaby, Transformation, 10–13.

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Notes to Pages 44–54 170. Smaby, Transformation, 11–13. 171. There was a trend in Indian communities at this time toward bilateral descent. 172. Uttendörfer, “Missionsinstruktionen,” 22–23; uah r.3.a.8.2.a, Dec. 1740; rmm 4/115/15/18, n.d. [ca. May 1756]. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 173. When visiting with Indian women, a Moravian was always in the company of other Indians, his wife, or the wife of a brother. 174. Axtell, Invasion Within, 81. 175. rmm 4/115/15/18, n.d. [ca. May 1756]. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 176. uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.3, 13 Dec. 1747; rmm 3/114/6/1, 16 Apr. 1752, parenthetical statement in Bishop Spangenberg’s hand. 177. rmm 4/115/3/1, 16 Jan. 1755. 178. Uttendörfer, “Missionsinstruktionen,” 51n120. For examples, see Masthay, Mahican Language Hymns. 179. rmm 3/114/7/1, 5 Dec. 1752. 180. See, generally, Cronon, Changes; Jordan and Kaups, American Backwoods. See also Starna and Relethford, “Deer Densities.” 181. Axtell, Invasion Within; Campisi, “Fur Trade and Factionalism.” 182. Axtell, Invasion Within, 78. 183. rmm 3/114/7/1, 3 Nov. 1752. 184. uah, Martin Mack to Petrus Böhler, r.15.h.i.a.2.54, 14 Aug. 1760; Martin Mack to Joseph Spangenberg, r.15.h.i.a.2.55, 4 Sept. 1760. 185. rmm 3/114/2/1, 21 Aug. 1750. 186. Axtell, Invasion Within. 187. See Mancall, Deadly Medicine. 188. Axtell, Invasion Within; Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge; Mandell, Behind the Frontier. 189. rmm 3/114/5/1, 20 Feb. 1752. 190. Axtell, Invasion Within, 286. 191. Spangenberg, Account, 42. 192. Axtell, Invasion Within, 91. 193. Axtell, “Indian Conversions,” 114. Quoted passage cited in Axtell, Invasion Within, 122–23. 194. Quoted passage cited in Axtell, Invasion Within, 133. Axtell’s work is the most complete and best discussion on Protestant mission efforts in New England. 195. Uttendörfer, Missionsinstruktionen, 53, citing August Gottlieb Spangenberg’s 1754 essay “Von der Arbeit der Brüder unter den Hieden in genere.”

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Notes to Pages 55–63 196. rmm 30/225/3, 14 Dec. 1748. 197. rmm 4/115/15/16, 6 Oct. 1755. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 198. See Salisbury, “Embracing Ambiguity,” 257. 199. Axtell, “Indian Conversions”; Axtell, “Some Thoughts”; Salisbury, “Embracing Ambiguity”; Salisbury, “Red Puritans.” 200. Salisbury, “Embracing Ambiguity,” 257–58. 201. See Fenton and Moore, Customs, 207–13; Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs, 225–26. 202. Fogelson, “History of the Study of Native North Americans,” 147. On the topics of secularism and nonbelief in “traditional” societies, see Douglas, “Primitive Religion”; Radin, Primitive Man. 203. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage, 117. 204. There was no native American ordained a minister of the Moravian Church until 1946. The Roman Catholic Church, which had begun its missions a century earlier, waited until 1913. English Protestants, on the other hand, had, by the time of the Revolution, ordained 133 Indians in southern New England (Schwalbe, Dayspring on the Kuskokwim, 234; Axtell, Invasion Within, 225). 205. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage, 123–24, 159; Axtell, Invasion Within, 210. See also Campisi, Mashpee Indians; Mandell, Behind the Frontier; O’Brien, Dispossession. 206. Barth, Ethnic Groups; Axtell, Invasion Within, 285. See also Campisi, Mashpee Indians; Mandell, Behind the Frontier; O’Brien, Dispossession. 207. Unlike in other mission situations, there is no unambiguous indication that at Pachgatgoch baptized Indians or those seeking the sacrament were targets of ridicule or violence at the hands of their unconvinced traditionalist kith and kin. See discussions in Axtell, Invasion Within; Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage. 208. The Law Papers, 1:42–43; [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:242–43; prcc, 8:480–81; Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes, 252. It was probably these same clergymen who had gone to the Indians at Pachgatgoch the following summer in an attempt to divert their attention from the Moravians, enticing them to attend their sermons with promises of money and assistance with “outside matters” (rmm 1/111/1/1, 7 July 1743). 209. mab, Epistola Tertia Johannis Friederici Cammerhoffii, Cammerhoff: Letters to Zinzendorf & al.: 1747–51; rmm 4/116/2/1, 1 Aug. to 3 Sept. 1747; uah r.14.a.a.3, 21 Aug. to 17 Dec. 1747. 210. rmm 30/225/3/1, 20 Dec. 1748. 211. rmm 4/115/9/1, 30 Jan. 1760. 212. rmm 1/111/3/3, 1 Feb. 1743. See also the diary entry for 12 June 1751.

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Notes to Pages 64–72 213. A perfect example of this is Gideon’s effort to persuade David Warrup (Warrups, Warop, and var.) to be baptized while his wife Martha was speaking to Caritas about the state of her heart (rmm 3/114/3/1, 21 Mar. 1751; see also the entry for 6 May 1751). 214. See Trigger, Natives and Newcomers, 254–55; Axtell, Invasion Within, 282–86; Richter, Ordeal of the Longhouse, 115–16. See also Starna, “Biological Encounter.” 215. For Iroquoian examples, see Richter, Ordeal of the Longhouse, 117, 126. See also Trigger, Children of Aataentsic, 1:51. 216. Axtell, Invasion Within, 279. 217. mab, Joachim Sensemann to Nathanael Seidel, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 31 Dec. 1765. 218. uah, Diarium von Pachgatgoch vom Monat April 1765 [to July], r.24.b.16.35. 219. See Gollin, Moravians in Two Worlds, 50–63. 220. mab, Edward Thorp to Nathanael Seidel, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 21 May 1764. 221. mab, Edward Thorp to John Ettwein, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 13 May 1770, resp[ectively], 24 July. 222. mab, Protocoll der Oeconomats Conferenz, 1767–74:115–17, 155–56, 168–69. 223. mab, Extract, September and October 1770, Records of Town and Country Congregations, 1768–70, Francis Böhler to Nathanael Seidel, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 13 Oct. 1770. 224. Mandell, Behind the Frontier, 130–31. 225. Gideon’s effort to encourage men to join the militia was in contravention of the wishes of the Indians, who “had met on that account and thought about what there was to be done in this case, and had discussed matters and come to an agreement among themselves: they did not want to involve themselves in this war, but wanted to stay out of it, which was to the satisfaction of all the young people” (rmm 4/115/10/1, 16 Nov. 1760). 226. See Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 199–200. 227. rmm 4/115/9/1, 21, 23 May 1759. See fig. 4, grave number 44. Paulus had lost a wife and child at the hands of colonial assailants in Orange County three years earlier (rmm 4/115/6/1, 20 Apr. 1756). 228. See Hagedorn, “Brokers of Understanding”; Richter, “Cultural Brokers”; Merrell, American Woods. 229. See Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes, 242–59. 230. See mab, Nathanael Seidel to the congregation at Sichem, P.H.C. 1765– 75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 5 Aug. 1772, and letters from the

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Notes to Pages 72–78 congregation at Sichem, P.H.C. 1765–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, 26 Sept. 1772, 11 Aug. 1773, 12 May 1775. 231. mab, Diarium von Sichem, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Nov. 1771. 232. One early source asserts that Pachgatgoch — the “Scatacook tribe” — “furnished 100 warriors” during the Revolution, but this number is not supported by census data from the period (Barber, Historical Collections, 471; prcc, 14:490). 233. [Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:66–68d. 234. Todd, Olde Connecticut, 214, 208. Bischoff: 18 May to 5 June 1747 1. rmm 3/114/1/1. This travel diary, covering the period from 18 May to 5 June 1747, is by Johann David Bischoff, who had gone to Pachgatgoch to escort a number of Indians to Bethlehem and thence to Gnadenhütten. While in the area, he spoke to several of the Indians living at Shekomeko and Wechquadnach, who also expressed a wish to move. 2. Samuel Green Sr., who lived at Hope, New Jersey, or Samuel Green Jr., whose home was a few miles north on the Paulins Kill (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 222, 232). 3. This may be the Indian woman described by Johann Christopher Pyrlaeus as the wife of a free Negro and baptized by Johannes von Watteville during his visit to the colonies in 1748. Given the name Anna Elisabeth, she was the daughter of Hannibal, a headman on Long Island (rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51). 4. The Hudson River. In their diaries the Moravians refer to the Hudson River as the North River, the name given it by the Dutch early in the seventeenth century (Noortrivier). We retain this usage throughout. 5. “Plan”: “An agreed role or set of instructions (in accordance with the Saviour’s intentions) and the place or area where it is to be carried out” (Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 154). This term can be translated as “call,” “post,” “mission,” or “charge” (Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:392). 6. Although Bischoff writes “Rauch,” the context suggests that this is Johannes Rau. Subsequent occurrences of this spelling have been silently corrected. 7. The bark-covered house that the Moravians had built for themselves at Shekomeko, which they described as being very cold and smoky (rmm 1/111/1/1, 9 Oct. 1742). 8. In 1742 the reported Indian population of Sharon/Salisbury, where Wechquadnach was located, was forty-five: fifteen adult females, thirteen adult males, and seventeen children ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:244c).

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Notes to Pages 78–83 9. See the glossary. 10. “O Lord, save us, O Lord, deliver us.” A satisfactory translation of this verse is found in Eberhardt’s diary: “Bless both my Thought & Action, afford me thy Direction to thee alone be tending, Beginning, Mid[d]le, Ending.” See entry for 8 May 1756. 11. “Es Kammen auch gar von Wechquatnach Bartelmeus bruder Jonge Johannes Moses sein sohn zu uns.” 12. The inference is that at Gnadenhütten, the Indians would have to provide entirely for themselves rather than make up for any shortfalls by working as wage laborers for surrounding colonists. 13. In Moravian spiritual discourse, the “enemy” is Satan. See the glossary. 14. Several families in the Rhinebeck area, including those of Jacob Maul, Zacharias Haber, and Christian Führer, had requested that the Brethren care for them and their children, and that they be permitted to build a school for themselves (mab, Epistola Tertia Johannis Friederici Cammerhoffii, Cammerhoff: Letters to Zinzendorf & al.: 1747–51, 8–23 Mar. 1747). 15. This may be Martinus Hoffman. See the introduction. 16. A catalog of names, Indian and Christian, of those persons who are reported to have arrived in Bethlehem about a month later, is in rmm 3/114/10/1, 20 June–1 July 1747. 17. “She,” in the context here and elsewhere, is a reference to “wife” or “companion.” 18. Bischoff writes “groß kinder” (grandchildren). However, the catalog cited earlier specifies that it was this couple’s children who accompanied them to Bethlehem in June of that year. Bruce: 6 March to 5 May 1749 1. rmm 3/114/1/2. “St. vet.” is written below this line. This diary is by David Bruce, residing at Wechquadnach. The last entry is 5 May 1749. On 23 January–3 February 1749, Bruce had set out for Wechquadnach accompanied by Christian Frederick Post, Johannes, an Indian from there, and young Wilhelm Rau, who had traveled to Bethlehem the previous December in the company of von Watteville and Cammerhoff (uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, Feb. 1749). 2. During their visit to the area in March 1749, Cammerhoff and Pezold baptized thirteen Indians at Wechquadnach and Pachgatgoch (rmm 26/211/7/1). 3. See Masthay, Mahican Language Hymns. 4. Bruce may have intended to cross out one of these names. 5. The Indians apparently were making maple sugar in the vicinity of Wechquadnach. For a description of this activity as reported near Stockbridge, see Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 38n1. There are no mentions of sugar making at Pachgatgoch.

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Notes to Pages 83–88 6. For the most authoritative discussion on the feminization of Christ in the Moravian Church, see Fogleman, Jesus Is Female. A treatment of the language peculiar to the Sifting Period is found in J. Reichel, Dichtungstheorie. See “Translation and Editorial Comments.” 7. Bruce writes “zugar schwamm,” and elsewhere “zugar schwammp,” probably for the English “sugar swamp.” In German “Schwamm” translates as “sponge” (and “fungus”), but it is also a reference to wet or soggy land, as it is in English. In colonial American English, “swamp” denoted “a tract of rich soil having a growth of trees and other vegetation, but too moist for cultivation” (oed). The Indians at Wechquadnach are preparing to go to a sugar bush. 8. “Side holed, thou art mine.” 9. Erdmuth was also the name of Zinzendorf’s first wife (Fries, Moravian Heroes, 44). “Body and soul enter into thee.” 10. “Hut,” as a neutral translation for “Hütte,” is applied throughout. Elsewhere in the records diarists were more specific, employing terms such as “house” or “wigwam.” 11. New Lights were practitioners of the religious revival known as the First Great Awakening. 12. There is no evidence, nor would it have been likely, that the Indians purchased the land in Sharon that Skinner offered to sell. For an early discussion of this matter, see DeForest, History of the Indians of Connecticut, 400–403. See also [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:244–46, 1st ser., 2:19–21, 2nd ser, 2:103–4. 13. “Low German” (Niederdeutsch), that is, Dutch. 14. This Martha is not to be confused with Gideon’s wife. 15. At this council Martha was afforded the opportunity to seek redress for her son’s death through revenge, a native practice that had endured despite decades of contact and social change. Although such an act would not have been condoned by the Moravians, there is no indication that Bruce intervened in this extremely serious matter. Nonetheless, in reaching her decision, Martha seems to have placed considerable reliance on the church’s teachings. 16. With a small number of exceptions, there is little evidence that the Moravians stationed in the Housatonic Valley or the surrounding region had much success learning the local Indian languages. They, along with many of the Indians, spoke English. The language of the Pachgatgoch Indians was Wampano, an eastern dialect of Munsee. See Goddard, Review of Mahican Language Hymns; Dally-Starna and Starna, “Comment,” 62, 64; dhny, 3:614–16; and the introduction. 17. Martin or Andreas.

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Notes to Pages 88–90 18. Justina or Elisabeth. 19. This sentence reads, “Paulus hat ein Ledige brud: sie und der heiland fuhrte auf den rechte spur,” which is incomplete and thus unclear. Perhaps Bruce intended to establish a connection between this and the previous sentence: that is, Gottlob’s wife, along with Paulus’s brother, is being led onto the right path by the Savior. 20. “Flown home”: that is, died. 21. The last two weeks of Lent. 22. Possibly one of Friederich Streit’s sons, Johann George (b. 1721) or Friederich (b. 1722). 23. “Occasion” is frequently used by the Moravians when referring to a religious gathering or event; however, it is not a liturgical or theological term. See the glossary. 24. There is no evidence that the Moravians wore or affected Indian styles of dress. Of course, this statement is meaningful only if Indians in mid-eighteenth-century southern New England actually outfitted themselves in a noticeably different way from colonists in the first place. In February 1742 Büttner writes that while on the trail with a group of Indians from Shekomeko, he was taken for one of them by colonists, probably because he was wrapped in a blanket to protect himself from the cold like the others (rmm 1/111/2/1, 14 Feb. 1742). Elsewhere in their diaries, the Moravians remark that they purchase or receive their clothing from benefactors in New York City, wash their “shirts” and “whites,” and repair their “shoes,” none of these items resembling anything that can be identified as exclusively Indian apparel. At no point in the Pachgatgoch records do they describe “traditional” Indian attire or hair styles; indeed, they offer nothing at all in the way of physical descriptions of native people. In one diary entry from Pachgatgoch, the Indians are said to have walked barefoot until it became cold; in December 1755, an Indian woman asks “permission” to go out and make brooms so that she can get a pair of “shoes” for herself. Moccasins were most likely worn by the Indians, although white-tailed deer and, thus, deer hides normally used to make such footwear were in short supply. See Cronon, Changes, 101; and the introduction. For a sketch of a Stockbridge Indian wearing what appear to be moccasins, see figure 2. Indians who hired themselves out to nearby farmers were sometimes paid in clothing, and they often exchanged the wooden wares they made for clothes and blankets. In the diary entry for 20 April 1752, children at Pachgatgoch are reported to be wearing “a piece of shirt” that Brother Rundt describes as flapping above their heads as they ran to school. 25. This is most likely Joshua, formerly Nanhún, from Shekomeko. Baptized by Gottlob Büttner in 1742, he moved to Gnadenhütten on 25 April 1746 (rmm 1/111/1/1).

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Notes to Pages 91–95 Joshua had departed Bethlehem for Wechquadnach on 21 March/1 April 1749 with letters for Bruce and the intention to bring back several of the brethren and sisters from there, his relatives in particular (uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, Apr. 1749). 26. Martha, Gideon’s wife, was originally from the Indian community of Potatuck (rmm 1/111/1/1, 3 Jan. 1744). 27. The land mentioned is that in dispute near Sharon. Two years earlier, in May 1747, Moses, or Qotomuck, had been a signatory to a petition by the Indians there, requesting a grant of land, “as we being In fear of being turned off by Some person or other.” The Indians also asked to be schooled ([Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:103–4; see also prcc, 9:308). 28. Bruce writes, “mit den andern verdorbene gesetzliche leute.” “Gesetzliche Leute” are persons who follow Mosaic law and exhibit a superficiality of character, particularly with respect to religious practice. 29. Jonathan Moore (b. Windsor ct, 1680, d. Salisbury, 1770). Moore’s name appears on a 1749 petition to the Moravians requesting a minister, and later, on a list of members of the congregation at Sichem, in the Oblong (W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 68; mab, Memorabilien, Lititz Records, Diarium, Sichem ny, Nov.–Dec. 1769). 30. See the introduction. 31. This is a continuation of the land dispute mentioned earlier. 32. The “shore,” or, more commonly, the “seaside,” are general references to Long Island Sound, but in particular to the area near the mouth of the Housatonic River and Milford, Connecticut, that the Moravians sometimes designated Old Milford. Living in and around the colonial settlements on the Sound was an unknown number of native people. Indians traveled there on foot or by water to sell brooms, baskets, canoes, and other items that were manufactured at their upper Housatonic locations. Frequently staying for weeks at a time, they visited and may have lodged with relatives, who, in turn, would journey north to Pachgatgoch and elsewhere upriver. Strong kinship and economic ties linked these communities, and on occasion, families or individual family members would relocate from the seaside to Pachgatgoch, or the reverse. In several cases, children whose parents lived and worked at the seaside were taken to Pachgatgoch and cared for there by relatives. 33. Bruce’s expressions of pessimism and despondency are understandable given the fact that the land around Wechquadnach was being sold, placing the Indian community there under certain and immediate threat. 34. See the glossary. 35. Farm work.

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Notes to Pages 96–104 36. In 1743 Isaac Yanarem or Vernernum (probably Van Arenan or Van Aarnem, see Sedgwick, General History, 39) from “Alobeck,” an unidentified location in Dutchess County, New York, purchased some 2,000 acres of land in Connecticut from “Stephen John Indian, of Squampamack [Ghent, New York] in the county of Albany.” Two years later the land was conveyed to Joshua Lazell and Joseph Fuller of Kent, who then petitioned the Connecticut assembly that they be compensated for their “trouble” in obtaining for the colony the Indian title to what was actually 4,820 acres of land on the west side of the Housatonic River, bounded on the south by the “country” lands at Kent and on the north by the town of Sharon (prcc, 9:139–40, 10:25, 138–39). In 1749 “Vanarenem” received a notice from John Williams, the Sharon “register” or town clerk, informing him that the land on which the Indians were living belonged to Joseph Skinner and adding: “I would be glad You would let the Indians know how the Case is; I Should be glad of it had been otherwise but I cannot do more for them than I have done” ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:23). 37. The indication is that Skinner paid the Indians for improvements they had made to the land. 38. Possibly Joseph Park, originally from Middletown, Connecticut (Sedgwick, General History, 144). 39. A colonial official in New Milford, perhaps the justice of the peace, Samuel Canfield. 40. Bruce confuses the days of the week and the corresponding dates: 20 and 22 April appear twice, 21 April not at all. 41. Or “them.” 42. The German noun used by Bruce throughout his diary is “Karig,” or “Karrig,” suggesting a two-wheeled vehicle. 43. Or “relative.” 44. Or “their.” 45. Bruce writes “von gorigen hehr,” perhaps intending to write “von vorigen her” (from previous times). 46. “This is my heart, locked up in God’s wounds, also in the side.” 47. On the Paulin’s Kill, New Jersey. 48. The Moravians crossed the Delaware at about Columbia, New Jersey, and Portland, Pennsylvania. 49. On this day, word was received in Bethlehem that Bruce had arrived in Nazareth with twenty-nine Indians from Wechquadnach, who later were taken to Gnadenhütten. Some would live in Gnadenhütten proper, others in a nearby house that the Pachgatgoch Indians had built during their brief stay in 1747, at a place they

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Notes to Pages 105–107 called “Gnaden-Hügel” (Hill of Grace). A list of these Indians, and also one of a second party that arrived some three months later, survives (uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, 5/16, 10/21 May, 5/16 Aug. 1749). Büninger: 29 March to 6 December 1750 1. rmm 3/114/2/1. Abraham Büninger kept this diary from 29 March to 6 December 1750; there are no entries for September. Although he was first sent to Pachgatgoch in September 1749, no diary for the period before March 1750 has been located. Büninger’s primary duty was to serve the Indians at Pachgatgoch, but also to care for those remaining at Wechquadnach. The brethren were instructed that the house there could be used for meetings and services until Pachgatgoch was properly set up. Once in Pachgatgoch, Büninger resided first in Gideon’s house, initiating what would be more than thirteen years of nearly continuous reporting on this mission (uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, 4–15 Sept., 24 Sept.–5 Oct. 1749). Written above the line: “st. vet.” 2. Although Büninger writes “Rauch,” this person is Johannes Rau, who by 1755 had acquired the title to the land on which Shekomeko had been located (uah, Br. Christian Seidel’s Diarium v. seiner Reise u. Arbeit nach u. in Pachgatgoch, r.15.h.i.b.5.16, 13 May 1755). 3. “Wood,” that is, logs. From Pachgatgoch’s location just west of the Housatonic River, the land rises steeply in elevation, some nine hundred feet over a horizontal distance of a little more than one-half mile. 4. Details on how this structure was assembled are unknown. Moravian log-building techniques developed in Europe, which were later used in America, are discussed in Jordan, “Log Construction.” See Dally-Starna and Starna, “Picturing Pachgatgoch”; and the introduction. 5. These are dugout canoes, the traditional watercraft of Indians in southern New England, routinely shaped from white pine (Pinus strobus) or American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Other woods used by native boatmakers in the region over time included yellow poplar, or tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipfera), and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides). Metal tools significantly reduced the time and effort required to hollow out and finish such boats, which were narrow and low-board and, when used on freshwater rivers, probably less than twenty feet in length. Indians in the Housatonic Valley manufactured canoes for their own use and also to sell or barter, most often on their trips to Long Island Sound and the Milford area. 6. Indians often hired themselves out to surrounding colonial farmers. See the introduction.

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Notes to Pages 107–110 7. This and the schoolhouse are the same building. 8. On a number of occasions the Moravians traveled to Stockbridge to meet with Indians who resided there. However, visits of Stockbridge Indians to Pachgatgoch, or elsewhere in the Housatonic Valley, were somewhat more frequent, fostered, it seems, primarily by political concerns, but also by kinship ties. 9. People who had left the traditional Protestant Church in response to the First Great Awakening. 10. This is probably the Reverend Samuel Hopkins (1693–1755), an influential figure in the establishment of Stockbridge (Colee, “Housatonic-Stockbridge,” 37–38; Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge). See also the entry for 17 February 1751. Hopkins’s wife was Esther Edwards (1695–1766), the daughter of the Reverend Timothy Edwards (1669–1758). 11. Possibly a reference to the Indian William from “Westenhoek or Wanachquatico,” baptized in Bethlehem before September 1749 (uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, 4/15 Sept. 1749). 12. Sankiwenecha (also Zankewenachek) appears most often in the records as Umpachenee (var.) (b. ca. 1696, d. 22 Aug. 1751), who, before the establishment of Stockbridge, was one of two documented headmen of the Housatonic Indians. His village of Skatehook was located near Sheffield, Massachusetts. The other headman was Kunkapot (var.) (b. ca. 1690, d. 1763–1766), from the village of Wnahktukook or Whahktukook. They later shared headman status at Stockbridge. Umpachenee’s Christian name was Aaron, and he is known in English-language documents as “Lieutenant” rather than “Captain,” a designation that is attributed only to Kunkapot (whose Christian name was John). Both men apparently received commissions in the Massachusetts militia, which may account for their officer titles (Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 14–15, 17; Colee, “Housatonic-Stockbridge,” 3, 123–35; uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.15.a.a.5, 2/13 Aug. 1749). 13. 1 Tim. 3.16: “Great indeed, we confess, is the mystery of our religion: He was manifested in the flesh.” 14. Shaking or touching and pressing hands was a greeting and parting behavior practiced by Indians throughout eastern North America. See Axtell, “Imagining the Other,” 43–45. 15. Or “relatives.” 16. Büninger is referring to Oswegy, Owegy, or, often, Owego, at present Owego, New York. This was one of several mid-eighteenth-century mixed Indian communities that lay along the Upper Susquehanna River in southern New York and northern Pennsylvania, namely, Tiogy (Tioga), Otsiningo, Onoquaga, and Unadilla, where

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Notes to Pages 110–113 numbers of Conoys, Shawnees, Nanticokes, Tuscaroras, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Delawares, Mahicans, and southern New England Algonquians had taken refuge (See Elliott, “Otsiningo”; Gillette and Funk, “Upper Susquehanna”; Mancall, Valley of Opportunity; Grumet, Historic Contact, 424–30). 17. This may have been Timothy Woodbridge. 18. Probably Martin Kellogg (b. Deerfield ma, 1686, d. Newington ct, 1758), a militia captain, farmer, interpreter, and former Mohawk captive regarded by most to be an incompetent (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 101; Axtell, “Scholastic Frontier,” 69–70.) 19. This is “An Act for encouraging the People known by the Name of Unitas Fratrum or United Brethren, to settle in his Majesty’s Colonies in America,” promulgated by the British Parliament on 24 June 1749 ([Acta Fratrum Unitatas], 635–38). See the introduction. 20. The act named previously reads, in part, that “the said Congregation [Unitas Fratrum or United Brethren] are an ancient Protestant Episcopal Church” ([Acta Fratrum Unitatas], 635–36). 21. “Leimen”: clay, also loam. 22. “Feür Mauer,” in modern German “Feuermauer,” can refer to a chimney, a chimney shaft, or to the protective wall behind a fireplace. 23. The clay or clayey soil that the Indians carried in was mixed with water and possibly other materials, such as grass, and used to chink the open spaces between the logs and roof elements, and also to cover surfaces that would be exposed to the heat of a fire. 24. The Moravians’ crop land — one- or two-acre plots — was allotted to them by the Indians. The brethren arranged to have the land plowed by colonial farmers living nearby or, in a few instances, by an Indian. 25. There are a number of instances in which the Indians at Pachgatgoch helped the Moravians plant and work their fields. There is little indication, however, that the brethren reciprocated to any degree; nor did they depend on the Indians to provide them with what they could grow for themselves. See the introduction. 26. A term used in the past to describe a nonspecific chill or fever. 27. Büninger was sufficiently acquainted with the nature of Indian child-rearing practices — which were characterized by positive inducements rather than punishments — to know that any application of the disciplinary measures with which he was familiar would be counterproductive. 28. The falls at New Milford — known locally as “The Great Falls” — stood two and one-half miles downriver from New Milford, at the hamlet of Still River. The Shepaug

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Notes to Pages 113–121 dam, built on the Housatonic in the town of Southbury in the mid-1950s, raised water levels to form Lake Lillinoah, submerging the falls. Indians from Pachgatgoch fished at this location throughout May and into early June of each year for the migratory common shad (Alosa sapidissima) and lampreys (Petromyzonidae). 29. Indians and colonists alike grew a variety of bush and pole beans. 30. The Moravians expressed concern any time that the Indians left Pachgatgoch and traveled beyond their influence, fearing the worst when it came to the temptations they might encounter, especially where alcohol was concerned. 31. The suggestion here is that the Indians had to portage for a distance of three miles, from an unknown point above to somewhere below the Great Falls at New Milford. Downriver from the falls, the Housatonic flowed through a steep-sided gorge, making access to its waters difficult. 32. Büninger hesitates to hold a service because he did not have anyone to interpret for him. The Indians remind him, however, of their ability to understand English. 33. In Moravian religious discourse, “Mother” refers to the Holy Spirit. See the glossary. 34. This location would be near Gaylordsville. 35. Lengths of logs were probably squared with an adze and then split into planks. 36. “Quarter-of-an-hour” (Viertelstunde), a religious service or devotion named for its duration. See the glossary. 37. There are frequent references in the records to Indians hunting, but nothing points to the Moravians at Pachgatgoch doing so. There is a single exception from Shekomeko, where Rauch and Büttner went out to find ducks (rmm 1/111/1/1, 5 Oct. 1742). The Indians sometimes supplied the brethren with deer and bear meat, as well as with fish, which were used to supplement the foodstuffs they purchased from nearby merchants and farmers. There is one mention of a Moravian fishing on his own (rmm 3/113/1/5, 1 Aug. 1746). 38. June 24 (New Style) is Witness Festival in the Moravian Church, the saint’s day for John the Baptist. 39. Children, perhaps relatives, for whom Erdmuth apparently cares. 40. Gnadensee, the name the Moravians gave present Indian Lake/Pond, on which Wechquadnach was located. It is bisected by the New York–Connecticut line (Dutchess County, New York; the town of North East; and Litchfield County, Connecticut, town of Sharon). See the gazetteer. 41. “As many as touched Him were made well.” After Mt. 14.36: “If you had faith.” 42. Büninger may have intended to use bark as building or roofing material.

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Notes to Pages 121–123 43. Rom. 9.5: “God who is over all be blessed for ever.” 44. Although Büninger’s use of the plural “Hütten” may be a reflection of his Swiss dialect, there are indications in the diaries that Gideon occupied attached huts, elsewhere in Connecticut described as “double” huts (houses or wigwams). See the introduction; and Dally-Starna and Starna, “Picturing Pachgatgoch,” 9; [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:101. 45. In his use of the term “Fremde” (strangers), Büninger is most likely referring to Indians who are from outside the community. 46. The New Style Gregorian calendar was not officially adopted in the BritishAtlantic empire until 1752. Büninger’s shift to this calendar, which had taken place in the German Protestant states fifty years earlier, was so the daily watchwords and festival days celebrated in the colonies would correspond to those of the mother church. German Protestants, however, retained the Old Style dating of the movable festival of Easter until 1776. 47. Rom. 6.10: “The death He died He died to sin, once for all.” “That through His death we may have life.” 48. An unfinished word beginning with the letters hu is placed before “sickly,” perhaps for “Husten” (cough). 49. A floor for the loft. 50. On 16 February 1750, “Maywhehew sachum Indion of Caticock . . . with the Con sent of ye Companey of Indions in sd Scaticook” sold some 600 acres of land, for 110 pounds, to one Samuel Alger, representing the Nine Partners patentees of Dutchess County, New York. On the same day, Alger conveyed the identical parcel, for the same price, to John Mills of Kent ([Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:44–45b). Elsewhere in the Moravian records, Mills is described as a “neighbor” and sometime visitor to the Indians at Pachgatgoch (Schaghticoke), who he occasionally hired to work for him. Büninger’s estimate of the sum that the Indians received per acre of land — about two pounds — does not correspond to the price paid in the February 1750 transaction. In October of that year, the Connecticut General Assembly appointed a committee to look into a purchase from the Indians of “many hundred acres” of land, made “without any liberty” by “several persons living in New York Province,” who then “made conveyances of some part thereof to others” (prcc, 9:566). 51. “Thou bloody hands, bless us, etc.” Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world.” 52. “Thou bloody hands, bless us.” 53. Jn. 6.57: “He who eats me will live because of me.” 54. There are several instances in the records where a shortage of provisions is

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Notes to Pages 124–129 mentioned, particularly during the late winter and spring, which was the hungry time for Indian people. 55. The manufacture and sale of baskets and brooms was a mainstay of the cashand-barter economy of the Pachgatgoch Indians. From all indications, both were woodsplint-fashioned items. Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) was the preferred material for making woodsplint baskets in this part of New England, although white oak (Quercus alba) and maples were also used (Turnbaugh and Turnbaugh, “Weaving the Woods,” 84; McMullen, “Interpreting Woodsplint Basketry”; Richmond, “Schaghticoke Basket-Making”; and generally, McMullen and Handsman, Woodsplint Baskets). Brooms were typically made from silver/gray birch (Betula alleghaniensis) or black birch (B. lenta), and sometimes white oak (Speck, “Notes,” 189). 56. “Going home,” often “go home,” that is, to die. See the glossary. 57. Rachel’s burial in a coffin is a departure from native practice and reflects Christian influence. In the past, the body of a deceased person was drawn into a flexed position — knees to the chest and arms placed around the knees — and wrapped in a mat, or possibly hides or furs, and then buried in a circular, relatively shallow grave. Archaeological data from southeastern Connecticut demonstrate the persistence of traditional burial practices as late as 1720, which changed during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s and the appearance of Christian missionaries (Kevin McBride, personal communication, 2002). There are, however, few mortuary data reported or published from western Connecticut or the Housatonic Valley. 58. The reason is not given; however, the Moravians often postponed religious services when colonists were present. 59. Brother David Bruce died in Wechquadnach on 9 July 1749 (mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1749–Apr. 1750, 8:479). 60. Heb. 9.12: “[H]e entered once for all into the Holy Place, taking [. . .] his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption.” 61. Wechquadnach was without a resident Moravian at this time. 62. Lk. 12.36: “Be like servants who are waiting for their master.” 63. The Indians apparently had been hired to cut wheat or oats. 64. The meaning behind the phrase “ganz Indianisch” (entirely in the Indian fashion) is unknown. 65. Rushes or cat-tails were woven/stitched together to create mats, not only to use as bedding, but also as wigwam coverings. They were sometimes decorated. 66. The German verb used here is “fahren,” which excludes horseback riding as a mode of transportation. Travel might have been by canoe. 67. Büninger, the Indians at Pachgatgoch, and people living nearby, Indians and

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Notes to Pages 130–131 colonists alike, were probably suffering from influenza. Classic symptoms, so well described by Büninger, include a hard paroxysmal cough, severe headache, fever, lassitude, malaise, prostration, anorexia, and nosebleed, in addition to the common complication of a middle-ear infection. 68. There is little in the records to suggest that the Moravians stood in opposition to or disparaged Indian medicinal practices. In addition to the assistance rendered Büninger, Sensemann receives a remedy that, in his diary, he identifies simply as “besson” [béson: medicine]. See Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 164. Still, on another occasion, Sensemann is critical of a young Indian woman for searching out an “Indian doctor.” Béson was also used to mean something imbued with power, such as an amulet or charm, or a poison; the word is found widely in the Moravian records. See, for example, Zeisberger, “History of the North American Indians”; Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission. Gideon is a central figure at Pachgatgoch, where the treatment of ailments and afflictions is concerned. For example, in the entry for 14 August 1751, Büninger reports that an Indian woman bitten by a rattlesnake “was still very ill, because no one was able to extract the venom as well as Brother Gideon.” See also Spangenberg, Account, 104. A colonist living nearby visited Pachgatgoch to ask Gideon for advice about his joint pain, which no local physician had been able to alleviate. He recommended that the man use a sweat house, which Gideon undertook to build for him. In addition, the Moravians applied their medical skills, primarily bleeding, in an attempt to aid Indian people. Nonetheless, when neither native practitioners nor the Moravians could effect a cure, the Indians did not hesitate to seek outside help, going to colonial doctors in New Milford or Woodbury. As an important aside, none of the Moravians reported any firm evidence for shamans (powwows) or their ceremonies in the Indian communities where they lived or visited. See Simmons, “Shamanism,” for a perspective on powwows in southern New England. However, while among the Housatonic Indians in far southwestern Massachusetts during the winter of 1735, Timothy Woodbridge did attend and describe what was clearly a shamanistic ritual (Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 35–37). 69. A New Style/Old Style date. 70. The swelling may be from Büninger’s middle-ear infection. 71. Given the choice, the Moravians preferred preparing foods they were familiar with, using ingredients purchased from nearby merchants and what they could grow in their gardens, such as corn, beans, turnips, currants, cucumbers, potatoes, and cabbages, from which, on at least one occasion, they made sauerkraut (uah, Martin Mack to Petrus Böhler, r.15.h.i.a.2.61, 28 Oct. 1761; rmm 1/111/1/1, 14 May 1745). 72. “Tabernacle” is a reference to the living body, the temporary shelter of the soul. See the glossary.

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Notes to Pages 132–139 73. “Gichter” (convulsions). Like so many others at Pachgatgoch, this child may have contracted influenza, suffering convulsions caused by high fever. Death from this disease is common in infants under one year. 74. Nicolaus Rau. 75. Rapid recovery from influenza, which Samuel probably had also contracted, is the usual case, at least in modern populations; however, some individuals nonetheless experience lassitude for weeks or months after the acute stage of the disease has passed, which might have suggested to Büninger a return of the illness. 76. The upper floor is in the loft. 77. August 13, the festival day commemorating the spiritual renewal of the Unitas Fratrum in 1727. 78. The Moravian Church maintained a mission among the Inuits in Greenland from 1733 until 1900, when it was turned over to the Danish Lutheran Church. Gideon’s question concerning the brethren there stems from the constant flow of information that circulated among Moravian congregations, making its way to native people, about their missions elsewhere in the world. To illustrate, when the news of the destruction of Gnadenhütten in 1755 reached the Greenland missions, “the Eskimos brought skins and blubber [to the missionaries] for their faraway fellow believers” (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 52, 260, 499–500; see also rmm 30/225/3/1, 21 Dec. 1748). 79. Jn. 3.7: “You must be born anew.” 80. “I am the door [. . .] and to him who knocks it will be opened.” Jn. 10.7, Mt. 7.8. 81. Mt. 11.5: “The poor have good news preached to them.” 82. “If only with my Husband alone.” 83. “Christ’s blood and righteousness.” 84. The sweat house was a prominent feature of native life at Pachgatgoch and was frequented by segregated groups of men and women. 85. This was probably a catted chimney, made of horizontally laid, small-diameter lengths of wood. The spaces between would have been chinked inside and out. 86. Büninger was chinking the interior of this log house. 87. The books mentioned here attacking the Moravians and Zinzendorf were written by Jacob Lischy (b. 1719, d. Codorus pa, 1781), a Swiss-born Moravian minister who left the church in 1747, joining the German Reformed Church of York, Pennsylvania (W. Reichel, Memorials, 25–26n; and W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 334). The first was printed in German in 1749 and the second, written with Gerardus Kulenkamp, in Dutch in 1750. See Eine warenede Wächter-Stimm an alle Gott und Jesum liebende Seelen. Hergenommen aus dem überaus wichtigen Evangelio von den Falschen Propheten

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Notes to Pages 140–142 zuerst in einer predig am 8 Sonntag nach Trinitatis der Reformirten Gemeinde an der kleinen Catores mündlich zugeruffen und hernach solches mit kurzen doch gründlichen Anmerckungen von den sogenandten Währischen [sic] Brüdern oder Zinzendörffern beträffeiget: und auf vielfältiges Begehren, zu desto allgemeinerer Warnung und Erbauung [Germantown pa]; and Anatomie der Herrnhuthsche secte: of gewigtige gedenk stukken meest van gewezene vrienden, en voorname leden dier gesinte uitgegeven, ontdekkende hare grouwelyke geheimen der Godloosheit zo wel in de Lere, als voornamelyk in de praktyk: uit het hoogduitsch vertaalt: met nodige en uitvoerige aanmerkingen voorzien, en met een voorbericht, waar in, onder anderen, een Boekje, onlangs van . . . J.F. Beyen [Amsterdam, The Netherlands]. 88. “[T]he result of righteousness, quietness and trust for ever.” “Let us rest utterly secure.” 89. There is no hint about the purpose of these journeys. 90. Also “acritches,” “akritches,” “acritjes,” “argritgens,” and others. The word appears in entries written in the months of September and October. Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 76, lists “Akridges, Akridches” with the suggested meanings of “grits, hominy, pone,” but also “potatoes.” We are unsure whether it is a “slightly Germanized, English word,” as Masthay contends. In von Watteville and Cammerhoff is found “Acritgens,” a food that is not described but is eaten along with bear’s fat (rmm 30/225/3, 7 Dec. 1748). However, in examining the contexts in which this word and its variations appear in the Moravian records, and by drawing analogies to known native foods in the region, we propose that this is roasted, hulled, and then cracked corn. The meal that was produced stored well and was easily carried by people on the trail. It could be stirred into water and drunk, boiled to make a porridge (often with other food ingredients added), or mixed with sugar or dried fruits and eaten as is. 91. Cammerhoff and David Zeisberger had traveled from Bethlehem to Onondaga in May–June 1750, returning in August (Beauchamp, Moravian Journals, 24–105; see also Doblin and Starna, Journals of Claus and Weiser). 92. Heb. 9.12: “He entered once for all into the Holy Place, taking [. . .] his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption.” 93. Büninger married Martha Mariner in 1746. 94. White wampum (wampumpeag) beads were made from whelks (Busycon canaliculatum and B. carica); purple or “black” wampum, which appeared somewhat later in time, from the quahog or hard-shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). Strings of wampum were used to announce urgent and important business, to accompany the “words” of a message brought to a meeting or treaty conference, and to affirm that message (See Ceci, “Value of Wampum”; Fenton, Great Law; Jennings et al., Iroquois Diplomacy).

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Notes to Pages 142–151 95. The homeland of the Iroquoian-speaking Mohawks was in the middle Mohawk Valley of New York State, west of Albany. 96. No record of this conference has been located. 97. “Wiping away the tears,” an expression that has its origins in native funerary rites, became an integral part of Eastern Woodlands diplomatic protocol soon after contact. Before a council could begin, the assembled participants would metaphorically “wipe away the tears,” that is, publicly condole the deaths that had occurred among them since their last meeting (See Jennings et al., Iroquois Diplomacy). Algonquians in New England practiced forms of treaty protocol similar to those of the Iroquois. 98. The record suggests that the Indians residing in the Housatonic Valley of Connecticut did not see themselves as politically aligned with those at Stockbridge, some of whom were their kin. However, this was apparently not the view of the headmen at Stockbridge, who on a few occasions issued directives to the Indians at Pachgatgoch, which were received with indifference. 99. “Everyone then who hears these words of mine and does them will be like a wise man.” 100. These three persons are siblings. 101. 1 Jn. 1.7: “And the blood of Jesus His Son cleanses us from all sin.” 102. Lk. 22.44: “And being in an agony [. . .] his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down upon the ground.” 103. Eph. 5.23: “Christ is the head of [. . .] his body, and is Himself its Savior.” 104. That is, there were no interpreters available. 105. Acts 4.12: “And there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved[,]” “than the name Jesus Christ.” 106. The mill in Sharon was owned and operated by Gerhard Winegar. 107. This may be Jonathan Sackett (b. Westfield ma, 1695/96, d. Kent ct, 1773), or perhaps his son Jonathan (b. Tolland ct, 1727, d. Kent ct, 1777). See Grant, Town of Kent, 68. 108. Büninger may have suffered from a food-related illness. Gideon’s medicine was probably a tea, made from any number of wild plants, that acted as a demulcent. For an important discussion of native remedies, see Herrick, Iroquois Medical Botany. 109. 1 Jn. 4.19: “We love, because he first loved us.” 110. 1 Jn. 4.19: “He first loved us.” 111. The cemetery, after the hill on which the cemetery at Herrnhut was located. 112. A reference to Jesus Christ. See the glossary.

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Notes to Pages 152–156 113. “He who believes in me will not be put to shame.” After Rom. 9.33. 114. Büninger apparently was not confident that his preaching in English would be fully understood by the Indians without the use of a native translator. Sensemann: 12 February to 16 June 1751 1. rmm 3/114/3/1. This diary, covering the period from 12 February to 16 June 1751, was written by Joachim Sensemann. There was no missionary at Pachgatgoch between the time of Büninger’s departure on 30 November 1750 and Sensemann’s arrival. Sensemann provides marginalia and interlinear text to be inserted in his diary entries, which are noted. 2. “So Israel dwelt in safety.” “This child shall be unharmed.” 3. “I will set them together like sheep in a fold.” “No evil shall come upon you, this the Lord’s protection will ensure.” After the seventh verse of “Ich heb mein Augen sehnlich auf,” by Cornelius Becker. See Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:121, 711. 4. This is the “helpers’” or “workers’ conference,” whose members were leaders and influential persons in Pachgatgoch. Matters of importance would be discussed by this group before being communicated to the community at large. It first met on 11 October 1750. See the glossary. 5. Two of Gideon’s daughters had gone to Bethlehem: Maria, who married there in 1744, and Christina, who had left with von Watteville in 1748. See the introduction; rmm 30/225/3, 21 Dec. 1748. 6. We have not identified this alleged land owner. 7. Information on an Indian community at “Westenhook” is scant and somewhat confused. In earlier literature the term “Westenhook” is equated with Stockbridge. It has also been applied to a group of Indians who sold land on Kinderhook Creek in New York colony in 1679; as a locale on the boundary of New York and Connecticut in 1726; and as a name for the Housatonic River (Colee, “Housatonic-Stockbridge,” 115). A 1705 land patent also carries the name (Kim, Landlord and Tenant, 283–84). Sauthier’s 1779 map places Westenhook in the area between Copake Falls, New York, and South Egremont, Massachusetts, just east of the New York–Massachusetts line (dhny, 1, map facing 526). A Moravian reports that the Indian Joshua traveled “some 40 miles” on the day he had returned to Pachgatgoch, presumably from Westenhook, where he had been visiting. See entry for 24 April 1752. This would put his starting point in the far southwestern corner of Massachusetts, possibly in the vicinity of Sauthier’s “Westenhook.” Gideon’s son Joshua delivered a message from Sir William Johnson to the Indians here in 1758 (uah r.15.h.i.b.5.15.a, 28 Apr.). In 1675 certain Mahican headmen drew a distinction between their people — “we

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Notes to Pages 156–164 Mahikanders” — and “‘western corner’ Indians,” which suggests that the Indians living at Westenhook were probably Housatonics (Leder, Indian Records, 37). “Westenhook” is the English spelling of the Dutch “Westenhoeck” (western corner). 8. “And no inhabitant will say, ‘I am sick’; the people who dwell there will be forgiven their iniquity.” “Grace seemed to awaken us, grace kissed, grace slumbered, could be felt, could be savored, grace also made things go awry.” 9. “God knows that you may charge your children and your household after you to keep my way.” After Gen. 18.19. “And another 1000 hearts.” 10. “Welsch Hu[h]n.” This may be a wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). 11. Mack’s first wife, Jeannette/Johannetta Rau, had died in 1749. 12. The minister mentioned is perhaps the Reverend Samuel Hopkins, a student of Jonathan Edwards, who served the communities of Great Barrington and Sheffield from 1743 until 1769. He was the nephew of Samuel Hopkins (Colee, “HousatonicStockbridge,” 37–38; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards). 13. Or “relatives.” 14. “[F]an kuchen,” in modern German “Pfannkuchen.” This may be a kind of pan bread made from corn meal or wheat flour. 15. “Thus says the Lord God, who gathers the outcasts of Israel, I will gather yet others to him besides those already gathered.” “Hail, enter the house.” 16. “Quasten”: tassels. We are unable to identify this plant. 17. “Remember not the former things, nor consider the things of old. Behold, I am doing a new thing.” “For at no other time of the church did the side sparkle so bloody.” 18. “Then the nations will know that I the Lord sanctify Israel.” “And that the kingdom of Jesus has not been a fantasy and an empty dream.” 19. For insertion here: “for she expected to be delivered of a child soon.” 20. “Papa” is Zinzendorf. 21. For insertion here: “a blessing.” 22. “[T]his is the covenant [. . .]: I will put my law within them, and I will write it upon their hearts.” “Your sweet gospel is pure milk and honey” (from the second verse of the hymn “Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern,” by Philip Nicolai, in Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:806). 23. See the introduction. 24. “[N]ow it shall be said of [. . .] Israel, ‘What has God wrought!’” 25. Or “her.” 26. Pach-qui-ack, Pachquayack, Paskoecq, and Pachquyak. A flat on the north side of Catskill Creek, Greene County, New York, mentioned in land purchases made

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Notes to Pages 164–170 from Indians in 1675 and 1678 (Van Laer, Early Records, 1:107, 2:19–20; Beauchamp, “Place Names,” 85). 27. Perhaps the daughter of the Nimham who, along with “Conkepot” [Kunkapot] and several other Housatonic Indians, was a signatory to a land purchase agreement in 1724 (Grumet, “Nimhams,” 85–86). In 1742 the Moravian Gottlob Büttner writes of meeting “King Nimham,” a man more than seventy years old, who is living at an unknown distance from Shekomeko (rmm 26/211/5/1, 12 Jan. 1742). This may be the Nimham who died in 1745–46 (Grumet, “Nimhams,” 86). 28. Word ending crossed out and replaced with “qutaticok.” This is evidence that Wanachquaticok (var.) and Stockbridge are the same place. “Wnahktukook,” also “Whahktukook,” was the name of the village of the Housatonic headman Kunkapot, near where Stockbridge was founded in 1739 (Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 15; Colee, “Housatonic-Stockbridge,” 3). 29. A cemetery. 30. Rau’s first daughter, Jeannette/Johannette, Martin Mack’s wife, had died in 1749. 31. See entry for 1 October 1750. 32. “[H]e will destroy on this mountain the covering that is cast over all peoples.” “He glows in the middle of the night.” 33. This family is mentioned by von Watteville and Cammerhoff in their travel journal of 1748: Wampchom and his wife Schachquanoà, who is the mother of Joseph of Gnadenhütten, and her daughter, Joseph’s half-sister, at the time about eleven years old (rmm 30/225/3, 17 Dec. 1748). Sensemann counts only the adult Indians. 34. “Listen to me, my people.” “Here I lie face down, recommending myself to your mercy.” 35. “And they sang to them: Sing to the Lord.” “Bring together all tongues into one faith, Amen.” 36. “Weiberhütter,” a dangler after women (oed); that is, a philanderer. 37. “Though I scattered them among the nations, yet in far countries they shall remember me.” “That one may experience there too one’s animum efflare” [Latin: “the spirit flows out,” i.e., death]. 38. Is. 51.5: “[T]he coastlands wait for me.” “One has Him where one weeps for Him.” 39. “Thy will be done.” “Through the flocks of the Lamb.” 40. Mameho (Mamaho, Mamoho) is recognizable as a Pequot name, one that was carried by a sachem at Mystic, Connecticut, in the 1630s (McBride, “Archaeology,” 101).

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Notes to Pages 171–177 41. “Vetter”: cousin. Historically, in German, this noun can apply to male relatives on the father’s and the mother’s side of the family. In this case, the entry on the 24th provides a more specific context: “the son of Schiri’s brother.” 42. “[W]e are bondmen; yet our God has not forsaken us in our bondage.” “Who according to the laws of nature would have become embittered at home.” 43. The Indians at Pachgatgoch erected fences to protect their fields from the pigs that they and the Moravians raised. 44. “Let thy work be manifest to thy servants.” “Thus we too want to be diligent and delight you every hour.” 45. In the margin: “His brother’s son from Farmington was going with him as well.” 46. “The Lord builds up Jerusalem; he gathers the outcasts of Israel.” “Thy work no man can hinder.” From the fourth verse of the hymn “Befiehl du deine Wege,” by Paul Gerhardt (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:125–26). 47. Ps. 36.10: “O continue thy steadfast love to those who know thee.” “Make us into your congregation.” 48. “Consider too that this nation is thy people.” “You have purchased us.” 49. “[N]ot for the nation only.” “But gathers through the ransom the created and redeemed first fruits from among the whole world.” 50. This place-name is as Sensemann wrote it. Read as a German-language phonetic rendering of an English word, it most closely resembles “Saybrook,” a colonial settlement at the mouth of the Connecticut River. There is the outside possibility that he heard “Seabrook,” perhaps Seabrook, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod. Whether Sensemann used the term “friends” to identify the two men as intimate acquaintances, as Quakers, or as both, is unclear. 51. “Tomorrow is the Sabbath of solemn rest of the Lord’s exodus. Now let us joyfully sing the consummatum est” [Latin: “it is finished”]. 52. This is Roeliff Jansen Kill, which empties into the Hudson River at Clermont, Columbia County, New York. The variation of the name apparently offered here by Bartholomew, an Indian living at Stockbridge, who uses an l for both r and l, suggests that he may have been from a central Massachusetts native community or was a speaker of Munsee (Ives Goddard, personal communication, 2002). 53. “[S]he” is companion or wife. 54. The Moravians used a trombone (German: Posaune), an instrument that more resembled a trumpet, to summon the faithful to services. 55. “Shepherd thy people with thy staff.” “Rediscovered at the graveside.” 56. “To thee have we committed our cause.” After Jer. 11.20. “We serve you according to your will.”

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Notes to Pages 177–188 57. In the margin, for insertion here: “her very unexpected going home.” This is Juliana Haberland Nitschmann (b. Schönau, Moravia, 1712), “Mother of Pennsylvania,” who had died in Bethlehem on 22 February 1751 (mab, Church Register, 1:215–16). 58. “[T]he Lord will plead their cause.” “He gladly keeps His word.” 59. Sensemann begins to sometimes write in the third person. 60. Ps. 34.19: “[He] delivers him out of them all.” A reference to the seventh stanza of the hymn “Mache dich, mein Geist, bereit,” by Johann B. Freystein (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:397). 61. “The enemy said, ‘my desire shall have its fill of them.’” “Grant me steadfast love for all those who hate us.” 62. “And the Lord hears it.” After Num. 12.2. 63. “He is wonderful in counsel, and excellent in wisdom.” “Before one is aware, more has come to pass than one ever expected of Him.” 64. “Welsh corn” is one of many names given by Europeans to Zea mays Linn., maize or corn, the New World domesticated plant. Others include Turkish wheat, Virginia wheat, Indian wheat, Egyptian corn, and Spanish corn. Moravian diarists wrote either “Welsch Korn” or simply “Korn,” that is, “corn.” There are occasions, however, when “Korn” was used in reference to other grains, for example, wheat or oats. 65. In the margin: “Samuel came home in good spirits and full of light.” 66. Is. 42.14: “For a long time I have held my peace, I have kept still.” “And [it] will be done, regardless.” 67. For insertion here: “or quarter-of-an-hour.” 68. “For Zion’s sake I will not keep silent [. . .] until her salvation [goes forth] as a burning torch.” “How beautifully glows the wounds’ star!” 69. “The sons of those who oppressed you shall come bending low to you; and all who despised you.” “They will be greatly frightened by your salvation.” 70. “‘O afflicted one, storm-tossed, and not comforted.’” “Alas, now God is comforting you!” 71. The Indian Wilhelm. 72. Ps. 47.9: “The princes of the peoples gather as the people.” “The old Unitas Fratrum.” 73. “Seal the servants of God.” After Rev. 7.3: “Pale Lips, kiss them on their heart.” 74. “‘Prepare the way, remove every obstruction from my people’s way.’” “An unobstructed path.” 75. Gideon was a signatory to several land sale agreements made before 1751. One of these, where his name appears as “Mauhehu,” was in 1716, and another, as

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Notes to Pages 188–193 “Mawehew,” in 1720, thus corresponding to the “30 years ago” date mentioned in this entry. Both of these transactions dealt with Indian lands that lay east of the Housatonic River. However, Gideon said he was going to Dover, in the colony of New York, west of the river, to point out the boundary of what must have been a different sale of land, one in which he may have been involved. This could be the 24 April 1729 purchase of Indian lands in the Sherman–New Fairfield area, which abutted those in the town of Dover. In the deed to the sale, “Mawwehue” and “Cockkenon” are entered as the owners and sellers (Wojciechowski, Paugussett Tribes, 242–44, 247–49). 76. Possibly seed beans for planting. 77. “‘Surely they are my people, sons who will not deal falsely.’” 78. In the margin: “and Petrus.” 79. For insertion here: “Petrus.” 80. “Thanks be to God for his inexpressible gift!” “That one has now found the trade wind of the breeze coming from the body.” 81. Ps. 77.13: “Thy way, O God, is holy.” “We have walked it now for many a year, and the heart now understands you quite well.” 82. “We departed, being commended to the grace.” After Acts 15.40: “Over land and sea.” 83. The letter P may be a slip of the pen, or perhaps it was meant to be the first letter of the name of Captain Aaron’s son. It is not known how many sons Aaron had. In 1734 John Sergeant identified the eldest, about eight years old at the time, as “Etowaukaum.” Etowaukaum also was the name of the boy’s maternal grandfather, a man renowned as one of the “Four Indian Kings” who were taken to London in 1710 and painted by Jan Verelst. Jonas, a name recorded in 1749, appears to have been another of Aaron’s sons (Hopkins, Housatonic Indians, 29–30; Fenton, Great Law, 369–76; uah, Bethlehem Diary, r.14.a.a.5, 2/13 Aug. 1749). 84. “Pforte”: gate, possibly a phonetic rendering of the English “fort.” Stockbridge was laid out like a New England town, with a number of fenced properties and framed homes, one of which may have been fortified, interspersed with wigwams and other buildings. At the very least, a physical distinction could be made between being either inside or outside the town. 85. Or “relatives.” 86. Or “relatives.” 87. Or “relatives.” 88. John Sergeant, the minister at Stockbridge, had died on 27 July 1749. 89. “Even to your old age [. . .] I will carry you.” “With the church in Holy Spirit.” 90. Inserted here: “or food that was too poor.”

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Notes to Pages 193–199 91. Sergeant had completed construction of a boarding school at Stockbridge in the summer of 1749, shortly before his death. With his encouragement, twelve Indian boys who had been enrolled at Martin Kellogg’s school in Newington, Connecticut, were transferred there. However, because of Kellogg’s failure to clothe, feed, and treat the boys properly, they soon left (Axtell, “Scholastic Frontier,” 63–65; Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 101). 92. Also before his death, Sergeant had contacted William Johnson, the Indian agent for the colony of New York, asking his help in persuading the Mohawks to send their children to Stockbridge. By the end of 1751, some ninety-five Mohawk, Oneida, and Tuscarora boys were enrolled in the boarding school. But disputes between those involved in running the school, who used and misused the Indians in their political battles, caused many of the Indians to leave Stockbridge. In spring 1753, the Mohawk headman Hendrick ordered all of the Iroquois there to return to their communities (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 98–103; see also Marsden, Jonathan Edwards). 93. “The Lord [. . .] has met with us.” “Here are we, and a thousand more peasants.” 94. “Look to the rock from which you were hewn, and to the quarry from which you were digged.” “There God’s suffering was born.” 95. “[T]he Father himself loves you.” “Thou art our dear Father, for Christ is our Brother” (from “Bescher uns, Herr, das tägliche Brot”). 96. Cammerhoff died in Bethlehem on 28 April 1751. 97. “‘I have loved you.’” “Pair of cheeks, wet from a million tears shed by the lovestruck church.” 98. The content of this crossed-out section, at the top of a manuscript page, is reported on 2 June. 99. This matter appears to bear on the impending marriage of Esther and Augustus. 100. Ex. 22.31: “‘You shall be men consecrated to me.’” “Here you have your privilegium!” [Latin: privilege, special law]. 101. Augustus, a.k.a. Memenowal and George Rex, the Delaware headman of the Indian town of Meniolagomekah, was baptized in April 1749. His first wife, Anna Benigna, died in May 1750. See rmm 29/221/21/1, 1739–51; Merritt, Crossroads, 90, 92, 331. 102. Inserted here: “other marriages.” . 103. In the margin: “MSegan came to me in the morning, asking for Jonathan; he would very much like to see him. He went to Wechquadnach.” 104. “Do not be anxious.” “Bestow your peace upon us, O Jesus!” (from the Lutheran hymn “Herr, gib uns deinen Frieden,” in Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:418).

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Notes to Pages 200–215 105. “The peasantry ceased [. . .] until you arose [. . .] as a mother in Israel.” 106. “My cities shall again overflow with prosperity.” “For the dear ones of yours to decide.” 107. The Moravians’ house. 108. See “Translation and Editorial Comments” for a discussion of the meaning and use of this word. 109. “They shall not build and another inhabit [. . .] for like the days of a tree shall the days of my people be.” “Eternal wounds of Jesus! My house in which to dwell. You will still be fresh in a million eternities.” Büninger: 27 June to 11 December 1751 1. rmm 3/114/4/1. This diary is by Abraham Büninger. It covers the period from 27 June to 11 December 1751, leaving a break of ten days between its first entry and the previous diary. The letters A to E are written sequentially at the bottom of several pages of the manuscript. Vertical lines and brackets penciled in the margins are found throughout; they are not reproduced here. 2. This is probably Asher or Simeon Ross, brothers and farmers living in Kent (Grant, Town of Kent, 72–74). 3. Mt. 7.7: “Ask, and it will be given you.” 4. Mohegan, an Indian people located on the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut. 5. “He is who God made our righteousness” (after 1 Cor. 1.30). “With this we want to stand before God.” 6. Perhaps Conrad Schwartz, originally from the congregation in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. See W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 385. 7. This is the first and only mention of a woman acting as an interpreter. 8. “He is the great shepherd of the sheep.” After Heb. 13.20. 9. “Will I not soon be yours; devoted, blissful, indefatigable, enclosed by the etc.” 10. This sentence, “Arbeitete was vor mein häussel,” could also be read to say that Büninger did some work in front of his house. 11. 1 Cor. 6.20: “So glorify God in your body.” “And in your spirit.” 12. “Deep, so deep, into the sided.” 13. Büninger writes “Heydelbeern Brodt,” in modern German “Heidelbeerbrot” (blueberry bread). 14. Joshua and Samuel were needed as interpreters. 15. The sentence “Abends besuchte br. Gideon” may also be interpreted to mean that Büninger, who in his diary often leaves out pronouns, visited Gideon.

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Notes to Pages 215–233 16. See the introduction. 17. Büninger writes “cousin” phonetically in English (“cussin”), suggesting that he had heard this word from someone else. In other contexts the Moravians use “Vetter,” a German word for “cousin.” See, for example, the entry for 27 March 1751. The “cousin” relationship said to exist between Aaron [Umpachenee] and Gideon might be a fictive rather than a biological one — a rhetorical device employed by natives in social and political discourse. The precise meaning of the term as understood by the Indians of southern New England and southeastern New York at this time is unknown. See Jennings et al., Iroquois Diplomacy, 119–20; Bragdon, Native People, 161–68. 18. “God sent his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and condemned sin in the flesh.” After Rom. 8.3. 19. “I believe [in] a holy Christian Church.” 20. The new minister would be Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758). See Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 89; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards. 21. Jn. 3.7: “‘You must be born anew.’” 22. Peeling bark from trees becomes increasingly difficult with the reduction in the flow of sap as fall approaches. 23. Sun-drying blueberries, or placing them next to a fire to dry, a common practice of northeastern Indian people, may have appeared familiar to the Moravians. In Europe, blueberries were dried in ovens in preparation for baking tarts and making other foods. ([Kalm], Travels, 262). 24. The date of Aaron’s death was 21 August 1751. 25. “Backen”: here, probably shallow, elongated bowls made of wood. 26. “We have such a high priest, one who is seated on the throne of the Majesty, a minister in the sanctuary and the true tent.” After Heb. 8.1–2. 27. September 7 is a festival day in the Moravian Church, a day of prayer and covenanting for the married brethren and sisters. Büninger may have intended to write “of my dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem.” 28. “Corn” — that is, maize — is not mentioned in the Bible; the allusion is to other types of grain. 29. Or “relatives.” 30. “I pray to the God of my life, soul of souls, and the body’s potter.” 31. Mt. 22.2: “‘The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a king who gave a marriage feast for his son.’” 32. Or “related to.” 33. Heb. 12.4: “[His] blood that speaks more graciously than the blood of Abel.” 34. Or “related to him.”

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Notes to Pages 233–245 35. “A Lamb goes uncomplaining forth,” by Paul (Paulus) Gerhardt. See Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:409–12. 36. The Reverend Gilbert Tennent (1703–1764), a leader of the First Great Awakening, wrote the anti-Moravian tract Some account of the principles of the Moravians: chiefly collected from several conversations with Count Zinzendorf: and from some sermons preached by him at Berlin, and published in London: being an appendix to a treatise on the necessity of holding fast to the truth (London, 1743). 37. Or “relatives.” 38. Balsam, a fragrant, oily exudate from various trees and plants, here possibly the balsam fir, Abies balsamea. It is used in topical preparations to treat, for example, skin irritations. Various parts of this tree have been used as folk remedies for bronchitis, burns, catarrh, consumption, dysentery, earache, gonorrhea, heart ailments, rheumatism, scurvy, and a host of other ailments. See, generally, Duke and Wain, Medicinal Plants. Twentieth-century Iroquois medical practitioners suggest its use for colds, coughs, cuts, sores, and leg ulcers (Herrick, Medical Botany, 108). 39. “Christ’s blood and righteousness.” 40. “Seek the right food for yourselves.” 41. Or “relatives.” 42. Is. 1.18: “[T]hough your sins are like scarlet,” etc. “He who found salvation in the wounds of Jesus will become as blessed as Jesus’ wounds.” 43. “To you it has been given to lie in the blood of the Lamb and to be victorious in all your wars.” 44. Here and elsewhere Büninger uses the verb “stribben,” apparently a Germanized form of the English verb “to strip.” The Indians are probably husking (shucking) corn. 45. “Rothe ruhr,” in modern German “rote Ruhr” (bloody flux). This is dysentery, here probably bacillary dysentery, an acute disease caused by bacteria of the genus Shingella found in food and water contaminated by infected fecal matter. 46. “The Lord has given us the Sabbath.” After Ex. 16.29. 47. Jn. 1.29: “‘Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!’” 48. “Side hole d, Side holed.” 49. See the glossary of Latin terms and abbreviations. 50. Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world.” 51. This is an indication that none of the Moravians then at Pachgatgoch — Büninger, Sensemann, or Post — had sufficient control of the Indians’ language to preach without the services of an interpreter. 52. This is Zinzendorf, from Advocatus et Ordinarius Fratrum, the position he held in

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Notes to Pages 246–253 the Moravian Church by which his “unlimited powers of management and oversight” were acknowledged (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 97). 53. November 13 is one of the immovable festivals of the Moravian Church. Instituted in Germany in 1741, it commemorates the acknowledgment of Jesus Christ as the head of the church. The reference here, however, is to the 1748 synod in Bethlehem, where the American church committed itself to the same doctrine (De Schweinitz, Moravian Manual, 113; Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 139). 54. “He who believes in me has eternal life.” After Jn. 6.47. 55. Connecticut had proclaimed days of thanksgiving in the colony, which were intended to take place annually in the months of September, October, or November, as early as 1639 (prcc, 1:33). 56. The office Nitschmann held would once again be occupied by Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg. 57. Johann Wolfgang Michler (b. Wurtemberg, d. 1785), a weaver, ordained a deacon of the church in 1762, and Rosina Schneider Michler (1715–1755), from Moravia (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 362). 58. Spangenberg returned to the colonies to resume leadership of the American branch of the Church of the United Brethren. His tasks included “removing the traces and effects of the ‘Time of Sifting.’” See “Translation and Editorial Comments”; Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 170. Sensemann: 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752 1. rmm 3/114/5/1. Written by Joachim Sensemann, this diary covers the period from 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752. There are vertical lines and brackets in ink as well as in pencil in the margins of this document. A cross drawn at intervals in the text indicates the death of a person and, in one case, the union of a couple. These marks do not appear to have originated with Sensemann and are not reproduced here. Sensemann provided marginalia and interlinear text to be inserted in his diary entries, which are noted. 2. Latin, “in abundance,” although the intention here might be “completely” or “in its entirety.” 3. The preceding text is written in a different hand on a separate page. 4. “‘[H]e shall grow up in his place, and he shall build the temple of the Lord.’” “The church where He is the Chief Elder.” 5. “He led His people like a flock of sheep.” After Ps. 77.20. 6. Rom. 15.10: “‘Rejoice, O Gentiles, with his people.’”

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Notes to Pages 254–262 7. Ex. 19.6: “‘[Y]ou shall be to me a kingdom of priests.’” 8. “Flinte”: gun, also flintlock or light musket. 9. Here and elsewhere the Moravians use the verb “fahren,” generally “to ride” or “to drive,” to describe how the Indians maneuvered their sleds or sledges up and down the mountain. In this example, the sleds were drawn and controlled by the Indians using ropes. Given the terrain, it is doubtful that they would have employed horses in this task. 10. Is. 45.11: “‘Will you question me about my children, or command me concerning the work of my hands?’” 11. Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son.” 12. Probably deer hides. 13. See the glossary. 14. Zinzendorf. 15. For insertion here: “we told the brethren and sisters that they should stay at home because of the speaking” [of the brethren and sisters in preparation for Communion]. 16. Acknowledging sinfulness carries with it a positive connotation in Moravian theology and represents an important step toward receiving the Savior’s forgiveness. 17. In the margin: “In the evening the dear heart Grube and Sensemann had a love feast; they thought of our dear Bethlehem a great deal. Br. Grube read delightful news until 12 o’clock.” 18. Wampano, here Wompona, was the language spoken by the Indians at Pachgatgoch. An eastern dialect of Munsee, it exhibited at least one non-Munsee phonological feature that must have diffused from Mahican or Quiripi-NaugatuckUnquachog, the Algonquian language of western Connecticut and central Long Island (Goddard, Review of Mahican Language Hymns). 19. “O how does my heart weep.” “Press us to your heart, to your wounds.” 20. This may be the local Indian-language word for “Savior.” See Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 75, 80, 118, 181. 21. “Jesus hung on the cross.” 22. “At the bottom of our heart, p[p]., appear to us in that same form, p[p].” This translated verse and the two mentioned earlier became part of the letters and greetings that the Pachgatgoch Indians sent to Zinzendorf (rmm 34/319/4/4, 27 Dec. 1751). For these and other hymns translated into Indian languages to be used at Pachgatgoch, see Masthay, Mahican Language Hymns, 12–16. 23. “‘Stay with us.’” “There you have heart and hands that until the end we want to be your faithful souls.”

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Notes to Pages 262–272 24. Sensemann refers to himself in the third person; thus, he and Grube are “they.” 25. 2 Cor. 6.2: “Behold, now is the acceptable time.” 26. Lk. 2.21: “He was called Jesus.” 27. “Simeon took him up in his arms, p[p].” After Lk. 2.28. 28. For insertion here: “[and] of which this sick child too, by her request and petition, shall partake.” 29. For insertion here: “may let flow into this water.” 30. “Fuß” (foot), a measurement of length that varied from region to region in Germany, from about nine to slightly more than twelve inches. 31. For insertion here: “from the winter huts.” 32. Rom. 8.31: “If God is for us, who is against us?” 33. For insertion here: “Witthry.” 34. See “Translation and Editorial Comments.” 35. The apparent absence of any ceremony attached to this marriage, at least as recognized by the Moravians, may have reflected native practice. It is nonetheless possible that there first had been an exchange of gifts between families, as suggested elsewhere in the diaries. See entry of 5 November 1753. There is no record of a Moravian uniting any of the Indian residents of Pachgatgoch. The only marriage known to have been performed in the area was at Shekomeko on 24 August 1743, but this was for Brother Christian Frederick Post and Rachel, an Indian woman from Pachgatgoch (rmm 26/211/5/1). 36. This is one of several instances where, with the encouragement of the Moravians, the Indians resolved to plant more crops, with the intention of reaping larger harvests, so that they would not have to depend on surrounding colonial farmers for a part of their sustenance. Hiring themselves out not only reduced the time they could spend in their own fields, but it put the Indians at risk of becoming indebted to local merchants and others (through having easy access to alcohol, and by placing themselves at a distance from the supportive influence of the Moravians). 37. “Side holed, side holed, side holed, she is yours.” 38. That is, the mill races and wheels had frozen. 39. In the order of Moravian choirs, that is, in groups segregated by sex, age, and marital status. 40. “Give us our eternal bread.” For the complete verse, see Masthay, Mahican Language Hymns, 13. 41. “Läfel,” elsewhere “lefel,” “löffeln”; in modern German “Löffel”: a utensil for spooning or ladling.

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Notes to Pages 273–300 42. A pipe of tobacco, a smoke. 43. “Press us to your heart.” 44. Rudolphus van Dyck and Jacob Reed. The first Moravian marriage ceremony held in New York City united Reed and the widow Jane Taylor. Van Dyck also was a church member there (Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 78, 82). 45. Is. 12.3: “With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation.” 46. “And you beloved brethren.” 47. Macedonia Brook at Kent. 48. “Luft”: air. Sensemann seems to imply that, as a result of the fire, the general atmosphere in Gideon’s house had improved; that is, Gideon and Martha had resolved their differences over the behavior of Martha’s son Jonathan. See entry for 17 December. 49. “The Lord Jesus Christ with all His red wounds, bruises, and welts; this resounds and adheres in the hearts.” 50. See [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:76, for the text of the Indians’ petition, and 2:75 for the associated assembly resolution. See also prcc, 10:108. A determination of sorts on this question would not be reached for five years. See entry for 23 June 1757. 51. Or “relatives.” 52. Gen. 49.11: “[H]e washes his garments in wine and his vesture in the blood of grapes.” 53. Is. 27.6: “In days to come Jacob shall take root, Israel shall blossom and put forth shoots.” 54. “Kannen,” also tankards, containers made of wood. 55. “Freunde,” also “relatives.” Implied is that the Indians should focus their love on the Savior rather than on just their family and friends. In her discussion of the choir system in Moravians in Two Worlds, Gollin writes: “It was made quite clear that the survival of the family system, even in modified form, was dependent on the subordination of family to choir. In more personal terms, this meant that the individual’s duty to the welfare of his soul and to the religious development of his choir was placed above and beyond his duty to family” (85). 56. See [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:75, and prcc, 10:108, for a description of the lands conveyed to the Indians at Pachgatgoch. 57. Gen. 24.31: “‘Come in, O blessed of the Lord.’” 58. “April 1752” is written at the top of the following manuscript page. 59. Sensemann writes “Beuchme,” presumably for “Beumche” or “Bäumchen,” the diminutive for “trees,” which marked the property line.

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Notes to Page 302 Rundt: 15 April to 22 May 1752 1. rmm 3/114/6/1. The first part of this diary, until his departure on 18 April, was heavily edited by August Gottlieb Spangenberg, and to a much lesser degree by Carl Gottfried Rundt, the diary’s author. Unless otherwise noted, marginalia, word insertions, and substitutions for some of Rundt’s wording, evidently made to shorten sentences or for emphasis, are by Spangenberg. Other signs of Spangenberg’s editing include: (1) backslashes scattered throughout the text, which in some cases indicate insertion points for comments, but at other times seem to have no discernable significance; (2) brackets of varying length used to set off portions of text, also of unknown significance; and (3) intertextual parentheses that appear to mark sections of the text for deletion, perhaps to create a shorter version of the diary. Other than retaining parentheses that were clearly meant to set off a statement, none of these devices has been reproduced. 2. By Rundt, for insertion here: “(in New England this place is called Scatticock)”; in his personal diary, he writes “Scattikok” (rmm 29/221/8/1, 15 Apr. 1752). “Scatticock” (various spellings, later standardized to “Schaghticoke”) is the fi rst documented use by a Moravian of the alternate name for Pachgatgoch. See the gazetteer. What may be the earliest English-language record of this place-name, dated 1750, contains “Caticock” and “Scaticook” ([Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:44). Linguistically, “Pachgatgoch” is Eastern Munsee [Wapanoo] or Mahican. “Schaghticoke” more resembles a southern New England form of Eastern Algonquian, possibly influenced by a Mahican dialect. Both signify “the confluence of two streams” (Ives Goddard, personal communication, 2002; Trumbull, Indian Names, 43). The evidence suggests that these place-names were applied, apparently at the same time, to two different geographic areas. The first was at the junction of the Tenmile and Housatonic Rivers, about one mile south of Bulls Bridge, as described in the 1749 petition of “Capt. Chickins” and “worups Chickins Sone [son]”: “above Newmilford at a Place Call’d Scatecook . . . it being Bounded Easterly by the Great River at the Great Falls (where there is Good Fishing) and westerly by the Mountains where there is Good hunting, and no likelihoods of any English Setteling So near as to Interrupt us for a long time” ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:32). Confirming this location is a 1748 document that names the Tenmile River in describing Chickins’s land, and one from 1762 that puts Chickins on land near Isaac Bull’s house, that is, at Bulls Bridge ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:31, 126). The second is described in the entry for 18 February 1752. Sensemann writes that he is on his way to visit John Mills, who lived in Kent, and that he “came to the creek from which Pachgatgoch [the Indian community] derives its name.” This is

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Notes to Pages 302–305 Macedonia Brook, which flows into the Housatonic at Kent, thus, at “the confluence of two streams.” 3. This is the first instance in the records where the Moravians identify the river by name. See the gazetteer. 4. In the margin: “and was welcomed most heartily.” 5. As did several other diarists, Rundt writes in the third person. 6. Word inserted. 7. Rundt arrived in the colonies with Bishop Spangenberg, the head of the American church, five months earlier. Pachgatgoch was his first mission assignment; moreover, Spangenberg, his superior, introduced Rundt to his duties. These two factors may help explain both the instructional editing of the diary and Rundt’s efforts to provide a very detailed account, which at times is wordy and stilted in its phrasing. 8. Inserted: “[I]n the evening.” 9. Word inserted. 10. Inserted: “[T]hen we.” 11. Word inserted. 12. Inserted: “[T]here were.” 13. Inserted: “[T]his is . . . the Indians.” 14. Word inserted. 15. Inserted: “Br. Joseph.” 16. Word inserted. 17. Phrase inserted. 18. Inserted: “[T]hink that,” “would stay,” and “for a period of time.” 19. In the margin: “Br. Joseph talked to them about their children and their upbringing and related to them how it went with that in Gnadenhütten.” 20. In the margin: “He also informed them of the upcoming synodum.” 21. Rundt does not finish this sentence. Spangenberg rewords the paragraph thus: “Moreover, he advised the brethren and sisters to plant more Welsh corn. If they did this, they could stay home more and better enjoy the occasions and all that is good at this place, and then.” 22. Spangenberg rewords this paragraph thus: “Thus they would not need to solicit here and there the one thing or other that they need from such people who are harmful to them.” 23. Inserted: “had a mind to [word crossed out] such to plant more.” 24. Inserted: “[It] pleased us to hear.” 25. The preceding discussion is a further example of the Moravians encouraging the Indians to become more self-sufficient by planting more crops and, in turn,

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Notes to Pages 305–311 reducing their dependence on — and importantly, their interactions with — colonial farmers and merchants. 26. Inserted: “could work at home in the meantime.” 27. “Certain wicked” substituted for “those white.” 28. “Become” substituted for “were.” 29. “Some” substituted for “the white.” 30. Inserted: “for the Indians would very much like an English school instead of the German [school], because they do understand English, but not German.” 31. Parenthetical statement by Spangenberg. 32. There is no indication previous to this entry that, at Pachgatgoch, the Moravians had been teaching the Indian children German. 33. The Delaware headman married to Esther. See entries beginning 8 June 1751. 34. In the margin: “Then consideration was given to a love feast to be celebrated tomorrow.” 35. Word inserted. 36. Inserted: “and thus her parents were spoken with on her account.” 37. For insertion: “With regard to the conference.” 38. Word inserted. 39. Word inserted. 40. For insertion: “and could continue to be in the future.” 41. For insertion: “The conference having disbanded, we shortly thereafter retired blissfully to the wounds of our Lambd, for it [the conference] had lasted quite a long time.” 42. The preceding paragraph is marked for insertion here. 43. Spangenberg rewords this paragraph thus: “Because they intend to go before the court to acquire a little more land — given that they are unable to sustain themselves and their many families any longer on the little land that they have — this matter was thus reflected upon together by them; whether they perhaps had a good friend to whom they could turn with respect to this matter, and who had some knowledge of how their affair is to be handled before the court.” 44. In October 1750, the colony of Connecticut had appointed a committee to look into the purchase from Indians of lands west of the Housatonic River by “persons living in New York Province.” The committee was empowered to “warn all persons that are on any part of said lands claiming in opposition to, or not holding or claiming under this government, to remove off from the same or to take a lease or leases under this government for a short time, not exceeding the term of two years, with covenant to surrender at the end of said term” (prcc, 9:566). Rundt’s reporting of what

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Notes to Pages 311–330 Spangenberg had heard suggests that Gideon had sold land to certain persons without the knowledge or consent of the colony, which in turn repossessed these lands and denied the purchasers compensation. 45. There is an abbreviation at this point in the text that is not clearly legible. It may be an l followed by a superscript e, perhaps for “Liebe” (love or kindness). 46. Although it leaves out the third line, a translation of this verse is provided in Eberhardt’s journal entry for 8 May 1756: “Bless both my Thought & Action, afford me thy Direction, [bless thou bleeding hands], Beginning, Mid[d]le, Ending.” 47. “Christ’s blood and righteousness.” 48. Jn. 6.7: “[F]or each of them to get a little.” 49. The shingles may have been made from northern white cedar (Thuya orientalis), a relatively uncommon tree in southern New England. 50. This is Samuel Canfield. See the introduction. 51. “Sideholed, Sideholed.” 52. A side-blown flute, as opposed to one that is end-blown. 53. Word inserted. 54. Although there are variations among the German states that used this measurement, a “shoe” (German: Schuh) equals approximately one U.S. foot. In a letter to Johann Nitschmann dated 15 April 1750, Büninger reported on the building of the log house to which the new construction described here is being attached: “When I arrived [at Pachgatgoch] I right away made preparations for a sum[m]er house, for nothing had been done to that end other than that the wood was cut [and lying] in the woods. However, now it [the house] is stacked up to the rafters. It is 16 f [Fuß] long and 14 f wide” (rmm 4/115/15/1). 55. Rundt, of course, is being playful, talking about feathers for their beds when dried grass was the reality. 56. The timberwork framing for this house may have been post and beam. 57. “Mulden”: shallow, probably elongated carved wooden bowls. 58. The list begins with number 2. 59. In the margin: “and in the process found himself in great danger; the Savior too assisted in this!” 60. “Thou bloody wounds / and great cleft in the side / remain sweet to our Indians / always and by day and night. / Yea, thou sidehole d / bleed on every soul / here at this place of grace / evermore. / Render them blissful, here and there.” The suffi xes indicating the diminutive in “Höhle” and “Seele” were crossed out, possibly by Spangenberg. 61. The words “was presented” and “a” were added.

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Notes to Pages 331–343 62. Zinzendorf. See entry for 10 November 1751. 63. A hardened mass of entangled materials sometimes found in the stomachs and intestines of animals, usually formed of hair, hair and vegetable matter, or food. Bezoar is generally used in folk medicines as an antidote for suspected poisons. 64. “Albanien.” 65. That is, the likelihood of finding a roast at a hospital equaled that of finding corn at Pachgatgoch. 66. “Hochdeutsch”: High German or German. 67. “Äkker,” in modern German “Acker,” can also be translated as “acres.” In the entry that follows, reference is made to two pieces of land that together made up two acres. 68. This letter is not in the collection of materials from Pachgatgoch; however, one in German from Spangenberg, addressed to the missionaries at Pachgatgoch and dated 24 April 1752, most probably arrived at the same time as that in English for the Indians. In it Spangenberg mentions enclosing a letter from Eberhardt to Rundt, along with one from Post to the Indians. He also writes that he included a “reminder,” which also is not in this collection (rmm 4/115/15/4). 69. Jonathan, one of the drunken Indians, is Gideon’s wife’s son. 70. The battle of Chotusice, in what is today the Czech Republic, took place during the first Silesian War (1740–42). Details about Rundt’s time as a soldier are found in his personal diary (rmm 29/221/8/1). 71. “Matthew” is written above this name in an unknown hand. 72. “Now annoint heart and house with a smearing of blood.” 73. The four-page enclosure to which Rundt refers is not found at the end of the manuscript. Instead, it was inserted five pages before this parenthetical notation. However, to avoid interrupting the flow of the narrative, it has been placed at the end of the diary. 74. “The wisest ruler / dispatches hither Brother Führer / and has word sent to him: Come back / come, and experience new happiness.” This is Brother Rundt’s recall to Bethlehem. 75. Marked for insertion here by Rundt: “that Br. Gottfried is to return to Bethlehem right away; yet Br. Christian is to remain alone in Pachgatgoch until Br. Sensemann’s return.” 76. A copy of this petition, absent the marks of the Indian signatories, is in rmm 4/115/15/5, 12 May 1762. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 77. See “The Humble Petition of sundry Indians inhabitants of Pachgatgoch or Scaticook near Kent,” 12 May 1752, [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:76. See also 2:75; and prcc, 10:108.

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Notes to Pages 343–358 78. “Why! So let Him continue to act and do not interfere.” 79. Inserted here: “Unsere Geschw. in Bethl. feyerten heute das Pfingst-Fest.” Sensemann: 7 August 1752 to 18 February 1753 1. rmm 3/114/7/1. This line is in another hand. This diary, written by Joachim Sensemann, Christian Fröhlich’s relief, begins on 7 August 1752, some ten weeks after Rundt’s last entry in the previous diary. Whether Fröhlich kept a diary in the interim is not known. There has been some editing of the diary, and in places, brackets line the margins of the text. As their significance is unknown, they have not been reproduced. A number of the insertions are in a hand other than Sensemann’s, and are so noted. As did several other Moravians, Sensemann occasionally wrote in the third person. 2. Priscilla was the mother of the late Rachel Post, Brother Christian Frederick Post’s wife. 3. This verb is singular. 4. Here Sensemann writes “Klaben.” Referring to the same task in the entry that follows, he writes phonetically in English “Klaborts.” 5. “Bless us from out of your holy wounds.” 6. Jn. 6.29: “‘This is the work of God, that you believe in him whom he has sent.’” 7. Tree bark. 8. For insertion here: “the gable.” 9. There appears to be an H before this name, possibly an abbreviation for Herr “Mister.” 10. For insertion here: “to a doctor for [the treatment of ] his late wife.” 11. John Sackett, md, was a son of Richard Sackett (d. 1749), one of the Little Nine Partners patentees and a major landholder in the region. See the introduction. 12. A line is drawn through the word “Schwit,” and “weet” is written above in another hand, suggesting “schweet” or “sweet.” 13. Perhaps for “mistig” (misty), possibly to suggest “murky” or “bleak.” This word was crossed out and “critisch” (critical) was written above the line in another hand. 14. For an account of this journey into Iroquois country, see “Diary of J. Martin Mack’s, David Zeisberger’s and Gottfried Rundt’s Journey to Onondaga in 1752,” in Beauchamp, Moravian Journals, 112–52. The incident to which Sensemann is referring appears on pages 113–14. 15. A reference to Brother Mack’s visit to the seaside in 1743, where he encountered a number of Indians, including one of Gideon’s sons (rmm 1/111/3/2, 4 Mar. 1743). 16. Sensemann is applying the designation “church” to the wood-frame addition made to the Moravians’ log house in the spring of 1752. See the introduction.

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Notes to Pages 358–372 17. The six Iroquois nations. 18. Written above this crossed-out word in what appears to be another hand: “and Gottfried” [a reference to Rundt]. 19. “The Soul of Christ you sanctify.” The hymn’s title, as it appears in a 1742 Moravian hymn book, is “The Soul of Christ me sanctify” (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:70). 20. In the margin: “She is not an unfit person; I have hopes.” 21. A line is drawn through the words “Süßen korn,” and “sweet corn” is substituted in an unknown hand. 22. “[V]origen platz.” The location is unclear. 23. Sensemann refers to this activity as “auf blocken” (to stack up), a reference to laying up logs in constructing Gihorn’s house. 24. “Christel” is a reference to Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf, the twentyseven-year-old son of Zinzendorf and Erdmuth Reuss, who had died in Westminster Abbey on 28 May 1752 (Fries, Moravian Heroes, 54). 25. Sensemann was likely reading from a letter, prepared by Moravians in Pennsylvania, that described the meaning behind the belts and strings of wampum that Nathanael had brought with him; he was not reading the wampum. 26. Quaker Hill, a hamlet on the eastern edge of the town of Pawling, Dutchess County, New York, about ten miles from Pachgatgoch. See the gazetteer. 27. For insertion here in another hand: “shall be authorized to hand out belte of wampon in the name of the nation.” The belt in question here signified the conferral of headman status on Abraham, previously Shabash, at Gnadenhütten. 28. This line is in another hand. 29. For insertion before “Brothers”: “The Indian.” 30. Mt. 5.3: “‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.’” 31. “Into the soft bed of your side.” 32. Substituted in another hand: “blanquets.” 33. “Canuhn” changed to “canous” in another hand. 34. See Atwater, History of Kent, 49–51, for a brief commentary on Marsh and his sometimes difficult relationship with Kent’s Congregational church. 35. Inserted in another hand. 36. The numbers 1 through 4 are written above this line in another hand, changing the syntax in German to agree with the crossed out “that.” 37. This and the previous word are in another hand. 38. This and the previous word are in another hand. 39. The location of the winter huts.

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Notes to Pages 373–391 40. See Atwater, History of Kent, 30. “Lieutenant” is substituted in another hand. 41. Inserted in another hand. 42. “Give us our eternal bread.” 43. “Sweet” is substituted in another hand. 44. A fetus that dies in utero might remain in place for days or perhaps weeks. 45. This and the three preceding words are inserted in another hand. 46. Most likely a reference to the Gemeinnachrichten. See the glossary. 47. For insertion here in another hand: “from Bethlehem.” 48. Word inserted in another hand. 49. “Day” is added in another hand. In a third hand is x in Latin script, significance unknown. 50. For a brief account of their visit, see uah, Kurze Relation von Br. Nathanaels und Dav. Zeisbergers Besuch nach New York, Pachgatgoch und Dutches County, r.15.h.i.a.5.14b, 4–27 Jan. 1753. 51. Word inserted in another hand. 52. Inserted in another hand. 53. The word order here is marked with the superscribed numbers 2 and 3; there is no number 1. 54. “Saltzbery” is changed to “Salisbery” in another hand. See the gazetteer. 55. This last part of this sentence is reworded in another hand thus: “and that the brethren were coming to them for that reason.” 56. See W. Reichel, Memorials, 66–68, for a discussion of this event and the full text of the letter mentioned. This congregation is later referred to as Sichem. On their visit the brethren lodged with Jonathan Moore in Dutchess County (uah, Kurze Relation von Br. Nathanaels und Dav. Zeisbergers Besuch nach New York, Pachgatgoch und Dutches County, r.15.h.i.a.5.14b, 4–27 Jan. 1753). 57. “Jünger” is a reference to Zinzendorf, and “Mother” to Anna Caritas Nitschmann (1715–1760), his second wife. See [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 108–10; and the glossary. 58. Candidates for baptism in the Moravian Church are dressed in white, although this practice is only infrequently mentioned at Pachgatgoch. When the Thorps, the last missionaries stationed there, were recalled, they carried with them, among other things, two shirts used in baptisms (uah, unsigned letter to Brother Lucius, M. Dep. [Missions-Deputation], i.3.2., 30 Nov. 1770). 59. Word inserted in another hand. 60. “Ejd. ai.”: abbreviation for the Latin ejusdem anni (of the same year). 61. In the margin: “at 1 o’clock at night.”

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Notes to Pages 391–402 62. “The soul of Christ us sanctify,” a variation of “The soul of Christ me sanctify” (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:70). 63. This comment suggests that the Indians may have intended to plant, or had been planting, winter wheat or perhaps winter rye. 64. “Bad stoffen.” 65. Jonathan was baptized on 10 October 1742; his Indian name had been Tennis (rmm 1/111/1/1). 66. “Gate,” “Thor.” A variation on an idiom, meaning that the Wechquadnach Indians would be received well, they would be welcome. 67. In the margin in another hand: “NB” (nota bene). Sensemann: 19 February 1753 to 27 February 1754 1. rmm 3/114/8/1. The above is written in another hand. The date of the diarist’s last entry was later changed from the 11th to the 10th. 2. This diary was written by three Moravians: Christian Fröhlich (19 February to 10 April 1753); Joachim Sensemann (9 April to 29 November); and Carl Gottfried Rundt (30 November to 11 December). The concluding entries, 12 December to 27 February 1754, are also by Sensemann. Fröhlich’s diary was edited by an unidentified person, in large part to make clear his Hessian dialect. We note only those changes having to do with word meaning. As in a number of other diaries, brackets of unknown significance line the margins of the text. They are not reproduced. 3. The Moravians’ log house, to which the wood-frame “church” mentioned here had been added in the spring of 1752, was furnished with a fireplace. See the introduction. 4. In another hand: “Geschwister Dafitz” changed to “Geschwister David”; that is, David Warop (var.) and his wife Rebecca. 5. Word corrected from “blood” to “bloody” in another hand. 6. Inserted in another hand. 7. This sentence is modified in another hand to read thus: “First there was the sermon about Domas, how he had placed his fingers into the beloved Savior’s nail marks and the hand into His side, and what power the dear Savior’s blood holds.” 8. “[O]ccasion” is substituted for “meeting” in another hand. 9. Changed to “Philippus” in another hand. 10. Marsh is referring to the arrest and questioning of the Moravians Martin Mack, Joseph Shaw, and Johann Pyrlaeus by local authorities in June 1743. See the introduction. 11. Inserted in another hand.

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Notes to Pages 404–413 12. These boards are to be used to finish the interior walls of the “church.” See the introduction. 13. Corrected to “Gideon” in another hand. 14. “Matts” inserted in another hand. 15. This paragraph is rewritten in another hand to read thus: “First there was the early service, wherein Br. Nathanael informed the brethren and sisters about the visit of the Nantegock [Nanticokes] and Schawanos [Shawnees] to Bethlehem, relating to them everything in detail. Then we readied ourselves for our journey to New York, taking a heartfelt leave of the brethren and sisters. Br. Sensemann went with us for 2 miles and then we parted from one another with tender love.” Spangenberg’s complete record of the visit of these Indians, which took place between 17 and 26 March 1753, is in rmm 35/323/1. During the several days of meetings, the Nanticokes and Shawnees, speaking for the Iroquois, invited the Indians at Gnadenhütten to move north to Wyoming. Although they voiced approval, the Moravians left it up to the Delaware and Mahican residents of the mission town to decide for themselves; furthermore, they assured all of the Indian parties present that they would remain united with those who would leave. 16. Date changed from the 10th in another hand. 17. See August Gottlieb Spangenberg, “Account of the visit of the Indians in Bethlehem March 1753,” rmm 40/3500/16/1. 18. The son of the Indian Solomon Waunaupaugus was shot and killed while chasing two white men allegedly in the act of stealing horses near Stockbridge. Although one of the men was later found guilty of manslaughter, the incident caused considerable resentment among the Indians, and led colonial families to fear for their safety (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 105–6). 19. Or “relatives.” 20. Although it is not known if the parcels were the same, five years later Samuel and his brother Jeremias were asked to go to Potatuck to receive payment owed them for land they had inherited from their father, but that nevertheless had been sold to colonists (uah, Diarium des Indianer-Häufleins in Pachgatgoch Seit Geschw. Schmicks Daseyn vom 25ten Mart. bis 12ten Oktobr. 1758, r.15.h.i.b.5.15.a, 9, 15 May 1758). 21. It is unclear whether “it” refers to the land or to the fact that Samuel intended to sell it. 22. Above the date in another hand: “this week.” 23. This congregation was later named Sichem by Bishop Spangenberg, in memory of Brother Bruce. Abraham Reincke was stationed there for two months in 1753 (uah, Johannes (John) Ettwein, r.14.a.40.1.m, n.d.).

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Notes to Pages 413–432 24. Jeanette/Johannette Rau, Martin Mack’s wife, who had died in 1749. 25. Neither Fröhlich nor Sensemann left a record describing the Indians’ transgressions. 26. At the beginning of this sentence in another hand: “NB” (nota bene). 27. “But what can I say?” Is. 38.15: “That He shall perform unto me what He has sworn.” 28. “Lift up your eyes [. . .] they all [. . .] come to you.” 29. “Veter” for “Vetter.” See entry for 27 March 1751. 30. John and Jane Mills had three daughters: Lydia (1734–1755), Jane (1735–1829), and Sarah (1747–1767) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 31. It is unclear whether this section, bracketed in the margin, was placed in parentheses by Sensemann or someone else. 32. “Kriedl.,” i.e., “kriedlich,” perhaps for “kricklich” (irritable). 33. See the glossary. 34. The last of the residents of Wechquadnach were reported to have left on 2 July. 35. rmm 30/225/3/1, Dec. 1748. 36. “[A]nd the God [. . .] of peace will be with you.” 2 Cor. 13.11. 37. Date inserted in another hand. 38. Sensemann and Anna Catherine were married in Marienborn on this date in 1741 ([Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 174). 39. The Irene was one of three ships that the Moravians owned, operated, and manned with their own crews. The others were Catherine and The Little Strength. The Irene “was built on Staten Island, between 1745 and 1748, under the direction of Abraham Boemper and Timothy Horsfield, agents of the Moravian Church, in New York. . . . The cost of her building was defrayed almost entirely by Bishop Spangenberg, from a legacy left him individually by Thomas Noble, a merchant of New York.” In 1757 the Irene was captured by a French privateer and accidentally wrecked by her prize crew off Cape Breton. She had made twenty-four trans-Atlantic voyages and one from New York to the Moravian mission in Greenland (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 329). 40. It is unclear whether this section, bracketed in the margin, was placed in parentheses by Sensemann or someone else. 41. Sekes’s family. 42. Johannan was the name given to Zinzendorf by Indians in contact with the Moravians. 43. This is a reference to Gideon’s son Chuse. 44. “Kannen,” also “tankards”: containers made of wood.

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Notes to Pages 433–452 45. Word inserted in another hand. 46. Sensemann writes this entry twice. 47. “Princes and great men rule; His disciples are spared this great squandering of time.” 48. This was the suspect and only partly realized agreement made earlier in the year authorizing Abraham and the Delaware headman Teedyuscung to lead a party of Christian Delawares and Mahicans from eastern Pennsylvania north to the Wyoming Valley, and once there, to be under the supervision of the Iroquois. See entry for 9 April (Wallace, King, 47–55; Weslager, Delaware Indians, 210–12). 49. Jn. 10.9: “I am the door.” 50. Thamar and Petrus’s daughter. 51. “For you are all sons of light.” 1 Th. 5.5: “As the blood of the Lamb keeps the garments clean.” 52. An expression of approval, similar forms of which are found in other Eastern Algonquian, but also Northern Iroquoian, languages. See, for example, Gehring and Starna, Journey, 14–15, 44n100, 45n103. 53. Maria and Theodora are sisters; Caritas is Maria’s granddaughter. 54. If Sensemann’s observation is accurate, this is a snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus); otherwise, it is either a New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) or Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus). 55. After Ex. 16.13. 56. Word inserted in another hand. 57. It is unclear whether this section, bracketed in the margin, was placed in parentheses by Sensemann or someone else. This may be an example of bride wealth, the practice of offering gifts or compensation to the family/kin group of the future bride by the family/kin group of the future husband, thus legitimizing the marriage. 58. “Pünktchen,” literally “point” (diminutive), a reference to what Zinzendorf understood to be the pivotal point of the theology of the New Testament, here the acknowledgment that a person can become blessed by recognizing himself/herself as a sinner and accepting Jesus’ gracious act of having made sinners righteous before God through His death. In other instances, Jesus’ wounds, for example, may be identified as the “Hauptpünktchen,” literally “main point” (diminutive). See Hahn, “Theologie,” 288–90. 59. Or “her.” 60. That is, sold into bondage. 61. “‘You did not choose me, but I chose you.’” 62. A phonetic rendering of the French “gouvernement” (government). Laws enacted

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Notes to Pages 454–479 in seventeenth-century New England banned outright the celebration of Christmas. Although they were soon overturned, Connecticut and its religious lobby nevertheless disapproved of and discouraged keeping this holiday until the nineteenth century. 63. The referent for “it” is unclear. Sensemann may have wanted to express that the girl had attended her last love feast on Christmas Day. 64. That is, “up” from the winter huts to the cemetery, which was located on a plot of land upriver from the modern Schaghticoke Indian reservation. See the introduction. 65. “Feb.” is written here in another hand. Rundt: 2 March to 14 May 1754 1. rmm 3/114/9/1. This diary is by Carl Gottfried Rundt. The month is written on the upper right-hand corner of a number of pages, notations that are not reproduced here. The previous diary ended on 27 February 1754. 2. Jonathan is probably Abraham’s son, formerly known as Tennis. 3. Although descriptions of their neighbors in Wechquadnach and Stockbridge were provided, there is no mention of the Indians at Pachgatgoch tapping maple trees to make sugar. Here girls from the community are going out to collect birch sap, probably from the black or sweet birch (Betula lenta), perhaps for a treat. The original root beer was made from the fermented sap of this tree. 4. Rundt’s statement is suggestive of the use of the lot to decide whether to baptize the child. See the introduction. 5. Rundt writes two separate entries on the same day. 6. Jn. 6.68: “‘Lord, to whom shall we go?’” 7. “Pilgrim’s Letter,” written by Zinzendorf and published in London in 1742 as My Dear Fellow-Traveller, Here hast Thou a Letter, which I have wrote to Thee out of the Fulness of my Heart, and with many Tears for Thy Salvation’s Sake; and the Lamb of God hath sprinkled it with His Blood, that it will be profitable for Thee, if Thou abidest by thy Heart, or now findest thy Heart. 8. Jn. 13.13: “‘You call me Teacher and Lord; and you are right.’” 9. 2 Th. 3.18: “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all.” 10. “We were quiet on the Sabbath, taking our enjoyment from the fullness of the Lamb: These offerings, which one needs to enjoy at all times, indeed taste exceptionally good on the Sabbath.” 11. “‘Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.’” 12. “In their order,” that is, by choir.

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Notes to Pages 479–490 13. “Oh, wounds of Jesus! in which we are buried, receive this brown tabernacled.” 14. Jn. 21.17: “Do you love me?” 15. 1 Cor. 2.2: “For I decided to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ and him crucified.” 16. Mt. 23.8: “You are all brethren.” 17. Mt. 23.9: “You have one Father.” 18. Tit. 2.11: “For the grace of God has appeared for the salvation of all men.” 19. Pr. 31.17: “She girds her loins.” “And ran thus through the world.” No. A. Appendix to the Bethlehem Diario 1. These two lines are in a second hand. 2. Nelson, Guide to the Records, 23, lists Johann Christopher Pyrlaeus and “Other” as authors for these two documents, items 1 and 2, dated 1747 and 1749 (rmm 3/114/10/1–2). Note: Personal names are transcribed as they appear in the originals. 3. Christian names written on the far right side of the original manuscript page are here separated by dashes. This document — item 2 — is in a different hand than item 1. Note: Petrus and Schermann, or Shermann, are the same person. 4. Perhaps an attempt to write phonetically the English “conch.” Rauch: 17 June to 27 July 1754 1. rmm 4/115/1/1. By the time Rauch arrived at Pachgatgoch on 2 July 1754, there had been a six-week break in the reporting on the mission. The previous diary, written by Carl Gottfried Rundt, ended on 14 May 1754. It is not known whether Abraham Büninger, who relieved Rundt at Pachgatgoch, kept a diary in the interim. 2. This may be the grist mill at Pittstown, New Jersey, built by Edward Rockhill, a Quaker, before 1748. 3. There apparently were four men named David Nitschmann living at this time. See “List of Moravian and Colonial Participants.” This man, however, is probably Bishop David Nitschmann (b. 1696). 4. This name appears as Jakes Catiliau, Catilieau, and Catileau (Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:176, 404). 5. Rau’s home had first served as the mission house at Shekomeko, the construction of which had begun on 9 October 1742. Built of logs, it replaced a bark-and-pole house that Gottlob Büttner had described as being cold and smoky (rmm 1/111/1/1, 1/111/2/8, 25 Dec. 1743; see also dhny, 3:614). In early 1743, this was home for Büttner and his wife Margarete, Martin and Jeannette/Johannette Mack, Joachim and Anna Sensemann, and Frederick Post (rmm 1/111/2/8, Feb. 1743). A twenty-by-thirty-foot

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Notes to Pages 491–498 bark-and-pole “church” was added to the mission house in July 1743, which was reported to be “completely gone” by 1748 (rmm 26/211/5/1; W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 39; see also sketch of Shekomeko at 63; rmm 30/225/3, 15 Dec. 1748). 6. “Weissagen”: prophecy, in a biblical sense; inspired preaching. 7. “Thus it remains the truth, He can do whatever He wills, in heaven and on earth, and through people He so happens to seize.” 8. “Disciple,” a reference to Zinzendorf. 9. This may be the Reverend Cotton Mather Smith (1731–1806), who graduated from Yale College in 1751 and was ordained in Sharon, Connecticut, on 28 August 1755 (Barber, Historical Collections, 495). 10. “Schwiz-ofen”: sweating oven. 11. This is probably Michael, a.k.a. Hendrick, baptized by Büttner in Shekomeko in 1742 and buried in Bethlehem in 1758 (W. Reichel, Memorials, 153–54). In an account written on the occasion of his death, he is identified as a Minisink Indian, about seventy years of age. Of interest is the description of his facial tattoos, a physical detail that is not mentioned for any of the Indians at Pachgatgoch about whom the Moravians wrote: “He also had (as one still sees on the very old Indians) a face with figures painted in gunpowder so that it [sic] would not to come off, and his cheerful look with the figures gave a pleasing appearance in the coffin. The figures that he had on his face were a large snake on the one right side at the temple, and from starting at the lips a pole that [ran] between the eyes and nose and up the forehead onto the head, on which pole there was every quarter of an inch something of a round figure, like a scalp. On the left cheek he had two spears cross-wise, one over the other, and at the jaw line the head of a wild boar. All of it done very neatly” (mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1758, 19:56). 12. “Böstern Mann” may be “Boston Mann” (a man from Boston), an Englishman, or perhaps “böser Mann” (wicked man). 13. 2 Cor. 5.17: “Therefore, if any one is in Christ, he is a new creation.” Büninger and Rauch: 25 July to 31 December 1754 1. rmm 4/115/2/1. The previous diary, written by Rauch, ends on 27 July 1754. The diary here consists of three parts: Büninger wrote the first, dated 25 July to, and including, a portion of the entry for 18 August; Rauch wrote the second, from 18 August to 21 September; and Büninger the third, from 24 September to 31 December 1754. On a number of pages the month is written in the upper right-hand corner, notations that are not reproduced here. 2. “Plan.” See the glossary.

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Notes to Pages 498–504 3. This is one of several indications that entries in the diaries sent to Bethlehem were not always made on a daily basis but were at times written after the fact or copied from earlier drafts. 4. Dt. 33.28. “[I]n safety [. . .] alone.” 5. “Now no enemy can any longer harm us.” 6. “Ind.” is written above this word in another hand. 7. The choir house for the single sisters. Christina had gone to Bethlehem in December 1748 after the visit of Bishops von Watteville and Cammerhoff to Pachgatgoch. Given that she was twenty years old in 1748, and Martha did not marry Gideon until 1744, it seems that Christina was Gideon’s daughter through a previous union. 8. “Vetter.” See entry for 27 March 1751. 9. Erdmuth and her daughter Martha are from Potatuck. 10. Acknowledging sinfulness is a positive gesture in Moravian theology and an important step toward receiving the Savior’s forgiveness. Joshua, along with his wife Elisabeth mentioned later, is a member of the conference. Ensuring that both are in a proper spiritual state is evidently of particular concern to the resident missionaries. 11. “Do not love the world.” 12. “Bedeckung”: here, intending the forgiveness of sins. 13. Magdalena is living six miles from Pachgatgoch, presumably near Gaylordsville. See entry for 16 August. 14. This date commemorates the spiritual beginnings of the Renewed Church of the Brethren at Berthelsdorf in 1727. See De Schweinitz, Moravian Manual, 113, 165. 15. This rhyme may be translated as follows: “Hence it’s true. At the defi nite end, all falls indeed into His hands.” 16. The following entries are by Christian Heinrich Rauch. 17. Gideon is concerned about the treatment of his grandchild by the stepmother. In July 1747 Andreas, his wife Leah, who was Gideon’s daughter, and their two sons had gone to Bethlehem and then to Gnadenhütten with a party of Indians from Pachgatgoch, but then returned. Leah died in Pachgatgoch in early spring 1749, and sometime afterward, Andreas went back to Gnadenhütten (mab 3/114/10/1, 3/114/1/2, 23 Mar. 1749). 18. Anna Rauch’s statement is suggestive of a general sentiment that the Pachgatgoch Indians apparently had expressed about themselves and the Indians at Gnadenhütten — that they enjoyed a kind of freedom that the Gnadenhütten Indians did not. Gnadenhütten was a mission town whose Indian residents were subject to rules and regulations imposed by the Moravians. Moreover, one of the reasons the Pachgatgoch Indians had left Gnadenhütten and then Nazareth in 1747 — after only a short

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Notes to Pages 504–512 stay — was that they were not permitted to own land that could then be passed on to family members. Another was evidently the lack of autonomy that they experienced while under Moravian supervision. See the introduction. 19. Reference to Lk. 17.11–19. 20. “Frohnen dienst,” in modern German “Frondienst,” also, “socage.” This is a reference to the Indians’ having been forced to be part of the search party. 21. Possibly Benjamin Chase. 22. Jeremias, born in Potatuck, was baptized in March 1743 at Shekomeko, where Rauch had been a missionary. 23. Rauch writes “geschalbt,” a Germanized version of the English “scalped,” with the letter k written above the line, possibly for insertion after the s. 24. On 1 September 1754, Indians allied to the French killed either three or four colonists, including a child and an infant, near Stockbridge, causing great panic in the area and problems for the people at Pachgatgoch (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 107–9). 25. From all accounts, Pyrlaeus had last been to Connecticut in 1743, when he, along with Martin Mack and Joseph Shaw, was arrested, taken to court, and then forced to leave the colony. See the introduction. The hostility directed at Rauch is perhaps an expression of continued anti-Moravian sentiments in the colony related to their presumed pro-French leanings. 26. The Leightons were on their way to serve the congregation at Sichem, where they remained until early 1755 (uah r.14.a.40.1.m., n.d.). 27. “Hirsche”: stag or hart, both references to a male deer, in particular the European red deer. 28. Rauch writes “Martin u. seine Justina,” although he only refers to Justina in this sentence. 29. Or “friends.” 30. Zech. 13.1: “‘[A] fountain opened [. . .] to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness.’” 31. There is no known record of the incident to which Joshua is referring. 32. Latin: “Lord have mercy.” 33. Although the symbol and date appear as is in the manuscript, no diary entry follows. 34. The diary that follows was written by Abraham Büninger. A check mark and the initials “Sp.” (for Spangenberg) appear on the upper left-hand corner of this manuscript page. In the right-hand corner, initialed by Spangenberg and in his hand, is the following: “p. Sk. [post scriptum:] I believe this diarium should be sent to the Jünger [Zinzendorf ] in copia” (Latin: in copy).

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Notes to Pages 513–517 35. One of the immovable festivals of the Moravian Church — St. Michael and All Angels — a remembrance day for those engaged in the instruction of children and youth. 36. “‘If any man would come after me, let him deny himself.’” 37. See entry of 1 September on these killings. 38. This would place the initial planting of the land in 1737. The Indians were reported to have first taken up residence on the west side of the Housatonic River in May 1736 (prcc, 8:38–39). 39. It was several weeks before the Indians at Stockbridge were absolved of blame for these killings. 40. For insertion here: “had been seen.” 41. This “incident” is reported in depositions taken by a magistrate in Sharon on 14 and 15 October 1754. Several colonists reported that Indians had been seen and heard “hooping and whistling” at night near the homes of Thomas Jones and Thomas Barnes, striking at one of these with their hatchets or clubs and pelting the other with stones. One evening, while several men were standing watch at the Jones house, an Indian stuck his head in the doorway and then ducked away. Spotting the Indian in the distance, the men fired shots and apparently wounded him, but in spite of their best efforts, he eluded capture ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:82–88). There is no known Indian version of this event. According to Büninger’s diary entry of 22 February 1755, the Indian in the night was in fact an unnamed colonist playing a prank meant to frighten local settlers. However, given the involvement of Barnes, who in 1750 and 1752 had purchased Indian land in Sharon under questionable circumstances, and also the fact that there was no further mention of the person who had been wounded, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the entire affair had been concocted by the men who had given the depositions, perhaps with the hope of arousing opposition to Indian claims to the land. Indeed, the visit to Pachgatgoch by the party of colonials may well have been made to intimidate. For early accounts that place the blame squarely on the Indians, and specifically the Indian Timotheus, see De Forest, History, 403–5; and Sedgwick, General History, 39–41. Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 109, repeats De Forest’s version. 42. Possibly John Williams (Sedgwick, General History, 161). 43. This list has not been located. 44. The American eel (Anguilla rostrata). 45. Samuel’s house was on the road running along the west side of the Housatonic River from Macedonia Brook to the vicinity of Bulls Bridge, roughly following today’s Schaghticoke Road.

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Notes to Pages 517–530 46. The restive atmosphere ushering in the Seven Years’ War is making itself felt. Büninger’s request is an indicator that colonial officials and neighbors are keeping close tabs on the Indians. 47. The implication is that, should the hunt not produce enough to eat, the Indians could make and sell or exchange canoes for food. 48. This date in November is one of the immovable festivals of the Moravian Church, commemorating the formal acknowledgment that Jesus Christ is the head of the church (De Schweinitz, Moravian Manual, 113). 49. This apparently is a reference to an act passed by the colonial assembly in May 1752 granting the Indians land “for their improvement and for the cutting of wood and timber for their own use only” (prcc, 10:108). 50. This is Post’s Indian name, which may be Mahican, given the apparent nasalized vowel (Ives Goddard, personal communication, 2003). 51. This section of the diary is initialed by Spangenberg and given his check mark. 52. Or “relatives.” Post was related to Priscilla and her family through his marriage to Rachel, who was from Pachgatgoch. 53. Büninger speaks of himself in the third person. 54. The “Nachtwache” (night watch) was observed by a person or small groups of persons who remained awake through the night engaged in prayer and devotion; it could also include watchman duties. The night watch service on New Year’s Eve was introduced in the church in 1733. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:391; Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 37. 55. Jn. 14.6: “‘I am the way, and the truth, and the life.’” 56. “Wunden” (wounds) is added in another hand. Büninger and Rundt: 1 January to 7 December 1755 1. rmm 4/115/3/1. This diary, written by Abraham Büninger and Carl Gottfried Rundt, continues without interruption from that previous. Büninger wrote the first section, dated 1 January to 9 March 1755. Rundt’s entries begin on 10 March and continue until the end of the diary on 7 December 1755. On 8 December Rundt departed Pachgatgoch to return to Bethlehem by way of New York, leaving behind Brothers Seidel and Utley, as well as the Jungmanns. During Rundt’s absence from 4 August until 6 September, the diary was kept by Johann Georg Jungmann. That translated here, however, is in Rundt’s hand, suggesting that it is a later draft made perhaps from Jungmann’s notes. Büninger’s habit of inscribing the month at the top of almost every manuscript page is not repeated here. A check mark and the initials “Sp.” appear in the upper left-hand corner of this and other pages, indicating that

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Notes to Pages 530–537 Spangenberg read the diary; they are not reproduced. Spangenberg’s occasional marginalia are noted. 2. “Nerven gichter.” 3. Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 181, offers Mahican “Pachtamuus” (Savior), and “Pachtamáwaas” (var.) (God, Savior, Lord). 4. In this and the following sentence the child is identified as female. 5. Büninger sometimes writes in the third person. 6. Eph. 5.14: “Awake, O sleeper.” 7. Jn. 11.51–52: “Jesus should die for the nation, and not for the nation only, but to gather into one the children of God.” 8. The Reverend John Graham (b. ca. 1693, d. 1774), the first minister of Southbury (Barber, Historical Collections, 251–52). 9. Is. 53.5: “With his stripes we are healed.” 10. Acts 16.31: “‘Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved.’” 11. “[S]weat house.” See entries in Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 136. 12. The immediate question in respect to the disposition of the lands of the Wechquadnach Indians begins with a transaction that had taken place almost thirty years earlier. In 1726 Richard Sackett (d. Amenia ny, 1746), a partner in the Little Nine Patent of New York, entered into an agreement with Metoxson (var.), alleged to be “ye Chiefe Sachem of the indians in these parts,” and other Indians, for a large tract of land that included the western part of Sharon. With the final adjustment of the New York–Connecticut boundary in 1731, a portion of Sackett’s land that now lay in Connecticut was confiscated. In 1738 Thomas Lamb, acting as an agent for the colony, repurchased from the same Metoxson and others the land that had been deeded to Sackett. The Indians at Wechquadnach, however, insisted that they should retain the right to live where they were, that is, in the northwest corner of the purchase. Thus, in 1742 the colony appointed Daniel Edwards to “Secure and Settle in a proper manner” fifty acres of land for the Indians from the proprietors of Sharon, and in return, to convey to the proprietors 100 acres lying south of these lands, “they making the purchase of the native right, if not yet done” ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 1:244, 244b, 245; prcc, 8:502–3). However, upon his arrival in Sharon, Edwards learned that the proprietors did not find the suggested one-for-two exchange of acreage satisfactory, maintaining that the lands set aside for the Indians actually amounted to some eighty-nine acres. In addition, they argued, the Indians had told them that this was well short of the amount of land to which they actually laid claim, and moreover, was insufficient for their needs; nonetheless, the Indians added, having the benefit of 200 acres would permit them to “Keep together undispersed” ([Indian Papers], 1st

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Notes to Pages 537–546 ser., 1:246). The matter remained unresolved. In a petition to the colonial assembly in 1747, the Indians, recalling past attempts to settle the question of their lands, requested some 246 acres at “The Indian ponds” in the northwest corner of the town of Sharon, “which: Tho: Small yet will: be to us a Sufficient accommodation” ([Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 1:103). 13. 1 Jn. 2.2: “He is the expiation for our sins.” 14. Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that [etc.].” 15. The discussion in respect to the Wechquadnach lands continues later; the concluding diary entry is dated 22 February. 16. Dt. 6.5: “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart.” Lev. 19.18: “[And] your neighbor as yourself.” 17. “Christ’s blood and righteousness.” 18. That is, the Holy Spirit. See the glossary. 19. Title of the hymn: “O Sacred Head! now wounded” (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:835). 20. Mk. 9.24: “‘I believe; help my unbelief!’” 21. The “trick” alluded to is the incident mentioned in Büninger’s diary entry of 16 October 1754. On 20 February 1755, Timotheus is said to have agreed that “in Case Sd Barns would give him Two pounds & ten Shillings Lawfull money of New York and Eight pounds in Old Tenor Bills of Credit, he would give to the Governor & Company of his Majesties English Colony of Connecticutt in New England a quit Claim of all his Right in the Lands Lying in the Township of Sharon,” which was done ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:89–89c). There is a considerable discrepancy between the amount paid to Timotheus as reported by Büninger, and that which appears in the Indian Papers. 22. Jn. 3.14–15: “And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him.” 23. A reference to Satan. 24. “Christ will be portrayed before your eyes.” 25. “Geschwister,” elsewhere “brethren and sisters,” is written in Rundt’s hand. 26. There appears to be a name missing here. 27. The entries that follow are in Rundt’s hand. 28. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “Because the minister in Kent, Mr. Marsh, had expressed to Br. Büninger the desire to read something from our Gem[ein] Schrifften, Br. Jungmann, on this occasion, delivered the 2 small pieces, The plain case of the Repraesentatives, pp., to the house of the minister; he himself was not at home.”

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Notes to Pages 547–570 29. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “We had our Br. Gideon join us today for the midday meal.” 30. A subset of a choir. Small groups of persons who would meet for fellowship or devotional purposes. 31. The Annunciation, Festival of all the Choirs. 32. “Acker” can be a unit of land measurement or simply a reference to a parcel of land of unspecified size. 33. In the bottom margin, for insertion here: “(as far as 4 1/2 miles from here).” 34. Kihor and Wenemo are Leah’s father and brother. 35. “Father, Who on high.” 36. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 356, notes that Jungmann was a miller by trade. Here and elsewhere, however, it is evident that he also possessed carpentry skills, which he may have learned from his father, a cooper (Faull, “Jungmann,” 179). 37. This may be the Reverend Benajah Case (b. ca. 1710), New Fairfield’s first minister (Barber, Historical Collections, 387). 38. Heb. 4.12: “[He is] discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.” 39. The use of the plural suggests, however, that all three women had returned. 40. Rom. 5.5: “God’s love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit.” 41. There is no “enclosure” with this document. However, rmm 4/115/14/6 contains a “Catalogus,” dated May 1755, that lists the baptized and unbaptized Indians residing at Pachgatgoch at this time. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 42. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Who intends to continue the Indian catal[og]?” 43. See figure 4. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “This, too, is to be added to the catalogo [catalog]. The diaspora of the Indians should be noted as well.” 44. Also, Alworth (b. ca. 1715), a farmer in Amenia, New York, and a signatory to a 1752 letter requesting a Moravian minister. He was a member of the congregation at Sichem (W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 67–68n1). 45. In the margin in Rundt’s hand: “Br. Christian [took] a heartfelt leave of the baptized and unbaptized, kissing all of the brethren.” 46. Plural of “Bande.” See the glossary. 47. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin, “How are matters proceeding with the Banden?” (rmm 115/14/7, 20 May 1755), contains a list of persons organized into Banden by Christian Seidel. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 48. We are unable to identify this individual, whose name appears in a number of subsequent diary entries as Hays, Heys, Heas, and Heass.

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Notes to Pages 572–591 49. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “This frost occurred in Wachovia as well, on the same day.” Wachovia was a tract of nearly 100,000 acres near present Winston-Salem, North Carolina, purchased by the Moravian Church from John Carteret, 1st Earl Granville (1690–1763), in 1753. From the German “Wachau,” the name of Zinzendorf’s estate in the region of the same name in Austria. 50. Buckwheat can be milled into flour, and the straw used as food for livestock. 51. 1 Cor. 1.18: “For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.” 52. An indication that Indian people continued to live in the vicinity of this former settlement and the mission that had once been there. 53. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Oh, if only one would hereby learn to understand the saying: To fill someone’s hands that he may be able to give to J.C.” 54. The Connecticut General Assembly passed a resolution in May 1755 asking the governor to proclaim a day of fasting and prayer in supplication for God’s protection against the threat of war with the French (prcc, 10:395). 55. “Heidelbeeren.” 56. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “(That which she threatened she made come true the next night, but regrettably! has not done us any injury, but has done harm to herself and to many other baptized who she drew into her affair.)” 57. “Camin.” 58. Spangenberg’s note in the margin: “[D]er Reinigung born nach 1. Joh. 2 so[l]ches schreibe ich euch, daß ihr nicht sündigt; hatte aber iemand gesündigt, so haben wir einen heyland pp.” (The cleansing [by the fountain of water] according to 1 Jn. 2[:] I am writing this to you so that you may not sin; but if anyone does sin, we have a Savior, pp.). 59. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Ay! Do they do this?” 60. The printed text of this resolution is found in prcc, 10:108. An earlier draft and the petition of the Indians at “Pachgatgoth or Scatticook” is in [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:75, 76. The “copy” of the text mentioned in the entry appears on the succeeding manuscript page (see later). 61. As do several other Moravian diarists, Rundt often writes in the third person. 62. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Break bread for the hungry. Will not the Savior do so?” 63. Christian is enlisted in the militia. 64. This is Lititz, Pennsylvania. See the gazetteer. 65. Although identified as Jungmann’s diary, the text continues in Rundt’s handwriting. Written above this heading in Spangenberg’s hand are the following notations: “Scatticock N. 1.,” a check mark, the initials “Sp.,” and “1755.”

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Notes to Pages 592–607 66. The Reverend Cyrus Marsh was a captain in the local militia. 67. “My God! and was a poor human being like me.” 68. “Reisse,” probably for “Reis” (twig, sprig), or “Reisig” (brushwood). 69. “My God”; “Dear Father”; Jer. 3.4: “‘[T]hou art the friend of my youth’”; Jer. 22.18: “‘Ah, my brother!’”; “My beloved”; 1 Pet. 1.18: “You know that you were ransomed [. . .] not with perishable things such as silver or gold.” 70. Jn. 19.28: “‘I thirst!’” 71. Two series of sermons delivered by Zinzendorf in Berlin in 1738, published as Berliner Reden (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 69–70, 154, 156). 72. The Reverend Solomon Palmer was the first resident Episcopal minister in New Milford, arriving there in 1754 (Barber, Historical Collections, 478). 73. The notation “hl.” is probably an abbreviation for “hochlöblich” (very laudable or worshipful). 74. Graf von Zinzendorf, Count Zinzendorf. 75. Lindsey House, Chelsea, London, was purchased by Zinzendorf in 1750 and used as his headquarters (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 107). 76. This is Gerhard Winegar’s grist mill. 77. 1 Jn. 3: “See what love the Father has given us, that we should be called children of God.” 78. There is no other known report or record of this earthquake (John E. Ebel, Weston Observatory, Boston College, personal communication, 2003). 79. “O, my Savior! Please allow me to feel your presence throughout this day. Please keep the image of you on the cross before my eyes and heart at all times.” 80. “Our most favorite placed to be sure is the shrine in His side.” 81. Above this heading, in Spangenberg’s hand: “Scatticock num. 8.” 82. “He is the great prophet.” 83. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “their names were: Gideon, Joshua, Gottlieb, and Simon; and Martha, Elisabeth, Magdalena, Justina, Erdmuth, [and] Benigna, Simon’s daughter, as well as Priscilla.” 84. Written above this heading, in Spangenberg’s hand: “Scatticock n. 1[?]” and two check marks. 85. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Alas, but not without need!” 86. “Geschriebene Schrifft,” perhaps as opposed to a printed text. 87. “Jacob prayed.” 88. “Anstalten”: institutes, educational institutions, schools.

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Notes to Pages 607–612 89. Johann Michael Sauter (d. Bethabara nc, 1765), a Moravian, arrived in Wachovia, North Carolina, in 1755. 90. Four manuscript pages of verses composed by Brother Rundt on the occasion of this festival day (November 13) are included with this entry. To avoid interrupting the flow of the text, they have been moved to the end of the diary. 91. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Can this not be prevented.” 92. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “This must be communicated to them frequently, yet warmly, because this running about is like poison for them.” 93. “Post-Bericht.” 94. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Hence it occurred earlier in New England than in Bethlehem, also stronger and longer.” 95. Rundt reports what is today known as the Cape Ann earthquake of 18 November 1755. Centered east of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and with an estimated magnitude of 6.0 to 6.3 on the Richter scale, it caused damage in Boston and other coastal cities north to southern Maine. Its effects were felt in the region stretching from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to South Carolina. Although Rundt’s entry is dated the seventeenth, the time of the shock was about 4:30 a.m. on the eighteenth (John E. Ebel, personal communication, 2003). 96. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “If only I had a list of these people.” 97. This is the well-documented aftershock of the 18 November earthquake (John E. Ebel, personal communication, January 2003). 98. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Is Stockbridge not the place where the murders happened this year?” 99. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “This happened right after our brethren and sisters had recently gone to Wachovia.” 100. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin begins in Latin, “Fama malum quo non velocius ullum”; he was probably intending to write “Fama malum quo non aliud velocius ullum” (nothing travels faster than scandal). He continues in German: “In the evening of the 24th, the murderous deed occurs on the Mahoning. On the 26th, it [the news] is in Schaghticoke.” Spangenberg is referring to the Indian raid on Gnadenhütten, where ten adult Moravians and an infant were killed. William C. Reichel neglects to include Sr. Nitschmann in his list of people killed (Memorials, 201). Also among the dead was Anna Catherine Sensemann, a person very familiar to the Indians at Pachgatgoch. Her husband, Joachim Sensemann, along with four other persons, escaped. In his report, Spangenberg indicated that it was some consolation that the Moravians had suffered the first blow; otherwise, the widespread suspicion that they were in league with the French or their Indian allies might have been

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Notes to Pages 613–615 reinforced (“Br. Josephs Bericht von der Begebenheit an der Mahony am 24ten Nov. 55,” mab, Bethlehem Diary, September–December 1756, 15:329–31). 101. In the margin in Rundt’s hand, for insertion here: “They had met Brother and Sister Jungmann and had lodged with them the previous night at Azariah Smith’s [house] in Salisbury.” 102. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “The English statuta [Latin: statutes] indeed belong especially in Schaghticoke.” 103. Written above this heading in Spangenberg’s hand: “Scatticock N 14.”

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Gideon’s People, Volume 2

The Iroquoians and Their World edi t or s José António Brandão William A. Starna

Gideon’s People Volume 2 Being a Chronicle of an American Indian Community in Colonial Connecticut and the Moravian Missionaries Who Served There t r a nsl ated a nd edi ted by cor inna da lly-s ta r na a nd w illi a m a . s ta r na university of nebr ask a press | lincoln and london

© 2009 by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gideon’s people : being a chronicle of an American Indian community in colonial Connecticut and the Moravian missionaries who served there / translated and edited by Corinna Dally-Starna and William A. Starna. p. cm. — (The Iroquoians and their world) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8032-2427-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Scaticook Indians — Missions — Connecticut — History. 2. Scaticook Indians — Connecticut — Religion. 3. Scaticook Indians — Connecticut — Social life and customs. 4. Moravians — Missions — Connecticut — History. 5. Missionaries — Connecticut — Diaries I. DallyStarna, Corinna. II. Starna, William A. e99.s252g53 2009 974.6'02 — dc22 2009004675 Set in Quadraat by Kim Essman. Designed by R. W. Boeche.

Contents Christian Seidel 17 November to 22 December 1755

1

Transcription of Christian Seidel’s Diary 17 November to 22 December 1755 17 Richard Utley 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

30

Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

39

Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt 14 March to 7 November 1757 144 Bernhard Adam Grube 12 October to 29 December 1758 174 Bernhard Adam Grube 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

187

Johann Martin Mack 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761 Johann Martin Mack 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

258

287

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763 346

Appendix 1 Catalogus of the Indian Congregation in Pachgatgoch 437 Appendix 2 List of Names Compiled by August Gottlieb Spangenberg 447 Appendix 3 Catalogus of Baptized and Unbaptized Indians in Pachgatgoch 451 Appendix 4 Lists and Correspondence 461 Appendix 5 Biographical List

523

Appendix 6 Gazetteer 537 Notes

543

Glossary 589 Glossary of Latin Terms and Abbreviations 593 Bibliography 595 Names Index 607 Subject Index

637

vi

Gideon’s People, Volume 2

Christian Seidel 17 November to 22 December 1755

Account of my Christian Seidel’s journey and visit to Pachgatgoch, from November 17–December 22, 1755.1

B [Monday], November 17 I left our dear Bethlehem at 4 o’clock in the afternoon and arrived in my beloved Christiansbrunn at about 8 o’clock, in the dark. Marx Kiefer accompanied me as far as this place, and on the following day, also to Easton. I gave my dear brethren in Christiansbrunn but a small joy with their Marx Kiefer, and we openly gave thanks to the Savior for his preservation. E [Tuesday], [the] 18th In Easton I met my travel compagnon, Br. Utley, waiting for me in the Ferry House. Hence we soon took leave of our Marx Kiefer and ferried across the Delaware [River].2 We did not get far today because of the great and exhausting heat, instead and stayed the night at Heckery Tavern,3 and were treated nicely and well by the peopled. C [Wednesday], [the] 19th We set out early today, and being about one mile from our quarters, behold, we came upon Abraham Boemper,4 and shortly after him, upon our dear Nathanael [Seidel] and Ludwig Hübner. Thus, that for which we had wished, and had secretly expected yesterday, came to pass to our great joy. What to do? We returned to our night quarters [Heckery Tavern] [and] refreshed ourselves by [the sight of ] their [illegible word marked for insertion here] faces. In addition, I had the opportunity to read, for my own special enjoyment, several Indian lettersd from Berbice. Then it came to parting, and I wished my Pachgatgoch visite [French: visit] was already over.

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

Because of this sweet stop (the loving too must be given its due time), my comp[agnon] and I lost pretty much our entire forenoon, and again were not able to get far today. However, we did reach the Northbranch,5 where we met with good and fine peopled. A traveler from Brunswick told us that the most recent New York newspaper did not write anything good about us, and was accusing the Brethren of supplying the French Indians with powder and shot, and are denying it to the English. The closer we came to the city, the more frequently and more strongly were we upbraided for this abominable lie. The tavern keeper in Elisabeth Point 6 a friend of the gave us the articul [article] in the newspaper to read but said right away, I do not believe it, despite it having been sworn with an oath. I declare to anyone that I much prefer [having] 3 brethren in my house over 30 other people.

F [Thursday], [the] 20th Today we went 40 miles and reached Van Deils,7 where we were well and cordially entertained and lodged. The aforesaid newspaper articul was only briefly touched upon by travelers, saying, if it were true it would be bad enough for the Moravians. Br. Utley said to one inquirer at one point today, Friend, I assure you, if every inhabitant of this country is as favorably disposed toward the English as the Brethren, then there is nothing to fear, and if everyone were to fall in with the French, the Brethren would never do so. D [Friday], [the] 21st We left Staten Island at half past eight o’clock and at 10 o’clock we had already reached our dear Henr. van Vleck, who, along with the other brethren and sisters, was overjoyed about our arrival. The letters from Bethlehem provided them a good comfortativ. During the Society Meeting8 in the evening, Br. [Jacob] Rogers delivered the sermon on Phil.3, was ich Lebe im fleisch,9 and so forth.

G [Saturday], [the] 22nd The new watchwords and news from Europe provided me with a joyous Sabbath. I also wrote several affectionate letters to [St.] Thomas and Surinam. Br. Rogers and [Johann] Ettwein translated the watchwords for Pachgatgoch.10 2

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

A [Sunday], [the] 23rd During the sermon in the fore- and afternoon, Br. Rogers had as text for his addresses Is. 45.24: Surely Shall one say, in the Lord have I Righteousness and Strength: even to Him Shall men come. We experienced a blessed feeling during the liturgy to the wounds. Late in the evening, J. Garrison11 arrived with a contra affidavit and other letters from Bethlehem. The former was immediately given to the newspaper writer for printing.

B [Monday], [the] 24th We were resolved to continue our journey, but it could not be done. During the Societ. Meeting in the evening, Br. Rogers held a sweet discourse on the Old Testament text: und sie erzehlten Joseph, daß Jacobs Seele an Benj: Seele hinge. Er liebt uns mehr,12 and in closing he read aloud Br. Joseph’s [Spangenberg] letters and Cennick’s13 last-printed hymnum,14 which we today Br. Utley had received by ship from London today. It was a blessed meeting. Several our small household family, including several helpers, enjoyed a delightful love feast and the Cup [of Covenant] on the occasion of the celebration of precious Anne’s birthday.15

E [Tuesday], [the] 25th John Garrison returned to Bethlehem with letters, and I visited our people here and there, also our sick Daniel Muller.16 C [Wednesday], [the] 26th Our departure was postponed once again and we had to be patient today as well. Br. Nixon came from Philadelphia, bringing word that our Brothers Benzien and Stauber17 have safely returned from N. C. [North Carolina], and [that] our Wachovia, by an Act of the Assembly, has been recognized and declared a separate parish. Br. Utley conducted the congregation service on the New Testament text: Wol dir, daß du die Lehre von meiner Marter treibst.18 We are too greatly affected by the figure of His martyrdom; we could not and would not want to do anything else. In the course of the conference several were suggested to receive Communion, but the Savior was not in favor.19 3

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

F [Thursday], [the] 27th Finally, we left New York and went up the North Revier with Capt. Stautenberg20 (an acquaintance of H. v. Vleck who, however, had fallen very ill in New York and had been required to keep to his bed). Our compa[g]nie and [the] sailors were civil and friendly people. A German by the name of Christian Berg approached me several times to hear what indeed the Brethren’s principles and doctrine were. I told him, “Nothing other than what you and I have learned from our very infancy: Christ’s blood and righteousness.” Today, as well as on the 28th and 29th, we had fair weather on the outside and a quiet Sabbath on the inside. G [Saturday], [the] 29th In the evening at dark we left our sloop had ourselves set ashore outside of Poughkeepsie. We were led by one of our [fellow] passengers, who was a justus, into a miserable inn where there were many rascally people, who, however, disappeared little by little, so that we spent a good and quiet night after all.

A [Sunday], [the] 30th We inquired whether we were permitted to travel today. Answer: “Oh, yes.” Thus, we set out at 8 o’clock, pilgrimaging until 3 o’clock in the afternoon, and did so not even very slow, yet had not covered from the Town of Poughkeepsie any more any more than 7 miles owing to our compass not being set correctly, or we had not been supposed to walk much more than that today. From 4 o’clock onward, however, it went straight ahead and we still proceeded a good distance. December

B [Monday], [the] 1st We reached our friends in the Oblong, meeting along the way we encountered at in the house of Conr. Vinegar,21 Brother and Sister Jungmann, who were in the process of on their way to Rhinebeck. I had said to Br. Utley, “Go and ask here for Capt. Vinegars Place,” and no sooner had he opened the door than he saw Brother and Sister Jungmann sitting by the fire. This happened, a propos [apropos], because Brother and Sister Jungmann were going our way and taking up quarters 4

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

with Azariah Smith, like we. This way we had the opportunity to tell them the nova [Latin: latest] from the congregation, and they to tell us theirs. In the evening we were paid a visit by several of our friends thereabouts, who we asked to come for a conference tomorrow, along with the rest.

E [Tuesday], [the] 2nd Brother and Sister Jungmann took their leave very early and continued on to Rhinebeck. We had to stay until noon, however, because of the peopled being delayed. Once they were assembled, [I] handed them Br. Joseph’s letter, and then we conferred with them [illegible word]22 [about] the construction of their schoolhouse.23 Immediately afterward it was off to Schaghticoke, where we arrived safe and sound at the time of the evening meeting. None of the Indians learned about our arrival, except for Joshua, who was still that evening talking to Br. Rundt, giving him relation of how he had felt while on the hunt. C [Wednesday], [the] 3rd During the morning blessing I saluted all of my dear brown ones, and wished that the Pale Lips24 may kiss me and all my brethren and sisters, and [that] His heart [may] sprinkle [us] with new blood. As soon as the occasion was over, it came to shaken [shaking] hands and kissing, and everyone who had until now stayed in his hut came soon after and welcomed us. Martin said to me [words crossed out], “Brother, [now] that I have seen you, I am again an entirely new creature.” In the afternoon Br. Rundt went to Kent on account of outward necessities. Br. Utley was his compa[g]nie, but came not having anything [they] accomplished nothing, because all the people were in the meeting house, listening there to the spiritual judgment of their Minister Marsh, who was being charged by many witnesses, by word of mouth and in writing, with respect to his repeated offenses contra puncto lextum [Latin: against the law]25 and this in the presence of the young people and children. Is that not abominabel! In the meantime, I went visiting in the huts but found only few of the brethren at home, as they were preparing their sweat house for this evening. At dusk I held a conference with the helpers, communicating to them Br. 5

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

Joseph’s letter and announcing Br. Rundt’s journey to the synod; also, that we intended to celebrate a love feast with all the baptized ones next Sunday. During the evening service I spoke about the New Testament words Halte was du Hast,26 concerning that which the Savior has granted us to this day by our baptism into His death and [by His] steadfast care, and how and where we weak children take the strength to preserve and hold on to this.

F [Thursday], [the] 4th Br. Utley delivered the morning blessing, without [an] interpreter, on the verse O dear bleeding Savr, during which the children were as quiet as lambs, showing their attentiveness like the old [Indians]. Our work today was cutting wood and making zwi[e]back27 from our Indian bread, as it had not come out well. Samuel visited us, and I was quite open with him. Br. Rundt conducted the quarter-of-an-hour without any particular text, wishing for all of the people [there] the continuous nearness of the Savior. Around 9 o’clock our dear Jungmann returned from Rhinebeck, where he had taken his wife to deliver. His late arrival caused us to retire late.

D [Friday], [the] 5th Br. Jungmann conducted the early occasion on the verse Ye Wound of Jesus bless me now, o Blood of Jesus flow me thro and said, at the same time, that the Savior was so very happy every time His children appealed to Him for a blessing. Finally, he passed on greetings from his wife to the brethren and sisters, and especially to her pupils. In the forenoon we were paid a visit by Martin, Joshua, and Samuel, and in the end also by Petrus, who is still not quite able to find his way out of the confusion, the poor man! During the evening service I spoke on the Old Testament text Da Jacob sahe die Wagen, ward sein Geist lebendig,28 about the heart’s joy at going home; moreover, that the wounds were our wagon into the heavenly quarters. We sang When we Shall get Permission, p[p]. A blessed feeling was manifest during this discourse. Jeremias visited me right afterward, with whom I spoke more extensively about just this matter. 6

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

G [Saturday], [the] 6th During the early service my discourse was on the Sabbath and the blessed rest in His side, accompanied by [my] heartfelt wish that we may spend all of our time there today, and [we] sang O my bleeding Mediator, p[p]. In the forenoon Br. Rundt turned over his school to Br. Utley, on which occasion I greatly rejoiced at the children’s progressus [Latin: progress] since spring, recalling my promise to make them a present of [the] N. T. [New Testament]. I spent the afternoon in the meeting hall writing letters to New York and Bethlehem. In the evening I spoke on the New Testament words Ich habe etwas weniges zu erinnern,29 about the pain in the heart that is brought on by this. “Yes,” one thinks, “you have done so much good unto me, yet still I am to have something about me that is not good, let it be ever so little.” I was hoping [that] my brethren and sisters, each one for him or herself, would this very evening consider these words that the Savior had spoken to His people, [then] weep, and [in the end,] appeal to the Savior to wash away everything. Before going to sleep, we in our house read a discourse on the death of the Lord. A [Sunday], the 7th Br. Rundt preached on Is. 35.4, 5, on the coming of the Savior into the flesh. Before and after the children’s meeting, which Br. Utley held to his particular satisfaction, I held visited the fellowships. All of the brethren were straight and open, and to my joy, all [were] together in each [of the fellowships]. Young Johannes, who had allowed himself to be enticed into joining the army, said, “It is no doubt better in Schaghticoke than in the camp.” The Bande of the old [Indian men] was the most delightful one; Simon and Gideon [were] particularly lively. Gideon said, “My heart is always with the Savior, but it pains me that my thoughts go now right, then left, and are not always with the Savior.” In the evening the agapes30 for all the baptized ones took place. In the beginning I sang several verses, on which occasion the spirit of love and peace could be especially felt. Next I communicated the letters from Br. Abraham Büninger, David Zeisberger, and Br. Spangenberg. As for the rest, our discourse was on the lovely song of the children of God, of the congregations of children down here 7

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

and above, and finally, about the blessed lovesickness for Jesus’ wounds, with which this blessed meeting was closed. Immediately afterward, Br. Utley said to me, “Brother, I feel wonderfully contented among these people. I thank the Savior for being here.” Later, most of the Indian brethren dictated a letter to Br. Rundt, addressed to the forthcoming synod, and we others were also busy writing.

B [Monday], [the] 8th Br. Rundt conducted the early service on the verse Unseren Ausgang seegne Gott, p[p].,31 and right afterward left from here for Bethlehem by way of New York. Utley and I accompanied him as far as the winter huts, where we took a look at the rudera [Latin: remains, ruins] of the hut of Brothers Büninger and Sensemann along and between the rocks.32 Upon our retour [French: return] I was paid a visit by Joshua, who in earnest told me of his concern about his children. In the afternoon we had many visits from children. In addition, our nearest neighbor, a dear old man, called on us when passing through. In the evening I had another conference with the helpers, at which time we spoke to them about the need for a watch during all of our occasions, and set them up. Our text for the quarter-of-an-hour was His name for today, Ein Menschensohn,33 p[p]. The discourse followed the direction that because He became man, and always will be, all of mankind now had a right to Him. Item, about His human assistance to us poor things that we can expect from Him in all of those human situations that befall us.

E [Tuesday], [the] 9th Our old, venerable Gideon delivered the morning blessing with a heartfelt prayer. He appealed to the Savior that He may please wash old and young with His blood, and to be our light throughout the entire day [so] that we may take the right paths. Today we were visited by various [people]. The most beautiful and extensive conversation was with Brothers Martin and Samuel; that is, about that our 8

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

Creator became man, about which Br. Utley also spoke very heartily during the evening quarter-of-an-hour in accordance with today’s character of the Savior.

C [Wednesday], [the] 10th In the morning, our prayer was mene han¯eméwe Daquoch, gib uns unser ewig Brod, p[p].34 Immediately afterward, Br. Jungmann, with the help in the presence of Brothers Gideon and Joshua, spoke with Magdalena about her Eli-like35 way of bringing up her children. Brother Utley traveled to the Oblong to preach there and to get from there a reply to Br. Joseph’s letter. Erdmuth, an old, very dear widow, came to visit us. She said, among other things, “Brethren, my heart often says to me, ‘If only I could once see the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem!’” Next came also Gertraut, who David Zeisberger had recently baptized, and gave us a prasent of apples. Jeremias visited us today, a very quiet, yet very reflective soul. During the evening service we applied the Old Testament text (on which occasion I told them the historica)36 to the one who can kiss and embrace better than Jacob, and [pointed out] that a single kiss from Him could render the most miserable person a heavenly, blissful creature, now and forever.

F [Thursday], [the] 11th During the morning blessing, which Br. Jungmann delivered, we sought out with our brown ones our placed of preservation — His sacred wounds — for this entire day. Today we did began resolved to still hold throughout this week an open children’s meeting and right away began to hold it, so that the children who usually attend all the occasions can hear something specifically for them, and especially to practice singing well. Their versed today was: My dearest Savior, Thou didst Shed thy precious Blood for me; o dwell within my worthless Heart and let me live to Thee. Br. Martin interpreted with much passion, and the children were attent [attentive]. Right afterward Martin told me, “Br., when I was in Bethlehem I saw the 9

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

children falling to their knees and praying. Ay, the tears ran down then, and since then I have often appealed to the Savior: ‘Oh, please let me feel the same way when I am to go home one day.’” Br. Gideon conducted the evening service and said, “Brethren and sisters, and also you children, listen to what I say to you now: We are poor Indians and the Savior has given us brethren who are our leaders. Now, let us not do like the cattles37 that one wants to drive from one place to another. They often stray from the right path, now to this side, then to the other. No, let us walk straight on the path on which they lead us, and [let] us forever hide inside His wounds like poor children.” Soon after, Br. Utley returned from the Oblong, where he had found our friends eager for the truth and willing as to the construction of their church; had also viewed the location. Soon after the sermon, John Harris, justus [justice], was visited by another justus and [was] asked not to get so involved with the Brethren; the Brethren were a dangerous, objectionable people. John Harris answer[e] d, “It has already happened, and I like it this way.” At this, the Rhinebeck justus held his tongue on this subject and took care of [word crossed out] his other affairs, and rode off. D [Friday], [the] 12th During [the] morning early occasion I appealed to the Savior to lay His pierced hands on me and [on] all the brown ones, and to bless us with His blood throughout the entire day. Today we were busy bringing in and cutting wood so that we may celebrate well enjoy our 2 Sabbaths rather quietly. As for the rest, we had various visits from white people, who warmed themselves by our fire. Some also came to our evening meeting, which Br. Utley conducted on the New Testament text: ganz bin ich nicht zu Frieden.38 Ich weiß es, wo ich schuldig bleib, es macht mich recht zum Sünder,39 that the Savior may soon reveal this to us Himself and, out of mercy, remove [sin] from His little sinner hearts dl.40 His blood. Also, Christian, who for a long time had been at the seaside with his family, returned home late in the evening.

G [Saturday], [the] 13th During the morning blessing we knelt down and appealed to the Savior for His bloody nearness for this entire day. Next we began to speak with the brethren 10

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

and sisters in preparation for Communion, and were occupied with this until the evening occasion, in the course of which Br. Jungmann, with a warm heart, preached the full gospel to the baptized ones and unbaptized ones.41 During the conference we had spoke about several candidates for baptism and learned the minds and feelings of our brethren and sisters. Thus, we also coordinated tomorrow’s occasions, [and the] watches, p[p].

A [Sunday], [the] 14th Br. Utley delivered the regular Sunday’s sermon on the words [from] Jn.1: Er kam p[p]. u. wie viel Ihn aufnahmen, die machte Er zu Kinder[n] Gottes;42 how simple it was to become a child of God ever since He became our brother. The feeling on this occasion was liturgical. Our The children’s meeting was in the afternoon. Our dear Martin, [the] Indian, lisped43 something about the sweetness of Jesus’ wounds, and Br. Jungmann prayed over the children and sang several verses with them. The agapes were at dusk as they had been 8 days ago. My discourse was that I recommended to my brethren and sisters the steadfastness of Jesus’ heart in His love of man, for He will remain the good heart, today, like yesterday, and yesterday always. A special, enlivening feeling was present throughout. In the end, I announced my departure for the upcoming week. [I] once more recommended to them Br. Utley, as Br. Joseph had done in his letter. Item then [we] also spoke somewhat about the watch [to be kept] during the occasions, and then this sweet and blessed occasion was closed. Afterward[,] the communicants, of whom there were only 24 including us, enjoyed their liturgical and sacramental occasions. During the absolution, while we were kneeling, Br. Samuel prayed Samuel, with weeping heart and eyes, began to ask the Savior for forgiveness for his previous conduct and distrust toward his brethren and sisters. This lamenting, followed by the powerful sprinkling over body and soul of His sweat generated by His struggle for atonement, dolores e delictis [Latin: pain and transgression], brought a pleasant breeze and peace to this garden, at which we [word crossed out] immediately fell into His arms, partaking of the slaying of His body and the balm of His wounds’ oil. Joshua and his Elisabeth, having been the watchmen, received Nach Communion,44 and Philippus was granted the favor of observing [Communion] for the first time. 11

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

B [Monday], [the] 15th Today during the morning blessing Br. Joshua said, “Brethren and sisters, and also you little ones, open up your hearts wide now, the Savior wants to dwell therein today.” Soon after, our dear Gottlieb came into our house, said nothing, walked straight toward us, smiled, kissed everyone, and then left at once. And with that he, in a hurry, let us know and feel his heart’s well-being. Br. Utley held school and I, in the meantime, searched for [words crossed out] collected for the young and old a beautiful treasure of light and lovely verses from the large hymn book, for we would like to have our peopled here advance in song and knowledge. During the evening occasion, the sacrament of baptism was administered to the son of 11 years of Martin and Justine; likewise to the daughter of 9 years of Samuel and Lucia, under the special nearness of the Savior.45 First, I spoke with a warm heart to all the people about the blessedness importance of baptism, and wished for all the baptized ones that, when Jesus’ side opens up now and floods these poor sinners with water and blood, washing and bathing them, we too may partake of this rain, p[p].; and after a brief child-like heartfelt address to the 2 children to be baptized about that which the Savior would now bestow upon them (at which time the poor things wept ceaselessly), I absolved them and baptized them Friederich and Marianne in the name of the precious Family of God. The parents of both thanked knew not how more to express their gratitude toward the Savior, for their houses are now completely the Lord’s, with all of the hearts being sprinkled with the blood of the Lamb. Soon after we held a conference with the helpers. Gideon said, “Brethren, my eyes were filled throughout this entire occasion and the tears kept running down [my face].” As for the rest, our conference items were the following: a) Communion every 6 weeks and b) a) that the Savior was willing to nourish us poor people at Pachgatgoch every with His flesh and blood every 6 weeks, provided their hearts remained quite soft. b) that the communicant members are to have their own and separate occasion 3 times a week. 12

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

Well, this was indeed humbling and gave a heart deep joy, and with that, this blessed day of ours came to a close.

E [Tuesday], [the] 16th During the early occasion Br. Utley expressed his heartfelt joy at the steadfast nearness of the Savior at all of our meetings that, thus far, he had at all times felt powerfully in his heart. And after that, he furthermore spoke a little about the verse: Wie ist dem Wurmlein doch so gut — von Frühe an biß in die Nacht in seinen Wunden zugebracht, d[a]s macht d[a]s Leben wichtig.46 Afterward the schools commenced, and Br. Jungmann went across the river on account of outward affairs. In the afternoon we had various visits, the terrible storm and rain not withstanding, various visits from children. During the evening quarter-of-an-hour I spoke about today’s character of the Savior: der da kömt im Nahmen des Herrn; Willkommen unter deiner Schaar,47 about the steadfast coming of the Savior into our hearts, at which we have nothing to do but to say, “Be welcome a thousand times,” and to accept in a childlike manner what he renews and brings with Him at every visit. One hour later we conducted our first quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, on which occasion the brethren and sisters were told the design and idee [(sic) French: intention, purpose] of this assemblee, and then, together with them on our knees, [we] wetted the Savior’s feet with tears.48 It was an extraordinary feeling! C [Wednesday], [the] 17th During the early service we opened our hearts to the King who is coming with such tenderheartedness, not seeking a worldly kingdom. And [we] sang: “Ach mein Herz liebes Jesulein mach dir — to rest for ever in our Heart,” p[p].49 Then the brethren and sisters came and dictated [to us] their letters, and I went visiting in several huts where I felt, God be praised, a beautiful air of peace everywhere. Toward evening several applied for baptism, with whom I held a Bande. I learned from Gideon that he is busy going from hut to hut, putting young and old in mind of the Savior, exhorting especially the unbaptized ones cum emphasi [Latin: with emphasis]. Br. Jungmann conducted the evening occasion and spoke about the former 13

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

state of the poor Indians, how ignorant, blind, and dead [they had been], and how now the light and life of His wounds had taken possess[ion] of them. For this we should thank the Savior most heartily and give His hand the freedom to complete its work in each heart.

F [Thursday], [the] 18th During the morning blessing we took for ourselves something fresh from His wounds, which were indeed quite near us, and sang O bleeding dear Savr and mene han¯emewe Daquochie [i.e.], gib uns unser ewiges Brod.50 Immediately afterward I spoke to another candidate for baptism, on whom the Savior intends to bestow His precious sacrament this very day. Erdmuth, the good old mother, a frequent visitor, also came to us early today, and said: “I was ill yesterday, otherwise I would have come to visit [then] as well.” Thereupon I also visited the remaining huts that remained from [my visiting] yesterday. Joshua, and Jeremias, and Philippus, who along with others had up until now missed their best time for hunting on account of my visit, reported that they would go hunting, and took a heartfelt leave of me. Salome Priscilla came too, asking for permission to go out to make brooms, for she would like to earn a pair of shoes for herself. Toward evening, before and after the occasion, I was paid several visits. Each [visitor] sought to show me his love and gratitude for my visit. During the evening occasion I spoke on the Old Testament text Von dem Allmächtigen bistu geseegnet p[p].,51 about the blessing of our almighty creator in the New Testament: give to the poor; dl. [through?] His blood and wounds [He] gives to poor mankind, and after a brief application of this to baptism, Gottlieb and Magdalene’s 19-year-old son Christoph was lowered into the death of Jesus in the name of the Holy Trinity under a spec. This act had its peculiar feeling and awe. Immediate[ly] right afterward I prayed over the entire assembly, with tears in my eyes, appealing to the Savior to put his seal upon all of what He has allowed us to enjoy up until now, p[p]. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, which legitimized itself once again in our hearts through the indescribable nearness of the Savior, I took an affectionate leave of my dear brown brethren and sisters. 14

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

No sooner I had thought by now to have brought everything to a close, but, behold, no sooner were we back in our room than as many sisters came as had been at the quarter-of-an-hour, each one bringing about several dozen tender greetings now for this, and then for that person, [so] that I had to sit there yet for more than one hour and write them down, while I, because they had taken up the space by the fire, had to freeze and could take pleasure only in their liveliness. D [Friday], [the] 19th Early, even before the morning blessing, I set out from my dear Pachgatgoch together with our Br. Jungmann, who had decided to accompany me as far as New York and get several things from there. Martin and Samuel came yet to us, kissed and embraced us most affectionately, with the latter accompanying us for more than one mile. On approaching Gottlieb’s hut, everyone jumped out and once more bid us farewell, and Christoph52 joyfully fell about my neck. We had a brisk, cold journey dl. [throughout?] that entire day and covered nearly 40 miles. At noon we had an extensive discours with a Quacker [Quaker] who was mighty pleas[e]d with all of our answers until we came to [speak of ] the sacraments, [word crossed out] and said it was only because of our education that we believed this. I replied, And as for you, it is owing to just the same that you do not believe it. We have been granted the grace to believe and enjoy this like children. We had our night’s lodgings with a carpenter, who entertained us well.

G [Saturday], [the] 20th Only in the morning, just before we left, did our fine innkeepers recognize who we were and became yet more affectionate [word above line crossed out] toward us, but also told us something about the Mahoning that was extremely unsettling to us and rendered me very weak for the journey.53 However, we nonetheless proceeded as far as 6 miles from Kingsbridge. A [Sunday], [the] 21st We were in New York at midday, at 2 o’clock, and were received by each and everyone most heartily, but with a sorrowful look. Well, then it came to weeping and weeping. 15

Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755

B [Monday], [the] 22nd I had another very difficult day until late in the evening, and my affair was thinking, weeping, [and] praying. Br. Ettwein came from Bethlehem to celebrate Christmas here. He brought with him an affectionate letterd from Joseph for the small flock here in New York.

16

Transcription of Christian Seidel’s Diary 17 November to 22 December 1755

Br Christ n Seidel’s Relation of my his Journy and Visit in Pachgatgoch1

B [Monday] 17th Nvb. About 4 in the Afternoon I left our dear Bethl. and reached my dear Christiansbrunn about 8. Marx Kiefer accompanied me thither and the next Day to Easton. [Blank] I gave with my their Marx Kiefer gave my dear Brn Xbrunn no small Joy and we thank’d our d Svr publicly for his Preservation.

E [Tuesday] 18. In Easton I found my fellow Travellor Br Utley waiting for me in the Ferry House. We soon parted with our Marx Kiefer and went over the Dellaware. The great and fainting Heat hindred our going far to Day. We lodged in the Hekery Tavern and met with good Entertainment. C [Wednesday] 19. We set out early and being come about a Mile we met Abraham Boemper and presently after our dear Nathanael and Ludw. Hubner, So that we wished and secretly expected yesterday came to pass to our great Joy. What should we do? We returned to the Tavern and rejoiced to see their Faces, and to my particular Satisfaction I had an opportunity to read several Indian Lettres from Barbice. Then came departing and wish’d my Pachgatgoch Visit over. I and my Companion by this Stop (Loving one another must also have its Time) pretty near lost our Morning so that we didnt reach far even to Day, tho’ we got to the North Brench, were we found good and pretty People. A Man from Broundwick told us that the last News Paper said no good of us, and charg’d the Brn with sending Powder and Lead to the french Indians and refusing it to

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

the English. This abominable Lye was more strongly insisted upon the nearer we came to the City. In Elisabeth Town Point the Tavern Keeper gave us the Article in the News pap: to read, but said at the same Time I don’t believe tho it is sworn wth an oath, I tell every Body, that I will rather see 3 Brn in my House than 30 other People. F [Thursday] 20 This Day we went 40 Miles and reache’d Van Tyles, w[h]ere we had a good Entertainment[.] The Articul in the news Paper was just mentioned by the passengers, who said when it was true it was bad enough for the Moravians[.] Br. told a Person to Day Friend, I assure you if all the Inhabitants of the Country were as well dispos’d to the English Interest as the Brn it would be a good Thing and if all Men would side with the French, the Brn would never do it[.]

D [Friday] 21. About 9 o Clock we left Staaten Island and came about 10 [o’clock] to our dear Henry van Vleck, who with the Rest of our Br and Sistres were very glad to see us. The Bethl: Lettres were a good Cordial to them, in the Society Meeting Br Rogers read a Sermon upon Phil: 3. The life that I live in the flesh[.] G [Saturday] 22. The new Watch Words and Accounts from Europe gave me a blessed Sabbath[.] I also wrote some hearty Lettres to St Thomas and Suriname[.] Br Rogers and Ettwein translated the watch wor[ds] for Pachgatgoch. A [Sunday] 23. r

Both for and After-Noon B Rogers preach’d upon the Text: Jes: [Blank] Surely shall one say. In the Liturgie to the wounds we had a happy Feeling. Late in the Evening came J. Garrison with an Affidavit contradicting that in the news paper and other Lettres from Bethl: The Affidavit was immediately given to the Printer for to press[.] B [Monday] 24. We intended to set forward our Journy, but it wouldn’t do. In the Soc: Meeting Br Rogers held a Sweet Discourse upon the Text of the O. T. th and they told Jacob that Joseph[’]s Soul cleaves at to Benjamin, but He loves us more, and at the 18

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

Conclusion he read Br Josephs Letter and Cenneck[’]s last printed Poem wch Br Utley got to Day by a ship from London[.] It was a blessed Meeting. Our little House Family wth some Helpers had this Evening a pretty love feast and the Cup by occasion of th our dear Anne[’]s Birth Day[.]

E [Tuesday] 25[.] J. Garrison returned with Lettres to Bethlehem and I visited here and there our People also our Sick Daniel Muller. C [Wednesday] 26. Our Departure was again put off and we was obliged to be contended an other Day. Br Nixon came from Philad: wth the Accoun[t] that our Brn Benzien and Stauber were return[ed] well from N. C. and our Wachovia was constituded in a particular Parish by an Act of Assembly. Br Utley Kept a Congregation Meeting upon the Text in the N. T. Happy Thou that Thou urgest the Doctrine of My Passion[.] We are so deeply touched with his Suffering Person that we neither can nor will [word crossed out] insist on upon any Thing else. In the Conference were some proposed for the Communion but our Savr wasn’t for it. D [Friday] 27.2 We at length left New York and went with Capt. Stoutenberg an Acquaintance of Br H. v. Vlecks up the N. R. Our Company and Sailors were kind and Civil. A german by Name Christian Berg several Times applyed to me to hear what Principles and Doctrin the Brn held, I told him nothing else but you an[d] I have learnt from our Craddle[:] The Savrs Blood and Rigtheousnes. We had to Day and 28 and 29 good weather from without and the 29th still Sabbath from within. At Dusk we went at Shore at Pecipsy and were carried by one Jus p of our Comp: Passengers a Justice to an indifferent Tavern where was a Company of bad People but they dropt away by Degrees So that we had a good Night.

A [Sunday] 30th We inquired if we might travell to Day we were told yes, and about 8 Clock we set out, and tho’ we travelld not slow, yet 3 o Clock we got no more then 7 Miles Our Compass not standing very true, but from 4 o Clock we went directly forward and get a good piece. 19

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

Decb

B [Monday] 1. We came to our Friends in Oblong, and by the way we met our Br and Sr Jungman at Conrad Vinegar[’]s House. I said to Br Utley go and ask here for Capt. Vinegar[’]s Place and upon opening the Door he saw Br and Sr at the Fire, wch was a Propos, as Br and Sr Jungm: went our way and intending to lodge at Azariah Smith we had an opportunity of relating to them the News from the Congregation and they to us of their People. In the Evening we were visited from some of our Friends there abouts whom we invited to a Conference with the Rest in the Morning[.] E [Tuesday] 2[.] Jungmans took leave early and went to Reinbeck, but we were obliged to stay till Noon by reason of the Slow Coming of the People. When they were together I deliverd them Br Josephs Letter, and we conferr’d together about their building a Shool House, we then immediatly [went] to Scatticock, where we came well just in the Meeting Time. None of the Indians knew of our Coming but Josua[,] who was telling giving Br Rund a Relation how he was by the Hunting. C [Wednesday] 3. I greeted all my dear Browns in the Morning Blessing and wished the pale lipps to kiss to k me and all my Brn and Srs and he would besprinkle our Hearts with warm Blood. When the Meeting was over, the [people] begun to Shake Hands and Kiss me, and those wch were still in their Hutts soon came and wellcom’d us. Martin said to me Br as soon as I saw you I was again a quite new Creature. In the Afternoon Br Rund went to Kent about Business. Br: Utley bore him Company but they did nothing, All the People being in the Meeting House, hearing the Spiritual Judgment upon their Minister Master, who was both in writting and by Word of Mouth accused by many Witnesses of manifold Transgressions of the 6th Commandment, and that in the Presence of you People and Children Fy [fie,] for Shame! I visited in the mean Time the Indian Houses but found only few Brn at Home, who were p making ready their Sweating-House for the Evening. At Darck a I kept Conference wth the Helpers. I read to them Br Joseph Letter and acquainted 20

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

them with Br Runds going to the Synod, likewise that next Sunday we had a Love feast with all the Baptized ones. In the Evening I spoke upon the Words of the N. T. Keep was thou hast, concerning that wch our Savr has given us by our Baptism into his Death and his faithful Care to This Day, and how [word crossed out] where we weeck Children get Strength to keep it and hold it fast.

F [Thursday] 4. Br Utley kept the Morning Blessing without Interpreter upon this Verse: O dear bleeding Savr, at wch the Children were still as Lambs as attentive as the old People Our Worck to Day was cutting Wood and making Bisquets of our Indian Bread wch had not been well backed. Samuel visited us, and I was quite open to him. Br Rund kept the quater Hour w thout any particular Text, and wished all the People the continual Nearness of our Savr. About 9 o Clock our dear Jungman returned from Reinbeck wither he has brought his wife to lay in. His Coming late made us go late to Bed. D [Friday] 5. Br Jungman held the Morn. Bless. upon the Verse Ye Wounds of Jesus bless me now O Blood of Jesus thro’ me flow p and said our Savr was allways very glad, whenever his Children called upon Him for a Blessing. He then greeted the Brn and Srs from his Wife and in particular her Sholars. In the forenoon we were visited by Martin[,] Josua[,] and Samuel and at last by Peter, who cannot recover himself out of his Confusion[.] Poor Man[.] In the Evening I spoke upon the Text of the Old T. when Jacob saw the Wagons his Spirit was revived, of the rejoicing of the Heart to go home, and that the Wounds were out Waggons wch conveyed to the heavenly Region, we sung: when we shall get Permission. There was a blessed feeling in this Discourse[.] Jeremias visited me presently after with whom I spoke farther upon this Matter. G [Saturday] 6. In the Morning Blessing I spoke of the Sabbath and happy Rest into his Side[,] heartily wishing we may spend all there our whole Day, Then Sung: O my bleeding Mediator. In the Morning Br Rund deliver’d up his Shool to Br Utley, and I greatly rejoiced 21

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

at the Childern[’]s Progress since Spring, and put I remembered by Promise to give them 4 new Testamtents. In the Meeting Room I wrote in the Afternoon I wrote Lettres to Newy. and Bethl. In the Evening I spoke upon the words of th. N. T. I have somewhat to say, of the Pain wch arises in the Heart upon this occasion, yes one thincks so much good has Thou done to me and yet I have something about me that is not good let it be never so little. I hope my Brn and Srs will weigh this Words wch our Savr spoke to his People and praying to wash every Thing away[.] We in our House read a Discourse concerning the Death of the Lord before we went to Bed. A [Sunday] 7. Br Rund upon Jes: 53, 4, 5. concerning the Coming of our Savr into Flesh. Before and after the Childrens Meeting wch Br Utley held to his particular Satisfaction I visited the Bands[.] They Brn were all upright and open and each was a Pleasure to me, all were together. Joung John who had been in the Camp said it is better in Scatticock than in the Camp. The Band of the old ones was the prettiest. Simon and Gideon were particular chearfull. Gideon said my Heart is ever by with our Savr but my Thoughts runs sometimes this way sometimes that and are not allways with Him tis a grieve to me. In the Evening was the Love feast for all the Baptized ones. I begun with some verses in singing of wch the Spirit of Love and Peace was particularly felt. I then read Br Abr: Buninger[’]s[,] Zeisberger[’]s and Spangenberg[‘s] Letters. As to the Rest our Discourse was of the agreeable Singing of Children of God, of the Children of Church of above and below, and last of all of the happy Love-Sickness after Jesus[’] Wounds, wherewhich this blessed Meeting was concluded. Br Utley said to me directly after: Br I am exceeding well among this People, I thanck our Savr that I am here. The most of Ind. Brn dictated to Br Rund a Letter to Approaching Synod, and the Rest of us was fusy in writting. B [Monday] 8. r B Rund kept the Morning Meeting upon the verse, Bless our going out o God and went directly by way of Newy. to Bethlehem. I and Utley accomp. Him to the Winter Hutts, where we took a View of the remains of Br Buninger and Sensemann[’]s Cabin between the Rocks. After our return Josua visited me who 22

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

declared his Concern about his Children. In the afternoon we had a visit from the Children, and our next Neighbour[,] an old good Man, called upon us as he passed by. In the Evening I had again a Conference with the Helpers, in wch we spoke of and settled a watch during all our Meetings. In the 4 of Hour his to Day[’]s Name[,] a Son of Man[,] was our Text. The Discourse Shewed that he has been a Man he would eternally remain so and all Men had a Right to Him; Likewise from his being willing to have to do of in a human way w th poor Things that in all our human Circumstances we can expect Assistance from Him.

E [Tuesday] 9. Our old venerable Gideon kept the Morning Blessing with a fervent Prayer. He begg’d our Savr to wash old and young with his Blood and that the whole it might be our Pleasure to go the right way. We were visited to Day by Several. The finest and longest Conversation was with Br Martin and Samuel, to wit, of our Creator[’]s becoming a Man, of whch Br Utley spoke very heartily in the Evening Meeting according to this Day’s Character of our Savr[.] C [Wednesday] 10. In the Morning was our Prayer: give us our eternall Bread. Directly after Br Jungman Spoke in the Presence of Br Gideons and Josuas with Magdalen concerning her bringing up her Children Eli like. Br Utley went to Oblong to preach there, and to bring an Answer to Br Josephs Letter. Erdmuth an old and very dear Widow came to visit us, among other Things She said Brn My Heart says to me often if I might but once see the Brn and Srs in Bethlehem[.] Then came Gertraut whom Dav. Zeisberger when last here baptized and gave us some Apples. To Day Jeremias visited us of a very still but thinking Temper[.] In the Evening Meeting We applyed the Text of the old Testament (on occasion of wich I related to them the History) to Him the who kisses and embraces better than Jacob, and that one Single kiss from Him can make the most wretched Creature an extraordinary happy one in Time and Eternity[.]

F [Thursday] 11. In the Morning Blessing which Br Jungman kept we sought with our brown People our Place of Preservation the whole Day in his wholy Wounds[.] 23

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

To Day we resolved to have an other Children[’]s Meeting in the Weeck that the Children, who nevertheless come in all the Meetings, may hear something in their own Way and especially be exercised in Singing. Their to Day[’]s Verse was: w My dearest Savr thou didst shed thy precious Blood for me, o dwell within my worthless Heart and let me live to thee. Br Martin interpreted very prettily and the Children were attentive. Martin said to me immediately after: Br when I was in Bethlehem I saw the Children fall down and pray o then the Tears run down, and I have sincse then often pray’d our Savr to let me be so when I go home[.] Br Gideon kept the Evening Meeting and said Brn and Srs and Children too, hear what I now say to you, We are poor Indians, and our Savr send us Brn, who are our Leaders, let us not do like Cattle, wch when driven from one Place to another often go out of the right Way, sometimes on this side sometimes on that, no Get us go directly the Way wch they lead us and allways hide us ourselves as poor children into his wounds[.] Presently after Br: Utley returned home from Oblong where he found our Friends longing after the Truths and willing to build a Church and he had viewed the Place. J. Harris[,] a Justice[,] was just after the preaching visited by an other Justus, who begg’d him not to engage to far with the Brn as beeing and dangerous People, J. Harris answerd the Thing was done and it was a Pleasure to Him, then the Reinbeck was Silent upon this Subject, did his other Business and went away[.] D [Friday] 12[.] In the Morning Meeting I begg’d ou[r] Savr to lay his throbored Hands upon me and all the brown People and to bless w th his Blood all the Day long[.] To Day we were busy in cutting and fetching Wood that we might injoy our 2 Sabbaths quietly. We had besides several Visits of wide [white] People, who warm’d themselves on our Fire, and some came to our Evening Meeting, wch Br Utley kept upon the Text of the N. T.[,] I know where I am to blame wch fills me with much Shame, that our Savr Himself soon reveals it to us and by his Blood takes it away from his little Sinner Hearts. Late in the Evening

G [Saturday] 13[.] In the Morning Blessing we kneeled down and begged our Savr to grant us his bloody Nearness the whole Day. We then begun to speak with the Brn and Sistres 24

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

for the holy Communion, and we were imployed therin till the Evening, in wch Br Jungman preachd the full gospel with a warm Heart to the baptized and unbaptized and Josua in Interpreting was inspired[.] In the Conference we spoke about some Cand: for Baptism and heard our Brns an[d] Srs Mind and feeling of them. We also regulated our Morning Meetings, Watch[,] etc:

A [Sunday] 14th Br Utley kept the usual Sondays Preading upon the Words of John the first Chapter: He came and as many as received Him pp[.,] how easy it is to be a Child of god since He became our Brother. The Feeling therein was liturgical. In the Afternoon was the Child: Meeting. Our dear Martin Indian lispd something of the Sweetness of the wounds of Jesus and Br Jungman prayed over the Children and sang some verses with them. The Agape were as 8 Days ago at Dusk[.] My Discourse was a recommendation to my Brn and Srs of the Unchangeabless of the Heart of Jesus in his Love to Men, as He remain to Day[,] Yesterday and for ever same good Heart. There was a particular and livring enlivening Feeling thereat. Last of all I acquainted them wth my intended Depart next Weeck, I again recommended Br Utley to them as Br Joseph has done in his Letter. I little was also spoke of the watch during the Meetings, and then we concluded this sweet and happy Meeting. Then the Communicants of whom with us were just 24 had their liturgical and Sacramental Meetings. At the Absolution, when we were kneel’d down Samuel begun to pray to our Savr w th weeping Eyes and Heart for the forgivness of his former Behaviour and Suspicion Jealousy towards his Brn and Srs. This Weeping and then the powerfull Sprinkling of his Blood Sweat in his Agony over Body and Soul brought an agreeable Air and Peace into this Garden with which we immediatly fell into his Arms and pertook of the mortifying Power of his Corps and Balsam of his wounds oil. Josua [. . .] Josua and his Elisabeth as watchers pertook afterwards and Philip had the Favour to Day to look on the first Time.

B [Monday] 15. r

In the Morning Blessing B Josua said: Brn and Srs and all ye Children, Now open your Hearts wide, our Savr will dwell therein to Day[.] 25

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

Our dear Gottlieb presently after came into our House, said nothing but came directly to us, smile[d,] kiss’d us all and went immediately away again and thus he let us know and feel the good State of his Heart. Br Utley kept Shool and I collected in the mean while a fine Treasure of easy and Sweet verses out of the great Hymbook for young and old, as we should be glad to have our dear People here a[d]vance in singing and Knowledge. In the Evening Meeting the Sacrament of Baptism was performed on martin and Justine Son being 11 Years old als likewise on Samuel[’]s and Lucia’s Daughter 9 Years old w th a perticular Nearness of our Savr. I first Spoke to all the People wth a warm Heart of the Importance of Baptism, and wished all Baptized ones once upon now seeing the Side of Jesus open’d and these poor Sinners overstreamed[,] wash’d and bath’d with water and Blood, might also pertake of this Rain, and after a short hearty Addres to the two 2 new baptized ones abou concerning that what our Savr was now about to bestow upon them, during this the poor Things wept continually. I absolved and baptized them in the Name of the blessed divine Family Frederick and Marianne[.] The Parents of both Knew not how be thankfull enough to our Savr, for now all their Families are the Lord[’]s, and all Hearts sprinkled wth the Blood of the Lamb. We soon after kept Conferenz with the Helpers[.] Gideon said Brn My Eyes were continually wet in the Meeting and they Tears run continually down. They Articuls in our Conferenz were as Follows 1) that our intended every 6 Weeks to feed our poor Pachgatgochers, if their Hearts remain tender, with his Flesh and Blood. 2) that the Communion Brn and Sisters should have their own particular Meetings 3 Times a Week[.] This humbled them indeed, and gave a deep Joy, and thus we concluded this Day of Blessings[.] E [Tuesday] 16. r B Utley express’d in the Morning Blessing his sincere Joy at the constant Nearness of our Savr, wch He has powerfully felt in his Heart ever since he came, and then spoke a little upon the verse, How Happy is a Wormlein poor p when from Morning Then begun the Shool and Br Jungman went about Business over the River; In the afternoon tho’ it rain’d and blow’d exceedingly, yet Several Children 26

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

visited us. In the Evening Meeting I spoke a bit upon the to Day[’]s Character of our Savr. He that cometh in the Name of the Lord Wellcome among thy chosen Flock, concerning the Coming of our Savr in our Hearts, when we have nothing to do but Say be 1000 times wellcome and to receive childlike what he first of all, and every Visit afterwards brings along with Him. An Hour after we held our first Communion Meeting, in wch I told our Brn and Srs the End and Meaning of it, and how they ought to be disposed when they come to this Meeting. And then with them I wept our Savrs Feet Kneeling with Tears. There was an extraordin: feeling.

C [Wednesday] 17. In the Morning Benediction we opened our Hearts to the King, who comes so [word crossed out] meek seeking no worldly Kingdom and sung O My Hearts lovely Jesus dear p[p.] Then the Brn and Srs came and dictated their Lettres and I visited in Several Cabbins, wher and God be prais’d felt a Sweet Air Preeze of Peace every where. Towards Evening several Mentioned their Desire to baptized, with whom a I Kept a hearty Discourse. [Blank] I heard that Gideon frequently goes up and down in the Cabbins putting both old and young in Mind of our Savr and especially admonishing the unbaptized with Emphasy[.] In the Evening Meeting Br Jungman spoke of the State the poor Indians were formerly in, how ignorant, blind and dead and nowhow the Light and Life of his wounds had taken Possesion of them, for wch we ought to thank our Savr very heartily and give his Hand liberty to finish his Worck in every Heart.

F [Thursday] 18. In the Morning Meeting, we took something quite new and fresh out of his Wounds wch were indeed quite near to us and sung o Bleeding dear Savr p Give us or daily Bread. Presently after I again spoke with a Candit. for Baptism, upon whom our Savr will to Day bestow this blessed Sacrament upon. Erdmuth the good old Mother, a diligent Visitor came to us early to Day, and said, yesterday I was sick, or else I should visited you. I then visited the Cabbins wch I pass’d by yesterday. Josua[,] Jeremias[,] Philip, who with others on Account of my visit 27

Transcription of Christian Seidel's Diary

had neglect[ed] their best Hunting Time, mentioned their Intention to go and took a hearty Leave of me[.] Priscilla came also disired leave to go out and make Broomes to get a pair Shoes with[.] [Here the handwriting changes] In the Evening Meeting I spoke upon the Text of the old Testament: Thou art blessed of the Almighty. Of the Blessing wch our Almighty Creator in the N. T. by his gives the poor Man by his blood & Wounds[;] after a short Application of this the Baptism Godliebs & Magdalen[’]s Son Christoph nineteen Years old was baptized into the Death of Jesus in The name of the holy Tree[.] The Act was attended with a peculiar Feeling on all. I then praid for the whole meeting with wet Eyes & beg’d our Savr to seal all that to us wch he had all along given us to enjoy. In the Communion little meeting wch was again legitimated in all our Hearts with an inexpressible nearness of our Savr[.] I took a tender Leave of my dear brown Brn & Sisters. I now thought every Thing was done, but behold we were hardly got into our House, but all the Sisters which were in the meeting came to us, & every one brot some dozen tender Salutations to one & another, so that I was oblig’d to sit an Hour there writing him down & as the[y] had taken up the Fire I was oblig’d to feel much Cold & could only confort myself with their Liveliness.

D [Friday] 19th I set our early before the morning Benediction from my dear Patchagooch with our Br Jungman with went with me to Newyork to fetch some necessaries. Martin & Samuel were still with us Kiss’d & squeezed us very tenderly, & the last went with us till a mile farther. When we came to Godlieb[’]s Cabin the[y] all run out & once more bid us farewell & Christoph the new baptized one fell about my neck with great joy. We had cold traveling all the Day and got about forty miles. At noon we had a long Discourse with a Quaker, who was mightily pleas’d with all our answers, till we came upon the Sacraments. He said it was owing only to our education that we believed them. I replied it is owing to the same among you that you don’t believe them. We have the grace to believe & enjoy them like Children[.] We log’d with a Carpenter who treated us well[.] Saturday the twentieth. In the morning before we left them they found out who we were, and were then 28

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still hartyer to us, but they also told us some Thing of the Mahoni which much affected us & quite took away my Strength for traveling[.] Br Jungman wanted to persuade me out of it but it avail nothing, I said B. if our Sav. has suffer’d it as for my part I believe and feel they are an offering for & a Deliverance of all our other places and our Neighbours will thereby be convinced that we are faithful Subjects. I thought farther if Sturges was but escaped he as yet not being right happy, moreover I beg’d our Sav r still nevertheless to right the murderers & be gracious to them. We reach to day Six Miles beyond Kings bridge. S Sonday 21st About two a Clock we came to Nyork and we were recd by all heartily. Tho’ with a concern’d mien[,] yes then weeping took Place.

29

Richard Utley 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

Br. Utley[’]s Journal in Scatticock 17551 Friday Decr the 19th Br Christian [Seidel] set out for Bethm having taken a very hearty leave of the Brn & Sisters Last night[.] Br Youngman went with him to New York[.] In the morning blessing I spoke of our Savior[’]s coming in the flesh as the blessing from Heaven and In the evening I spoke of that 2 new life and spirit our Sav r Imparts to us when we view him in his wounded figure3 and his blood is powerfully felt by us[.] Sabbath the 20th In the morning I spoke of the death and blood sheding of our Saviour as the cause of all Life and blessing[.] I visited in the Houses and was also with my spirit and heart very much in the dear congregation in Bethm[.] In the evening our subject was the happy & blessed Effects of the wounds and blood of our Savr when manifested to the poorest and worst of sinners. And in the Lords supper 1/4 of hour Homily to the Communicants4 [I] reminded the Brn & Sisters of that great matter they had lately been blest with[,] viz[.,] his flesh and blood[;] his Intention was to bless them in Keeping their hearts in a continual Remembrance thereof[;] therefore he had given them this meeting[.] Sunday the 21 In the Preaching my subject was our Savrs love to poor sinners[,] first in dying for them and then in manifesting this his love to them and engaging their hearts with love to him and his dear wounds[.] [T]he children[’]s meeting Br Martin Kept with warmth and blessing[.] [A]nd in the evening I spoke of the loving condescension of our dear Savr who

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

so willingly let5 us feel his wounds that we might from this Impression with Thomas call him My Lord & God. Monday the 22d Br Gidion Kept the morning meeting and spoke to this Effect[:] the Brn & Sisters were very poor Therefore they should lay them selves every morning to the feet of our Saviour who had received so many wounds for them in hands[,] feet[,] and side[,] yea had been crown[e]d with thorns and shed all his blood to bless them[;] therefore[,] they should give him their hearts that would be good for them for they were poor and when they follow’d their own way only hurt their hearts and grived our Saviour[.] In the evening I observ[e]d that our Saviour took very exact notice of it when we came to him to have our hearts heal[e]d by his wounds and stripes and that we were such poor creatures in ourselves that we wanted him every hour and moment, so that our continually applying to him and his wounds help[e]d us to the Knowledge of our Physician. And [blank] the 23d [I]n the morning from the text[,] virtue is gone out of me[,] I said it was a great pleasure to our Savr to see us like to the Bees as they seek the flowers for the hon[e]y, that we crowd to his wounds for his blood[’]s moisture he Knows that virtue comes from them6 for our healing which makes our hearts well[.] This afternoon Samuell & Lucia was out[,] he to get Hoop poles7 and she8 broom sticks[,] and their House took fire and was burnt to the Ground with all they had in it[.] In the evening I said that we could not possibly hang and abide by our Sav r till his wounds was manifested to the heart of a sinner and that when it was so that when our hearts beheld him and his blood overstream[e]d them, we could not other wise but hang upon him and our Inclination went to him alone. In the Lord supper 1/4 of hour[,] after having spoken a few words of the great grace and blessing our Sav r had call[e]d us to partake of[,] viz[.,] his flesh & blood in the Holy Communion[,] [I] beg’d him with a melted and weeping heart to Keep us all near to his wounded heart and thereby preserve us from sin and every evil[.]9 31

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

The 24th In the morning I observed that that which makes our living weighty and Important was to be near and enjoy him from morning untill night[.] The evening meeting Br Gidion Kept and said[,] since our Saviour has shed his blood for us and let us feel and enjoy it now he cannot forget us[;] he wish[e] d the Brn & Sisters might not forget him but make it as the people do when they have got a little mon[e]y[,] always want to make it more[,] so he wish[e]d they might do with our Saviour and10 the grace he had given them[,] for so it was with him[.]11 The 25th In the morning the babe in the Manger of Bethm was our Theme and we offered him our hearts for a Resting place poor as they were[.]12 The children I also told in theirs of the child in the Stable wrapd in Swadling Cloths upon Hay or Straw which was born for them. In the evening I spoke of our dear Saviour[’]s Tears which he had shed on our account from which his eyes were red and which would conduct ours when weeping over our misiry to his wounds and by that means he would turn our tears of greif and sorrow into Tears of joy and gladness[.] [I]n the Lord supper 1/4 of hour[:] abide in me and I in you.13 The 26th I spoke of our Saviour[’]s concern for our well being and that he most gladly would gather us to his dear wounds as a hen her chickens under her wings that in him we might be secure and dwell safely out of the way of all harms[.]14 In the afternoon Br Youngman return[e]d from New York and brought with him the account of the Brn & Sisters on the Mahony [Mahoning] and their being offered up and sacrificed by the hands of the Indians which very much affected me so that Br Gidion Kept the meeting this evening.15 The 27th B Youngman Kept the meeting this morning and I that in the evening after which we call[e]d our Conference together and communicated to them the news Br Youngman had brought with him and then to the Lord Supper Brn & Sisters and recommended to our Saviour[’]s Protection and faith full heart which r

32

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

certainly hangs upon his people ourselves as well as our dear people in Bethm &ca with weeping heart and Eyes[.] Sunday The 28th In the preaching my subject was our Saviour[’]s loving heart towards the sinners yea even to the unfaithfull I will heal their backslidings and love them freely[.] In the evening afternoon the children had their Love feast[;] we read unto them br. Edwin[’]s16 Letter to them and told them also of the children who was Kill[e]d on the account of our Saviour[’]s birth[.] [T]he evening meeting was Kept by Br Youngman and recome[m]nded the wounds of our Saviour as the best and dearest place for such poor sinners as we who were so spoil[e]d and marr[e]d by sin and wish’d they might always be near to them and thereby always have their hearts Kept warm and burning[.] The 29th In the morning I spoke of our Saviour[’]s care and love for us that he can not forget us having graven us and our names in his hands and that he will never leave nor forsake us having laid down his life for us to Redeem us. [A]nd we when we feel this wish to be his own and when we have him have that which can Rejoice our hearts here and Eternally. In the evening Br Youngman spoke of our Savrs flesh as the true bread and his blood as the true drink and that such as eat his flesh and drink his blood dwelleth in our Savr and our Saviour17 in him. The 30th In the morning our subject was the unchangeable heart of our Savr yesterday[,] today[,] and forever the same[,] and also that his form on the Tree never will be old or stale to the sinner hearts who are thereto attatched[.] And in the evening his loving Invitation to all such as hunger and thirst after true life shall come to him and Drink freely of the water of life run from his side[’]s wound out of the temple of his body. Br Youngman Kept the 1/4 of hour for the Lord[’]s Supper Brn & Sisters and put them in mind of the great grace and blessing they was partakers of[,] viz[.,] his flesh and blood in the communion[.] 33

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

The 31th Br Gidion Kept the morning blessing and of our Saviour[’]s being lifted up upon the Cross as Moses had lifted up the serpent in the wilderness that we might now look up to him and his wounds when we felt the bite of the serpent and was sensible that we were sinners and wanted to be cur[e]d[;] the look into his wounds would cure and heal us. The evening meeting Br Josua Kept after which the Conference met and agreed upon the following Persons for servants [that is,] Martin and Justina[,] Samuell[,] and Tamar[,] and we also told them that after the love feast our Saviour would bless them with the cup of Thanksgiving[;]18 at 11 we met together to the Lovefeast wherein we related to the Brn & Sisters what he our Saviour had done for them this year in Scatticock Pachgatgoch and thank[e]d him for all that he had done and lay ourselves in his wounds and besought him to Keep us therein the year we was now beginning after which we enter[e]d [word crossed out] the year 56 with the cup of blessing among the Lord[‘s] Supper Brn & Sisters with which they was much blest and refresh[e]d and at 11.19 this morning [Thursday Jan. 1, 1756] Kept the children[’]s meeting at which all was present and I spoke to them of our Saviour[’]s Jesus name and that he should save us from all our Sins and wash us in his own blood and prove his Jesus name to our hearts[.] Br Youngman went to Reinbeck [Rhinebeck] after this Meeting to visit Sister Youngmanin. In the evening meeting the forever loving and unchangeable heart of our Saviour towards us his poor sinners was our subject[.] Friday Jany 2d 1756 In the morning I lay myself and the Indian flock in Scatticock Pachgatgoch upon the faith full heart of our dearest Saviour[.] In the evening the subject of our miditation was our being graven us in his our Savrs hands with the Nails that pierced them thro so that he could not forget us but would certainly care for us which we now might rely upon and therefore comit our selves unto him[.] Sabbath the 3d of Jany In the morning we sung[,] ye wounds of Jesus bless me now &ca[,] and then observed that it was a suitable prayer for a hungry and thirsty heart who wanted 34

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

to be happy in our dear Sav r[,] such might be assured that our Savr would grant their Request and help them to this also to say[,] happy makes me my Creator Midiator — Sweating[,] thirsting[,] crying[,] bleeding[.]20 ([W]e had no meeting this evening as several of the Indians having got Cyder from Solomon who was going to leave Scatticock and was not by themselves for they had a sort of frolick21 [that is,] Gottlieb and Magdalena[,] Lucas[,] Priscila and her family[,] Jonathan[,] &ca[,] but Josua and Martin soon help[ed] it[;] they went and took the Cyder away from them and brought it to Josua[’]s House so that it was soon over[.])22 Sunday the 4th of Jany My Text was[:] he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor &ca[,] and observed that our dear Saviour was just such a one as we wanted and that he suited our every need therefore poor as we were unto us the gospel was preach[e] d that with him in and in him is life and every thing we need. [A]nd in the evening I observed to our little flock[,] as it was of such absolute nessessity[,] our going to our Saviour for him that he may bless us[;] it is best for us not to think long about it but go directly to him just as we are and we shall find he’s ready and willing to shew unto us grace and favour[,] and to forgive us our sins[,] and wash us with23 his own most Precious blood. Monday the 5th I This morning in our meeting I lay myself[,] the little Flock here in Scatticock[,] Bethm[,] and the whole country on our dear Savrs wounded heart and besought him to care for us and24 shelter us all in his wounds and keep us therein from every harm and this evening our dear Saviour[’]s agony and bloody sweat in the garden which he there felt and endured for our sins was the matter of which I spoke with a Sweet and happy melting of heart[.] Tuesday the 6th B Gidion Kept the morning blessing and spoke25 from the wise and foolish Virgins of the necessity of our lights being always kept burning from the fresh Supplies we should get every day from the blood and wounds of our Sav r[.] In the evening I observed that it was a very great blessing to be well acquainted r

35

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

with those two points[,] viz.[,] that we are sinners in ourselves and very poor; and that we also have a Saviour who was slain for us and whose blood was shed to bless us[.] Wednesday the 7th This morning I spoke of the great blessing such hearts enjoy who always attend to our Savr and whose hearts and ears are open when he reminds them of his wounds and of his blood which he had shed for them. Such souls were blest and happy from the enjoyment of him[.] Wednesday Thursday the 8th I told the B & Sisters in the morning that our Destiny was to be happy in our Sav r tho we were sinners and very poor in our selves and this26 prayer was that we might be in him and he in us. The evening meeting Br Gidion kept and spoke of our Saviour[’]s love in dying for them and that he also gave them Brn who told them many sweet things of his wounds and blood[;] Therefore he wish[e]d that they all might observe that which was told them of our Saviour by the Brn[.] In the Lordsupper 1/4 of hour Liturgie we had a sweet feeling[.] rn

Friday the 9th This morning sung several verses and then with Tears and a melted heart Recomended this little flock to the faithfull27 heart of our Savr and in the evening his death and Passion was the subject of our miditation[.] Sabbath the 10th In the morning we sung[,] O head so full of Bruises[,] so full of pain and scorn28 &ca and in a few words wish[e]d he might be saluted by them all and in the evening observed that the Saviour[’]s love being manifested to a sinner[’]s heart and felt and enjoy[e]d by it was never right satisfied with its love to our Sav r such could say[:] tis true that I love but yet not enough[,] and always want to love him more[.] Sunday the 11th In the preaching I told them of the preparation made in the by our Savr for us in giving himself to be Sacrificed for our sins and that he now would give unto us his flesh and blood that we might live for ever with him and in the Evening 36

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

I assured them of our Saviour[’]s love and compassion and that he most gladly make them right happy in his wounds. Monday the 12th B Gidion Kept the morning blessing and after he had told the Brn & Sisters that he was as poor as they and that he kept the meeting out of Obedience he wished that the Brn & Sisters might be more settled in their minds and not so much like the wolves which was never at one certain place but that their whole hearts and minds might be day and night in the wounds of our Savr[.] In the evening[,] when speaking of our Sav rs love[,] which he let us feel in our hearts[,] [I] said it had this tendency that we wish[e]d to be sunk deeper into the feeling of his wounds[.] Tuesday the 13th In the morning blessing we sung several verses and lay our little flock in Scatticok Pachgatgoch on our Saviour[’]s wounded heart and in the evening spoke of our Saviour[’]s loving Intention to bless us, in being himself our great Portion[.] r

Wednesday the 14th This morning I observed that when the heart of a poor sinner was near to our Saviour[’]s wounds then he of course thought of [word crossed out] the first and dearest place is near the wounds to be and was willing to let go every thing to be near to them and in the evening assured every one of the life and blessing to be met with in the wounds of our Sav r[.] Thursday the 15th Br Gidion kept the morning blessing and said they all knew very well he was poor as well as they but as they heard so much every day from our Sav r and his blood they should come to him that he might bless them and wash them in his blood and fill them with love to him. In the evening I spoke of this happiness which such enjoy who have only to do with themselves and our Savr they are thereby kept from looking at others which was bad and too often hindered our looking to our Sav r[.] [A]nd in the Lords Supper 1/4 of hour Homily to the Breth. and Sistr.29 I told the Brn & Sisters30 that the Element of the bird was in the air and the Fish in the 37

Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756

water and the Element of a Br and Sister wherein their hearts lived was the death and smarts of our Sav r[.] Friday the 16th After singing several verses31 thank[e]d our Sav r for the feeling of his near presence with which he blessed us in our little meetings and beg[ged]d him to continue the same unto us and to keep our hearts near to his wounds. [A]nd in the evening I spoke of our Saviour[’]s patience and sufferings which he would have us to32 Keep too as our greatest blessing[.] Sabbath the 17th Tamar came to day and told me[,] my heart is well[,] our Saviour has given me of his blood that makes my heart feel right well. Br Youngman return[e]d from Reinbeck well and chearfull with the news that his wife was blest with a little daughter the 4th of this month. He Kept the evening meeting and I the Lordsupper 1/4 of hour Liturgie[.] Sunday the 18th In the Preaching my text was[:] take heed how ye hear[,] and observed to them that they had been blest with the hearing of the words of our Saviour[’]s death and Passion and he would be much rejoiced to se[e] his death and wounds and smart[s] sink deep into their hearts that they might bring forth fruit unto him and love him with all their hearts. Br Youngman Kept the children[’]s meeting and told them of our Savrs love[;] they was very attentive[.] [A]nd in the evening I spoke of the sufferings of our dear Sav r and wish[e]d that the Impression of what he had done for us might shine in us constantly. My dear Br Joseph [Spangenberg,] the wind being contrary and we oblig’d to stay in [New] York to Day[,] I have copied thus far of my journal which I now send[.] [I]t by no means gives me satisfaction but I send it for your perusal[.] [T]he feeling in the meetings is very rarely made mention or taken notice of therein but I can assure you it has very often been to me unspeakable[.] Your poor but happy heart Utley

38

Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Diarium of Scatticok1

G [Saturday], February 28, 1756 Br. Utley and Eberhardt arrived to the great joy of Br. Jungmann and the Indian brethren and sisters, which they expressed by their tender welcome. In the evening Br. Utley kept the service with a warm and feeling heart. A [Sunday], February 29 Br. Utley delivered the sermon on the incident surrounding Maria Magdalena [Mary Magdalen] — how in the house of the Pharisee she wet the feet of the Savior with her tears of love and sin, and dried them with the hair of her head, showing how much the Savior loved the most abject sinners when they come to Him and beg for mercy, and how much a sinner grows to love the Savior when in his heart he is seduced by the Savior [so] that all his sins are forgiven him. For that reason everyone who feels miserable and like a sinner should come to the Savior and not let himself be deterred by his misery; instead, the misery should drive him to the Savior, for it is His heart’s desire to show mercy, forgive sins, and render a person blessed. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour, recommending to the children the wounds of Jesus, along with the heartfelt wish that they might surrender their hearts entirely to dear Jesusd, [so] that He is able to render them quite blessed and happy, which is His greatest delight. After the children’s hour Br. Jungmann, Utley, and Eberhardt went visiting in the huts, and on this occasion delivered the letters of dear Br. Joseph [Spangenberg] to the Indians who were at home. They were very happy about their letters; Br. Utley had to read several twice, and at the same time promise that

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

should they feel the desire to hear them one or more times, we would read them to them. One’s heart jumps for joy when seeing and feeling how much they love the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and how much they rejoice at getting a letter from there. In the evening Br. Utley kept the hour on the name of the Savior as Hoher Priester.2 He had intended to read several letters to the brethren and sisters,; however, because few brethren and sisters were attending the hour, in part because many were not home, and in part because several went into their sweat house,3 were this was postponed until tomorrow morning.

B [Monday], Mart[ius] 1 Br. Utley kept the early service and spoke on the love of the Savior for the brethren and sisters of this place; this love He especially proved by shedding His blood for them, but then also in that He sends them brethren who continually put them in mind of this great matter. After this address Br. Utley read, 1) Br. Joseph’s letter addressed to the brethren and sisters of this place wherein he informs them that Br. Eberhardt would live with them for a while to teach their children to read and write, to baptize the small children, and to celebrate Communion. 2) The circular letter concerning the upcoming synodi in Salisbury was read aloud. In addition, they were told that we had many more letters that we wanted to translate and read to them once all the brethren and sisters were at home. The greetings from New York and Bethlehem were passed on as well. Samuel and Martin wished that they could attend the synodum. They greatly desire to go to Bethlehem. After the midday meal Br. Jungmann set out to travel to Rhinebeck to bring back his wife and child. In the evening Br. Eberhardt kept the hour and said, I deeply rejoice feeling that I and you have an object [of love], wherein we search for and find our blessedness and joy, which is the pierced heart of Jesus; therein, we want to dwell together as poor sinners and love one another affectionately. E [Tuesday], Mart. 2 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service on the word of the Savior Ich bin nicht von der Welt 4 and said, the Savior had not come into this world to become a rich and 40

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

powerful King. He could have had all the power and all the advantages, because the earth and the heavens along with everything that is in them are His. Instead, His only reason why he came into this world and assumed our poor flesh and blood was that He would be able to ransom us with His blood and make us into blessed creatures, and because we had experienced this ourselves and were enjoying the blessedness in His blood and wounds every day, we were thus bound to Him with such love that we viewed everything in this world as having little meaning compared to the sweetness of that love. Br. Utley and Eberhardt were busy all day long translating the letters that the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem had written to the brethren and sisters of this place. We suspended the occasion for the communicant members because many communicant members are out, and also [because] we do not know (because Br. Jungmann is absent) in what state the brethren and sisters are. In the evening Br. Utley kept the hour. His theme was blood and wounds and nothing but blood and wounds, and we tasted and felt their sweetness and their nearness so refreshing to the heart. After the occasion Br. Martin and Samuel visited us, with whom we had a delightful and feeling talk. Among other things, Samuel said [that] he had often thought whether it was not possible for him to go to Bethlehem, and so it occurred to him that [he] could attempt it this way — if he cut off his hair, put on a peruque,5 and dressed in pants, stockings, and shoes. From this it can be joyfully concluded how much they love the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and how frequently they are there [in Bethlehem] in spirit. C [Wednesday], Mart. 3 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service and said, the Savior rejoiced every time at our being together in the [meeting] hall and seeing how hungry and thirsty we are for His blood and wounds. It is His greatest joy to be able to overflow our hearts with His blood and fill them with it. Because we have experienced this so often, we rejoice each time we see one another at the occasions, for we feel how blessed and full of joy our hearts grow when we enjoy together the dew and rain coming from His wounds. Each time when we feel an everlasting hunger and thirst for His blood, it is a sure sign that we are healthy in faith and love. If, on the other hand, we do not feel a real appetite for the blood and wounds, we 41

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

ourselves have reason to be alarmed and to tearfully appeal to the Savior that He restore our hearts to health by means of His blood and wounds, so that we may once again, with hungry and thirsty hearts, feast on His precious wounds and drink from His pierced heart. For not having His blood and wounds as our constant nourishment makes it impossible for us to live, and thus we become like a branch cut from a tree. Today a lieutenant was here and tried to enlist several of our Indians to go on the battoes.6 However, he found no one who had a mind [to do so]. Samuel said he had a wife and children for whom he needed to care [so] that they would not suffer want. This lieutenant had met Lucas and asked whether he wanted to enlist, given that Samuel and Martin had already enlisted. Yet Lucas did not want to believe him and [word crossed out] went on his way. In the evening Br. Utley kept the hour. Because the brethren and sisters had come home yesterday and today, he read Br. Seidel’s letter to the brethren and sisters of this place, likewise the letters from Jacob, Joshua, and Augustus, and we intend to continue in this manner every evening until all the letters have been read. Dein heiliges Blut laß über sie regnen,7 etc., was sung to our Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem.

F [Thursday], Mart. 4 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service on the name of the Savior Unser Friede8 and said that every person who had not gained peace in his heart from the wounds of Jesu was plagued by constant fear and uneasiness. Thus, he who continued to feel uneasiness and conflict in his heart should not try in vain to seek quietude for his heart somewhere else than with the Savior, who is named Our Prince Peace, and [who] truly fills our hearts with peace when we appeal to Him for it with believing hearts. However, he who enjoyed the Savior as his peace should appeal to the Savior, that He mercifully ward off from him anything that could disturb him in his sweet peace. In the evening Br. Utley continued reading aloud the letters, at which time the joy of the brethren and sisters at the well-being of the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem could be felt today like yesterday, as well as a longing to become buried ever more deeply inside the wounds of Jesus and take even more heartfelt joy in His blood and wounds. Take their poor Hearts & let them be for ever 42

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

clos’d to all but Thee, feel Thou their Breasts & let them wear that Pledge of Love for ever their was sung to them. D [Friday], Mart. 5 Br. Utley kept the early service on the words of the Savior Der Menschen-Sohn ist Kommen zu suchen u. selig zu machen,9 [those] who want to hide, as sinner, in His bloody remains. And [he] said: The singular reason why the Savior came into the world and assumed our flesh and blood was to seek us poor sinners and render us blessed. He who felt miserable and like a sinner, and felt in his heart a longing for the Savior, could believe for sure that the Savior was knocking on his heart, seeking to enter in order to render him blessed. He need only be true to himself, and open his heart wide to the Savior [so] that He would be able to take possess[ion] of his heart; that way he would soon experience how blessed the Savior would render the poor heart. Reading aloud the letters was finished in the evening. Embrace them fast within thy Arms, thou Bridegroom of our Soul, and let thy Blood besprinkle them from ev’y pierced Hole was sung to the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Next Br. Eberhardt said: We are very happy that our Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem are so well, that they are so blessed and wish themselves still deeper into the wounds of Jesus. This, too, was our affair here in Schaghticoke — as poor sinners to continue dwelling blessedly inside the wounds of Jesus and grow ever more blessed through the daily enjoyment of His blood and His wounds. It was always a great delight for the heart of a poor sinner, who loves the Savior tenderly, when it learned that there were many like it; it forever wished that the Savior’s love fire was burning in each and every heart.

G [Saturday], Mart. 6 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service and said: When the Savior sees that one of His lost sheepd comes to its senses and is on its way back to Him, then His heart burns so out of love and joy that He cannot wait for the sheepd to come; instead He goes to meet the sheepd, looks upon it in the most kind way, takes it, washes it with His blood, refreshes and comforts it, and treats the poor sheepd in the most tender fashion. At dusk Brother and Sister Jungmann came from Rhinebeck, accompanied by Brother and Sister [Heinrich] Martin. They were most tenderly received and 43

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

welcomed by the brethren and sisters and children. In the evening Br. Gideon kept the hour, speaking of the blood and wounds of the Savior with a warm heart — how necessary they were for the poor heart of a sinner, and how great a reason we had to hold fast to them if we had enjoyed them once.

A [Sunday], Mart. 7 Toward 11 o’clock, midday, Br. Eberhardt delivered the sermon on the story of the woman with a discharge of blood and said: We see by this story that the Savior can and wants to help all those who feel that they are in need of His assistance and approach Him with a believing heart. That is why if someone among us feels that he is a sinner, wretched, and miserable, he would do best going right away to the Savior (without first trying out other means that will not help), and say[ing]: Dear Savior, I have heard that you can heal and wash me and render me blessed from my sins, that is why I come to you; be merciful, heal me, wash me, and grant me a blessed heart. He who comes with such a sincere heart will surely be helped. For the Savior came into the flesh and allowed the wounds to be slashed in him [so] that He could be our Physician and heal us by means of His blood and wounds, which are the proper remedy. At 2 o’clock in the afternoon Br. Utley kept the children’s hour and said that the Savior especially loved the children and wished that they would give Him their hearts the sooner the better, so that He could make them into blessed, sweet, and obedient children. And not only the heart of the Savior felt this way toward the children here, but all of the brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch; and the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem loved them and wished them quite deeply into the wounds of Jesus. Because the Savior and the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem loved the children of this place so very much, they sent Br. Eberhardt to them to hold school for them and tell them beautiful words about the Savior’s love for them, and that is why dear Br. Joseph wrote a letter to them. The letter was read aloud. After 3 o’clock a general occasion took place, at which time we began reading aloud the memoirs of our brethren and sisters who were sacrificed on the Mahoning. This was continued in the evening. At this time Br. Utley recalled [for the brethren and sisters] that a heart who knows and loves the Savior was in such a state that it was pleased whenever and in what way the Savior would 44

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

take it out of this world and to Him. The brethren and sisters were very much touched by the barbaric story [concerning the Mahoning], yet also comforted by the certainty that, being with the Savior, all of those brethren and sisters enjoyed an inexpressible blessedness. Brother and Sister Jungmann and [the] Martins visited the brethren and sisters in their huts before the evening occasion.

B [Monday], Mart. 8 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service on the name of the Savior Erwerber, Gewinner,10 about all sins, about death, and about the might of the devil. He said: No one other than the Savior can free us from sin, from death, and from the might of the devil; thus, he who wants to enjoy the blessed freedom must come to Him. He who had experienced the mercy of the Savior’s having saved him from this unhappy imprisonment could do no different, but give himself up to the Savior with body and soul every day, and before he would use one of his members to cause the Savior sorrow, he would rather wish that it was destroyed right away. The best assurance that we will not be taken prisoner again by sin and the devil is to continually dwell inside the wounds of the Savior, for the blood and the wounds are a dread to the devil and death to sin. After breakfast Brother and Sister Martin very joyfully traveled back home. Br. Jungmann gave them additional horses11 [to take them] for a distance of 6 miles from here. Brother and Sister Jungmann remembered that it was one year [ago] today that they had arrived here. In the evening Br. Jungmann kept the hour and spoke with much feeling of the Savior’s love for the poor sinners.

E [Tuesday], Mart. 9 Br. Utley kept the early service on the name of the Savior Durch Leiden des Todes gecrönt mit Preis und Ehren12 and said: There had been no period when the Savior had not been God and He, therefore, deserves glory and honor, but because He became man and shed His blood for us, He had thus purchased [through his sacrifice] that angels and people glorify and honor Him in His humanness. For that reason we wanted to give up to Him our whole heart so that, as blessed 45

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

creatures, we can glorify and honor Him with all our hearts, for His wounds, [and] for all His suffering, and death. In the evening Br. Utley conducted the occasion on the words of the Savior Wißt ihr, was ich euch gethan habe?13 and said: Shortly before His suffering and death, the Savior let His disciples feel His tender love, and had cleansed them, and as He was doing so, he asked them: Do you know what I have done to you? By this, one can see that the Savior is very pleased when a sinner is aware of [the moment] when He lets him feel His grace and love. After the occasion the conference brethren and sisters assembled, to whom it was announced that, 1) we wanted to have a love feast for the children tomorrow to welcome little Elizabeth Jungmann, and at the same time, for the commencement of the schools, and 2) that if we found the brethren and sisters feeling hungry and thirsty for the Savior’s flesh and blood, we intended to celebrate Communion next Sunday. They very much rejoiced at this good news. A good number of delightful and heartfelt matters were considered, and among other things, it was observed that it would be heaven on earth if we loved the Savior with all our hearts and lived together in a state of deep love. Br. Gideon said: The brethren and sisters could think that he had gotten drunk during his absence. However, he could assure them that this did not happen; instead, he had preached the Savior to several Indians among whom were 2 Indian women who had not been able to hold back their tears. Following the conference the communicants met in the [meeting] hall, and Br. Utley spoke about the great grace of partaking of the Savior’s flesh and blood through which our spiritual life is being preserved and strengthened, and said that if we all had quite hungry and thirsty hearts for it, the Savior wanted to nourish and water us with it next Sunday.

C [Wednesday], Mart. 10 Br. Utley kept the early service on the name of the Savior Vorgestellt zu einem Gnaden-Stuhl14 and said that the Savior was put forward as an expiation by His blood, so that all the poor and needy sinners might be given mercy and forgiveness by Him, and he who feels His grace is so taken by Him that he cannot take his eyes off Him. At 10 o’clock was the love feast for the children. They were told that the reason 46

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

for this love feast was: 1) because the Savior so loved the children; 2) because little Elizabeth Jungmann had come to them; [and] 3) because we wanted to resume the schools. The New Testaments that Br. H. v. Vleck sent them through Br. Utley and Eberhardt were pointed out to them, and they were told [that] those who would learn how to read would get a book like this in which they could read about many beautiful matters concerning the most beloved Jesusd. They truly rejoiced at this, especially those who are already able to read. There was another captain here today to enlist several of the Indians of this place. But he got no one. Br. Eberhardt, who for a few days has been somewhat indisposed by a cold, conducted the evening occasion on the watchword, Wer sich segnen wird auf Erden, der wird sich mit dem Gott Amen segnen,15 and said: Because our first parents, through pride and disobedience, forfeited their opportunity for a blessed fellowship with their Creator, a curse came over them, over the whole earth, and over everything that is on this earth. However, the Savior, out of love and pity for His poor creation, took the entire curse upon Himself and washed it away with His blood, so that anyone who wants to be freed from the curse and desires a true blessing for himself should appeal to the Savior, that He may wash him with His blood and constantly [illegible word] with it. We, who had a blessed and true experience of this, wanted it to be our constant supplication to the Savior that He may flood with His blood our sleeping and wakeful state, our working and resting, our eating and drinking, our body and soul, in fact, everything that we touched, so that the curse might be taken away and [that] everything may be blessed.

F [Thursday], Mart. 11 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service on the Savior’s question: Wer hat mich am liebsten16 and said that every poor sinner who found forgiveness in the wounds of Jesus loved the Savior with all his heart, but he who had been forgiven the most, also loved the most. For that reason, no one should be in a state of fear once the Savior began to reveal his heart to him more and more, and show him how prone to sin and even corrupted he is; instead, he shall be glad, because the more plentiful grace and forgiveness over the unfathomable misery [there is], the more passionate love becomes. 47

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

The schools were started in the forenoon. Br. Utley held the school for the boys in the [meeting] hall to show Br. Eberhardt their profectus [Latin: progress]. Sister Jungmann held the girls’ school in her room. It is a pleasure to see how orderly the children are and how well they mind, and not a small joy to hear how far they have already advanced in their learning. Today Br. Eberhardt remembered that on the day when he came to Schaghticoke, it was exactly 9 years since he had left his fatherland to go to the congregation with the intention to first come to know the Savior well, and afterward praise the Savior to other souls from his experience. Ehre dem Seiten Maal für seine Wahl.17 In the evening Br. Utley conducted the occasion on the words: Haltet Jesum Christum beständig im Gedächtniß.18 He wished that the brethren and sisters of this place, in all of their feelings of misery, look to the Savior at all times, and keep in constant remembrance that He received His wounds also for their sake, and so spend their lives as poor sinners in this blessed meditation contentedly and in good spirits. Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion for the communicant members.

D [Friday], Mart. 12 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the name of the Savior Das Lamm, das geschlachtet ist19 and said: If on the one hand we truly wanted to know how much our Creator loved us, and on the other hand, how terrible a matter sin was, we should only look upon the Lamb of God through all His suffering and death. And if we were to look upon Him carefully, it would very naturell [French: natural, here, naturally] follow from it that we would come to love Him prodigiously and develop a real hatred and abhorrence for sin, on whose account our dear Lamb had been so martyred. In the afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for the Lord’s Supper. In the evening Br. Eberhardt kept the hour on the 2 verses Jesus Christ, God’s dearest Lamb — O what happy Moments have we leaning on thy Breast, etc., and said: He who was able to sing these verses with sincerity would not trade the happiness that they contain for the world. And [he] wished that the Savior, through His grace, may effect in Schaghticoke that there would not be one person left who was not able to sing with a true heart: O what happy Moments have I leaning on thy Breast. 48

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Yesterday and today we repeatedly thought of our brethren and sisters at the synodum in Salisbury, wishing unto them the innermost nearness of the Savior during all occasions.

G [Saturday], Mart. 13 Br. Utley kept the early service and said, each heart that was once washed with the blood of the Savior, and has tasted the blessedness inherent in it, could not but wish each day that the Savior may bless and overflow him with His blood. Brother and Sister Jungmann continued speaking [with the communicants]. In the evening Br. Eberhardt kept the hour on the name of the Savior Ein unschuldiges u. unbeflecktes Lamm20 and said: When we call to mind that the Savior suffered everything out of love for us so that He may ransom us, then this wish enters our hearts every time: Dear Savior, give me grace to love you with all my heart, and cleanse my heart thoroughly with your blood, and render me so that your heart can rejoice in me. A [Sunday], Mart. 14 The sermon took place in the forenoon. Br. Utley spoke on the passage about the Pharisee and tax collector. At 2 o’clock in the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. At 4 o’clock the love feast for all the communicant members and all the baptized ones took place. Several passages about what the Savior has done among the heathens during the previous year were read from the Bethlehem memorabilia.21 The brethren and sisters were very happy about it, and were especially delighted when hearing that the love of the brethren for the Indians was not only unextinguished, even though the Indians had caused them so much sorrow and harm, but that instead the brethren would seek to preach among the Indians with twice the resolve. In the evening there was a general occasion during which Br. Eberhardt spoke on the name of the Savior: Das Lämmlein, das geschlachtet ist, vom Anfang der Welt.22 The Savior gave him grace and words to speak, with great parrhesie,23 of the unchanging, unfathomable, incomprehensible, and indescribable love of the Savior for us his poor creatures. Everyone was very attent [attentive] and in awe for joy. 49

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Holy Communion was around 9 o’clock. Br. Utley consecrated and dispensed [the Communion] under the deaconship of Br. Eberhardt. There were 24 communicant members in number, that is, 20 brown and 4 white brethren and sisters.24 It was a blessed feast; many sinners’ tears and [tears] of love were shed in the course of it. The Savior surely visited Pachgatgoch today in a special way, and His spirit was very busy. Inside and outside of the occasions there flowed a gentle and blessed air of peace, and this breeze from the wounds also flowed through the Indian huts. The daughters of Joshua and Gottlieb earnestly requested to be baptized with the Savior’s blood. An old Indian woman who has lived here for several years and only recently started attending the occasions said to one of the sisters before the Lord’s Supper, Now, if all the brethren and sisters go into the [meeting] hall, and the Savior takes them in, I will be left all by myself. I would not like that very much; I am very poor and blind — I must be washed with the Savior’s blood. B [Monday], Mart. 15 During the early service Br. Eberhardt sang several verses from the song Ye Wounds with Nails and Scourges tear, etc., and announced that those who wanted to write to Bethlehem should come today. Br. Utley would write [letters] for the sisters in Brother and Sister Jungmann’s room, and Br. Eberhardt for the brethren in the [meeting] hall.25 Following the early service Br. Joshua came and reported that the old Indian woman mentioned above went into the woods for wood this morning, and while on her way home with the wood, she heard the blowing [of the horn] for the hour. At that point her eyes filled with tears and she thought, now the brethren and sisters are gathering for the hour and are hearing beautiful words about the Savior, and you are so poor and blind and now will not be able to hear anything; whereupon she resolved to cast the wood from her shoulders and hurry to still make it to the hour. Br. Gideon left for a few days to see whether he would be able to help Magdalena’s child, who is ill. Br. Utley conducted the evening occasion on the name of the Savior: Gottes Lamm.26 Following the occasion 12 white people from the neighborhood came to hear Br. Utley preach. But they came too late. 50

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday], Mart. 16 During the early service, Br. Utley gave thanks to the Savior for the grace and nearness that He has let him enjoy at this place, and wished that the brethren and sisters may live as poor sinners quite blessedly in the wounds of Jesus at all times. After breakfast, having taken a tender leave, Br. Utley set out on his journey with Br. Jungmann, who had business that way, accompanying him as far as Aderton’s,27 6 miles from here, where Br. Utley had made arrangements for a sermon. The Indians love Br. Utley very much, and his presence here has been a blessing for them. The sermon about the love of the Savior for the poor sinners had cheered them very much. Joshua with his family, along with Caritas, went into the woods for several days to make brooms. Anna, Paskak’s wife, came home today and right away visited Brother and Sister Jungmann; she was quite lively and full of light. Petrus came rather unexpectedly, bringing word that Magdalena’s child had died, and then left at once. In the evening Gideon came, and with him Petrus, and Seiakus with his entire family, bringing Magdalena’s deceased child, who is 4 weeks old, to bury it here. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt spoke on the word of the Savior: Es ist mir recht sauer worden: Laß uns nie kommen aus dem Sinn, etc.28 Br. Jungmann kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. C [Wednesday], Mart. 17 Br. Jungmann kept the early service and spoke about how indispensable the Savior’s blood is for a poor sinner. Following the early service Magdalena came with her husband and child and visited Brother and Sister Jungmann. They spoke with them most warmly about the love of the Savior, and asked that they give to the Savior their whole hearts, at which time Magdalena was unable to keep back her tears, and he [her husband] was attentive. Br. Gideon buried Magdalena’s child, who is unbaptized, and said in the presence of the entire family and said: You see that we are burying the child’s 51

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

body, but it also had a soul that has departed the body — that is how our body, too, will be buried one day, and we do not know when. But we have a soul that will not fare well if we do not love the Savior. Thus, give your whole heart up to the Savior so that when your soul leaves your body, it can go to Him and be near Him in a blessed state. Thamar said that she spoke with the old Indian woman, mentioned several times before, having told her: I no longer look to my husband Petrus, who runs about so much, but I have a different husband, namely, the Savior, to whom I look at all times, and my heart is happy. And you, too, are looking to your husband all the time, whereupon the old Indian woman replied, But I do not have a husband. Thamar said: Well, your beautiful things are your husband. You always look to them and do not have the heart to use them; you let your body suffer want, and when you are dead who will thank you for it. Whereupon the Indian woman replied: It is true indeed, I am completely blind. In the evening Br. Eberhardt kept the hour on the name of the Savior: Auserkoren unter viel tausenden.29 He observed that the image of the Savior’s martyred form was a horrible sight to all the unspiritual people,30 and for that reason they averted their eyes from Him and did not like looking at Him. But to a poor sinner there was nothing more beautiful to lay his eyes upon than the body of the Savior, full of wounds and stripes, and the more wounds and blood he was able to see, the more beautiful He seemed to him.

F [Thursday], Mart. 18 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service and repeated yesterday’s theme on the beauty of the Savior in His bloody form. Today many of the brethren and sisters of this place went out for a while to make brooms, canoes, etc. Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion. D [Friday], Mart. 19 Br. Jungmann conducted the early service. Today several of the brethren and sisters went out again. Petrus visited Brother and Sister Jungmann, and Br. Eberhardt read Br. Joseph’s letter to him. Various matters were discussed with him, and he was asked 52

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

to please give the Savior his heart so that he may have a happy life here, and that when he died, his soul could go to the Savior. In the evening Br. Eberhardt kept the hour on the word of the Savior Mein Vater hat mich darum lieb, daß ich ein Opfer worden bin31 and said: By this, one can see that the father loves his son because He has redeemed us; that sin with its consequences is a great misery, while the blessedness that the Savior purchased for us with His suffering and death must be inexpressibly great. [The short paragraph that follows was written in English on a small piece of paper and inserted here by the Reverend Carl John Fliegel (1886–1961), archivist/research assistant at the Moravian Archives, Bethlehem. It was to introduce the comments contained in Eberhardt’s diary that apparently had been written by Christian Seidel at the behest of Spangenberg. On occasion, Fliegel adds his own observations.] Spangenberg’s instructions for Br. Eberhardt who left Bethl. Feb. 12, arr. at Pachgatgoch Febr. 28. Written by Chr. Seidel. Re. the mentioned letters & recommendations from Br. Joseph[:] (II, # 1)

: See diary, Feb 29 s.

Re II, # 3 : Sister A. Rosel Anders.32 Re.II, # 4 : The N. T. received on March 10, 1756 [What follows are Spangenberg’s comments, written by Christian Seidel] About Pachgatgoch, [I] have to bring to mind [the following]:33 I) Oblong:34 Qx: What do Utley and Eberhardt have to discuss with the peopled? Q: Do they have definite words to bring to them from the brother who is promised [them]? Is it not also possible to determine the time? II) Concerning Pachgatgoch itself: 1) The Indian letters35 along with a letter of recommendation from Joseph concerning Br. Eberhardt. 53

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

2) Their address to the governor. 3) To respond to Joshua’s request to submit his eldest daughter to the care of Sr. A. Rosel. 4) If possible to bring along several New Testaments from New York. 5) Money for housekeeping, about 30–40 sh. Money for the journey of Eberhardt 36 and Büningers, up and down. Money for Utley’s travel dl. [through?] New England.37 III) To write separately to Utley concerning his visit throughout New England and what his plan is for that. Should he not also inquire about what sort of work Matthes Renz38 has been doing in New London, p[p]. The poor fellow39 will not work against us, I hope. And how ought he tell the people what we think of him [Renz]? IV) 1) To warmly recommend to Eberhardt the Indians as tiny children. 2) To warn of religious colloquiis [Latin: colloquies] with the Presbyterians. To avoid unnecessary controversies also in the taverns. 3) That he follow Brother and Sister Jungmann quite heartily and take their advice well. 4) Nicely share the occasions with Jungmann the way [I, Seidel,] left it with Utley. 5) In general, to ask Br. Utley how he has dealt with matters before and [how] things are arranged. 6) The older adult candidates are waiting for other visits — when Joseph has a mind to that end, but [. . .] 7) he 40 baptizes the children, also celebrates [. . .] 8) the Communions at the proper time. 10) Qx: Who speaks?41

54

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Diarium of Schaghticoke, 1756

G [Saturday], Mart. 20 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service on the words: Dieweil er ein göttl. Leben führte, nahm ihn Gott hungrig.42 He spoke about how blessed it was to constantly occupy oneself with the Savior. Today several brethren and sisters returned home. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt spoke on the name of the Savior Eine Rose zu Saron43 and said: A poor sinner who loves the Savior with his whole heart, and finds his only joy in Him, continually thinks, even when he sees something that is beautiful, my Savior also is this beautiful, and a thousand times more beautiful. No rose can be this beautiful for its redness; the red wounds of my Savior and His bloody body are still more beautiful. No rose can smell this beautifully; the fragrance of the dead body of my Savior is still more pleasant and wholesome; it destroys the sin that is in my limbs and gives my heart strength when it grows weak. Br. Jungmann, who had traveled to the Oblong to deliver to Br. Utley letters for Bethlehem today, returned after the evening occasion. A [Sunday], Mart. 21 Br. Eberhardt delivered the sermon in the forenoon on the passage from Luke 7, when John the Baptist sent his disciples to the Savior to ask whether He was the one to come, or whether they should look for another, and He replied to them: [S]aget Johanni, was ihr gesehen u. gehört habt: Die Blinden sehen, die Lahmen gehen, die Aussätzigen werden geheilet, die Tauben hören; die Todten werden erwekt, den Armen wird das Evangelium geprediget u. selig ist, wer sich nicht an mir ärgert.44 Following the sermon old Abraham paid us a visit, along with his Sarah, and [they] were very talkative. They will live in the winter huts for a while. Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went visiting in the huts and found the brethren and sisters affectionate and in good spirits. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the name of the Savior Eine Lilie im Thal45 and said: No proud and haughty person is able to find the Savior, and may he look for Him ever so hard, for his heart always looks up high, yet the Savior is

55

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

like a lily in the valley. A poor sinner, on the other hand, finds the Savior right away, for he searches for the Savior with a broken and humble heart. Like the strong fragrance of the lily that fills the air so that it can be smelled from a distance — the same is true for the Savior with His wounds; when a poor sinner draws near Him he notices already from afar the beautiful air of peace that is emanating from the Savior’s martyred body.

B [Monday], Mart. 22 Br. Jungmann kept the early service and observed how necessary the Savior’s blood is for a poor sinner, and how happy the heart grows by continually dwelling therein. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt sang several verses because only few brethren and sisters were present. E [Tuesday], Mart. 23 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Ich bin der Weinstok u. ihr seÿd die Reben.46 Br. Eberhardt conducted the evening occasion and spoke with a special feeling and grace on the words: Ein Opfer Gott zu einem süßen Geruch.47 During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, Br. Jungmann sang several verses. C [Wednesday], Mart. 24 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O sweetest Savior let thy Blood, that precious Blood of thine, sprinkle & overflow this Heart, this sinfull Heart of mine. Br. Eberhardt conducted the evening occasion on the verse: Grant O Christ, thou Son of God, thro’ thy bitter Passion, etc.

F [Thursday], Mart. 25 During the early service Br. Eberhardt announced that, in Christendom, today was a day of remembrance of the Savior’s conception and said: We want to spend this day today with joy in the blessed meditation that our Creator left His throne and His glory out of love for us and started coming into the flesh, and give ourselves up to Him anew with body and soul, that He might prepare it [sic] so as to give His heart plaisier [plaisir (French): pleasure].”48 56

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt read from Luke 1, the story of the Savior’s conception. Br. Eberhardt kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants.

D [Friday], Mart. 26 Br. Jungmann kept the early service, and Br. Gideon the evening occasion. F [Thursday], Mart. 27 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went visiting in the winter huts. Br. Eberhardt conducted the evening occasion on the verse: If I no sinner were. Br. Jungmann kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. Br. Joshua, to whom we had sent word that he should come home today, arrived. A [Sunday], Mart. 28 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt delivered the sermon on the words from John 10: Ich bin der gute Hirte, der gute Hirte gibt sein Leben für die Schaafe. Meine Schaafe hören meine Stimme-nimand soll sie aus meiner Hand reißen.49 Old Seiakus, who had arrived at the winter huts yesterday, attended the sermon after a long break. After the children’s hour, which Br. Jungmann kept, the conference brethren and sisters50 gathered, to whom we told our minds concerning the frequent leaving and long absences of the brethren and sisters [from the community], that it was harmful to them and their children, and advised them to clear more land on which they could plant enough Welsh corn and would not be forced to work for corn at the white people’s. They understood very well that this would be beneficial to their internal and external well-being, and [they] asked that we point this out to all the baptized brethren and sisters, which we intend to do, to be sure, once they all return home.51 Br. Eberhardt led the singing service in the evening. B [Monday], Mart. 29 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from John 8: Wer mir folget dem gehet die Sonne nie unter.52 57

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday], Mart. 30 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: That is my Delight. Following the hour old Petrus came and said that he was going away for several days to get brooms that his daughter Caritas had made in a swamp.53 He also spoke about the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants — that he would have liked to have attended [it], yet had thought that he would be turned away because he had not been home for such a long time. We told him that if he had a hungry heart and was fully inclined toward the Savior, then we would not turn him away. Now he is so affectionate and lively, and attends the occasions regularly. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Ein Licht der Heiden.54 The Savior with His wounds sparkled among us, to be sure, manifesting His name as a light also to the heathens of this place. In the course of the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, which Br. Eberhardt kept, the Savior let His close presence be blissfully felt. C [Wednesday], Mart. 31 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. F [Thursday] April 1 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: My dear Lamb, I pray bless me ev’ry Day, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: To my Lord’s Dead & Wounds & Smart, my Element, I turn, etc.

D [Friday] April 2 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. During the evening meeting Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Soul, Spirit, Limb in thee so swim.55 G [Saturday] April 3 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing with several verses. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Er ist unser Töpfer.56 Br. Jungmann kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants.

A [Sunday] April 4 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the parable from Mt. 22, about the 58

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

king who gave a marriage feast for his son and for that reason sent his servants to call guests, etc. There was an Indian attending the sermon, who serves [i.e., is bound out] here in the neighborhood. In the afternoon Br. Samuel came and asked Br. Jungmann that he hold a fellowship, for their fellowship was assembled, to wit, Martin, Jeremias, and Gottlob and he, which Br. Jungmann did.57 Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the Savior’s great grace that He called upon us [and] on the great blessedness to be His bride, and how we had reason to feel ashamed and weepingly ask the Savior’s forgiveness for forgetting our calling so frequently and wasting our time on other futile matters. One could feel that the hearts of the brethren and sisters were melted and ashamed.

B [Monday] April 5 During the early service Br. Jungmann observed that if we truly put ourselves in mind of everything that the Savior has done and suffered for us, our hearts would be so bound to Him that we would not be able to concern ourselves with anything else. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. After the singing service the conference brethren and sisters met, to whom we announced that we had learned that the day after tomorrow there would be a day of prayer and repentance in this gouvernement, and that we intended to spend the day in quiet, holding a meeting and entreating the Savior that He may soon bring peace to the country so that we might lead a quiet and peaceful life in complete piety and honorableness [and] also in this gouvernement. They were glad to hear this, for they very much would like for peace to be restored soon, also that they shall not give offense to anyone when they do not observe such days.58 The previous year they had not known anything about this and had therefore gone out, which the neighbors had criticized heavily.

E [Tuesday] April 6 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Grant me to lean unshaken on thy Fidelity, etc. Following the hour he announced that there would be a day of prayer and 59

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

repentance in this gouvernement tomorrow, and asked that the brethren and sisters make arrangements to that end today, [so] that they could spend the day tomorrow in peace and quiet and would not give offense to anyone by walking about on the plantations or by working. In the afternoon 2 Indians arrived (one of whom is Samuel’s cousin), who reported that they had been in the town of the Nanticoks [Nanticokes,] where they saw the Shavanos [Shawnees] and Mahikander [Mahicans,] who had lived in Wyoming; that the hostile Indians were in Tioga; that there was great hunger among them; that 1,400 [Indians] from the 5 Nations wanted to set out to force the Delaware and Mennising [Minisink] Indians to withdraw.59 Toward evening the brother of Christiana in Bethlehem came from Stockbridge with his eldest son. Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion. The 2 Indians from the Nanticoks [Nanticokes] town were very attent during the hour.

C [Wednesday] April 7 The sermon was at 11 o’clock in the forenoon. Br. Eberhardt observed that when we hear so much about the shedding of blood, burning, and destruction, we have cause to believe that this does not happen without reason, but that it is a punishment because the majority in this country cared nothing about the Savior or their [own] blessedness, and instead sought their enjoyment in these earthly matters, which doubtlessly can never bring joy to the heart and of which they can be robbed so easily. If we looked to ourselves we would have to feel shame and concede: We probably also deserved that the Savior had us experience what others have experienced, because we so frequently grieve His heart, and do not let it be our chief concern to live by His will, solely for His glorification. Thus, we wanted to plead with the Savior that He forgive us everything and remove from us everything that grieves His heart, so that from this day onward He might take great joy in us. And because we know His heart — that it is His pleasure to show mercy — we thus want to appeal to Him that He will soon bring peace to this country, so that the joyous news of His suffering and passion may be carried freely from one person to the next, and that instead of hearing about the shedding of blood by human beings, every mouth can be heard filled with praise and gratitude that the Savior has shed His blood for 60

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

them and washed their hearts therewith. [Blank] From the litany was prayed what was suitable for us. After the sermon Christiana’s brother with his son came to visit us. He was very glad to hear about his sister’s well-being and that of the other Indians in Bethlehem. He asked to salute everyone heartily.60 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. Christiana’s brother and his son, along with Br. Gideon, joined us for the evening meal, and were in rather good spirits. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Meine Lust ist unter den Menschen zu wohnen.61 The Savior was near, quite powerfully and feelingly. The 4 foreign Indians listened with a great deal of attention. It was a peaceful and quiet day. The children as well as the old hardly showed themselves out in the streets [i.e., in public], and conducted themselves in such a way that it was delightful to watch. The Savior looked upon us with grace and consented to our childlike supplications.

F [Thursday] April 8 During the morning blessing Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: The Lord is mine & I am his, myself I do deliver into his Hands who of myself and all I have is Giver. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening.

D [Friday] April 9 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Seine Augen sind wie Feuer-Flammen.62 G [Saturday] April 10 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the forenoon Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went to the winter huts to visit, but they found no one at home. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went to Justus [Justice] [John] Ransom, who lives 3 miles from Schaghticoke, to ask for the law book, yet did not find him at home.63 This justus is a friend of the Indians and looks out for their benefit. Toward evening Azariah Smith and his wife came from the Oblong for a visit. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Er durchforscht Nieren u. Herz.64 61

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] April 11 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words of Mk. 2.16–17: Da die Schriftgelehrten u. Pharisaer sahen daß Jesus mit den Zöllnern u. Sündern zu Tische saß — Ich bin nicht komen die Gerechten sondern die Sünder zur Bekehrung zu rufen.65 In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: How happy is a Wormlein [little worm] poor amidst the Wounds[’] Enjoyment, etc. B [Monday] April 12 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Azariah Smith and his wife traveled home in very good spirits about their visit. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: That is my Delight both by Day & Night, etc. E [Tuesday] April 13 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing and Br. Gideon [conducted] the evening occasion. The quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants was kept by Br. Jungmann. C [Wednesday] April 14 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Grant in the Bottom of my Heart, etc. Christian came home with his family; so did many brethren and sisters. Br. Eberhardt read chapter 17 in John in the evening. F [Thursday] April 15 During the early service Br. Eberhardt announced that today was the day for which the Savior had longed for such a long time, that is, when His sufferings began for us poor, lost, and damned sinners, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read a little from the Passion story. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, Br. Eberhardt observed that the Savior wanted to give to His disciples before His death a sign of His love for them, and He knew of no sign that was more convincing than His own body and blood. And this sign of His extraordinary love He also has given us so frequently through His grace. However, if we think that our hearts did not feel 62

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

an absolute fire of love for Him, oh, we then would have to feel deeply ashamed and tearfully appeal to the Savior that He take this disgrace from us and remove from us everything that is cold and indifferent, absolve us from it, and set our hearts afire with love, so much so that from that point onward nothing may have the power to suppress or extinguish this flame of love. Thereupon we went down on our knees, and Br. Eberhardt prayed to the Savior with the melted and weeping heart of a sinner, and we felt the Savior’s presence and merciful absolution, yes, His bloody sweat penetrating body and soul.

D [Friday] April 16 During the early service Br. Eberhardt continued reading aloud the Passion story. In the afternoon was the children’s hour; Br. Eberhardt told them that today was the day the Savior suffered and died for their sins and for those of the entire world, and now desired nothing more in exchange for His great agony and death than that they give Him their hearts that are prone to sin, [so] that He can wash them with His blood and render them blessed inside His wounds. In the evening the reading aloud of the Passion story was concluded,66 and Br. Eberhardt, from the bottom of his heart, said: 1) that the sin on our part was the sole reason that the Savior had to endure such great scorn, agony, utmost anxiety, and in the end, the disgraceful death on the cross; 2) that for His part there was nothing but His unfathomable love for us that caused Him to take all of this upon Himself; 3) through which He has redeemed us; and 4) what he has therewith purchased for us. Everyone was very attentive, and we felt the Savior’s presence and nearness.

G [Saturday] April 17 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

A [Sunday] April 18 Early in the morning the brethren and sisters met in the [meeting] hall, and Br. Eberhardt sang the first 5 verses solo from the song: Now will I like Mary, my best Spices carry to my Master[’]s Tomb, now his Corps I’ll visit and in Spirit kiss it, now my Sabbath’s comes, but alas! what Spices has my poor Heart save Tears & Crying Love63

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Sick Throbs & Sighing. Then he read the story of the Savior’s resurrection, after which the song was sung: Rejoice, thou Lamb’s beloved Bride, all Griefs & Tears now lay aside with chearful Hearts now let us sing the Resurrection of our King, etc. Next we went to God’s Acre, where Br. Eberhardt prayed from the litany, and in the end sang: “We thank thee with good Reason,” etc., “When we shall get Permission,” etc., “Appear as our Protector,” etc. This was the first time that the brethren and sisters were on God’s Acre on Easter morning.67 At 11 o’clock Br. Eberhardt preached on the passage from Lk. 24, about the 2 disciples who went to Emmaus. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour, telling them about the Savior’s resurrection and how their bodies, too, will one day resurrect and become like the Savior’s glorious body, if they love Him and surrender their whole hearts to Him. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read from Lk. 24, how the Savior came to His disciples and showed them His hands and feet, etc. He briefly spoke about how much the Savior liked being among those who love Him, and how it was their greatest joy when they beheld the nail prints in [His] hands and feet and His pierced heart. He gave thanks to the Savior for also letting us experience this when we assemble for the meeting, [so] that we can honestly say: He is present; we feel the overflowing from His wounds, and His stigmata are shining into our hearts. And if He were to open our eyes now, we would see Him with our eyes. Following this meeting the communicants came into the [meeting] hall, and Br. Eberhardt announced to them that we would celebrate Communion next Sunday and that the Savior was inviting all the hungry and thirsty hearts to this priceless meal. B [Monday] April 19 Br. Jungmann kept the early service and spoke on the verse: My dear Lamb I pray bless me this Day & give me thy Grace & let thy dear Wound-Hole shine bright in my Face. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Ich bin die Auferstehung u. das Leben.68 E [Tuesday] April 20 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. 64

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Th’ Impression deep of what my Friend has done for me[,] for me, etc. Br. Jungmann kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. Today Paulus came from the Highlands and reported that his wife and child were among the 11 Indians who were murdered by the white people 6 miles from the Glaß-Haus [Glass House]. He reportedly was warned by the Indians who live on this side of the North River not to go across the revier, because the white people are said to be so very angry with the Indians. He said that he heard that those who had committed this murderous act were put in prison.69

C [Wednesday] April 21 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Each Day, that I am living, I praise thee with Thanksgiving, etc. In the afternoon Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour. Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion. F [Thursday] April 22 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O assuage my Longing’s Smart, my Lamb bleeding, etc. D [Friday] April 23 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. In the afternoon Brother and Sister Jungmann began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Thy Blood-Sweat dear Savior, rain on me like Water, etc.

G [Saturday] April 24 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: He kind & mild says: poor dear Child, I have once died, to thee Dead’s misapply’d[.] Now dies no Man of Course or Force, who will not live, who will me grieve, Why! they must die: such their own Wills destroy.

A [Sunday] April 25 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Mt. 5.3–12: Selig sind die armen im Geist denn das Himelreich ist ihre, etc.70 During the children’s hour Br. 65

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Jungmann spoke on the verse: My dearest Savior, thou didst shed thy precious Blood for me. O dwell within my worthless Heart & let me live to Thee. At 5 o’clock was the love feast for the communicants. Br. Eberhardt observed: 1) that the main purpose of such a love feast71 was not that we gathered to eat and drink together, but that we take joy in one another and feel how our hearts join by melting together with love, for we have one object that we love more than anything; 2) that if we, who went to Communion together, were not willing to forgive one another, then we could not expect the Savior to forgive us — that, in general, he who had animosity in his heart carried a worm with him that robbed his heart of every happiness; [and] 3) that the occasions, and especially the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, were such times at which the Savior frequently let Himself be felt very close in a special way, and blessed only those who were present. He gave the example of Thomas, who because he was not with the other disciples on the evening of Easter, was therefore obliged to wait 8 more days before he experienced the joy and happiness of seeing the Savior following His resurrection. And that is also how many of the communicants here had experienced it; they had missed the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants on Maundy Thursday, when the Savior manifested Himself so extraordinarily close to all those who were present, and flooded them so blessedly with His bloody sweat. He wished that the Savior would be so close to all of them for Communion and place them so deeply inside His wounds that everyone will be able to say with heartfelt joy: He is my Lord and my God whom I love more than my own life, and whose flesh and blood tastes sweeter to me than honey. Br. Jungmann conducted the evening occasion and spoke on the verse: For w[h]ither can I go, my Lord, but only to thy Blood! what can make clean this filthy Heart? Nothing but that pure Flood. At about 9 o’clock we celebrated a blessed Communion, administered by Br. Eberhardt. There were 20 communicants, that is, 17 Indian brethren and sisters and 3 white ones.

66

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Schaghticoke on April 25, 1756.72 Married brethren and sisters Gideon and his Martha Martin Justina Petrus Thamar Samuel -Jeremias -Gottlieb -Benigna, the wife of Philippus Anna, the wife of Paskack Widowers Simon Widows Benigna Erdmuth Johanna Caritas Priscilla White brethren and sisters Jungmann and his Anna Eberhardt

B [Monday] April 26 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Above all, I beseech thee, how I can please thee, teach me, for from thee God, comes flowing the Spring that’s Life bestowing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

67

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday] April 27 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Lo! thy Child so feeble, lies before thy Heart, etc. Toward noon an Englishman came, who lives 4 miles from here. He said he had often thought about attending our meeting, but he did not know whether it was permitted. He asked Br. Eberhardt if he would not want to tell him what our principles were. Br. Eberhardt told him: Our principles are all written in the Bible. However, our chief principle is: that our Creator is our Savior, and His blood and righteousness our sole ornament and festive robe, and he who believed this and experienced this in his heart was blessed and could not help doing anything but good deeds.73 He [the Englishman] said he thought likewise. Having eaten with us, he asked if he could get to see one of our books. Br. Eberhardt gave him the English hymn book and showed him the litany, saying that most of our principles were contained therein. He read through the litany, as well as several other songs, which he liked very much. He asked whether he could come back some other time to read in it some more. We told him [that] he shall be welcome. In the evening Br. Gideon gave quite a feeling speech.74 Among other things he asked that the brethren and sisters not be lazy about attending the occasion, where they get to hear so many beautiful words about the Savior, but instead that they should be lazy to do wrong. That they shall let this be their chief concern, to be dressed with the beautiful robe — Christ’s blood and righteousness — the only one with which they are permitted to appear before the Savior, for they, to be sure, knew not when He would call them. He said: Now you think that soon we will have to plant, so as to gain something for the nourishment of our bodies, but first and foremost care for your heart, that it does not go hungry; surrender it completely to the Savior, you who are young and old, [so] that He is able to nourish it with His blood at all times. C [Wednesday] April 28 For the morning blessing Br. Eberhardt sang the song: Christ, thy sacred Wounds & Passion, etc. There was no children’s hour in the afternoon because most of the children were out fishing. In the evening Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion. 68

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Today Thamar reported that Christian’s daughter had complained to her that her father wanted to keep her away from the occasions, but that she could not stay away; she was so poor, she was not yet baptized, and [she] also did not know the Savior. When her parents are staying several miles from here, she leaves [from there] without saying anything and comes here on Sundays for the sermon. F [Thursday] April 29 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O thou the fairest of Mankind, thy Beauty strikes both Heart and Mind, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service, and in a short prayer recommended us to the wounds of Jesus, for us to happily sleep inside of them.

D [Friday] April 30 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Cleanse me and wash me in thy Blood, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O keep forever in my Sight thy so much wounded Body, etc. G [Saturday] May 1 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Hear what thy Worms are telling, etc. Today old Seiakus, who at times had stayed in the winter huts, came to live here. The reason for this, as he states it, is that he was old now and would not live much longer, and so it would be most comfortable for him to end his life here in Schaghticoke. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O dip me deeper in thy Blood, etc. Br. Jungmann kept the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants. Few brethren and sisters were at home this week. A [Sunday] May 2 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Acts 26.28–29: Du überredest mich bei Nahe ein Christ zu werden; wolte Gott daß du u. alle die mich hören wären wie ich.75 Today we learned that Philippus and Paska allowed themselves to be enlisted,76 and that Philippus has received money to enlist still more. 69

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. Before the evening occasion the conference brethren and sisters came to us, with whom we agreed: 1) that every Sunday after the evening occasion those conference brethren and sisters who are at home come to us ordinarie [Latin: according to order, regularly]; [and] 2) that the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants is to take place right after the evening occasion, at which time the communicant members are to stay behind, and the blowing [of the horn] shall be done at once, so that the communicant members who did not attend the evening occasion could still come [to join the quarter-of-an-hour]. It was also discussed with them that it was doing their children harm when the parents let them roam about like this. If they encouraged their children to work,77 a 3-fold benefit would result from this: 1) That they would not create so much noise and trouble, which frequently caused discord among the brethren and sisters; 2) that they would get accustomed to working so that when they grow up they will not spend their time roaming about and being lazy, thereby falling into poverty and debt; [and] 3) that the children would be able to earn enough money with their work so that with it, the parents could acquire clothing for them and would not have to let their children walk about so tattered. At the same time, we told them how the children in Bethlehem were encouraged to work; how the Savior in His youth learned a trade, and when he grew up provided for His mother with His work; [and] how those who did not want to work also should not eat. Then we told them that the parents would have to appeal to the Savior for his grace in this, so as not to make their children resentful by forcing them [to work], but that instead everything might be done with heart and soul. We intend to propose this to all of the brethren and sisters. With the time for planting approaching, we expect all of them home soon. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Thou fain wouldst have me cleaner in Heart & in Demeanour, etc.

B [Monday] May 3 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: Grant ev’ry one of us to know, what thou hast done for him, etc. 70

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 1st and 2nd chapter in Matthew, repeating the main contenta [Latin: contents] with application to us. Today Joshua came home with his family.

E [Tuesday] May 4 During the early service Br. Eberhardt observed that the desire of a poor sinner right early was: O blutiger Heiland, ich mögt dich umfangen, etc.78 Br. Jungmann spoke with Joshua today, asking him what the reason was that for some time he has been acting very distanced toward us, has been away from home so much, [and] why he had left before the last Communion.79 Did he have something against us? He replied no, but he did not want to say anything further. Afterward, Br. Jungmann spoke with him with the greatest amount of affection. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 3rd and 4th chapter in Matthew, and repeated the main contenta with application to us. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Now be Glory to the Side repeated that I Sinner, was to be a Blood-needing human Soul, etc. C [Wednesday] May 5 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: To my Lord’s Dead & Wounds & Smart, my Element I turn, etc. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. F [Thursday] May 6 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: O Head so full of Bruises, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: For wither can I go, my Lord, but only to thy Blood, etc. Today we learned that Philippus had enlisted 5 additional Indians from here, to wit, Gottlob, Lucas, Paulus, Jonathan, and Christian’s son. All of them are people who are not inclined toward the Savior. It is remarquable that not one person has been enlisted here in Schaghticoke. The white people have tried it several times without success. Philippus and Paska had been out at the time they 71

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

were enlisted, and Philippus had had the others summoned [to a place] several miles from here, enlisting them there.

D [Friday] May 7 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: From God the Lord my Savior I’ll ne’er depart nor stray, etc. G [Saturday] May 8 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Bless both my Thought & Action, afford me thy Direction to thee alone be tending, Beginning, Mid[d]le, Ending. In the evening Br. Gideon conducted the service and observed that there were only 2 paths that a person could choose from: one was that he completely surrender to the Savior and be blessed forever and ever; the other, that he worship the devil and sins and be unblessed forever and ever. During the meeting for the communicants Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: My Heart’s inflam’d to thee with Sinner’s Love affected, etc. Today we learned that Gomop, old Simon’s son, also has been enlisted. Now he has 3 sons who are soldiers. Yesterday and today most of the inhabitants of Pachgatgoch came home. That these 8 have allowed themselves to be enlisted has caused much sorrow and confusion among the parents and kin.

A [Sunday] May 9 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Lk. 15 on the parables of the lost sheep and of the lost son. Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Brother and Sister Jungmann went visiting in the huts, finding few in, however, for most had gone out, either into the woods or into the field to discuss the circumstances with one another.80 In the evening Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: O dearest Lamb take thou my Heart, where can such Sweetness be, etc. We had the conference [brethren and sisters] assembled, of whom we asked what they thought about this, that so many had allowed themselves to be enlisted. They said that they were very much saddened by this; several thought that everyone would probably disperse now. We told them, if everyone thought 72

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to himself [the following]: If everyone wants to leave the Savior, I nonetheless want to stay with Him, and He shall be my one and all. That way the enemy would not achieve his goal and everything would turn out in their favor. We told them that it was not good that the Indian brethren and sisters were so attached to their children and kin, for this frequently caused their hearts to suffer harm.81 Those who love the Savior are closer and more dear to us than parents, siblings, and kin. And the Savior said: Wer Vater, Mutter, Schwester, Bruder[,] &ca. lieber hat als mich, der ist meiner nicht werth.82 They understood this and were comforted. B [Monday] May 10 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From all Sin, Preserve us dear Lord & God. Today the enlisted ones went to their captain, who lives in the New York government. He will muster his compagnie tomorrow. Several of their parents, wives, and siblings went along. In the afternoon the man who was mentioned on April 27 returned; his name is David Kelley. He spoke with Br. Eberhardt about different things, and finally said he was confused about his religion. He would like to get to know us better, and if he knew our principles, and liked them, he would like to join our religion. Br. Eberhardt told him: It was not our plan to try and draw people from other religions to us, but it should please us if he let himself be rendered blessed by means of the Savior’s blood and wounds, and stayed with his religion. He is a Presbyterian. He asked whether he could attend our occasions. Br. Eberhardt said we did not want to forbid him to do so, however, a brother would soon come to the Oblong to live there; it would be more convenient for him to attend the sermon there.83 Should he want to visit us on occasion, he shall be welcome. He appears to be an honest man. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read Matthew, chapter 5, and briefly spoke about several points. We thought that only a few would attend the meeting, but there were very many present. E [Tuesday] May 11 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From all Coldness to thy Merit & Death, Preserve us dear Lord & God. David Kelley returned this morning, bringing a coat we had loaned him 73

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

yesterday because it was raining so hard. He stayed here most of the forenoon and spoke with Br. Eberhardt about a number of things, who loaned him the Augsburg Confession speeches to read.84 Br. Jungmann went to Esq. Ransom because we had learned from the man mentioned earlier that letters had been deposited there for us. Esq. Ransom had received them from a justice in New Milford with [an] ordre [French: order, mandate] not to release them without knowing what was written in them, for they did not know whether we were also like those Frensh [French] neutrals who, given the opportunity, would side with the French [word crossed out] partie [French: party, opponent]. He, Esq. Ransom, said he did not believe this of us, but to satisfy the people, he requested that we let him know what was in the paquet [French: package, mail]. Br. Jungmann had him break [open] the couvert [French: envelope] from Br. Van Vleck, which he read. (Br. Eberhardt had told Br. Jungmann that if Esq. Ransom wanted to break open the letters before releasing them, he should leave them there sealed, for then Br. Eberhardt would go over and break them open in the presence of Esq. Ransom.) However, he [Ransom] did not break [open] the pacquet from Bethlehem, but gave it to Br. Jungmann, requesting that he and Br. Eberhardt come to Kent the day after tomorrow where there will be a town meeting, and there we could give an account to the people on our behalf. However, we do not intend to go to Esq. Ransom until the day after and speak with him alone. The pacquet of letters mentioned earlier was sent to us by Br. Henry van Vleck on Mart[ius] 31 through a merchant in New Milford by the name of David Welsh, who most likely handed it over to the justice there. Although the letters from Bethlehem were very dated, namely, from February 23, a.c., they were nonetheless very enjoyable and most welcome to us, because we think of our precious brethren and sisters there every day with a feeling of love, and dream almost every night that we are with them. Now we are agonizingly awaiting the arrival of the brother and sister in the Oblong, at which time we surely hope to receive many enjoyable letters. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read Matthew, chapter 6. During the meeting of the communicants Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Ihr seÿd alle Brüder,85 and through Jesus sinners who are reconciled to Him. He observed that the kinship of the children of God was much closer than between 74

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

brothers and sisters related by blood. That is why if brothers and sisters related to us by blood, or friends,86 want to stray from the Savior, our love for the Savior and those brethren and sisters who we found in the Savior’s wounds, is much stronger than the love we feel for our friends87 and brothers and sisters related to us by blood, and for that reason [we] could easily let go of them. We would look upon them with pity, to be sure, and pray for them, but we could not leave the Savior out of love for them and risk our blessedness. Having learned that we had received letters from Bethlehem, Br. Jeremias said today: With the next letters that you receive, [an] ordre will most likely come for you to go from here to Bethlehem, for things are so bad among us; but you write back then and ask that you may stay here for another year.88 Today old Erdmuth came home with her daughter and Zipporah. She had left the previous week to search for her daughter.

C [Wednesday] May 12 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read Matthew, chapter 8. Today the soldiers returned, as did their retinue. F [Thursday] May 13 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From the Deceitfullness of Sin, Preserve us dear Lord & God. A neighbor by the name of Paine,89 a separatist, who plowed for us yesterday and today, was very attentive during the occasions. He loves us. All of our neighbors act very friendly toward us. We were unable to conduct an occasion in the evening because of very hard rain and thunder. D [Friday] May 14 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From the Devil’s Power & Craft, Preserve us dear Lord & God. In the forenoon Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went to Esqr. Ransom to show him, as promised, what was in the pacquet that we had received from Bethlehem. But they did not find him at home; his wife said he was at the house of a captain who lived 2 miles from there. They decided to go to him, and when they 75

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

arrived there, he was very friendly. Br. Eberhardt showed him the certificates that Br. Joseph had sent, and reported what the brethren had written to him in regard to the hostile Indians. Esqr. Ransom was content and at once pleased that the other people who were present were also watching this and listening in, so that because by this he was able to clear himself, that he had acted in accordance with the ordre, and that, by this opportunity, it became known that we were not carrying on any unlawful correspondence. The captain said he could not understand that there are people in this world who make a scruple of defending themselves. He believed [that] it was more fear than a matter of conscience with them. Br. Eberhardt said: This was not a principle with us, because there have been many weeks at our places when the Indians were threatening us with an attack. However, there were indeed people among us who would rather let themselves be killed than kill another person, and they would have to be allowed their freedom.90 Br. Eberhardt asked Esqr. Ransom by what means we had ever given cause for someone to harbor suspicion that we were disposed toward the French. He said: These were presently such dangerous times that no one could be trusted; they did not even trust one another.91 On taking leave, Esqr. Ransom permitted Br. Eberhardt to bring his law-book into his house and take it home with him.92 He said he wanted to come himself to collect it. Br. Eberhardt expressed his gratitude for his cordiality and said: It shall please us very much if he came to visit us — there we would have a more favorable opportunity to speak to him and become acquainted with one another. He is an agreeable and upright old man, and one feels that he is fond of us.93 Reading through the charter granted to the gouverneur and compagnie of the English colonie of Connecticut by King Charles the 2nd, Br. Eberhardt found the following words: Directing, ruling, & disposing of all Matters & Things, whereby our People Inhabitants there, may be so religiously peaceably and civilly governed, as their good Life & orderly Conversation may win and invite the Natives of the Country, to the Knowledge & Obedience of the only true God & Saviour of Mankind and the christian Faith, which in our Royal Intentions and the Adventurers free Profession is the only & principal End of this Plantation.94 The law, which is titled An Act for well ordering & governing the Indians in this Colony & securing their Interests & Lands therein, starts as follows: Whereas the bringing 76

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

the Indians in this Land to the Knowledge & Obedience of the only true God & Saviour of Mankind & the christian Faith, as well as to a civil & peaceable Behaviour, was one great End professed by the first Settlers of this Colony in obtaining the Royal Charter: which Profession this Court being always desirous in the best Manner to pursue.95 In the[se] laws, are the gospel ministers, which is their term, and the school masters are exempted from carrying arms, paying taxes, and all publique [French: public] services.96 Br. Eberhardt will copy those laws that concern the Indians, as well as those that are necessary and beneficial for us to know.97 Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion. He began his address as follows: We are as if drunk, and speak of all sorts of worldly matters, not thinking about how much the Savior loves us, [and] that He shed His blood for us. I beg you, reflect, for if you continue this way you will get lost in the end. When a brother or sister works for someone, they want to have their reward; in just the same way the Savior wants to have His reward for all His agony and anguish that He suffered for us, and the reward that He desires is that you will give yourselves up to Him fully, with body and soul, etc.98 The closing of his address is each time: My brethren and sisters, this is what the Savior gave me to speak about.

G [Saturday] May 15 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 7th chapter in Matthew, and spoke with extraordinary feeling and grace about what the narrow gate and the hard way are.99 A stranger came to the meeting who was very attentive. He is a doctor and had brought medicin for a couple of the Indian children. This week little Elizabeth Jungmann was ill for several days, but is better now. Today the brethren helped Br. Martin build a new wigwam, just as they had helped Samuel earlier to lay up his house, and had helped re-erect Solomon’s frame house that the wind had knocked over this spring.100 No school has been held since Monday because the brethren and sisters have started planting. We, too, have been busy with planting and sowing in the garden and in the field.101 77

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] May 16 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on Acts 16, from the passage where the jailer asked Paul: Was soll ich thun, daß ich selig werde, and he replied, Glaube an den Herrn Jesum Christum u. du u. dein Haus soll selig werden, etc.102 After having listened to the sermon, the doctor who attended the occasion yesterday departed again. Lucas came after the sermon and took leave of us. We asked that he abide with his heart near the Savior, [so] that if he is shot dead, he could go the Savior blessed. He had told one of the brethren that he had been tricked into becoming a soldier and did not like going. Since having been enlisted, the soldiers have conducted themselves very quietly and orderly here. It appears that they are reflecting on the danger to which they are subjecting themselves so willfully. Following the sermon they left for Poughkeepsie where they will catch a boat that takes them to Albany. The parents, wives, and brothers and sisters of several [Indian brethren] accompanied them to Poughkeepsie, however without asking us about it,103 just as they had attended the muster without telling us that they were leaving. They know in advance that we, when they ask, advise them against taking these trips; that is why they go without saying anything about it. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and spoke on the verse: I little Worm so poor, quite spoil’d thro’ Sin & stained, etc. In the evening Br. Jungmann spoke of the Savior’s great love for the poor sinners, and of the love that a sinner, who has been rendered blessed, feels for the Savior. During the conference it was observed that we wished that those, who from out of our midst are endangering their souls and mortal lives, may experience a true benefit from this, that they may learn how much better it is to fully submit themselves to the Savior than to be a servant to sin, and how much more pleasant it is to be among brethren and sisters than among people who do nothing else but cause the Savior sorrow. B [Monday] May 17 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: My dear Lamb I pray bless us this Day, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 9th chapter in Matthew. 78

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday] May 18 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 10th chapter in Matthew. The doctor mentioned before was here again. C [Wednesday] May 19 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: Wie ist dem Würmlein doch so gut bei dem Gefühl der Wunden,104 etc. For several days Br. Eberhardt had been indisposed owing to a cold, but is better today. Today we started the schools again. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 11th chapter in Matthew. We surely hope that the bible reading105 will have its true benefit, for it presents an opportunity to speak about different matters in an evangelical way, which will turn out to be a blessing for the brethren and sisters. The doctor attended the meeting as well.

F [Thursday] May 20 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From the unhappy becoming great, Preserve us, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 12th chapter in Matthew. Today we learned from Solomon, who was returning from Poughkeepsie: 1) that old Abraham, who was accompanying his son Paska there, has died there. He had lain down to sleep, and because he was kept lying for so long, they wanted to wake him, and behold, he was dead; the rum probably killed him. A jury dispensed justice over him, and then he was buried by an Indian and a Negro. 2) That Gottlieb, who was accompanying his son Philippus there [Poughkeepsie] as well, was lying ill along the way. He had been in a house where there was a kettle of soap hanging over the fire, and on wanting to light his pipe by the fire, he tripped, grabbed the kettle, and burned the entire front of his body. 3) That Susanna, who was baptized by Br. Christ. Rauch,106 in Shecomeko on May 13, 1744, was stabbed to death in Poughkeepsie by her husband. He also fatally injured another Indian who was trying to prevent him from killing his wife. In the end, he stabbed himself to death as well. 79

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

These incidents caused some deep reflection among the others. They see that the Savior makes an example of those who go their own ways and follow their own minds.107 D [Friday] May 21 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From Confusions, Preserve us our dear Lord & God. Br. Jungmann spoke today with Br. Gideon — that they should be cautious of the doctor108 [so] that he will not cheat someone from among them. For we have heard that he would like to have land from them and offered to plant it for half. He is a roamer.109 Old Priscilla, both Benignas, and Salome returned from having accompanied [the Indian soldiers] to Poughkeepsie, looking very black.110 Rebecca, David’s wife, came here from Ritchfield [Litchfield] for a visit. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 13th chapter in Matthew.

G [Saturday] May 22 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: From Sins unto Death, Preserve us, etc. Br. Jungmann spoke again with Br. Gideon about the doctor, that it was not proper that he stayed here overnight so frequently; he [Gideon] should speak to him on that account. Br. Gideon replied [that] he could not do that. The doctor reportedly alleges that he likes attending our meeting, and he [Gideon] did not have the heart to order someone to keep away from the occasions.111 In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 14th chapter in Matthew. Today Johannes came here and attended the evening occasion, likewise the so-called Presbyterian,112 who intends to spend the summer here.

A [Sunday] May 23 Early we received a letter through Christian, [the] Indian, who returned from Poughkeepsie. Therein Br. H. v. Vleck briefly reported that everyone was well in Bethlehem, England, and North Carolina. May the Savior bless dear Br. Van Vleck, for he frequently delights us with pleasant news in our eremitage [ermitage (French): hermitage].113 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on Acts 4.12: Es ist in keinem andern 80

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Heil, ist auch kein ander Name den Menschen gegeben, darinnen wir sollen selig werden,114 but in the name Jesus Christ. During the children’s hour in the afternoon Br. Eberhardt passed on greetings to the children from Br. Joseph and told them that Br. Joseph desired to know if they felt that they were sinners, if they loved the Savior, [and] if they minded their parents nicely. He, Br. Eberhardt, said this is what he has been watching for since arriving here, and he wished that his heart may soon delight in them, once he found this [these sentiments] to be present among them. He desired nothing, and Brother and Sister Jungmann desired nothing, in return for the great pains that they take with them, other than that they grow to greatly love the Savior and [that they] shall be blessed children. Following the children’s hour all the baptized brethren and sisters met in the hall, and Br. Eberhardt told them that in his heart he felt compelled to express his views to them on a couple of points: 1) About their leaving so frequently. He said he clearly saw that their circumstances were such that occasionally they needed to leave for short periods of time, but he who preferred going out over staying home did not have a true heart for the Savior and knew not how to appreciate the happiness of constantly dealing with brethren and sisters. It should pain them each time that their circumstances required them to go out. They saw that when they left and stayed away for long periods, their hearts always suffered harm as a result and [they] became estranged from the Savior. When they stayed home they were as if enclosed by a wall, but when they were outside, the enemy had them out in the open and sought to lure them into many bad affairs. He confronted them with the example that the Savior made of those who, following their own minds, recently went to Poughkeepsie. He advised those who have returned from there that they ask the Savior for forgiveness with all their hearts, and entreat Him for an obedient heart. He pointed out to them that if we could not delight in feeling and seeing that they loved the Savior with all their hearts and lived as blessed sinners inside His wounds, then we had nothing in return for all of our troubles, and the congregation nothing for all its costs that it incurs on their account. It was only their blessedness that the congregation and we sought among them. [Blank] He said further: He who desires to act in accordance with his own mind and does not take our good advice, but instead takes pleasure in roaming about 81

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

and wallowing in all sorts of sin, we could not recognize as our brother or sister. He who wants to be our brother or sister would have to wholly give himself up to the Savior and find his sole joy in occupying himself with Him.115 2) About their children. That they [the children] have been entrusted to them by the Savior so that they may raise them in His name, and for this they had to appeal for the Savior’s grace.116 He advised them that they should get their children accustomed to obedience and work starting at a young age, which would have a 4-fold benefit: 1) that if the children were quietly at work the Savior would be better able to approach their hearts than when they are running about so wildly; 2) that with their work the children would be able to earn enough so that with it [their earnings] the parents could keep them properly clothed; 3) that they would not cause so much mischief, which frequently resulted in discord among the brethren and sisters; [and] 4) that when they grew up, they could be of assistance to their old parents. Br. Gideon conducted the occasion in the evening. In conference they were asked what they thought of today’s reminders. They said: They were very pleased that these points had been addressed now. We told them: It was always difficult for us to point out such matters, but we felt obligated to do so, and out of love compelled to caution the brethren and sisters against everything that was harmful to them, and to advise them of what could prove to be to their benefit. He who does not want to follow us can blame himself afterward, when [following] his own mind leads him to his ruin. It was also discussed with them that when a husband and wife had something against each other, it would be good if they spoke about it alone, for it would cause great harm to the children having to listen to their parents quarreling with each other. They would lose all respect for the parents.

B [Monday] May 24 Today Johannes and his Zipporah left again; so did Rebecca, David’s wife. Agnes, the wife of Jeremias, who for some time has been feeling dry and indifferent, said to Sr. Jungmann today that now she was again feeling well in her heart. She went out for several days to sell brooms. In the evening Br. Eberhardt began reading the statutes.117 Attending the occasion were also the doctor and a neighbor by the name of Mills, who had to arrange for something with the Indians. 82

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday] May 25 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy human Birth, Comfort us, dear Lord & God. Today Caritas spoke with Sr. Jungmann and said [that] when she thought about wanting to go out for some time to make brooms, her heart did not feel comfortable with it [the idea], and her children also wept each time she took them with her, for they did not like missing school.118 She [Sr. Jungmann] told her to follow her heart, and instead bring the broom wood to this place and make the brooms here. This was certainly more toilsome than making the brooms in the woods, but making them here would be better for her heart. In the evening Br. Eberhardt continued reading aloud the statutes. During the occasion for the communicant members Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: May I no more resist thy Love, no more thy Spirit grieve but as a little Child become & simply thee believe. C [Wednesday] May 26 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O he knows me to be feeble & not able for a Moment to live without his atonement. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. Elizabeth, Joshua’s wife, spoke with Sr. Jungmann and said it pained her that she was not permitted to attend the occasion for the communicant members (he who did not attend the previous Communion does not attend this very occasion);119 she now wanted to give her whole heart to the Savior eternally. Br. Gideon, who had set out yesterday to bring Gottlieb here on a horse, returned today. He left him 5 miles from here whence he will come to this place tomorrow. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Let here; in this Time, my Love so nigh draw thee, as if mine Eyes saw thee.

F [Thursday] May 27 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: This day I give myself again as thy Reward for all thy Pain, etc. Gottlieb and his wife arrived today. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read from the statutes. During the occasion for 83

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

the communicant members Br. Eberhardt observed that, when we wanted to appeal for a blessing, we knew of no one better to appeal to than [the Savior, so] that the Savior floods us with His blood. Moreover, it was the Savior’s delight to be able to bless and refresh a little flock such as this one with the stream of His blood. D [Friday] May 28 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy meritorious Tears, Comfort us, etc. Martin’s brother came from the seaside for a visit. Petrus and his Thamar, who had left the day before yesterday to take brooms, etc., to New Milford, returned today. Thamar told us that along the way they had grown hesitant about going to New Milford because there they could be easily enticed into drinking; thus, they had gone to Quaker Hill. The Quakers do not give an Indian any strong drinks.120 The conference brethren being assembled, Br. Eberhardt read to them from the law book what is necessary and useful for them to know. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read from the statutes.

G [Saturday] May 29 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With all the Troubles of thy Life, Comfort us, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt called to mind that the day before yesterday was the day of remembrance of the Savior’s ascension, read the history thereof from Acts 1, and observed that the Savior has retained the marks of His wounds, and one day will appear in this way in the clouds, to the joy of those who love His wounds, and to the horror of those who scorn His wounds, love, and grace. Br. Jungmann conducted a feeling occasion for the communicant members. A gentle and blessed air has been flowing among the brethren and sisters this week. During the last 14 days there has been a very heavy and melancholy air. Those who roamed about so are ashamed, and the others are affectionate and like sinners.121 We are deeply grateful to the Savior for so happily dispersing the darkness and confusion. 84

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] May 30 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on Jn. 3.16–18: Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet, daß er seinen eingebohrnen Sohn gab, auf daß alle, die an ihn glauben nicht verloren werden, sondern das ewige Leben haben,122 etc. In the afternoon Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour. In the evening Br. Gideon conducted the occasion and spoke very affectionately and feelingly of the Savior’s great love, that He came into the flesh and had suffered so much for the sake of us sinners. [He] asked that they [the Indians] give their hearts wholly up to the Savior, and follow His voice, and not pay heed to the devil when he sought to seduce them into committing sin. The Savior called them to nothing but blessedness; the devil, on the other hand, called them to nothing but misfortune and perdition. We had an affectionate and delightful conference. A great number of subjects were discussed, for example, the education and government of children, the love for one another, [and] concerning Pachgatgoch, that it should be a place about which the Savior can rejoice. Br. Martin, who we on occasion had asked to speak with the boys and inquire about whether they longed for the Savior, reported that, on asking Joshua’s eldest son whether he felt that he was a sinner and was in need of the Savior, tears rolled down his face in place of an answer. That he likewise spoke with Gabriel, the son of Caritas, about the same subject, who replied that he felt that he was a sinner, and his eyes are said to have been full as well.123 In conference, the brethren and sisters were told that we intended to celebrate Communion 2 weeks from today instead of next Sunday, because we had learned that many wanted to go fishing this week. He who was not here at the required time would have to do without. Those among them who would go along to fish were asked that they see to it that everything went on in an orderly fashion. B [Monday] May 31 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy great Poverty, Comfort us, etc. Br. Jungmann went to the Oblong to find out whether no brethren and sisters from Bethlehem had arrived. The time before we are again hearing something from our dear Bethlehem is getting to be almost too long for us. 85

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Along the way inquiries will be made as to whether the items from New York have arrived. A man [living] nearby has promised to bring them along from Poughkeepsie. Having taken a friendly leave of us, Martin’s brother left again today. He had attended the occasions frequently. Joshua went with his family to the seaside, with 2 canoos laden with brooms, etc. Likewise, many brethren and sisters went to New Milford to fish there. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 15th chapter in Matthew. Br. Jungmann returned, not having found a brother and sister in the Oblong, but [he] brought letters from Br. Van Vleck, Christian Seidel, and Sr. Lawatsch. The news that our precious brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, etc., are blessed and in peace greatly delighted our hearts. Br. Jungmann also brought various items that Br. Van Vleck had sent on Br. Eberhardt’s request, to wit, several slate tablets and another 3 New Testaments for the school, 3 candelabra for our hall, [and] wine for Communion, etc. Br. Kingston sent us several pounds of candles for the hall as a gift. We acknowledge with much gratitude the love and benevolence of the brethren and sisters in New York for the little Indian flock here.124 E [Tuesday] June 1 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse O may I never stray from thy Wounds away, etc., and at the end said: This shall be also our prayer for our brethren and sisters who went out, that the Savior may preserve them undisturbed and unharmed near His wounds and bring them back home blessedly and full of light. In the evening Br. Jungmann spoke of the need of the Savior’s blood for the heart of a poor sinner who desires to be blessed eternally.

C [Wednesday] June 2 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. There was no children’s hour today because few children are at home. Br. Jungmann had gone to New Milford to visit the brethren and sisters fishing [there]. They had not caught anything because there was so much rain and the weather was cool. In the evening Br. Eberhardt observed how good it was to be in such a state 86

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in one’s heart, day and night, [so] that the message of the shedding of one’s tabernacle can be received with joy.

F [Thursday] June 3 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Br. Jungmann spoke with Petrus today, who told him that he was like a weak man who was leaning on something, yet was often collapsing from weakness. Thus, he was also leaning on the Savior, yet was so weak that he frequently fell. He now was very fearful of all those situations where he could be seduced into causing the Savior sorrow.125 Br. Eberhardt gave the oldest boys in his school a great deal of joy with the slate tablets. He gave them to them for their use subject to the condition that he would teach writing to those who wanted to learn diligently and behave properly; however, he would take away126 the tablets from those who showed themselves to be light-minded and careless. They promised to be diligent and orderly. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 16th chapter in Matthew.

D [Friday] June 4 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 17th chapter in Matthew.

G [Saturday], June 5 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Yesterday and today many brethren and sisters came home. Toward evening Heinrich Martin came from Rhinebeck, having taken Brother and Sister Powell to the Oblong. The joy that the beautiful news and letters, delivered by him, effected in us cannot be expressed in words. Oh, how grateful we are to our dear and precious brethren and sisters, that they love us so and refresh us here in our corner with their pleasant and heartfelt letters. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: The Love I see within thy Heart shews me that thou my Savior art & makes me often thirst & weep to sink into thy Wounds quite deep. He also informed the brethren and sisters that we had received many letters and news, and that everyone in Bethlehem, etc., was well and blessed. [He] promised to delight them tomorrow with these beautiful letters and news. 87

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] June 6 On the day of Pentecost Br. Eberhardt called to mind that today was the day of remembrance for the pouring out of the Holy Spirit, read the story thereof, and preached on the words from Acts 2.38–39: Ändert euern Sinn u. lasse sich ein jeglicher Taufen auf den Namen Jesu Christi zur Vergebung der Sünde, so werdet ihr empfahen [empfangen] die Gabe des h. Geistes, denn euer u. eurer Kinder ist diese Verheißung u. aller die ferne sind.127 The Holy Spirit gave the grace to speak with feeling and parrhesie [parrhesia]. In the afternoon, the children’s hour having been kept by Br. Eberhardt, everyone met in the hall, and Br. Eberhardt sang: Jesus Christ, God’s dearest Lamb full of Wounds & Torments, holy God & sweet Bridegroom! O what happy Moments Have we leaning on thy Breast, in thy Congregation better, than that Nest of Rest, is no Habitation. Next he read the memorabilia from St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John, it., Br. Caries’s letter from Jamaica, the letters from the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem to those here, [and] Br. Christian Seidel’s letter to the brethren and sisters of this place. He passed on to them the greetings contained in other letters, and reported to them on the circumstances in Bethlehem, etc., and sang: Could Satan but his Wish obtain, no, not a Christian should remain, all would to Wreck & Ruin run, what Jesus by his Passion won. But let him & his Champions ranc[?] their dev’lish Wish, they ne’er can have, that Cause shall never suffer Harm, which rests on Jesu’s out-stretch’d Arm. For while our Master rules above, it will each Day more glorious prove, while he sits down on God’s Right-Hand it must and will unshaken stand. To our Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem we sang: Embrace them fast within thy Arms thou Bridegroom of our Soul & let thy Blood besprinkle them from ev’ry pierced Hole. Next he read Br. Nathanael’s [Seidel] letter to the brethren and sisters of this place, written by him in the name of the congregation. [He] wished that the love fi re that constantly burned so brightly and sweetly among the brethren and sisters might also soon set itself alight here and burn as a bright flame. [He] told them that as long as they still found plaisir [French: pleasure] in roaming about they would gain nothing for their hearts. The enemy takes advantage of the opportunity to continuously rob them of the feeling that they gained in their hearts during the occasions, and pitch them into all sorts of ill affairs. For he [the enemy] rejoices every time they are unblessed and slaves to sin, and [he] was angry when, as blessed sinners, they stayed near the Savior’s wounds. In contrast, 88

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the Savior’s heart rejoiced when they are blessed, and was full of sorrow when they are unblessed and black. Finally, he most heartily entreated the brethren and sisters not to cause such frequent sorrow to the loving heart of the Savior, but instead give themselves up to Him with body and soul, [so] that He could rejoice in them and they could rejoice in Him. The heart of Br. Eberhardt felt such deep pain at the frequent sorrow that the brethren and sisters caused to the Savior, and such tender compassion for the poor brethren and sisters, that tears kept [him] from uttering more words, and he sang with tearful eyes:128 Think on each Flock where dispers’d, wherein thy Praises are rehears’d in Europe & America, it[em] and bring each Soul to know thy Death, to go on this Truth’s simple Path, that thou who bought’st us with thy Blood, art the whole Church’s Lord & God. The Spirit’s breeze could be felt during this occasion and many tears were shed. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. In conference Br. Eberhardt expressed himself even more clearly and very affectionately about the subjects that had been dealt with that afternoon.

B [Monday] June 7 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy Sickness & Misery, Comfort us dear Lord & God. Henry [Heinrich] Martin traveled back home, very pleased and grateful for what he enjoyed at this place. Br. Eberhardt journeyed to the Oblong to visit Brother and Sister Powell. It was a great delight on both sides to see and love one another, and to speak with one another. Joshua came back home. Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion in the evening.

E [Tuesday] June 8 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. Toward evening Br. Eberhardt returned, very much gladdened by the heartiness and joy of the friends in the Oblong at receiving a brother and sister [the Powells]. It is no different than as if they had received angels from heaven. Their affection goes so far as to state: What is ours is yours.129 89

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Stream thro’ the Bottom of my Soul Blood of the Son of God! and take away whate’er in me thee hath so long withstood. Finally, he passed on greetings from the brethren and sisters from Brother and Sister Powell and the friends in the Oblong, telling them about the joy of the peopled there at having received the brother and sister from Bethlehem, and then called to mind that loving the brethren was a sure sign that one loved the Savior, and vice versa. C [Wednesday] June 9 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Around 7 o’clock the communicant members met in the hall, and Br. Eberhardt observed that during Communion a poor sinner experienced the Savior as his physician and Bridegroom. [He] told them that, for whom the sweetness and blessedness as well as the embrace of the Savior did not count as being most important in this world, going to Communion was not a blessing. And he, who as a poor, sick heart does not desire, with all his heart, to be cured and invigorated through the enjoyment of the Savior’s flesh and blood, would do better if he stayed away from Communion. Thereupon [Eberhardt] invited all of the poor and love-sick sinners to the inexpressible grace and bliss next Sunday. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the last lection [lectio (Latin): selection, reading] from the statutes.

F [Thursday] June 10 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy Tormentations, Comfort us dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 18th chapter in Matthew, and occasioned by the words Wer da ärgert eins von diesen kleinen,130 etc., he especially recommended their children to the parents, to raise them in the name of the Savior. D [Friday] June 11 Br. Jungmann kept the early service and spoke on the verse: O may I ne’er stray from thy Wounds away, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke still about various themes from the 18th chapter in Matthew. 90

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

G [Saturday] June 12 Brother and Sister Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Brother and Sister Jungmann began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. This week many have been industrious hoeing their Welsh corn, and because they needed their children for this, no school was held. In the evening Br. Gideon kept the hour; he repeated briefly and thoroughly the subjects that were discussed this week. When he keeps the hour this is ordinair [ordinaire (French): ordinary, here “ordinarily”] his method, from which it can be joyfully concluded that he ruminates on everything.131 A [Sunday] June 13 Brother and Sister Jungmann spoke with several brethren and sisters who were not on hand yesterday, also with those who recently have been roaming about so. They were spoken with in this way, that we were sorry that they have rendered their hearts so unblessed, and that for this time they let slip their chance at Communion; we wished that they would let themselves be forgiven by the Savior and appeal to Him that He put their hearts in such a state that they could join the next time. We thought that it would be to their benefit and necessary for the sake of the others that if none of them went along to Communion this time. In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached to a large gathering on the words from Mt. 11.28–30: Kommt her zu mir alle die mühselig u. beladen seÿd, ich will euch erquicken, nehmet auf euch mein Joch,132 etc. In the afternoon Joshua kept the children’s hour and observed that God’s kingdom belonged to the children, and just as a small child lies at the mother’s breast, obtaining strength and growth from its milk, so too shall they lie at the Savior’s wounds, that they grow up in His name, and blessedly pass their time in accordance with His will. Anna, Paska’s wife, came and tearfully asked that we take her along to Communion; she longed for it so very much. She was sorry that she had conducted herself so badly; she now wanted to give herself up wholly to the Savior. She was given permission, because her longing could be felt. It is rare among the Indians that they come of their own accord and ask for something of this kind. 91

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

At 5 o’clock was the conference. Br. Jungmann stated how, on the whole, he had found the brethren and sisters when speaking with them; also, that concerning those who had recently conducted themselves so badly, we thought that it would be more wholesome for them if they did not join Communion this time. Item, that upon her tearful request, Anna has been permitted to join. Thamar said about Anna that she had wept very much, and said: If the Savior forgave her this time as well, she wanted to appeal to Him that He impart to her strength and grace through His flesh and blood, [so] that she may never again cause Him sorrow in this way. The conference brethren and sisters were called upon to watch out that no one brought rum to this place to give to those who help them hoe their Welsh corn, but they should give them a meal instead, which would give them more strength than rum. One year ago they saw that the result [of such action] is harm to the souls. They were asked whether school should be held again this week. They asked that school be suspended this week as well, for they need their children in the field. We also told them that we were sorry that we were unable to celebrate a love feast before Communion because we lacked what is necessary for it.133 In the evening Br. Jungmann observed that, if as poor sinners we looked to the Savior’s suffering and dying, then there was no other possibility but that we would have to become blessed. Past 9 o’clock the brethren and sisters met in the hall for Communion, and Br. Eberhardt spoke briefly on the verse: Soon make us to be conformed to thee ’tis Time and ’tis right to bring forth some Fruit, that may yield thee Delight. Afterward, we knelt down, and Br. Eberhardt tearfully asked that the Savior forgive us everything that has been a cause of sorrow for Him, and that he remove from us everything that displeases His heart, especially any indifference toward His wounds, and instead grant us a heart burning out of love for Him and His entire martyrdom [so] that, henceforth, nothing shall be able to turn our hearts or eyes away from Him. Then we had Holy Communion, administered by Br. Eberhardt. Many sinner’s tears and tears of love were shed, and we are heartily grateful to the Savior for His powerful nearness. As for communicants, there were 12 Indian brethren and sisters and we 3. 92

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Catalogus of the brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on June 13, 1756 Joshua Petrus Gideon Martin

and his wife

Elizabeth Thamar --Lucia, Samuel’s wife Anna, Paska’s wife

Widowers Simon

Widows Caritas Erdmuth Johanna

Brother and Sister Jungmann and Eberhardt Summa 15

B [Monday] June 14 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy Perplexity in the Garden, With thy Agony & bloody Sweat, Comfort us dear Lord & God. Today the brethren built a fence together. Br. Jungmann also helped. In the afternoon the wife of our neighbor Mr. Mills came for a visit, and with her, his brother, a Presbyterian minister who lives 40 miles from here. He asked Br. Eberhardt where he came from, how long he had been here, what he was doing here, what his training was, etc., whether he feared the dear God. Answer: I do not fear the dear God, my Savior, but I love Him. He said: I hope that I, too, love Him. Answer: And I feel that I love Him. He cited passages from the Old Testament on the fear of God. Answer: “There is no fear in love, but perfect love casts out fear.”134 In the Old Testament a different order prevailed than in

93

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

the New Testament; there the fear of God was the driving force, but now it is love. He said: I love the Old Testament. Answer: So do I, but I can gain salvation without knowing one word from the Old Testament.135 He inquired whether we prayed openly in our meetings. Answer: If a person felt so inclined in his heart. Ordinair [i.e., ordinarily] we went by the Savior’s command: “When you pray, go into your room and shut the door.”136 A great deal more was asked and answered. He very much requested that Br. Eberhardt visit him tomorrow to speak with him some more. Br. Eberhardt excused himself, that he had much to do, and therefore was unable to come. On departing he said, Farewell Brethren, God bless you, pray for me. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 19th chapter in Matthew.

E [Tuesday] June 15 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy Bonds & Scourging, Comfort us dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 20th chapter in Matthew. Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion for the communicant members, speaking on the verse: T’Impression deep of what my Friend hath done for me for me, etc.

C [Wednesday] June 16 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. In the afternoon, as Br. Eberhardt intended to go and hoe Welsh corn, he came upon the before-mentioned minister, who asked him to turn back; he very much wanted to spend the afternoon with him. They discussed all sorts of matters. It appears that this man is convinced of the Truth. He is not a disputer. When he asked about something, and Br. Eberhardt responded, he never contradicted him. But he was unable to identify with our speaking with such joy of the Savior’s love and the enjoyment thereof. He said: His mother also was a God-fearing woman who sometimes spoke of the blessedness of the heart, but we exceeded her by far. Upon his request to see one of our books, Br. Eberhardt gave him the Maxims;137 he read in it here and there, and he liked it. He asked to keep it for a couple of days, which he was allowed to do. Next Sunday he will preach in a new meeting house located 8 miles from here. 94

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

If the people there like him, and they are willing to give him enough for him and his family to subsist on, then he will most likely take on the parish. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 21st chapter in Matthew.

F [Thursday] June 17 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy Crown of Thorns, Comfort us dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 22nd chapter in Matthew and spoke on several themes contained therein. The brethren and sisters attend the occasions regularly and listen with much attention. During the meeting for the communicant members Br. Eberhardt spoke on the Savior’s words: Ich habe euch so lieb als auch mein Vater hat.138 Forever smitten with love. D [Friday] June 18 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy blessed Cross, Comfort us dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the remaining themes from the 22nd chapter in Matthew. G [Saturday] June 19 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Thy Blood, o charming Sound to me thy poor & helpless Sheep: Thy Blood’s my sure Defense by Day, my Shelter when I sleep. During the occasion for the communicant members Br. Jungmann spoke on the words: He on the Cross my Lamb of God & I live only thro’ his Blood. This week the brethren and sisters went together and got bark and wood for a wigwam for Caritas, because she does not have enough room for herself and her children [living] with Petrus and Thamar, it. to repair Priscilla’s wigwam, it. for a kitchen for us.139 At the beginning of this week we had a hoarfrost here, which did not do much damage, however. This week there was a soft and blessed feeling present among the brethren and sisters, so that one could delight in being among them. 95

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] June 20 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Mt. 22.37–40: Du solt Gott deinen Herrn lieben von ganzem Herzen, etc.; Du solt deinen Nächsten lieben als dich selbst.140 He observed that it was our duty and happiness to love the Savior and our neighbor. As we started to read from the litany, 6 young people from the neighborhood arrived. One could tell that they were sorry that they had come too late for the sermon. If we did not keep the white people at a distance we would soon have a large audience here.141 Gottlieb brought 2 Indian women, one being part of his family, who have served with [i.e., were bound to] the English people, but will now live with him. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Gideon kept the hour in the evening. In conference Br. Eberhardt noted that he was very grateful to the Savior for the grace that could be felt among the brethren and sisters last week, and wished that grace and sincere affection may increase among them each week. Occasioned by [the circumstances] that within a short time a good number [of people] have come here to live,142 it was discussed that it would be good and proper [that,] if someone desired to live here, the conference brethren would first speak with such a person and inquire why he wanted to live here.143 And if they noticed that it was not out of longing for the Savior, then they could deny him his request in a becoming manner. Otherwise they might take in all sorts of light-minded people and corruptors, who would be harmful to them and their children. Moreover, it was proposed that it would be good if they held a conference with one another concerning the hoeing of the Welsh corn, so that the Welsh corn of those who are old and have no help will not spoil. At the same time a reminder was once again issued that they should not tolerate someone bringing rum or other strong drink to this place to give to those who hoe for them. Br. Eberhardt declared that if something such as this were to happen, he would grow so sorrowful that he could not bear staying here. He called upon the conference brethren that they shall be responsible if something of this nature were to happen. The request was made that Br. Eberhardt read to all the brethren and sisters the law[s] that were made in this gouvernement concerning the Indians. He 96

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

promised to do so once we had rainy weather and they were unable to work out of doors.144 B [Monday] June 21 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. The brethren met in conference with one another about the hoeing of the Welsh corn, and the result was that they right away went about it jointly. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 23rd chapter in Matthew.

E [Tuesday] June 22 During the early service Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: O bring my Heart to know thy Love, etc. Because it was raining today, the brethren and sisters met in the hall in the afternoon and Br. Eberhardt, in keeping with his promise, read the laws that are useful and necessary for them to know. He reminded them beforehand that he was not a moral preacher, but on the request of several brethren he wanted to give them the pleasure of reading the laws aloud. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 24th chapter in Matthew. During the occasion for the communicant members Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Das ist mein Gebot, daß ihr euch unter einander liebet.145 C [Wednesday] June 23 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy holy five Wounds, Comfort us dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 25th chapter in Matthew. F [Thursday] June 24 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: My Lamb I thank thee heartily, that thou didst die upon the Tree, etc.146 During the occasion for the communicant members Br. Jungmann spoke on the verse: T’Impression deep of what my Friend hath done for me[,] for me, etc.

D [Friday] June 25 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. 97

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Eberhardt, who is fairly restored from a cold that he caught while hoeing our Welsh corn, conducted the occasion in the evening, and spoke on several themes from the 25th chapter in Matthew.

G [Saturday] June 26 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy holy five wounds, Comfort us dear Lord & God. Today the brethren and sisters finished hoeing the Welsh corn. Praise the Savior, it proceeded in an orderly and loving manner. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 26th chapter in Matthew. During the occasion for the communicant members Br. Jungmann sang several verses. A [Sunday] June 27 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Mt. 26.38: Meine Seele ist betrübt bis an den Tod.147 When reflecting on these words, there was a blessed and melting air of grace felt. Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour in the afternoon, and Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion. In conference it was discussed that it was improper and harmful that several [parents] let their children run about so naked. Concerning this and several other circumstances, it was observed that if Pachgatgoch is to be a place where something shall be gained for the Savior, then it was absolutely necessary that certain rules are made by which everyone who wanted to live here needed to abide.148 Otherwise matters that result in harm to the souls can be discussed every year, and there is no one who can avert it, because everyone can do as he pleases. B [Monday] June 28 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Today the brethren and sisters went together to get bark for a new wigwam for Seiakus and his family. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening. E [Tuesday] June 29 Br. Jungmann sang several verses for the morning blessing. 98

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O Jesu, Jesu O my Lamb! O keep my Heart always in Flame. I want thy blood with all its Power, lukewarm I would not be one Hour. During the meeting for the communicant members Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: My Friend’s to me and I’m to him a fix’d unturning Cherubim, etc.

C [Wednesday] June 30 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy blessed Cross, Comfort us dear Lord and God. Today [the] Martins, [the] Samuels, and Joshua’s wife came home. They had been out for a couple of days to get splinters [splints] for baskets.149 In the evening Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion. F [Thursday] July 1 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. Today a letter dated June 10 arrived for the Indian brethren and sisters of this place from those who had gone to war from here. They are reporting that all of them are well and are standing 10 miles above Albany.150 In the evening Br. Jungmann conducted the general occasion, also the one for the communicant members.

D [Friday] July 2 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening, Br. Eberhardt, who is fairly well restored from an indisposition since last Wednesday, read the 27th chapter in Matthew.

G [Saturday] July 3 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With thy precious Dead, Comfort us dear Lord & God. Today another letter arrived from the Indians who have gone to war from here, dated Saratoga, June 21. They report that all of them are still well and are saluting everyone. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 28th chapter in Matthew, and also conducted the occasion for the communicant members. 99

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] July 4 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Jn. 16.8–11: Wenn der Tröster komt, der wird die Welt überzeugen, um die Sünde u. um die Gerechtigkeit u. um das Gericht.151 One hour after the sermon 3 of our neighbors came to attend the sermon because their minister has left for several weeks. They spent a while with us and asked a great deal of questions. In the afternoon Br. Martin kept the children’s hour. Br. Gideon conducted the occasion in the evening. In conference, the servant was put in charge of carefully watching over it so that the children do not play sit properly during the occasions, and if someone sleeps, to wake him up, so that there shall not be any disturbances due to falling or snoring.152 Moreover, consideration was given as to whether it was not most necessary that someone from the conference tell David’s daughter, who arrived several days ago and was engaging in all sorts of light-mindedness, to leave here. Joshua said [that] he had already spoken with her on that account, and [that] she intended to leave. It was reported that Joshua’s eldest daughter had expressed that she felt a great deal of turmoil in her heart, and that she was greatly longing for the Savior. Toward evening we had a violent thunderstorm and a shower of hail[stones], most of which were as large as pigeon eggs. But thanks be to the Savior, no damage was done by them. B [Monday] July 5 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 1st chapter in Mark. E [Tuesday] July 6 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: O keep for ever in my Sight thy so much wounded Body, etc. Today the brethren completed Gottlieb’s new wigwam, for which the brethren and sisters had jointly collected the bark and wood. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 2nd chapter in Mark. [He] announced that tomorrow was a day of fasting and prayer in this gouvernement and that we should observe the same. 100

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

C [Wednesday] July 7 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached and spoke about proper fasting and praying, guided by the words from Mk. 2.22: Niemand flicket einen Lappen von neuem Tuch an ein alt Kleid; denn der neue Lappe reißet doch vom alten u. der Riß wird ärger.153 [He] acknowledged with gratitude the grace of living under such authority and in such land, where we can love and serve the Savior unhindered, and that for this reason we could and wanted to appeal to the Savior wholeheartedly to bless our dear authority and the whole land, and to avert all danger and harm. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 3rd chapter in Mark. F [Thursday] July 8 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 4th chapter in Mark. D [Friday] July 9 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Today [the] Joshuas, [the] Martins, [the] Gottliebs, and several others went in canoos to the seaside to sell baskets, brooms, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

G [Saturday] July 10 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 8th chapter in Mark. A [Sunday] July 11 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on Jn. 4, about the Savior’s conversation with the woman of Samaria. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening Br. Gideon conducted the occasion.

B [Monday] July 12 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. 101

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday] July 13 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. C [Wednesday] July 14 During the early service Br. Eberhardt observed that the Savior rejoiced in the poor sinners, and [that] the poor sinners in turn rejoiced solely in the Savior. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. F [Thursday] July 15 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Br. Gideon went and visited Solomon, who is 7 miles from here; he was bitten by a rattlesnake.154 In the evening Br. Gideon returned and told us that Solomon is already quite cured from the snake bite. Joshua came back from the seaside with his family. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. D [Friday] July 16 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Martin returned from the seaside. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the blessedness and sweetness that a poor sinner enjoys in the Savior’s wounds at all times, and therefore would be rendered inconsolable if this were missing. G [Saturday] July 17 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: With Thy whole Merit of thy Life, Bless us dear Lord & God. Today the brethren and sisters who had gone to the seaside altogether arrived. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

A [Sunday] July 18 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Is. 43.24: Ja mir hast du Arbeit gemacht in deinen Sünden u. hast mir Mühe gemacht in deinen Mißethaten.155 In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. 102

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

At 6 o’clock we met in conference, where it was announced that we intended to celebrate Communion 8 days from today. They were also told that we had observed how damaging it was for the children when both parents went out and left them in the care of someone else.156 The conference brethren and sisters told us that they needed their children for hilling the Welsh corn, and therefore school would have to be suspended next week. In the evening Gideon conducted the service. After the occasion the communicants met in the hall, and Br. Eberhardt announced to them that next Sunday the Savior, out of love and mercy, wants to give us His flesh and blood to eat and drink. [He] asked that if there was something between them and the Savior, or between one another, they should settle this, so that they could approach the inexpressibly blessed meal with joyous and sinnerlike hearts. B [Monday] July 19 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy childlike Obedience, Bless us o dear Lord & God. Today a letter arrived from Gomop, Simon’s son, dated Edwards Fort [Fort Edward], June 29, a.c. He reports that he is somewhat sickly, salutes everyone, and asks that the schoolmaster157 pray to God for him that He shall bring him home safe. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 5th chapter in Mark.

E [Tuesday] July 20 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. C [Wednesday] July 21 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing with several verses. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on a couple of themes from the 5th chapter in Mark.

F [Thursday] July 22 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing, and soon after traveled to the Oblong to invite Brother and Sister Powell for the forthcoming Communion and to bring them here. 103

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

[No entry for the 23rd]

G [Saturday] July 24 At 2 o’clock in the afternoon Salome, Jonathan’s wife, was delivered of a sond, but has not requested that it [the child] be baptized. Some time ago she strayed with her heart from the Savior. Martha, Gideon’s wife, who has been walking about in darkness and confusion of her heart since her son Jonathan went to war, came home full of light, and told Brother and Sister Jungmann that her heart was hungering for the Savior, and asked that she be permitted to join in Communion. At 3 o’clock in the afternoon Br. Eberhardt arrived from the Oblong with Brother and Sister Powell. In the absence of Br. Eberhardt, Br. Jungmann had conducted the occasions and spoken with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. Many of the brethren and sisters who have been fainthearted and gloomy on account of their children having become soldiers are now once again full of light and affectionate. In the evening Br. Eberhardt observed how each wound and drop of blood on the Savior called out to each poor sinner that He loved him and that he shall come to Him to let himself be rendered blessed and cheerful. A [Sunday] July 25 In the forenoon Br. Powell preached with grace and feeling on the words of Jn. 7.37: Jesus trat auf, rief u. sprach: Wer da dürstet, der komme zu mir u. trincke.158 Eight white people attended the sermon; separatists, Quakers, and Presbyterians, several of them living above 8 miles from here. Following the sermon they came and asked if they were allowed to return another time. Br. Eberhardt told them that they themselves had seen that there was no room in the hall, and [that] we were here solely for the benefit of the Indians, thus, we could not allow that they would be displaced. This notwithstanding, one could tell that they have the intention to return. The white people are starting to encroach on us very strongly, so that one does not know how to keep them away.159 One feels pity looking at them and thinking how they really hear nothing at all about their Creator and Redeemer, instead, when they get to hear a minister every now and then, he preaches to them [about] nothing but law and ethics. One observes and 104

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

hears that the spirit of persecution [toward the Moravians] here in New England is ceasing considerably, and the people are starting to gain more knowledge about the Brethren. When speaking about this160 with them, that several years ago they had treated our brethren so badly, they are ashamed and express their dissatisfaction with the justice of peace in [New] Milford — that they had not questioned our brethren publicly so that everyone could have been informed about what the Brethren’s doctrine is.161 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Gideon kept the hour in the evening. After all of the occasions, the communicant members met in the hall, and following absolution, a blessed Communion took place with 11 Indian brethren and sisters and 5 brethren and sisters from Bethlehem, under the administration of Br. Eberhardt and the deaconship of Br. Powell.

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on July 25, 1756 Gideon and his wife Petrus -Gottlieb - -

Martha Thamar Magdalena Agnes, the wife of Jeremias Benigna, the wife of Philippus

Widowers Simon

Widows Erdmuth Priscilla

Brother and Sister Jungmann Brother and Sister Powell and Eberhardt Summa 16 105

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

B [Monday] July 26 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing with several verses. Toward evening Br. Gideon came and said that Salome, the wife of his son,162 and her mother, Priscilla, had requested that he go to us and ask that we baptize the sond born to Salome last Saturday. Brother and Sister Jungmann went to Salome, spoke with her, and asked whether it was her earnest intention to be the Savior’s, and whether she intended to raise the child, whose baptism she wishes, in the name of the Savior, to which she replied yes. Thereupon Brother and Sister Jungmann told her that the child shall be baptized tomorrow during the early service. Br. Powell conducted the occasion in the evening and spoke on the Savior’s words: Ich bins.163 Br. Eberhardt announced that we intended to baptize Salome’s child tomorrow, and would, therefore, conduct the early service a little later so that the children could be present. E [Tuesday] July 27 After 7 o’clock in the morning all the brethren and sisters and children met in the hall, and having spoken about the weightiness and blessedness of baptism, [having] put the baptized ones in mind of their baptism, and [having] strongly recommended to the parents to bring their children up in the name of the Savior, Br. Eberhardt, in the manifest nearness of the Savior, baptized Salome’s child into the death of Jesus with the name Isaac. After 10 o’clock Brother and Sister Powell traveled back to the Oblong, very cheerful about that which they had felt and enjoyed. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: If from my Eyes He should depart, my Heart would feel a piercing Smart, yea I should be most wretched. C [Wednesday] July 28 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing with several verses. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 6th chapter in Mark.

F [Thursday] July 29 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on a couple of passages from the 6th chapter in Mark. 106

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

D [Friday] July 30 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy Diligence at Work, Bless us o dear Lord and God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on several points from the 6th chapter in Mark. G [Saturday] July 31 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 7th chapter in Mark. During this and the previous week most of the brethren had been out helping with the harvest in the neighborhood. A [Sunday] August 1 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words Rom. 8.1: Es ist nichts verdamliches an denen die in Christo Jesu sind, die nicht nach dem Fleische wandeln, sondern nach dem Geist.164 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Little Isaac, who was baptized last Tuesday, went to the Savior. During the conference it was agreed that we would bury the body of little Isaac tomorrow morning, because the brethren and sisters would go out afterward. Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion in the evening.

B [Monday] August 2 Around 8 o’clock all of the adults and children met in the hall, where the body of little Isaac had been placed for viewing. Br. Eberhardt spoke of the happiness of those who go to the Savior blessed, and that it was the constant desire of a sinner who had been rendered blessed to expire so as to be with his tenderly loved Savior. [He] said that instead of grieving, the parents should be joyful when the Savior took their children to be with Him, where their proper home was. For it was this that they and all of us were created for, to be near the Savior forever blessed. [He] wished that everyone shall have his heart put in such a state by the Savior, that he could joyfully accept the message of his expiration at any moment. In the end, we sang: O assuage my Longing’s Smart my Lamb bleeding, etc. Then we went to God’s Acre, in proper order, where the body was laid into its resting chamber. 107

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Today most of the brethren and several sisters and children went out to help the people with their harvest, or to do other work. Their victuals are long exhausted, thus, they are forced to go out to earn something. The sisters and children who are at home go out every day to collect blueberries, which for the most part constitutes their food at present.165 For that reason we cannot hold school. In the meantime we occupied ourselves with making hay for the winter. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 8th chapter in Mark.

E [Tuesday] August 3 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service using several verses. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. C [Wednesday] August 4 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Many brethren and sisters came home today. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. F [Thursday] August 5 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on several passages from the 8th chapter in Mark. D [Friday] August 6 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening. G [Saturday] August 7 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Fulfill in me thy Pleasure[,] thy Mercy be my Treasure, etc. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: My blessed Savior is thy Love so great, so full, so free? Behold! I give my Love, my heart, my Life, my All to thee. A [Sunday] August 8 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached and spoke, according to the words from Lk. 8.11–15, on the four kinds of hearers that came to listen to the gospel being preached. Three white people from the neighborhood were present. 108

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Gideon kept the hour in the evening, lamenting that there was so little love among them, the result of which was that one constantly ran down the other, by which they caused the Savior and their teachers sorrow. [He] wished that they may realize the sickness of their hearts and go with it to the Savior to have themselves cured by Him. I know that I am poor and wretched, he said, but I nonetheless want to give to the Savior my whole heart and love Him.

Pachgatgoch Diarium, 1756

B [Monday] August 9 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing with several verses. Today we were busy writing to Bethlehem. Close to 5 months have passed during which we had no opportunity to report to our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem how we are. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: My Jesus, look on me thy Child, who am both weak and faint: Sinners are thine, then take thy own and make a Wretch a Saint. E [Tuesday] August 10 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Br. Jungmann traveled to the Oblong to deliver our letters and the diarium of this place, from med. Mart. [Latin: middle of March] to August 8 incl., to Esqr. Harris, who intends to go to New York. He will deliver the pacquet to Br. H. v. Vleck for him to take care of it at his [Harris’s] destination [New York]. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: How sweetly rests a weary Child, when close embrac’d by you (viz. Wounds). Old Sr. Erdmuth came to sleep at Sr. Jungmann’s during the absence of Br. Jungmann. C [Wednesday] August 11 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy Meekness & Humility, Bless us O dear Lord & God. Toward evening Br. Jungmann returned from the Oblong. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 9th chapter in Mark. 109

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Following the evening occasion Br. Jungmann spoke with Br. Martin, who told him that during yesterday’s evening service he got to feeling so, that, upon returning home, he had spoken with his wife, as a result of which she now intends to approach the Savior with all her confusion and darkness, and ask Him for forgiveness for everything by which they have caused Him sorrow.

F [Thursday] August 12 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing using several verses. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening. D [Friday] August 13 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy Watching & Fasting, Bless us O dear Lord & God. At dark a man came asking for lodging; we took him in and served him as best we could. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from Mark 9: Das ist mein lieber Sohn, den solt ihr hören.166 G [Saturday] August 14 Br. Eberhardt kept the early service using several verses. Toward evening [the] Joshuas, [the] Samuels, and several other brethren and sisters came home from Sharon, where they had made and sold brooms and baskets. Today a letter from Philippus came, dated Edwards Fort, August 4, wherein he reports that they all are well, that he has been on reconnaissance several times, but has not come upon an enemy. However, Simon’s son Gomop is said to have been in a skirmish, yet reportedly escaped unharmed. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from Mark 9: Jesus Sprach: wenn du köntest glauben; Alle Dinge sind mögl. dem, der da glaubet.167 A [Sunday] August 15 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Jn. 3.36: Wer an den Sohn glaubet, der hat das ewige Leben, wer dem Sohn nicht glaubet, der wird das Leben nicht sehen, sondern der Zorn Gottes bleibet über ihm.168 110

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon, as well as the evening occasion. B [Monday] August 16 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: O dear bleeding Savior I long to embrace thee. Today we resumed school. In the evening Br. Eberhardt, guided by the 42nd verse from chapter 9 in Mark, spoke about how great a reason everyone had, especially the parents, to appeal to the Savior for grace [so] that He may preserve them from giving offence to the children in any way.

E [Tuesday] August 17 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy Rest in the Grave, Bless us O dear Lord & God. Toward noon a Quaker preacher by the name of Thomas Gothrup came (he had arrived from England), and with him, 4 other Quakers. He asked whether we wished that he hold a meeting here. Br. Eberhardt replied: We have 2 meetings every day, and it is therefore entirely unnecessary that he hold one here, and besides, we preached to the Indians nothing but the Savior and His wounds, which is all that they need to know for their salvation. If he told them something different, they would not understand it, and it is needless to burden them with high matters. The preacher: I am a servant of Christ and have [an] ordre [French: order, mandate] to preach here, and for that reason I do not think that you will deny me your meeting hall.169 I, too, believe that everyone must be washed with the blood of Jesus; thus, we do not differ in that regard. Br. Eberhardt replied: I, too, am a servant of Christ. Can you assure me that when I come to Quaker Hill desiring to preach in your meeting-house that I will be permitted to do so? This they could not answer in the affirmative. Br. Eberhardt: Because you do not allow anyone to preach in your meeting-house, you, in turn, cannot ask that I permit you to preach in our meeting-house. Besides, it would be against all good order [of things]; today you come and want to preach in our meeting-house, tomorrow a Presbyterian could come, and the day after someone else of another religion. And as far as the doctrine is concerned, we differ very much from one another; I have read all of your principles. That I am denying you our meeting hall I beg 111

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

shall not give you cause to start harboring ill feelings against us, for we could nonetheless remain good friends. They conceded that they had nothing against my negative response, but asked whether they were permitted to hold a meeting in one of the other houses. Answer: I do not want to forbid you this, but there are only few at home who can come to your meeting. They said they wanted to return tomorrow morning when the Indians are home. A couple of them went and searched out a place where the meeting could be held. There was a great deal more discussed, for example, whether when speaking of the Savior’s blood I understood this in a spiritual or real sense. Answer: I understand it as real as it flowed from the body of the Savior. For His blood did not become putrid, but was preserved, and it is that same blood that washes and cleanses us from our sins, and if not everything that a human being does is sprinkled with this blood, then it is sin. He spoke a great deal of the terrible and great God in heaven. Br. Eberhardt said, When I speak of God, I speak of Him as my dear Savior, most beloved Brother, and most tenderly loved Bridegroom; and when I pray to Him I do not imagine Him as someone sitting in heaven, but I always think that He is right there where I am praying to Him. He said, But it says in the Bible that He was in heaven. Answer: He said Himself, “I am with you always, to the close of the age.”170 He asked Br. Eberhardt whether he did not experience days of clouds and darkness. Answer: Since I gave myself to the Savior with everything that is in and about me, and have learned to cleave to the Savior as a poor sinner, I do not experience any days of clouds and darkness. When a child of God is overtaken by darkness then this has two reasons: either, in his heart he is still inclined toward sin,171 or he looks too much to his own misery, and in doing so, loses sight of the Savior. He seemed to be most embarrassed by this open declaration; said to Br. Eberhardt that he would experience the correcting grace. Br. Eberhardt said: It would not be good any other way, for I would not be a child. Then, he said, Br. Eberhardt was still in [the state of ] childhood, that is why he was so joyful. Br. Eberhardt said, I have experienced childhood, to be sure, [and] I also have experienced what it is like to have clouds and darkness, but the reason behind this was that in my heart there was still an inclination toward sin, or [that] I was growing proud over the grace received; [I] also had not learned the secret of blessed sinnerhood. He said, the Bible says: Hunger and thirst for 112

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

righteousness, and where there is hunger and thirst, there was also darkness and sorrow. Answer: As soon as one receives new life, one feels like a child just born; it immediately cries for the mother’s breast. In the same way, one hungers and thirsts for the Savior’s blood and righteousness, and when partaking of His blood and wounds frequently, the hunger and thirst will not be as painful as when partaking of it rarely. It was like someone eating 5 times a day and not being as hungry as someone who ate only once.172 One continuously hungers and thirsts, to be sure, but one’s hunger and thirst are also continuously satisfied by the Savior’s blood and wounds. He criticized the word “sinfulness” a bit. But Br. Eberhardt said: He who says he has no sin is a liar, and assured him that as long as he was in this tabernacle, he would get to feel his sinfulness. They took a friendly leave, shook hands with Br. Eberhardt 2, 3 times, and went to Kent, where they intended to hold a meeting that evening. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

C [Wednesday] August 18 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Around 8 o’clock the Quakers returned, asking for our benches, which were given them. Having sat for a long time with no one coming, one [Quaker] came to Br. Eberhardt asking him whether the Indians did not know that there would be a meeting. Answer: I did not tell anyone about it,173 whereupon they went from hut to hut inviting the Indian brethren and sisters for the meeting. After they had assembled, Br. Jungmann and Eberhardt went there as well, to hear what he would have to say. When they arrived there, the preacher was sitting and [he was] weeping. After a while one of the Quakers, probably the preacher from Quaker Hill, stood up and said: Ich erfahre daß Gott die Person nicht ansiehet, sondern in allerlei Volck, wer ihn fürchtet u. recht thut, der ist ihm angenehm;174 he spoke of the general grace of God and how the Savior was the expiation for the sins of the whole world. [He] told them that they shall fear God with all their hearts, with all their souls, and with all their minds; that they shall abstain from sin; that they shall increase the pound which they have received, so that they may be rewarded as faithful servants.175 [He] admonished them to show love for one another, and told the children that in their youth they should think of their 113

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Creator. He openly declared that he felt in his heart that God’s love was poured out into the hearts of many of the Indians of this place. After he had sat back down, the other preacher stood up and began with the words: You shall love your neighbor as yourself, and further said, This is what the French and English did not do; they defrauded the poor Indians of their lands, purchasing it for trifles and rum, stirred them up against each other [so] that they destroyed one another, making them worse than before. [He] called upon God to take revenge on the French and English for having committed so much injustice on the poor Indians; comforted the Indians that God would make them one people once again, if they followed His commandments; advised them not to let themselves be used in the war; admonished them to show love for one another; admonished the children not to quarrel and fight with one another, but instead to obey their parents. In the course of this speech the preacher shed many tears. After the meeting they came to us to bid us farewell, saying that nowhere else have they felt as comfortable as here. On parting, one of them asked Br. Eberhardt how he had liked the European minister. He said: I would not have been so bold as to give such a speech to the Indians, for with a speech like this he could incite the Indians against the English. They made off in a hurry, otherwise, Br. Eberhardt would have freely revealed to them what he thought about them. Our Indian brethren who had understood the speech of the last one, said, had they known that he would bring up such matters, they would not have gone to hear him. However, most of those who were present did not understand what he was saying; they thought that he was speaking about the war. The Savior had heard Br. Eberhardt’s prayers, that He did not let them say something that was harmful to our brethren and sisters. With his speech, the last preacher put himself in a position of ridicule with our brethren. The preacher by the name of Thos. Gothrup, who is from Europe, said that 9 years ago he had spoken with Br. Joseph [Spangenberg] in Philadelphia, at Mr. Benezet’s176 [house,] and he wished [that] he would get another opportunity to speak with him. Toward evening Br. Powell came from the Oblong. Br. Jungmann and Br. Eberhardt were in the process of making hay when a brother came and told them so; they dropped everything for joy and went to Br. Powell, welcoming 114

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

him with much tenderness and affection. No one who has never experienced it can believe what inexpressible joy it is when one gets to see a brother now and again. Br. Powell brought a letter from Br. H. v. Vleck, dated June 22 a.c., which was accompanied by several dated accounts, to wit: the memorabilia of [the congregations at] Bethlehem, Nazareth, [and] St. Thomas for the year [17]55, [and] a couple of extracts from the Bethlehem diario from part of the months of Jan. and Mart. We had already looked forward to finding letters from Bethlehem in this pacquet, and were very much saddened when we found none. Every day we must comfort one another that there is no one coming from Bethlehem for such a long time. Br. H. v. Vleck delighted us with the news that, the Savior be praised, everyone in Bethlehem is still well; that the Irene arrived with 15 single brethren, and would soon sail again; that Br. Ronner177 and Sr. Michler178 went to the Savior. May the Savior kiss dear Br. H. v. Vleck upon his heart many a thousand times. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: We with the Lamb are satisfied, who knows or feels ought more beside belongs not to our Sinner-Choir, the Lamb’s the whole of our Desire. F [Thursday] August 19 During the early service Br. Powell spoke on the words: Seine Gnade ist alle Morgen neu.179 Br. Powell traveled back to the Oblong at 9 o’clock. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening.

D [Friday] August 20 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Today Br. Jungmann was at neighbor Paine’s [house] for some wheat, and given this opportunity, his wife had come along to pay a long-promised visit. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 10th chapter in Mark.

G [Saturday] August 21 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: The Lord is mine and I am his, myself I do deliver into his Hands, who of myself and all I have is Giver. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke, guided by the 10th chapter in Mark, [about] how precious and worthy the small children are in the eyes of the Savior, 115

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

and that everyone who wanted to enter God’s kingdom needed to become like a small child. A [Sunday] August 22 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the story of blind Bartimeus, based on Mark 10. The main contentum [Latin: content] of the sermon was, that as blind Bartimeus called and cried out all the more, the people rebuked him for crying out to the Savior for the restoration of his sight. Accordingly, a poor sinner who felt the misery of his sins would not let himself be kept from the Savior, but instead he would cry out for mercy and forgiveness until he received it. One of the neighbors, by the name of Rogers,180 who lives 5 miles from here, came with his wife to attend the sermon. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. Br. Gideon conducted the occasion in the evening.

B [Monday] August 23 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. Today Priscilla went out with her entire family to earn something, as did Joshua with his family. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 11th chapter in Mark. E [Tuesday] August 24 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Each Day that I am living I praise thee with Thanksgiving. In the evening, guided by the 11th chapter in Mark, Br. Eberhardt observed in what state a person must be if he wants his supplications to be heard. C [Wednesday] August 25 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Sr. Jungmann, who, as a result of being indisposed, had been unable to hold school yesterday and the day before yesterday, resumed it [school] today. Petrus and Thamar went out to earn some victuals. Gideon, who had gone with blueberries to New Milford yesterday, returned. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 12th chapter in Mark.

116

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

F [Thursday] August 26 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on a couple of passages from the 12th chapter in Mark. D [Friday] August 27 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing with several verses. In the afternoon we were visited by a doctor and another man. They live in Kent.181 The doctor inquired about the exact time at which we hold our occasions during the day. However, because it is too early in the morning and too late in the evening for him to come, he said that he wants to attend the Sunday sermon sometime. Also, a man by the name of Micha Bronson182 visited us. He lives 8 miles from here and is one of the New Lights. He spoke very open heartedly with Br. Eberhardt, lamenting that there was so much quarreling and little love among them. Br. Eberhardt said that he was not at all surprised at that, for if they do not love the Savior, they cannot love one another. He lamented that he no longer felt as comfortable in his heart as he did several years back; he was very much plagued by disbelief. Br. Eberhardt said, this was the greatest sin of which he must have the Savior absolve him. On parting, he said that he wished he could spend an entire day with us and mentioned that he wanted to come here with his wife sometime. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening. G [Saturday] August 28 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy holy Resurrection, Bless us, O dear Lord and God. Today Priscilla with her family and others returned home. Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening.

A [Sunday] August 29 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from 1 Cor. 2.2: I determined not to know any Thing among You, save Jesus Christ and him crucified. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon.

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Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Toward evening there was an occasion for the communicant members, during which Br. Eberhardt announced that we would be invited to the great meal next Sunday, and he who felt a true hunger and thirst for the Savior’s flesh and blood shall be most welcome to the Savior. Br. Jungmann conducted the evening occasion. Throughout the entire day Br. Eberhardt was, in spirit, at the festival for the single brethren in Bethlehem, and the Savior let him feel that He recognized him as a member of that choir.

B [Monday] August 30 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy last Conversing upon Earth, Bless us O dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the 12th chapter in Mark. E [Tuesday] August 31 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy victorious Ascension, Bless us O dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service.

C [Wednesday] September 1 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: Thy sweet Nearness to us, Bless us, O dear Lord & God. The Presbyterian, the mother of Venemo’s wife, came twice that forenoon asking whether we would not want to baptize Venemo’s child, who is nearly 2 years old. The child left them no peace; it wanted to go to the meeting in the hall. And when they asked it [the child] whether it wanted to be baptized, it replied yes. This little girl has been ill ever since she was born; she suffers from consumption, and it is expected that she will go home at any time. Br. Jungmann went to the mother of the child and asked whether she yearned to have the child baptized. But she was hardly able to answer his question with a firm yes because of her tears. The family came this spring to live here; they conduct themselves in a very orderly fashion and attend the occasions regularly. In the afternoon the children and the old [Indians] met in the hall, and following a brief speech on the Savior’s love for the small children, Br. Eberhardt baptized Venemo’s child into the death of Jesus, naming her Mary, with certainty 118

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

in the heart that the Savior will soon take her to join Him. During the baptismal act, there was a pervading and blessed feeling of the nearness of the family of God, indicating that our morning prayer did not go unheard: Thy sweet Nearness to us, bless us O dear Lord & God. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on several passages from the 12th chapter in Mark. F [Thursday] September 2 Br. Jungmann kept the early service and Br. Eberhardt led a singing service in the evening. D [Friday] September 3 Br. Eberhardt delivered the morning blessing, and soon after he traveled to the Oblong to invite Brother and Sister Powell for next Communion. Brother and Sister Jungmann were engaged in speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. Between 11 and 12 o’clock in the forenoon, little Mary, having been baptized the day before yesterday, blessedly crossed over into the wounds. Her mother reported that, after having been baptized, the child was very quiet and peaceful. Br. Jungmann conducted the occasion in the evening.

G [Saturday] September 4 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. Speaking [with the brethren and sisters] was continued. Most of the brethren and sisters are like sinners and full of light, and express their longing for Communion. Toward evening Br. Eberhardt returned, and with him Brother and Sister Powell. What great joy and comfort it is to be able to visit one another every 6 weeks cannot be expressed in words. We feel with blessing that we are members of one body. Because the body of little Mary could not be kept any longer, we buried her in the moonlight. Br. Eberhardt expressed his great joy that the Savior, within a short period of time, had received two from here, and [he] wished that old and young may let themselves be prepared by the Savior, [so] that He would be able to gradually take them as well, for our true home was with Him. We delivered the evening blessing on God’s Acre. 119

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] September 5 In the forenoon Br. Powell preached on the words from Jn. 1.29: Siehe, das ist Gottes Lamm, welches der Welt Sünde träget.183 Br. Powell kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on yesterday’s and today’s watchword: Gerne will ich sie lieben. Sie sollen mich alle kennen.184 After all of the occasions, the communicants for this time met in the hall, and after we had supplicated for and received absolution, a quite blessed Communion took place with 16 Indian brethren and sisters and 5 brethren and sisters from Bethlehem, under the administration of Br. Eberhardt and the deaconship of Br. Powell. Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on September 5, 1756 Gideon and his wife Martin Samuel Petrus Gottlieb

Martha --Thamar Magdalena Elizabeth, Joshua’s wife Anna, Paska’s do. [ditto] Benigna, Philippus’s do. Agnes, Jeremias’s do.

Widowers Simon

Widows Erdmuth Johanna Priscilla

Brother and Sister Jungmann Brother and Sister Powell Br. Eberhardt Summa 21

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Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

B [Monday] September 6 During the early service Br. Powell spoke on the words: Ohne mich könt ihr nichts thun.185 Brother and Sister Powell cheerfully traveled back to the Oblong. Some 30 of our brethren and sisters went in canoes to the seaside with brooms and baskets to buy clothing for the winter. Br. Eberhardt conducted the occasion in the evening.

E [Tuesday] September 7 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words: His Blood that marks our DoorPosts and Keeps us always blest.

C [Wednesday] September 8 Br. Jungmann delivered the morning blessing. In the evening Br. Eberhardt led a singing service. F [Thursday] September 9 Br. Eberhardt sang several verses for the morning blessing. Around 10 o’clock our very dear heart Nathanael Seidel arrived from Bethlehem with Br. Müksch,186 to our inexpressible joy. We right away sent Br. Gideon to the Oblong to inform Br. Jos. Powell of the arrival of Br. Nathanael, and at the same time, to invite him to come here, because Br. Nathanael will not have the time to visit him in the Oblong because of the forthcoming synodi in Bethlehem. In the evening Br. Eberhardt conducted the occasion and observed that the Savior is the Bridegroom of the souls, and that everyone has been created for the purpose of being a bride of the Savior. D [Friday] September 10 During the early service Br. Nathanael observed how prepared the Savior stood to bless every poor sinner as soon as he rose from his bedstead in the morning. Today we were engaged in cutting tobacco187 and Welsh corn straw [stalks], item in mowing grass, in which Br. Nathanael and Müksch assisted us faithfully.

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Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

In the afternoon Br. Gideon returned from the Oblong, and with him Br. Powell. We rejoiced like children that we now made up such a delightful little flock of Bethlehem brethren and sisters. In the evening Br. Powell spoke on the words from Rom. 8.1: Es ist nichts verdamliches an denen die in Christo Jesu sind, die nicht nach dem Fleische wandeln, sondern nach dem Geist.188 Following this occasion we Bethlehem brethren and sisters held sat down together, and Br. Eberhardt read the extracts from the Bethlehem diario from med. [Latin: middle] May until August 24. It was a great delicacy for us.

G [Saturday] September 11 Br. Jungmann kept the early service. After breakfast Br. Powell traveled back home. In the evening Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Thy Friends, the excellent on Earth shall be my chief Delight and when alone, I’ll make thy Law my Study Day & Night. A [Sunday] September 12 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Jn. 19.5: Sehet, welch ein Mensch.189 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening Br. Joseph’s letter and several others addressed to the Indians were read aloud. Br. Nathanael was sorry that he found so few brethren and sisters at home, and wished that all the brethren and sisters, to the joy of the Savior and for the benefit of their own true salvation, may be steadfastly cleaving to the Savior. He told them of the well-being of our Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem to whom was sung: O keep for ever in their Sight thy so much wounded Body. Colver from the Oblong brought letters from Br. Joseph Powell. B [Monday], September 13 During the early service Br. Eberhardt spoke on the verse: Can I enough think on that Blood which Day & Night I find so good, etc. Following the early service, Br. Nathanael, Müksch, and Eberhardt took leave of those brethren and sisters who were present, and set out on their journey to Bethlehem.

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Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

[No entries until October 13] Pachgatgoch Diarium, 1756

C [Wednesday], October 13 Br. Eberhardt returned from Bethlehem, and was welcomed with much joy and tender love by those brethren and sisters who were at home. [No entries for the 14th and 15th]

G [Saturday], October 16 Having delivered the morning blessing, Br. Eberhardt traveled to the Oblong to bring Br. Powell letters from Bethlehem. A [Sunday] October 17 The sermon, which Br. Jungmann delivered, was attended by our neighbor Chamberlain and his entire family.190

B [Monday] October 18 Br. Eberhardt returned from the Oblong. [No entries until the 23rd]

G [Saturday], the 23rd Today the brethren and sisters who had been to the seaside returned home without exception. The sweet names of the Savior had been quite savory this week.

A [Sunday] the 24th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from Jn. 10.27–28, etc.: Meine Schafe hören meine Stimme u. ich kenne sie u. sie folgen mir u. ich geben ihnen das ewige Leben u. sie werden nimmermehr umkommen u. niemand wird sie aus meiner Hand reißen, etc.191

123

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday], the 26th Today visited During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt passed on the greetings from Bethlehem and read Br. Joseph’s and other letters addressed to them. They were very happy to hear something from Bethlehem and the Indian brethren and sisters who are there. Following this occasion Br. Eberhardt informed the communicant members that we intended to celebrate Communion next Sunday. [No entry for the 25th]

E [Tuesday], the 26th Today Justice Ransom from Kent visited us. He was very friendly and cordial. Br. Eberhardt told him that there had been a man staying in the winter huts this summer of whom we have heard kept rum and with it sought to lure our Indians into drinking. The justice said he had already heard of this man, and because he had business that way, he wanted to go to him and inform him that he is to get out of this township. On his way back, the justice again called on us and said that he had given the man mentioned above the consilium abeundi [Latin: advice to go away]. F [Thursday] October 27 Toward evening the wife of Mr. Mills, along with his brother, a minister, came out of neighborly love to see how we were. Agnes, the wife of Jeremias, was delivered of a daughterd today. [No entry for the 28th]

D [Friday] the 29th Br. Eberhardt, who had gone to the Oblong yesterday to let Brother and Sister Powell know that we will have Communion next Sunday, came back today.

G [Saturday] the 30th Toward evening Brother and Sister Powell and Azariah Smith arrived from the Oblong.

124

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

A [Sunday] the 31st In the forenoon Br. Powell preached from Rom. 4.7–8: Selig sind die, welchen ihre Ungerechtigkeit vergeben sind u. welchen ihre Sünden bedecket sind, selig ist der Mann, welchem Gott keine Sünde zurechnet.192 In the afternoon, during the children’s hour, Br. Eberhardt, on request, baptized the daughterd of Jeremias and Agnes into the death of Jesus with the name Anna Johanna. The stream of blood and water from the pierced heart of Jesus overflowed all of the poor sinners’ hearts. After the evening occasion, during which Br. Eberhardt had spoken on the name of the Savior, The door, we had a love feast with the communicants, at which time Br. Eberhardt called to mind that he who experienced the grace to be an absolved sinner could easily forgive any person who wronged him. He also informed the brethren and sisters that [the] Azariah Smiths would join Communion, at which we very much rejoiced, for we know with certainty that they dearly love the Savior, the brethren and sisters in general, and the Indian brethren and sisters, and also have a deep longing for the flesh and blood of the Savior. A short while after the love feast we had absolution and Communion. Our hearts melted to tears of joy and love at His manifest presence and tender embrace. There were 22 communicants, that is, 15 Indian brethren and sisters, 5 brethren and sisters from Bethlehem, and [the] Azariah Smiths as guests.

B [Monday] November 1 After the morning blessing, which Br. Jungmann delivered, Brother and Sister Powell and [the] Azariah Smiths traveled home, very cheerful and quite grateful to the Savior for everything that they had enjoyed here. Joshua, who 14 days ago had gone to New Haven to deliver to the assembly a petition concerning a piece of land, returned. They promised that they want to fully give to the Indians of this place the lot of land that is next [to them].193 [No entries until the 6th]

125

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

G [Saturday] November 6 Joshua, Gottlieb, Samuel, and Jeremias had been out hunting for a couple of days this week and got 2 small deer.194 This week a gentle air of peace flowed among us. A [Sunday] November 7 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Lk. 7, verse 36, etc., on the passage about the woman sinner who in the Pharisee’s house wet His feet with her tears and dried them with her hair, etc. When reflecting on this story, there was a feeling of melting away, and we all wished such a lovesick sinner’s heart for ourselves. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. Sarah visited us following the evening occasion, telling us that frequently she had thought that she wanted to move away from the winter huts to some other place. However, when[ever] she thought about it, her heart would become uneasy. Now she had resolved to move here, and she had the brethren’s permission to do so, who had also promised to bring her corn and other belongings to this place. Ever since her husband’s death, one can feel that the Savior constantly lays claim to her heart. B [Monday] November 8 Today the brethren jointly cut trees for rails with which to repair the fences. [No entries until the 13th]

G [Saturday] the 13th We asked our faithful and precious Chief Elder for absolution, and for new grace to henceforth live in such a way so as to give more joy to His loving heart. Today we distributed the blankets to the old brethren and sisters. They were very glad and thankful for the love of the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. Thamar wept for shame and joy. Old Simon said, Oh, how glad and thankful I am that the brethren gave me a blanket.195

A [Sunday] the 14th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Jn. 20, on the story when Thomas placed his fingers in the mark of the nails and his hand in the Savior’s side, and 126

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

burst into these words: Mein Herr u. mein Gott.196 We felt that the Savior was near with His wounds and open side. During the children’s hour that afternoon Br. Jungmann spoke on the same theme that had been addressed as part of the sermon. During the evening occasion, which Br. Eberhardt conducted, 3 of our neighbors were present. [No entry for the 15th]

E [Tuesday] the 16th Minister Mills visited us. Among other things he said that he had heard that our neighbors are not quite satisfied with us regarding one issue, which is that we acted so retire [retiré (French): distant, withdrawn] toward them, and let them feel that we are not pleased when they attend our occasions. Br. Eberhardt told him that we were here solely for the sake of the Indians. If we encouraged our neighbors to come they would displace the Indians because our meeting hall was barely large enough to accommodate the inhabitants of this place. The evening occasion was attended by the brother of the before-mentioned minister. Br. Martin, who had gone with his wife and Philippus’s Benigna to Sharon yesterday, returned home today. The reason behind their going there was [as follows]: Last week Martin’s wife and Benigna were in Sharon to sell brooms, and when walking in the road they came upon a wagoner who, out of lightmindedness, wanted to scare them; [he] took a stone, threw it at them, and hit Benigna in the head so that blood flowed. She took the stone and went to the justice, told him what had happened to her, and showed him the stone and the hole in the [her] head. Yesterday he [the justice] summoned her and the wagoner, at which time the matter was examined. The wagoner was ordered to pay 12 shilling[s] to Benigna. He was glad that the Indians wanted to resolve the matter in this way, paid the money, took the stone which he had thrown at Benigna, and buried it, promising that henceforth he wanted to love the Indians and give them food every time they came to his house. C [Wednesday], November 17 Today most of the brethren and sisters went out because there is a festival of thanksgiving in this gouvernement for the outward favors that the dear God has 127

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

shown them. On this day the white people cook and roast all sorts of things in abundance, and have a custom of sharing this with the Indians.

F [Thursday], November 18 We celebrated the festival with the few who were at home, and gave thanks to the Savior especially for the indispensable bread and robe: His blood and His righteousness. D [Friday], the 19th In the evening Venemo’s wife was delivered of a daughterd. [No entry for the 20th]

A [Sunday], the 21st Yesterday and early today most of the brethren and sisters returned home. In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached on the words from Ezek. 33, verse 11: So wahr als ich lebe, spricht der Herr: Herr: [sic] Ich habe keinen Gefallen am Tode des gottlosen, sondern daß sich der gottlose bekehre von seinen Wesen u. lebe. So bekehret euch doch nun von eurem bösen wesen. Warum wollet ihr sterben.197 [No entries until the 25th]

F [Thursday], the 25th Johannes came [home] from the army. He reported that the other Indians from here who are in the army will also arrive soon. [No entry for the 26th]

G [Saturday] the 27th This week several brethren went hunting and intend to return 8 days from today. A [Sunday], the 28th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Heb. 8, verses 10, 11, 12: Ich will geben meine Geseze in ihren Sinn u. in ihr Herz will ich sie schreiben u. will ihr Gott seÿn u. sie sollen mein Volk seÿn, u. soll nicht lehren jemand seinen Nächsten, noch jemand seinen Bruder u. sagen: Erkenne den Herrn. Denn sie sollen mich alle kennen, von dem kleinsten 128

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

an bis zu dem grössesten. Denn ich will gnädig seÿn ihrer Untugend u. ihren Sünden; u. ihrer Ungerechtigkeit will ich nicht mehr gedencken.198 [No entry for the 29th]

E [Tuesday], November 30 Tomaset, old Simon’s son, came [home] from the army. C [Wednesday], December 1 The mother of Petrus, old Mary, who had been away from here now for more than a year, arrived. She said the evil spirit had made her so mad in her head that she followed him for such a long time. [No entry for the 2nd]

D [Friday], December 3 Br. Jungmann traveled to Brother and Sister Powell to deliver a letter that we had received from New York. He also brought them a washtub that he had made for them.199 Today the brethren returned from hunting. They got 13 deer.

G [Saturday], December 4 Br. Jungmann returned in the evening. During his absence old Erdmuth had been with Sr. Jungmann. A [Sunday], the 5th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Mt. 6.22–23: Das Auge ist des Leibes Licht. Wenn dein Auge einfältig ist, so wird dein ganzer Leib lichte seÿn. Wenn aber dein Auge ein Schalt ist, so wird dein ganzer Leib finster seÿn. Wenn aber das Licht, das in dir ist Finsterniß ist, wie groß wird denn die Finsterniß selber seÿn.200 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. Following the evening occasion the communicant members gathered, to whom Br. Eberhardt announced that Communion would take place next Sunday [and] to which he invited everyone who was experiencing a true hunger and thirst. [No entries until the 11th] 129

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

G [Saturday], the 11th This week the following occurred: 1) Several brethren had gone hunting and shot a deer; 2) Lucas, Gottlob, Jonathan, [and] Paska, [as well as] Johannes and Gomop, old Simon’s 2 sons, came [home] from the army. Philippus and Paulus, who also were part of this compagnie, went to Stockbridge; 3) Brother and Sister Jungmann spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. A [Sunday], the 12th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached to a large assembly from 2 Cor. 5, verses 19, 20, 21: Gott war in Christo u. versöhnet die Welt mit ihm selber u. rechnete ihnen ihre Sünden nicht zu u. hat unter uns aufgerichtet das Wort von der Versöhnung. So sind wir nun Botschafter an Christus statt, denn Gott vermahnet durch uns: So bitten wir nun an Christus statt, laßet euch versöhnen mit Gott denn er hat den, der von keiner Sünde wuste, für uns zur Sünde gemacht, auf das wir würden in ihm die Gerechtigkeit, die vor Gott gilt.201 Br. Jungmann kept the evening occasion and the children’s hour. After all that, we had absolution and a quite blessed Communion with 12 Indian brethren and sisters. B [Monday], December 13 Today most of the brethren went out hunting. E [Tuesday], the 14th Hannah’s daughter, the so-called Jenny, was delivered of a daughterd. Christoph, Gottlieb’s son, came from Potatuck, bringing his wife, whom he had married there without our knowledge. [No entries until the 18th]

G [Saturday], the 18th Several sisters came home today. This week many had gone out to earn blankets for themselves because it appears that it will be a cold winter.

A [Sunday], the 19th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Jn. 3, verses 14–15: Wie Moses in der Wüsten eine Schlange erhöhet hat, also muß des Menschen Sohn erhöhet werden, auf daß alle die an ihn glauben, nicht verloren werden, sondern das ewige Leben haben.202 130

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. [No entries until the 23rd]

F [Thursday], the 23rd The brethren returned from hunting, having gotten 5 deer. D [Friday], December 24 In the evening we had a love feast with all of the adults in remembrance of the most joyful birthday of our most beloved Savior. Following the love feast we worshiped the dear Child Jesus, thanking Him with a cheerful heart for His unfathomable love, that He wanted to have Himself dressed in our wretched flesh and blood so that he would be able to suffer and die for our sins.

G [Saturday], the 25th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Lk. 2, verse 14: Ehre seÿ Gott in der Höhe, Friede auf Erden u. den Menschen ein Wohlgefallen.203 In the afternoon Br. Jungmann held a love feast for the children, telling them about the birth of the Savior and what great reason they had to rejoice at this, and out of gratitude surrender themselves to Him wholly. In the evening, Br. Gideon conducted a feeling occasion. A [Sunday], the 26th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Jn. 3, verses 16, 17: Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet, daß er seinen eingebornen Sohn gab, auf daß alle, die an ihn glauben, nicht verloren werden, sondern das ewige Leben haben denn Gott hat seinen Sohn nicht gesandt in die Welt, daß er die Welt richte, sondern daß die Welt durch ihn selig werde.204 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. [No entries until the 30th]

F [Thursday], the 30th Br. Gideon, who had gone to New Milford yesterday, returned home today. He brought 1 # of candles as a present for the hall. From this one can see what dear Gideon’s heart is like, and how important the occasions are to him. 131

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

D [Friday], the 31st On the last day of the year we gathered past 11 o’clock in the evening, and with melted hearts expressed our gratitude for the mercies and favors we have enjoyed. However, we expressed our gratitude especially for the following: 1) That the Savior has comforted and refreshed us with His dear nearness, and [that] He has let the words of His suffering and death and great love of sinners constantly resound among us, through which we were preserved together and have been mercifully helped to make it through many confusions. 2) That the Savior has borne us with such forbearance, and has not let many among us die with their sins, as He had plenty of reason to do, instead giving them still time to reflect, so that they may come to Him and be rendered blessed. 3) That the Savior had several among us experience the inexpressible grace of enjoying His flesh and blood 7 times in sacrament. 4) That the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem show so much forbearance and great love for us who are undeserving, that 2 brethren and 1 sister from out of their midst have dwelled among us, appealing to us in an untiring fashion: Be reconciled to God and [let yourselves] be rendered blessed inside the wounds of Jesus. Moreover, those who with much forbearance and a patient disposition seek to teach our children to read, whereby we must not forget the love of the brethren and sisters in New York, that they gave as presents several New Testaments for the children to use in school. 5) That the dear Mother, the Holy Spirit, has made the wounds of Jesus more pleasant and more indispensable for many among us, having pointed out to many that alone, inside the wounds of Jesus, blessedness is to be found for poor sinners lost in themselves, [and that the dear Mother] has brought many here to live so that they can hear [the] sweet words of their Creator and Savior. 6) That the dear heavenly Father so faithfully has seen to it that everyone had food and clothing to meet his needs, indeed, has shown His caring in that the brethren, against all expectations, got so many deer. 7) That the angelsd have watched over us so faithfully that and have [have] guarded us against many a danger. In addition to the little Jungmann girl, 5 children were born here, of whom 3 were baptized into the death of Jesus. And thanks be to the faithful Savior that He took in for safekeeping 2 of the baptized ones. 132

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Abraham, too, has departed this life, of whom we can say nothing, but are leaving him to the Savior’s mercy. Inhabitants at this place are: that is, baptized ones: of which 20 have been to Communion. Unbaptized ones:

106 63

43 106

In closing the old year, we appealed to the Savior for forgiveness for everything past, and with the new year we asked for new blessings, which we knew not how to express any better than with the words: Dein heiliges Blut laß über uns regnen, etc.205 G [Saturday], Jan[ua]ry 1, 1757 In the afternoon Br. Jungmann conducted an occasion for the children and told them that yesterday a year had passed, and today a new year was beginning. [He] asked that with the new year they surrender themselves anew to the Savior.

A [Sunday], the 2nd In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Rom. 10, verse 15: Wie lieblich sind die Füße derer, die den Frieden verkündigen, die das gute verkündigen.206 Today we learned that Nanaush, Christian’s son, who had been in the army, died several miles beyond Albany. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. [No entries for the 3rd and 4th]

C [Wednesday], the 5th Paulus, Simon’s son, came [home] from the army. He had been to Br. Powell’s [house], and brought a letter from him wherein he reported that, through Esqr. Harris, who had been to New York, he had received word that everyone was living blessedly in peace in Bethlehem; that the Irene had arrived, bringing precious Br. Petrum207 and 4 single brethren, [and] that Martin Mack and Nicholas Garrison had traveled to Wachovia. These tidings were very enjoyable for us to hear. 133

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

F [Thursday], the 6th For the celebration of Epiphany, we had that afternoon a love feast with all the children, and in the evening, with all the adults. The gifts that we were bearing for the most beloved Child Jesus were our sinful hearts and tabernacles.

D [Friday], the 7th Br. Gideon told us that he had spoken with old Seiakus, who said that he wanted to grow to love the Savior and frequently thought that he would very much want to be baptized. However, when looking at many of the baptized ones — that they conduct themselves so badly — this would mean for him that he will not be improved by having himself baptized. His heart, however, countered that he should not look to others, but to himself instead, [to know] how bad he was. For some time old Seiakus has been attending the occasions very diligently. [No entry for the 8th]

A [Sunday], January 9 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Jn. 3, verse 8: Dazu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes, daß er die Werke des Teufels zerstöre.208 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. In the evening, Br. Eberhardt read the creation story. [No entries until the 13th]

F [Thursday], the 13th Br. Eberhardt traveled to Brother and Sister Powell. [No entries until the 17th]

B [Monday], the 17th Br. Eberhardt came back. During his presence there [in the Oblong] he read to Brother and Sister Powell several weeks [of entries] from the Jüngerhaus Diario209 and the news from Bethlehem, which Esqr. Harris had brought from New York. [No entries until the 22nd] 134

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

G [Saturday], the 22nd Br. Gideon went to Nathan Gaylord in New Milford to deliver to his charge letters for New York and Bethlehem. This man, out of affection [for us], let us know that he was sending a messenger to New York, who would take along letters from us, should we want to write. He had seen the brethren being led to prison in New Milford,210 and he has loved the brethren ever since. A [Sunday], the 23rd In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Jn. 3, verses 23, 24: Das ist sein Gebot, daß wir glauben an den Namen seines Sohnes Jesu Christi u. lieben uns unter einander, wie er uns ein Gebot gegeben hat. U. wer seine Gebote hält, der bleibt in ihm u. Er in ihm. Und daran erkennen wir, daß er in uns bleibet, an dem Geist, den er uns gegeben hat.211 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. Today Br. Jungmann spoke with Solomon, who complained to him of feeling very uneasy and full of sorrow in his heart because he frequently acted so badly, and he knew not how to help himself. He had often resolved to avoid every opportunity [where he could do wrong], but before he would know what was happening, he would be carried along, still and all. Br. Jungmann told him [that] the reason for this was that he, seeking to help himself, was bypassing the Savior. He should just go to the Savior; He would surely help him if he was earnest about wanting to get away from these affairs. Gomop, Simon’s son, came from Stockbridge, where he had found Christiana’s brother well; also Philippus, Gottlieb’s son, who is staying there out of fear, given that he deserted from the army. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the extract from Br. Carie’s last letters, as well as a little of the extract from the Bethlehem Diario of part of the month of December. The brethren and sisters of this place, as well as the others, rejoice every time they hear such news. [No entry for the 24th]

D [Friday], the 25th An unbaptized Indian woman, who for a short while has been regularly attending the occasions, spoke with Sr. Jungmann, telling her that now she was beginning to understand what was being said at the occasions. Her heart felt very 135

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

much getroubled212 (her expression) when she heard that the Creator has died for her. She shed many tears at feeling so miserable. In the evening Br. Eberhardt read the story of the flood. Following that occasion Br. Eberhardt informed the communicant members that we would have Communion next Sunday.

C [Wednesday], January 26 Today Erdmuth’s grandson came for a visit from the seaside. [No entries for the 27th and 28th]

F [Thursday], the 29th Yesterday and today Brother and Sister Jungmann spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. They greatly delighted in the brethren and sisters’ openness, sinfulness, and confident heart for the Savior. A [Sunday], the 30th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 2 Pet. 3.9: Der Herr hat Geduld mit uns u. will nicht, daß jemand verloren werde, sondern daß sich jederman zur Buße kehre.213 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. Past 8 o’clock in the evening we had absolution and an especially blessed Communion. [Blank] This time the Savior, to our great joy, quite shamed us. Before speaking [with the communicant members] we thought that there would be about 7 or 8 communicants, yet for a long time there have not been as many as on this occasion, that is, 17 Indian brethren and sisters and we 3. [Blank] Our wish is that the Savior may shame us often in this way.

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on January 30, 1757214 Gideon Joshua Gottlieb

and his wife ---

136

Martha Elizabeth Magdalena

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Jeremias Samuel Petrus Martin

----

Agnes Lucia Thamar

Paska’s wife Philippus’s - the old

Anna Benigna Erdmuth

Simon Summa 17 Indian brethren and sisters Brother and Sister Jungmann and Eberhardt

[No entries until February 5]

G [Saturday], February 5 This week everything proceeded in due order, yet this is noteworthy: that for a long time we have not had such frequent visits from the brethren and sisters as during this week, which is a sign that they are in good spirits and [that they] love. A [Sunday], February 6 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Lk. 1, verse 74, 75: [D]aß wir erlöset aus der Hand unsrer Feinde, ihm dieneten ohne Furcht unser Leben lang in Heiligkeit u. Gerechtigkeit, die ihm gefällig ist.215 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. B [Monday], the 7th We had a very sorrowful evening. The Indians who had been in the army had bought rum into the neighborhood, and drank and made noise all through the evening and night, which was saddening to hear.

137

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

E [Tuesday], the 8th Br. Gideon, who had offered to go to New Milford yesterday to inquire whether the messenger had returned from New York, came back; however, the messenger had not yet arrived. C [Wednesday], the 9th We had the conference Old Simon came and complained that he was very much saddened by his sons, that they had conducted themselves so badly. Indeed, he was full of sorrow about himself, that he had allowed himself to be talked into drinking by his sons. We directed him to the Savior — that he should ask Him for forgiveness. [We] advised him that the next time his sons wanted to drink in his house he should go away and stay with another brother. He said he had not thought of it, that he could do that. F [Thursday], the 10th We had the conference brethren assembled and pointed out to them that not only was it a disgrace that such a dissolute life was carried on here, but that it was also very harmful to their children, that they should have to see and listen to this sort of thing and could easily be drawn into it and enticed into all sorts of sins. They expressed their dissatisfaction at this, and promised that they wanted to speak with all the Indians here and forbid them to bring strong drink to this place. [No entry for the 11th]

G [Saturday], February 12 Br. Jungmann went to the man who had sold rum to the Indians, and warned him, and said that if he sold rum to the Indians again, the justice would be told about it. He promised that from now on he did not want to sell them nothing any rum or any strong drink.

A [Sunday], the 13th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Acts 13, verses 47, 48: Ich habe dich den Heiden zum Licht gesezt, daß du das Heil seÿst bis ans Ende der Erden. Da es die Heiden höreten, wurden sie froh u. preiseten das Wort des Herrn u. wurden gläubig.216 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. 138

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

B [Monday], the 14th In the forenoon Br. Gideon had all of the adult inhabitants of both sexes assemble in his house, where he pointed out to them how harmful it was to them when they drank so much strong drink. Within only one year they had now heard, to be sure, that 4 of the Indians of this place alone had lost their lives because of this [behavior]. At the same time, it was very harmful to their children when they saw and heard them in their drunken state, and not only that: they should also consider how much sorrow they were causing the Savior and their teachers with this. Finally, he assured them that should this happen again, that someone would bring strong drink to this place and commit such frolicks, then he [Gideon], if he found no one else, would go to the justice himself and report them. [No entries for the 15th and 16th]

F [Thursday], February 17 Lucas and Paulus returned from Stockbridge, having learned that the Indians who went from the New York gouvernement to Colonel Johnson217 the previous year, and have lived there since, requested that the Stockbridge Indians receive them, for they cannot make a living for themselves by hunting, given that they are not accustomed to it and are better able to maintain themselves by making brooms, baskets, and trays. The Stockbridge Indians have granted them their request and intend to soon go and get them at Colonel Johnson’s.218 At the same time, they have also heard that the Susquehanna Indians, who have been staying with Johnson, intend to move to Tioga.219 [No entries for the 18th and 19th]

A [Sunday], the 20th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt conducted the occasion by singing songs and praying from the litany, because he did not feel up to talking. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. [No entries until the 26th] 139

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

G [Saturday], the 26th This week many brethren and sisters were out to sell brooms. A [Sunday], the 27th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Acts 4, verse 12: Es ist in keinem andern Heil, ist auch kein ander Name den Menschen gegeben, darinnen wir sollen selig werden, als in den Namen Jesu Christi.220 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and Br. Gideon the evening occasion. B [Monday], the 28th Today it is one year since Br. Eberhardt came here. [No entries until the 3rd]

F [Thursday] Mart. 3 Two men from the neighborhood were with us. The one [man], by the name of John Broadshaw,221 said that several years back he had been very uneasy about his state and had often resolved to avoid bad company, but had been unable to do so. In this uneasy state of his, he once dreamed that he was climbing down a high mountain, and on reaching the valley, he saw the devil next to a great fire, who [then] took him and cut him with a knife all over his body. In this state of fear he saw not far from there the Savior in human form, to whom he cried out for help. Thus, the Savior came, took his hand and freed him from the devil, and then led him by the hand back up the mountain, where they came to a large house into which He led him after 2 gates had opened by themselves. Having entered, they climbed 2 sets of stairs. However, on reaching the third set of stairs, the Savior said to him: This time you cannot go further, instead abide by me always. Thereupon the Savior left him and climbed the third set of stairs, and after the Savior had entered the room, he heard such delightful singing like he had never before heard in his life. Since that time he has been abiding by the Savior, and when reading that the Savior has died for his sins, he cannot hold back his tears. He was always feeling that he was a bad person. Moreover, he said of his daughter, who is about 12 years old, that when she was 8 years of age, she dreamed that the Savior came into the room where she 140

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

was and said she should come to Him. But she was afraid to go to Him, whereupon the Savior went to her, took her hand, and after He sat down, put her hand on His knee, caressed it, and said: You are forgiven your sins, and the sins of your father, your mother, and those of some neighbors are also forgiven. After this the child reportedly became very cheerful. He said that the same child acts very quietly and takes no pleasure in light-minded company. The same man also reported the following event: One day an Indian came to a man and bought tobacco from him, and having sold the tobacco [to the Indian], he summoned his children for prayer. Meanwhile the Indian sat by the fire, squeezing the water out of the purchased tobacco. After the man had finished his prayers, the Indian asked him whether he was a good man. He replied: I hope so. He [the Indian] further asked whether he believed that God had heard his prayers. He replied: I hope so. Thereupon the Indian stood up, placed his fingers in both ears, and said to the man, This is what God does when you [people] pray. He will not listen to you, for you cheat a poor Indian and sell him such wet tobacco. [No entries for the 4th and 5th]

A [Sunday], Mart. 6 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Lk. 9, verse 25: Was Nuz hätte der Mensch, ob er die ganze Welt gewonnen u. ginge verlohren oder würde verworffen.222 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. Following the evening occasion, Br. Eberhardt announced to the communicant members that we intended to have Holy Communion next Sunday. [No entry for the 7th]

E [Tuesday], the 8th Brother and Sister Jungmann came to this place two years ago today.

C [Wednesday], the 9th To our great joy Br. Ettwein arrived here toward evening, bringing us many affectionate letters and beautiful tidings. During the evening occasion Br. Ettwein passed on the greetings that he was 141

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

bearing from Bethlehem and New York. Likewise, the greetings contained in the letters were passed on.

F [Thursday], the 10th During the occasion in the evening Br. Ettwein observed that all of those who lived outside the Savior walked in darkness, but those to whom the wounds of the Savior are dear and clear always walked blessedly in the light. [No entry for the 11th]

G [Saturday], Mart. 12 Yesterday and today Brother and Sister Jungmann spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, finding the majority to be sinners and longing for Holy Communion.

A [Sunday], the 13th In the forenoon Br. Ettwein preached on the words: Siehet auf Jesum Christum den Anfänger u. Vollender des Glaubens.223 A gentle air of grace flowed during the meeting. In the afternoon Br. Ettwein held a delightful love feast for the children. We felt quite well on this occasion. He likewise held a love feast for today’s communicants, at which time something from the Berbice Diario was communicated, in particular how the Indian brethren and sisters had declared themselves toward Br. Nathanael [Seidel] during his stay there. Br. Gideon conducted the evening occasion, portraying the Savior in His expiation, suffering, and passion in quite a feeling way, and calling upon everyone to love [one another]. After all that, we had absolution and a blessed Communion with 14 Indian brethren and sisters, administered by Br. Ettwein, so that this day was a blessed day of bliss.

142

Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on Mart. 13, 1757224 Gideon Joshua Samuel Gottlieb Jeremias

and his wife ----

Martha Elizabeth Lucia Magdalena

Petrus’s Paska’s

wife --

Thamar Anna

Widowers Simon

Widows Erdmuth Johanna

Brother and Sister Jungmann Br. Ettwein and Eberhardt Summa 18.

143

Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt 14 March to 7 November 1757

Pachgatgoch Diarium, 17571

B [Monday], Mart. 14 Br. Ettwein kept the early service, after which he took leave of the brethren and sisters, who sent along many heartfelt greetings for the white and brown brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. We sent with him our diarium from October 13, 1756, to Mart. 13, 1757, and with that Br. Ettwein traveled to Brother and Sister Powell in the Oblong. Br. Jungmann accompanied him for 10 miles, as far as Sharon, whence he returned in the evening with several buschel[s] of wheat that he had bought there. G [Saturday], Mart. 19 This week many brethren and sisters had gone out, some to make canoes, some [to make] brooms. A [Sunday], Mart. 20 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Isaiah 53, verses 4, 5: Fürwahr Er trug unsere Kranckheit u. lud auf sich unsere Schmerzen. Er ist um unserer Mißethaten willen verwundet u. um unserer Sünde willen geschlagen. Die Strafe lag auf ihm, auf daß wir Friede hätten u. durch seine Wunden sind wir geheilet.2 Two men from the neighborhood were present. During the children’s hour in the afternoon, Br. Eberhardt read from Br. Tranekier’s3 relation of Grace-Hall4 from July 4, 1755, about how the Savior had made his close presence so powerfully and blessedly known to the children there. The children were very attent [attentive]. During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt read from the Greenland diarii, from the last 5 months of the year [17]54.

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries until the 24th]

F [Thursday], the 24th Joshua and his family [and] Thamar and her family went out to make brooms. D [Friday], Mart. 25 During the early service we remembered with joy and thanksgiving the Savior’s conception. [The] Martins, Jeremias, Gideon, and Gottlieb went to New Milford to sell brooms, etc., so that only 7 brethren and sisters were at home. [Blank] We are not saddened by their leaving, for it does not occur because of confusion, as [it did] a year ago, but because their circumstances make it necessary for them to see how they can earn something.5 [No entry for the 26th]

A [Sunday], the 27th Around noon the brethren and sisters who had left the day before yesterday returned home. They had been hindered from coming yesterday by the hard rain and snow. Because few brethren and sisters came to attend the meeting, we prayed from the litany instead of [having] the sermon. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. [No entries until April 2]

G [Saturday], April 2 Joshua came home with his wife to attend the occasions tomorrow, and then to return to their compagnie. They reported that their company was in good spirits and well, except for Caritas, who had burned her foot. A [Sunday], the 3rd In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from John 10, verse 9: Ich bin die Thür: So jemand durch mich eingehet, der wird selig werden, u. wird ein u. ausgehen u. weide finden.6 Following the sermon, Br. Eberhardt called to mind that this week was

145

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Passion Week; [he] wished that the brethren and sisters would not go out other than for pressing reasons, for he is going to read aloud the Passion story. [No entries until the 6th]

C [Wednesday], the 6th [Today] was a day of fasting and of prayer and repentance in this land, which we likewise observed. In the forenoon, at 11 o’clock, Br. Eberhardt read aloud the story of when the prophet Jonah was sent to the people in Nineveh to proclaim to them their demise, which they had brought upon themselves as a result of their ungodly ways, and how they averted punishment by fasting and conversion. It was called to mind that a people who know and love the Savior never let it get to the point where judgment has to be passed on them, and that they have to think of averting it [the judgment] by way of fasting and conversion. Instead, if something came between them and the Savior, they would immediately resolve it with Him and ask for forgiveness. [No entry for the 7th]

D [Friday], April the 8th Toward evening Joshua came home with the greater part of his compagnie so as to be here through Sunday.

G [Saturday], the 9th In the same way that the Savior’s sufferings, death, and burial had been read about during the previous days, today we read about how the Pharisees and scribes had sealed the Savior’s tomb and had it secured with a guard.

A [Sunday], the 10th Early in the morning on Easter Day, the story of the Savior’s resurrection and how He appeared to Maria Magdalene [Mary Magdalen] and to the other women was read aloud. Then, having sung several verses about the Savior’s resurrection, we went to our God’s Acre and remembered in name the 2 children who have gone home since last Easter, directly shortly after their baptism. During the sermon in the forenoon, Br. Eberhardt spoke, in general, about the Savior’s painful and shameful sufferings and death, which amply demonstrated 146

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

His extraordinary love for us, and that it is an inexpressible misery and anguish to be a slave to sin and the devil, and to become banished from His sight until the end of time. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept a feeling children’s hour. In the evening [the story] of how the Savior appeared [first] to the 2 disciples who were going to Emmaus, and later to the other disciples, was read aloud. The Savior’s nearness during all of the occasions filled us with joy and melted our hearts quite blessedly.

B [Monday], April 11 Today Joshua went with his compagnie 10 miles from here to their place of work. [No entries until the 16th]

G [Saturday], the 16th The brethren and sisters who had left 5 weeks ago to make canoes and brooms arrived [today], bringing 5 canoes laden with brooms and broomsticks. A [Sunday], the 17th Joshua came in the morning to attend today’s occasions. He reported that his company was still well and in good spirits. In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Jn. 20, on how Thomas placed his fingers in the marks of the nails, and his hand in the Savior’s side, which caused him to burst into these words: Mein Herr u. mein Gott.7 In the afternoon Magdalena, the wife of young Seiakus, was delivered of a daughterd. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and the evening occasion. Following the evening occasion, Br. Eberhardt announced to the communicant members that we will have Holy Communion next Sunday. B [Monday], the 18th Today we learned that Paulus and Johannes, Simon’s 2 sons, have enlisted, it., that Lucas, whose wife had left him the previous spring, married Christian’s daughter while they were out to make the canoes.8 147

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries until the 21st]

F [Thursday], the 21st Brother and Sister Jungmann began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. D [Friday], the 22nd In the afternoon Joshua came home with the greater part of his compagnie. G [Saturday], the 23rd Toward evening, to everyone’s joy, Brother and Sister Powell, Azariah Smith, and Heinrich Martin arrived. A [Sunday], April 24 In the forenoon Br. Powell preached from Hebrews 12, verse 3: Gedencket an den, der ein solches Wiedersprechen von den Sündern wieder sich erduldet hat, daß ihr nicht in eurem Muth matt werdet, u. ablaßet.9 In the afternoon Br. Powell kept a delightful children’s hour. Past 6 o’clock, today’s communicants had a love feast. Br. Eberhardt spoke on today’s watchword, 5 Moses 9, verse 21: Aber eure Sünde, das Kalb nahm ich u. zermalmete es, biß es Staub ward.10 Herr! walt ein Tropfen Bluts in meiner Adern Bach, der dir nicht eigen ist, den treffe deine Rach.11 He observed that the Savior’s body was the sole and sovereign means by which every drop of blood that refused to submit itself wholly to the Savior could be struck dead. In the evening Br. Gideon conducted a feeling occasion on the Savior’s love for the poor sinners. After all that, we had an inexpressibly blessed Communion with 14 Indian brethren and sisters and 7 white brethren and sisters. Throughout all of the occasions the Savior let us feel His true and merciful presence, so that we are able to truly say: It was a blessed day for us.

148

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

The following brethren and sisters joined in Communion in Pachgatgoch on April 24, 175712 Gideon and his wife Joshua Martin Jeremias Gottlieb Simon Petrus’s wife Paska’s wife

Martha Elizabeth Justina Agnes

Thamar Anna Erdmuth Johanna Brother and Sister Joseph Powell Brother and Sister Jungmann Azariah Smith Heinrich Martin and Eberhardt Summa 21.

B [Monday], the 25th Having delivered the early service and having bled several Indian brethren and sisters, Br. Powell traveled to the Oblong with his wife and Azariah Smith, and Heinrich Martin [traveled] to Rhinebeck, blessed and in good spirits. Joshua went with his company to their place of work. [No entries for the 26th and 27th]

F [Thursday], April 28. The rest [of those] who had been out to make canoes came home. Christian, who had enlisted, went to his captain to go [from there] to Lake George.13

149

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries for the 29th and 30th]

A [Sunday], May 1 In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from John 12.32: Wenn ich erhöhet werde von der Erden (ans Creuz) so will ich sie alle zu mir ziehen.14 Two men from the neighborhood were present. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion.

B [Monday], the 2nd In the forenoon Lieut. Mills15 with his wife, and a minister by the name of Kenn, came to visit us. When the minister learned that we believed that the Savior had died for the sins of the whole world, he said, God forbid that I should have such thoughts.16 Our Indian brethren and sisters know the minister and told us that he is a bad, unspiritual man.17 E [Tuesday], the 3rd The Esqr. [Roger] Sherman and [Samuel] Adams18 were here as comitees from the assembly to see how far the Indians of this place are claiming their land. They expressed themselves very favourable for the Indians [i.e., in the Indians’ favor] and demonstrated this also by action, for a man who purchased half of the lot, which the assembly had conceded to the Indians 2 years ago, had 3/4 of it measured out to him. But they [Sherman and Adams] divided it properly, as a result of which the Indians got about an additional 100 acres of land. They are hopeful to either get the entire lot mentioned above, or a different lot of about 500 acres that borders on it.19 C [Wednesday], May 4 Joshua went to Sharon to take his brooms to the revir and then further on to New York. We sent letters to New York and Bethlehem with him.

F [Thursday], the 5th Gideon and his Martha went to Sharon with 50 brooms in order to send them to New York. 150

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

D [Friday], the 6th Joshua returned and brought his entire family and the rest of his company. The wagoner who was to bring their brooms to the revir is unable to go any time before next Monday or Tuesday.

G [Saturday], the 7th Our meeting in the evening was well attended because nearly all of the [Indian] residents are now here. The Savior granted [me] grace to speak with a rather warm heart of His great desire to render sinners blessed. A [Sunday], the 8th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Matthew 11, verse 28: Kommt her zu mir alle die ihr mühselig u. beladen seÿd. Ich will euch erquicken.20 The fire in the woods that was moving toward the fences made this day somewhat unsettling. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour. In the evening the brethren had a conference with one another on the points that they want to request from the gouverneur and [the] assembly. The evening occasion was conducted with Indian verses, as usual. B [Monday], the 9th Joshua went to Sharon, hoping that the wagoner will go with the brooms. The wife that Christoph had taken this winter, and [whom he had] left again already a long time ago, went back to her parents in Potatuck today. She had been told by several brethren and sisters that she could no longer stay here, because it was noticed that she tried a number of times to seduce the young menfolk. [No entry for the 10th]

C [Wednesday], May 11 Elizabeth, Joshua’s wife, who had accompanied him to Sharon, came and reported that today he had left [by wagon] with the brooms for Poughkeepsie. [No entries for the 12th and 13th] 151

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

A [Sunday], the 14th In the morning, Joshua came and reported that the justice in Poughkeepsie had forbidden him to take his brooms to the revier, notwithstanding that he had a pass from the justice in Kent. The reason for this prohibition was really this: The justice is a merchant and desired to have the brooms, which he made very clear, for he gave Joshua barely half the value of the brooms, and in addition wanted to pay him with nothing else but wares, which he was taxing very highly.21 We were very sorry that the poor brethren and sisters who had made the brooms were so shamefully cheated. In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 John 3, verses 7, 8, 9: Laßet euch niemand verführen. Wer recht thut der ist gerecht, gleich wie Er gerecht ist. Wer Sünde thut der ist vom Teufel, denn der Teufel sündiget vom Anfang. Dazu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes, daß er die Werke des Teufels zerstöhre. Wer aus Gott gebohren ist, der thut nicht Sünde, dem sein Same bleibt bei ihm u. kan nicht sündigen, denn er ist von Gott gebohren.22 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion.

B [Monday], the 15th Today the brethren and sisters began to plow and plant, and will continue with this throughout the entire week, due to which school was suspended this week. [No entries until the 19th]

F [Thursday], the 19th of May On Ascension Day the story of the Savior’s ascension was read, and at the same time it was called to mind that everyone who loved and knew the Savior as a human being will be overjoyed once He appears [on earth] in the same way He ascended to heaven. D [Friday], the 20th Today Joshua went to Hartford to request from the assembly, in the name of all of the Indians here, the enclosed points.23 [No entry for the 21st] 152

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

A [Sunday], the 22nd In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Matthew 7, verses 13, 14: Gehet ein durch die enge Pforte, denn die Pforte ist weit u. der Weg ist breit, der zur Verdamniß abführet, u. ihrer sind viel, die drauf wandeln. Und die Pforte ist enge u. der Weg ist schmal, der zum Leben führet, u. wenig ist ihrer, die ihn finden.24 An Indian who is in service in the neighborhood was present.25 [No entries until the 28th]

G [Saturday], the 28th Solomon, his mother Gertraud, and an old, lame Indian by the name of Hatchet came here today. Solomon and his mother had been away for several months. This week the brethren and sisters have been plowing and planting industriously and are almost finished. A [Sunday], the 29th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Thessalonians 5, verses 9, 10: Gott hat uns nicht gesezt zum Zorn, sondern die Seligkeit zu besizen durch unsern Herrn Jesum Christ, der für uns gestorben ist, auf daß wir wachen oder schlafen, zugleich mit ihm leben sollen.26 Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. Following the evening occasion, Br. Eberhardt informed the communicant members that we will have Holy Communion next Sunday.

B [Monday], May 30 Today we resumed school. [No entry for the 31st]

C [Wednesday], June 1 Joshua came from Hartford and reported that, because the time until the court would finish [its business] was too long for him to wait, his advocat[e] promised to leave the result of their petition with one of the neighbors. F [Thursday], the 2nd Br. Eberhardt traveled to Brother and Sister Powell to let them know that we will celebrate Communion next Sunday. 153

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entry for the 3rd]

G [Saturday], the 4th When speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion], Brother and Sister Jungmann found them to be desirous of Communion in the manner of sinners. Old Maria, who was gone from here for over a year, and now has been living here again for a couple of months, begged to be admitted to Communion again, which Brother and Sister Jungmann permitted her. Simon’s Benigna, who has been confus[ed] and dark for a long time, admitted and remorsefully recognized her bad conduct, and her request for permission to again join in Communion was granted. Old Priscilla, who for some time has conducted herself badly and at the same time has been very much unlike a sinner, likewise asked permission to again join in Communion, for which she was given permission.27 In the afternoon Br. Eberhardt came from the Oblong with Brother and Sister Powell and Azariah Smith’s wife. Along the way, Br. Eberhardt had received from a man a letter for us from Br. v. Vleck, and several for Br. Powell from Bethlehem, etc., from which we learned with heartfelt joy and interest that our dear and beloved brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, New York, Jamaica, and Antigua are living in a blessed state of peace. A [Sunday], June 5 In the forenoon Br. Powell preached with a feeling and warm heart from Matthew 5, verse 6: Selig sind die, welche hungern u. dursten nach der Gerechtigkeit, den sie sollen satt werden.28 Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour and the love feast for today’s communicants. After the evening occasion, which Br. Jungmann conducted, we had the holy, all-surpassing Communion of the flesh and blood of our most beloved Savior. The communicants were 20 in number, that is, 14 Indian brethren and sisters and 6 white brethren and sisters.

154

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Holy Communion in Pachgatgoch on June 5, 1757.29 Gideon and his wife Martin Gottlieb Simon Petrus’s wife Paska’s wife Jeremias’s

Martha Justina Magdalena

Thamar Anna Agnes Old Mary Erdmuth Priscilla Simon’s daughter Benigna Brother and Sister Powell Azariah Smith’s wife Brother and Sister Jungmann and Eberhardt Summa 20.

B [Monday], the 6th Following the early service, which Br. Powell kept, Brother and Sister Powell and Azariah Smith’s wife traveled back to the Oblong with joyful and grateful hearts over the grace that they had enjoyed. Also, a large partie [French: party] of Indian brethren and sisters went to the seaside to sell their brooms, canoes, etc., there. They intend to be back here next Saturday. [No entries until the 11th]

G [Saturday], the 11th Most of those [brethren and sisters] who had been to the seaside arrived, so did those who had either worked or fished near New Milford.

155

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

A [Sunday], the 12th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Corinthians 1, verse 30: Jesus Christus ist uns von Got gemacht zur Weisheit u. zur Gerechtigkeit u. zur Heiligung u. zur Erlösung.30 Three children from the neighborhood were present; also an Indian who is in service in the neighborhood. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. B [Monday], the 13th The rest came from the seaside today. [No entries until the 17th]

D [Friday], the 17th In the afternoon a woman who does not live far from here came and asked that we take her in because of the rain and thunder, which we did. She stayed overnight because of the steady rain. This was the first rain in 6 weeks to soak the ground.31 [No entry for the 18th]

A [Sunday], the 19th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Romans 6, verses 1–4: Sollen wir in der Sünde beharren, auf daß die Gnade desto machtiger werde, das sey ferne,32 etc. The Indian from the neighborhood was present. Br. Jungmann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. [No entries for the 20th and 21st]

C [Wednesday], the 22nd Toward evening Br. Sensemann came, inspiring delight all around. The beautiful letters and tidings from Bethlehem were received with much joy and heartfelt gratitude. F [Thursday], the 23rd In the morning Br. Eberhardt traveled to the Oblong to let Brother and Sister Powell partake of our joy, and to deliver to them their letters. Br. Jungmann had been to Mr. Jebez Swift, who told him that he has assumed the guardianship over the Indians at this place, and that, when the petition was 156

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

read, it was mentioned by the deputies, who had been here in May, that one of the brethren, namely Jungmann, had told them that we would like to see the above-mentioned Jebez Swift appointed guardian of the Indians at this place, whereupon the full court conferred this office on him. Furthermore, he reported that the reason why the Indians did not get the desired land was because their advocate had not presented their petition properly and had not expressed the Indians’ mind clearly enough. However, he [their advocate] intended to present the matter [more] clearly before the next court, and was hoping that they will get it [the land].33 D [Friday], the 24th Today the brethren and sisters got bark to build a hut for Petrus and Thamar, for their old hut is no longer any good. Toward evening Br. Eberhardt came from the Oblong and could not express how glad the friends there became when they were told of the well-being of the brethren and sisters. The people [in the Oblong] rejoice at [seeing] a brother at least as much as they could rejoice at [seeing] an angel, for which their tears of love and joy are ample proof. In the evening passed on the greetings from Bethlehem were passed on, and Br. Eberhardt read to them [the brethren and sisters] the tenderhearted letters from Br. Joseph [Spangenberg], at which time many a matter was discoursed upon, such as how the brethren everywhere rejoice when the Indian brethren and sisters so love the Savior and are blessed inside His wounds.

G [Saturday], June 25 This week the brethren and sisters finished hoeing their Welsh corn. They had hoed it together, and it had gone on quite pleasantly. A [Sunday], the 26th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Romans 8, verses 8, 9: Die fleischlich sind, mögen Got nicht gefallen ihr aber seyd nicht fleischlich, sondern geistlich, so anders Gottes Geist in euch wohnet. Wer aber Christus Geist nicht hat, der ist nicht sein.34 Our neighbor Paine was present. In the afternoon Br. Jungmann kept an affectionate children’s hour. Br. Eberhardt conducted the evening occasion. One of the neighbors was present. 157

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Pachgatgoch Diarium, 175735

B [Monday], June 27 Having delivered the morning blessing, and having recommended himself to the remembrance of the brethren and sisters, Br. Jungmann left with his wife and child from here for Bethlehem. Br. Sensemann and Eberhardt accompanied them as far as the so-called winter huts, and recommended them to the loving nearness of the Savior and the protection of the beloved, heavenly Father. [The] Gottliebs went to the seaside.

E [Tuesday], the 28th Yesterday and today the brethren and grown menfolk went and got bark and built new huts for Simon and Hannah.

C [Wednesday], the 29th Joshua and Samuel went with their families to work in the neighborhood. [No entries for the 30th and the 1st]

F [Thursday], July 2 The brethren and sisters have let us feel on all occasions that they love us, which is a sign that in their hearts they are in good spirits and full of light. Br. Sensemann and Eberhardt conducted the occasions alternatim [Latin: alternately, by turns]. A [Sunday], July 3 In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from Luke 15, verses 1, 2: Es naheten zu ihm allerlei Zölner u. Sünder, daß sie ihn höreten. Und die Pharisäer u. Schriftgelehrten murreten u. sprachen: Dieser nimt die Sünder an u. ißet mit ihnen.36 Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Sensemann conducted the evening occasion. [No entries until the 7th]

158

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

F [Thursday], July 7 Today we had the pleasure of holding a love feast for all of the children with currants37 from our garden. Joshua and Samuel returned home with their families. [No entry for the 8th]

G [Saturday], the 9th Br. Sensemann traveled to the Oblong to carry out the commission with which he had been charged at the last synodo, and at the same time to let Brother and Sister Powell know that we will have Holy Communion on Sunday, July 17. [The] Gottliebs returned from the seaside, bringing with them 3 grown girls who want to visit their relatives here. A [Sunday], the 10th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Timothy 1, verse 15: Das ist je gewißlich wahr u. ein theuer werthes Wort, daß Christus Jesus kommen ist in die Welt, die Sünder selig zu machen, unter welchen ich der vornehmste bin.38 Aside from the visiting Indian women, one woman from the neighborhood attended the sermon. Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Br. Gideon conducted the occasion in the evening, describing the wounds of the Savior most affectionately. Following this occasion, Br. Eberhardt announced to the communicants that we will have Holy Communion next Sunday. [No entry for the 11th]

E [Tuesday], the 12th The visiting Indian women traveled back home. During their presence here they had attended the occasions regularly. Br. Sensemann returned from the Oblong, much delighted at the sincere affection of the friends there.

C [Wednesday], July 13 Zipporah came home, bringing old David’s daughter for a visit.

159

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

F [Thursday], the 14th Br. Sensemannn and Eberhardt began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. [No entry for the 15th]

G [Saturday], the 16th Today we finished speaking [with the brethren and sisters]; the individual sisters were spoken with in the presence of Thamar or Justina.39 [Blank] We were overjoyed at the brethren and sisters’ being like sinners and [their] longing for Communion. There were about 5 [brethren and sisters] who could not or did not want to join on account of [their] circumstances. Because it was raining very hard today, we did not think that Brother and Sister Powell would come. However, they came toward evening with Azariah Smith, to [our] mutual joy. A [Sunday], the 17th In the forenoon Br. Powell preached from John 3, verse 18: Wer an ihn glaubet der wird nicht gerichtet, wer aber nicht glaubet, der ist schon gerichtet, denn er glaubet nicht an den Namen des eingebornen Sohns Gottes.40 Br. Sensemann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, came to Br. Eberhardt and said that her daughter, who has been ill with a fever for some time, desired to be baptized. He consoled her by saying that when we saw that it pleased the Savior to take her from this world, and we sensed a true desire, then we would baptize her. During the love feast for the communicants, it was pointed out that the acquaintance of the people in the Oblong with the Savior and with the Brethren had begun with those brethren who had been in Shekomeko with the Indian brethren and sisters. And then it so happened that their first regular preacher, namely Br. Joseph Powell, had his last plan among the Indians in Gnadenhütten.41 It could be sensed that the people in the Oblong loved the Indian brethren and sisters and very often wished that their circumstances permitted that they could visit them here. Following the evening occasion, which Br. Eberhardt conducted, we had a quite blessed Communion with 16 Indian brethren and sisters and 5 white

160

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

brethren and sisters. Br. Sensemann consecrated and administered [the Sacrament] under the deaconship of Br. Powell.

Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who joined in Holy Communion in Pachgatgoch on July 17, 1757. Gideon and his wife Gottlieb Samuel Martin Simon

Martha Magdalena Lucia Justina Thamar, Petrus’s wife Elisabeth, Joshua’s wife Anna, Paska’s Priscilla Mary Erdmuth Johanna

Brother and Sister Powell Azariah Smith Sensemann Eberhardt Summa 21.

B [Monday], July 18 Having delivered the morning blessing, Br. Powell traveled back home with his wife and Azariah Smith, in very good spirits.

E [Tuesday], the 19th In the morning, right away, we faced a sad prospect, with Joshua riding about on horseback in a drunken state, degrading himself in front of young and old. In the evening our hearts were saddened more yet, because several of the 161

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

brethren who had been helping with the harvest in the neighborhood were drunk. [No entries until the 23rd]

G [Saturday], the 23rd Br. Sensemann had gone visiting in the winter huts. This week has been a difficult week for us, for not only have those who had gotten drunk been dark, but [they] also had confused a number of others with their poor conduct and assailing talk. A [Sunday], the 24th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached, guided by Matthew 23, verse 37: Wie gerne der Heiland sie versamlen wolte wie eine Henne ihre Kücklein unter ihre Flügel versamlet.42 Br. Sensemann kept the children’s hour with feeling and sincere affection. Our visit to the huts had the effect that several once again become somewhat more full of light. In the evening Br. Eberhardt conducted the occasion and spoke about the blessedness of a sinner who loves the Savior above all else, and lives with everyone in love and peace. B [Monday], July 25 Gideon came and said he was very sad about his conduct last week and did not know how to satisfy anew the people in his house. We advised him to chiefly ask the Savior for forgiveness, and then [those of ] his household43 whom he had angered. [No entry for the 26th]

C [Wednesday], the 27th We spoke with Johanna, Gideon’s daughter, and with Thamar, and asked them to forgive Gideon, who was saddened by his conduct.44 They promised to do so. [No entries until the 31st]

A [Sunday], the 31st In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from Matthew 18, verses 21, 22: Herr, 162

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

wie oft muß ich denn meinem Bruder, der an mir sündiget, vergeben? Ists gnug siebenmal?45 etc. After the sermon was concluded Gideon arose and asked everyone’s forgiveness. Some time after the children’s hour, which Br. Sensemann kept, the communicants gathered, at which time Br. Eberhardt spoke about the words from 1 John 1, verse 7: So wir im Licht wandeln, wie er im Licht ist, so haben wir Gemeinschaft unter einander u. das Blut Jesu Christi, seines Sohns, machet uns rein von aller Sünde.46 He recommended to them how good it would be if a brother or sister who had gotten into something right away confessed it to the Savior and asked for forgiveness, and then to also be openhearted toward those whom the Savior had appointed to watch over their souls. Thus, it would not be necessary for them to spend much time in a state of darkness and unblessedness; rather, the blood of Jesus would cleanse them of all sins. It was also recommended to them to gladly forgive when someone sinned against them. Finally, Br. Eberhardt said, in hopes that we gladly forgive one another everything, [now] we together want to ask the Savior’s forgiveness for everything that has occurred, and sang: My Lord — here stand I blushing Sinner on whom Wrath ought to light, etc., it., O thou dearest Bridegroom slaughterd Lamb — give us absolution, etc. Having given one another the Kiss of Love, we dissolved the meeting in peace. Br. Sensemann conducted the evening occasion.

B [Monday], August 1 Joshua went out with his family to work. In the evening Samuel told us that one of our neighbors, by the name of Syr Thomas,47 who is expecting to depart this life at any moment, had asked him to ask us that we please come to him.

E [Tuesday], the 2nd We visited the aforementioned man, who was at one time awakened during a meeting about 4 years ago that had been conducted by Br. Sensemann. However, since then [he] has strayed again from his heart and has spent his time accumulating money. He was very glad when he saw us and said that now he looked to nothing else but the Savior. Among other things he said: Ever since I saw the 163

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Savior, I feel an incredible love for you. On taking leave he asked us to remember him before the Savior, and at his request we promised to visit him again. [No entries until the 7th]

A [Sunday], August 7 Very early in the morning Jebez Swift came from Kent and said that word had arrived that the French had laid siege to the English fort on Lake George,48 and asked whether any one of the Indians here wanted to come to the aid of the besieged. Samuel volunteered, and in fact went right along. As for the circumstances surrounding this war, we leave everyone his liberty, and do not seek to stop them directe [French: direct; directement: directly], so as not to give the authorities any cause for suspicion. In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Acts 10, verse 33: Wir sind alle hier gegenwärtig vor Gott, zu hören alles, was dir von Gott befohlen ist.49 He observed that this needed to be the situation with the hearers who wished to attend the meeting with blessing. Moreover, that the words which God has commanded us to say to them are: Believe in the Lord Jesus and you shall receive forgiveness of your sins. Br. Eberhardt kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. B [Monday], August 8 Today we called on our sick neighbor, who was pleased that we visited him. However, we did not find him as well disposed with respect to his heart as we would have wished. E [Tuesday], the 9th Martin and Lucas went to Canaan to make canoes, intending to return next week. Joshua came back home with his family. [No entry for the 10th]

F [Thursday], the 11th Timotheus came from Stockbridge for a visit. He came in the evening to visit us and reported that this spring he had seen at [Sir William] Johnson’s [the Indians] Abraham, Jonathan, David, Joachim, and several others known to him, 164

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

who had complained that they were faring very poorly; also, that Simon was working with his family in Kinderhook among the white people.50

D [Friday], the 12th Timotheus traveled back home. [No entry for the 13th]

A [Sunday], the 14th In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from 1 Peter 1, verses 18, 19: Wißet, daß ihr nicht mit vergänglichem Silber oder Golde erlöset seÿd von eurem eiteln Wandel, nach väterlicher weise, sondern mit den theuren Blut Christi, als eines unschuldigen u. unbeflekten Lammes.51 We learned from a neighbor who attended the sermon that Syr Thomas, who has been mentioned several times, departed this life yesterday. Br. Sensemann kept the children’s hour and evening occasion. [No entries until the 19th]

D [Friday], August 19 Today we were much delighted by letters from Br. Joseph and other brethren in Bethlehem, d.d. [Latin: de dato (of the day)] June 8, a.c. In the evening Br. Eberhardt passed on the greetings to the brethren and sisters of this place and announced [to them] that once the brethren and sisters who were out have come home, he wanted to relate to the [brethren and sisters] here the letters from the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem.

G [Saturday], the 20th Today Martin, Lucas, etc., came bringing 4 canoes.

A [Sunday], the 21st In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from 1 Timothy 4, verse 10: Darum arbeiten wir u. werden geschmähet, daß wir auf den lebendigen Got hoffen, welcher ist der Heiland aller Menschen, sonderlich aber der Gläubigen.52 [Blank] Two men from the neighborhood were present who also attended the children’s hour in the afternoon, which Br. Eberhardt kept. 165

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Toward evening Samuel returned and said that the French, who had taken the fort on Lake George, had gone back to Canada after they had emptied it out [and] burned it, so that it never came to a battle between the English and French.53 During the evening occasion Br. Eberhardt read aloud the letters from the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. We sang to them: O keep for ever in their Sight thy so much wounded Body, their peaceful Seat be in the Light of thy Nail Holes so bloody. Following this occasion Br. Eberhardt announced to the communicant members that we will celebrate Holy Communion next Sunday; [he] wished that they may value highly this immense grace, so that the Savior may not feel compelled to withdraw this grace from them.

E [Tuesday], August 23 Br. Eberhardt traveled to the Oblong to deliver Br. Joseph’s letter to Br. Joseph Powell, and to let him know, at the same time, that we will celebrate Holy Communion next Sunday. [No entry for the 24th]

F [Thursday], the 25th Br. Eberhardt returned from the Oblong and brought week[s] 15–22 of the Jüngerhaus Diarii from a.d. 1755, which one of our friends had found with a merchant in Poughkeepsie. They were addressed to Br. Powell, but no letter was attached, so that we do not know when [they were sent] or who sent them. [No entry for the 26th]

G [Saturday], the 27th Yesterday and today we spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion] and were able to delight in most of them being upright and like sinners. Also, found many more hearts hungry for Communion than we had expected, so that the Savior shamed us greatly and gladdened us at the same time, giving us new courage. Toward evening Brother and Sister Powell arrived from the Oblong with Sr. [Azariah] Smith. They were received by the brethren and sisters with much tenderness and welcomed with affection. 166

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

A [Sunday], the 28th In the forenoon Br. Powell preached from John 6, verse 35: Ich bin das brodt des lebens: Wer zu mir kommt, den wird nicht hungern, u. wer an mich gläubet, den wird nimmermehr dursten.54 There was a blessed feeling present at the discussion of this theme. Two men from the neighborhood by the name of [Ichabod] Rogers and [James] Atherton were present. Br. Sensemann kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. Toward evening we had a delightful love feast with today’s communicants. Br. Eberhardt conducted the evening occasion on the word from 2 Corinthians, 4, verse 6: Got, der da hieß das Licht aus der Finsterniß hervor leuchten, der gebe einen hellen Schein in aller Herzen.55 Following this occasion, today’s communicants gathered, and after we had ourselves absolved as poor sinners, we celebrated Holy Communion under the administration and deaconship of Br. Eberhardt and Sensemann. We felt the blessed power of His body and blood, and were deeply grateful and glad. There were 21 communicants, that is, 16 Indian brethren and sisters and 5 white brethren and sisters. B [Monday], August 29 Br. Powell conducted the morning occasion, and soon after traveled with his wife and Sr. Smith to the Oblong, with joyous and blessed hearts. [No entries until the 3rd]

G [Saturday], September 3 Br. Eberhardt traveled to the Oblong for some provisions. A [Sunday], the 4th Br. Sensemann conducted the occasions in due order, as usual. Elisabeth, Joshua’s wife, was delivered of a sond.

B [Monday], the 5th Br. Eberhardt returned from the Oblong, most delighted at the love and sincere affection of the peopled there. 167

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries until the 11th]

A [Sunday], the 11th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached about the lost son from Luke 15. During the children’s hour in the afternoon, Joshua and Elisabeth’s son, upon request, was baptized by Br. Eberhardt into the death of Jesus with the name Petrus. B [Monday], September 12 Br. Gottlieb went to Stockbridge to visit his son Philippus, who has been away for more than 1 1/2 years, and to see whether he can bring him back here. [No entries for the 13th and 14th]

F [Thursday], the 15th Br. Gottlieb returned, bringing his son Philippus and another Indian from among his wife’s relations. [No entries for the 16th and 17th]

A [Sunday], the 18th In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from 1 Jn. 1.12. The children’s hour and evening occasion were conducted as usual. [No entry for the 19th]

E [Tuesday], the 20th Today many of the brethren and sisters, and others, went to the seaside in 5 canoes laden with baskets, brooms, p[p]. [No entry for the 21st]

F [Thursday], the 22nd In the morning, Gottlob’s wife Leah was delivered of a sond. The Indian from Stockbridge went back home. He had attended the occasions a couple of times. Philippus also went to Stockbridge but intends to return next week. 168

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries for the 23rd and 24th]

A [Sunday], the 25th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt prayed from the litany. No sermon was delivered because few brethren and sisters are at home. [No entry for the 26th]

E [Tuesday], the 27th Philippus returned from Stockbridge. [No entries until October 1]

G [Saturday], October 1 They [the Indians] returned from the seaside the day before yesterday, yesterday, and today. The reason for their long absence was that 3 Negroes had stolen the belongings of many [of the Indians] during the night, while they were sleeping in a barn. The Negroes were found, tried, and whipped.

A [Sunday], October 2 In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from John 3, verse 16: So hat Got die Welt geliebet, daß er seinen eingebohrnen Sohn gab, auf daß alle die an ihn glauben, nicht verlohren werden, sondern das ewige Leben haben.56 [No entries until the 6th]

F [Thursday], the 6th Three of the neighbors attended the evening occasion.

D [Friday], the 7th Br. Sensemann traveled to the Oblong to let Brother and Sister Powell know that we will celebrate Holy Communion on Sunday, the 16th. [No entry for the 8th]

A [Sunday], the 9th In the forenoon Br. Eberhardt preached from Luke 8, about the parable of the sower and the seed. 169

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

B [Monday], the 10th Br. Sensemann returned from the Oblong. The peopled there had very much entreated him to stay with them through Sunday.

E [Tuesday], the 11th In the morning Martin’s wife Justina was delivered of a sond. [No entries until the 15th]

G [Saturday], the 15th Yesterday and today we spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, finding the majority longing for the flesh and blood of the Savior in sacrament. A [Sunday], the 16th In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from Isaiah 52, verse 7: Wie lieblich sind auf den Bergen die Füße der Boten, die da Friede verkündigen, gutes predigen, Heil verkündigen; die da sagen zu Zion: Dein Got ist König.57 During the children’s hour in the afternoon, the sond of Martin and Justina, at their request, was baptized by Br. Sensemann into the death of Jesus and named Matthew. A while later there was the liturgy with today’s communicants. Because of the very hard rain there was no general evening occasion. However, we celebrated a blessed Communion with 13 Indian brethren and sisters.

Communicants in Pachgatgoch on October 16, 1757: Gottlieb and his wife, Magdalena Samuel Lucia Martin Justina Petrus Thamar Gideon Simon

170

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

Erdmuth Mary Anna Sensemann Eberhardt Summa 15. [No entries until the 23rd]

A [Sunday], October 23 Before the sermon, we had the communion brethren who were at home assembled, and asked them how they thought it would end with them and their children if they continued the way they started to [behave] awhile ago. We told them that we were filled with sorrow over them and over their children, because their children were learning drinking and fighting from them. [We] advised them to ask the Savior’s forgiveness for everything that has passed. They recognized their transgressions and were broken because of them. During the sermon Br. Eberhardt spoke on the words from Rom. 1, verses 28–32, incl.: Gleich wie sie nicht geachtet haben, daß sie Got erkenneten, hat sie Got auch dahin gegeben in verkehrten Sinn, zu thun, das nicht taugt,58 etc. Br. Sensemann kept the children’s hour, and Brother Eberhardt the evening occasion. [No entries until the 29th]

G [Saturday], the 29th Last Sunday’s admonition had a good effect, which was evidenced by the orderly and quiet conduct [of the brethren and sisters] throughout this week.

A [Sunday], October 30 In the forenoon Br. Sensemann preached from 1 Jn. 2, verses 23, 25: Wer den Sohn leugnet, der hat auch den Vater nicht. Was ihr nun gehöret habt von Anfang, das bleibe bei euch — Und das ist die Verheissung die er uns verheissen hat, das ewige Leben.59

171

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

[No entries for the 31st or November 1st]

C [Wednesday], November 2 At half-past one o’clock in the afternoon, after a long wait filled with yearning, brethren from Bethlehem arrived, namely, our very dear heart Joseph [Spangenberg] and Br. Jungmann. Their arrival inspired joy all around. Everyone, great and small, came to give them a warm welcome. At 3 o’clock Br. Eberhardt traveled to the Oblong to inform Brother and Sister Powell of dear Br. Joseph’s arrival and, at the same time, to arrange with him [Powell] how everything is to be regulated until Br. Joseph arrived there. In the evening Br. Joseph read the letters that the Indian brethren and sisters in Bethlehem had written to the brethren and sisters here. Thereupon he spoke about the collect on today’s watchword: Sein Tod hat den Tod zerhauen, das er uns nicht freßen kan.60 F [Thursday], the 3rd Having delivered the morning blessing, Br. Joseph traveled with Br. Sensemann to Brother and Sister Powell in the Oblong. Messengers were sent out to inform the brethren and sisters who are in the woods of Br. Joseph’s arrival, so that they may be home by the time of his return from the Oblong. [No entries for the 4th and 5th]

A [Sunday], the 6th Br. Jungmann delivered the sermon, [the] children’s hour, and [the] evening occasion. B [Monday], the 7th At 3 o’clock in the afternoon, Br. Joseph returned with Br. Sensemann and Eberhardt from the Oblong. After Br. Joseph had visited all of the residents in their houses, there was a love feast with all of the baptized ones, 60 in number. He passed on many greetings to them from the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and other places, [and] assured them that Br. Johanan [Zinzendorf] and Br. Johannes [von Watteville] think of them often, and love them dearly. [He] reported to them on the 172

Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757

well-being of the Indians in Greenland and Berbice, likewise on how the Negroes in Jamaica, Antigua, etc., are receiving with joy the word of the suffering and death of Jesus. Then he spoke of the blessedness of being in close communion with the Savior at all times, and how those who obeyed and followed the dear Mother, [that is,] the Holy Spirit, will grow wise, [and], by contrast, how all those who did not obey and follow the Spirit of God were fools. Finally, [he] wished that they may preserve in their hearts the grace that the Savior has granted them, so that they are not like a sieve that remains empty no matter how much one pours into it. In the end, the evening blessing was given by means of several verses.

173

Bernhard Adam Grube 12 October to 29 December 1758 Pachgatgoch Diarium, October 17581 The 12th To the joy of Brother and Sister Schmick, and that of the Indian congregationd, our dear hearts, [the] Spangenbergs, arrived here together with Brother and Sister Grube and their little Anna Johanna. They were welcomed most tenderly. During the meeting in the evening Br. Joseph passed on greetings to them from the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and other places, and spoke on the watchword of the day: Die hand unsers Gottes ist zum besten über alle, die ihn suchen. Er braucht an uns kein Argelist, das können wir ihm vertrauen.2 The 13th Br. Joseph kept the early service and soon after went visiting in the huts; Sr. Spangenberg did likewise. The Indian brethren and sisters were very happy about this visit. In the afternoon the congregationd had a love feast at which time several pleasant subjects came up for discussion. Moreover, the Savior presented us with a candidate for baptism, the second daughter of Joshua, who was then baptized by Br. Schmick during the evening meeting and named Martha Elisabeth. Beforehand, Br. Joseph delivered a beautiful sermon on today’s watchword: Der herr is nahe allen, die Ihn anruffen: Allen, die Ihn mit Ernst anrufen. Ein treues Ohr für alle Schäden.3 Thereupon Br. Schmick performed the baptismal actum in the Mahikander [Mahican] language, with much grace and in the presence of the family of God. Dear Brother and Sister Schmick prepared themselves for their journey, on which they set out on the 14th, in the company of our dear heart Joseph and his wife by way of Sichem, New York, to Bethlehem. Br. Joseph conducted the morning meeting and recommended this brown congregationd to the bloody wounds of our martyred Lambd. Thereupon the brethren and sisters came and took a tender leave of Brother and Sister Spangenberg and [the]

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

Schmicks, and many a teard of love was shed on both sides. It was a very rainy day. In the evening I conducted the first meeting about the collect on today’s watchword: Gegraben in seine Hand.4 The address was on the blessed gaze into the marks of the nails, and my heart felt very well on this occasion. Today we frequently thought of our dear hearts who had departed, recommending them and our plan to our faithful Husband. We had a number of visits from those great and small. We especially had the opportunity to speak with Gottlieb and Magdalena, who had just now returned home from the seaside having earned something for themselves there; they looked all full of light. The 15th The sermon was at 11 o’clock. Beforehand, part of the church litany5 was prayed, and then today’s Sunday gospel was preached on. After the sermon was the children’s hour, and I spoke to them about the Savior’s loving heart for the children; they were very attentive and sang in English and Indian. In the afternoon my wife and I visited the brethren and sisters in their houses. In the evening we had a blessed hour on today’s watchword. Afterward several brethren visited me, with whom I held a Bande. The 16th During the early service the gaze into the marks of the nails was discussed. The brethren and sisters were industrious harvesting Welsh corn. Several announced their leaving in order to earn something, for they are in need of clothing. Beningna, Simon’s daughter, visited us, and when we inquired about her heart, she said, I am very bad. I do not at all feel any longer as well as when I was in Bethlehem in the single sisters’ house; I deprived myself of great blessedness by leaving. The evening meeting took place as usual. The 17th I began the boys’ and girls’ school. The former at 8 and [the] other at 9 o’clock. Several of the children are learning nicely to understand English, and the very little ones, too, repeat the English versesd lispingly. Today was a very rainy day and we often thought of our dear hearts on their journey to N. York. The evening service was kept on the Savior’s words: Zacha[eus] ich muß heute zu deinem hauße ein kehren.6 The Savior was near us. 175

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

The 18th During the morning blessing we remembered the birthday of our most dearest Johannes [von Watteville]; I took special part in his election by grace. Our people mostly went to Kent today to watch the new minister7 being introduced; they did so unasked. The 19th d We had a joyous hour in the evening, about staying near the martyred Husband at all times. I also finished making the second cutting [of hay]. [No entry for the 20th] The 21st I began to thresh out our oats which, however, was very difficult for me because of my bad back. Mr. Mills came for a visit and was very pleasant; was surprised that Brother and Sister Schmick had left here so quickly. In the evening there was a small but blessed meeting. The brethren were in the Beesbank,8 sweating. We frequently thought of Bethlehem today and wished to be in the hall at Communion. The 22nd At 11 o’ clock was the sermon on today’s gospel, at which time I took the opportunity to speak about the forgiveness of sins in the blood of Jesus. Then followed the children’s hour, and the Friend of the children was discussed. Next began the classes for the communicants, then followed those for the baptized ones, during all of which we reminded each one of his baptismal grace and to take joy in the same. This afternoon we also had many visits from those great and small. Salome also came and recalled her day of baptism 9 years ago today, and we spoke with her warmly about the Savior’s loving heart for her. Joshua also came to us and wished for his eldest daughter Juliana to be in the single sisters’ house9 in Bethlehem. She is an agreeable and feeling girl, can read English, and also write some. Joshua was very softhearted and wept, saying that things here in Pachgatgoch were not at all any longer the way they were 8 years ago, when everyone had been more desirous of the Savior.10 In the evening the congregation service took place and the collect on the watchword was discussed: about the power of sin from which we are freed through Christ’s blood, and with that, we recommended ourselves, also tonight, to the bloody wounds. 176

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

The 24th After school I went to the mill 4 miles from here to grind Welsh corn and to buy some wheat. The evening meeting was about the collect on today’s watchword: Und man sieht sich von der Stunde als ein Kind der Gnade an.11 [No entry for the 25th] The 26th I visited the huts. Several brethren were ill. Old Petrus held a Bande with me and said that his heart would sometimes tell him [that] this winter he should go some place where there was much wood, for here in Pachgatgoch there was very little, and he was also [too] old to carry any hither.12 But then he would think, If I go away, I will no longer hear any words about the Savior, and also will not have Communion. I rather want to stay here and be cold and enjoy something for my heart.13 The 27th At 8 o’clock the communicants had a quarter-of-an-hour about the collect on today’s watchword. And in the afternoon the speaking [in preparation for Communion] was commenced. Joshua and one unbaptized [Indian] went hunting for several weeks; they took a friendly leave. The schools also proceeded in due order. The 28th Speaking [with the brethren and sisters] was continued. The 29th At 11 o’clock was the sermon on John 6, about the bread of life. Afterward there was the children’s hour. In the evening we had a blessed Communion with 15 brethren and sisters; our dear Husband was very amicable toward us, and near. The 30th We had blessed occasions in the morning and in the evening. The 31st The brethren cut some firewood for me, 1 1/2 miles from here, for which I gave them a good midday meal. In the evening meeting the story of Mary Magdalen was told, and the blessed heart of a sinner was spoken about. 177

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

November 1 During the early service the[se] words were discussed: Wenn ich erwache so bist du beÿ mir.14 The schools were next. Several brethren and sisters went out with brooms [to sell]. In the afternoon I got wood from the mountain. The hour in the evening was about today’s watchword. [No entries for the 2nd and 3rd] The 4th A number of white people called on us during these days and took the midday meal with us. Several menfolk went hunting some 20 miles from here. The evening meeting was on the words: Ich bin kommen die Sünder seel. zu machen.15 My work today was to get wood from the mountain, which was fairly troublesome, however. I also threshed some oats. November 5 At 11 o’clock there was the sermon on the words: So ihr den herrn Jesum angezogen habt, so wandelt in Ihm.16 Then the children’s hour followed. In the afternoon we had a joyous conference with the helpers, which will take place every Sunday. In the evening today’s watchword was discussed. Afterward the older girls visited us, for whom I played on the zither, and they sang to it several English versesd. Our little Anna Johanngen17 was somewhat ill today. The 6th Br. Gambold and Azariah Smith came from Sichem for a visit, which stirred in us a great deal of joy. Br. Gambold conducted the evening meeting on the words: Seelich sind die hungern u. dursten nach der Gerechtigkeit,18 p[p]. Three of our neighbors attended the meeting, among whom was Mr. Mills. They went home very satifeit [satisfied]. The 7th The 2 brethren returned home to Sichem after we had enjoyed and deeply rejoiced with one another. In the evening the verse Die h. 5 Wunden dein,19 p[p]., was discussed. The 8th Comforted we were especially comforted by His precious nearness. Today I had several cartloads of wood brought here through Mr. Mills of Kent. Samuel 178

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

and a number of young people went hunting 20 miles from here. The meeting was small today, as few are at home and are helping the white people harvest Welsh corn. [No entry for the 9th] The 10th We had an exceptionally heavy snowfall. The Indians could not remember having had such deep snow and severe cold here at this time [of year]. Wood was very scarce. Our beloved Husband was powerfully near us in our meetings today. The 11th The cold was more severe yet, causing the water in the house to freeze thickly. We were very grateful to our dear Father that we had a small supply of wood and were able to keep ourselves warm. During the evening meeting the words Make my Heart quite fiery, by thy bleeding Love were discussed, and we indeed felt this to be so. The 12th At 11 o’clock the sermon was on the words from the litany, which had been prayed beforehand, Thy precious Blood, thy Cross and thorny Crown, at which time there was a blessed feeling present. During the children’s hour a verse from the children’s bookd was discussed. Then followed the classes for the brethren and then for the sisters, where they were especially informed about tomorrow’s festival of the Chief Elder. [The] conference with the helpers was last. In the evening the congregational service took place. My dear wife had her 43rd birthday, and the Indian sisters came to greet and to kiss her.20 Today our beloved Husband was especially near us and we thanked Him in a very childlike manner for our election by grace. The 13th First there was the morning blessing. At 10 o’clock the entire little flock gathered to kneel down before the heart of our Chief Elder, which took place following an address on today’s watchword. Our most beloved Chief Elder looked upon us most mercifully. I asked the brethren and sisters to make use of this day in a special way, and to discuss all of their circumstances with the Savior. 179

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

I prayed separately with the children and recommended them to the faithful heart of our Chief Elder. In the evening the regular hour took place. Afterward the communicants worshiped under the Te Agno [Latin: Thou Lamb or O Lamb], and with that, this day, so great and important to us, was blessedly brought to a close. The 14th I went to the mill. In the evening we had a very blessed hourd on the 5 wounds of our martyred Lambd. The 15th The severe cold let up again. During the evening meeting I spoke on the words Der Bräutigam kommt,21 and on this occasion we felt: Ach käme er noch heute zu uns herein.22 Soon after our dear heart David Zeisberger delighted us unexpectedly with his visit, and we spent the evening together joyfully, greatly rejoicing to hear something from Bethlehem. The 16th Br. David Zeisberger kept the early service and at the same time greeted the brethren and sisters most warmly from the congregation in Bethlehem. Everyone was surprised and delighted about the unexpected visit. Little by little those great and small came and greeted Br. David, who was busy building a partition wall in the house today. At the meeting in the evening the text was: Siehe das ist Gottes Lamm.23 [Blank] Our watchwords had already run out on November 11, therefore, I am forced to choose a text of the day myself. [No entry for the 17th] The 18th During the morning and evening meetings the loving heart of our faithful and beloved Lord was discussed. David and I also went on the mountain and cut some wood. Mr. Hower and his daughter visited us. The 19th Br. David Zeisberger preached on the words: Niemand hat größere Liebe als der sein leben vor seine Freunde läßt.24 I kept the children’s hour, and then the classes for the men, women, and single sisters took place, all of which were held with 180

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

blessing. In the afternoon David went visiting in the huts. In the evening during the congregation service the words Er hat die Gemeine mit seinem Blute erworben25 were discussed. Several returned home from hunting. [No entries from the 20th to the 23rd] The 24th We especially remembered the incident on the Mahoning,26 as well as the birthday of the Jüngerin.27 We also thanked our dear Father, who so mercifully protected our David [Zeisberger] against great harm when a very large stone fell down in the cellar on the same spot where he had stood only a moment before. I kept the early service and David the evening meeting. Our little Anna Johanngen was very ill from teething. The 25th We closed this week blessedly. David kept the early service and I the evening meeting. The schools were suspended this week, for we had a great deal of work walling up our cellar,28 and it was high time, for otherwise this house would have suffered great damage this winter. David was master and I the hodman. We are so very glad and grateful that our dear David came to us and served us so very greatly in this short time. Today we thought especially much of our dear Bethlehem and wished to be there in the hall for Communion. The 26th At noon the sermon was on Romans 6: So wie ihr den herrn Jesum angezogen habt so wandelt in Ihm.29 Br. David Zeisberger kept the children’s hour, and in the afternoon the conference with the helpers took place. There were also 2 white people here attending the meeting; one was a Quaker. Br. David kept the hour in the evening and spoke about the Savior’s great love for us human beings. On closing this day, our martyred Husband was sacramentally near us, and we 3 hearts were quite blessedly overcome and refreshed, and thus, we laid ourselves down to rest in His arms. Also, our Anna Johanngen improved somewhat today. 181

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

The 27th Br. David kept the early service. This afternoon we finished the wall in the cellar on which our dear David had worked so faithfully, otherwise we would have been in danger of having the house collapse on us. In the evening I spoke on the verse Gelobet seÿ das lamm es hat uns funden,30 p[p]. Also, 2 gentel [gentle] folk called on us, who came from New England, 100 m[iles] from here. And because they wanted me to read something in German to them, I had the opportunity to tell them something about the Savior. I read to them the verse O haupt voll blut u. Wunden.31 They desired to know what this meant in English. They received the word altogether heartily.

Pachgatgoch Diarium, 1758 The 28th of November Br. David Zeisberger kept the early service and in the course of it took a heartfelt leave. The brethren and sisters all came and saluted him, giving him many greetings for the congregation, and soon after he set out for Bethlehem. I accompanied him for several miles, and so we parted from each other with special tenderness. Since his brief stay he has rendered us many acts of kindness. We also gave him letters for Bethlehem and New York to take along. In the evening we had a blessed meeting. Several hunters came home. The 29th It was an extremely rainy day and we especially thought of our dear David on his journey. Today the schools were resumed and were attended by many. The 30th Both of us were ill, our Lamb of God was near us, and Anna Johanngen was lively and in good spirits. Decembr. The 1st During the early service today’s watchword was discussed: Unsere Seele soll sich rühmen des herrn, d[a]ß es die Elenden hören, und sich freuen.32 In the evening the 182

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

lit[urgical] t[ext] Ich bin beÿ dir33 was discussed. The Savior was especially near us and could be felt during each of the occasions. When I visited Petrus today, he said: A couple of days ago I was quite confused, for it became clear to me that I do not know the Savior yet. It is indeed astonishing that the Savior and the brethren have been troubling themselves about us for so long, yet we are still not progressing. Thus I had the opportunity to hold a Bande with him. [No entry for the 2nd] The 3rd My wife became very ill during the night and we spent the night keeping watch, but very much in good spirits. The Sunday’s occasions went on as usual. I felt particularly well during the classes for the brethren and sisters. The helpers’ conference took place in the way of a Bande. During the evening meeting, today’s children’s watchword was nearest to us. Today we enjoyed a blessed peace in the wounds of Jesus. [No entry for the 4th] The 5th The watchword and texts during the occasions were a true nourishment for us. The 6th My wife’s illness improved so that she was able to be up again. During the evening meeting today’s children’s watchword was the text Gegen die Liebe gilt alles nichts,34 which was blessedly felt. [No entries for the 7th and 8th] The 9th With the communicants a quarter-of-an-hour was conducted on today’s watchword, Er ist seines leibes heiland,35 and at the same time the Lord’s Supper was announced for tomorrow. Today we also spoke with most of the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion], and in our hearts we felt well about them. The hunters also came home the previous night, bringing few skins with them, however.36 During the evening meeting we had the lit[urgical] text: Ich freue mich im herrn und meine Seele is fröl. in meinen Gott.37 We refresh and strengthen ourselves 183

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

at all times with the most beloved texts, and because we are not getting the Jüngerhaus Diarium, our beloved Husband does us much good with His daily word. Today we also were busy baking small breads38 for tomorrow’s love feast. The 10th At 11 o’clock there was the sermon on today’s Sunday epistle, and in particular on the words Darum will ich dich loben unter den heÿden u deinen Nahmen singen,39 p[p]. Then the children’s meeting and the regular classes took place. In the evening there was the congregation service, and afterward the love feast for the communicants, and soon after our 15 [brethren and sisters] enjoyed the body and blood of the Lord. Our beloved Husband was very much near us and our hearts [were] wholly overcome. The 11th I went to the mill and at the same time to the Jew to inquire with him when he was going to New York. Toward evening our dear hearts Gambold and Azariah Smith came to visit us, bringing us letters from Europe that greatly delighted us. We spent this evening together very blessedly. Br. Gambold conducted the evening meeting. The 12th The 2 brethren traveled back to the Oblong. Our morning and evening meetings were blessed by our beautiful congregation texts for today. Samuel reported to us that he would go hunting again. He had recently shot one deer and 1 bear. I took the opportunity to speak with him warmly, for things have not been going particularly well with him for some time. The 13th Most of the menfolk went hunting again. Gideon and Martin stayed at home for now. I visited Mr. Mills 2 m[iles] from here because of a number of issues.40 He also permitted me to cut wood on his land, which is only 1 m[ile] from here. It is a very difficult affair here to get wood in winter, and often I have to toil very hard before I bring one piece home, and when the men are home, they are busy getting wood for themselves so that I can get little help from them. During the meeting in the evening I spoke on the verse Und wenn das lammes blut nicht wär,41 p[p]. 184

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

[No entry for the 14th] The 15th We had a restless night, for our neighbors were drinking and dancing; several Stockbridge Indians were with them. [No entry for the 16th] The 17th The Sunday’s occasions took place as usual, and we once again rested a bit from our great amount of work. Our faithful Friend was near us. The 18th After the early service I traveled to the Oblong to Brother and Sister Gambold. On the way I visited several good friends. I found Brother and Sister Gambold quite blessed and well, and we spent a very joyful time together that evening. Br. Gideon held the meeting at home [in Pachgatgoch]. The 19th I again departed from the Oblong. Beforehand we had a quarter-of-an-hourd, and our beloved Mother was with us. Br. Gambold came along to Azariah Smith, and the brethren and sisters supplied me with some victuals, which they always do with pleasure. In the evening I returned home happy and well, finding my wife and Anna Johanngen also well. I right away conducted the meeting and spoke on the festival day’s theme. After the service, the little flock of communicants fell [to the ground] face down, appealed to the beloved Mother for forgiveness, and likewise recommended itself to Her faithful, and to us indispensable, Mother’s care. The 22nd Br. Maul came for a visit from Rhinebeck, at the same time bringing letters for us from New York. The 23rd He traveled back home by way of the Oblong. Together with him I wrote to Br. Gambold. Many of our people went out with brooms and baskets. Today we were very much engaged in baking bread for the love feast. There was an extreme cold yesterday and today. To get some wood I, for the first time, drove with the sled. 185

Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758

The 24th At noon the sermon was on today’s watchword: Oh, Bruder, p[p].42 At 8 o’clock in the evening we observed our little night watch, quite delightful and blessed, and during the love feast we greatly rejoiced in our most beloved Child Jesus of the heart. The 25th During the early service we entrusted ourselves in a childlike manner to our most beloved heart, the newly born Child Jesus. At noon the sermon took place, at which time the whole story of the Savior’s birth was read and celebrated in song. In the afternoon 30 children had a blessed love feast during which the Child Jesus was portrayed to them most delightfully, and during the meeting in the evening we continued to have the most blessed impression of this. We gave thanks to our Child Jesus for becoming man, [His] death, and [His] sufferings, recommending ourselves, especially today, to His martyr-being and precious incarnation, and with that we closed this blessed day as well. The 26th I went out to several of our neighbors to purchase tallow for candles for the hall but was not able to get any. I fell ill in the afternoon and needed to lie down. Br. Gideon conducted the evening meeting. The 27th I felt a little better and was able to hold the early meeting on the children’s watchword: Wir dancken Dir, daß dein Nahm[?] so nahe ist.43 The 28th I wrote letters to Bethlehem. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was discussed: Hold seelig sind deine Lippen,44 p[p]. This was a sweet comfort to us. The 29th The children’s watchword was our text: Siehe an dein Heiligthum,45 p[p]. Our beautiful and precious texts that have so frequently strengthened and refreshed us are now coming to an end. We are wishing that we will be made a New Year’s present with these soon. 186

Bernhard Adam Grube 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

Pachgatgoch Diarium from January, February, and March 17591 Januarius The 1st Having blessedly closed the old year with a joyous night watch and love feast, the whole little brown flock fell on its knees and tearfully entreated the Savior for absolution for all of last year’s demonstrated lacks of faith. Moreover, in a childlike manner we gave thanks for the mercy and blessedness that He granted us. The sermon in the evening was on the name Jesus, who was quite sensible to my heart. The 2nd During the morning blessing we entrusted ourselves to the Savior in a childlike manner. In the afternoon several magistrates, Esqrs. Ransom, [Timothy] Hatch, [Jabez] Swift, [John] Mills, p[p]., came and read the provincial laws to the Indians; [they] acted very friendly toward me, wishing me good success with my work. They admonished the Indians to obey me and to live together lovingly. Esqr. Ransom, the chief person in Kent, requested that I visit him, which I promised. Also, Joshua was selected constable on that occasion, who is to inform Mr. Swift of everything that happens among the Indians.2 At the meeting in the evening I took the opportunity to speak of the law and the Gospel, and how praiseworthy it was to be submissive to authority, p[p]. The 3rd During the early service the words Er ist uns vor die Augen gemahlt3 could be felt by us. Martin threshed my oats and I baked bread.

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entries for the 4th and 5th] The 6th During the early service, on the occasion of the festival of the Gentiles [Epiphany], the brethren and sisters were put in mind of this great day, and that every one should use it to his benefit. The meeting in the evening was exceptionally well attended. The Savior granted me special grace to speak of the [state of ] blissfulness in Jesus’ blood. In the end, we knelt down, praising and thanking the Savior, who has allowed us to spread His Gospel and to acquaint ourselves with His martyr-being. The 7th The sermon was on the words: [A]ls die wiederum geborne Kindlein, nicht aus vergänglichen sondern as unvergänglichen Saamen.4 Then the children’s hour took place. During the classes for the married people, 1 Corinthians 7 was discussed. Finally, there was the conference, in the course of which Br. Gideon’s office of steward was renewed.5 The 9th After the early service those great and small went out to cut wood for me, and that afternoon brought a considerable pile to my door, while having left a good deal out there yet, which I will get with the horse. They had rolled the wood over the rocks down a large mountain. At the hour in the evening I warmly thanked them for their attestation of love. The 10th During the early service I spoke on 1 John 5, about the rebirth. At noon I went to visit Mr. Mills; the new minister of Kent was also there and acted in a very amicable manner, requesting that I visit him often.6 During the meeting in the evening, I spoke on the admission to and baptism in the congregation, a theme that was especially weighty to me today, for I was admitted to the congregation 21 years ago today. The 11th During the early service I read the story of Lazarus and spoke about the Savior’s extraordinary love for this family. In the evening there was a singing service with the sisters, given that all of the brethren were in the beesbank [sweat house]. [No entry for the 12th] 188

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 13th Soon after the early service there was the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicant members, who afterward were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. The 14th The sermon was at noon, which was attended by many. The classes that followed were held with many blessings; rarely does anyone miss these. In the evening the congregation hour took place, and afterward, we had a blissful Communion. Magdalena, Justina, Agnes, and Lucia stayed away this time. Joshua was also spoken with; he said, I see my heart very plainly and I once again have faith in the Savior. The 15th During the early service we celebrated in song Das Haupt voll Blut und Wunden,7 and this theme was also discussed. Because we had a bit of a snowfall last night, I was hard at work bringing wood to this place. We especially felt the Savior’s nearness during the meeting in the evening. [No entries until the 20th] The 20th We closed this week very much in good spirits, thanking the Savior with a humble heart for all the grace that He showed us also in the course of this week. The 21st The regular sermon was at noon. The classes followed soon after, and were blessed. In the evening, after a long time, Joshua [once again] visited me. In the evening we had a blessed hour on the martyrdom of our God. The 22nd Poor Martin came, telling me of his distress over his last transgression, weeping dearly. During the early service I read Ephesians 2. [No entries until the 27th] 189

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 27th Little Marcus, the sond of Jeremias and Agnes, went to the Savior, receiving the last blessing accompanied by the verse: Die Seele Christi heilge Dich,8 p[p]. It was a delightful child and his dead bodyd had a beautiful look about it. During the meeting in the evening our Savior was again exceptionally near us, just as He had manifested Himself very mercifully during all of the occasions throughout the entire week. The brethren and sisters attended the meetings very diligently; we spent the remaining time getting wood. The 28th We had a blessed sermon at 11 o’clock. Then the children’s hour and the classes took place, in the course of which many a tear was shed. At 3 o’clock in the afternoon there was the burial of little Marcus, whose dead bodyd was brought into the hall, and at which time I delivered an address. Immediately afterward, we brought it [the body] into its resting chamberd. And in the evening we had a blessed congregation hour. The 29th During the early service [the subject of ] the ransom was discussed, and in the evening, the gaze into the marks of the [nail] prints, with a special feeling of the heart. Several brethren went hunting, 20 m[iles] from here. [No entry for the 30th] The 31st I received a letter from Br. H. v. Vleck but nothing from our dear Bethlehem. Joshua and Philippus had shot 2 deer not far from here. Februarius [No entries until the 3rd] The 3rd We closed this week with blessing and were grateful to the Savior for His blessed nearness. The 4th The sermon was on the words: Wie wohl wir Ihn nicht gesehen haben, so lieben wir ihn doch.9 The classes and children’s hour followed. 190

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 5th] The 6th After school I went to visit Mr. Paine, a good old friend and benefactor of the Brethren. The 7th In the evening we had a blessed service on the text: Betrübet nicht den h. Geist,10 p[p]. The 8th I was very busy hauling wood. During the meeting in the evening, I spoke on the words: Jesu Creuze, Jesu Todes Stunden,11 p[p]. The 9th I conducted an earnest early service, for there had been a great deal of noise in one neighboring hut last night. My wife and child were ill. In the evening I spoke about the theme of Good Friday, and we felt a blessed peace. [No entry for the 10th] The 11th. A [Sunday] Little Levi went for the first time the boys had a separate class and promised [that] they all wanted to come to quite love the Savior. The 12th Little Levi, Lucas and Phoebe’s sond, 1 year old, went to the Savior. It was a beautiful and cheerful child, and the grand grand grand child of our dear blind old Marie. The 13th The 3 brethren Gideon, Joshua, and Samuel had a joyful love feast, for they were baptized 16 years ago today.12 Moreover, recently, old Sarah came from the winter huts, and of her own accord held a Bande with my wife and said, How blessed I was when I was baptized, but since then very many things have intervened, and I have grieved the Savior greatly. Oh, if only I could again become as blessed as I was on the day of my baptism, pp. The 14th The tabernacled of little Levi was buried. Beforehand an address was delivered 191

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

in the hall on the words: Seelig sind die, die in den herren sterben.13 It was a large meeting; those from the winter huts were also present. [No entry for the 15th] The 16th During the early service I read from the passion story. In the evening the text read: Die Erkentnis Jesu Christi geht über alles.14 My wife became ill, having fallen sick with the spitting of blood. [No entry for the 17th] The 18th At first, the sermon was delivered on the words from the litany: Die Creuz und Dornen Cron.15 In the classes, speaking occurred in a manner of communing. [No entries until the 24th] The 24th On the Sabbath, after the early service, the quarter-of-an-hour was conducted with the communicant members, and each one was spoken with separately, on which occasion we felt quite well in our hearts. The Savior had been very much near us this week and had blessed us on all occasions. I was ill for several days, having hurt my leg and chest when getting wood. In general, I often see how the good angels preserve me, for I am a poor woodcutter and driver. The 25th At noon there were the sermon and litany. For the class of the brethren, the theme was: In meines herren Todt und Schmertz,16 p[p]. The congregation hour took place in the evening. Afterward, the communicant members had a love feast and then a blessed Communion. Joshua and Elisabeth, who had not been along in a while, once again partook of the grace, both of them having been absolved beforehand; the same with Magdalena, which drew many a tear from them. The communicants were this time: Gideon and Martha, Gottlieb and Magdalena, Petrus and Thamar, Joshua and Elisabeth, Simon, Erdmuth, Johanna, Priscilla, Marie, and we both. Martin and his wife [and] Jeremias and his wife could not join. Samuel and Lucia have voluntarily stayed away several times, as he fi nds so much fault with the brethren and sisters. 192

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 26th Following the early service, the communicant members enjoyed the liturgy. Afterward, each one was looked upon, who [all] look quite blessedly. Our heart especially delighted in Joshua and Elisabeth. School was next. The evening meeting was small, as many had gone out with brooms and baskets [to sell]. The 27th Several children came and reported that they would be unable to come to school today. As for my tabernacle, I began to feel somewhat better today. The 28th A constable came from Kent, and with him 2 officiers who are quartered there, bringing a warrent from Esqr. Ransom to impress two horses from this place, which thus concerned mine and Jeremias’s. I got it back the next day, fairly worn out. [No entry until the 4th] Martius The 4th We had a blessed day. The sermon was on several words from the litany, which is always prayed beforehand. There was a very pleasant feeling present during the children’s hour; the children were being catechized about the Savior’s wounds. Then the classes followed. Attending the one for the older boys were also 4 young white people. During the congregation hour in the evening, Aropim, the eldest daughter of Jeremias and Agnes, 16 years old, was baptized into the death of Jesus with the name Verona. Today the Savior was particularly near us, and our hearts were being quite invigorated. The 5th At the early service the gaze into the marks of the nails was discussed, [and] during the evening service: So wie ihr den herrn Jesum angezogen habt, so wandelt in Ihm.17 Because some beautiful snow fell today I got wood from 2 m[iles] away. 193

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 6th] The 7th After school I traveled to Sichem, to Brother and Sister Gambold, for we have heard nothing from one another in 3 months; I found them quite well. There I received a letter from Br. Abraham Reinke, dated December 11, and with it the watchwords for several months. We spent this evening together very blessedly. The 8th I traveled back home. Br. Gambold accompanied me to Azariah Smith. Along the way I bought 1 bushel of flour and arrived back home in good health, finding everything in good order. Meanwhile the Indian children had faithfully served my wife. The 9th During the morning blessing I saluted the brethren and sisters, and together we took comfort in His blessed nearness. [No entry for the 10th] The 11th [This] was a blessed day. We read the news that I had brought from Sichem and spent the entire day with this. The Greenland letters especially impressed the brethren and sisters favorably. I also related Br. Joseph Schmick’s, p[p]., dangerous and difficult journey to Bethlehem.18 In the evening the congregation hour was conducted on the watchword. Also, Gottlieb and Magdalena’s daughter Aromerqua applied for baptism. [No entry until the 17th] The 17th Several Indians who had been out for a while returned home. A number of brethren and sisters celebrated the day of their baptisms. We sang verses to them, and I took the opportunity to speak about the grace granted through baptism. Several families reported [to us] that they would go out to make brooms. I, my wife, and child were sickly this week, but matters improved today. Inside we feel blessed and well, and our sole and loving heart is near us and also helps us overcome everything difficult. 194

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 18th We had a blessed sermon on today’s Sunday’s Gospel. The other occasions took place as usual. [No entries until the 24th] The 24th We closed this week with the blessed peace of God in our hearts. We were mostly alone, for most of the Indians had gone out to make brooms and baskets. I gave Joshua, who was going to Sharon with his family, a letter for Brother and Sister Gambold. With the remaining old and weak ones I conducted the usual occasions, sometimes on the watchword [and] at times on a different text. During these few days, old Petrus was especially joyful and blessed about the Savior’s death and suffering; [he] also said, I am quite glad that I am blind and lame. I think that this is not without the Savior’s will, otherwise I surely would not be this joyful and blessed. The 25th In our hearts we were frequently with the congregation, remembering the blessings that we have so often enjoyed on this day. The Greenland letters and [the] children’s diarium from Bedford [England] were again read aloud at noon. In the afternoon the sermon took place, which several white people attended as well. The theme for this festival day was the text, which was also discoursed upon during the evening meeting. Our hearts delighted in the blessed annunciation. The 26th I went to the mill and to the Jew Heys, from whom I learned that he will soon travel to New York again; [he] offered to take my letters with him. In the meantime, several sisters, having returned home, had visited my wife, who communed with them. The 27th Br. Gideon went to the area of New Milford to visit his sick son Martin, who had gone there with his family several weeks ago prompted by a feeling of uneasiness in his heart. The 28th Gideon returned, having found his son somewhat improved. 195

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 29th] The 30th During the early service the watchword was spoken about, in particular about the gardener near the Mount of Olives who moistened his garden with blood. The 31st We had a blessed early service on today’s watchword. Also, several brethren and sisters returned home from the woods today. And with that, we closed this month with blessing.

Pachgatgoch Diarium from April, May, June, and July 1759 April 1759 The 1st, A [Sunday] The sermon took place at noon, and in the afternoon several more Greenland letters and news were read aloud. The 2nd Capt. Jacob19 came from Stockbridge with another white officer to recruit Indians here, and Lucas and Kakaja, Caritas’s son, had themselves enlisted right away. The 3rd I wrote letters to Bethlehem and New York, taking them to Mr. Hays on the 4th, and at the same time bought 1 buschel [bushel] of wheat and had it milled. Several of our people went out with brooms and baskets. The 5th Brother and Sister Gambold delighted us with their visit from Sichem, and he kept a blessed hour in the evening.

196

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 6th Brother and Sister Gambold traveled back home. Several of our people returned home from the woods. The 7th After the early service the communicants had a quarter-of-an-hour, and soon after, they were spoken with [in preparation for Communion]. Several were very much confused about being in such a bad state presently and not being able to join in Communion. We had a serviced of grace in the evening. The 8th The sermon took place at noon and [was] attended by many. In the evening, following the congregation hour, there was the love feast for the communicants, and the 12 of us enjoyed a blessed Communion. The 9th of April After the early service there was the Communion liturgy, with a blessed feeling. I heard today that several of our young people are again allowing themselves to be enlisted to go to war, for example, Kakaijo, Nathanael, and Paulus, Simon’s son, [and] Lucas [and] Joseph, as well as poor Martin. On this occasion there was a great deal of drinking going on in the winter huts. In the evening I spoke on today’s watchword, about the sheep of God. The 10th I was hard at work planting my garden. The 11th During the early service I began reading the story of our dear Lord’s martyrdom. I did the same in the evening. [No entry for the 12th] The 13th [On] Good Friday I read the passion story as far as the entombment, and in the

197

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

evening we had a very blessed meeting, on which occasion we humbly knelt down before our slaughtered Lamb and wept for joy over the suffering, singing a gratias Halleluja to the side wound. The 14th Great Sabbath. This was discoursed upon in the early service, and before long the communicants had [their] quarter-of-an-hour on the paled dead bodyd of our eternal Bridegroom. The 15th20 We visited our burying place at dawn. The sermon at noon was on the theme of the festival day today, at which time I felt especially contented. A man with his wife, who in former times had attended Br. Paul’s [Powell’s] sermons in the Oblong, also attended the meeting. They are poor people, and last winter they lost their house and furniture in a fire. In the afternoon the children’s hour and classes took place. During the meeting in the evening the comforting watchword Joseph lebt noch. Ach seht nur seine Wunden an21 was talked about. The 16th Joshua bewailed that his daughter Juliana ran away (probably to take a husband). He and his wife reported [to us] that they would go to the seaside. The 17th There was a great deal of disturbance at this place because of the drunkards, but we were able to conduct our occasions. The 18th The warriors finally left for Albany, namely, Wawanpicun, otherwise Johannes, who recruited the others, [that is], Lucas, poor Martin, Marta’s son Jonathan, Joseph, Jeremias’s son, Paulus, and Kakaijo.22 Several came and took leave of me, who I, with a sorrowful heart, reminded of their baptism. Also, many women went with them to accompany them as far as Stockbridge. We were at a loss, and wept over the poor people’s misery, and that they permit neither advice nor help. Some are going away because they are greatly in debt to the white people; others are led astray. 198

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entries until the 22nd] The 22nd. A [Sunday] I felt very well during the sermon on today’s Gospel. In the afternoon I visited everyone in their houses. Mr. Mills came for a visit together with his brother, the minister of Statford,23 who is a modest man. He also went to the Indians and admonished them to listen to and obey me dutifully, for I had been sent to them by God, and [then] left again quite satisfait. There was a blessed congregation hour in the evening. [No entry for the 23rd] The 24th Br. Edmonds24 came from Sichem for a visit, bringing us greetings from Brother and Sister Gambold. [No entry for the 25th] The 26th I went to Mr. Hays to get the letters and news that he brought from New York. We were so delighted to again hear something from our beloved Bethlehem, and were much refreshed by this. Jeremias came and informed us that this morning his son’s wife Catharina was delivered of a sond, and asked for the baptism [of the child]. [No entries for the 27th and 28th] The 29th. A [Sunday] We observed the congregation festival and read the news from Greenland and other beautiful news over which everyone rejoiced. At the meeting in the evening Catharina’s sond was baptized into the death of Jesus by the name of Anton. And with that we closed this day of blessing. The 30th Several white people came to plow the Indians’ land. Among others, Mr. Swift visited me, to whom the land across the river belongs. I spoke to him about cutting wood on his land; he had nothing against it, if I was able to get it across. I 199

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

read to him Br. Schant’s account, to which he listened with much attention. Today the meeting was very small because almost everyone had gone out. May The 1st During the early service the Savior was especially near us. The text was the children’s watchword: Das Wort ward Fleisch.25 Mr. Paine came for a visit in the evening. The 2nd During the early service the sermon was about the men of heaven. [No entry for the 3rd] The 4th In the course of the morning blessing the single sisters’ festival26 was remembered, and the wish was expressed that our young womenfolk here may also one day experience some of that grace. We also celebrated our 4th wedding anniversary, and our Anna Johanngen was especially cheerful today. At the meeting in the evening the child filled with the Holy Spirit was talked about. Several families, who had been out for some time, returned home for planting. [No entry for the 5th] The 6th. A [Sunday] At noon we read the remaining news from Greenland, Bethlehem, and the Ascension Day sermon delivered in Silesia in [17]58. We especially felt His nearness during the meeting in the evening. The text was the children’s watchword: Der da ist Gott über alles. Das ist eine seel. Stunde darinne man sein gedenckt.27 The 7th After the early service I went to the mill, and at the same time to the Jew, Mr. Hays, to get some small things that he brought from New York for me and Br. Gambold. The 8th I went to Sichem to Brother and Sister Gambold to bring them news and letters from Bethlehem, which were most welcome to them. 200

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 9th I left Brother and Sister Gambold blessed and well, and returned to my little family in the evening. During the evening meeting I warmly saluted the brethren and sisters with the children’s watchword: Er ist der Anfänger des Glaubens: Als bald Kan man ohne Ihn nicht mehr leben.28 The 10th The brethren and sisters together planted my corn field, for which I gave them a good meal. In the evening we delighted in the children’s watchword: Den Volländer des Glaubens. Wenn wir Ihn Sehn von Angesicht, in ewger freud u. seel. licht.29 [No entry for the 11th] The 12th We closed this week with a childlike prayer thanking our beloved Husband for His forbearance and love, and further entreated Him to continue with His compassion. Today we also remembered the great day [celebrated] in the congregations, and the brethren and sisters were made a [illegible word] with this. Everyone was industrious planting Welsh corn this week. The 13th The In the forenoon there was a sermon, and in the afternoon, the classes and children’s hour. The brethren’s class took place in a manner of communing. Two young white menfolk arrived too late for the sermon. The 14th Everyone was again busy with planting, and I did the same. [No entries for the 15th and 16th] The 17th There came a beautiful warm rain following a monthlong drought. During the early and evening meetings the liturgo [liturgy] of the Eucharist was talked about. The communicants were informed that this coming Sunday was to be the great day. Several women, having accompanied their men to Albany, returned home. 201

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 18th During the early service today’s children’s watchword was most comforting to us: Der fromme, der ohne Sünde war gebohrn.30 The 19th After the early service several brethren went 8 m[iles] from here to carry Paulus’s sick wife to this place (who fell ill on the journey to Albany as a result of heavy drinking), but were unable to transport her on account of [her] weakness. The communicants had their quarter-of-an-hour and soon after were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. The 20th There was a sermon on today’s Gospel. Mr. Bull’s son31 and an old soldier, who recently took part in the siege of Louisbourg,32 also attended the sermon. In the evening, following the general meeting, the communicants had their agape, absolution, and a blissful Communion. Fellow participants this time were Gideon and Martha, Petrus and Thamar, Simon, Erdmuth, Priscilla, Johanna, Elisabeth, and Anna, Petrus’s daughter, of whom the one mentioned last joined again for the first time in a year. The 21st After the early service the communicants enjoyed a blissful liturgy. Five brethren went once more to get the aforementioned sick woman, but the doctor had advised them to bring her to his house in Dover as he is hoping to cure her. At the meeting in the evening the words of Thomas were spoken about: Mein hl. u. mein Gott.33 The 22nd During the morning blessing we praised the bloody wounds of Jesus. Joshua announced that he would go out with his family, for he had nothing more to eat. The 23rd There was no early service because I had fallen ill during the night. Several brethren went to Dover and got the body of Paulus’s wife to bury her here. She had lived here with her husband, but neither one of them had attended the occasions, and when her husband marched to Albany as a soldier, she went with 202

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

him. However, along the way both of them drank and, had a quarrel, and he beat her almost to death, causing her to lose the child with which she was pregnant, and she was very miserable, but still got as far as several miles from here, where she remained lying. [She] dearly wished to become well once more. She also intended to give her heart to the Savior now, but the poor woman died. During the hour in the evening, today’s children’s watchword was talked about with a blissful feeling, Der Geliebte,34 pp. The 24th During the early service our hearts grew all soft over the departure of our Beloved, and we wept for Him most heartily, at the same time comforting ourselves with His reappearance. [No entry for the 25th] The 26th During the early service we remembered with tenderness the birthday of our most beloved Jünger.35 Several brethren went 5 m[iles] from here to bury an old, unbaptized Indian by the name of Saikas. Several years ago this man had reportedly felt a desire to be baptized, but the white people advised him against it, because [in their view] he was too wicked for this and first needed to become holy, and so he set it aside and died of apoplexy. The 27th. A [Sunday] At noon there was a sermon, [and] in the afternoon, the children’s hour, which our dear old Gideon conducted with great feeling. In the evening we also had a serviced of blessing about the body full of wounds. The 28th We remembered the going home of our most beloved Christel36 and in our hearts were frequently with the congregation above. We had a very severe hailstorm with hailstones like pigeon’s eggs, which damaged the currant bush in my garden. The 29th During the early service we delighted in the children’s watchword: Wir werden Ihn sehn wie Er ist,37 the body full of wounds. 203

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

Junius The 2nd During the night a boy of 6 years unexpectedly went home in Petrus’s hut. He had been quite lively that very evening, and when I promised him to baptize him tomorrow, he was overjoyed and wept, yet did not attain the blissfulness here. Also, Solomon’s sick son had me summoned, entreating me to pray with him so that the Savior may impart a dropd of blood to his heart. [According to him] he had been baptized earlier in his childhood by the Presbyterians, but he would also very much like to be admitted to the congregation, and his request was granted with a kiss, and he right away improved with respect to his illness. At the same time, I had a favorable opportunity to speak with poor Salome, who had not been home all winter. Our dear Henrich Martin of Rheinbeck came for a visit. The 3rd. A [Sunday] 38 The festival sermon at noon was on the Gospel. Afterward, the tabernacled of the boyd who went home yesterday was buried, at which time I delivered a brief address to the unbaptized ones. Rebecca’s eldest daughter applied for baptism. The 4th Br. H. Martin journeyed home by way of Sichem. During the occasions we felt the nearness of our dear Lord. [No entry for the 5th] The 6th After the early service I held school. Afterward, the children carried some wood for me. The text at the meeting in the evening was: Ich blicke nach der höhe,39 p[p]. We felt His nearness on this occasion. The 8th After the meeting in the evening a girl of 4 1/2 years was baptized on her sickbed and received the name Maria Elisabeth. She is an orphand; her brother went home several days ago. She desired to be baptized and the Savior appeased her longing. 204

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 9th Many of our people, who had been out for several weeks, came home. The 10th At noon there took place the sermon on the festival’s Gospel, about the new birth.40 Br. Gideon kept the children’s hour in the afternoon. In the evening I read from Ephesians, the 5th [chapter], and spoke somewhat about the theme. The 11th Our dear Br. Gambold and Azariah Smith came for a visit. The former conducted the meeting in the evening, as well as the early service [on] the 12th. In the afternoon our little Anna Johanna had a joyous love feast with several of the childrend on the occasion of her 2nd birthday. Throughout the entire day she was particularly lovely and blissful. We also refreshed ourselves by means of the beautiful tidings from Bethlehem and [the] letters from our children in Europe, which had been delivered to us by Br. Gambold. This morning he traveled back to Sichem with Br. Azariah, and we expressed our special gratitude to the Savior today for all that He does for His people. The 13th We had a blessed early service on the children’s watchword: Sie sollen mich alle Kennen. Erkenne mich mein hüter.41 The 14th A number of women came from Potatuck for a visit, among whom is the real mother of our Esther in Nain, and they right away joined the meeting. The 15th Early in the morning Mr. Bull, our neighbor, brought us letters from New York, and [we] learned from him by word of mouth that a brother and sister from Bethlehem would soon visit us, which made us heartily glad. In the evening we had a serviced of blessing on the wounds and boils of our most beloved Man of Affliction and recommended ourselves eternally to His precious being.

205

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 16th We had a blessed sermon at noon. The hall was so full that there was no more room to sit. Seven white boys from among our neighbors also attended the sermon. In the afternoon there was the children’s hour. During the men’s class I told them something about the news from Bethlehem and Germany, which I recently received. During the women’s class the verse I love indeed but yet with shame I own it now fore Thee my Lamb, That I do often grieve thy heart, which when I feel it, gives much Smart was talked about. It was quite At the meeting in the evening today’s children’s watchword was talked about. The 17th After the early service the brethren and sisters together hoed my Welsh corn for the second time, in return for which I gave them a good meal. [No entries for the 18th and 19th] The 20th The minister of Kent visited me, a young person; [he] was modest, [and] asked this and that with regard to the Indians. The 21st I celebrated my 45th birthday and recommended myself anew to the faithful heart of my most beloved Man of Affliction. [No entry for the 22nd] The 23rd Salome, Jonathan’s wife, was delivered of a daughter. The 24th The sermon was at noon and was attended by a great many at that; two white people were also present at the meeting. Br. Gideon conducted the children’s hour with great feeling. The 25th Brothers [George] Sölle and Post arrived here to our joy. We received [the] most delightful lettersd from our dear hearts in Bethlehem, for which we thanked 206

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

them most heartily. The brethren and sisters came in large numbers to greet the brethren, especially their dear old Post. Salome’s child grew very weak, thus, she asked for the baptism of her child, which happened right away in her hut in the presence of many brethren and sisters, and received the name Salome. Br. Post conducted the evening meeting, saluted the brethren and sisters, and gave thanks to the Savior, who has once again brought him to this place. The 26th Br. Sölle conducted the early service on the children’s watchword. Afterward, he and Post went visiting in the huts, and the latter gave his relatives42 in private some presents that were greatly welcome. In the evening I repeated today’s children’s watchword and recommended ourselves to the heart of Jesus. The 27th Following the early meeting the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants took place, at which time the upcoming Communion was announced. Br. Sölle commenced his visitation in this area; Br. Post accompanied him. [No entry for the 28th] The 29th These 2 brethren returned from their visit with satisfaction. Early today, as I was about to enter the hall to conduct the hour, a large snake lay in front of the door to the hall, on which I undoubtedly would have stepped had the brethren and sisters not noticed it; it was one of the very worst kind.43 The 30th The quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants took place, and afterward, the brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion; there were a number of matters that needed to be cleared up among them. Those who had formerly joined Communion were spoken with as well. Esther’s (in Bethlehem) old mother from Potatuck came and applied for baptism. Little Maria Elisabeth received the last blessing and expired in the arm and bosom of Jesus. It was a pleasant child, had suffered from consumption 207

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

for a long time, was baptized several weeks ago, and went home right delightfully. Her parents had died some years past. Julius The 1st It was a day of blessing. Br. Sölle delivered the sermon at noon. There were many people present. In the afternoon Br. Post spoke to the children, and buried Marie Elisabeth’s tabernacled. Toward evening the congregation hour took place, in the course of which I baptized the real mother of Esther in Nain, from Potatuck, naming her Anna Marie. Everyone was delighted that once again a person from Potatuck was being washed with the blood of Jesus. In the evening the communicants had their agape and soon after, a blessed Communion. Communicants were this time: Gideon and Martha, Petrus and Thamar, Gottlieb and Magdalena, Simon, Jeremias, Erdmuth, Johanna, Priscilla, Anna, Lucia, Marie, the blind one, Post, Sölle, and [the] Grubes. The 2nd of Jul[ius] After the early service the communicants enjoyed the liturgy, and with a humble heart gave thanks to our bloody Husband. [No entry for the 3rd] The 4th Brothers Post and Sölle went to New Milford. Beforehand, the latter conducted a blessed early service. At the meeting in the evening I spoke about today’s children’s watchword: Ihm hat Er den Leib bereitet. Ich bedien,44 p[p]. Our beloved Husband was very much near us in the bloody form of His martyrdom, and this was also the text on the morning [of ] the 5th, with a blissful feeling. After the early service I went to the mill and bought some wheat; the bushel was 5 sh. 6 d.45 and [it] is hardly to be had. Br. Sölle and Post returned from New Milford in great spirits; on the way the latter decided to accompany Br. Sölle through New England. Following the general hour the communicants had a blessed quarter-ofan-hourd on today’s beautiful children’s watchword: Mein Leichnam ist eine würckliche Speiße, und mein Blut ist ein wahrhafftiger Tranck.46 208

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 6th Br. Post conducted the early service and afterward, he traveled to Brother and Sister Gambold to get his belongings that had been left behind. I wrote to Br. Petrus [Böhler] in Bethlehem. The brethren and sisters again hoed my Welsh corn and I fed them. Little Ann Salome, Jonathan and Salome’s child, went home. The 7th Br. Sölle conducted the early service. The burial of the child who went home yesterday was at 8 o’clock. Beforehand I delivered an address about the blissful expiration in the wounds of Jesus. Br. Gideon repeated this to the children, and with that, we brought the little tabernacled to its rest. At the burying place Br. Sölle delivered yet a blessed address to those present. Br. Post returned from Sichem, bringing word that Sr. Gambold was still very weakly. There was a singing service in the evening. The 8th [It] was a day of blessing. At noon Br. Sölle preached to a large assembly, among whom were also 8 young people from among our neighbors. After the sermon Br. Gideon conducted the children’s hour, and then the classes for the men and women took place. The congregation hour in the evening was closed with a prayer. The 9th Several of our people went out to work. The 10th Br. Sölle and Post intended to set out on their journey today, but because they learned that tomorrow was the land’s day of prayer and repentance, they stayed on. Br. Sölle conducted the early service, and Br. Post joined47 something of necessity for the house today. I held the meeting in the evening. The 11th It was the land’s day of prayer and repentance; this was announced at the early service. Br. Post preached at noon. My wife and I spent the afternoon speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion]. There was a singing service in the evening. Anna, the daughter of Petrus (her husband, 209

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

unbaptized, joined the war), was delivered of a daughter. Petrus came to me and said, I have entreated the Savior many times today that He may please help my daughter make it through her circumstances all right, and the Savior heard my prayer. The 12th Br. Sölle conducted a blessed early service, and soon after he set out on his visit to New England along with Br. Post. Their 14-day sejour [French: sojourn] was a joy for them and us. [No entries for the 13th and 14th] The 15th The sermon on today’s Gospel was at noon. Soon after Br. Gideon conducted the children’s hour, and then the classes followed. [No entries for the 16th and 17th] The 18th Gideon repaired my hut. The 19th We weaned our little A. Johanna and recommended her anew to the care of our dear Mother. The 20th Magdalena, [young] Saikas’s wife, was delivered of a daughter. [No entry for the 21st] The 22nd At noon there was the sermon on today’s epistle: So viel eurer getauft seijd, pp.48 Following the sermon, Gideon conducted a most delightful and feeling quarter-of-an-hour for the children. He told them about the Savior’s wounds and suffering and wished the Savior’s love into the hearts of them all. The classes took place as usual. The congregation hour was in the evening. The 23rd I started making hay. 210

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 24th An expresser [French: express] from General Stanwix arrived, looking for Br. Post,49 who, however, had departed from here for New England 14 days previous, along with Br. Sölle. The messenger was very much at a loss and said he had a letter from the general for Br. Post and needed to reach him, for the general was unable to manage without him with respect to the Indian affairs. I was not able to give him precise information about his journey, other than that I assumed he would go to N[ew] London, and the messenger at once departed thither. No one was home today except for the old and sick. [No entries for the 25th and 26th] The 27th Several of our people returned home today. I was hard at work making hay. The 28th During the early service today’s children’s watchword was especially affecting and enjoyable for us: Ich will den Vater bitten[,] der wird euch den freund schicken, d[a] ß Er euch behüte bis an das Ende.50 The 29th The sermon was at noon, which Mr. Paine and young Mr. Bull attended. The Gospel was the text, especially the words: Es jammerte ihn, d[a]ß er das Volck solte ungeßen von sich gehen laßen.51 Gideon held the children’s hour. The congregation hour was in the evening. [No entry for the 30th] The 31st We closed also this month by [His] grace. My heart is ever grateful for His steadfast compassion and that He is tireless in concerning Himself with the poor Indians who are surely a bitter reward to Him. The congregation will remember us frequently, and [will] often tell the faithful Husband a wordd in our behalf. Grube. Scatticok Pachgatgoch, August 2, 1759. 211

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

Diarium of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch from August, September, October, and November 1759 Augustus The 2nd I wrote letters to Bethlehem and intended to travel to Brother and Sister Gambold to take my diar[ium] and letters there but was hindered from doing so. [No entry for the 3rd] The 4th Anna Maria (the mother of Esther in Nain) again came from Potatuck with her grand daughter, and brought with her a woman with 4 children from the seaside who would very much like to hear good words. In the morning and in the evening we had the beautiful text: Seelig seijd ihr, die ihr hier weinet.52 The 5th At noon I preached on today’s children’s watchword: Besinnet euch auf die Persohn, die meine Füße mit Thränen gewaschen hat.53 My heart was altogether melted on this occasion. Afterward, Br. Gideon held the children’s hour. Three white boys and a schoolmaster were present as well. The 6th During the morning and evening meeting, the loving, kissing, and pressing of the bloody feet of Jesus was talked about. The 7th About the forgiveness of sins. One child’s baptism was applied for as well.54 Half of our people are presently among the white people. The 8th I sent letters to New York by means of Mr. Hatch, one of our neighbor.

212

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 9th] The 10th After the early service I went to Sichem to visit Brother and Sister Gambold and found them quite well. The 11th I returned home and in the evening we refreshed ourselves by means of the beautiful letters and tidings from Bethlehem that I had brought with me from Sichem. The 12th The sermon was at noon; in the afternoon the brethren and sisters were read letters from the Indians of Berbice, and then we also had a serviced of blessing in the evening. The 13th During the early service we especially remembered the great day [that is celebrated] in the congregation today.55 The communicants had a quarter-of-anhour after the meeting in the evening, at which time they were informed of the upcoming Communion. Finally, we knelt down and appealed to the Savior for a special blessing for this day. [No entry for the 14th] The 15th In the evening the baptism of a sick child of about 7 years took place, who, suffering from consumption, had asked to be washed with the blood of Jesus before its end, which then occurred on its sickbed, and [where he] received the name Andreas. His mother died several weeks ago, unbaptized. [No entries for the 16th and 17th] The 18th After the early service the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants took place, and then the brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation for Communion]. The 19th The sermon at noon was on Immanuel’s tears. During the children’s hour in 213

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

the afternoon the daughterd of Anna (daughter of Petrus) was baptized, 4 weeks old, and received the name Susanna. In the evening, after the congregation hour, there was a love feast with the communicants, and afterward followed a blissful Communion. There were 14 communicants [including the Moravians]: Gottlieb and Magdalena, Petrus and Thamar, Gideon, Simon, Jeremias, Erdmuth, Johanna, Anna, Elisabeth, and Justina. The one mentioned last had not been along for some time, and was very small and like a sinner. The 20th After the early meeting the communicants had liturgy, and the hearts were humble and grateful for yesterday’s food and drink. [No entries until the 25th] The 25th In the morning, Joshua’s wife Elisabeth was delivered of a daughterd. During the evening meeting we gave thanks to the Savior for everything that He had us experience also during this week, particularly on the occasion of the beautiful children’s watchwords. Also, the brethren and sisters were very busy gathering blueberries this week. Otherwise, everything proceeded nicely and in due order. The 26th The sermon at noon was about today’s watchword, Siehe der König kömt zu dir,56 on which occasion I felt especially contented. Several of our neighbors also attended the sermon. In the end, Joshua and Elisabeth’s daughterd, having been born yesterday, was baptized into the death of Jesus and received the name Christiana. In the afternoon, news from Berbice and Europe was read aloud. In the evening we also had a blessed hour on today’s children’s watchword: Lernet von mir, wie Maria thät.57 The 27th All the menfolk went bear hunting and shot one today. The 28th In the morning the boy Andreas went home, and being that the weather was warm and he very swollen, his body was buried this very evening. He was a 214

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

pleasant child and spent most of his time being ill. [No entries for the 29th and 30th] Aug[ustus] 31 During the evening meeting we sang O haupt voll blut u. Wunden,58 giving thanks to our bloody Husband for all the love and faith He reaffirmed in us poor hearts also throughout this month. September The 1st During the early service we had as text the children’s watchword: Mein Vater wird ihn lieben u. wir werden zu ihn kommen,59 p[p]. Several of our people, who had been out for some weeks, returned home. Gottlieb shot60 a large bear 2 m[iles] from here. The 2nd. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on the words from the Lord’s Prayer, with blessing: Und Vergib uns unsre Schuld,61 p[p]. Classes took place in the afternoon; during the men’s class, the education and upbringing of children was especially talked about. In the evening there was the congregation hour. [No entry for the 3rd] The 4th Through Mr. Mills we were invited to the wedding of the minister of Kent, which we declined, however.62 [No entries for the 5th or 6th] The 7th Seventeen Indians from New London and Farmington came for a visit; they were 6 men, among whom was a preacher,63 and the others were women, all dressed well in English style. They all came to me first and each one said: Do You Love Jesus Christ, who deyed for us, he is a lovely Savior and loves poor Sinners, p[p]. Afterward, they desired to hold a meeting, which I permitted them to do. Their so215

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

called preacher opened and read something from the Bible, spoke about it half in Indian and half in English, prayed, began to speak again, which probably lasted for more than one hour. From what I was able to understand, he spoke pretty much our language regarding the suffering and death of Jesus. [The] afternoon I spent mostly with the Indians; they told me of their awakenings, [and] that they had been baptized by the Presbyterians but were then expelled again by them. At this they joined the separatists, but now they had separated themselves from them as well and were on their own. After the meeting in the evening they again wanted to start with their sermon, but I had word sent to them that our meeting was adjourned for today. Thus, they went into Christian’s house and conducted yet a separate meeting, which they did 3 to 4 times every day as long as they were here. Our people were their attentive hearers and were frequently brought to tears by the preacher’s motus [Latin: emotion]. We both had a blissful Communion together late in the evening, at the end of today’s festival day for the married brethren and sisters, which we would have much preferred to have celebrated at the congregation. The 8th Two more Indians came from Farmington, who said that Br. Post and Sölle had stayed with them for several days; one of them put many questions to me, in the Presbyterian manner. The 9th The entire compagnie departed again. Two of the preachers came to me and took a friendly leave, expressing yet a big wish. Having crossed the river, they went on singing for a good while, and then went on their way with some of our people escorting them. Privately, I heard that they had supposedly said some things against me, but I paid no attention to that. [No entries for the 10th and 11th] The 12th We enjoyed blessed occasions in the morning and in the evening. Joshua returned home with his son and brought with him his new canoe, which he had built 12 m[iles] from here. During these few days everyone was busy making acritjes.

216

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entries until the 16th] The 16th Mr. Hays, the Jew, let me know that he was going to travel to New York tomorrow. Hence, I wrote letters to Bethlehem and Europe. The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel about the 10 lepers. Classes took place in the afternoon, and in the evening, a singing service. The 17th I went to Mr. Hays very early and brought him my letters to deliver. It was an extremely rainy day. The 18th Samuel shot a bear not far from here, just like several brethren had shot 5 last week. The 19th We especially remembered our late Christel and the congregation above.64 During the meetings the children’s watchword was talked about. [No entry for the 20th] The 21st In school the first class finished reading the New Testament and started it over from the beginning. Four girls and 3 boys are able to read English fairly well; the others are still learning to spell. Also, Anna Maria came back from the seaside with her grand daughter, as did several sisters who had been out working. The 22nd The sermon during the early meeting was on the children’s watchword: Thut eure Augen auf u. seht euch die Gegend an.65 On the whole there was a special blessing [felt] this week at the words of the Savior to His disciples. Justina and Sophia came home from Farmington; they had accompanied to that place the Indians who had been here recently. The 23rd. A [Sunday] The sermon took place at noon, with blessing. In the afternoon a conference 217

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

was once again held, and indeed not without benefit for those conference members who had been very weak for some time. [No entry for the 24th] The 25th Our dear Azariah Smith arrived from Sichem, bringing us letters from Bethlehem, dated July 16. We were overjoyed to once again hear something from our beloved hearts in Bethlehem and are deeply grateful to them every time for their loving remembrance. During the evening meeting I passed on to the brethren and sisters the greetings from Br. Petrus [Böhler] and Martin [Mack], and they expressed their heartfelt thanks. The 26th Br. A. Smith traveled back home; I wrote to Brother and Sister Gambold. [No entries for the 27th and 28th] The 29th After the morning meeting there was the communicants’ quarter-of-an-hour, and then the speaking [in preparation for Communion]. Several brethren went to the great falls with their canoes laden with brooms and baskets, pulled the canoes 1 mile over land, and returned home in the evening. Jeremias alone had 156 brooms to sell. Also, white people came and purchased 30 bushel[s] of apples from Gideon, [and] [?]0 from Solomon. We felt contented when speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. We found poor children’s hearts; we also remembered the festival of the angels, and gave thanks for the service of these servantsd to the Lord.66 The 30th. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel, in particular on the words: Gott hat besucht sein Volck.67 There was a conference in the afternoon, [a] congregation hour in the evening, [a] love feast, and then 14 brown hearts and the two of us enjoyed a most blissful Communion; to wit, Gideon and Martha, Petrus and Thamar, Gottlieb and Magdalena, Simon, Jeremias, Samuel (who had not joined in a long time, 218

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

and received permission from the Savior), Erdmuth, Johanna, Marie, Anna, and Justina, the last one too had the grace again after a long time. October The 1st Following the early service the communicants had liturgy. Then several families went to the seaside with canoes that were heavily loaded with brooms and baskets so as to buy there some winter clothing for themselves. [No entries for the 2nd and 3rd] The 4th We had a most blessed early service on the children’s watchword: Seelig sind die jezt glauben.68 Gideon came home from New Milford in good spirits. There was a singing service in the evening. The 5th Mr. Mills, his wife, and 2 daughters69 visited us and stayed for the evening meeting. The 6th of October Several white people came and took an Indian away, in bonds, who has been here for several days and supposedly took a shot at a man some 20 m[iles] from here. The 7th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, and Br. Gideon held the children’s hour in the afternoon. The 8th I began to harvest my Welsh corn. The children’s watchword was of great comfort to us today: Es wird so gar lange nicht währen.70 [No entry for the 9th] The 10th I went to Mr. Hays, the Jew, getting letters and news that he had brought from New York. Our dear hearts Johannes [von Watteville] and Petrus [Böhler] delighted 219

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

us most specially with their letters, as did the other news. The going home of our dear hearts in North Carolina rendered our hearts very soft.71 On the way back I visited Mr. Paine, whose wife is ill and had asked for my visit; she is our old benefactress. Also, our Indians returned from the seaside, having had to sell their brooms, pp., cheaply, thus profiting little. They had to pay 25 Sh. York money for an ordinary blencket [blanket]. However, they mostly go to the seaside for the oysters,72 which they have for free. [No entry for the 11th] The 12th It has been one year since we arrived here. We gave thanks to our dear Husband, who blessedly helped us through this year, also at this place, and we entreated Him further for His blessed nearness. [No entry for the 13th] The 14th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon; a number of white people came as hearers. There was a separate meeting in the afternoon, in the course of which I read aloud some news. The going home of our beloved Christian Seidel was a special matter, for he had been here several times for a visit.73 In the evening we also enjoyed a blessed congregation hour. [No entries until the 18th] The 18th During the early hour we remembered the birthday of our dear Johannis [von Watteville], wishing him that he may yet experience much joy and comfort with the Indians. Yesterday and today I was busy making the second cutting [of hay], and I also finished bringing in my Welsh corn this week. A gentleman from 80 m[iles] away came for a visit, asking this and that about our doctrine; said he saw no difference between us and the Presbyterians. I did not take issue with him to any great degree, to be sure, but I told him something about the Savior and His wounds, and he left altogether satisfait [satisfied]. The 19th I went to the Jew and got several things that the brethren and sisters in New 220

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

York had sent for me, for which I am very grateful to them. [No entry for the 20th] The 21st The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel. Classes took place in the afternoon. [No entries until the 25th] The 25th I wrote letters to Bethlehem and Europe and took them to Brother and Sister Gambold [on] the 26th; found both quite blissful and in good spirits. His injury [is] not yet completely cured, and she is sickly as well. We rejoiced so much in seeing one another once again. Also, I received letters from our dear Br. Petrus [Böhler] (who delights us with a letterd rather frequently), item from Br. Ettwein, Graff, Abraham [Büninger], Martin [Mack], and our dear heart Lawatsch. In addition, I received the money with which we are able to buy bread. The 27th I journeyed back home and Br. Gambold accompanied me as far as Doct. Adam[e?]. On arriving home I saw a sad sight, for many of our people were drunk, having gotten too much seider [cider] at our neighbors’ [places]. My dear wife has had an uneasy time in the meantime. During the hour in the evening I spoke about the children’s watchword: Gebt nur acht, daß ihr euch Keine Noth fürs herz macht.74 The meeting was fairly well attended and I talked very plainly. The 28th Came a soldier coming from Crown Point passed through, bearing word that all the warriors from Pachgatgoch were on the way home, except for poor Martin, who reportedly died of bloody flux75 at Crown Point several weeks ago, which saddened me deeply. The sermon was at noon. In the afternoon I visited all of the houses. Gideon tearfully told me of his distress; I consoled him.76 There was a blessed evening service in the evening. November

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Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 1st During the early service the words Laßet das Wort Xsti unter euch reichl. wohnen77 were talked about. Joshua left to go hunting for a while. The 2nd Several womenfolk came home, who for a while had been away working; so did Samuel, who had gone to Stockbridge several days ago. The 3rd During the early service the children’s watchword was talked about: Von der wahren Seeligkeit, die jedes herz hat, wenn es im heiland bleibet.78 The 4th The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel. Several brethren were communed with blessedly in the afternoon. In the evening there was the hour. [No entries for the 5th and 6th] The 7th Lucas, Joseph, and Kakaijo returned from Crown Point, looking quite warriorlike; it was also a rather turbulent day. [No entry for the 8th] The 9th Communion was announced. The 10th After the early service the quarter-of-an-hour was held with several communicants, and the speaking [in preparation for Communion] was begun. We were quite concerned about our communicants, but the Savior gave us the best revelation. Our dear old Gideon was very much like a sinner. He and Jeremias received permission to join Communion, which shamed them greatly; several were given the choice. Justina told us what she had heard about her husband (poor Martin), namely, [that] he is said to have been constantly sick; at Fort Edward he reportedly had the measles, and at Crown Point, the bloody flux. Throughout his time of illness 222

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

he is said to have prayed much and to have asked for forgiveness. He was believing, now that he was going to die and never again reach home, and so he looked very cheerful until he died. He was a communicant, belonged to the conference, and was a servant, but he let himself be seduced into drinking and took enlisting money; hence, he had to go to war. He was often spoken with in an affectionate manner, and everything was done for him, but disobedience prevailed, and so he went [to war]. The children’s hour was in the afternoon, and they were communed with at the same time, and they were very open, which pleased me greatly. In the evening there was the congregation hour, then love feast, absolution, and a blessed Communion with 9 brown hearts, to wit, Gideon and Martha, Gottlieb and Magdalena, Jeremias, Simon, Erdmuth, Johanna, and Marie (Joshua, Samuel, Justina, Petrus, pp., stayed away on account of their transgressions). Thamar was not at home. The 12th After the early service the communicants had a quarter-of-an-hour. During the hour in the evening, tomorrow’s great day79 was announced. My dear wife celebrated her 44th birthday today. The 13th First there was the early service. At 10 o’clock there was a meeting in which the theme of today’s festival day was talked about. Then we began to speak with all of the baptized ones, and to our delight, we witnessed the work of the dear Mother on several of the hearts. The communicants had recently been exceptionally contented during Communion. There was another blessed meeting in the evening during which we laid ourselves at the pierced feet of our most beloved Chief Elder, asking for merciful absolution — and we felt his faithful heart, as had been the case throughout this entire day of grace. [No entries for the 14th and 15th] The 16th In the evening we had a specially blessed hour on the theme of Good Friday.

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Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 17th] The 18th Almost all of our people who had been out returned home. The sermon was at noon. In the afternoon one house after the other was visited and the one or other Bande held. Christian, who a couple of days ago had come home from the army, told me that he had been in the Narrows throughout the entire summer, having worked on the new fort.80 He had been to Crown Point only once, otherwise nowhere; yet the young folk had been sent out for scouting. I also told him my mind about going to war. [No entry for the 19th] The 20th The brethren began to cut some wood for me, but because it rained hard, little was done. I intended to go to Mr. Paine, but was almost at risk of losing my life in the river, which was high. For this I thanked the Savior, that I still managed to get out safely. [No entry for the 21st] The 22nd The brethren cut some more wood for me, which is of great help to me, and I think I can manage with it throughout half the winter. The 23rd I had wood hauled through Mr. Mills; Joshua and Samuel went hunting. The 24th We especially remembered the Mahoning and our difficult night.81 And we remembered the birthday of the beloved Jüngerin and her travels among the Indians. The 25th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, in the afternoon the children’s hour and the visiting of the huts, [and] in the evening a blessed congregation hour. Our people who

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are at home indeed attend the occasions regularly, and this continuously encourages one to recommend to them the bloody Man of Affliction. Amen.

Pachgatgoch Diarium, 1759 December The 1st During the early service we had the children’s watchword as text: Euer BürgerRecht ist im Himmel: Das ist die Ursach aller Kirchen freuden.82 Several of our young people came back from the army. I inquired about what they had done there. They said they had helped work on the forts all summer long; they had not gone anywhere else and had not seen any French.83 Throughout the entire time they had not heard anything about the Savior (that is their own fault). As far as I could tell, their desire to go to war has abated considerably (this is to be seen in the spring). The 2nd. A [Sunday] The sermon for the first day of advent was at noon, and I had many attentive listeners. In the afternoon Br. Gideon held a delightful quarter-of-an-hour for the children. During the evening meeting the text Kommt laßt uns Zum herrn fügen mit einem ewigen Bunde84 was [observed] with a special feeling. The 3rd Two unbaptized ones came home, namely, young Kihorr and Christian’s son, reporting the same, that they had helped work on the forts. The Savior blessed us at the evening meeting during the children’s watchword Er ist erschienen daß Er unsere Sünde weg nehme,85 p[p]. The 4th Justina and Esther and Salome moved into their winter house 6 m[iles] from here and will return in the spring. During the early meeting the children’s watchword Laßt uns ihn lieben,86 p[p]., was talked about.

225

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 5th I went to Mr. Paine and bought some wheat and turnips.87 My wife fell ill, but Anna Johanna was quite lively. The 6th Several of our people went out again, so that I had only 3 at the meeting in the evening; several were ill. [No entry for the 7th] The 8th Thamar returned home with her party, having made many brooms. The 9th. A [Sunday] There was a blessed sermon at noon. The 10th We slaughtered our pigs; Stephen and Gideon helped me. The 11th Our dear old Gideon moved with his family into his winter house on the mountain, for here [at Pachgatgoch] it is much too difficult for him to go and get [fire] wood. [No entries for the 12th and 13th] The 14th The hunters returned home; 10 of them had shot 4 deer in 3 weeks. [No entry for the 15th] The 16th. A [Sunday] Mr. Bull, our neighbor, who had been to New York the week before, brought a letter from Br. H. v. Vleck, from which we learned a little bit about our beloved Bethlehem. The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel. Justina and several other womenfolk came from their winter house for the sermon. 226

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry until the 23rd] The 23rd. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon [and the] children’s hour in the afternoon. Afterward was [the] quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, during which it was announced that the Savior did not allow us a Communion this time because of a number of circumstances that have since come to pass. On this occasion I tearfully poured out my heart. The 24th We were busy all day long baking small breads88 for the love feast. In the evening there was the night watch. The enemy sought to disturb us, but he was not successful in doing so. We held the love feast and together were in good spirits. The 25th At noon there was the sermon on the occasion of this festival day, and in the afternoon some 30 children had a delightful love feast during which they were told a great many things about the most beloved Child Jesus. In the evening there also was a blessed meeting on the divine. Jeremias visited me today and communed with me. The 26th [It] was a very turbulent night that the drunkards caused us. It saddened us greatly that our baptized ones also are still obliged to serve Satan. Joshua reported [to us] in order to go out with his family for a few weeks. I visited Gideon and his family on the mountain and found everyone in good spirits. [No entry for the 27th] The 28th We especially remembered the birthday of our precious and dear Benigna.89 [No entry for the 29th] The 30th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, and [on] the 31st I brought several sleds full of wood to old Thamar, who was in great need of it. During the meeting in the evening, 227

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

which was very late, we recapitulated what was noteworthy in the year passed, [and] in the end [we] knelt down and beseeched the Savior for mercy and forgiveness, recommending ourselves to His faithful heart henceforth. Mr. Goodriche90 of Sharon and his wife, society people from Sichem, came for a visit. Memorabilia 1.) The Savior let us preach His word plentifully. 2.) Eight souls were baptized. 3.) Five baptized ones went home, to wit, 4 children and one man, Martin, at Crown Point; unbaptized ones, 2. 4.) The visit of Br. Post and Sölle from Bethlehem was also very pleasant for us, it. that of Br. Gambold and Assarias Smith from Sichem. 5.) In September a considerable number of Indians came from Farmington and New London for a visit. 6.) Communion was celebrated 8 times. 7.) We all stayed well and in good health, and also had a good harvest. 8.) Two blessed days of prayer were conducted with letters from the congregation [in Bethlehem], Greenland, and Berbice.

1760 Januarius The 1st Last night we rested little on account of the drunken people, pp. During the early meeting the name Jesus was spoken about with a tender feeling. Our guests, the Goodriches, returned to Sharon in good spirits. In the evening there was [a] singing service. Afterward, there was again a great deal of commotion made, p[p]. The 2nd During the early meeting, being born anew into Christ was talked about. Several womenfolk went back to their winter houses. The evening meeting was very small.

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Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entries for the 3rd and 4th] The 5th No one came to the early service because they had not heard the horn. The meeting in the evening was attended by many, and my heart was quite open, speaking about the faithful and loving heart of Jesus. The 6th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, during which the theme of the festival day today was discoursed upon. Aside from this we spent the day in quietude and often thought of the brown and black people — may the Savior yet reap from this the reward for His suffering. The 7th I began to hold school again, for the cold is letting up somewhat. The 8th Esq. Ransom, Esq. Hatch, and various magistrates came from Kent, p[p]., and read the laws to our Indians. They inquired with me about the behaviour of the Indians. I informed them and told them of my concerns, [that is,] that our Indians received so much rum and seider [cider] from the white people, from which many disorders arose. They promised that if it happened again, both parties shall be punished. These good people wondered very much about our patience and that the congregation took such pains with the Indians. Before the law was read, one man said a prayer whose content was that God may please show mercy on these poor people, and also bless my work among them. Esq. Ransom invited me and my wife to come and stay a night with him. Three of our Indians were chosen to be tythingmens [tithingmen] and overseers of the fences, to wit, Samuel, Jeremias, and Solomon.91 During the meeting in the evening the law of love was discoursed upon. The 10th During the evening meeting the bloody sweat at the Mount of Olives was talked about. The 11th About the bitter walk to death. Joshua returned home with his family. Martha Elisabeth, his 2nd daughter, ran away from him; a certain Warup recently

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Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

seduced her. The 12th We closed this week in peace and frequently remembered our precious and beloved Anna Johanna and her birthday. Aside from this, the occasions were fairly well attended this week, and one feels that the Savior has not turned away from us yet, although matters are often in a very bad way among these poor people. The 13th. A [Sunday] There was no sermon on account of a terrible storm and snow. In the evening there was a small meeting. The 14th It continued to storm violently and the hall was full of snow. I was not well; the meeting was suspended. In some places the snow was so deep that neither man nor horse was able to get through. Our Indians were in great need of wood. I, however, was supplied with it in this great cold, God be praised. The 15th During the early service the name in the children’s watchword delighted us: Der Gott der meine Freude u. Wonne ist.92 [No entry for the 16th] The 17th Mein Heiland! was our watchword today. How sweet was this name of His to me. At noon I went to Mr. Swift and returned his law book to him from which I had taken some notes. At the same time, I visited Mr. Mills and his son-in-law, the minister of Kent, who received me in an altogether friendly manner and requested that I visit him more often. 93

The 18th and 19th Our texts [sic] Mein Arzt, und meines lebens Krafft94 were our refreshment. Joshua, who yesterday had intended to go with his family to Sharon by sled, came back home because of the deep snow. We have now waited for a long time for a visit from Bethlehem and Sichem, but our hope is gone now with the way being so bad. 230

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 20th. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel about the leper and the centurion whose servant was ill. A soldier attended the sermon. The children’s watchword in the evening was Meines Herzens-Trost.95 Br. Gideon and several others of his family were also here. The 21st After the early service I went to Mr. Paine on account of outside business. During the meetings the text was: Mein König. Wer hat ein solches Recht zum herzen.96 Br. Gideon fell ill today. The 22nd I visited him [Gideon] on the mountain; he complained about a fever and stitches in his side, communed with me, and said, I am a poor child, and ask the Savior for every forgiveness. Our brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch are on a bad path, and the Savior told me that they shall soon turn back and again search out the first love that they left. I sang several versesd to him, which pleased him greatly. During the hour in the evening the text was: Mein Gott! Mein[e] Gebeine.97 The 24th I visited Gideon, finding him very ill but in good spirits. Afterward, I was busy getting wood, but my sled broke into pieces. In the meantime, 2 men passing through had been in our house to warm themselves, with whom my wife spoke about a number of matters concerning the Savior; they felt love for the brethren. [No entry for the 25th] The 26th Our dear old Gideon was very weak, and his heart’s desire is to go to the Savior; I sang and prayed with him. Our people visit him very frequently and are very much at a loss about his going home. Also, Joshua and his family and other Indians were sent for to come home. The 27th. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel. In the afternoon I visited sick Gideon on the mountain, conducting the meeting at the same time because so many 231

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

of our people were there. There were no menfolk present at the hour in the evening, for Br. Gideon had all of them summoned to discuss with them one or another matter. The 28th We had a blessed early service on the children’s watchword Du Meister.98 In the afternoon I went visiting on the mountain, finding sick Gideon very weak; sang some verses with him, and he declared that his heart was contented. Toward evening, his soul very blessedly and softly passed over into the wounds of Jesus. I was still summoned, and everyone who could walk went on the mountain, but found his sould no longer in the tabernacle. The house was filled to the brim with people and I, therefore, right away took the opportunity to conduct the evening meeting, at which time there was more weeping than talking, however. My heart felt very contented and I wished for everyone to have such a journey home like our old, dear, and blessed Gideon. There was a great deal of weeping by everyone, but not in the Indian manner.99 The 29th Our text was: Schön ist Er.100 Toward evening the dead body of our late Gideon was then brought by sled from the mountain and placed in Joshua’s house. The 30th We had a blessed early service on the text: Ungesehen, doch geliebt.101 Toward evening, the tabernacle of our late Gideon was laid to rest. However, beforehand I delivered an address in the hall about the blissful expiration in the wounds of Jesus, and about the joyful resurrection of our tabernacles. Much was felt and many tears were shed on this occasion. At the graveside, the litany was prayed from, pp. The meeting in the evening was attended by very many, and the Savior blessed the word of His atonement. Our dear old Gideon, whose tabernacle we laid to rest today, was 73 years old and had been baptized for 17 years, by Br. Martin [Mack]. He was a good, venerable father, cared for his people faithfully, was willing, always putting the first hand to that which needed to be done; [he] had the heart of a sinner and a genuine feeling of the Savior and His atonement. When he did wrong, he right 232

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

away went back to the Savior and asked for forgiveness. [He] loved the congregation tenderly. When he was last spoken with for Communion, he expressed himself as follows: Oh, I am not worthy of the Savior’s wanting to grant me the grace to join Communion. I have recently acted very badly, pp. This Communion had been a great blessing for him. Eight days ago he fell ill with a fever and stitches in the side and soon said, Now I will soon go to the Savior; and he wished that all of Pachgatgoch would once again turn to the Savior and appeal to the Savior for mercy. The brethren and sisters, as well as the children of this place, visited him daily, and he was happy to see them. Everyone was at a loss about his going home. The day before his end, he had all the menfolk summoned and said, Brethren, I will now soon go to the Savior. Nicely hold peace with one another and love one another; do not quarrel over the land, but each one keep what he has; help one another, pp. The 28th102 I visited him for the last time, sang some verses to him and took leave of him. He was very much in good spirits, yet did not look as if he would go home so soon. One hour later his soul passed over into the wounds of Jesus, softly and blessedly without anyone noticing. God be praised for this sould that is now safe as well. N.b.: He was the first to have been baptized here, and also the first man to have gone home at this place. Februarius The 1st We had a blessed early service on the watchword: Kommt her, höret alle zu, ich will erzehlen, was Er an meiner Seele gethan hat. Mein heil sanck in den Todt.103 After school I went to get wood. In the afternoon, unexpectedly and to our delight, Brother and Sister Gambold, Azar. Smith, and Colver came from Sichem for a visit, bringing with them the Bethlehem diar[ium] from October and a letter from Br. Abraham [Büninger], several months old. But to us everything was nonetheless very new and blessed. Br. Gambold conducted the evening meeting on today’s text. 233

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 2nd Having greatly enjoyed one another, our guests traveled back home after the early service. My diarium and letters that I had sent to Sichem before the winter to dispatch them them [sic] to Bethlehem were returned to me, for there is no longer any conveyance to New York. Hence our beloved hearts in Bethlehem will not hear from us for a good while. Joshua, who had gone to New Milford by sled a couple of days ago, returned home bringing with him his daughter Martha Elisabeth, who had run a piece of wood into her foot and was unable to walk. I dare say it was an injury caused by sin, for she ran away 14 days ago with young Warup (alias Johannes) and has not shown her face before her father since. The 3rd. A [Sunday] [The] sermon was at noon. In the afternoon I had a conversation with several of the conference members not and we especially remembered our dear late Gideon and his office of steward. The 4th I went to Mr. Paine and bought some grain, which is very expensive hereabouts; out of friendship he still let me have the bushel of wheat for 6 sh. I also had the opportunity to tell the people something about the Savior. In the evening we had a blessed meeting on today’s text: Siehe! Ich komme u. will beij dir wohnen.104 The 5th After the early service Samuel went with the sled and got 7 bushel[s] of wheat that I had bought from Mr. Paine yesterday. It rained all day long. The 6th We especially refreshed ourselves with the watchword: Da der König sich her wandte, und seegnte meine Seel.105 I visited the winter hut on the mountain, finding everyone in good spirits. On this occasion I also brought wood down from the mountain because the snow is still covering the rocks. The 7th Thamar said that when she was recently in New Milford she told Mrs. Bostwick that Gideon had gone home, and very blessedly and cheerfully at that. Mrs. B. 234

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

could hardly believe this, for Gideon had been at her house only 10 days ago, but before long she reportedly began to weep, as did her daughter and the other people who knew him, for they believed him to have been a very good and dear man who surely went home blessedly. The 8th Our text during the early and evening service was: Seine tröstungen ergötzen meine Seele,106 p[p]. Joshua reported [that he was going] to go out with his family to make brooms, p[p]. Provisions are becoming very scarce here. The 9th Martha visited us from the mountain and was in rather good spirits. Last night she had sat with sick, old Gertraud, Solomon’s mother, whom I visited today. She said, I always think of the Savior; my body is very weak, but I am cheerful, p[p]. During the meeting in the evening I spoke about the word [“]ransom.[”] The 10th. A [Sunday] At noon there was a blessed sermon on several words from the litany. The text in the evening was: Ich habe den herrn allezeit vor Augen.107 The 15th Petrus (Juliana’s husband) came home, bringing us greetings from the Indians in Farmington and New London, whom he had visited. His mother Sarah is still sick; Gottlob and Leah are caring for her. Lucas and Kakaijo came from Stockbridge, where they had gone for their soldier’s pay, but did not receive any. Gottlieb reported [to us] that he would go with his family to Sharon to see his newly born grand child, namely, that of Christoph and his unbaptized wife. However, the real reason is that they have nothing more to eat. The 17th. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on the sower. The meeting was small because many are out. We had a blessed meeting in the evening on the words: Du hällst über meiner haupt Sache. Daß Gott Schöpffer mein Seelen Schatz.108 We again read the Bethlehem diarium from October, and, at the same time, thought with much tenderness 235

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

of our dear Bethlehem. [No entries for the 18th and 19th] The 20th Young Petrus visited us and told us a number of positive things about the Indians in Farmington and New London. For example, when an English captain asked an Indian whether he would like to have himself enlisted, he replied, I am already enlisted. Who then was his captain? Answer: I have a very good and exceptional captain, who is Jesus Christ. I want to serve Him until the end of time and sell my life [to Him], p[p]., whereupon the English captain reportedly walked away ashamed — and some other matters of this kind. The 21st Petrus went to Richfield [Litchfield] to visit his sick mother; Juliana, his wife, is staying here because of her [approaching] delivery. The 22nd We had a tremendous storm that badly damaged my hut.109 I was very ill today, as I had been throughout the entire week, with a swelling110 in my face. There was no occasion in the evening. The 23rd Today I got up again and kept the early service, but was hardly able to sing a couple of versesd. The 24th. A [Sunday] Things had improved and I delivered the sermon on today’s Gospel. In the afternoon Agnes, the wife of Jeremias, was delivered of a daughter. The 25th Our word was: Es geht Krafft von mir p[p.] Dein Blut der edle Safft.111 At 9 o’clock in the evening Juliana, the wife of Petrus, Joshua’s eldest daughter, was delivered of a son who, however, without my knowledge, went home soon after, due to the carelessness of the midwives. Joshua with his family and Thamar came home; he soon went for rum. Mrs. Bull, who was to help Juliana in her circumstances, 236

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

came with his wife here at midnight, but everything was over [by then], the women having forgotten to tie the umbilical cord of the child; it thus had to bleed to death. Oh, the poor sould! The 26th There was no early service. The 2 tidingmen [tithingmen] went to Kent and reported on what had happened during the night. Soon the constable and other people came, inspected the child, [then] took those Indians with them who had done things so badly last night, and [they] received from Justus [Justice] Ransom, in accordance with the law, their proper punishment, and had to promise never to do it again. Today we were especially at a loss over our poor Indians. We beseech and beg them frequently that they may please come to the Savior and let themselves be helped, but it appears that it is not yet of importance to them to grow into blessed hearts. There were few at the meeting in the evening. The 27th The child of Petrus and Juliana was buried. Although it was not baptized, I nonetheless had it brought into the hall and delivered an earnest address to those present, and wished that something like this would never again happen among them. Martius The 2nd After the sermon, which dealt with the woman of Canaan, the daughter of Jeremias and Agnes was baptized into the death of Jesus and named Eva. The meeting was again attended by many. The 3rd Joshua reported [to us] to go to Stockbridge; Pen King112 reportedly had sent him word that he. Our object today during the meetings was: der Schönste unter den Menschen Kindern.113 Jonathan, Martha’s son, came from Stockbridge; he had spent all winter there. [No entries for the 4th and 5th] 237

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 6th It was a general day of thanksgiving in this province, of which I had been notified several days ago from Kent. [The] sermon was at noon and the litany was prayed in closing. In the afternoon we spoke with the communicants who were at home. Thamar said, Sometimes I do not quite know what is wrong with me, I feel so weak in my heart, as if I had not eaten in a long time, and it became clear to me that I have not eaten the flesh of Jesus and drunk his blood, pp., in a long time. We comforted her; perhaps the Savior will soon again permit us to have Communion. [No entry for the 7th] The 8th Young Petrus came home from Litchfield, visited us, and brought us greetings from his mother Sarah, who is still sick. He said, In my heart I am in good spirits, but I am very much at a loss over the circumstances concerning my child who recently went home. The 9th. A [Sunday] In the morning Joshua came from Stockbridge, called on us right away, and said his trip had been in vain, for his oncle [French: uncle] Penn King (who along with his father sends us his greetings) had not sent him any word.114 Things were very turbulent in Stockbridge. In the past those who drank a quart of rum had to pay a 5 £ fine, but this was now revoked. [The] sermon at noon was on the Gospel. Yesterday and today a deep snow fell, the likes of which we have not had this winter. Thamar and her party, who had carried brooms and baskets to New Milford the day before yesterday, came115 home ill. The 10th 116 Ich weiß, daß mein Goel lebt. The 11th 117 Meine Augen werden Ihn schauen. The 12th Mein Erlöser118 were rather sweet and comforting words for our hearts during these few days. We frequently went visiting in the huts and read Gemein Schrifften,119

238

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

and our dear Husband comforted us throughout all of our efforts. [No entry for the 13th] The 14th Joshua reported [to us] to go out with his family and intends to return in time for planting. Juliana, his eldest daughter, went along, and her husband [went] to Ritchfield [Litchfield] to see his sick mother. [No entry for the 15th] The 16th. A [Sunday] [The] sermon at noon was on the Gospel. The 17th I went to the mill and to Mr. Hays, the Jew, to see if he will soon go to New York. The 18th Old Petrus, who had been out for some time, and it was not known where, came home. Thamar reported [to us] to go out. The 19th Old Simon also went out with his sons; hence only Samuel’s and Jeremias’s families are still at home. [No entries until the 23rd] The 23rd. A [Sunday] There was a small meeting. Those from on the mountain came and visited us. The 24th and 25th. We wrote letters to Bethlehem and Europe, and thought of the congregation with much tenderness. During the early service today’s festival day was remembered, and our hearts worshiped in the joyous news that God is manifested in the flesh. [No entries until the 1st of April]

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Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

Pachgatgoch Diarium 1760 The 1st of April The text during the early service was: Ich will reden von seiner herrlichen Pracht, p[p.] Ach Marter Mann so schön!120 My wife diligently visited the huts today because there are mostly womenfolk at home. The 2nd During the early service I began reading the Passion story. Martha, Gideon’s widow, Erdmuth, her mother, and Johanna, Martha’s daughter, all 3 widows, moved back here from off the mountain. The 3rd and 4th I continued reading the Passion. Our dear old Thamar, who had been out working for several weeks, returned home in good spirits, also bringing her husband with her (who had lost his way for several weeks), as well as several grand children. The 5th [It] was the Great Sabbath; we spent our time in blessed quietude. Petrus, Juliana’s husband, came from Litchfield. The 6th121 We went to our burying place early, remembering there this year’s deceased. At noon, the Savior’s resurrection was read about and talked about with blessing. Several of our people returned home. [No entries for the 7th and 8th] The 9th [This] was the land’s day of fasting and repentance, and there was a sermon in accordance with it at noon. [No entry for the 10th] The 11th 240

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

I traveled to Brother and Sister Gambold and found there, to my delight, several letters from Bethlehem, yet the news about the going home of our tenderly loved Sr. A. Maria122 brought sorrow to my heart, and tears. The 12th I traveled back home, leaving behind Brother and Sister Gambold rather contented, visited on the way several of their people, and returned home safely; found my wife and child well. However, the news about the going home of our beloved Anna Maria deeply grieved my wife, and we sent many a teard of love after her, also wishing that we would soon follow her. The 13th. A [Sunday] [The] sermon at noon was on today’s Gospel. [No entries until the 19th] The 19th Once again several of our people came home, as [they had] throughout this entire week. The text from the children’s watchword was a great comfort to our hearts: Die Gemeinschafft des h. Geistes die uns Kan behüten, bis an das Ende.123 Today I also fetched letters from Mr. Hays, the Jew, who came from New York yesterday. From them [the letters] we learned the one or other matter that brought our hearts and eyes to tears, particularly the account from Neusalz.124 Also, our dear Br. Joseph wrote a letterd to us from North Carolina, which refreshed and strengthened us a great deal. In addition, Br. Schmick reported to us many a joyous matter, as well as [many a] painful one about our dear Bethlehem. The 20th. A [Sunday] After the sermon, which was very well attended, I read Br. Joseph’s [Spangenberg] letter [addressed] to our Indians, who were overjoyed at hearing a letter from our dear Br. Joseph [from] so far away. In the afternoon I read from the Greenland diario and the news from Neusalz, which touched our brethren and sisters deeply. During the evening meeting I spoke on the children’s watchword: Wir haben die Liebe, die Gott zu uns hat, wohl eingesehen u. glauben lernen.125

241

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 21st During the early and evening meetings our God’s great love was talked about. Several of our people again went out to make brooms, and Joshua [went] to the seaside with his canoe. [No entries for the 22nd and 23rd] The 24th During both meetings we especially felt the Savior’s nearness. The night before, things had been somewhat difficult for us, indeed. Throughout this week I diligently worked in my garden. Frequently, we are very much at a loss over our people, to be sure, and often do not know how to deal with matters. Sarah returned with her family from Litchfield, where she had been all winter. The 25th [This] was an exceptionally warm day. The grass is beginning to grow, and I am glad that my fodder for the sheep126 has lasted this long. [No entry for the 26th] The 27th. A [Sunday] [The] sermon was in the forenoon. In the afternoon news from Greenland and Berbice was read aloud. During the reading such a hailstorm and rain began that we had to stop, and it rained very heavily into the hall because the roof is bad. In the evening we had a blessed hour on the children’s watchword: Wenn mein Gott lieb hat, so ists ausgemacht, d[a]ß wir uns auch unter einander lieb haben.127 Also, Sarah and Leah were here again for the first time since they had come from Litchfield. The former was very glad to see us again and to hear something about the Savior. She had been ill all winter, at which time she appealed to the Savior to make her well once more so that she would be able to see Pachgatgoch one more time and hear something about the Savior; she reportedly had given her whole heart to the Savior. Yet Gottlob, Leah’s husband, while drinking, had allowed himself to be enlisted in Litchfield, although Sarah and his wife had pleaded with him not to do so.

242

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[No entry for the 28th] The 29th Last night we did not sleep a wink, to be sure, because our Anna Johanna has had a bad cough for 14 days, but also in part because of the drinking and dancing that lasted until the morning. In the morning and evening the children’s watchword was spoken about, and the Savior comforted my heart over all the grief and pain that one experiences on account of these poor people. Majus The 1st After the early service I went to Mr. Hays, the Jew, to buy some necessities. On the way back I visited the winter huts. David and his family were also home; he and his 2 sons had themselves again enlisted in Sharon. Captain Jacobs’s [Cheeksaunkun] son came from Stockbridge to recruit people, but he came too late, for all the Indians here had let themselves be recruited by white people this year. The 2nd [Today] there was a very small meeting. Our dear old Erdmuth has been quite sick for several days, likewise Nathanael, Simon’s son, who suffers from hectica128 and a bad foot, and needs to walk on 2 crutches. Daniel, Joshua’s son, is also lame and walks on crutches. The 3rd During the early meeting the children’s watchword Meine Kindlein! Laßt uns nicht allein Liebe im Mund führen,129 pp., was talked about. In the afternoon we spoke with several sisters [in preparation] for Communion. They wept for joy and shame, and declared how hungry and thirsty their hearts were for this great matter. Our other people are presently in no such state for us to consider them with respect to Communion. I had my Welsh corn field plowed today. In the evening we had a serviced of blessing. The 4th. A [Sunday] 243

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

[The] sermon was at noon. The Greenland and Berbice diariis were read from in the afternoon. Toward evening we had a small love feast, and after the general meeting, a blessed Communion. Present were the two of us, Petrus and Thamar, [and] Martha and Johanna; Erdmuth could not come due to weakness. The bloody Man of Affliction was very mercifully and feelingly near us. Moreover, we celebrated our wedding day today, and also thought of our dear Bethlehem very much, p[p]. [No entries for the 5th and 6th] The 7th I started planting Welsh corn. Toward evening I baptized a sick child, 6 years old, and [who] received the name Rosina. A few days ago she said to Thamar, I will probably die, but I am not yet baptized. If only I could still be baptized and be washed with the Savior’s blood. The 8th After the early service, the child who was baptized yesterday went to the Savior, blessed and cheerful. I blessed it with the verse Die Seele Xsti heilge dich,130 p[p]. The hut was full of people, and I right away seized the opportunity to speak about the blissful expiration, at which time I felt exceptionally contented. Last night we did not sleep because there was a great deal of disturbance. The 9th The tabernacle of little Rosina was buried, and an address was delivered in the hall beforehand. She no longer had a father or mother, and until now an old, unbaptized woman had kept her with her, to whom she had said last night, having put her arms about her neck, Dear Muhme!131 I will now soon go to the Savior, and I will see Him, for I am baptized with His blood, but you are not yet baptized. If you appeal to the Savior, He will also wash you with His blood, like me, and then you will soon follow me and go home blessed. The old woman soon came to us and told us this, and applied for baptism, and she became a candidate.132 The 11th. A [Sunday] There was a blessed sermon at noon; in the afternoon, the men’s fellowship.

244

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 12th We often thought of the congregation and of today’s festival. Jeremias plowed and sowed my oat field. [No entries for the 13th and 14th] The 15th [Today] was Ascension day. At 9 o’clock there was a special meeting on the text: Er ist nicht mehr in dieser Welt.133 Throughout the entire day we felt most special, and very much like weeping for our faithful Friend. When our Anna Johanngen heard that the Lambd was no longer here, but had gone toward heaven, she began to weep bitterly and was not to be consoled until she heard that it [the Lamb] would return. Then she rejoiced and was satisfied. Christian’s wife Gottliebe was spoken with, who had taken another husband in Litchfield last winter; she was at a loss and wept, and promised not to have anything more to do with that person. The 16th I spoke with Paulus because of his bad life with Gottliebe. He was very apprehensive and humble, and wanted to rectify it with money if the authorities found out about this. I read to him the laws of the land, to be sure, and what the Savior said of those people who do what he does, pp. The 17th Thamar came to us with her daughter Caritas; the latter bewailed her misery, and wept. The mother especially poured out her heart about her children, and said, I pray to the Savior day and night that he may please show mercy on my children, pp. Also, we learned that old Anna Maria (the mother of Esther in Nain) was ill at the seaside. Throughout this week much planting was done, and I too finished my 2 fields. The 18th. A [Sunday] We had a blessed sermon. This was followed by the children’s hour. In the afternoon all of the parents had a meeting, on which occasion many a person’s heart was rendered soft and at a loss over their children’s upbringing. Lately, Joshua had the entire town summoned of his own accord and preached 245

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

to them for 2 hours, recognized himself as a bad person, and repeated his father Gideon’s last wish, p[p]. During the evening meeting the text was: Die Liebe freuet sich, wenns ordentl. Zu geht.134 The 19th Ten people of this place who had enlisted departed for Sharon for the muster. I wrote letters to Bethlehem and took them to Sichem [on] the 20th. Along the way I already learned that 2 brethren from Bethlehem had arrived, likewise that Br. Abr. Reinke and some other brethren had gone home, which touched me deeply, and [I] wept many a teard on the way. I found Brother and Sister Gambold well. And to my delight, I found Br. Sölle and family [Samuel] Herr there. I received letters from our most beloved Petrus [Böhler] and other dear hearts, which gave me great joy. The 21st I went back home and found everything quiet. The warriors came from Sharon, bringing red mantau[e?]135 with them. During the evening meeting I passed on the greetings from Br. Petrus, Martin [Mack], and Schmick; the brethren and sisters were delighted and very grateful for them. Our watchword was: Seijd nicht ruhig bis ihr die Liebe weg habt.136 The 22nd We had blessed early and evening meetings on the beautiful children’s watchword: Die Liebe die ausgegoßen ist in unsere herzen durch den h. Geist der uns gegeben ist.137 The 23rd The Brothers Sölle and Samuel Herr arrived here to our joy. They were at once welcomed by the Indians, big and small, and the former conducted a blessed evening meeting. The 24th We had a blessed day of rest. Throughout this week everyone was busy with planting and most finished it. The 24th. A [Sunday] 246

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

On Whitsuntide Br. Sölle delivered the festival’s sermon on today’s Gospel. [The] children’s hour was in the afternoon; Joshua interpreted, and in the end prayed to the Savior in a childlike manner. Soon there was again a general meeting during which letters and news from Bethlehem were read. Afterward, Br. Sölle and Samuel Herr went visiting in the houses. During the evening meeting I spoke on the children’s watchword: Die Liebe, der ihre Gluth feurig, und eine flamme des herrn ist.138 The 25th [Today] was a beautiful rainy day. The 26th Br. Sölle held a blessed early service, and during a small love feast we remembered the birthday of our most beloved Jünger with tender love.139 The 27th Brothers Sölle and Herr went to New Milford and returned to us [on] the 28th. During the meeting in the evening Br. Sölle spoke with great feeling on the children’s watchword: Eij so freuet euch in einem weg. Ihr habt um Ihn geweint.140 The going home of our most beloved Christel141 was also remembered by us. The 29th During the early service the children’s watchword was talked about: Was ihr macht, laßet alles in der Liebe geschehen.142 Our 2 dear pilgrims prepared themselves for the journey. During the meeting in the evening that Br. Sölle conducted, the 2 familiar Indians Aschbo and Peter143 came from Otsiningo on the Susquehanna [River], where they had visited and preached at the request of the Indians there. We had them stay with us for the evening meal. The 30th Br. Sölle held a rather blessed early service. Afterward, these 2 dear hearts set out on their visit to New England, contented and in good spirits, taking their route to Litchfield via Cornwall. We spent together 8 days very blissfully, and they also helped us faithfully with outside matters. Today’s watchword was 247

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

especially enjoyable to us when taking leave: So mache dich auf und richte es aus, der herr wird mit Dir seijn. Über Land u. ocean.144 In the afternoon Ashbo conducted a meeting in Christian’s house without my knowledge. The 31st I had the 2 foreign Indians summoned and spoke with them about our grounds and communion with one another. Yet they fancy themselves altogether too wise and far above this. In the end, they asked me how often I had the morning meeting, I should acquaint with it my servants. I said, You are not my servants, but I am the Indians’ servant. Be sure not to cause any confusion here with your holding of meetings; then I will not hinder you. They indeed went at once and conducted a 2-hour meeting. A stranger from 150 m[iles] away, who had previously heard the brethren preach, attended the evening meeting, as well the 2 foreign Indians. Junius The 1st. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on the Savior’s conversation with Nicodemus, about the new birth. [The] children’s hour was in the afternoon. The foreign Indians also held their meetings in Christian’s house. Many white people came to hear them. The last one went on until late into the night. The 2nd The 2 foreign Indians departed, without taking leave of me, however. It seems that they did not have as much effect as the time before.145 Our text during the meetings was: Betet unnachläßlich.146 Joshua with his family and several other Indians went to the New Milford falls to fish. Also, the warriors quietly marched off from here to Sharon and on to Lake George. The 3rd The children’s watchword Kümmert euch über nichts zu sehr147 was talked about. I began to hoe my Welsh corn and plant cabbage. [No entries for the 4th and 5th] 248

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 6th Little Ludwig, Anna’s son, grew very weak. My wife also suffered a bout of the fever, and from all accounts it is presently a very sickly time in New England. The 7th We heard that L[i]eutenant Mills, our neighbor in Kent, drowned near Bull’s mill when he was crossing by canoe and came too close to the falls.148 The 8th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, and afterward [the] children’s hour. Toward evening Ludwig, a boy of 5 years, went home. His father Paschka, unbaptized, went to war a few days ago. As he was leaving, he wept that he would not see his son again. The child had often admonished him when he was acting so badly, and had said, Father! Go ahead and leave the house as long as you do not want to change and stop your drinking, p[p]. The 9th His [Ludwig’s] tabernacle was buried; beforehand an address was delivered in the hall. Mr. Mills, the young one, and Chamberlain,149 our neighbor, were also present and went along to the burying place and were very moved throughout this. Our little Ludwig was cheerful during his time of illness and showed a great deal of forbearance; [he] loved the Savior, and asked that greetings be passed on to Br. Eberhardt and Schmick. This is now the 8th child that the Savior has taken into His arms since the time of my presence here. Eternal thanks be to the Savior for this. The 10th I went on the mountain to get a piece of wood for a sled, but this gave me more trouble than ever. I spent all day [with this] and was completely exhausted, and to make matters worse, the horse ran away. Moreover, my wife became very ill today; [she] caught a fever and a dry cough. The text during the evening meeting was: Nach gethaner Arbeit ist gut ruhen in Jesu Arm und Schooß.150 d

[No entry for the 11th] 249

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

June 12 Our little Anna Johanna celebrated her 3rd birthday and gave a love feast for the children and for several of the adults, during which things proceeded in a cheerful manner. [No entry for the 13th] The 14th The communicants had a quarter-of-an-hour at which time Communion was announced to them. In the afternoon they were spoken with [in preparation for Communion], and we found poor and hungry hearts. Toward evening Mr. Mill’s body, which was found only today after a search of 8 days, was carried past. The 15th. A [Sunday] Very early I went to Kent for the burial. There were many people present and things went on nice and orderly. The minister (Mr. Mill’s son-in-law) said a long prayer in front of the house, and then the body was taken to the burial ground where nothing else happened, except that the sons of the deceased lowered the body into the ground and the minister thanked [everyone] for attending. Afterward, the people went into the church, but I hurried home for the sermon, which I delivered on today’s Gospel about the great Lord’s Supper. I found my wife ill, several fainting fits having befallen her. [She] has not been well now for quite some time. After the evening meeting the communicants had a love feast and, soon after, a blissful Communion. Fellow participants were the two of us, Simon, Petrus and Thamar, Erdmuth, Martha, and Johanna. We felt His blessed nearness. Joshua and his family came from New Milford, yet sufficiently bad, and the rest was not fit for it [Communion] either. The 16th My Welsh corn was hoed, in exchange for which I gave [the Indians] a good meal. My wife improved somewhat today. In the evening there was a blessed meeting. The 17th [This] was an exceptionally rainy day. 250

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 18th I recommenced holding school. [No entries for the 19th and 20th] The 21st The watchword was especially weighty to us: Ich will hernieder kommen, u. mit dir daselbst reden. Vielleicht beij einer hauß-visit.151 I also celebrated my 46th birthday today. The Savior visited us most mercifully. The 22nd. A [Sunday] The sermon was on the lost sheep. Mr. Paine and his son152 joined the meeting, likewise the young Mr. Bull. [The] children’s hour took place in the afternoon; the children were most delightful. In the evening there was the usual hour. The 23rd The children’s watchword was: Damit wir Ihn mit freuden empfangen, wenn Er sich sehn läßt.153 Our longing on this occasion was, “Oh indeed, but very soon.” In the evening the young folk again started dancing by the river, yet when I came near them, they quickly disappeared. The 24th. A [Sunday] There was a blessed sermon at noon, which 2 Quakers from New Fairfield attended, likewise several young people from the neighborhood. The remaining time was spent making house visits. [No entries until the 30th] The 30th Br. Ass. Smith came from Sichem and brought us letters from Bethlehem that were only 8 days old, from which we learned about our relief. During these few days several of the people of this place returned home, having deserted their compagnie, to wit, Paulus, Joseph, Warup (otherwise Johannes), and Stephen. Julius

251

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

The 1st Br. Smith went back home. I wrote to Brother and Sister Gambold. And I had an especially joyous school with the children today. [No entries until the 5th] The 5th Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, came and communed with us, recognized her unfaithfulness toward the Savior in the past, and asked for forgiveness, pp. The wife of her son Christoph came and applied for her and her child’s baptism. This week the Welsh corn was busily hoed. A couple of days ago Gottlieb shot the first deer of this year here in Schaghticoke. The 6th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, to which many white people came as well; their true purpose, however, was to go into our garden because of the currant bush. [The] children’s hour was in the afternoon, then the congregation meeting, at which time I passed on the greetings from our dear hearts Joseph [Spangenberg] and Petrus [Böhler]. In addition, I announced that we would be soon relieved by Brother and Sister M. Mack.154 In the end, I read a chapter from the New Testament. In the evening we further had a blessed hour on today’s children’s watchword: Ich bin lauter leben und warest Todt.155 The 7th I had my Welsh corn hoed for the second time. The 8th Several families went out to harvest blueberries and returned [on] the 9th. Provisions are very scarce. God be praised, we have not suffered any want so far; we live mostly on the fruits from our garden. [No entries for the 10th and 11th] The 12th We had an especially blessed meeting on the watchword: Die ich lieb habe, denen

252

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

nehm ichs genau.156 The 13th. A [Sunday] The sermon at noon was on the grace of baptism, Romans 6; in the afternoon, [the] children’s hour, and in the evening, [a] singing service. [No entry for the 14th] The 15th During the morning blessing we remembered our beloved Joseph and his birthday. Yesterday Mr. Swift, assemblee man and guardian of our Indians, visited us, it. Mr. Hatch; [they] were cordial and wished us blessings for our work. The 16th Several women neighbors were here for a visit, among whom was also the wife of the minister of Kent. [No entries until the 20th] The 20th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, and in the afternoon, [the] children’s hour. Mr. Paine visited us and gave us greetings for his old acquaintances in Bethlehem. In the evening we had a blessed hour on the children’s watchword: Von der wahren Armuth des herzens.157 [No entries for the 21st and 22nd] The 23rd Several of our menfolk went to our neighbors to cut wheat. During the meetings we had the children’s watchword as text: Besinne dich, wie weit du abkommen bist, laß dirs leid seijen,158 p[p]. [No entry for the 24th] The 25th Early, after the meeting, there was [the] quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants,

253

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

and then the speaking [in preparation for Communion]. In the evening, to our joy, Brother and Sister Martin arrived from Bethlehem. They were soon welcomed warmly by those big and small. The 26th. A [Sunday] The sermon was at noon, and in the afternoon, [the] children’s hour. During the evening meeting, Br. Martin passed on warm greetings to the brown assembly from our dear Bethlehem, Nain, pp. The 27th Br. Martin conducted the early meeting, likewise [a meeting] in the evening. Sr. Anna [Mack] went visiting in the huts for the first time.159 The 28th Br. Martin traveled to Rhinebeck. Our text at the meeting was: Ich habe wohl ein u. anders zu erinnern. Ich nehm es auf den Knien an.160 [No entries for the 29th and 30th] The 31st Br. Martin returned home in good health. There were exceptionally severe thunder storms in this area yesterday and today, and the waters rose very high; this made us worry about our dear Br. Petrus [Böhler] and his company. During the evening meeting the hidden manna was talked about. Augustus The 1st Br. Martin delivered the morning blessing. The remaining time we spent visiting. The 2nd To our joy our dear heart Petrus, along with his dear Liesel [Elizabeth], in the company of Br. Jacobs, arrived here safely from New York. Our Indian brethren and sisters came right away and greeted them. Br. Petrus conducted the

254

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

evening meeting on the children’s watchword. The 3rd. A [Sunday] In the forenoon there was [a] conference. At noon Br. Petrus preached on the good shepherd, and in the afternoon, he held [a] quarter-of-an-hour for the children. Toward evening there was [a] love feast with all of the baptized ones, during which Br. Petrus issued many a useful and blissful admonition. Then followed a blessed congregation hour, on which occasion Christoph’s wife was baptized into the death of Jesus by Br. Petrus, along with her half-year-old child. The mother received the name Maria Elisabeth, and the child, Gottlieb. By way of closing the day, the following brethren and sisters had a blessed Communion; to wit, Petrus and Thamar, Simon, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Anna, Samuel and Lucia, Gottlieb and Elisabeth, item, Elisabeth. After one year, the 5 mentioned last had once again [attained] the grace to join [Communion]; of white brethren and sisters 7 partook. Today was surely a day of blessing for Pachgatgoch, for many a heart was touched anew. The 4th Br. Petrus held the early service. Afterward, he began to speak with the communicants, and in the afternoon, he and his dear Liesel went visiting in the huts. During the meeting in the evening Br. Petrus baptized a 60-year-old maiden by the name of Judith. She has lived here for 8 years and was recently touched by the Savior through the baptism of a sick child. The remainder of the day we spent reading the beautiful news from the German congregations, and closed this day quite blissfully. The 5th Br. Petrus intended to depart, but because it rained so hard, he continued to stay with us, conducting beautiful occasions, and in the end, we white brethren and sisters had the Cup of Covenant. The 6th Having warmly recommended the entire congregation of this place to the Savior during the early service, he [Petrus Böhler] departed with his dear wife 255

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

and Br. Jacobs for Sichem. Br. Martin accompanied them for several miles. In a childlike manner we gave thanks to the Savior also for this visit, and a blessing will stay here from this. [No entry for the 7th] The 8th After the early service I went with Br. Martin to Kent to visit Mr. Swift, Esqr. Ransom, and the minister. The two mentioned first were not at home, however. The last one was cordial and requested Br. Martin’s more frequent visit. The 9th The sould of little Anton went home. His presence here had lasted 1 year and 4 months. I blessed him with a joyful heart. The 10th I preached on the words: Niemand Kan 2 herren dienen.161 The burial of little Anton took place toward evening. The 11th I went to the mill with Br. Martin, visiting Mr. Paine at the same time, who was glad to see a brother from Bethlehem. He did not let us go home empty-handed to be sure; our beloved Father bless him for this. From the Pachgatgoch Diario162 Aug. 7. It is being reported that half of the Indians were among white people. Qu.: Can this not be changed? Aug. 28. The boy Andreas went home blessedly. An agreeable child who spent most of the time being ill. God be praised! Sept. 7. Seventeen Indians from New London were there, acting their usual, i.e., like former Presbyterians and now separatists. Qu.: What is to be done about this so that it will not bring about any harm? Sept. 21. In school the first class finished reading the New Testament and started it over. Good! Sept. 23. The conference was once again held. 256

Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760

Qu.: Who are the conference members? Oct. 27. On arriving home I saw a sad sight, for many of our people were drunk, etc. Ay! Nov. 10. Martin had taken enlistment money and became a soldier. Qu.: What is to be done about this? Nov. 22. The brethren cut wood for me. Good! Dec. 6. Several of our people went out, etc. Qu.: With permission? Dec. 10.163 Justina, etc., came from their winter houses, etc. Qu.: So the people are ever scattered about! Dec. 26 was a turbulent night that the drunkards caused us, etc.! [Qu.:] Can this not be helped? Jan. 8, [17]60. Esqr Ransom invited me to his house. Qu.: Did he go? Jan. 27.164 In the evening, Gideon’s sould passed over into the wounds! etc. He is now at peace! He was 73 years old. Febr. 8. Provisions are becoming very scarce here. Qu.: How are Brother and Sister Grube managing? Febr. 20. When an English captain wanted to enlist an Indian, he said, I am already enlisted, etc. I have a very good captain who is J. C. I want to serve Him until the end of time and sell my life to Him, etc. Qu.: Should the Grubens stay there? On May 30, in a conference, it was decided that Brother and Sister Martin [Mack] could go to Pachgatgoch to stay there in Brother and Sister Grube’s stead.

257

Johann Martin Mack 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Diarium of the Indian brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, from August 15 until October 20, 1760.1 Friday, the 15th During the morning blessing Br. Grube put the brethren and sisters in mind of the liturgical text Ihr seidt meine freunden,2 and [we] wished from the bottom of our hearts that the collect [word crossed out], [D]runter da hast du herz und hände,3 may soon find its fulfillment also among the brethren and sisters here. Amid heartfelt prayers, he then further recommended the assembly to the care of our dear Lord; and [he] thereafter took leave of the brethren and sisters together with his wife and their little Anna Johanchen,4 and departed with Azariah Smith, who for that purpose had come here with his conveyance from Sichem yesterday. It rained fairly hard this morning as well as during the evening occasion. To Brother and Sister Martin [Mack] things appeared very lonely throughout the day.5 [However,] the presence of our dear Man of Affliction refreshed us

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

in that as well. Guided by the children’s watchword, the heart of a sinner that draws its well-being from the wounds of Jesus from early in the morning until late at night was spoken about in the course of the evening meeting. Saturday, the 16th In the morning the liturgical text [D]ie gemeinen sollen mich kennen lernen6 was talked about in relation to the good fortune of being a member of the congregation. Anna had many visits from the children all day long, who exhibited a great deal of kindness toward her. Sunday, the 17th In the forenoon Martin received many visits from the brethren; so did Anna, from the sisters. At 12 o’clock, Martin preached on John, chapter 12, verse 44, when having faith in the Son of God was recommended to the sinners with a feeling of grace. Several people from the neighborhood attended the sermon. In their meeting, which was large this afternoon, the children were told something about the great festival day that the children celebrated in the congregation today, and [we] wished for them: if only they were able to partake of the very same grace — for the Savior has purchased it for them as well. Then the classes for the brethren were held; Br. Martin told them a number of matters about Bethlehem and Nain. Then there were also the classes for the sisters; Anna expressed her sincere desire to soon grow acquainted with the sisters and enter into a heartfelt fellowship with them. This day was concluded with the congregation hour on the liturgical text: [W]en zweij oder dreij in meinem namen versammlet sind. Ihr habt den Herrn.7 Monday, the 18th Wie eine Henne ihre kücklein zusammen bringt; Breit aus die flügel8 provided the opportunity during the early meeting to speak of the motherlike heart that Jesus has for the souls, and it was wished on the brethren and sisters of this place to take note of this. In keeping with the arrangement he had made with Br. Grube, Br. Martin traveled as far as 10 miles from here to see whether his belongings

259

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

that he had still had in Rhinebeck had arrived there. There, he found the horse that belongs here, and a letter from Br. Grube. In it Br. Grube reported that Henrich Martin had been unable to gain enough time to take my belongings there.9 They were with Azariah Smith instead. Yet, they had brought my bedding along with the horse, about which I was very happy, and [I] returned to Pachgatgoch in the evening, where my Anna was so very glad that I was coming back the same day. Tuesday, the 19th At an early hour the texts were recommended to the brethren and sisters. Several [brethren and sisters] reported [to us] to go out in order to earn some provisions by making brooms and baskets, both of which items fetch a fairly high price among the plantation people10 here. Wednesday, the 21st; Thursday, the [22]nd These couple of days were fairly quiet. The daily occasion[s] were well attended by those brethren and sisters who are still at home. The widow Priscilla was very ill. Anna took the opportunity and communed with her in a heartfelt and thorough manner. Saturday, the 23rd Several Indians returned home from [working for] the white people, bringing with them various greetings for Martin from those who had made his acquaintance 17 years ago, and from New Milford, with the request to please visit them sometime. Sunday, the 24th That forenoon several of the brethren and sisters were visited in the huts; Martin communed with Joshua, who greatly complained that he had a difficult life and was spending his time in much disorder. On this occasion, this poor man was pointed to his destination, which he had been shown by the Savior beginning with his first awakening. He appeared to be softhearted, yet at the same time uncertain whether he would return to a blessed course. Martin preached at noon and took as text Colossians, chapter 3, which was read aloud [and] then applied to the brethren and sisters. During the children’s hour in the afternoon, the children were reminded to be nicely attentive to what they are being told when they attend the meeting, and [to] appeal to the Savior that He 260

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

may let them feel the words nicely in their hearts. [This day] was closed with the congregation hour in the evening. Monday, the 25th During the early meeting the brethren and sisters were reminded to spend their time in fellowship with the Savior. Martin departed from here with the intention to travel to Azariah Smith to see whether he can bring his [Mack’s] belongings to this place by horse. When he was 10 miles from here, at his brother-inlaw Nicolaus Rau’s [house], he [Rau] told him that he had brought my [Mack’s] belongings from Azariah Smith’s [together] with his [Mack’s] hoe,11 which I was very pleased to hear. He lent me one of his horses and his wagon, and I put my horse to it as well and drove that afternoon to Pachgatgoch, arriving there in good health in the evening, just when it was time to hold the evening meeting, which I conducted right away, to be sure. Tuesday, the 26th I took the horse and wagon back home and made good with my brother-in-law, who dealt with me very fairly, and offered that, if he could be of any service to me and knew about it, it would be his pleasure any time. I expressed to him my gratitude for the service already done me and [that] I would be willing to do the same for him. Later he inquired about many brethren and sisters at the congregation with whom he was acquainted and bemoaned his as well as his children’s spiritual welfare — that they are yet so ignorant and do not have any more knowledge of God’s ways, or the opportunity to that end. I traveled back home, arriving in the afternoon, in good time. I and my Anna were so sincerely grateful that we had brought our belongings here so safely; it is truly a horrible way to get through by wagon because of the rocks, stones, as well as [the] sloughs. The children’s watchword So wol ist daß geschlachte Lämmlein werth daß es alle macht habe12 was talked about in the evening. Wednesday, the 27th; Thursday, the 28th Our occasions took place as usual, at which time the texts were called to mind. Martin and his Anna were hard at work on the plantation,13 and sought to put their household somewhat in order. 261

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Friday, the 29th At an early hour we remembered the festival for the single brethren, and our heart’s desire was that our dear Lord may amply realize in them, also today, our beautiful texts for this day. But unfortunately things are looking weak here; hence, I was unable to find anyone to whom I could have told about this. In the afternoon I went to Mr. Häys, the Jew, to pay off a small debt, as Br. Grube had asked me to do. On [my] entering his house, he right away told me that he would depart for New York in two days; should I have something to be forwarded there, I would have to deliver it to him tomorrow. He extended his readiness to serve the Brethren in whatever way he could. Saturday, the 30th After the early meeting I wrote letters to Bethlehem and New York, and took them to Mr. Hays that afternoon. Several of the Indian brethren and sisters returned home, altogether content and full of light. Sunday, the 31st At noon Martin preached on Hebrews, chapter 10, verse[s] 16 to 25, where the time of the New Testament was described amid the manifest nearness of the Savior. During their meeting the dear Savior was passionately described to the children as the best and most faithful friend of the children, whereupon an occasion was conducted for the communicants during which Holy Communion was announced for next Sunday. We concluded this day as well as this month by means of an address on the liturgical text [W]o ich bin da will ich sie auch hin haben,14 with a childlike expression of gratitude to our dear Lord [about] that which He had us experience also this month. This is now the first month that I am concluding in Pachgatgoch together with my dear Anna. Because in the past, when we still lived in Nain, we were accustomed to reading a little from the Jüngerhaus Diarium every day — which we do not have at this place [and] which quite pains us spoiled poor things — we have, therefore, read a [two words crossed out] homily from the litany of the wounds every evening for the last 14 days before going to sleep, by which our poor hearts have refreshed and reinvigorated themselves. Monday, the 1st of September 262

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

We commenced this week, as well as this month, with the beautiful liturgical text [D]er Herr ist mein theil spricht meine seele, und alles was ich wünschen kan,15 of whose words the brethren and sisters were put in mind at an early hour, wishing dearly to see the blessed fulfillment of this soon realized also among them. Joshua and Gottlieb reported [to us] to go out hunting for a couple of days. My Anna was somewhat troubled today. The reason for this was that [she] would not see anyone from the congregation for so long a time. And that afternoon Br. Gambold arrived here from Sichem for a visit, entirely unexpected. We deeply rejoiced with one another. He also told us that Br. Petrus [Böhler] had made an agreement with him that we should see one another at least once every month. Br. Gambold held the evening meeting. Afterward, we engaged in a discourse together until late into the night. Tuesday, the 2nd The morning blessing was delivered by means of several pleasant verses of the wounds. Past 9 o’clock in the morning, having bid a warm farewell, Br. Gambold left again for Sichem. That afternoon Martin was on the other side of the river, cutting some firewood on the land of a neighbor16 who has given him permission to cut a number of trees. Wednesday, the 3rd, Thursday, the 4th The brethren and sisters were [word crossed out] busy making acritsens; we made some as well. The 2 brethren mentioned earlier returned home from hunting; had not gotten anything except for a fat ground taxt.17 Saturday, the 6th Throughout the day Brother and Sister Mack were engaged in speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, on which occasion, we are able to report, the Savior be praised, that we found the hearts of sinners longing for the enjoyment of His body and blood. Every one of the Indians who had been out working arrived today, and as far as we could observe, none very orderly. In the evening, before going to sleep, Brother and Sister Mack put themselves in mind of tomorrow’s festival for the married people, and given that we will have Communion here tomorrow, we still made use of this evening and 263

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

engaged with each other in the holy foot washing, during which our Friend of the married people was most intimately near us, whereupon we retired blissfully. Sunday, the 7th In the morning, it was our heart’s desire to be with our choir in Bethlehem for a little bit. However, because this could not come to pass, we simply had to resign ourselves to this. But our eternal Husband made [matters] [illegible word] most enjoyable for us today, and He was near us during all of the occasions. At 10 o’clock that forenoon, the married people of this place had a meeting, during which Br. Martin, with heartfelt wishing and longing, told them something about this festival and what the purpose of it was — if only the married brown people here in Pachgatgoch would soon partake of the same grace and blessings, and not lag so far behind the other congregations, given that they already have been acquainted with the Savior’s people for quite a long time. Around noon Martin preached and had as text the Revelation to John, chapter 21, verse 6, at which time all of those souls who are concerned about their salvation were invited to the fountain of living waters. Several of the neighbors attended the sermon. Leah, Sarah’s daughter, who lives down in the winter huts and was delivered of a daughter 5[?] weeks ago, [and] who fell ill afterward, as did the child, came to Brother and Sister Mack before the sermon, asking in a moving manner for the baptism of her child. At this time, it was pointed out to her what it meant when a child was to be baptized. She promised to reaffirm in her child a child’s faithfulness, and said she was very fearful that her child would die unbaptized. The children’s hour was that afternoon, afterward, [a] love feast with the communicants, then [the] congregation hour, at which time, by way of its closure, Leah’s child was buried into the death of Jesus and named Theodora, amid the serene peace of God. It was a pleasing and attentive audience. Afterward, the 16 of us had Holy Communion, indulging in His body and blood. The widow Priscilla, who is very ill, had begged that Communion still be given to her. And her portion was brought to her this evening [words crossed out]. Oh, how grateful she was, and with that, everyone retired blissfully. Monday, the 8th God’s peace could be felt during the morning blessing. An English man with his wife, who live about 6 miles from here, came to this place, wanting [word 264

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

crossed out] to visit the new munüster [minister]. They stayed here for one hour, were very modest, and, having taken a friendly leave, departed. The theme during the evening meeting was the gaze upon the wounds of Jesus. Tuesday, the 9th The texts were called to mind in the morning. The brethren and sisters were busy on their plantations, harvesting beans. Wednesday, the 10th; Thursday, the 11th The brethren and sisters continued with the aforementioned work. The texts were called to mind during the early and evening meeting[s]. Friday, the 12th Petrus, Thamar’s husband, came to Martin that forenoon and said, Brother, I do not feel altogether at ease in my heart because I said something in my house today to which my children may have taken offense. They will surely come to you and tell you about it. Help me so that my children will not harbor anything against me. The poor man was truly a sinner. Sunday, the 14th The sermon was at noon, during which Ephesians, chapter 1, [word crossed out] was read aloud, whose object was Jesus Christ as the foundation of our complete blessedness. The reflection on the Husband with the wounds was recommended to the children during their meeting. Next, the brethren had an occasion that became a heartfelt communion when they all, one after the other, spoke about the present state of their hearts. Then the sisters had a quarter of blessed quarter-of-an-hour, where the tears of the sinner Magdalena [Mary Magdalen] and [her] deep love of the Savior were recommended to them. Anna received visits from 3 women, who by that wanted to prove their intimacy with her. During the congregation hour in the evening the words from Paul [D]as ist je gewislich war und ein theurer werts wort,18 p[p]., were talked about amid the manifest nearness of the Savior. Monday, the 15th 265

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

In the morning, amid heartfelt prayers, we recommended ourselves to the care of the Savior, for Him to bless us with His blessed nearness also this week. Several brethren and sisters reported [to us] in order to go out and earn some clothing. Tuesday, the 16th Brother and Sister Mack remembered with tender abashment der aus erkohrene aus dem volck zum aelsten deiner Reigen,19 the election of our beloved Chief Elder. Wednesday, the 17th This morning, at 2:30 o’clock, my Anna was called to Sister Lucia to attend her delivery, which proceeded well; at 3 o’clock she was delivered of a sond. This gave great joy to both of the parents. The sister has proven herself a maidservant of the Lord; the child was right away consecrated into this mortal life by Br. Martin, and during the congregation hour in the evening was baptized into the death of Jesus and named Timotheus, and recommended to the Savior for [His] everlasting preservation. Thursday, the 18th; Friday, the 19th During the early and evening occasions, which were well attended, the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the texts, and the serene peace of God was felt. The brethren and sisters as well as Brother and Sister Mack were hard at work on their plantations,20 cutting Welsh corn straw and putting it into piles for fodder for the winter, and harvesting beans. Saturday, the 20th Today we planned on visiting several good friends in the neighborhood, but nothing came of it, for it rained all day. Sunday, the 21st At 11 o’clock Br. Martin preached on the words of the Savior Ich bin der weg, die wahrheit und das leben,21 at which time the Savior, the sole cause of our blessedness, now and until the end of time, was portrayed with a blissful feeling. A number of white people were present, for they expected to find the Indian preacher Asch Bero here and to hear him preach.22 But he had not arrived at this place. The children’s hour took place that afternoon. Martin communed with 266

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Solomon from the heart, and [the day] was concluded by means of the congregation hour. Monday, October September 22 In the morning, the texts were called to mind. The münüster [minister] of Kent paid a visit to Br. Martin. He acted very cordially. Wednesday, the 24th Because I heard yesterday evening that Mr. Heys had returned from New York, I traveled to him today to see whether he had letters for me. He right away gave me a package of letters, and on opening it, I learned from the first letter the painful news of the going home of our most precious Jünger and Jüngerin.23 I quickly closed the letters again and hastened away into the woods where I was alone and was able to weep my fill. When I returned home to my Anna, who soon asked about the letters — I gave her one which in which she too got to read the aforementioned news, which soon caused her to cry many tears. We both spent the afternoon and evening with this so very painful a subject for us. Thursday, the 25th In the morning, the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the liturgical text: Er ist ein Erbe über alles. Im hause, das nie stirbet aus.24 Toward evening, a gentelmann by the name of Steward arrived here from New York on business for Mr. Van Vleck. He stayed with us overnight. He showed me in the New York newspaper [the news about] the going home of our beloved Jünger. Friday, the 26th In the morning, after the early meeting, the aforementioned gentelmann continued his travels to Sichem on account of his business. Given this opportunity, Br. Martin wrote to Br. Gambold and sent him a couple of letters that he had received through Mr. Hays as well as the extract from the Bethlehem diarium for the month of August. [Word crossed out] Two Indians came here from Westenhook, who are visiting their friends25 here. Paulus, Simon’s son, arrived here as well. The Indians say that he is a deserter from the army. [No entry for the 27th] 267

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Sunday, the 28th That forenoon several brethren and sisters were visited in their huts. Anna communed with sick Priscilla in a heartfelt and thorough manner. At noon Martin preached on Revelations 21, verse[s] 6–7. [The] children’s meeting took place that afternoon, [and] afterward, class. A quarter-of-an-hour was held with the brethren and the sisters, during which the quiet fellowship with the Savior was recommended to them. Monday, the 29th Our theme in the morning was the liturgical text: [D]as leben[di]ge gesetz hat mir mein herz beseßen.26 The brethren and sisters were hard at work on their plantation, harvesting beans. Tuesday, the 30th The occasions proceeded in due order. The brethren and sisters were engaged in the aforementioned [work]. Martin and his Anna were busy drying the second crop of grass [hay]. Wednesday, October 1 During the morning blessing, amid heartfelt prayers, this assembly was recommended to the Savior. Throughout the day my Anna had many visits from the children. Guided by the children’s watchword, seeing the pierced feet once more was talked about during the evening meeting. Thursday, the 2nd This morning we remembered our dear Nathanael [Seidel] and thanked our dear Lord also for his election by grace. In the evening the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the liturgical text: Er ist die versöhnung für unser[e] Sünd[en] dieser hat für mich erduldet, was mein[e] anart hat verschuldet.27 Friday, the 3rd; Saturday, the 4th The occasions proceeded in due order [and] were well attended by the brethren and sisters and children. Saturday, the 5th At noon Martin preached to an attentive audience on Psalms 73, verse[s] 24– 25: Thou schalt guide me with thy Counsell, p[p]. Several English people from the 268

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

neighborhood were present. During the children’s hour a pleasant feeling was sensed. All those who were home also attended the meeting. In the evening [the day] was concluded with the congregation hour. Monday, the 6th During the early meeting the liturgical text [D]er versöhner der ganzen welt. O welt, sieh hier dein leben28 was recommended to the brethren and sisters for their reflection, with a blissful feeling. Today my Anna entered into her 41[st] year. This prompted us to have throughout the day many a blissful conversation from the heart with each other. The Indian brethren and sisters were hard at work harvesting their Welsh corn and beans, and continued with this on Tuesday, the 7th, and Wednesday, the 8th. We too brought [in] our Welsh corn and beans. Thursday, the 9th In the morning the liturgical text [A]ller heiden trost29 was especially applied to this assembly, wishing on them, from the bottom of the heart: If only each one would avail himself more of such consolation. Sick Priscilla was visited by Anna, who now truly desires to depart soon; she testified that her heart was well and that her fellowship was with the wounds of Jesus. This evening we were given reason to heartily thank the dear angels for their faithful service that they rendered my Anna when she entered the house in the dark and, unbeknownst to her, the cellar was open; and [she] fell down into it, she was greatly startled, which caused her to faint. Otherwise nothing could be detected that [indicated that] she was harmed. Friday, the 10th To continue to have fellowship with the Savior was our theme during the early meeting. Today Martin and Anna visited the Indians in the winter huts. [No entry for the 11th] Sunday, the 12th The brethren and sisters were visited in the huts. Benigna, Philippus’s wife, was delivered of a daughter, who was at once consecrated to the mortal life by Anna. At noon Martin preached on Colossians, ch. 1, verse 12, [S]aget danck dem vater der uns tüchtig gemacht hat,30 p[p]., [at which time] the object was the gratefulness 269

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

of a sinner’s heart toward God’s Holy Family. Following the children’s meeting that afternoon, the communicants had an occasion during which the heart of a communicant was portrayed, and Communion [was] announced for next Sunday [word crossed out].31 He traveled back home soon after. In the evening during the congregation hour, [and] after an address to the children by which they were especially reminded of their baptismal covenant, Benigna’s daughterd Elizabeth, born today, was baptized into the death of Jesus, and with that, this day was concluded. Monday, the 13th In the morning, amid heartfelt prayers, this assembly also was recommended to the care of the Savior for this week, to preserve them in His nearness. Otherwise everyone was industrious, going about the aforementioned work. [No entry for the 14th] Wednesday, the 15th It rained hard all day. In the afternoon an old Indian woman, whom they call here the Presbyterian, brought rum to the thaun [town], and in the evening a great deal of noise and fighting were [stirred up] by several of the drunkards, which caused Mr. Swift of Kent to come across in the morning [on] Thursday, the 16th to settle the quarrels. Afterward, he visited Br. Martin, acting cordially. In the evening, at dusk, the dear Brothers Sölle and Samuel Herr came to us on their way back from New England, entirely unexpected, and much to our delight. We spent the evening together until late into the night. Friday, the 17th That afternoon Azariah Smith came from Sichem with letters from Br. Gambold, among which were also letters from New York from Br. Petrus [Böhler] and Grube, along with the painful account from Br. Johannes [von Watteville] about the going home of our most beloved Jünger and Jüngerin, as well as the extract from the Bethlehem diarium for the months of June and July. In the evening Brother Sölle held the congregation hour on the watchword. We spent that evening, until late into the night, reading aloud the news that we had received today. 270

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Saturday, the 18th In the morning, during the morning blessing, we remembered our dear Johannes and gave thanks to our dear Lord for his election by grace with the people of the Lord.32 [We] sang for him several verses of blessing on the occasion of his festival day today. Br. Azariah Smith traveled back home. Brother and Sister Mack spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. Sick Priscilla, with whom Anna had spoken on her sickbed that forenoon, testified with the tears of a sinner that she desired from the bottom of her heart to be with the Savior soon, [and] whose desire and longing were [then] satisfied one hour later. Before we became aware of it, the Savior had kissed her away as Anna was pronouncing a blessing over her. She was bedridden for the entire time that we were here, and whenever Anna visited her, she testified to her contentedness when walking in fellowship with the Savior. Six weeks ago Communion was brought to her; she had expressed her gratitude with the tears of a sinner. This forenoon she still admonished her children to cleave to the Savior, so that they too may one day pass on blessedly. Her husband Lucas had gone home in Bethlehem in October of the year [17]47.33 Since then she has passed her time as a widow, with many changes to the state of her heart. She is now at peace. During the evening meeting Br. Sölle spoke about the words [G]ott ist die liebe,34 during which he recommended God’s love to the poor hearts. Sunday, the 19th At 11 o’clock [Brother] Sölle preached on Luke 1, verse 53, [D]ie armen füllet Er und die reichen läßt er leer,35 at which time he recommended the loving heart of Jesus to those souls that are poor and concerned about their salvation. Br. Samuel Herr conducted the occasion for the children on today’s children’s watchword, whereupon the love feast for the communicants took place, for which also several [Indians] were present who had come along in times past. Br. Sölle gave them a brief account of his visit to New England, about the hunger of hundreds of souls for the true Gospel. Br. Martin passed on the greetings to the brethren and sisters that he had for them from the letters received by him most recently, namely, [from] Br. Petrus, [and] Br. Grube and Sensemann. Then he read the account about the going home of our beloved Jünger and the Jüngerien from the 2 letters by Br. Johannes, which Br. Joshua (who knew both of them) interpreted. 271

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

In the process, his heart grew so soft that tears were running down his cheeks. There was a feeling of sorrow present at this time, and to my amazement, many, many gentle tears were shed by the assembly. Four of the Indians, 2 brethren and 2 sisters, who had seen the Jünger and the Jünger[i]n in Shekomeko, and had heard him preach there, were present. Br. Sölle conducted the evening meeting before an attentive assembly, speaking on today’s watchword about the children of God [and] the special promises of the Lord that He would like to see fulfilled among them. Thereupon, being on our knees happened, the absolution by the pierced hands took place, and we, as His absolved sinnersd, enjoyed the body and blood of Jesus in the holy sacrament. The widow Benigna once again partook of this enjoyment for the first time in several years, which drew from her most gentle tears. There were 15 of us. Monday, the 20th Right after the early meeting there was the burial of Sr. Priscilla’s tabernacle, attended by the Indian congregationd. Br. Sölle held the evening meeting.

Pachgatgoch Diarium. Beginning with October 21, 1760. Tuesday, the 21st Brother Sölle held the early meeting and at the same time took leave of the brethren and sisters. After breakfast he departed for Sichem along with Br. Samuel [Herr]. The Indians, with the exception of a few, went 2 miles down the river, for there is a bridge being erected across the river.36 There was no evening occasion because the Indians returned home only very late. Wednesday, the 22nd Anna visited the sisters in the huts. During the evening occasion the liturgical text was called to mind, and [the service then] closed with several verses of the wounds. Thursday, the 23rd This day was set aside by [word crossed out] the authorities for giving thanks, or 272

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Thanksgiving.37 [The] sermon was at noon and dealt with the gratitude of a sinner’s heart toward his dear Lord, who every day bestows upon him so much grace [so as] to live in everlasting fellowship with Him. As for the rest, it was a serene and quiet day, on the outside as well as [on the] inside. Friday, the 24th During the morning blessing, amid heartfelt prayers, this assembly was recommended to the Savior. Afterward, a number of families reported to Brother and Sister Mack to go out for several weeks to earn some clothing for the winter. Mr. Paine came here with his cart and oxen, and brought in my hay and the second crop of grass [hay] for me. He also started plowing some land for me, and stayed here overnight.38 Saturday, the 25th Tonight we had such a storm and terrible rain that not one Indian hut remained undamaged, and our house was so full of water that we were just about at our wit’s end. [Word crossed out] my hay that had been brought in yesterday had suffered great damage, being partly carried off by the storm, and a good part of it having gotten wet. Most of the Indians had sought refuge in Joshua’s house, for they were afraid that their huts would be carried off altogether by the wind.39 Mr. Paine returned home because he was unable to plow owing to the great amount of water on the lohn [low] land. Sunday, the 26th That forenoon Martin visited the Indians in their huts and had an edifying talk with Joshua. At noon Martin preached on the liturgical text Ich bin ein rechter weinstock daran wir wachsen und kleben und bringen frucht dazu,40 at which time the object was the distinguishing marks of a branch that belongs on the vine, and is attached to it and grows there. That afternoon Anna visited the Indian women in the huts. Maria Elisabeth, who along with her husband had journeyed to the seaside 7 weeks ago to visit her sick mother, arrived back here in good health. During the congregation hour in the evening, guided by the children’s watchword, the good fortune of such a heart that is able to think with joy of going home was talked about.

273

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Monday, the 27th In the morning this assembly was recommended to the Savior amid heartfelt prayers. The brethren reported [to us] to go hunting. Several of the sisters went out to make brooms and baskets. Hence, there were few at home throughout this week. The occasion[s] were conducted in the morning and in the evening and [were] well attended by those who were still here. [No entries until November 1] Saturday, November 1 The brethren who had been on the chase came back home, having gotten 3 deer, which is something that is very rare in these parts.41 Moreover, 3 [Indians] came home from the war, who, however, had deserted already 2 months ago and had stayed in Westenhook in the meantime. They conducted themselves very quietly. Sunday, the 2nd At noon Martin preached on the liturgical text [D]en G[rundp]feiler und grund veste der wahrheit,42 at which time the object was a heart that is grounded in the foundation. Old Erdmuth suddenly fell ill with stitches in the side today, causing one to suspect that her end was near. Anna visited her frequently and communed with her from the heart. Monday, the 3rd Following the early meeting, the brethren reported [to us] to go out again. The fellowship with the dear Savior was recommended to them. Joshua went with his family and with several sisters down toward the seaside in order to earn something by making brooms and baskets to buy some clothing for the winter with it [the proceeds]. That afternoon Br. Sölle arrived here again from Sichem, bringing a letter for me from Br. Petrus in Bethlehem, dated September 22. [I] should have received this letter last week through Azariah Smith, but Br. Gambold had inadvertently forgotten it in his trunk, for I received through Azariah Smith [other] letters from Bethlehem dated September 22, [for example,] from Br. Grube and Sensemann. Br. Sölle held a passionate singing 274

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

service in the evening. Tuesday, the 4th Br. Martin and his Anna went to his father-in-law, old Johannes Rau, for a visit, who was very happy to be visited by us at the time of his painful illness. He could not keep from weeping, and he inquired about all of the brethren with whom he was formerly acquainted. In the main, he was glad to hear something about his 2 grandchildren, who are in Bethlehem. The next day Martin was unable to speak because of a cold that had been lingering with him for several days, and it afflicted him so that he needed to lie down. Thursday, the 6th My chest had improved somewhat. We traveled to Brother and Sister Gambold and were warmly welcomed. Friday, the 7th We stayed with them and visited the majority of their peopled who are almost all laid up with a severe cold. This is presently widespread in these parts, so much so that one can hardly find one house in which there are not 2–3 people laid up. We arrived back in Pachgatgoch [on] the 8[th], where we found Br. Sölle well and in good health, who in the meantime had done the housekeeping, taken care of the general occasions, and held school for the children.43 The brethren returned home from the chase but had not gotten anything. Sunday, the 9th At noon Br. Sölle preached on the love of Jesus for the fallen human race. He also held the children’s hour, and Br. Martin, the evening meeting. Monday, the 10th Br. Martin bled Br. Sölle because he was not feeling well and intends to set out on his journey to Litchfield soon, and it had a good effect on him. Tuesday, the 11[th] The hourly fellowship with our dear Lord was recommended to the brethren and sisters during the early meeting. Martin and Sölle were busy all day long hauling firewood to this place, which is presently an important article here, for the 275

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

cold is setting in so bitterly that the water in the room freezes overnight. Wednesday, the 12th Br. Sölle held the early meeting. After that he departed for his appointed post for this winter, to Litchfield. He took his road by way of New Fairfield to preach there at the house of a man by the name of Brendel. This man had been here 4 [blank] ago, asking if a brother could please come to him sometime and preach in his house, because many of his neighbors desired to hear a brother preach. Martin intended to repair his old cow barn,44 which, however, collapsed on him while [he was] working on it. God be praised, it happened without causing any harm. My Anna was very miserable for a couple of days, suffering from severe pains in her chest that left her bedridden. She had caught some of the spreading cold, which is leaving her very fatigued. Thursday, the 13th During the early meeting the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the liturgical text Er ist der Herr,45 and the manifestation of our dear Lord for so many years since that day was recounted. He also revealed Himself to us; I was somewhat saddened on this occasion because there were not many at home. In the meantime, it was a day of blessing for my Anna and me, and we enjoy communicating whenever we find the opportunity.46 Friday, November 14 Tonight some fairly deep snow fell. The Indians here came to be in pretty bad straits, for they are poorly furnished with firewood, this being an unusual cold for this time of year. Martin was busy hauling firewood to this place, for which the horse is very useful.47 The occasions were suspended because it was too stormy and cold. Saturday, the 15th In the morning we were visited by several Indian brethren and sisters who inquired about our well-being, having suspected that we both were sick. We had a passionate singing service in the evening. Afterward, 3 warriors Indians came home from the war, namely, Philippus, Gottlieb’s and Magdalena’s son; Benigna’s husband; [and] Gottlieb, Leah’s husband — but he is so miserable that 276

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

he is hardly able to walk — as well as Erdmuth’s grandt chield [grandchild]. They arrived here very quietly and also conducted themselves quietly later on. Sunday, the 16th That forenoon Martin visited the Indians who had arrived here yesterday. They acted friendly. At noon Martin preached on the words on the words Ich bin kommen zu suchen und selig zu machen das verlohren ist.48 In the afternoon [I] had a lengthy conversation with Samuel about the Indians’ situation in Pachgatgoch, and how it came to be that the brethren and sisters here now had so little trust and love for one another. He mentioned quite a few circumstances that had come about and disturbed them in their course. However, in the main, he mentioned the time of about 4 or 5 years ago when it was determined that the laws were to be read before them once every year, and when people from among them became the law to help uphold it. He said [that,] at that time, a suspicion and envy began to take hold among them, and the more time passed, the worse it got. The 2nd issue that had caused great harm among them had occurred when, upon the start of the war, a captain from Westenhook came, who wanted to recruit people from among them. They had met on that account and thought about what there was to be done in this case, and had discussed matters and had been of one mind: they did not want to involve themselves in this war, but wanted to stay out of it. This had been to the satisfaction of all the young people. However, the next day the captain just mentioned bribed Gideon,49 whereupon Gideon immediately gave all of the young people the liberty — indeed, he advised them to go to war; there, they would be able to get plenty of money. This gave them the final blow, causing all of them to stray from their hearts, and [they] have been unable to recover since. Monday, the 17th Today I traveled to Mr. Hays to inquire with him whether he had heard anything about my belongings, which were supposed to be sent to me from New York before the winter. He had not yet learned anything about it. I purchased from him 12 pounds of tallow for candles.

277

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Tuesday, the 18th It again snowed heavily last night, prompting all of the brethren to go hunting this morning. Martin was busy hauling firewood to this place. Wednesday, the 19th After the morning blessing I again went about my aforementioned work. The previously mentioned man, Brendel of New Fairfield, was back here today and told my Anna that Br. Sölle had preached at his house last week. Afterward, he had reportedly accompanied him to New Milford. Thursday, the 20th; Friday, the 21st During these couple of days the early and evening occasions took place in due order; the brethren and sisters who were at home attended them regularly, during which the blissful peace of God was felt. Saturday, the 22nd The brethren came home from hunting, having shot 6 deer. Sunday, the 23rd The Indians were frequently visited in the huts, where things appeared quiet and orderly. The words [S]iehe daß ist Gottes Lamm das der Welt Sünde trägt50 were the theme during the noon meeting. A child that has found his joy and delight in the wounds of Jesus was portrayed to the children. Whereupon an occasion was conducted for the communicants and the forthcoming Communion announced for next Sunday. Monday, the 24th In the morning, amid heartfelt prayers, this assembly was recommended to the Savior. The brethren again went hunting for several days. Two more Indians came home from the war today, who did not spend much time here, however, but went to Litchfield to see their friends51 who are working there. [No entries for the 25th and 26th]

278

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Thursday, the 27th This day was set by the guverner for giving thanks to the dear God for the fruits of the land that they have harvested this year. [The] sermon was at noon. Friday As for the rest, everything was quiet and orderly. Friday, the 28th; Saturday, the 29th The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. Everyone who for the past three weeks had been out among the white people came back here during these couple of days, and as far as we were able to observe, [were] quiet and orderly. Sunday, the 29th [30th] At noon Martin preached on Isaiah, chapter 60, Sieh finsternis bedeckt das erdreich,52 pp., on which occasion the coming of our Lord was the object. There were many attentive hearers present; our halld was completely filled. Those who have returned from the war also attended the sermon. The children’s hour was that afternoon, and in the evening, the general occasion on yesterday’s liturgical text, Ihr seidt das Salz der erden,53 at which time there was once again a large audience present. Later, the communicants had their agape and absolution, as well as the blissful enjoyment of the body and blood of Jesus. We were altogether 13, namely, 11 Indian brethren and sisters and we 2 poor hearts. Johanna carried old Erdmuth, who was sick and miserable, into our house, where she too received her portion. Monday, November December 1 During the early meeting the hourly fellowship with the dear Lord was recommended to the brethren and sisters. Mr. Hays informed me today through one of our neighbors that there were some things for me from New York at his house, which prompted me to go there on horseback that afternoon and collect them, being deeply grateful and glad that we received these things still before the onset of winter. Today the Indians were busy building a winter hut on the mountain for old Simon. Tuesday, the 2nd 279

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

Today young Mr. [word crossed out] Mills brought me 3 carts full of wood, which Br. Grube had arranged with him beforehand. It comes in handy at this time, given the cold weather and lack of wood in this area. Wednesday, the 3rd [Nothing entered] Thursday, the 4th The Indian brethren reported [to us that they are going] to go hunting for 3 weeks. Martin recommended having fellowship with the Savior to them. That afternoon Martin was in the neighborhood intending to buy a few odds and ends for the household, but [he] was unable to get anything. Friday, the 5th Throughout the day I and my Anna were busy searching for resinous wood on the mountain, and we boiled some pitch from it in the evening to make thread thread for repairing our shoes.54 The widow Martha, along with her mother and her daughter and grand childern, moved into their winter huts on the mountain today, as did old Simon. Saturday, the 6th The Indians were busy all day long, cutting firewood and carrying it to this place; Martin did the same. Sunday, the 7th At noon Martin preached on the liturgical text [D]aß Kind des Tages.55 Samuel interpreted, deeply affected, and did so as well during the evening meeting. Samuel spent the afternoon with Martin, at which time there was much discussed about the state of the souls here. Monday, the 8th After the early meeting everyone here was busy hauling firewood to this place, for there was snow on the ground; Martin spent the day doing the same. Anna communed with Sarah and Magdalena in earnest, declaring to them that their matchmaking involving their children was heathenish and not Christian, and we could neither consider nor regard them as our brethren and sisters.56 For Sarah’s grand son Quisch, who was formerly Zipporah’s husband and has not 280

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

returned home from the war in a long time, is now betrothed to Augustina, Gottlieb and Magdalena’s daughter, as a result of the women’s arrangement. Situations of this sort are causing us much sorrow, because things are still proceeding in such a heathenish manner, and these poor people are in this respect as if struck with blindness and will hear nothing of order and decency. I have voiced my thoughts clearly about and unmistakably on a number of occasions about heathenish abominations of this kind, and have expressed my anguish about this.57 Tuesday, the 9th Martin visited Joshua, who has been acting timid ever since he returned home with his wife, both having both gotten drunk while among the white people. While here they are fairly well on their guard, even have good intentions to never do this again. Yet as soon as they get to be among the white people, it is no different than as if they were condemned to getting drunk. Wednesday, the 10th Today the widow Justina with her children moved in with Martha, into her winter hut on the mountain. Thursday, the 11th Joshua was at Martin’s [house] and reported [that he was going] to go out hunting for several days. Martin was able to speak with him with a compassionate heart and grieved for him on account of the poor situation of his heart. Saturday, the 13th Several who had been out, some hunting and [some] working, came home. The occasions in the morning and in the evening were conducted in due order and were well attended by those who were at home, young as well as old. Sunday, the 14th At noon Martin preached on the words of Paul [A]us Gnaden seidt ihr selig worden,58 p[p]., at which time the saving grace of Jesus was described to the sinners. A white man and 3 Negroes were present. When visiting in the huts, Thamar said to Martin, Oh, Brother, if only the way to Bethlehem through the woods would soon open again. I would like to go and visit there sometime, and 3 of 281

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

my grandchildren want to go with me, namely, Verona, the daughter of Jeremias, Mariana, the daughter of Samuel, [and] Anna Johanna, the daughter of Caritas. Monday, the 15th The Indians were busy hauling firewood to this place, and Martin with threshing his oats. After the evening occasion Samuel and Joshua were at Martin’s [house] until late at night, on which occasion much was discussed about the first awakening at this place, and the heartfelt desire was expressed to once again see such a love fire among the people here. Tuesday, the 16th It snowed hard all day long. We were visited by the Indians. Wednesday, the 17th Because the stormy weather continued, both of us were busy soling and repairing our shoes today. Thursday, the 18th After the morning blessing the Indian brethren went hunting and returned home [on] Friday the 19th, but had not gotten anything. They say that the white people in these parts [are] hunting in the woods in such great numbers that they met about 20 throughout the day. Saturday, the 20th Martin was in Kent today, intending to purchase some leather at the saddlers to repair his saddle and harness, but he was unable to get any. A man from the neighborhood was at our house wanting to visit me; [he] stayed by the fire and asked my wife about our principels. She told him our principels were to do what our dear Lord has commanded us to do while He was in this world. He was unable to say anything by way of reply. Sunday, the 21st At noon Martin preached on the words of John: [L]asset uns nicht nur lieben mit Worten und mit der Zunge sondern mit der That und Wahrheit.59 Samuel interpreted with 282

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

the feeling of a sinner; the hearers appeared to be very sätisfäit [satisfied]. [No entries for the 22nd and the 23rd] Wednesday, the 24th Joshua’s child of one year of age fell very ill. During the evening meeting some details about this night were recounted to the brethren and sisters, and how the Lord’s people on the entire earth are remembering the birth of our beloved Savior. For that reason we too wanted to have a meeting tonight, which occurred at 10 o’clock, when everyone who was well gathered, also [those] from the winter huts. At this time we remembered the coming of Jesus into the flesh, read the joyous message from the angels to the shepherds, [and] spoke somewhat about the childd — [that] had it not been born, we would be altogether lost. Whereupon we fell to our knees and worshipped the childd in the crib, when many a sinner’s teard was shed. Samuel interpreted, while the serene peace of God was felt. Thursday, the 25th At noon Martin preached on Isaiah, chapter 9: [U]ns ist ein Kind gebohren ein Sohn ist uns gegeben,60 p[p]. This was applied to every heart, provided each one is able to say with a believing heart: The child is born for me, it came into this world for my sake. Then [a] love feast took place with all of the children of this place, for which 40 were assembled, [and] on which occasion a great many things were related to them about Baby Jesus. My Anna and I felt contented on this occasion; several guests were present. In the evening, at dusk, little Elisabeth Christiana, Joshua and Elisabeth’s daughterd, delightfully passed into the wounds of Jesus, while being consecrated by Anna. She reached a mortal life of one year and 4 months. Now she is at peace. Friday, the 26th The collect amid today’s watchword, [O] selig und abermal selig, wer kan sein Herz und Sinne da weiden,61 was recommended to the assembly, and the wish was expressed: if only there were many here who had their pasture in the God who came into the flesh. Martin left to purchase grain, took it right to the mill, had it milled, [and] came home toward evening, when the burial of little Christina 283

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

took place amid the lit[any] [delivered] by Martin, and attended by the Indian brethren and sisters. Saturday, the 27th Gottlieb, who had been out hunting for 3 weeks, came home with his compani; there were 6 of them [and] they got 15 deer. Sunday, the 28th This morning Martin and his Anna, with loving tender and loving remembrance, put themselves in mind of dear and precious Benigna, wishing from the bottom of their hearts on her festival day today many dropsd of blood upon her heart, and that her Sole Heart may comfort her about the calling home of her beloved Papa.62 At noon Martin preached on Matthew, chapter 2, verse[s] 1 through 16, on which occasion the object was the blissful time of grace when also the Gentiles everywhere are able to worship the childd. During the congregation hour in the evening, mention was made of the watchword, how there was no man on earth like the Savior, on whom one was able to rely as safely as one could on Him. It was recommended to the brethren and sisters to acquaint themselves with Him; there they would not be made ashamed. Monday, the 29th Anna was on the mountain today, having visited the sisters in the winter huts. Martin had done some repairs on the house. It is approaching a greatly dilapidated condition. [No entry for the 30th] Wednesday, the 31st Because it was very cold, the early meeting was small this morning. Martin and his Anna together remembered their dear Petrus [Böhler], wishing for him on his festival day today many a kissd upon his heart from his dear Lord.63 We also gave thanks to our Lord for his election by grace. There was [a] singing service at dusk. Past 9 o’clock the assembly gathered, when the purpose of this night watch [service] for God’s people was announced, and at which time everyone was reminded to regain their senses and to no longer live in a way that casts disgrace upon the Savior, but [to] cry out for mercy, and to let it [wrongdoing] 284

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

yet be buried and forgiven in the old year. We closed [this year] on our knees under many heartfelt sighsd: Oh, our Beloved Heart, comfort us that we may experience better times in the year to come. Thursday, 1 Januari[us], 1761 Toward noon the Indians from the winter huts assembled. Martin preached on Hebrews, ch. 12, [verse] 2, [L]aßet uns auff sehen auf Jesum,64 p[p]., on which occasion this theme was wished upon the assembly here, especially for this year. It was a large audience, whereupon there was a love feast with all of the adults. During this, the dear Savior gave [me] grace to speak very thoroughly and plainly about the present situation of this assembly, and how the servants of the Lord wished that the dear Savior’s design may come to be fulfilled also at this place. During the evening meeting a wretched speck of dust that abides in the Savior and always thinks of itself in a small way was described. That evening Martin was paid a visit by Joshua, Samuel, [and] Petrus, when many things about Bethlehem and Nain were discussed. Friday, the 2nd Anna Maria’s son, the brother of Esther of Nain, who lived here this fall and went hunting with the Indians of this place, went back down to his mother in Newtown today. I had visited him here several times and contemplated entering into a discurs with him, but he was very wary of me, making sure that I would not get too close to him. Later I learned from the Indians here that he is an enemy of the brethren and was unwilling to hear the doctrine of the Savior. He is also very much given to drinking. Saturday, the 3rd This night and all day long we had very stormy weather, depositing nearly 2 feet of snow, which also lay pretty much that deep on my entire brook.65 There was [a] singing service in the evening. Sunday, the 4th That forenoon Joshua and Samuel were at Martin’s [house], and he communed with them from the heart on the state of their own hearts, pointing out to them 285

Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761

how sorrowful and difficult it was indeed for me here, given that I did not have one single Indian brother upon whom I could rely and whom I could use to work with other souls. I plainly expressed the dilemma that I was facing because of this. They could not say much by way of reply. At noon Martin preached on Hebrews, ch. 4, Heute so ihr seine Stime höret so verstäcket eure Herzen nicht,66 p[p]., when the blessed time of grace in which we live was recommended to all lost sinners, and that each one may seize this time so long as it was still called “today.” That afternoon, there was an occasion for the communicants, at which time the upcoming Communion was announced for next Sunday. Monday, the 5th Martin was on the mountain today, visiting the brethren and sisters in the winter huts. He also took the opportunity to commune with Nathanael in a heartfelt manner, who is ill with respect to body and soul. Tuesday, the 6th During the early meeting the feast day of the Gentiles was called to mind, and the assembly was told how, in all of our congregations, the Gentiles, who became believers through the preaching of the Gospel in Christ, were remembered especially today, and how they [the Indians] also were part of this, with the wish being expressed that everyone may use this day for his benefit. [No entries until the 10th] Saturday, the 10th After the early meeting we spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion. That afternoon both of us went on the mountain; also spoke with those in the winter huts. Old Simon and old Erdmuth, being sickly, as well as Martha, will not come down, also because the cold here is presently so very great. Sunday, the 11th At noon Martin preached on the words of the first commandment: [D]u sol[s]t lieben Gott deinen Herrn von ganzen Herzen von ganzer Seele u mit alle Kräften.67 It was pointed out how the meaning of these words had not lessened, but [that they] meant just what they said, and he whose heart did not feel that way today could 286

count on it with certainty that he was not yet on the right path. [The] children’s hour was that afternoon, then the love feast for the communicants, and afterward, Holy Communion. The reason for this taking place during the day today was that the sisters from the winter huts wanted to be back home by evening, and [because] it is very cold. There were 12 of us [word crossed out], namely, 3 brethren and 9 sisters; Simon and Erdmuth were unable to come down.

Johann Martin Mack 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Diarium from the Indian assembly at Pachgatgoch from January 12, an[no] 1761.1 Monday, the 12th This morning we remembered our dear Anna Johanna2 and warmly wished her new blessings for her anniversary day today, giving thanks to the Lambd for her election by grace with the people of God. The lit[urgical] text Er hat mich an gezogen mit den Kleider des Heils und mit dem Rok der Gerechtigkeit bekleidet. Hält auch die Kleider hell u rein3 was the object during the evening meeting, and the wish was expressed to have a living image of this among the hearts.

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

[No entry for the 13th] Wednesday, the 14th Today Mr. Häys sent word to me through an Indian that he intended to travel to New York next week; should I have something to be delivered there, [I] would have to bring it to him this week. I was busy all day hauling firewood to this place. It was bitterly cold, so much so that as long as I have been in America, I can hardly remember the cold having lasted as long as it has here now for some time. Thursday, the 15th Martin and his Anna spent the day writing letters to Bethlehem and New York.4 This was difficult, however, on account of the cold. He took them [the letters] there [to Mr. Hays] [on] Friday the 16th. The Indians rode with 3 sleds to get wood for making brooms and baskets, returning home late in the evening. [No entry for the 17th] Sunday the 18th It snowed heavily all day long. At noon Martin preached on Hebrews, ch. 3, [verse] 14: For we are made partakers of Christ if we hold the beginning of our Confidence ste[a]dfast unto the end. The audience was large and our dear Lord revealed Himself to us with His blessed nearness. That afternoon Martin and Anna were visited by the Indian brethren and sisters; in the evening [this day] was closed with a congregation hour. Monday, the 19th Throughout the day we were frequently with our hearts in our beloved Bethlehem, also thinking back on our dear and late Anna Maria’s5 going home one year ago, wishing from the bottom of our hearts to hear something from there soon. Tuesday, the 20th Martin spent the day visiting the Indians in the winter huts down near [the] Bulls. Sarah, as well as her grand child Joseph, are very ill with stitches in the side. To have fellowship with the Husband full of wounds was recommended to them, which was the theme also during the evening meeting. Wednesday, the 21st 288

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

My Anna has been sickly for several days, and became completely bedridden today. The severe cold contributes much to this. [No entry for the 22nd] Friday, the 23rd The Indians spent their time throughout the day cutting firewood and hauling it to this place; Martin was engaged in this as well. Most of it is now brought from down near the Indian winter huts 1 1/2 miles away; presently, it is impossible to roll anything down the mountains because of the deep snow. Saturday, the 24th I was at the mill and had some grain milled. My Anna has improved somewhat. Sunday the 25th The text for today’s sermon was from Revelations, how we have been ransomed by the blood of Jesus, and are to live to be His possession in this world. Monday, the 26th Martin traveled to Nicolaus Rau to buy some Welsh corn, but he was unable to get any. Returned home in the evening and conducted a singing service. [No entry for the 27th] Wednesday the 28th In the forenoon Martin was on the mountain, visiting sick Nathanael; had the opportunity to thoroughly commune with him about the poor state of his heart, and wished on him — if only he would call out to the Savior for grace and forgiveness. Thursday, the 29th In the morning we thought back on our day of marriage 8 years ago today, [and] were frequently in Bethlehem and Nain with Brother and Sister Schmick; and in the evening we had the great pleasure to see Br. Azariah Smith here with us, with many letters and news from our beloved Bethlehem. E.g., how glad were we — most of the letters were dated November 22 and 24. This month’s extract [from the diary] had been sent along as well. The last letter [was] from Br. Petrus [Böhler], dated December 29, wherein he told us that there is smallpox 289

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

in Bethlehem, as well as about our children. The Indian brethren and sisters also expressed their joy in hearing something from Bethlehem and Nain. Br. Azariah also related to us some news about the internal path of their assembly, and how several people are trying to make matters difficult for Brother and Sister Gambold, even seeking to raise evil suspicions about them with others, which filled us with sorrow, given that this is still such a very young congregationd, and [we] felt pity for Brother and Sister Gambold.6 Friday, the 30th Azariah returned to Sichem with a heartfelt letterd for Br. Gambold, [asking him] to not let us suffer want again for as long as he had this time [by not being in touch]. Martin traveled to Mr. Hays, who was back from New York. [He] brought a heartfelt letter from Br. Yarrel and Van Vleck as well as several small items of provisions for which we are appreciative and grateful. A man with his wife and child, who have been banned from the area of New York [the colony], came to our house wanting a night’s lodging, but this was not permitted them because it was only 2 o’clock in the afternoon. Saturday, the 31st Sick Nathanael, whose wife Sophia was delivered of a sond today, sent his sister Benigna to Br. Martin today, earnestly requesting his son’s baptism. Joshu[a] and his Elizabeth visited us this evening, at which time we read to him the letter that his sister Christina in Bethlehem had written to him; during this he sighed very deeply. We closed this day and [this] month with an evening meeting, praying to our beloved Lord Lord [sic] for His great patience and forbearance, which He is also reaffirming in this poor flock. Sunday, Februari[us] 1, 1761 That forenoon Martin went with Samuel into the winter huts on the mountain and spoke with Nathanael and his wife Sophia about the baptism of their child who was born yesterday. Both asked in a supplicating manner that their child be baptized, promising to do whatever they could to raise it for the Savior. At noon there was the sermon on 1 John, ch. 1, v[erse] 5, [D]aß ist die Bothschaft,7 p[p]., on which occasion the distinguishing marks of the children of the light, as well 290

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

as the distinguishing marks of the children of darkness were described. A man with his wife and 3 children, who live in the neighborhood, attended the sermon. In a meeting at 2 o’clock that afternoon a few things from the letters recently received from Bethlehem were related to them, and greetings passed on. Also, the sighing and supplicating of the brethren and sisters for their spiritual welfare was earnestly recommended to them. Afterward, we went together on the mountain and had a meeting in Martha’s hut on the words [L]aßet die Kindl. zu mir komen,8 p[p]., whereupon the aforementioned child Anton was baptized in the name of God’s family amid the manifest nearness of our dear Lord. During the evening meeting we spoke about the watchword Ich will mir eine Wohnung unter euch machen: O daß Er oftmals Appetit bekäm zu seiner Haus visit,9 wishing for the assembly that this may soon become fulfilled here as well. Monday, the 2nd We had some stormy weather that day, and some deep snow fell.10 In the evening there was [a] singing service. Later we were visited in our house by Indians. Tuesday, the 3rd; Wednesday, the 4th The Indians were industrious during these couple of days, hauling firewood to this place; Martin did the same. Thursday, the 5th We were paid a visit by [word crossed out] a man and a woman who live in Dover. They were very modest, also knew several of Br. Gambold’s people. Poor Joshua, who 2 days ago had left by sled with his wife to get wood for brooms, returned home drunk that evening, along with his wife. He went very quietly into his house; she, on the other hand, made plenty of noise. It is truly a pity with these 2 people; they have a house full of children who are half starved to death and go almost naked. May the Lord show mercy on them. Friday, the 6th Sr. Thamar visited us and expressed with a sorrowful heart the anguish she felt over her children. Her eyes were all red from crying. Martin and his Anna worked hard all day, cutting and hauling wood to this place. Two families, 291

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

that is, Lucas and she [his wife], [and] Quisch and his wife, who had been out among the white people for 4 weeks, came home that evening, quite confused and somber. [No entry for the 7th] Sunday, the 8th This forenoon Martin communed with Samuel in a heartfelt manner, who testified that his heart felt contented and that he felt he lived in fellowship with the Savior. Three unmarried womenfolk, namely, Verona, Martha Elisabeth, and Marianne, visited Anna, and [she] communed with them in a heartfelt manner. At noon Martin preached on 1 Peter, ch. 1, verse[s] 18–19, at which time the blood of Jesus was recommended to the lost souls as the only ransom. There were many hearers. Samuel interpreted emphatically, so too during the children’s hour. That afternoon Anna had a delightful talk with Maria Elisabeth, Christoph’s wife had Anna, who truly has a soft heart toward the Savior. [This day] was closed with a singing [service] in the evening. Monday, the 9th Martin was at Mr. Paine’s [house] and bought some wheat; several of the Indians here went out in search of victuals. Anna was visited frequently by the children. Tuesday, the 10th; Wednesday, the 11th It was very quiet here during these couple of days. We conducted occasions only in the evenings, which the children attended regularly and [where they] could be heard singing with passion. Thursday, the 12th Two men arrived here; one said he was going about searching for people who loved the Savior, and wherever he found any, he prayed with them. He also said [that] he had heard a great deal about the Brethren and he believed [that] they were children of God. He asked whether he should not say a prayer, which he was permitted to do. In his prayer he gave thanks to the dear God that he had found someone, at which his heart felt well, and, among other things, for having brought us here such a great distance to preach the Gospel to the poor Indians. 292

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

On parting he said we should remember him; he wanted to remember us as well. He went into the Indian huts and prayed wherever he went; he also admonished the Indians to be sure to listen diligently to what their münüster [minister] was preaching them. It seems that he is one of the New leuts [New Lights], of whom, by what I hear, 9 went out to inspire the people, going from house to house, and wherever they are met with approval, they intend to pray. Friday, the 13th Last night there was a great deal of noise here because several Indians had brought strong drink to this place yesterday evening. This morning Samuel had breakfast with us, at which time he was reminded of his day of baptism 18 years ago today.11 His heart felt soft to him. Martin went on the mountain, visiting sick Nathanael and the other Indians in the winter huts. In the meantime, an English man was here with authorization from Esq. Ransom, taking from Joshua’s house all sorts of household effects, such as [a] brass kettle, fire tongs and shovel, several neck cloths, [a] bridle, p[p]., for a debt that Joshua had incurred 3 years ago. Joshua and his wife were not at home, but only the children, all of whom ran away, fearing that the man might take one of them. He reportedly said to them [that] he would soon return and get one of them, or take their father to prison. During the evening meeting we thought back [on the day] 18 years ago today, on the baptism of the first 6 Indians and the great awakening back then, as well as [about] the sad circumstances at present, when one’s heart wants to bleed at having to see that all the heathenish abominations are back in vogue. Saturday, the 14th Martin went into the neighborhood and bought several buschel[s] of Welsh corn. Most of the Indians who had been out came home. Sunday, the 15th At noon Martin preached on Psalms 119, v[erse] [blank], [L]ehre mich deine wege,12 on which occasion the good will of a heart that loves the Savior was described. Afterward, an occasion for the communicants was conducted, and at the same time, Communion was announced for next Sunday. Also, Joshu[a] returned home with his wife that afternoon. 293

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Monday, the 16th Today the Indian menfolk together started to cut rail wood on the mountain and brought it down, and hauled it to this place with horses to repair the fence around their land, most of which is all rotted. They continued with this work until Thursday, the 19th, when they grew quite tired and worn out. Martin spent most of the time with them and helped with the work.13 The occasions were conducted in the evenings and were well attended by the brethren and sisters. Friday, the 20th Martin and his Anna were busy all day cutting firewood on the mountain and hauling it down. During the evening meeting the watchword was warmly recommended to the brethren and sisters, at which time a blissful peace of God was palpable. Saturday, the 21st We spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion, on which occasion we felt contented. We found hearts of sinners, which comforted us. Sunday, the 22nd That forenoon Martin went on the mountain to the winter huts because neither Simon nor Erdmuth was able to come down yesterday, on account of weakness and age, for the purpose of speaking [in preparation for Communion]. However, the former had nonetheless set out today and came down. At noon Martin preached on Isaiah 53: Führ wahr Er trug unsere Kranckheit und lud auf sich unsere Schmerzen,14 p[p]. It was a large and attentive audience. That afternoon, we portrayed the Husband with the 5 red wounds to the children in a sweet manner; they were nicely attentive. Immediately thereafter, the communicants had [their] love feast and, afterward, absolution and Holy Communion amid a serene and gentle peace of God. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Samuel, Petrus, Gottlieb, Simon, Lucia, Thamar, Magd[a]l[ena], Anna, Martha, Johanna, Justina, Benigna, Martin, and Anna; Erdmuth’s portion will be brought to her tomorrow. We closed this day with a general evening meeting. Christian, the brother of Petrus, Gottliebe’s husband, arrived here from Westenhook, where he has been living since last spring. He reported that smallpox was spreading among the Indians there and [that] several of the headmen 294

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

of that place had died of it. Februari[us] Monday, the 23rd That forenoon Martin was on the mountain, visiting sick Nathanael and bringing Erdmuth her portion of the sacrament, which she received in the presence of two communicant sisters. Many of the Indians here went out to earn some provisions. [No entry for the 24th] Wednesday, the 25th Throughout the day we had many visits from people passing through, who warmed themselves by our fire. After the evening meeting we received a visit from Br. Gambold, completely unexpected; we thus spent a delightful and enjoyable time together until late into the night. Thursday, the 26th Last night there again fell some deep snow. Br. Gambold traveled back to Sichem at 9 o’clock. The Indians who are still at home were busy hauling firewood to this place; Martin did the same. [The day] was closed with a singing [service] in the evening. Friday, the 27th; Saturday, the 28th During the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the texts. The severe cold caused the morning meetings to be suspended this month. Sunday, March 1 The Sunday occasions were conducted as usual and were well attended by those brethren and sisters who are still at home. Monday, the 2nd In the morning Samuel and his wife reported [to us] that they would go out with their family for several weeks to earn some clothing and profision [provisions]; several others went out as well, [so] that there were few at home this week. Nonetheless, we conducted [a] singing service evening blessing every day 295

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

in the evening. Several times throughout this week, Martin visited sick Nathanael up in the winter huts, who is suffering from consumption. [No entries until the 7th] Saturday, the 7th Several families came home so as to be here over Sunday, among whom was also Samuel, who communed with Martin in a heartfelt manner. Sunday, the 8th The children’s watchword [W]ie selig sind alle, die sich zu ihm wenden15 was the theme of today’s sermon. That afternoon the huts were visited, and in the evening [the day] was closed with a singing service. Monday, the 9th The Indians went back to their places to work, some 6 miles from here, some 10 miles. Three families were still at home, with whom there was a meeting every day in the evening. [No entries until the 13th] Friday, the 13th Joshua, along with his wife and two other families, returned home, and in the evening after the evening meeting, Brother Sölle arrived here from Litchfield, completely unexpected and to our heartfelt joy. The Indian brethren and sisters welcomed him as well, and expressed their joy in seeing him in good health. [No entry for the 14th] Sunday the 15th At noon Br. Sölle preached on Ephesians, ch. 3, [verse] 17, [U]nd Christum zu wohnen in einen Herzen durch den Glauben,16 p[p]. That afternoon we together visited the Indians in the huts, and in the evening Br. Solle closed [the day] with the congregation hour. Monday, the 16th After breakfast Br. Sölle set out for Sichem to celebrate the Easter festival days there. Martin was busy rolling firewood down the mountain. And in the evening the people of God, whom the Savior gathers about Him at this, our time, 296

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

were spoken about with a view to today’s watchword. [No entry for the 17th] Wednesday, the 18th Martin spent this forenoon visiting the brethren and sisters in the winter huts, especially sick Nathanael. He was put in mind of his baptismal covenant and the one that he had broken with the Savior. He was advised to cry out for mercy and compassion, for there was nothing else before him but to depart this life soon. In the evening Martin and Anna had a conference concerning their assembly, p[p]. Yet the Savior did not permit us to have [the] foot washing and Communion with them this week, which filled us with pain. Thursday, the 19th The Indians who had been out among the white people all came home, very quietly and orderly. Our halld was completely filled for the evening occasion, because nearly everyone from the winter huts was here, at which time John 17 was read and what had happened to the Savior during this night was related. Friday, the 20th Throughout the day the Passion story from the 4 Evangelists was read aloud in 3 parts, at which time a blissful feeling could be felt. Everyone here was especially inclined to attend the occasions, and in the evening, at sunset, there was another meeting, when it was read that they took Him off the cross, up to the burial. We closed [this day] with a passionate singing service and evening blessing. Sabbath, the 21st At 11 o’clock there was a love feast with the children, during which they were told why there was the Great Sabbath today, that the Savior had rested in His grave from His hard work. Then there was a love feast with all of the adults, on which occasion we put ourselves in mind of the Lord’s people on the entire earth, [and] how they made use of this day for their benefit and considered this day to be the greatest Sabbath’s day, and looked toward the grave where He had lain. That afternoon Martin, Samuel, and Joshu[a] went on the mountain to visit sick Nathanael. We sang him several verses, at which time we also 297

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

recommended to him the merit of Jesus — on this he should go home, should he want to go home blessed. He declared with sadness that he still felt unsure in his heart as to whether the Savior would take him in once he went home. At times he indeed felt the Savior a little, but this [feeling] was still alternating. [This day] was closed with the congregation hour and evening blessing. Sunday, the 22nd In the morning the Indians were greeted with these words: [D]er Herr is aufferstanden Er is wahrhafftig aufferstanden.17 Together we went to the burying place, prayed a little from the litany, and remembered in name those who have been buried here since last Easter [and] asked for everlasting fellowship with them.18 At noon Martin preached on today’s Gospel, whose object today was Maria’s [Mary’s] distress at the grave over her beloved Lord with an application to each lost heart. The children’s hour was at 2 o’clock, [and] the general meeting at 3 o’clock, during which the event[s] surrounding the Savior and His disciples on this day were recited from the Evangelists. During the congregation hour in the evening the watchword Gott steht in der Gemeine Gottes. Wir küßen ihm im Geist die Hand,19 p[p]., was talked about, and the fellowship with our dear Lord was warmly recommended to the brethren and sisters. In closing, we gave heartfelt thanks to the Savior for the mercy that we enjoyed throughout these several days, and in a supplicating manner the wish was expressed: Oh, if only it [mercy] would be sealed and preserved within each one. We also were grateful for the external peace that we enjoyed throughout the festival days, and that we were not disturbed by the white people. Indeed, not one was seen here over the course of these 4 days, which is very unusual here, for they usually go in and around the Indian huts every day. They are truly a peculiar people, the inhabitants of this province. In fact, one finds no sign that the people here, even those who are favorably disposed, take any notice of these [festival] days, and when speaking with anyone about this, they say they have never heard anything like it in all of their lives. Monday, the 23rd During the morning blessing it was our heart’s desire to also spend this day in intimacy with our dear Lord. Joshua visited Martin; the latter asked him about the state of his heart. He said he was beginning to feel his heart again; 298

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

especially during the festival days and the reading of the Passion story his heart had grown very soft (this indeed could be observed about him during all of the occasions — that his heart was overcome by this matter). It is his intention to give himself up to the Savior anew. In fact, since I have been here I have never heard him speak in such a sinnerlike fashion as at this time. Oh, may the Lord grant that it will be lasting. Several Indian sisters visited Anna, who also declared that their hearts had felt well with the matter of Jesus’ suffering throughout the festival days. Tuesday, the 24th Last night, at 2 o’clock, the sick and emaciated Nathanael went home after having had to keep to his bed for 1 1/2 years, and his tabernacle was buried in the evening at sunset. There was a meeting previous to that. Martin said that he hoped that Nathanael was in a state of blessedness through Jesus’ everlasting mercy.20 He [Nathanael] was not assured of this, it is true, given the life he had led, which he had attested to before me on several occasions. It was this that had made the last days of his illness very difficult. For this reason, it was of utmost necessity that each one occupy himself with this during his days of health — that he knows how he stands with the Savior and does not misuse Jesus’ mercy and save it for the sickbed, when it is frequently too late. Wednesday, the 25th During the early meeting the theme was the love of the Creator, that it has pleased Him to come into the flesh to ransom us and render us blessed people of God. Most [of the Indians] reported to Martin and Anna to go out again: the menfolk some 20 miles up the river to make canoe[s], [and] the womenfolk 8 miles from here to make brooms and baskets. The place emptied out again except for 4 families. Anna Mack, accompanied by Justina, went to Sichem to visit Brother and Sister Gambold in hopes of finding there letters from Bethlehem, and also to seek out good advice on account of the sickly state of her [Anna’s] tabernacle. Thursday, the 26th The children visited me frequently throughout the day. In the evening there was [a] singing service. 299

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Friday, the 27th Toward evening Anna Mack arrived back here from Sichem, accompanied by Br. Gambold; the latter right away held the evening meeting and talked about today’s children’s watchword. They did not bring with them any letters from Bethlehem; Justina stayed 8 miles from here, making brooms and baskets. Saturday, the 28th That forenoon Br. Gambold traveled back to Sichem. Martin and his Anna began to turn over the garden and sow a little today. During the evening blessing the assembly here, as well as those who are out, were recommended to the Savior amid heartfelt prayer. Sunday, the 29th Those from the winter huts below, as well as those from on the mountain, all came for the sermon, so that there were indeed some thirty hearers when the words [were] from Isaiah, ch. 43, verse 11: Ich bin der Herr und ausser mir ist kein Heil[an]d.21 That afternoon Anna had a heartfelt talk with Sarah, who greatly bewailed that her heart was so weak and that her frequent intentions to give herself up to the Savior have been repeatedly hampered. Monday, the 30th; Tuesday, the 31st Throughout these couple of days we had frequent visits from people passing through, who related a great many things [about] how everyone in this guverment was in motion to take possession of Wyoming soon. They had already come to an agreement with the Indians about this; indeed, [the Indians] had received the greater part of the payment for it. And their agente, whom they retained in Old England for this purpose, had reported to them that the affair in relation to taking possession of the Susquehanna was at this point nearly fully settled.22 During our evening occasions the brethren and sisters were put in mind of the children’s watchword, and a blessed heart that dwells near, along with its dear Lord, was portrayed. Diarium of the Indian assembly in Pachgatgoch 300

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

from the month of April, an[no] 1761. Wednesday, the 1st Three Indian families, who throughout the winter had lived in the winter huts on the mountain, moved back down here today, for the warm weather is now starting to set in. The children’s watchword [D]er herr hat gefallen an seinem volcke das Ihm so sauer worden ist23 was the theme during the evening meeting. [No entries for the 2nd and 3rd] Saturday, the 4th During these couple of days, all of the communicants arrived at home except for Samuel, who went about 25 miles up the river to make canoe[s]. Throughout the day, the brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for tomorrow’s Communion. While engaged in speaking [word crossed out], it was remarked that the singele [single] story that He has passed away had a blissful effect on the hearts of the brethren and sisters, which heartily comforted us. Jeremias and his Agnes, who for some time have been on a quiet path, also sought to be remembered in this regard [that is, Communion], and many a time they were communed with from the heart. Sunday, the 5th At noon, Ephesians, ch. 5, was used as text, which was read as far as verse 21, [and it] was noted that everyone who was concerned about his blessedness could examine himself according to these words. Martin communed with Peter, the husband of Joshua’s daughter, in a delightful manner, who expresses himself about his heart most plainly and like a sinner. He sought to be remembered with respect to the Lord’s Supper and said that he had often talked with his wife Juliana about this. Moreover, they are the only 2 people living in the winter huts below who conduct themselves quietly and orderly, who also are viewed by the neighbors as the most orderly of people. After the children’s hour, the communicants had [a] love feast and absolution, as well as Holy Communion, amid the serene and gentle peace of God. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Petrus and Thamar, Gottlieb and Magdalena, Simon, Lucia, Anna, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Benigna, Justina, Martin, and Anna. During the 301

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

congregation hour in the evening, we spoke about the watchword: Ich werde geheiligt werden an denen, die zu mir nahen, dir arbeiten, dir schlafen u wachen.24 Monday, the 6th The brethren and sisters again announced their leaving. Martin traveled to Mr. Hays to inquire of him when he was going to New York. The children’s watchword was recommended to the brethren and sisters for their reflection. Tuesday, the 7th Martin spent the day in the neighborhood, having his axe and hoe repaired. Wednesday, the 8th That afternoon Mr. Paine and [Mr.] Bull came to us for a visit, who also told us that today was a day of prayer and repentance and a fasting day in the entire province; no one had notified us about it. The Indians who were at home knew nothing about this either, hence, we were entirely innocent until then. In the evening there was [a] singing service. Thursday, the 9th That evening we were paid a visit by our neighbors, Mr. Bull and his wife, along with one of their children. They inquired about a number of brethren in Bethlehem with whom they were acquainted from former times. As for their religion, they are Quakers. Friday, the 10th Today 2 newly recruited soldiers arrived here and walked about the Indian huts, inquiring whether the Indians were desirous of becoming soldiers. But there are presently few brethren at home. Oh, if only this lamentable life of these poor Indians would have an end. The poor people are so ruined by this that many will hardly be able to pull themselves back together. [No entry for the 11th] Sunday, the 12th At noon the text for the sermon was from 1 John, ch. 3, v[erse] 23, [D]aß ist daß Gebott das ihr glaubet an den Namen Jesu Christe,25 p[p]. The audience was attentive 302

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

and the Lord revealed Himself to us. Three white people from the neighborhood attended the sermon, and in the evening, the children’s watchword was talked about. Monday, the 13th That forenoon Br. Martin traveled to Mr. Hays and brought to him his letters to be delivered to New York. Toward evening, Br. Sölle again arrived here from Sichem. He saluted the brethren and sisters during the evening meeting and warmly recommended to them the hourly fellowship with the Savior. [No entry for the 14th] Wednesday, the 15th Today Martin traveled to his father-in-law, old Johannes Rau, for a visit, who amid his severe and agonizing illness was very glad to see one of the brethren he has known for a long time. He was reminded of former times when he was frequently stirred and touched by grace, and that he should use the time in which he now finds himself to come to know the Lord. This brought many tears to his eyes, and [he] wished [that] the Lord may show mercy on his poor soul, yes, render him blessed by His grace. Thursday, the 16th Martin returned home toward evening; Br. Sölle held the evening meeting. Friday, the 17th; Saturday, the 18th Throughout these couple of days, Martin and Br. Sölle were hard at work in the garden with digging and repairing the fence, and Anna with sowing and planting. The occasions were conducted in the evening. Several families came back home. Sunday, the 19th At noon Br. Sölle preached to an attentive audience on 1 Corinthians, ch. 5, verse[s] 10, 11, 14, 15, on which occasion his hearts [i.e., the people under his care] were affected by the grace of the Lord. Monday, the 20th Following a heartfelt farewell, Br. Sölle departed from here for New York by way of Dover (to visit some awakened people there). Martin accompanied him as far 303

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

as the top of the mountain. During the evening meeting a heart whose special devotion every day was to the wounds of Jesus was portrayed. Tuesday, the 21st Several of the Indian brethren and sisters who were out came home, as did Samuel, down the river with a canoe that he had made. The brethren and sisters who were at home spent this week going about their work, orderly and in quiet. The daily evening occasions were well attended. [No entries until the 25th] Saturday, the 25th The Indians who had been up the river all came home that afternoon, bringing with them 8 new canoes, most of which were packed full with wood for brooms. They all came orderly and quietly. Generally, everyone who was out and belongs to this place arrived today. Sunday, the 26th At noon a large audience was preached to about the words from the text, John, ch. 3, v[erse] 16, p[p]., [A]lso hat Gott die Welt geliebet das Er seinen einig gebohrnen Sohn gab,26 on which occasion the love of the Father was warmly recommended to the sinners. During their meeting that afternoon [I] wished on the children blessed hearts inside the wounds of Jesus. Monday, the 27th Because all of the Indians are now back home, the early meeting was resumed, during which having fellowship with our dear Lord was recommended to the poor sinners’ hearts. Today the Indians together began to repair their fence around their Welsh corn field, and continued with this throughout this week. They went about it diligently, and things proceeded in a very quiet and orderly manner. The occasions in the morning as well as in the evening proceeded in due order, and were well attended by the brethren and sisters. [No entries for the 28th and 29th] Thursday, the 30th 304

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

That forenoon at 10 o’clock there was [a] sermon on today’s Gospel, whose object was the message to the people to preach the gospel. The audience was attentive, and our dear Lord revealed Himself to us most mercifully. That afternoon the Indians again went about their aforementioned work. During the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were put in mind of today’s text, Siehe ich bin beij [euch] alle Tage bis an der Welt Ende; wilst du die Augen binden, das Herz kan blindlings finden,27 and having fellowship with Him was recommended [to them], and with that, we closed this day and month. [No entry until the 3rd] Sunday, May 3 At noon Martin preached on John 15, when the object was the distinguishing marks of the children of God who live in fellowship with Him. After the children’s meeting we visited the Indians in the huts, where everything was quiet and in the spirit of the Sabbath. [This day] was closed with the congregation hour in the evening. Monday, the 4th After the morning blessing, the Indians again went about their work to repair [the] fence. Several of the womenfolk left with brooms and baskets to buy some provisions with these and returned home [on] Tuesday the 5th. Widow Martha, who has been sick for several days, grew very weak today. Anna visited her frequently, and she declared with a joyous heart: If only the dear Savior would take her to Him. She was fully prepared now, and found nothing more that would hold her back any longer. [No entries until the 8th] Friday, the 8th Following the early meeting, Br. Martin traveled to Sichem to Brother and Sister Gambold to pay a visit, returning Saturday, the 9th, where in the morning I reminded Brother and Sister Gambold of the going home of our beloved Jünger28 one year ago today. On my way back home, I likewise occupied myself with matters related to going home, and this matter was further dealt with at the evening meeting. Sunday, the 10th This forenoon the sermon was about today’s festival Gospel[, which was delivered] 305

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

to a large audience.29 After the children’s hour that afternoon, there was a general meeting during which something from the most recently received letters and news was related [to the Indians], in addition to several memoirs, such as [those of ] Theodora, Ind[ian], [and] Anna Johanna Schmick.30 Monday, the 11th Today the Indians here started planting Welsh corn and beans; Martin and Anna did the same. Tuesday, the 12th In the morning, Es muß alles mit Blut geweihet werden. Dankeuchs Gott, ihr theuren Wunden31 was recommended to the brethren and sisters with the warm heart of a sinner, at which time something about the event involving the Lord’s people 37 years ago today was reported.32 Soon after, there was a congregation council with the married people, widowers, and widows, when, with a sorrowful heart, they were put in mind of the bad conduct of the young people and of the children, and how the parents themselves are mostly at fault by allowing their children their own free will and by living in quite a heathenish manner, which is why the children here have lost all respect for their parents, making our work here doubly difficult. Stephen Seiakas, with his wife and 3 children, moved back here to live; they had lived in Westenhook for a couple of years but moved away from there already last fall. His wife Magdl. is the daughter-in-law of Christiana and Lidia,33 and in former times had lived for a while in Bethlehem in the single sisters’ house. Thursday, the 14th Juliana, the wife of Petrus [and] Joshua’s daughter, was happily delivered of a sond. They live 2 miles from here, in Lower Schaghticoke.34 Friday, the 15th Joshua and his wife went in a canoe down the river to the seaside to sell it there and buy some provisions in exchange. Martin pointed out to him that this was presently a very unsuitable time for this, for it was now time for planting, but he did not let himself be dissuaded.

306

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Saturday, the 16th The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. Sunday, the 17th I preached to a large audience on the words Siehe ich kome und mein lohn mit mir.35 Our dear Lord revealed Himself to us with His blessed nearness; there were about 12 white people from the neighborhood present, among whom was also Mr. Hays, the Jew. The others were Quakers and Seppareths [Separatists]. That afternoon there were the occasions for the communicants, and in the evening, after the congregation hour, we poor sinners received holy absolution, and with melted hearts entered into the Holiest. The following brethren and sisters partook of the body and blood of Jesus: Gottlieb, Petrus, Simon, Thamar, Magd[a]l[ena], Anna, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Maria, Justina, Martin, and Anna. Samuel and she [Lucia] could not join. He [Samuel] had recently gotten into a quarrel with Joshua while making canoe[s] up [the river], and the matter between the two is not settled. In addition, his wife Lucia was harboring [word crossed out] some dissatisfaction toward her husband, [so] that both were obliged to stay away from Communion. Monday, the 18th Five plows from the neighborhood came here to plow the land for the Indians for planting Welsh corn, and spent most of the week here going about this work. And all this week was spent planting corn and beans. [No entries for the 19th and 20th] Thursday, the 21st Martin visited the Indians in their huts down below and spoke with Petrus and Juliana about the baptism of their child, both of whom earnestly declared that it was deeply important to them that their child be baptized, and that it too may be brought up in the sight of the Savior. [No entries for the 22nd and 23rd]

307

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Sunday, the 24th [The] sermon at noon was on Colossians, the 3rd [chapter], [S]eidt ihr mit Christo auferstanden suchet was droben ist, p[p].36 That afternoon there was [the] general meeting, during which everyone was reminded of the covenant that they had made with the Savior in holy baptism. It was observed that the beloved Mother was warmly entrusting this matter to the brethren and sisters’ care, causing many a teard to be shed. In the end, the sond of Brother Petrus and Sister Juliana was baptized Petrus and into the death of Jesus. For these 2 meetings there were again several white people from the neighborhood present. Monday, the 25th During the morning blessing, amid heartfelt prayers, the brown assembly was entrusted to the faithful care of our dear Lord. The womenfolk were engaged in planting beans Welsh corn and beans. The menfolk were engaged in repairing several and, in part, rebuilding several huts, such as [those of ] Simon, Judith, Caritas, Petrus, p[p]., and the entire week was spent with this work, where everything proceeded quietly and orderly. The daily occasions were conducted and well attended by all those who were at home. Also, Joshua came back home; his wife stayed on down at the seaside. [No entries until the 29th] Friday, the 29th Four womenfolk from Kent paid a visit to my Anna, namely, widow Mills along with 2 of her daughters, one of whom was the wife of the münüster [minister] in Kent.37 The widow expressed special love for the brethren and sisters, and still bewailed the bad treatment the brethren had suffered in the beginning. (N.b.: It seems the woman is still not entirely over it, for she repeats it every time, and [does so] perhaps because her husband was [a] constablen [constable] back then and had to arrest the brethren).38 Sunday, the 30th This forenoon the sermon was on John, ch. 4, about the conversation that our dear Lord had with the Samaritan woman, the theme of which was also dealt with that afternoon during a general meeting amid the manifest nearness of our Lord. Both times, a number of white people from the neighborhood were 308

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

present. Monday, 1 Junius In the morning the assembly was reminded of the children’s watchword O herr du hast mich durch sucht und kennest mich du weist es kleben Herzen und Sinnen an dir mein Leben so wahr du lebst,39 together with the heartfelt desire: Oh, if only these words may find fulfillment also among this assembly. Tuesday the 2nd After the early meeting several families went out to earn some victuals. The menfolk were again hard at work building huts and jointly built 2 new ones, one for Christian and one for Stephen Seiagos. Wednesday, the 3rd Today Anna visited Mrs. Chamberlain40 in the neighborhood, who had frequently requested this [a visit]. Several [Indian] womenfolk who have never before been here arrived from the seaside to live here. [No entries for the 4th and 5th] Saturday, the 6th The Indians who had been out all returned home. In their hearts and minds Martin and his Anna were frequently in our beloved Bethlehem throughout the day. Sunday, the 7th At noon there was [a] sermon [on] Matthew 8, [B]ittet so wird euch gegeben suchet so werdet ihr finden,41 p[p]., whose object, in application, was every heart whose concern is its salvation. During the children’s meeting, obedience toward the Savior as well as toward their parents was recommended to the children. The huts were visited in the afternoon, where everything was quiet and, in keeping with the custom of this province, [in the spirit of the] Sabbath [illegible word]. [This day] was closed with a congregation hour in the evening. Monday, the 8th Following the early meeting, Joshua and wife and children, along with several 309

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

other families, went to New Milford to catch fish and search for other victuals. Throughout this week only 4 families were at home, with whom [a] morning and evening occasion was conducted every day, [and] at which time the serene peace of God was felt. [No entries until the 13th] Saturday, the 13th The majority of those who were out returned home quietly, bringing a good deal of provisions with them. Sunday, the 14th The sermon at noon was on Romans 8 [?]: [I]st Gott für uns wer mag wieder uns sein,42 p[p]. There were many hearers here, also a number of people from the neighborhood. Our dear Lord blessed us with his blessed nearness. During their meeting the Savior with His wounds was portrayed to the children in a lovely manner. That afternoon, we received frequent visits from the Indians. Monday, the 15th In the morning, amid heartfelt prayers, the assembly was recommended to the dear Mother. Because several children had voiced [that] they would like to have school again, we began with it that forenoon, and hence every forenoon throughout this week was spent with this. Also, the Indians began clearing and hoeing their Welsh corn and beans, for which it is high time given that it is very weedy, and they continued with this work throughout this week. And the general occasions were conducted in due order, and [were] well attended by the brethren and sisters. [No entries until the 21st] Sunday, the 21st The text for today’s sermon was from John 6, Jesus sagte Ich bin das Brod des Lebens wer zu mir komt wird nicht mehr hungern und wer an mich glaubet wird nicht mehr dürsten,43 p[p]., whose object was the inestimable riches that a poor and sorrowful heart finds in the Savior if it believes in Him. Our meeting halld was too small today, because also 14 people from the neighborhood attended the sermon. During the children’s meeting in the afternoon, the children could be 310

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

heard singing verses in a lovely manner. Monday, the 22nd During the early meeting, guided by the children’s watchword, a heart that is lost and heeds the Savior was portrayed with a blissful feeling. The Indians continued [word crossed out] hoeing their Welsh corn; Martin and Anna did the same. [No entry for the 23rd] Wednesday, the 24th Mr. Hays sent word to me through an Indian that he intended to travel to New York next Monday; should I have something to be delivered there [I] would have to bring it to him this week. After the general meeting this evening, a quarterof-an-hour was conducted for the communicants, and a poor heart that feels that it wants to partake of the body and blood of Jesus was portrayed, also at which time Communion was announced for next Sunday. Friday, the 26th That forenoon the Indians together hoed my Welsh corn, for which I gave them a meal, and that afternoon, I went to Mr. Hays, bringing him a letter for Br. Yarrel, along with some news from the congregation. Saturday, the 27th Throughout the day the Indian brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for the upcoming Communion. Anna Maria, mother of Ester in Nain, arrived here together with one of her grand children. Her grand child longs to hear about the Savior, and had pressed her grandmother all through the spring that she should please move to Pachgatgoch where they would be able to hear about the Savior. The watchword was talked about in the evening. Also, school was held every day throughout this week. Sunday, the 28th The sermon was on 1 John, ch. 3, v[erses] 7–12, whose main content was a heart that loves the Savior and is delivered from sin, and how we all may attain this privilege. Following the children’s hour, the occasions for the communicants took place amid the serene peace of God; first [the] love feast, then absolution, 311

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

whereupon the blissful enjoyment of the body and blood of Jesus in the holy sacrament followed. The following brethren and sisters were partakers this time: Gottlieb, Petrus, Simon, Thamar, Lucia, Anna, Erdmuth, Martha, Maria; Jeremias and Agnes were once again readmitted after a long time, [and] both of them were greatly taken by this. In addition, Martin and Anna were [partakers]. The congregation hour provided the conclusion for this day. Monday, the 29th In the morning, during the morning blessing, the heart of Jesus, filled with love for the poor souls, was recommended to the assembly. Several womenfolk from Kent were here to pay a visit, whose conduct did not contribute much toward edification, however. [No entry for the 30th] Wednesday, 1 Julius In the morning the children’s watchword [M]ich hast du beredt Herr, du hast mich über zeugt du bist mir zu starck gewesen, und hast recht behalten 44 was warmly recommended to the assembly. Thursday, the 2nd We were paid a visit by Br. Gambold and Azariah Smith. The former held the evening meeting on the watchword [H]abe ichs gut gemacht so darfs sich meine Seele nicht annehmen, hätte Er sich nicht selber an mich gehoben,45 p[p]., how everything that is with and about us is grace, and we had nothing at all to boast about. Friday, the 3rd That forenoon the aforementioned brethren returned to Sichem. Nathan Gaylord of New Milford appears to be a fine man and is not without a feeling for the Savior in his heart. [No entry for the 4th] Sunday, the 5th At noon there was [a] sermon on the Revelation to John, ch. 5, verse 9, at which time the slaughtered Lamb was warmly recommended to the sinners; there were many hearers, Indians as well as whites.

312

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Monday, the 6th In the morning the children’s watchword was called to mind. The Indians were hard at work hoeing their Welsh corn. Tuesday, the 7th Having bid Anna a kind farewell, Anna Maria, who had been here for several weeks, attending the occasions regularly, departed with her grand child toward Newtown, for they have no victuals here. They had visited Anna frequently and talked about her [Anna Maria’s] heart — that she lived in fellowship with the Savior. Wednesday, the 8th This morning we thought back with tender, loving remembrance on when we departed and were dispatched from our beloved Bethlehem one year ago today. This prompted among ourselves many a conversation and the shedding [of ] tearsd. Right after the early meeting a big stir suddenly unfolded here in thaun [town] [Pachgatgoch], as 6 white people from the neighborhood came here, along with a constabler [constable], and all of the menfolk who were of age were arrested. The reason was that they had peeled [bark off ] chestnut trees on a man’s property.46 Joshua, Jeremias, [and] Samuel went to Mr. Swift; the matter was settled so that they should not have any more troubel. Thursday, the 9th The münüster [minister] of Kent, together with his wife, as well as widow Mills, paid us a visit. He acted amicably and wished me good succes among the Indians. He also wished that I may stay here for a nice long time. He went home very satisfeit [satisfied] after a 3 hour’s stay; our currants tasted very good to them, as well as the teas47 that they drank here. They invited us to visit them as well sometime. Friday, the 10th I went to Mr. Hays, who was back from New York, having brought with him some letters from Bethlehem as well as the resolution of the synody held in Lititz, along with some medicine. We were deeply appreciative and grateful for everything, although, at the same time, it filled us with great sorrow that my Anna, given her present condition, did not get permission to go to Bethlehem. 313

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

[No entry for the 11th] Sunday, the 12th The words Herr wen ich nur dich habe so frage ich nichts nach Himmel und Erden,48 p[p]., were preached on with a warm and open heart to a large audience. Several white people from the neighborhood as well as 3 Negroes attended the children’s hour that afternoon. Monday, the 13th During the morning blessing, amid an innermost prayer, this assembly was recommended to the Savior. The menfolk all went into the neighborhood for the harvest. The majority returned home in the evening. Tuesday, the 14th After the early meeting, Martin traveled to Brother and Sister Gambold for a visit to hold a conference with them concerning Anna’s delivery, and returned [on] Wednesday, the 15th, when throughout that day I was, in my heart, very much near my dear Joseph, wishing him on his anniversary day many bloody blessings for his own heart, as well as for his office with the people of God, which was also our talk in the evening, where we thanked our Lord in a childlike fashion for his election by grace.49 [No entries for the 16th and 17th] Saturday, the 18th The Indians who had been out working the harvest returned home. In the evening several [Indians] let themselves be amply heard in thaun [town]. Sunday, the 19th [The] sermon at noon was on Matthew 16, v[erse] 26: [W]as hülffts den Menschen wen Er die ganze Welt gewöne,50 p[p]. After the children’s hour that afternoon there was a general meeting, on which occasion something from the most recently received letters and news from Bethlehem was related, and the greetings [were] passed on. During the congregation hour, amid the manifest nearness of our Lord, the children’s watchword was talked about: [W]as das Herz voll 314

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

ist gehet der Mund über.51 Monday, the 20th During the early meeting every one was reminded to cleave to the Savior and to be on guard against temptation, particularly against drink, and to obtain the grace from Jesus’ merit to that end. The majority again went to work the harvest. Anna was at Mrs. C[h]amberl[ain]’s [house] for a visit. Tuesday, the 21st Martin traveled to New Milford to purchase some odds and ends. While there, he visited [Mrs.] Lemuel Bostwick, an awakened woman, who sincerely rejoiced at seeing him again after 18 years, repeating every word my late wife Janicke52 had spoken with her back then; the good woman became completely revived. I told her that I continued to hold the same belief in the bloody redeemer that I had back then, and hoped, with His mercy, to maintain this [belief ] until my very end. She grew all soft and wept like a child. On my way up, I visited Nathan Gaylord, and returned home in the evening. Wednesday, the 22nd The womenfolk too went out to search for victuals. Thursday, the 23rd I fell ill; had a violent bout of bloody flux that continued for 3 days, causing me to spend most of the time in bed. [No entries for the 24th and 25th] Sunday, the 26th The majority [of the Indians] returned home yesterday, some fairly somber, among whom were Joshua and she [Elisabeth], who again have conducted themselves very badly. At noon there was [a] sermon on Colossians 1, v[erse] 12, [D]anck saget dem Vater der uns tüchtig gemacht hat,53 p[p]., whose object was the gratitude of a heart that is conscious of this grace. Today Martin and his Anna thought

315

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

back very frequently on their arrival here one year ago today. Monday, the 27th The children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly in the morning; Mrs. Chamberl[ain] came here for a visit. Tuesday, the 28th Old Erdmuth, some 90 years of age, went down to Newtown to visit her old acquaintances. That evening 2 menfolk and 3 womenfolk came home drunk, making a lot of noise all through the night. [No entries for the 29th and 30th] Friday, the 31st Martin had a talk with Joshua concerning his heart. He was in very low spirits, however. This day and month were closed with the evening occasion. Saturday, August 1 That forenoon, after a long drought and heat, we once again had a pleasant rain that somewhat refreshed the parched earth. The people say that there has not been such a lasting drought in this area in living memory. Martin and Anna thought back on the arrival here in Pachgatgoch of our dear Petrus [Böhler] and his dear Liesel one year ago today. Sunday, the 2nd [The] sermon at noon was on Luke 18, v[erses] 10, 11, 12, whose object was the state of a sinner’s heart who is concerned about grace. The hearers were attentive, and our dear Lord made Himself known; our halld was completely filled, for there were again many white people from the neighborhood present. Monday, the 3rd In the morning, amid heartfelt prayers, the assembly was entrusted to the Savior’s care. And in the evening the watchword [W]en ich meine Seele nicht setze und stille so wird meine Seele entwöhnt, und kan unmöglich am Geist gedechen54 was talked about, [as well as] the sickness of a heart that does not live in fellowship with 316

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

the Savior. Tuesday, the 4th Sr. Salomonsen of Sichem arrived here, accompanied by the 2 single sisters Leah and Rachel Edmonds. The one mentioned first is coming to stay here for several weeks to assist my Anna in her delivery.55 In addition, widow Mills, along with the wife of the münüster [minister] of Kent, was here for a visit. Wednesday, the 5th In the morning we remembered the departure of our dear Br. Petrus and his Liesel from here. Martin accompanied the 2 single sisters, who had arrived yesterday, back as far as Sharon and returned in the evening when today’s watchword was talked about: [D]a bin ich worden, als die Gnade findet vor seinen Augen. Ich hatt um Ihn geweint.56 Thursday, the 6th Mr. Valert and his wife57 were here, both fairly old people, who live 1 1/2 miles from this place. She is a midwife and will assist my Anna in her delivery. That evening and throughout the night, a good deal of noise was made by some scoundrels who had let themselves be recruited this spring, such as Joseph, Jeremias’s son, Saagajio[?],58 and Paulus, and 4 others from the seaside, who had deserted and arrived here several days ago and are now roving about here and are causing nothing but mischief; and there is not one person in this entire place who says even one word to this rabble. I have expressed to several brethren that if this noise were to continue I would be forced to suspend the daily meetings altogether and would have to seek advice from the authorities, and see whether they are not able to put a stop to this misbehavior. [No entries for the 7th and 8th] Sunday, the the [sic] 9th The text for today’s sermon was from John 7, v[erses] 47–48, [W]arlich warlich ich sage euch wer an mich glaubet der hat das ewige Leben,59 p[p]., whose object was the distinguishing marks of the true and saving belief in the Son of God. Many hearers from the neighborhood were present. During the children’s hour that afternoon, which was attended by many, also by adults, white as well as Indian, their [the children’s] watchword was talked about, which Joshua interpreted 317

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

with special emphasis. Monday, the 10th During the early meeting, the children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly for meditation. Today Martin and his Anna frequently thought of Sr. Anna Rosel,60 wishing her from the bottom of their hearts the close presence of our dear Lord on her anniversary day. All of the menfolk went hunting and returned [on] Thursday, the 13th, when, during the congregation hour in the evening, something about the event involving the people of God 37 years ago was recounted.61 Friday, the 14th In the 4th hour of that afternoon Sr. Anna Mack was happily delivered of a daughter. Present were old Mrs. Valerten as midwife, along with Mrs. Chamberlain, whom Martin had brought here an hour before, as well as Sr. Salomonsen. Oh, thanks be to the good Lord who assisted so mercifully in this matter as well. [No entry for the 15th] Sunday, the 16th [The] sermon at noon was from Hebrews, ch. 12, [L]aßet uns auff sehen auff Jesum den Anfänger des Glaubens, p[p].62 At the end of the sermon an address was delivered about the children’s baptism, and the duty and obligation to be exercised toward these children by the parents of these baptized children, if one intends to deal faithfully with his child, whereupon Brother and Sister Mack’s daughter, born 2 days ago, was baptized into the death of Jesus in the presence of the family of God, and named Anna Rosina. [This day] was closed with the blessing of the church. Monday, the 17th During the congregation hour today we remembered the children of the congregation and their awakening, wishing them many bloody blessings from the wounds of Jesus, and for the children of this place a gaze into the wounds of our Lord. Granny Valerten was here today prescribing some medicine to Anna, because she has been unable to sleep a wink for pain since her delivery. Tuesday, the 18th 318

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

The Indians who had been out all returned home, and Anna Maria arrived here from the seaside together with her grand child. Wednesday, the 19th In the morning, guided by the children’s watchword, the Lord’s glorious promises that are now being fulfilled during our time were talked about, and it was wished, from the bottom of our hearts, if only they would be met with more adention [attention] among this assembly here as well. After the evening meeting an occasion was conducted for the communicants. [No entries for the 20th and 21st] Saturday, the 22nd Martin visited the brethren and sisters in their [huts]; afterward, he spoke with them [in preparation] for Communion. Anna Elisabeth, Erdmuth’s grand child, was happily delivered of a daughter this morning. Sunday, the 23rd At noon there was [a] sermon on Luke, ch. 8, about the 4 kinds of seed. That afternoon the communicants had their occasion amid the nearness of their most beloved Bridegroom, and toward evening, we poor and absolved sinners entered into the Holiest and partook of His body and blood in the holy sacrament. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Gottlieb, Jeremias, Simon, Thamar, Agnes, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Justina, Maria, [Sr.] Salomonsen, Martin, and Anna. Monday, the 24th That forenoon Martin had a lengthy conference with Joshua, Jeremias, Samuel, [and] Gottlieb about the corrupting and good-for-nothing people here and how all of the children of this place were being drawn into the[ir] sins and abominations. And if they will not come forward and allow themselves to be granted the Savior’s grace to oppose these abominations, they will have to account for it someday. Azariah [Smith] Jr. from Sichem arrived here that afternoon with a heartfelt letterd from Br. Joseph [Spangenberg] from Bethlehem, dated July 28, 319

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

along with the extract from the diario of May and Junius. We enjoyed ourselves that evening and were unable to retire before we had read everything; we also received the children’s watchwords for this year. Tuesday, the 25th After the early meeting, Azariah Jr. returned to Sichem very much in good spirits. Joshua spent most of the day conferring with the aforementioned brethren about the present situation in Pachgatgoch, and I groan and long that it may have some good effect. Wednesday, the 26th During the morning blessing, it was said about the words of the children’s watchword Ich bin der Weg die Wahrheit u das Leben,63 p[p]., that they could neither be read nor listened to by a blissful heart without a blessed effect, because these words were truly savory nourishment for a heart that is in love with the Savior. And in the evening the collect was warmly recommended to the assembly on the occasion of today’s watchword: [D]er Umgang mit dem Schmerzensmann ist alles was ich wünschen kan.64 Thursday, the 27th Martin traveled to Mr. Hays to see whether he intended to journey to New York soon. He said that this would happen no sooner than the end of next month. This put me in somewhat of a dilemma, for I would very much like to report something about our situation to Bethlehem soon, and know of no opportunity to do so. Joshua went with his family among the white people for 14 days to make brooms and baskets. [No entry for the 28th] Saturday, the 29th In the morning we remembered the Single Brethrens’ festival and wished them, from the bottom of our hearts, many bloody blessings from the wounds of Jesus on the occasion of their festival day today. Sunday, the 30th At noon there was [a] sermon on the words Vater ich dancke dir daß du so[l]ches den Weißen und Klugen verborgen hast und hast den Unmündigen geoffenbahrt,65 p[p]., whose 320

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

object, in ap[p]lication, was every heart whose concern is its salvation. There were many white people present who also attended the children’s hour that afternoon. In the meantime, they had read several songs in our great hymn book. Monday, the 31st During the early meeting the assembly was put in mind of the watchword [D]abeij wird jeder mann erkennen, daß ihr meine Jünger seidt, so ihr liebe unter einander habt,66 and it was requested that throughout this day each one make plain in his heart these words of God through the dear Mother, the Holy Spirit. The diarium of this place, from April until the end of August, will hence go to Azariah Smith. Sunday, August 30 A man who is well acquainted with the brethren came here for the sermon. He told me that this spring he had been in Otsiningo and had preached there for the Indians and had done other work. He had stayed there for 2 months and has now been back for several weeks. He said that the Indians in that very thaun [town] had great regard for the Brethren, and [when talking] among themselves, say much good about them. During his stay up there, new unrest unfolded among the Indians against the white people. The reason[s] for this were these: the proboreiter [proprietor] of Pennsylvania reportedly had sent up a proclamation to the Indians wherein he protested against the selling [of land] to the white people on the Delaware up at Cochecton, and the soldiers who had deserted were reading this proclamation to the Indians everywhere, seeking to incite them to slay the white people there. And this man believes that the soldiers who had deserted were incited by the proboreiter [proprietor] to drive out those people in Cochecton under the pretense that the land there belonged to the Indians, so that he could get it for himself at this time.67

Diarium of the Indian assembly at Pachgatgoch from September, an[no] 1761 Tuesday, the 1st In the morning the children’s watchword Ich bin ein rechter weinstock[,] wir sind die 321

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

zarten reben68 was recommended to the assembly. Anna received frequent visits from the Indian sisters and children. Wednesday, the 2nd This forenoon 4 womenfolk from Kent were here to pay a visit to my wife. After a two hour’s stay, their husbands came for them, among whom was Mr. Swift, who told Martin about the new unrest among the Indians in Pennsylvania and what is causing it. [No entries for the 3rd and 4th] Saturday, the 5th [About] the children’s watchword, which was the theme every morning throughout this week that was recommended to the assembly for meditation, it was noticed that it was a savory nourishment for the assembly, given their regular attendance, and a blissful feeling was palpable. Sunday, the 6th The text for today’s sermon was from Isaiah 53: Führ war er trug unsere Kranckheit und lud auff sich unsere Schmerzen, p[p].69 It was a large meeting for which many white people from the neighborhood were present, who also attended the children’s meeting in the afternoon. They spent the time in between reading several songs from the great hymn book, such as O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden,70 which, by all appearances, has an effect on them. A separate occasion was held for the married people living here, and they were told a bit about the festival day that that [sic] the Married People’s Choir of the Church of the Brethren observes tomorrow, and it fills one with sorrow that the married people here are still so far behind with respect to the choir’s grace. The children’s watchword [G]leich wie der Rebe kan keine Rrucht bringen von ihm selber, er bleibe dann am Weinstock also auch ihr nicht. [I]hr bleibet dann in mir. [G]ib daß wir [ink stain] dir bleiben und wachsen immer mehr71 was the theme during the congregation hour in the evening, where a blissful peace of God was palpable. Monday, the 7th Martin and Anna spent the day today in blissful quietude and remembrance of 322

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their choir; in their hearts and minds they were more in Bethlehem than here. Our dear Lord was near us. Tuesday, the 8th Samuel came during the night and woke Br. Martin because his son [was] very ill. He [Martin] visited him and had the opportunity to issue to the parents a heartfelt and thorough admonition with respect to the way in which they bring up their children. Today there were again a host of women here from Kent, who departed across the river after a one-hour’s stay at our house. Wednesday, the 9th Martin visited several sick people, mostly children. Anna Elisabeth visited Anna with her child. Anna communed with her in a heartfelt manner, and she is touched anew and desires from the bottom of her heart that her child may be baptized. [No entries for the 10th and 11th] Saturday, the 12th Today there were 3 carts here from Kent to fetch about 100 buschel [bushels] of apples that the Indians had sold to them. Sunday, the 13th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from the Revelation to John, ch. 7, verse 14, about the washing of the robes in the Lamb’s blood, whose object was the great bliss of those people who washed their robes and made them pure in the blood of the Lamb. The children’s hour in the afternoon was [attended] by many adults. Anna Elisabeth also was present with her small child and stayed on in the hall after the children’s hour, spoke with Br. Martin and his Anna, and requested with gentle tears the baptism of her daughterd, born on August 22, who was baptized into the death of Jesus and named Esther during the congregation hour in the evening. Her husband is unbaptized and presently not here, but [he] serves as a soldier up near Crown Point, whither he went at the beginning of June. Monday, the 14th 323

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

In the morning the collect on the occasion of the children’s watchword of today, [A]ch mein herzliebes Jesul[ein] mach dir ein rein sanfft Bettl. zu ruhn in meines Herzenschrein,72 was recommended to the assembly, and from the bottom of our hearts it was wished that everyone may occupy himself with this in heart and mind all day. [No entry for the 15th] Wednesday, the 16th In the morning, the blissful experience of Bleibet in meiner liebe. Du weist es kleben Herzen und Sinnen an Dir, mein Leben73 was wished on everyone from the bottom of our hearts. Today we also remembered the day of election of our dear Lord.74 Thursday, the 17th The münüster [minister] of Kent, Mr. Bordwell, along with 4 other gentl[e] folk, was here for a visit. They congratulated my wife on [the birth of ] her daughter and wished that she may experience much joy and happiness with her. Martin was not home then but in the woods doing some work, and as I was walking home, I met Mr. Bordwell 1/2 mile from our house, together with the others. On seeing me from afar he called out to the others, Here comes our brother whom we had wanted to visit. He was particularly cordial and invited me to his house. Friday, the 18th After the early meeting Joshua announced that he intended to travel to Stockbridge to visit his friends.75 That afternoon Br. Wanerth76 arrived here from Sichem, telling us that Br. Azariah Smith intended to travel together with his son to Bethlehem for a visit next Monday. Saturday, the 19th Following the early meeting, Martin wrote several letters to Bethlehem. Wanert departed for Sichem around noon, taking with him the letters as well as the diario from here for Azariah to take to Bethlehem. Sunday, the 20th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from 1 Timothy, ch. 1, verse 324

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

15: [D]aß ist je gewißlich war und ein teures wertes wort das Christus Jesus kommen ist in die welt die sünder selig zu machen,77 and dealt with the blissful experience of these words of God in one’s own heart, which was the best and surest explanation. Anna, along with Sr. Salomonsen, visited the Indian sisters in the huts, and after the children’s hour, which little Anna Rosel attended today for the first time, Anna was paid a visit by all the mothers here who have suckling children. Monday, the 21st This afternoon there were 8 people here for a visit, among them a merchant and his wife from Colchester, not far from New London. She said that they have heard a great deal about the Brethren and [that] there was a meeting house in New London that belonged to the Brethren, and she was glad to have once seen a sister from Bethlehem, who was the first she had seen in her life. She is the daughter of Esqr. Ransom of Kent and has lived in Colchester for several years now.78 The others were Mr. Chamberl[ain] J[unior], and 3 more of Esqr. Ransom’s children.79 They found our garden very charming and said that in all of New England there was none like it. He also inquired much about the brethren in Bethlehem, with great modesty. They departed very satisfeid after a 3 hour’s stay. Tuesday, the 22nd Joshua returned from Stockbridge, bringing many greetings for me [from] a number of Indians who had gotten acquainted with us in Shekomeko in former times. On the whole, however, according to all the news one has from there, things are looking rather bad there, and the Indians themselves say that, as a result of this war, they have become much more wicked than they had ever been before. Wednesday, the 23rd The soldiers who had deserted, who have been out hunting for several weeks, returned home. During the time of their absence things were very quiet here. [No entry for the 24th] Friday, the 25th In the morning the assembly was put in mind of the children’s watchword. Martin communed with Joshua in a heartfelt manner. The poor man is quite troubled, filled with uneasiness about the poor state of his heart and [his] unsteadiness; 325

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

I feel pity for him. At times he gets very angry about the poor conduct of the young people here, but it never lasts very long. Thus, the misfortune overcomes him again and he gets drunk, [and] thereby he once more becomes the laughingstock of others. [No entry for the 26th] Sunday, the 27th The parable of the wise and foolish maidens were the words from the text for today’s sermon. Six Quakers from the neighborhood were present. The children’s meeting that afternoon was [attended] by many adults, and in the evening the children’s watchword Vater die Stunde ist hie daß du deinen Sohn verklärest,80 p[p]., was portrayed amid the nearness of our dear Lord. Monday, the 28th That forenoon Martin held [a] congregation council with the Indian brethren of this place in regard to order and decency. Several were distressed over the bad way things are going here. That evening Br. Gambold arrived here from Sichem. He held the evening meeting on the watchword: Ich bin jmmer mit dir gewesen wo du hin gegangen bist.81 Tuesday, the 29th After the early meeting, which Br. Gambold held, he returned to Sichem, and with him Sr. Salomonsen, who had been here for 8 weeks, having been the nurse of my Anna and child and having demonstrated toward them a great deal of love and loyalty. May our dear Lord bless her for this with His blessed nearness. Wednesday, the 30th To those communicants who were at home, Communion was announced for the upcoming Sunday. And during the meeting this evening, this day and month were closed with today’s watchword, Ich will dich nicht laßen bis daß ich alles thue, was ich dir geredt habe,82 amid the heartfelt desire and supplication that these words may soon find fulfillment also at this place. Thursday, October 1 In the morning the children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly. 326

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Throughout the day we had many visits from people passing through. Friday, the 2nd Very early this morning Br. Martin remembered his beloved heart Nathanael [Seidel], and for his anniversary today wished him many bloody blessings from the heart of Jesus, longing from the bottom of his heart to hear something from him soon.83 Indeed, he would like best to see him or speak to him soon in person. Saturday, the 3rd The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion, and the texts were recommended to the assembly during the occasions. Sunday, the 4th The words from the text for today’s sermon read: Sein Schweiß war wie Blutstropfen die fielen auff die Erde. [M]ein Herze war auff gethan.84 Joshua interpreted for a large and truly attentive audience. The children’s meeting that afternoon was well attended. Afterward, the communicants had their occasion in quietude, joined by the nearness of our Lord. Toward evening there was the sacramental enjoyment of the body and blood of Jesus. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Gottlieb, Jeremias, Simon, Thamar, Anna, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Maria, Martin, and Anna. The widow Sophia became a candidate. This day was closed with the congregation [hour]. Monday, the 5th Early, during the morning blessing, amid heartfelt prayers, this assembly was entrusted to the care of our faithful High Priest. Afterward, many came and reported [to us] to go out among the white people. Tuesday, the 6th We spent that day in blissful quietude and in fellowship with our beloved Man of Suffering. My Anna entered into her 42nd year today. Wednesday, the 7th The occasions in the morning and in the evening were conducted on the texts. All through the night there was a great deal of commotion at this place because 327

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

the already mentioned compa[g]nie [of deserters] had gotten drunk and spent much of the night fighting and making noise. [No entries for the 8th and 9th] Saturday, the 10th Mrs. Bull from the neighborhood came here for a visit, along with 2 womenfolk from among her friends.85 The Indians who had been out among the white people all returned, several fairly confused and somber. The new seider [cider], which is plentiful in the neighborhood, is presently creating many a difficulty among these poor people. Sunday, the 11th The words from Luke 1, [verses] 68, 69, 70, Kelobet seij der Herr der Kott Israel denn Er hat besuchet,86 p[p]., were the theme of today’s sermon, on which occasion the time of grace in which we live was the object for those souls who are concerned about their salvation. That afternoon, Anna received many visits from the mothers with their suckling children. Monday, the 12th During the morning blessing today’s children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly. Anna Maria and her grand child, who have been living here for a couple of months, were with Anna that forenoon and reported that they intended to go out for 2 weeks. The one mentioned first declared that her heart was living in fellowship with the Savior and that she had not yet forgotten her baptismal grace. Her grand child brought itself to our attention to be baptized. The Indians were hard at work harvesting their corn and beans. They are very content and grateful for their fruits, and say that for a number of years they have not had Welsh corn as beautiful as this year, and they spent the entire week going about this work. Philippus and his wife Benigna were put in mind of their child’s baptism one year ago today, and that they had reason to give many a fair wordd to the Savior for this child [so] that the child may remain preserved in the baptismal grace. Throughout the day Martin and his Anna were frequently with their hearts and minds in Bethlehem, and from the bottom of their hearts wished our Sr. Liesel many bloody blessings from the heart of Jesus for her 328

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

anniversary today, thanking the Lamb for her election.87 Tuesday, the 13th A number of passersby called on us inquiring about several brethren from Bethlehem, such as Br. Sölle [and] Joseph Paul, p[p].88 The occasions proceeded in due order. [No entry for the 14th] Thursday, the 15th That afternoon and that night there was a great deal of noise created at this place by several scoundrels who had gotten drunk. [No entry for the 16th] Saturday, the 17th During the morning blessing, amid a heartfelt prayer, the brown assembly was recommended to the pierced heart of Jesus. Sr. Anna together with little Anna Rosel visited the sisters in the huts, who were very plaest [pleased] about this. Everyone who was out came back home that afternoon. Sunday, the 18th Martin and his Anna sang many verses of blessing for their dear Johannes [von Watteville] on his anniversary today and spent this day in tender remembrance of him.89 The words from the text for the sermon were from the 66th psalm, [blank] Ich will erzehlen was Er an meiner Seele gethan hat,90 on which occasion a heart that lives in fellowship with the Savior was portrayed. Several verses were sung during the children’s meeting and the meaning of the verses was made plain to them, at which time they were nicely attentive. [The day] was closed with the congregation hour in the evening. Monday, the 19th After the morning blessing many of the Indians left again to go among the white people, to the detriment of their hearts. These poor people are as if struck with blindness. May God have mercy on them. Martin was in the neighborhood to buy some provisions. 329

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Tuesday, the 20th Throughout the day there were a number of passersby at our house, who very much wanted to know a great deal about our regulations that rule in our congregations, and because most of the questions were absurd, they were replied to only curtly. Throughout the night there was a great deal of commotion at this place on account of drunk Wilden. [No entries until the 25th] Sunday, the 25th The words from the text today were from Matthew 6, [verse] 24, [N]iemand kan 2 Herren dienen entweder er wird einen haßen und dem andern anhangen,91 p[p]., at which time the distinguishing marks of the children who serve the Lord, as well as the distinguishing marks of the children who serve Satan, were described, and every one shall now make aplication of this to himself; that way every one would soon find out where he or she belonged. Anna spent the afternoon visiting and speaking with several of the sisters; Martin did the same among the brethren. Monday, the 26th In the morning the children’s watchword was called to mind. A number of the Indians of this place went out again among the white people. [No entry for the 27th] Wednesday, the 28th That evening Br. Edmond arrived here from Sichem, bringing us letters and news from our beloved Bethlehem, which had been sent to us through Br. Azariah. We enjoyed them this evening and rejoiced like children. Thursday, October 29 That forenoon we were busy writing letters to Bethlehem, which Br. Edmond, who left at noon, took with him to be delivered by Br. Gambold.92 Joshua with his wife and 10-day-old child came home. [No entry for the 30th] 330

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Saturday, the 31st Every one of the Indians who was out returned today. Martin and Anna received many visits from the Indians in the evening, after the evening meeting. Sunday, November 1 Joshua spent the forenoon with Martin, and [both] communed with each other in a heartfelt manner. In the end, he requested in a most sinnerlike fashion the baptism of his sond, born 12 days ago. Anna spoke with his wife Elisabeth about the same matter, who expressed hope that she would recover her senses. The words from the text for today’s sermon were from Galatians 6, [verse] 4. During the children’s meeting in the afternoon, which was well attended by adults, the sond born to Joshua and Elisabeth was baptized into the death of Jesus and named Benjamin. During the evening meeting, today’s watchword was talked about. [No entry for the 2nd] Tuesday, the 3rd In the morning the assembly was put in mind of the children’s watchword: Seij getreu biß in den todt.93 Joshua was at Br. Martin’s [house], reporting that he intended to go up the river with several Indian brethren to make a canoe for use at this place here. Mr. Chamberlain brought in my hay and second cutting of grass [hay] with his wagon today. This evening, during the 8th hour, little Timothy, Samuel and Lucia’s sond, 14 months of age, passed into the wounds while receiving Br. Martin’s blessing. He was a dear child and had pointed to the wounds in Jesus’ hands in the midst of his most severe pain. He is now at peace. [No entry for the 4th] Thursday, the 5th Right after the early meeting was the burial of the tabernacled of our little Timothy, accompanied by the children and adults amid the serene peace of God. [No entry for the 6th] Saturday, the 7th Joshua came home along with the brethren. A man by the name of Bensen,94 who 331

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

lives 3 miles from here, came to Br. Martin that afternoon, requesting a certificat from him that he belonged to our church. He was asked what had moved him to request this from me. Answer: He would like to be rid of having to pay the münüster [minister] of New Milford every year. He reportedly has never been to hear him and, at any rate, did not love their doctrine. He has heard several preachers from different persuasions, but he loved no other more than the brethren. I replied that, as for my part, I was neither able, nor did I want to give anyone a certificät. Something like this I would have to would would have to discuss first with my brethren. Should it come to be, he and I [were] yet most unacquainted with respect to our hearts. He appeared to be fairly condent [content] with this. For half a year he has been attending the sermon here most Sundays. Sunday, the 8th The words from the text of the sermon were from John 6, [verses] 42, 44, during which the belief in the Son of God was warmly recommended to the souls. During the children’s meeting, the Husband with the 5 wounds was portrayed; the children were adent [attentive]. Monday, the 9th Oh, the beautiful children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly in the morning, and the wish was expressed: If only there were also in this place such many hungry hearts that relished these words of God. Martin had a heartfelt talk with Joshua about the fellowship with our dear Lord. Tuesday, the 10th That forenoon Martin went to a merchant’s [house], 7 miles from here, and gave him a letter to be delivered to H. van Vleck in New York; [he] returned home in the evening. Mrs. Chamberl[ain] had been to my wife for a visit. Wednesday, the 11th Today old Erdmuth and her daughter Martha and granddaughter Johanna moved into the winter huts on the mountain. Thursday, the 12th 332

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Gran[n]y Valerten, along with her husband, as well as Mrs. Chamberlain, were here for a visit this afternoon. With great modesty they inquired about our doctrine, and I had the opportunity to recommend to them the grounds for our hope. They returned home in the evening, very satisfeit. Friday, the 13th During the morning blessing the Savior was worshiped as our dear Lord and Chief Elder, and the assembly was put in mind of this day. It filled us with sorrow that there were so few at home.95 Saturday, the 14th Most everyone who had been out returned today, and, as far as could be observed, [were] quiet and orderly. Sunday, the 15th Many people from the neighborhood came here for the sermon, when today’s children’s watchword was used as text. Monday, the 16th In the morning we entrusted ourselves to the care of our Husband. Several Indians were busy repairing the winter huts and building several more. Given the shortage of wood, there will be few families living down here this winter. Martin was on the mountain cutting wood and rolling it down, and continued with this for several days. [No entry for the 17th] Wednesday, the 18th Two more families moved into the winter huts, and several [of the Indians] went among the white people to earn some winter clothing; there are few staying at home. We received many visits from those children who are still at home. [No entry until the 22nd] Sunday, the 22nd Today various white people, Quakers, Separats [Separatists], [and] Baptists, came here for the sermon, during which the words from John 6, [verses] 38, 39, 40, 333

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

[D]aß ist der Wille des Vaters des der mich gesandt hat,96 p[p]., [were considered]; our dear Lord revealed Himself to us. [No entry until the 26th] Thursday, the 26th [Today] was Thanksgiving Day in this guverment. [The] general meeting was at noon, for which the text was [taken] from the 111[th] psalm. Toward evening, Esqr. Ransom arrived here with Mr. Chamberl[ain]; the first inquired about the well-being of our brethren in Bethlehem, 2nd, whether the Indians regularly attended the meeting on Sunday. Answer: Yes. Third, did the Indians disturb or alarm me? Answer: No. But did otherwise things sometimes become tumultuous here? Answer: Yes, at times very tumultuous. Much was said about that, how, in fact, this evil could be stopped. He asked whether I was the man who 18 years ago had been mistreated in this guverment and driven from this guverment. Answer: Yes. He said, Yes, yes, back then we had peculiar and terrible ideas about the Brethren; we felt very much ashamed when we got to see the Acte of Parlement. Well, I expect something like this will not happen again. At dark they left, very satisfeit. He invited me and my wife to come to his house. Together they [Ransom and Chamberlain] went down to Bulls to marry a couple there. The Esqr. wanted me to come along, but I asked to be excused this time. [No entry for the 27th] Saturday, the 28th The majority of the Indians returned home. Sunday, the 29th That forenoon an Indian arrived here from Westenhook to visit his friend97 Magdalena. This is the first Indian from Westenhook I have seen at this place for as long as I have been here this time around. The words from the text for the sermon were from Romans 13, [verses] 11, 12. It was a large audience of Indians as well as of white people. The afternoon was spent visiting the Indians in their huts. [No entry for the 30th] December 1 334

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

During the early meeting, today’s children’s watchword, Siehe ich komme bald,98 was recommended to the assembly, and this most heartfelt wish expressed: If only there were also among this assembly many souls who were able to look forward to His coming from the bottom of their hearts. A number of families went 3 miles from here to build winter huts for themselves. Wednesday, the 2nd; Thursday, the 3rd There were few at home throughout these couple of days. Friday, the 4th This morning we remembered our dear Sr. Spangenberg and sang for her many a blessing verse on her anniversary today.99 Martin traveled to Sichem, to Brother and Sister Gambold, to see whether we would find letters there, and also whether we would be able to learn if our dear heart Nathanael [Seidel], along with the brethren and sisters, had by now arrived from Europe. True, I found no lettersd there, but I nonetheless learned of the [word crossed out] happy arrival of our dear heart Nathanael, for which I gave thanks to my dear Lord, to be sure. I returned [on] Saturday, the 5th, and Br. Allworth had [word crossed out] from Sichem had arrived here in [Pachgatgoch] yesterday evening with several things for us from New York. We had missed each other along the way. The Indians who had been out all returned home today. Sunday, the 6th The words from the text for the sermon were from Philippians 3 [blank], on which occasion knowing Jesus Christ was warmly recommended to a large assembly of Indians as well as of white people. The children too were attentive during their meeting, upon which an occasion for the communicants was conducted, and Communion was announced for next Sunday. Monday, the 7th Maria Elisabeth, Christoph’s wife, was delivered of a daughter early this morning. Five of the Indian brethren helped me cut wood on the mountain and also roll it down. Tuesday, the 8th Today Martin was in Kent and visited Munüster [Minister] Bordwell; he was 335

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

amicable, indeed, he acted very brotherly and intimately. He invited me to preach in his church, and I should invite him [to preach] in Pachgatgoch. This man knows the Savior well, and I have found few like him in New England. He has great regard for the brethren with whom he is acquainted. [No entry for the 9th] Thursday, the 10th This evening Brother and Sister Gambold arrived here from Sichem for a visit. They were sure they would meet Br. Sensemann here, for they had learned from 2 letters, which they [had received] from Bethlehem by way of New York last Monday, that he was on his way here. We rejoiced together like children that evening and gave thanks to our dear Lord for His nearness to us. Friday, the 11th Br. Gambold conducted the morning blessing on the children’s watchword, and around noon they again departed together for Sichem. Saturday, the 12th The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion; we felt contented about them. We found hearts of sinners; indeed, the work of the dear Mother was noticeably felt. Sunday, the 13th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from John 1.9 . . . [sic]. We spent that afternoon in blissful quietude with the communicants, [at a] love feast [and] absolution, and [in] the blessed enjoyment of the body and blood of Jesus. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Petrus, Gottlieb, Jeremias, Simon, Thamar, Magdal[ena], Agnes, Lucia, Anna, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Justina, Martin, and Anna. The widow Sophia was confirmed. The day was closed with the congregation hour. Monday, the 14th During the morning blessing the children’s watchword was recommended to the assembly for meditation. Jeremias with his family [and] Samuel and his family took leave of Brother and Sister Mack and moved into their winter huts 3 336

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

miles from here, which they had built last week. Martin was on the mountain and visited the brethren and sisters in their winter huts. Now there are 5 families remaining here, all of whom attend the evening meeting regularly. Tuesday, the 15th Petrus, Thamar’s husband, was frequently visited by Br. Martin; he has been very ill for several days. As for his heart, he is currently in a blissful position. Throughout the day my Anna had many visits from the Indian sisters. [No entry until the 19th] Saturday, the 19th Several [Indians] who had been out among the white people returned home today. Sunday, the 20th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from Philippians 2, [verses] 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. The audience was large and attentive. Afterward, Anna had many visits from the sisters, and Martin visited the brethren in the huts. During the evening meeting, guided by today’s children’s watchword, such a heart that gladly opens the door to its heart when it notices that the Savior wants to come inside was portrayed. Monday, the 21st Several families who were here all day Sunday went back to their winter houses 3 miles from here. Mr. Chamberlain was at our house for a visit. For several months this man has been touched by grace, and his heart is soft toward the Savior, and when He is mentioned to him, tears right away start running down his cheeks. [No entries for the 22nd and 23rd] Thursday, the 24th Throughout the day Br. Martin had many conversations with his dear Lord, thanking Him Him with many tears of a sinner for the blessed guidance during these many years, for it was 27 years today that I, a poor sinner, came to the people of the Lord in Herrnhut. Most all of the Indians who were out arrived 337

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

[home] today, looking full of light and very lively, although it stormed more than it had all this winter. The evening meeting was attended by many, on which occasion they were put in mind of the children. At 10 o’clock in the evening we gathered again, celebrating the childd in song with [a] passionate reading of the joyous message of the angels to the shepherds, and worshiping on our knees our dear Baby Jesus with melted hearts and the tearsd of sinners, and with that, everyone retired quietly. Friday, the 25th Toward noon on Christmas day the Indians from the winter huts gathered. The words from the text for today’s sermon were from Isaiah 9, [verse] 6, [U] ns ist ein kind gebohren ein Sohn ist uns gegeben,100 on which occasion a heart that is able to apply these words to itself was portrayed with blissful feeling. Afterward, there was a joyous love feast with the children. Also, Samuel, whose heart has been dry and cold for some time, came to Br. Martin with many sinner’s tears over his wretched heart and asked for forgiveness. Anna had many visits from the sisters, with whom she had joyous conversations about the birth of the dear Savior. [No entry for the 26th] Sunday, the 27th Today’s children’s watchword, Ich will dem Durstigen geben von dem Brunnen des lebendigen Wassers umsonst,101 were the words for today’s sermon, at which time all of those souls who are concerned about their salvation were invited to the open wounds of Jesus. Afterward, Martin had a heartfelt conversation with Joshua concerning his and his children’s circumstances; he was tenderhearted. [This day] was closed with the congregation hour in the evening. Monday, the 28th The majority of the Indian brethren and sisters returned to their winter houses. Today Martin and his Anna often remembered their precious and beloved Binchen,102 wishing her many bloody blessings from the heart of Jesus on her anniversary today. Tuesday, the 29th Martin spent this day in the neighborhood to buy some grain and to have it 338

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

milled at the same time. Today’s children’s watchword, Selig ist der da hält die worte in diesem Buche,103 was most heartily recommended to the assembly during the evening meeting. Wednesday, the 30th The Indian Lucas arrived here from Westenhook, sick and miserable. Thursday, the 31st In the morning we remembered our dear Petrus [Böhler], and, with a childlike heart, gave thanks to our dear Lord for his election by grace; may He press him close to His heart, especially today, and treat him with good things, and bless him anew for his office among the people of God.104 Most of the Indians came home that afternoon. This day as well as this year were closed with an evening meeting, at which time we poured out our hearts before our dear Lord about everything that had grieved His faithful heart over us in the past year. This produced sighs and tearsd from all of the brethren and sisters who were present. [We] also gave thanks to Him for His blessed nearness on many an occasion. It was so cold and stormy that the snow drifted into our halld all over the place. Martin and his Anna spent time together by the fire until late into the night, thinking of our beloved Bethlehem a great deal, still entertaining hopes to see a visitor from there who will give us some news about the arrival there of our dear Nathanael and his company, which we were due, however. We then sang together several verses and gave ourselves up anew to our dear Lord, to be His and to remain so as long as we shall continue to dwell here. Diarium of the Indian assembly of Pachgatgoch, Januari[us] 1762 Friday, the 1st Around noon all of the Indians from the winter huts assembled here. The words from the text for today’s sermon were from Hebrews 13, [verse] 8: Jesus Christus gestern u heute u der selbe in Ewigkeit.105 It was an attentive gathering and the peace of God was palpable. That afternoon the huts were visited, where everything was quiet and orderly. During the evening meeting, last year’s children’s watchword, beginning with January, was drawn on as the theme, for we have

339

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

not yet received here any watchwords for this year. Saturday, the 2nd Throughout the day the Indians were busy hauling fire[wood] to this place; Martin did the same. Moreover, we had a great many visits from passersby, who warmed themselves by our fire.

O wie hat Er die leute so lieb,

106

Sunday, the 3rd p[p]., were the words for today’s sermon.

[No entry for the 4th] Tuesday, the 5th That forenoon, Esqr. Ranson arrived here with 2 other justicc [justices], one constabler [constable], and 8 other men who are holding offices. The Indians, menfolk as well as womenfolk, who had been ordered already yesterday to assemble here today, came and met in the hall where the laws of this land in regard to the Indians were read by Esqr. Ranson and interpreted into Indian by Joshua and Samuel. The offices among the Indians were renewed. In closing, Esqr. Ranson and David Swift,107 the latter as guardian of the Indians, issued an earnest admonition that they should learn to conduct themselves properly, and to mind and obey their münüster [minister]. They should not think that it mattered little whether or not they obeyed the laws of the land, but there was this great book (the Bible was lying on the table) from which they were taught what is good, and how evil would be punished. They surely must have regard for this, and should remember that one day they all must die, and if they were to act contrary to the great book, they would have to expect severe punishment. They were reminded [that] if something occurred that deserved punishment, they are to first tell their münüster [minister] about it, and if he thought that they should go with it to the justic [justice], then they should do so. Having taken a cordial leave, they left, wishing me many blessings for my work. Toward evening, a man by the name of Bensen, who lives 3 miles from here, brought a large sled full of wood to my door. I asked what he wanted with this. Answer: He wanted to give it to me. Q[uestion]: What should I give him for this? Answer: Nothing, he thought 340

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

I was in need of it. Which was indeed so. I thanked him very kindly for it. This suited me well given this cold weather, and [also] because I have been indisposed for several days, and so has my Anna. Most of the Indians returned to their winter huts, to their children. The weather was bad. In the evening a singing service was held with those who were still here. Wednesday, the 6th Throughout the day Martin and his Anna frequently thought of the festival of the Gentiles; we said many a wordd to our dear Lord about our poor assembly. Anna along with her little Anna Rosina visited the Indian sisters in the huts. Martin was at Mr. Hays’s [house] to inquire whether he intended to go to New York soon, for we very much would like to write something to Bethlehem, but it does not appear that he will go there this winter. Thursday, the 7th Several Indian sisters reported to Anna to go out for several weeks in order to earn something. Lucas, who came home from Westenhook several days ago, fell severely ill with a burning fever. During the evening meeting there was a bit read from John 1, at which time a sizable assembly was present. Friday, the 8th; Saturday, the 9th We had some heavy rains throughout these couple of days. The river rose higher than it has been in many years. Sunday, the 10th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from 1 Corinthians 2, [verse] 2, on which occasion the cross of Christ was warmly recommended to the assembly. That afternoon Martin had a thorough and earnest talk with sick Lucas about the poor state of his heart. During the evening meeting the discourse that the Savior had with Nicodemus, and Nicodemus with the Savior, was read. Monday, the 11th Throughout the day we had many visits from white people in the neighborhood who inquired about the well-being of the brethren in Bethlehem. Because the 341

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

weather is fairly tolerable for this time of year, most of the Indians went for the out among the white people to earn some clothing and provisions. Our evening meeting was small. Tuesday, the 12th This morning Martin and his Anna remembered their dear Anna Johanna,108 and from the bottom of their hearts wished for her on her birthday today the intimate nearness of our dear Lord, and that He may bless her anew for her office among the people of the Lord. Anna had many visits from the Indian sisters; Martin was at the mill and had [something] milled. [No entry for the 13th] Thursday, the 14th Magdalena, the wife of Stephen Seiagas, who in former times lived in the sisters’ house in Bethlehem, came to Anna today with her small child of 7 weeks of age, asking for the baptism of her child amidst many tears. She had been to Anna several times before, yet, because her husband is not baptized, she did not have the heart to issue her request until it finally burst forth today. Yet he [her husband] had spoken with her many times and had told her to go to us all the same and request the baptism of her child. [No entry for the 15th] Saturday, the 16th Most of the Indians returned home today, and as far as we could observe, [they were] quietly and orderly. Sunday, the 17th Br. Martin visited Stephen and his Magdalena that forenoon. He inquired about their wishes regarding the baptism of their small child. Both declared, with a troubled heart, that they had thought, if only the child could be baptized. For their part, they intended to do what they could to bring it up in the sight of the Lord. He is a decent man and so far has proven himself as head of household109 to his wife and children, putting to shame all of the heads of household at this place. The words from the text for today’s sermon were from Colossians 3, [verses] 16, 17, during which the daily experience [of Christ] within oneself was 342

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

recommended to the people. That afternoon, there was again a general meeting during which the people were anew put in mind of the sacrament of holy baptism. In closing, the daughterd of Stephen and Magd[a]l[ena], Anna Johanna, was baptized into the death of Jesus, and the blessing of the church dispensed, upon which there was another occasion conducted for the communicants, and Holy Communion was announced for next Sunday. In the evening [this day] was closed with the congregation hour, at which time, with a childlike heart, we gave thanks to our dear Lord for the merciful visitation that He allowed us to feel during all of our occasions today, as well as while visiting and speaking with some of the brethren and sisters. Also, there were several white people present for the sermon, who then attended the baptism of the child. Monday, the 18th Most of the Indians returned to their winter huts[, and] as far as we could observe when bidding them farewell, [they did so feeling] most condent [content]. Throughout the day we were called on by many white passersby. [No entry until the 22nd] Friday, the 22[nd] The Indian brethren and sisters in the winter huts on the mountain were visited, among whom old Simon as well as old Erdmuth and Judith are sickly and miserable but are declaring that they live in fellowship with the Savior. Saturday, the 23rd The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion, [and] the sick were visited, among whom are old Petrus, Lucas, and Christian. Most came home in the course of the day. In the evening there was [a] singing service. Sunday, the 24th The words from the text for today’s sermon were: [blank] [W]er mein wort höret und thut der ist einen weisen Mann gleich,110 p[p]. That afternoon there were the occasions for the communicants, when, in the end, there took place the blessed enjoyment of the body and blood of Jesus in the holy sacrament in amid the serene peace of God. The following brethren and sisters were partakers: Petrus, 343

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

Jeremias, Gottlieb, Thamar, Lucia, Anna, Erdmuth, Johanna, Justina, Sophia, Martin, and Anna. The following, such as Simon, Marth[a], Agnes, [and] Maria, were unable to come here because of illness and bad weather. Monday, the 25th After a hearty farewell from the communicants, most returned to the winter huts. The sick, such as Petrus, Christian, [and] Lucas, were visited by Martin, on which occasion he recommended to them the love of Jesus. [No entries for the 26th and 27th] Thursday, the 28th That afternoon Br. Azariah Smith arrived here from Sichem for a visit, entirely unexpected. But he did not bring a letterd from Bethlehem. We rejoiced together and spent a blessed and joyous time together until late into the night. Friday, the 29[th] Having taken a heartfelt leave, Br. Azariah traveled back [to Sichem]. Today Martin and his Anna thought back on their day of marriage 9 years ago today; in our hearts, we were frequently with Brother and Sister Schmick and in Bethlehem.111 Saturday, the 30th We had stormy weather all day long, and so much snow in front of the door that it took a great deal of work before one could get out. Sunday, the 31st The children’s watchword [W]er zu mir komt den wird nicht hungern und wer an mich glaubet den wird nimmer mehr dürsten112 was the words from the text for today’s sermon. The audience was small on account of the cold weather and deep snow. [Word crossed out] Monday, the 1st [of February] We had very cold weather. The Indians were busy hauling firewood to this place; Martin did the same.

344

Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762

[No entry for the 2nd] Wednesday, the 3rd My brother-in-law Nicolaus Rau with his wife came to us for a visit. They stayed with us for several hours, [and] having bid us a friendly farewell, returned [home] toward evening. [No entry for the 4th] Saturday, the 5th The Indians in the winter huts below were visited by Martin. Several who had been out returned home in the afternoon, and some time during the night there arrived here Brother and Sister Sensemann, entirely unexpected, yet not unanticipated. We rejoiced together like children and received many heartfelt and enjoyable letters. [No entry for the 6th] Sunday, the 7th The Indian brethren and sisters came that forenoon, welcoming Brother and Sister Sensemann. Br. Sensemann preached at noon, warmly recommending Jesus’ sufferings to the assembly. During the afternoon meeting Br. Nathanael Seidel’s letter was read to the Indians, and they were at the same time informed that Brother and Sister Mack would go to Bethlehem, and [that] Brother and Sister Sensemann have come here in their stead. Several letters from our brethren and sisters in Nain were also read to them, and the greetings sent to them by the workers from Bethlehem and Nain were passed on to them. The day was closed with the evening meeting. Monday, the 8th Throughout the day we had many visits from the Indians, big ones as well as children. Mr. Paine was here as well; he was happy to see his old acquaintance Br. Sensemann here. [No entry for the 9th] Wednesday, the 10th Martin traveled to Sichem to take his leave of Brother and Sister Gambold and 345

his peopled and returned [on] Friday, the 12th. Meanwhile, our brethren and sisters had received yesterday our a great many visits from white people, such as Mr. Paine and his wife, Benjamin Weller,113 neighbor Bull, and Chamberlain, who drove back home after a stay of several hours. Sunday, the 13th The words from the text for today’s sermon were from 1 John 1: So wir Gemeinschafft mit Ihm haben so wandlen wir im Lichte wie er im Lichte gewandelt hat und das Blut Jesu Christi reinigt uns von Sünden.114 During the afternoon meeting the letter from our dear Johannes [von Watteville] to the Indians was read to them, as well as some from Br. Schmick’s letter, in particular about the great visit from the foreign Indians last year. During the evening meeting the heart of a sinner that lives in hourly fellowship with the Man of Suffering was portrayed. We felt His blessed nearness, and there were each one many and attentive hearers at all of our occasions that we had today.

Joachim Heinrich Sensemann 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Pachgatgoch Diarium from February 1762.1

E [Tuesday], the 16th In the morning Brother and Sister Mack, along with Azariah Smith’s son of Sichem,2 made preparations for their journey to Bethlehem. The brethren and sisters from on the mountain gathered to take leave of Brother and Sister Mack. Br. Martin first conducted a meeting for them, informed them of his plan and call to St. Thomas, thereupon he said a heartfelt prayer, [and] recommended them to the Savior and His wounds. Thereupon they both took leave with a heartfelt kiss, and together with their little Anna Rosel set out on their journey. Br. Sensemann accompanied them for more than 1 mile, and then they bid farewell amid many tears of love. The Sister[s] Johanna, Justina, [and] Benigna took leave of Sister Sensemann to go with brooms to Sharon for 2 days. During the evening meeting the Savior’s great love for poor mankind was talked about with a feeling heart. Joshua, who had walked with Brother and Sister Mack for more than 4 miles, brought back to us a warm greeting from them yet this very day. Also, a sond was born to Caritas’s son Cackao and his wife, also unbaptized. C [Wednesday], the 17th We had visits from several brethren and sisters. In the afternoon we called on the brethren and sisters in their huts on the mountain. Old Br. Simon said that his heart regarded the Savior at all times, and there he always felt well. Erdmuth and Martha are agreeable sisters; they were glad and grateful for our visit. Paulus bemoaned his bad state. During the evening meeting, the life and suffering of our Savior was demonstrated; everyone who was present was atent [attentive]. After the meeting we were also paid a visit by those big and small. F [Thursday], the 18th Because some snow had fallen during the night, I went by sled and got wood. As Samuel again intended to go and work in the woods, he was first spoken with thoroughly and in earnest. The sisters who had gone to Sharon 2 days ago returned home well. The occasions are with feeling; our dear Lord reveals Himself during them. Joshua and the others who live here attend them regularly. We also get many visits from the Indian brethren and sisters.

347

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

D [Friday], the 19th My wife visited the sisters in their huts; they were quite pleased by this. They said Sr. Schmick had also done it that way; she had gone visiting almost every day. Until now everything has been peaceful and quiet here. In the evening several verses were sung from the himno [Latin: hymn; see also hymnus, later] O Haupt vol Blut u Wunden.3 Thereupon the great love of our Creator for poor mankind was spoken about a little, that He had purchased it not through an angel, or with gold or silver, but with His own blood. He who reflected on this love in his heart also gave himself up to Him until the end of time, p[p]. The children of Jeramias and Samuel G [Saturday], the 20th We visited the brethren and sisters at the river, 2 miles down.4 They were affectionate and well, yet there were hardly half of them at home. Toward evening, several who live 4 miles from here came to attend the occasions tomorrow.

A [Sunday], the 21st We had Joshua and Elisabeth join us for breakfast. It was discussed with them that they are to prove themselves here as father and mother among the assembly, and one requirement for this was that they needed to fully belong to the Savior and not to get involved with anything else, but to be in their life and conduct a positive example for the others, and we as well as our brethren in Bethlehem expected this of them. They were also told that Br. Anton and his Johanna in Wechquetank led an irreproachable life among the assembly there. They both expressed the wish that the dear Savior would make them the same way, p[p]. Then the brethren and sisters from all places gathered for the sermon. The text was from the 2[nd] psalm, v[erse] 12, Küßet den Sohn das er nicht zührnet,5 p[p]. The present time of grace was talked about; that everyone who wanted to be free from sin and desired a blessed heart could have such and remain that way until his very end, p[p]., was sermonized on with grace and blessing. We were visited in our house by several nonresident sisters. We spoke with them about many a matter relating to their hearts. During the children’s hour, which was also attended by several big brethren and sisters, the children’s watchword was spoken about. There was no further meeting because the brethren went into their sweating oven [sweat house]. My wife and I still went visiting in several huts. 348

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

In the evening I and my wife together sang the liturgy for the married people, and it was a blessing for us.

B [Monday], the 22nd Today I received through Joshua a letter from E[s]qr. Ransom concerning several unbaptized Indians who had assaulted and beaten Sr. Justina on the road, to read [it] to them; that he would send the constabel [constable] for them if they did not settle this with her. In the evening a Negro with a fiddle appeared here to play in a hut. This was forbidden him by Joshua, and the young people who were present were scattered.

E [Tuesday], the 23rd Today Br. Gottlieb went with brooms to New Milford; several [Indians went] to Sharon. Those who were at home were hard at work, and I went on horseback to the mill today. C [Wednesday], the 24th I visited sick Lucas; things appeared to have improved some. Petrus, who has been ill for a long time and has a swollen foot, enjoys hearing about the Savior. He says that this was his sole affair, to occupy himself with the Savior. As for the rest, everyone was affectionate. During the evening meeting we talked about today’s watchword: Der Herr dein Gott wird selber mit dier Wandeln. Seine unschätzbare Näh seegnet uns zu Land und See,6 Lit. 122.

F [Thursday], the 25th Some considerable snow having fallen, I went by sled and got wood. [The] Joshuas and several others rode out to get broom wood. My wife visited the sisters, finding all of them well. Although we have a small audience for the evening meeting, we nonetheless feel comfortable with it, and I am able to speak to them with a joyous and feeling heart. The brethren and sisters who several [days] ago had gone out after victuals all arrived home well. Today’s watchword was talked about in the evening. [No entry for the 26th]

G [Saturday], the 27th 349

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Today [the] Jeremiases, and Samuel with his wife, and still others, gathered for tomorrow’s sermon. During the evening occasion today’s watchword was talked about: Is. 38.15, O wil ich noch reden, das er mir zu gesagt hat, und thuts auch,7 and does so above and beyond that which is requested. It was mentioned that the poor sinners would experience this when they came to the Savior with their misery, sink to His feet, and worship, p[p]. We then were still paid a visit in our house by several sisters. A [Sunday], the 28th Baptized ones and unbaptized ones gathered for the sermon. Sr. Martha brought us warm greetings from Erdmuth and Johanna, saying they were somewhat sickly and thus unable to come down in this cold. The sermon was on Romans, chapter 6, [verse] 14, [D]ie Sünde wird nicht herschen können über euch,8 p[p]. The law was talked about, that the Jews had to reflect on it and speak about it night and day, no matter how little they enjoyed doing so, because it [the law] always threatened and was unable to give strength, p[p]. But because we are removed from the law and are with our rightful Husband, where we have found grace and life, we are to think of, speak of, [and] cleave to Him more than the Jews to the law, p[p]. There no one will lack the strength against sin, [the] devil, and all the enemies, p[p]. Everyone was attentive, as if they wanted to take the words from out of my mouth. After the children’s hour there was [a] liturgy with the communicants, at which time the breeze coming from the corpse [of Christ] could be felt. The great matter that we are to expect this coming Sunday was talked about, and then the hymnus May God our God his blesing send was sung, and the Kiss of Love imparted. Several brethren and sisters were still spoken with; Sr. Justine asked us what she should do about the issue that she had been beaten. She desired no revasche [French: revenge], and had not sent for the justes [justice], fearing that the people who had beaten her would have to bear many charges — if they came [to her] she would be pleased to forgive them for this. As long as this [matter] was not closed, she felt nothing but uneasiness in her heart on account of this, to be sure. Joshua was charged with reminding the parents and cautioning them. Having been so requested, there was an occasion this evening, and with that, this month was closed with blessing.

B [Monday], March 1 350

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

[The] Jeremias[es] and [the] Samuels took leave and went back to their winter huts. Thamar told us that her daughter Anna [was] ill and had sent for her. Still today we received word that she was happily delivered of a young son. Rebecca brought Sr. Justina to us; [she] asked her to please forgive her children. They were reportedly not at home; once they came home they should go to her and make amends themselves. She, Justina, was willing. Thus, they kissed each other, asking me to please write to E[s]qr Ransom that they had resolved matters with each other. I promised them to do so. During the meeting in the evening, we spoke about today’s watchword, how the children of God regarded their Lord, to know and do His will, and what blessedness their hearts felt while doing so, p[p]. E [Tuesday], the 2nd Today I wrote to E[s]qr. Ransom that Rebecca, in her children’s name, had begged Justina’s pardon, and that when they came home they should go to her and ask for her forgiveness. Joshua, who had delivered the letter, brought back a warm greeting, and [said] that he [Ransom] was pleased that the matter was resolved. C [Wednesday], the 3rd Sr. Justina told us that she intended to go with brooms to New Milford; the remaining brethren and sisters were hard at work at home.

F [Thursday], the 4th I went with my Christina on the mountain and spoke with the brethren and sisters there [in preparation] for the upcoming Communion. We found them [in such a state] that their hearts were in connetion [connection] with the dear Savior, demonstrating a deep longing for Holy Communion. Old Br. Simon, who was not present the last time, having been unable to come down on account of weakness, told us that he could not stay behind this time; he would have himself brought down. 9

D [Friday], the 5th We spoke with the brethren and sisters who live down here [in preparation for Communion]. We also went visiting in the huts. Justina returned home in good spirits. 351

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

G [Saturday], the 6th [The] Jeremias[es] and [the] Samuels, and those who live with them 4 miles from here, came home. They were spoken with this very day [in preparation for Communion], to be sure. Their hearts were soft and childlike, and are tired of living so far away. The evening meeting was fairly full, and we felt the nearness of our dear Lord. A [Sunday], the 7th Romans VIII, v[erse] 1, was preached on: Es ist nichts ver damlichs an deinen die in Christo Jesu sind, die nicht nach dem Fleische wandeln sondern nach dem Geist.10 After the children’s hour there was the love feast for the communicants, at which time there was a blissful feeling of the dear Savior’s nearness. Joshua, Elisabeth, [and] Samuel were present as well ,11 for whom this was a blessing. The other brethren and sisters rejoiced at this. The rest of the brethren and sisters who were not present were remembered, and several verses were sung for them. Also, the brethren and sisters were told something about Nain, particularly about the last love feast that we had attended on the occasion of the Feast of Epiphany.12 They are always glad when they hear about Nain, that things are proceeding in an agreeable manner there. When it was dark, a signal was given. Then, the communicants came together in the hall, and having been absolved by the pierced hand of our Man of Suffering, we felt His powerful embrace, and with that, everyone went home together with their Husband. Several who were not able to leave stayed down here. This time 14 brethren and sisters of the Indians [and Sensemann and his wife] partook of the blood and martyred body: Jeremias, Agnes, Petrus, Thamar, Gottlieb, Magdalena, Simon, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Maria, Lucia, Justina, Sophia, Joachim, Christina.

B [Monday], the 8th In the morning Communion was brought up to old Br. Simon, because his coming down had been hindered by a fall. The house was empty, except for his daughter Benigna, [who] was present. He was abased and grateful to the dear Savior for this grace. The communicants were all at home, peaceful and quiet. During the evening meeting, there could still be felt a sensation of yesterday evening’s breeze coming from the corpse [of Christ]. 352

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

E [Tuesday], the 9th We had a brief visit from E[s]qur. Ransom, who said that I should please let him know should the Indians not want to follow the Gospel; then he wanted to use the law to reduce them to obedience. Today I hauled some wood to this place, also [on] C [Wednesday], the 10th. Having visited the brethren and sisters on the mountain, Sr. Thamar came, saying that everyone was well and in good spirits, and that her daughter Anna in the winter huts had told her that, while she had been unable to be at Communion in body, she nonetheless had been present with her heart. F [Thursday], the 11th I visited sick Lucas; inquired whether he indeed thought of the Savior. He said yes, and [that] at times, he also felt contented in his heart. I reminded him about his conduct, and that he was catching the disease as a result of that.13 He responded to everything in the affirmative and promised henceforth to give himself up to the Savior and to live for Him. I said that I would be very happy. D [Friday], the 12th We were paid a visit by Erdmuth and several other sisters. During the evening service we sang the hymnus Christ thy Sacrid wounds and passon [passion], and because we felt so well on this occasion, the Savior’s suffering and passion were talked about a little with a warm heart.

G [Saturday], the 13th I hauled wood up from the winter huts; in the meantime my wife visited the sisters there. Several sisters came down from the mountain to attend the meetings tomorrow. In the evening a small singing service was conducted with Indian and English verses. A [Sunday], the 14th Given the very cold and raw weather, we thought that few brethren and sisters would come for the sermon. However, almost everyone from the places outside came, so too did a sled full of English people [who live] 4 miles from here. The sermon was on John, ch. 4, [verses] 41, 42. Everyone was atent and the Savior was sensibly near us. Also, the children’s hour was well attended by the children; the mothers all join with their nursing children. We also had many visits from the nonresident sisters. In addition, a family of strangers from the 353

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

seaside arrived here late.

B [Monday], the 15th Joshua told me that sick Lucas wanted to move to the top of the mountain, for he has used up all his wood, and should he want to continue staying here, he would have to sell one of his horses. He [Joshua] had offered him to get the brethren together to cut wood for him. Today’s watchword was talked about during the evening meeting. E [Tuesday], the 16th The brethren and sisters are industrious in all of the huts, making brooms and baskets. Lucas, who intended to move onto the mountain, was deterred by his sister Salome. She promised to provide him with wood; hence, he stayed here. C [Wednesday], the 17th I went visiting in the huts; talked some with Petrus, who is in much pain with his leg. He says his body is no doubt ill, but his heart is well. The evening service was filled with feeling; moreover, there were a good number of brethren and sisters present. At times, brethren and sisters from the mountain attend the meetings and stay here overnight. Joshua and Elisabeth are affectionate; he comes and visits us frequently. She told my Christina that her heart was once again full of feeling for the Savior and His wounds. F [Thursday], the 18th We had visits from several of our neighbors as well as from Indian brethren and sisters. An unbaptized one was taken to prison on account of a debt; had to enter a white man’s service, he paid the debt for him. We had a small singing service in the evening. D [Friday], the 19th Sr. Thamar, Sophia, and several others went to New Milford to sell brooms and baskets. I got a sled full of wood. Visited the brethren and sisters in their huts that afternoon; comforted Br. Petrus, reminding him of the Savior’s pains that He endured for our sake. G [Saturday], the 20th Several families from their winter huts, as well as a number of brethren and 354

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

sisters who yesterday and for some days had been in pursuit of victuals, came home in good spirits. A [Sunday], the 21st After the brethren and sisters had congregated here, a signal for the sermon was given. The text was 2 Corinthians 5.21: Gott hat ihm vor uns zur Sünde Gemacht,14 p[p]. It was demonstrated that this must be the foundation in the heart of every brother and sister, and that everyone must be confident of this: The Savior was crucified for my sins and has shed His blood for me. And he whose faith is sound minded neither devil, death, nor hell, p[p]., and had a blissful and joyous heart, and was in fellowship with God and all the holy angels, p[p]. The evening service was filled with feeling, and there were a good number of brethren and sisters present. At times, some even come down from the mountain to attend the meeting, and stay down here for the night. Joshua is affectionate; he visits us frequently. I have hopes that he will be able to find himself again, likewise his wife. She told my Christina [that] her heart once again felt the Savior. After the children’s hour, Maria Elisabe[th] came to us requesting the baptism of her little daughter. She was very affectionate, saying that she frequently thought of the dear Savior. I told her, her husband could come to me, then I wanted to hear what he would say, who, then, came right away, requesting the baptism of his child. I told him that if we baptized the children of our brethren and sisters, they would have to make sure to bring them up in the sight of the Savior. If he could promise this to me, then we would think it over. Some more sisters returned home today, who, because of the bad weather and road, had not been able to come home yesterday. In the evening we also had a blessed evening service; Joshua interprets most of the time.

B [Monday], the 22nd The father of Maria Elisabeth came to me, who 8 days ago had come from the seaside with his family requesting the baptism of his daughter’s child. He attends the meeting regularly and does not appear to be unfit with respect to God’s kingdom. I spoke with him about the baptism, that the brethren and sisters should not think [that] if only their children were baptized, then they could

355

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

[let them] grow up like other wild children, p[p]. He understood this well and said that what I said was true. Several brethren were fishing and caught within a short time 131 large fish, several of which were shared with us as well.

E [Tuesday], the 23[rd], and 24th Nothing noteworthy occurred, except that I found the brethren and sisters going about their work quietly and diligently.

F [Thursday], the 25th During the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were put in mind of today’s day, that through the angel Gabriel, the Virgin Mary was told that she shall bear the Savior of the world, and that she took this upon herself as a poor, unworthy maidservant, submitting herself to her Lord’s will, and that is how she conceived him through the Holy Spirit; there was a pleasant feeling that could be sensed on this occasion. Sr. Thamar told us that her daughter Anna had wept last Sunday because her young son has not been baptized. We said [that] if she came with her husband and applied for the baptism, I would not refuse her, to be sure. D [Friday], the 26th In the morning we were visited by several brethren and sisters. I went to the mountain and cut several trees for posts [to put] around the garden. One of the Indian women baptized by the Presbyterians applied for the baptism of her 5-year-old child and [asked,] would it not be a blessing for her if she too could now be baptized by us. She was denied both and was directed to her heart, p[p]. During these days we frequently remembered our dear Bethlehem, particularly the choir texts for these days, and we also felt contented at the same time. The Savior and the congregation remember us also in Pachgatgoch; we feel this and are able to let flow tearsd of joy and gratitude down to His bloody feet. G [Saturday], the 27th The brethren and sisters who had recently gone out with brooms and baskets gathered. Samuel and his wife Lucia also came from their winter house, as did several others. After the evening meeting, we had a visit from Lucia and her husband. She is affectionate and is in constant fellowship with the Savior, and 356

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

would like to live here again soon so as to be able to enjoy the occasions.

A [Sunday], the 28th The brethren and sisters from all places came together for the sermon. Sister Anna and her husband Pascak came and requested the baptism of their young sond, pledging to bring it [the child] up in the sight of the Savior, upon which this was promised them. The sermon was on Ephesians, ch. 1, verse[s] 2 and 7, with blessing. The church was quite filled up with Indian brethren and sisters; several whites were present as well. Not long after the sermon there was the children’s hour, during which the Savior’s love for the children was talked about, and that He admonished His disciples when they attempted to keep the children away from Him, and that such was the kingdom of God. Several verses having been sung, the water was brought in, and having been dedicated to the Savior through the laying on of hands, it [the child] was baptized into the death of Jesus amid a feeling of grace, receiving the name Abraham; and [he] was consecrated by several communicants with the verse The Soul of Christ thee Sanctify, and [then] the church’s benediction was pronounced over him. Then, another signal having been given, all of the adults who live here, as well as those who are residing here as guests, came together for the congregation council. It was pointed out to them that most of them remembered from 18 to 20 years ago that we had sought, with body and soul, what was best for them, p[p]. I had thought of their residing here, that each family would consider, and especially each head of household, to plant enough so that they at least would have enough Welsh corn for themselves; there was, after all, no lack of land, which was confirmed by several of the brethren. They were reminded of other matters with respect to their children, and each brother was charged with keeping order in his house.

B [Monday], the 29th Maria Elisabeth came with her father, both being distressed about the baptism of her child. They said that Anna’s child was baptized and [that] it was by far not as old as hers. Would I not want to baptize it as well? I told them that this was not up to me; I had to act in accordance with the mind of the Savior. The priests of the world indeed baptized the children, and beyond that did not concern themselves with their upbringing. But we could not do that. If her husband 357

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had promised me that he would stop the levity and bring up his children in the sight of the Savior, it [the child] would have been baptized by now, p[p]. Soon Christoph came to me, saying he was sorry that he had conducted himself in such a way. He wanted to promise me before the Savior that he would amend his ways (he had made a fiddle and was supposed to throw it into the fire, p[p].), whereupon this [the baptism of his child] was promised him, and he was very glad. Before the evening meeting I visited sick Petrus; he was very weak. I asked him how he stood with the Savior, whether he felt that there was something between him and the Savior. He said, no, he felt altogether well in his heart and that he would submit himself to the dear Savior’s will, as He intended to deal with him. I rejoiced at that.

E [Tuesday], the 30th I went on horseback 4 miles from here on account of outside business. Several brethren and sisters went among the white people with brooms. During the evening meeting the happiness of those brethren and sisters who maintained a constant fellowship with the Savior was talked about. C [Wednesday], the 31st Joshua told us that he was going to Kent to visit widow Mills, whose eldest son had suddenly died while traveling; [she had] sent him [Joshua] word to visit her.15 We sent her greetings. She should cleave to the Savior; He surely had His reasons for having her experience many a [difficult] circumstance, p[p]. Pachgatgoch, April 1, 1762

F [Thursday] I went on the mountain to visit the brethren and sisters in their winter huts, especially 86-year-old Br. Simon, who is somewhat sickly; I asked him whether his heart was well. He told me that he frequently thought of the Savior, for he was old and did not know how soon the Savior would call him away. He worried about his children at times; I told him he should leave them to the Savior, and to tell Him now and then to remind them. That would be better than if he thought about this much. At Erdmuth’s I met Anna Maria, the mother of Ester in Nain, with whom I had not yet spoken. I found her to be quite pleasing. She 358

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told me that she felt well in her heart. I also talked with her son and the others who were at home. Joshua was sent to the doctor by sick Lucas. Several brethren and sisters went out among the white people in pursuit of victuals. Because there were not many brethren and sisters at home, we held a small singing service in the evening. Sr. Thamar said that her daughter Anna had said that, before his baptism, her son Abraham had cried a great deal, yet since his baptism he was being so quiet and agreeable that she had to wonder about this.

D [Friday], the 2nd Several came from their winter huts to live here again; Sr. Thamar came with Samuel’s little Hannah, who thought she would see Brother and Sister Mack here. G [Saturday], the 3rd The brethren and sisters who had gone out recently to buy provisions again gathered at home, as did Jeremias and [the] Samuels [words crossed out] at home, to live here again. During the evening occasion the suffering of our dear Lord, p[p]., was talked about with blessing, and he who reflected upon this in his heart and was in fellowship with Him throughout the day would not be approached by any enemy — he would be blessed, day and night. Just as we intended to retire to go to sleep, Jeremias came, telling us that his wife Agnes had been delivered of a sond. My Christina went there right away to see whether everything was in good order; she found the child swaddled. Thamar was also called, and she was charged with ensuring that good attendants would be assigned to mother and child, which she arranged. Meanwhile, Mr. Bull also came and brought his wife, who is the common midwife here among the white people [and] who, having inspected everything and put everything in order, stayed on with us for a while. A [Sunday], the 4th And then [they, the Bulls,] went home on horseback. At daybreak Jeremias came and informed us that his sond was dead. My wife went there right away and she determined that it was so. It filled us with sorrow that despite all our care and caution, the little heart sould had left the tabernacle unbaptized. Toward noon, a signal having been given, everyone came together for the sermon; today’s watchword was talked about, p[p]. Following the sermon it was 359

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announced that there would be a baptism during the children’s hour. Then, the signal having been given, the sponsors gathered in our house, namely, Martha, Johanna, Lucia, [and] Gottlieb. A brief address was delivered about the belief in the blood and merit of Christ and about the power and authority He had left to His church, and just as we believe that [the] Father, Son, and [the] Holy Spirit are present, so too do we believe that the blood, which at the cross flowed from His wounds, and in particular from His side, flows over such a heart and soul. After the water had been brought in, it [the child] was absolved and dedicated to the Holy Spirit as his temple until the end of time, and then buried into the death of Jesus, receiving the name Theodora. There was a breeze of grace blowing throughout the entire occasion. The parents and friends16 were glad and grateful. There also was a passionate singing serviced in the evening. Also toward evening, they buried the tabernacled of the sond of Jeremias and Agnes who had gone home. B [Monday], the 5th I returned to Conrad Wineger17 the horse that Br. Martin had [been] taking in for boarding. Justina and several other sisters informed my wife that they intended to go out for several days to work in the woods several miles from here. Sr. Thamar, Elisabeth, and several others went to get broom wood, returning home toward evening. E [Tuesday], the 6th After the evening occasion it was announced that tomorrow was fasting day in the Connecticut governoment, and that we will have a sermon around noon. Joshua also informed those on the mountain.

C [Wednesday], the 7th Joshua was with us for a while in the morning. He is acting very affectionately. Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, [and] Judith, p[p]., came back down from the mountain this morning to live here. Around noon, [the horn] having been blown, they gathered for the sermon. First, the litany was prayed, and then they were informed about the origin of this fasting day, to the extent that I knew it; that is, how when the first [people] arrived in this land there was such a drought that almost everything dried up. That is when they held a fasting day, and as the minister was praying from the pulpit, it started to rain and it became a fruitful time, p[p]. Then, how the Savior had felt about the fasting of the Pharisees, 360

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and how His disciples would fast some day when the Bridegroom would be taken from them one day, p[p]. Following the sermon, I went visiting in most all of the huts, welcoming Martha and all the others. Petrus is still very ill, yet is hopeful again about recovering. Lucas is making use of a doctor from New Milford, who has visited him already 2 times. My Christina visited Sr. Agnes, who appears to be regaining her strength.

F [Thursday], the 8th In spirit we were often in our dear Bethlehem these days. Joshua, who visits us frequently, was told that our congregations observed foot washing and Communion today, and that we had intended to have this [here] as well, but the going home of the child of Jeremias and Agnes had gotten in the way of this. During the evening occasion, the sufferings of the Savior were talked about, and that He had washed the feet of His disciples and had held Communion for them; they all were very moved by this.

D [Friday], the 9th I visited the sick brethren. Petrus — he is fully willing to go home and is on proper terms with the Savior. We were paid a visit by Nathan Gaylord from New Milford. Old Br. Simon and his daughter Benigna, with her children, and Sophia, moved from the winter huts back to this place. The brethren and sisters carried wood for them hither. During the evening service the brethren and sisters were acquainted with the passion story of the Savior. G [Saturday], the 10th The brethren and sisters who had worked on the outside congregated at home. Old Simon visited us, being very glad that he could now attend the meeting again. Br. Petrus had told his wife that he was going to the Savior, thus, he wanted to remind her beforehand that she should make sure to cleave to the Savior. The evening meeting took place with blessing. A [Sunday], the 11th At daybreak the brethren and sisters were awakened, and when a signal was given for the 2nd time, they came together in the hall. First, several Easter verses 361

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were sung, and then something [was related] about the sisters who had gone to the Savior’s grave in the morning, and that we wanted to go to God’s Acre now to remember the Savior’s resurrection, p[p]. Thus we went outside, in the usual order, singing from the Easter song Christ lag in Todes Banden,18 followed by a heartfelt prayer during which we felt very contented, with the Kiss of Love being imparted in the end. A signal having been given, the brethren and sisters gathered for the sermon. Luke, ch. 24, was read; Joshua interpreted, and then it was preached how the Savior had again collected the lost sheep and rekindled their hearts with love, and that He was still the same Savior, p[p]. Several of our English neighbors were present. We, as well as all those who were present, felt well. Afterward, there was the children’s hour, with blessing. The children come regularly, so do many adults. Next, Joshua and Elisabeth were spoken with; they demonstrated a hunger and longing for Communion. Then the communicants came together in the hall for the Communion liturgy, sang May god our god his Bl[essing], and thereupon the brethren and sisters were informed of the upcoming Communion next Sunday. At the same time, [they were] reminded to examine themselves as to when and where something has occurred since last Communion, [and] to seek the Savior’s pardon for it as abased sinners, p[p]. In the evening there was also a singing service full of feeling, and thus, this day was passed with blessing.

B [Monday], the 12th My Christina visited Magdalena, who previously had lived in the sisters’ house and in one room with her, reminding her of that time. She indeed recognized that she had squandered much time, yet henceforth intended to fully become the Savior’s. [In the] evening the 40 days that the Savior spent with those of His [followers] after His resurrection were talked about, and that these were still special days for us in the congregations during which we would feel the nearness of the Savior especially close. Each one shall be sure to keep his heart and house prepared for the Savior, so that He may now and then get an appetite to visit these or those, p[p]. E [Tuesday], the 13th Magdalena and her husband came, telling us that they wanted to go on a journey. I spoke with him about the Savior; he said that he frequently thought of 362

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the Savior, and almost always.19 I told him to appeal to the Savior that He may reveal to him his corruption, p[p]. Also, school for the boys and girls was begun today. C [Wednesday], the 14th After school I went visiting in the winter huts; I spoke with Sarah, that she should appeal to the Savior for a quite a blissful heart, likewise with her son[s] Petrus and Pascack. Toward evening, dear Brother Gambold arrived. We rejoiced heartily in seeing one another; he brought us warm greetings from his dear wife and son, and [the] Azariah Smith[s]. In the evening Br. Gambold conducted the evening occasion, most heartily recommending the Man of Suffering to the assembly. F [Thursday], the 15th Br. Gambold set out on his return journey to Sichem; Sensemann accompanied him, and then they bid each other a heartfelt farewell. At the evening meeting, there was an innermost feeling of blood and wounds. Marianne told us that on Easter morning, on God’s Acre, the Savior had once again been quite sensibly near her. During Br. Martin’s time [here] she had reportedly felt the Savior so near, but then had lost it [the feeling] again. She was as happy as the woman who found her lost coin. D [Friday], the 16th We spoke with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for Communion; we felt the bloody nearness of our most beloved Man of Suffering, and our hearts were comforted by the sinnerlike declarations of the brethren and sisters. Petrus said, Br[other], my body is very ill, but my heart is well and is with the Savior day and night. G [Saturday], the 17th The baking was done and preparations were made for tomorrow’s love feast.

A [Sunday], the 18th John, ch. 3, v[erses] 14, 15, 16, were preached on around noon. Following the children’s hour, the communicants came together for the foot washing. It is the first foot washing here in Pachgatgoch, and [it] was a blessing for everyone. It was performed by [the] Sensemanns, Gottlieb, and Martha. Afterward, the communicants had a blessed love feast, and in the evening, amid the serene feeling and nearness of the martyred body, 18 of us partook of the martyred body 363

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

and blood of our dear Lord; to wit, Gottlieb, Magdalen[a], Petrus, Thamar, Jeremias, Agnes, Joshua, Elisabeth, Simon, Lucia, Anna, Martha, Maria, Johanna, Sophia, Erdmuth, [and the] Sensemanns.

B [Monday], the 19th Everything was quiet, as if each one was keeping the Sabbath. During the evening meeting there was something said about lying at Jesus’ side. E [Tuesday], the 20th The brethren were industrious splitting rails, and the sisters by carrying [them] down; Sr[s]. Marth[a] and Elisabeth cooked food for them; I visited them and found them nice and orderly. Because we heard that Mr. Heass had come from New York, I still went there late in anticipation of receiving through him letters from our dear brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and New York, but in wean [vain]. The evening meeting was quite filled with baptized ones and unbaptized ones. Samuel stayed on with us for a while, acting most affectionately.

C [Wednesday], the 21st The brethren continued making fenß [fences]. Petrus started to become more ill. F [Thursday], the 22nd We went 4 miles from here on account of outside business. I also visited Petrus, who in his illness is contented and in good spirits. Joshua, Elisabeth, and Lucia, and her daughter Marianne, went to Quaker Hill to sell brooms and baskets. D [Friday], the 23rd We had a visit from an awakened man from New Milford. Petrus told me in the presence of his wife that, should things in Pachgatgoch go badly and none of the brethren and sisters wanted to stay, the brethren should please take his wife to her brother Andreas so that she would be able to spend her life in the sight of the Savior. He had me summoned in the evening, at which time I had to sing several verses to him, and he actively joined in. He said he felt so well during this: My body is very sick, indeed, but my heart is well. I had to promise him that I would come every evening and hold a brief singing service for him, for he is unable to attend the meeting, which I promised to do. 364

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

G [Saturday], the 24th Joshua, Elisabeth, and the others came home. Joshua had been attacked by a number of bad Indian fellows and was beaten bloody and blue, but [he] had behaved like a sheep. Ever since these two people have turned to the Savior with all their hearts, the enemy is going mad. This week Elisabeth also received a beating from a bad fellow, because her husband will not tolerate the mischievousness at this place. We had a blessed occasion in the evening. Late, [young] Sekes came home with his wife Magdalena in good spirits.

A [Sunday], the 25th 1 Timothy 1.15 was preached on. Following the children’s hour, there were the classes, first of the married brethren, then of the sisters, and then of the widows; they were openhearted and like sinners. We felt comfortable thereat. Cackaio, the eldest son of Caritas, fell ill several days ago; he speaks of nothing but seiter [cider] and rum, and is as if gone mad. After the evening occasion, several verses were sung to Br. Petrus, and he was talked to about the Savior and His sufferings. He said that this was indeed his sole concern; therein his heart was quite well, and soon there would be an end to his illness and pains. B [Monday], the 26th I visited him [Petrus] in the morning. He was very weak, but with broken speech [expressed how] well his heart was, and that he now wanted to soon see the Savior and kiss His wounds. Right after school I was called to him. He was already in the process of going home when I arrived. I sang to him several verses and consecrated him, and under the verse Ofne Arme nehmet ihm,20 his sould was softly kissed away amid a blissful feeling. I feel altogether comfortable, and I have sensed about him about him [sic] a special feeling in the spirit of Communion. On Thursday he said that, during the night, two [people] with white garments had stood near him; we are grateful to the Savior for this blissful dissolution of our Br. Petrus. All of the brethren and sisters delight in this, and it affects them in a special way. His sons-in-law made his coffin; here he left behind 5 daughters, 26 children’s children and one of the 4th generation. E [Tuesday], the 27th 365

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We were visited by an awakened man from New Haven and [by] one from several miles from here. I visited Cackeio, thinking he would still recover his senses, but was called away not long after; his complot21 sat behind the house and were very suspicious. Br. Joshua delivered an admonishing speech to them. Toward evening, the tabernacled of Br. Petrus was brought in front of the church, and after a signal was given, everyone gathered in the hall. Yesterday’s and today’s watchwords were talked about some. Then, the body was carried to God’s Acre by 6 brethren, with a considerable following, and this way brought to its resting placed. C [Wednesday], the 28th We were hard at work in our garden.

F [Thursday], the 29th My wife visited Augustina, Gottlieb and Magdalena’s eldest daughter, who is ill, reminding her to think back on the way she had passed her time after her baptism. She admitted that she had done things fairly badly. She [Sensemann’s wife] directed her to the Savior to ask His forgiveness, which she promised to do. D [Friday], the 30th I visited the sick. Lucas told me that his heart was well, and that he talked a great deal about his heart with the Savior. He would be satisfied with the way the Savior wished to deal with him. Several brethren and sisters went to Kent on account of outside business. My wife visited the sisters in the huts. Sister Martha also is not very well; several children are sick as well. The evening meeting was fairly full and blessed; today’s watchword was talked about. We are grateful to the Savior for His nearness, and especially for the sparkling of His bloody wounds during all of our occasions. Also, school has proceeded in due order for several weeks, and is of benefit to the children. We are pleased that on Sundays we are no longer visited so frequently by white people. This way we are able to deal with the Indian brethren and sisters more freely, and use the Sunday properly. Diarium for Pachgatgoch, May 1, 1762 366

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

G [Saturday], the 1st Christoph came from the seaside where he had gone on horseback 2 days ago to get oesters [oysters] for his sick sister Augustina, which they consider to be the best medicine. Several other brethren and sisters who had left during these days to sell their work also came home. Sister Thamar told us how much her husband had rejoiced on his sickbed when he heard that Joshua and Elisabeth, his [Petrus’s] daughter, were again joining Communion; [he had] also reminded Elisabeth to henceforth abide in the Savior, which she promised him to do.

A [Sunday], the 2nd After the brethren and sisters had arrived from the winter huts, a signal was given to announce the sermon; Luke 17.20–21 was preached on. I felt well comfortable thereat and everyone was atent; an Englishman wept a great deal. In the afternoon there was the children’s hour; they like attending it. We were paid a visit in the house by several sisters. During the evening occasion the Savior’s words Wo ein Ass ist da samlen sich die Adler22 were talked about some. Afterward, Johannes came to us, who had been a soldier for several years and had conducted himself badly; he wept, and said that it has been 4 weeks now since the Savior had touched his heart and revealed to him his bad state. He was told [that] he should simply give himself up to the Savior as a poor outright sinner and ask His forgiveness; He would surely accept and not reject him, and we would heartily rejoice at his blessed state. B [Monday], the 3rd Gottlieb and Sister Erdmuth told us that they were going to New Milford to bring back fish from there. We had our land plowed by a white man so as to plant oats on it. During the evening occasion, today’s watchword was talked about. E [Tuesday], the 4th Samuel came in the morning, saying he intended to go into the woods. He also told us that his daughter had gotten into a quarrel with Gottlieb’s daughter. Soon after, Magdalena came, who was advised to keep her children somewhat better disciplined. Today my wife remembered with a grateful heart the single sisters’ choir for the grace and blessedness that she had enjoyed within it, and 367

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wished them many blessings.

C [Wednesday], the 5th23 A fairly large number of brethren and sisters left to catch schette [shad] below New Milford. Gottlieb returned home from there with a good deal of fish. I went to merchant Heas to learn when he was going to New York again, to send letters along, but he had departed, not having kept his promise to let me know when he intended to go. F [Thursday], the 6th Br. Lucas was fairly weak today. He has almost entirely lost his hearing, but tells me with cheerfulness that his heart was with the Savior and was very well. Moreover, he does not think of recovering; instead, he wants to go to the Savior. The Savior was very much near us during the evening service. Afterward, I visited Lucas once more; he was well and happy. He tells me that in his heart he was with the Savior, thinking of Him and His wounds and sufferings.

D [Friday], the 7th Sister Thamar came home with several of her daughters and daughters’ children, well and in good spirits. The remaining brethren and sisters, who had been out on account of outside business, also returned home. Also, the schools have been held in due order until now, and are being well attended by the children, in particular by the girls. G [Saturday], the 8th In spirit we were frequently in our dear Bethlehem. During the evening service today’s watchword was talked about with grace and blessing. A [Sunday], the 9th John, ch. 15, v. 1, p[p]., was preached on. Afterward, there was the children’s hour, during which a pleasant feeling could be sensed. And the children were so very quiet and very atent; Samuel interpreted. Then my wife visited several sisters who had been out these past days, to hear how things had gone with them. I visited the sick. Lucas said [that] in his heart and mind he was with the Savior. He is suffering from consumption and is presently recovering somewhat. The doctor from New Milford has been here a few times,24 in exchange 368

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for which he took a young horse, and now he no longer comes.

B [Monday], the 10th The boys’ school was in the morning, and later the girls’ [school]. Also, we had [land] plowed and started planting Welsh corn, and we continued with this [on] Tuesday, the 11th. In addition, Lucas and the other sick were visited. Several brethren and sisters went to the falls below New Milford to catch fish. C [Wednesday], the 12th In the evening the watchword was talked about, and at the same time, the imprisonment and exile of the first Moravian brethren were called to mind, as well as the freedom we are enjoying.25 The brethren and sisters were atent. F [Thursday], the 13th Jonathan with his wife, children, and mother-in-law came from out of the woods to live here again. Also, it was requested that I should please say the morning blessing tomorrow, for which I have been waiting until now.

D [Friday], the 14th Elisabeth, Lucia, and several others came home in good spirits, but Joshua stayed behind. We were yet industrious, working in the field, as were the Indian brethren and sisters who had plowed their land. G [Saturday], the 15th All of the rest came home. School was held in due order this week.

A [Sunday], the 16th Luke, ch. 13, [verse] 34, Wie offt habe ich deine kinder,26 p[p]., was preached on with grace and blessing. Several English people were present. Afterward, there was the children’s hour; Samuel interpreted. B [Monday], and E [Tuesday], the 18th Everyone was hard at work planting and plowing. The sick were spoken with

369

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and otherwise also visited by my wife.

C [Wednesday], the 19th After the evening meeting, the brethren and sisters were informed that tomorrow was Ascension Day, which was a holy day in the congregations. F [Thursday], the 20th In the morning the story of Christ’s ascension was read, and afterward, it was somewhat talked about that the dear Savior was with us; although our eyes do not see Him, the heart felt His presence nonetheless. There also was a blissful feeling and the nearness of the Savior [felt]. I was called to Sr. Magdalena’s child, who appeared to be going home, but it came to again several times today. Also, Peter Roß27 came toward evening, bringing me a letter from Brother and Sister Gambold, from which I learned that they all were well. In the evening, when we were already in bed, I received through one of our neighbors a package of news from our dear Bethlehem, which we had eagerly desired for a long time. I sat through nearly the entire night reading, and we rejoiced in the grace and blessedness presiding over the congregation. D [Friday], the 21st After the morning blessing Peter Roß set out on his journey, and because he intends to go to Bethlehem next Monday, I gave him my diarium and also several letters to take along. In the afternoon we had a visit from the minister of Kent, his wife, his brother, who has come to visit him, the Misters Mills,28 and also 2 unmarried womenfolk. We went with them into the Indian huts and entertained them to the best of our ability. They were very pleast [pleased] and grateful, [and] invited us to visit them in turn. On taking leave, the minister’s brother told me [that] I should please instruct his brother now and then — he was still young; I had more experience.

G [Saturday], the 22nd The morning blessing is being well attended by the brethren and sisters, and we feel very well on these occasions. During these past days the brethren and sisters come and go [to the falls] below New Milford to catch fish and lampreys. I visited the sick and several other brethren and sisters; Lucas is almost completely 370

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deaf and can speak only little. He says that he passes his time with the Savior, except that the cough now and again affects him so greatly that he is unable to collect his thoughts for a long period. At times Magdalena’s husband appears to be recovering somewhat, but this is not of any permanence.

A [Sunday], the 23rd In the morning I got a letter from Christian Fröhlich by way of New Milford, which was written on the 19th, from which I learned that our dear heart Joseph [Spangenberg] will leave from Philadelphia for Europe, and that Martin [Mack] likewise will leave from the same place for St. Thomas, and that several other brethren and sisters in New York intended to depart from their plans to go to the congregation. Also, that our dear Brother Schropp was very ill in bed.29 Several matters filled us with sorrow, especially Br. Joseph’s departure, but we were glad that we had learned about it, also about the blessed going home of dear father Klem.30 After the sermon there was the children’s hour, on which occasion the children were delighted with their new watchwords; that they had come from across the great water, having been sent to them by dear Brother Johannes [von Watteville]. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants, today’s watchword was talked about with grace and blessing. Also, the brethren and sisters were acquainted with parts of the Bethlehem extract, likewise with dear Br. Joseph’s journey to Europe. There was still a blessed singing service in the evening; thus, this day was spent with blessing. B [Monday], the 24th We started hoeing Welsh corn. A boy nearly drowned in the river, [but he] was taken hold of in time and pulled out by the other children. E [Tuesday], the 25th After the morning blessing it was announced that I intended to travel to Brother and Sister Gambold today. The brethren and sisters gave me warm greetings to pass on to the brethren and sisters there. Joshua was directed to stay home during my absence. Azariah [Smith] and Brother and Sister Gambold were glad to hear something from our dear Bethlehem. Old Sister Erdmuth kept my wife company. C [Wednesday], the 26th 371

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

I returned from Sichem. In the meantime, several of the brethren and sisters had gone to New Milford to fish. There was no meeting in the evening, for it thundered and rained so very hard.

F [Thursday], the 27th Several of the brethren and sisters returned home from New Milford in good spirits. During the evening meeting, today’s watchword was talked about. D [Friday], the 28th. The communicants were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion; the Savior with His wounds was sensibly near us. It filled us with sorrow that several [brethren and sisters], with whom things have gone somewhat badly since last Communion, are keeping their distance.

G [Saturday], the 29th At 3 o’clock in the morning we were called to Magdalena’s child, who was in the process of passing on that very moment. The benediction of the congregation was pronounced over it and [the child] went home amid the verse Blaße liepen Küstes aufs herz.31 Soon after the coffin was made, and because it was so hot, we had to bury it [the child] toward that evening. It had been an agreeable child and something of the nature of a lamb could be seen in its eyes at all times. During the burial there was a blissful and lovely feeling [present]. The father is still unbaptized [and] is still very ill. A [Sunday], the 30th On Whitsuntide, Joel, ch. 2, verse 28, was preached on; the dear Mother, the Holy Spirit, was sensed among us, and everyone was aten[t], and then there was the children’s hour. After that, the communicants came together for the absolution. First there was a brief address to them, and then we knelt down at the feet of our bloody Husband and had ourselves absolved by the bloody hands. Our hearts felt His presence. The love feast followed soon after; Magdalena, the mother of Anna Johanna, who was buried yesterday, was also present. In the evening 14 of us enjoyed the martyred body and blood of our Lord and Savior, amid a sinking down of our spirit, soul, and body.32

372

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

B [Monday], the 31st All of the communicants were present for the morning blessing, and we still felt warm and full of feeling on account of last evening. Later, Erdmuth, Marth[a], Johanna, Thamar, [and] Sophia came, telling us that they had nothing to eat; they intended to go together to New Milford to buy Welsh corn there, p[p]. They were in a blessed state and well, and so we let them go. Today I got a letter from Hendrick van Vleck. E [Tuesday], June 1 After the morning blessing all the baptized adult sisters who do not come to Communion gathered in the church for the love feast. Joshua joined them as well. They were put in mind of their baptisms and of what they had promised the Savior, also of what they had felt at that time, p[p]. We felt quite comfortable and full of feeling thereat. Afterward, all of the brethren and sisters were directed by Elisabeth and Joshua to hoe our Welsh corn. They all were most willing. There were more than 24, and they were finished within several hours. In the meantime my wife had cooked them food, which was distributed to them by Joshua. I visited sick Lucas, who is always glad when I come; he told me that in his heart and mind he was with the Savior. He is very deaf and also can no longer speak, but only babble a bit. After the evening service I was called to Lucas because they thought that he was going to go home right away. By the time I arrived, he had fallen into a sleep. I visited him again late, but he had recovered. Joshua, Samuel, [and] Gottlieb sat up with him that night.

C [Wednesday], the 2nd The brown assembly was recommended to the Savior and His wounds amid a heartfelt prayer. Then we held school with the children. Everyone who is at home is hard at work. During the evening service, we felt the nearness of the Man of Suffering, and I was able to speak with a warm heart. F [Thursday], June 3 We were very much delighted by letters and news from our dear and precious Bethlehem [which we received] through our dear Brother Gambold. He also was bid a heartfelt welcome by the Indian brethren and sisters. In the evening Br. Gambold conducted a feeling meeting on the watchword [of ] January 3. 373

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Because our watchwords are used up, I have started over. Also, warm greetings from Bethlehem and Nain [and] New York were passed on to the brethren and sisters. They were glad to hear something from Nain. I also visited sick Lucas, who is still laid up with great pain.

D [Friday], the 4th Having conducted the morning blessing, Br. Gambold set out to return to Sichem; the Indian brethren and sisters gave him many warm greetings for his wife and the brethren and sisters there, and with that, we took a tender leave of each other. In the afternoon I went with my Christina to visit the brethren and sisters below, but we did not find them at home. The Sisters Martha [and] Johanna came home in good spirits and well.

G [Saturday], the 5th I was called to Lucas; he still had a few outside matters to put in order. He left his rights to a piece of land near Derby to his sister’s son Nathanael, and in this way he bequeathed his land and other matters; yet to his sister Salome, who had conducted herself badly for some time, he left nothing.

A [Sunday], the 6th Because I had heard that Lucas had grown worse, I soon went there. He looked at me in a friendly manner. He desired a little bit of wine, which we sent him. Whenever I told him of the Savior or asked him if his heart was with the Savior, he nodded his head and had a friendly look about him. He waved with his hand, but we were unable to find out what he wanted. Finally, someone said, Perhaps he wants to see his wife one more time, and that was it, indeed. He right away gave her his hand, as if he wanted to thank her from the heart for her faithful service during his long illness. I sang several versesd to him and returned home. However, I was soon called back, and then he went home, under the laying on of hands and the verse Die Seele Christi heilige dich,33 p[p]. The house was filled with brethren and sisters. I reminded them that everyone should consider that this here [on earth] was not a permanent abode, and that therefore they should use their time well. The sermon was on John 6.40, with grace. Several Englishmen were present. There was also a blessed hour in the evening.

374

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

B [Monday], the 7th After the morning blessing the brethren and sisters went out to hoe Welsh corn, and toward evening, the tabernacled of Br. Lucas was taken to his resting placed. First there was a brief address in the hall, that Br. Lucas, after his baptism, could very well have had a burning heart for the Savior; the dear Savior had given him time through his illness to have the Savior as his object during his illness, p[p].; we felt comfortable at the burial. E [Tuesday], the 8th The brethren and sisters were industrious, helping one another hoe Welsh corn, and this continued [on] Wednesday, the 9th. Today I went to merchant Hoeck34 about my belongings that I had left behind in New York. Also, Sister Thamar came home. F [Thursday], the 10th Joshua came, telling me that he had not one handful of Welsh corn left in his house, so that out of necessity he had to go out to work so that he would get some food for his house. He has been home the entire time that we have been here, carrying out his work. Also, Sophia, Anna Maria, and others with them came home today in good spirits and well.

D [Friday], the 11th I wrote several letters to New York, and [on] Saturday, the 12th, I took them to merchant Metschel,35 who had let me know that he was leaving thither. A [Sunday], the 13th The sermon took place at the usual time; there were several English people present. The children’s hour was full of feeling, and then the classes followed. During the evening service the Savior was near us. Sr. Thamar came after the meeting, shedding many tears, [saying] that for several days she had conducted herself so very badly and at a distance from the Savior. She was sent back to the Savior to see where she had lost the thread; the Savior would surely point it out to her. B [Monday], the 14th School took place after the morning blessing, which has been continuing for some time. Then we went about the hoeing of our Welsh corn, and the Indian 375

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

brethren and sisters about theirs.

E [Tuesday], the 15th After the morning blessing, which is being well attended, in particular by our sisters Martha Johanna Erdmuth p., everyone went about their work in the field, and we continued in this way [on] C [Wednesday], the 16th. [No entry for the 17th]

D [Friday], the 18th We had a visit from Nathan Gaylord of New Milford, who invited me to visit them sometime. However, for the time being, I was unable to promise him anything. E [Tuesday], the 19th Several brethren and sisters went out with brooms and baskets [to sell], for they have nothing to live on, returning home well this very day. The evening meeting took place with blessing. A [Sunday], the 20th All of the brethren and sisters from the winter huts came for the sermon. Matthew 13.44, 45 was preached on, about the precious pearl; the Savior was near us. Many tears were shed. Afterward, there was the children’s hour. Next, we visited several brethren and sisters in their huts. Also, there was a moving meeting in the evening. B [Monday], the 21st A minister came to us together with another man who lives 4 miles from here. He asked the man whether the Indians respected me. The man answered him, Yes, more than our prespetoriens [Presbyterians] respect our ministers, p[p].

E [Tuesday], the 22nd Sr. Thamar and her daughter went to Newtown to work there, and so did still others, the same way. After school, I went to hoe Welsh corn with my Christina, and this continued [on] C [Wednesday], the 23rd. Likewise, there were many brethren and sisters working hard in their Welsh corn.

376

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 24th We finished with our Welsh corn, having worn ourselves out a good deal.

D [Friday], the 25th The brethren went to peel bark to build a house for Anna Maria and Sophia; the sisters carried it down. I and my wife went to white people, 4 miles from here, on account of outside business. We felt particularly well during the evening service. G [Saturday], the 26th After the morning blessing, several sisters went out to the merchant to sell brooms, who returned this very day. I visited the brethren at their work; things proceeded nice and orderly. They also finished the house still today. A [Sunday], the 27th Matthew 5.13, Ihr seit das Saltz der Erden,36 p[p]., was preached on with blessing. The children’s hour was full of feeling; they were quiet and at[t]ent. Today we learned that the Indian Moses, who was here this spring attending the meeting regularly, has died at the seaside.37 However, it appeared that things got too hot for him here, and hence he made off. I had often spoken with him and had hopes. All of them at the seaside are now dead; 2 or 3 are still left. The evening service, which was quite full, took place with blessing. B [Monday], the 28th During the morning blessing, amid heartfelt prayers, the brown assembly was entrusted to the Savior for this day and week. Then I started school. I also began to mow grass today; it is withering, for it has not rained in a long time. The wife of Minister Bordwell and her mother visited my Christina today. The reason seemingly was to get and eat currants.

E [Tuesday], the 29th; and C [Wednesday], the 30th Today we were busy making hay, in addition to which we had many visits from white people because of our currants. The Indian brethren and sisters are very hard at work in their corn, and it appears that they will have a fine harvest.

377

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], July 1 Gottlieb and Christoph told us that they were going into the woods to work for several days. Joshua came home with his family today.

D [Friday], the 2nd Joshua got the brethren and sisters to help him hoe his corn.

G [Saturday], the 6th [3rd] I went several miles from here on account of outside business. Samuel mowed some more grass for us. A [Sunday], the 4th In the morning a conference was held on several issues, particularly concerning several of the old people and their support. Jeremias and Samuel intended to alternate taking old blind Maria into their house and to care for her, yet Joshua preferred to remove himself from this altogether. Psalms 148.14 was preached on afterward. We were paid a visit in our house by several sisters. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour the communicants gathered, at which time Communion was announced to them for the upcoming Sunday; the dear Savior was near us. The Sunday evening meeting is being well attended by the brethren and sisters, and is blessed and full of feeling.

B [Monday], the 5th, and E [Tuesday], the 6th Most of the brethren and sisters went out to work; several hoed their Welsh corn.

C [Wednesday], July 7 I and my Christina started hilling our Welsh corn, yet there came a heavy cloudburst knocking nearly all of it to the ground, and because we were unable to help it right itself, Samuel summoned the Indian brethren and sisters for the next day. F [Thursday], the 8th After the morning blessing more than 20 brethren and sisters came and hilled our corn, which they finished around noon, at which time they received a meal 378

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

to eat and were well satisfeit [satisfied]. Elisabeth had made off into the woods with her children, probably because this week the speaking [in preparation] for Communion is to take place, and she does not feel well in her heart. Joshua was at home and made hay.

D [Friday], the 9th Sr. Thamar and Anna came home well and in good spirits. The song O Haupt vol Blut und wunden was [partially] sung from in the evening. Also, today I was at merchant Metschel’s on account of outside business.

G [Saturday], the 10th The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion, at which time the Savior and His wounds were sensibly near, and we felt comfortable about all of them. Those who were not in a proper state kept their distance. The evening service was filled with feeling. A [Sunday], the 11th Isaiah, [?], v. 6, 7, was preached on with grace and blessing. Three Englishmen were present, who were very attentive. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour the communicants gathered for the love feast; they expected to hear something about Bethlehem and Nain. However, we were unable to give them any news other than that our dear Br. Martin [Mack] had been in New York in order to go from there to St. Thomas. We felt comfortable during the love feast. It was an especially blessed day today. In the evening the brethren and sisters gathered, at which time we knelt before the heart of our bloody Husband and had ourselves absolved from all failings and shortcomings by the hand that is bloody and cold with the sweat of death, and requested through this holy sacrament new grace and strength to live and walk in His sight in the coming days, so that we may still find pleasir [French: pleasure] in His eyes and joy in His heart. Thereupon, He permeated us with the dead body as He had lain in the grave, and with His precious blood. Old Erdmuth came to us later; she could not say enough about how well she felt. This time 11 [sic] Indian brethren and sisters enjoyed the body and blood of our Lord along with us: Gottlieb, Magdalena, Samuel, Lucia, Simon, Martha, Johanna, Erdmuth, Thamar, [and] Anna Maria. 379

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

B [Monday], the 12th During the morning blessing we still felt yesterday’s breeze coming from the corpse. Several of our neighbors, who had plowed for the Indian brethren and sisters, came to summon them to do the cutting in exchange. And so all of the brethren set out [on] E [Tuesday], the 13th, to work for the white people. Most of the sisters went on the mountain to pick blueberries and went to white people to sell them [on] C [Wednesday], the 14th. The brethren were 4 miles from here, and there were few attending the occasions, so that the occasion was suspended several times this week. School was held every day.

D [Friday], the 16th, and G [Saturday], the 17th Most of the brethren and sisters again gathered at home; things had proceeded agreeably during the cutting. Some who cannot control themselves had made an agreement among themselves that he who drank too much should lose one day’s pay. A [Sunday], the 18th Four English people from 7 miles away, near Quaker Hill, came asking whether the sermon was to begin soon. When the rest had gathered, [the horn] was blown. First the litany was prayed, and afterward, on Matthew 11.28. The strangers as well as the Indians were very quiet and atent. Br. Samuel was sent to me by sick Sékes to apply in his name for baptism. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour I visited him and spoke with him about his heart. He said [that] for a while he has been thinking much about baptism. I told him that we would reflect on it before the Savior. In the meantime, he should talk to the dear Savior about this that He may get to know his heart and his condition well. My wife also visited several sisters and spoke with them about their hearts; we felt especially comfortable today. All of the occasions were full of feeling.

B [Monday], the 19th The brethren again went to the neighbors [for] cutting. I went visiting in the winter huts. Most were engaged in hoeing their Welsh corn.

E [Tuesday], the 20th All is peaceful and quiet; the sisters who are at home are hard at work making 380

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

brooms. We thought about Säkes and his baptism, if one needed to hurry with this. No, he was brought up among the prespitöriens [Presbyterians], who are always the worst Indians with respect to their hearts.

C [Wednesday], the 21st We were visited by several English people from New Milford and [by] a woman from 5 miles away. I went on the mountain in search of a tree for a gutter for under the roof. Toward evening, we were delighted by the arrival of our dear Brother and Sister Gambold, and through them we received several letters from our beloved Bethlehem, especially from Br. Petrus [Böhler], from which we learned about the well-being of the congregation. The evening occasion was conducted by Brother Gambold. They also were given a warm welcome by the Indian brethren and sisters. F [Thursday], the 22nd Because Brother and Sister Gambold were in such a hurry, they set out to return to Sichem at 3 o’clock in the afternoon. D [Friday], the 23rd During the evening meeting the Haupt vol Blut und Wunden38 was celebrated in song, with feeling. G [Saturday], the 24th Some of the brethren and sisters who had gone out in pursuit of victuals congregated back at home. A [Sunday], the 25th The brethren and sisters came together for the sermon, likewise [some] English people. Isaiah 66.1, 2 was preached on; the dear Mother gave [me] grace to speak about those who are poor and are of a broken heart. The children’s quarter-of-an-hour, as well as the evening meeting, was conducted with blessing.

B [Monday], the 26th We went visiting in the huts below, which the English call lower Schaghticoke.39

381

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

The brethren and sisters there were just preparing to go to New Milford, for they have no more Welsh corn and there is none to be had here. In the meantime, Joshua had come home with his family. After the morning blessing, I went on the mountain because our cow had gotten lost yesterday — to find it. Meanwhile my wife visited the sisters in the huts. Sister Thamar told us that she along with several other sisters needed to go to Newtown, because they had nothing to eat here. We were not pleased that so many brethren and sisters were going out, but we are unable to prevent it, for they have nothing to live on.40

C [Wednesday], the 28th I again went looking for the cow. Received word of where it had been, but was unable to find it. Many people where I had been asked whether they were permitted to attend the sermon. They loved to go where the gospel was preached pure and clear, p[p]. F [Thursday], the 29th Because I have been feeling so very tired recently, I stayed home. Past noon a man came and brought us the cow; we were glad and grateful. We felt comfortable during the evening meeting. [No entries for the 30th and 31st]

A [Sunday], August 1 The wife of Doctor Chase, together with her son, who lives 200 miles from here, and 4 Quakers attended the sermon. Luke 13.23, 24 was preached on with grace; Br. Samuel interpreted during the children’s quarter-of-an-hour. During the evening meeting, it was said that, if the brethren and sisters did not follow the admonition of the dear Mother, the Savior would drop them into the dirt at times and [they] would not know what was happening, because they never would have thought of taking such a path, but this was the punishment for a disobedient child. Once it [the child] recognized its disobedience and asked the Savior for forgiveness, it would again become the beloved child, and He would once again look upon it favorably. 41

B [Monday], August 2 382

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

After the morning blessing the schools were held. Then I visited the sick one [Sekes]. He is growing increasingly worse. Several brethren and sisters reminded us that things may not last very long with him, and after he had spoken with me that he believed the Savior had died for his sins, and [that] he needed to be washed with the Savior’s blood, we pondered whether it was time. Yes, but not today. We thought perhaps his mother and sister, who went out 2 days ago, should be present. I brought him the joyous news, about which he was very glad and grateful. He hoped his mother and sister would come home the next day. Gottlieb’s family went down to the seaside today.42

E [Tuesday], the 3rd Being that the sick one was weaker today and almost no longer able to speak, preparations were made for his baptism. Samuel announced in all of the huts that the evening occasion would be held in the house of Sekes, and that he would be baptized. The brethren and sisters were glad, and a signal having been given, the brethren and sisters came together at the location just mentioned. After the singing of several verses, a brief address was delivered about the Savior’s order to His disciples and messengers to preach the gospel among all nations: [W]er glaubt, der Sol Getaufft werden,43 p[p]. Samuel sat on one side of him and old Br. Simon on the other. Then, under the laying on of hands, he was absolved in the name of Jesus Christ and His congregation and submitted to the Holy Spirit as temple and dwelling, and with that, he was flooded with the water and blood from Jesus’ side and received the name Stephanas amid a feeling of grace over the nearness of the family of God. Amid the verse [T]he Soul of Christ thee Sanctify, the Brothers Sensemann, Samuel, [and] Simon laid their hands on his head and blessed him. Next, he was kissed by the brethren, and the benediction of the church was pronounced over him. C[Wednesday], the 4th I found him lively when I visited him in the morning. He said that he had slept so well that night; before this, he had slept little. I sang several verses to him, on which occasion he appeared to be very much full of light. F [Thursday], the 5th 383

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Stephanas was very lively. I told him [that] he should continue to abide in the Savior. He was like a newborn child who needed the mother’s milk. In the same way he needed to drink from the Savior’s wounds, p[p]. Joshua interpreted during the evening meeting. He is also not well with respect to his body, and at the same time it fills him with sorrow that he is not in the proper [spiritual] state.

D [Friday], the 6th In the afternoon I was called to Stephanas in a hurry; it appeared as if he was about to go home, but he recovered again. That night I was called to him again, and it happened as before. G [Saturday], the 7th Word was sent to New Milford, because Br. Stephanas still wanted to speak with Christian. Several brethren and sisters who had been out working this week came home. A [Sunday], the 8th Christian came from New Milford in the morning, and other brethren and sisters with him. For the sermon there were almost as many white people as Indians present. Revelation 4, 5, 7, 8 was preached on; the Savior was near us. Everyone was very atent. Magdalena sent Jonathan to Westenhook, to her friends,44 to let them know that her husband would soon go home. I visited him, asking whether he knew that today was Sunday. He said yes. I continued to speak with him of the Savior. He felt well in his heart. Afterward, there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, during which the love that the Savior feels for the children was talked about, p[p]. We were paid a visit in our house by several sisters. The evening meeting was quite filled with baptized as well as unbaptized ones. That night I was called to Br. Stephanas. I sang several verses to him, and then he was satisfeid [satisfied]. B [Monday], the 9th Several brethren and sisters told us that they had to leave again, for they had nothing to eat at home. Also, Joshua is indisposed, and Peter has the onset of consumption. Anna Maria, the mother of Esther in Nain, is sickly as well. [No entry for the 10th] 384

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

C [Wednesday], the 11th I visited Br. Stephanas in the morning. I could tell that it would not take much longer now. I told him [that] he should have a little more patience; the Savior would soon take him in. There all pain would completely cease. He said, Yes, that will happen soon. I directed Sr. Magdalena, who was crying hard, to the Savior. After about 1/2 an hour I was again called to him; at that time the blessed hour had come. I then sang several verses to him. His sould was kissed away under the laying on of hands and the verse The Soul of Christ thee Sanctify, [and] amid a soft and peaceful feeling of grace. Then, Er ist durchs Lammes pgachganom Gotlob ein seliges Ktajom,45 p[p]., was still sung. Moreover, those who were present were cautioned that none of us knew who would be the first [to go home] after him, p[p]. He was washed and dressed by several brethren; Samuel and a number of others made the coffin. I would have liked to have kept him, having always counted on employing him among the assembly of this place, for he was an industrious, sober man.

F [Thursday], the 12th The brethren who work nearby were summoned, and toward evening, a signal having been given, the brethren and sisters gathered in front of his house, where the words Meine Wege sind nicht eure Wege, und meine Gedancken sind nicht eure Gedancken46 were talked about some. Then the body was carried to God’s Acre by brethren, and the body was lowered amid the verse O ihr Wunden Jesu,47 p[p]., at which time the usual sections from the litany were prayed and the benediction of the church was pronounced over him. His wife Magdelena, [and] his mother and sister wept over the loss of her her [sic] husband, the latter over her only son and brother; 3 children looked after him, aggrieved. On returning, the widow was kissed by my wife and the dear Savior was recommended to her as her rightful Husband, who would comfort and revive her if only she would cleave to Him at all times. Afterward, Jeremias came to me, who, along with his wife, has not been in a good state. He bewailed his bad state and the feeling of uneasiness in his heart, p[p]. He was directed to the Savior, to tell Him about his heart and circumstances, and to ask for forgiveness. That way he would be granted the grace to help set his wife right again.

385

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

D [Friday], the 13th [The] Joshuas went out to work. Several unbaptized ones, who had become soldiers one year ago, came home from Crown Point; one was Simon’s son. I was out several miles from here on account of outside business. G [Saturday], the 14th Mr. Bull attended the evening meeting, and with him 2 schentle man [gentlemen]: Ingesen, a great lawer [lawyer],48 and Capt. Scha[?]en. It was talked about that we believed that the Savior Jesus Christ was God and the creator of everything that exists, though in His form He was to us like a human being, and especially as He hung on the cross with all of His wounds, so pleasing to our hearts. And even if the people year after year prayed and cried out to the great God, they would not find a God until they came to this Jesus, because outside of Him there is no God to be found, p[p]. After the meeting they came into the house, being very courteous. I asked whether they had understood me. They said, quite well. Ingsen said he had been to England with our goveneur Hameltonn 2 years ago, as tepotis [deputies] from the Connecticut goverment.49 He asked various things about Bethlehem, but in all modesty. We were unable to present them with anything other than a drink of small beer.50 They took a very friendly leave as if they were our most intimate friends.

A [Sunday], the 15th The sermon was [delivered] to whites and Indians, and likewise the other occasions, in their usual order. After the evening occasion Holy Communion [was] announced to the communicants for next Sunday.

B [Monday], the 16th I was at merchant Hoeck’s, who had promised me to bring my belongings with him from Fishkill. However, like several times before, this had been forgotten. Hence, I have to see that I get a brother and 2 horses to get them; it is nearly 40 miles from here. There is such a drought here that many trees on the mountains around us are withering. Almost everything in our garden is wilted. The Welsh corn at the [foot of the] mountain is all dried up, so that I expect hardly half of what I would have gotten otherwise. 386

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

E [Tuesday], the 17th Few brethren and sisters and children are at home, so that I have suspended school as well as the morning occasion. [No entries for the 18th and 19th]

D [Friday], the 20th A small conference was held with Samuel and Sr. Martha about several brethren and sisters. Afterward, I went to Metschel and got communion wine.

G [Saturday], the 21st The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. Sister Thamar came home together with her daughter Caritas and several of her children’s children; Sr. Thamar came to us right away, telling us that all week long she had thought of Communion; her heart longed for it very much. Several more young people came home from the fort51 these days, who about 5 weeks ago had gone up as soldiers and then ran away, among whom is a baptized one, Joseph. [The] Joshuas also came home.

A [Sunday], the 22nd Isaiah 53.4 was preached on to the Indians and English, with grace and feeling. After the children’s hour, preparations were made for the love feast. Besides the communicants, 4 baptized ones were taken along as well. Having learned that things had not gone particularly agreeably with Joshua and Elisabeth, we could not have them join the love feast. Peter and Juliana joined. We felt comfortable and full of feeling on this occasion. The brethren and sisters were reminded of how the Savior had frequently held a love feast with His disciples, likewise the apostles of the first church, p[p]. A signal having been given in the evening, the communicants came together, and having sung and talked a little, we knelt down before the heart of our bloody Husband, asking Him for absolution for all [our] shortcomings, known and unknown. And we deeply felt His heart full of love for His sinnersd so that we were able to sing with joy Ich Bin durchs Lammes pgachganom Gotlob ein Seliges Ktajom,52 p[p]. Thereupon we drew near our Man of Suffering into the holy place and enjoyed the martyred body and His 387

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

blood, and with that we laid ourselves down into His burial placed.

B [Monday], the 23rd During the morning blessing English and Indian versesd were sung, and it was like a small communion liturgy, quite full of feeling. Br. Samuel offered to go on horseback to Fishkill with me and help get my belongings. Thus, I went 4 miles from here and borrowed a horse. After the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were informed that I, along with Br. Samuel, intended to depart tonight on horseback for Fishkill to get my belongings that I had left behind in New York. We set out at midnight, arriving Tuesday the 24th at the North River, at Cap[t]. Boghardus’s.53 There, I found my belongings, about which I was glad, for I had thought them already half lost. We fed our horses, packed the things into sacks, and set out on our way back. Meanwhile my wife had old Sister Erdmuth for company. We arrived safely back home at midnight, very weakly. My wife was delighted and grateful when she saw our clothing and belongings. Until now we had to make shift to get honestly through the world. C [Wednesday], the 25th We were visited by Brother and Sister Azariah Smith. We were glad to see them here, thinking that through them we would receive letters and news from our beloved Bethlehem, but not a word. And they thought to find [some news] with us. The Indian brethren and sisters bade them a warm welcome. They too long to hear something from Bethlehem and Nain. We rejoiced together. They are a couple of agreeable brethren and sisters. The evening meeting was a blessing. Sr. Anna came home from New Milford in good spirits.

F [Thursday], the 26th Brother and Sister Smith very cheerfully set out to return to Sichem. The Wilden who have come home from the fort are screaming and making a great deal of noise at this place. D [Friday], the 27th A number of families came home from New Milford, and [Saturday], the 28th, Gottlieb’s family from the seaside. In the evening one Indian, who is in servitude in Kent, created such noise and a brawl here that I was forced to get out of bed; and because I wanted him out of toun [town], he asked that he be permitted 388

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

to stay here overnight. He was thus sent into a hut. Joshua is completely out of order and stayed out of sight.

A [Sunday], the 29th Toward noon, after everyone had gathered, a signal was given. First, the litany was prayed and then Ezekiel 18.31, 32 was preached on; the dear Savior was near us. There were 13 Low German [Dutch] men from Dover present. In the afternoon there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, and in the evening, a blessed meeting. B [Monday], the 30th During the morning blessing, amid a heartfelt prayer, the brown assembly was entrusted to the Savior for this day and week. Later, school was called by blowing [the horn]. The Brothers Samuel [and] Joshua, and several sisters, who on Saturday had been disturbed by the Indian in servitude, went to Kent and there made known the Indian’s conduct, who was punished quite severely in their presence. Sister Johanna, Jonathan, and several others went several miles from here to work in the woods this week. E [Tuesday], the 31st The sisters began making schwit korn [sweet corn]. Everyone was industrious. I went 4 miles from here on account of outside business. C [Wednesday], September 1 The brethren and sisters were industrious going about the aforementioned work, and it continued in this way [on] [Thursday], the 2nd. The meetings and school were held in due order. D [Friday], the 3rd, and G [Saturday], the 4th We were busy in the field cutting Welsh corn stocks [stalks]. A [Sunday], the 5th Acts 4.11–12 was preached on to English people and Indians, with a warm and feeling heart; the rest of the occasions proceeded in due order.

B [Monday], the 6th 389

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

During the morning blessing, amid a heartfelt prayer, we entrusted the brown assembly to the pierced heart of the Savior.

E [Tuesday], the 7th We remembered the blessed festival of the married people’s choir in Bethlehem and in the other congregations, [and] asked our Husband likewise for a blessing in our absence; we were in our dear Bethlehem in our hearts and minds. Samuel went on horseback to merchant Metschel with brooms, returning home today in good spirits. He [Metschel] sent word to me that he was traveling to New York in 3 weeks’ time, at which point he could take letters for me, which pleased me greatly to hear.

C [Wednesday], the 8th In the evening it was necessary for me to deliver an exhortation because the people who came from the fort are seeking to bring all the young people onto their foolish path. Samuel interpreted and fell into passion when doing so. F [Thursday], the 9th All was quiet and orderly. In the evening old as well as young attended the meeting, so did several brethren and sisters from the lowermost town.54 Also in the evening we were paid a visit by Br. Peter [an Indian, a.k.a. Petrus], who is a quiet and agreeable brother.

E [Tuesday], the 10th We started picking Welsh corn, which is very dry because of the drought. My wife intended to get several patetes [potatoes] from the garden, but none were to be found. There is not one to be seen. Everything in our garden is withered. Samuel, who went on horseback to New Milford today, came home well that evening. G [Saturday], the 11th Johanna and the rest of the brethren and sisters came home well. The evening meeting [took place] with blessing and [was] full of feeling.

A [Sunday], the 12th 390

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

1 Timothy 3.16 was preached on; the church was fairly full. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, my wife visited the sisters in their huts. Johannes, about whom I thought that something had happened with him, came to me and told me how matters stood with him, that reportedly something was being said that was not so. This had made him somewhat melancholy.

B [Monday], the 13th After the morning blessing school was held. Next I carried in Welsh corn. The Indian sisters were industrious, picking beans and making baskets. E [Tuesday], the 14th We continued with the aforementioned work. During the occasions, God’s martyr and the nearness of our dear Lord were talked about with blessing. C [Wednesday], the 15th Several of the brethren and sisters were spoken with about their hearts and [the] circumstances regarding their children, for the young folk have too much freedom. [No entry for the 16th]

D [Friday], the 17th During the evening meeting we celebrated in song the Haupt vol Blut und Wunden. G [Saturday], the 18th Johanna and several other brethren and sisters who had been working in the woods this week came home in good spirits. I went on horseback to the mill with corn but was unable to get it milled. There must have been 30 horses there, as people are coming here to this mill from 20 to 30 miles away; all the waters are virtually all dried up because of the severe drought. A [Sunday], the 19th We were without white people, which is the first time this summer. 1 Peter, ch. 5, [verses] 6, 7, 8 was preached on. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, we went visiting in all of the huts. Widow Stephanas [Magdalena] longs to be with her 3 children in Nain, but she does not know how to get there. She said [that] 391

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

her friends55 in Wanachquaticok were apparently trying their utmost to get her to come there, but she did not want to go there.

B [Monday], the 20th We were visited by the previous Minister Marsh of Kent. He is now in magisterial affairs.56 He was cordial and was glad to see me; he invited us to come and visit him.

E [Tuesday], the 21st, and C [Wednesday], the 22nd Everyone was hard at work. The occasions concerned especially the blood, wounds, and God’s martyrdom, with blessing.

F [Thursday], the 23rd My wife visited Sr. Thamar, who had been distressed on account of her children, and found her well again. I developed a backache from carrying and catching cold. Br. Samuel offered to summon [some] brethren and sisters to break off and carry in the rest of our Welsh corn. Yet we intended to do it ourselves. His 2 daughters nonetheless came and helped carry in some. G [Saturday], the 25th Matthew 7, v. 22 was preached on to whites and Indians, and after the children’s quarter-of-an-hour the communicants assembled, at which time several verses were sung from the hymno [Latin: hymn] Lord God thy praise we sing, and after that, the attentive and childlike obedience to our dear Mother was talked about. There was a gentle feeling present. And then there was the kiss of love. The evening occasion took place with blessing. [No entries for the 26th and 27th] E [Tuesday], the 28th We felt particularly comfortable during the morning blessing. Today it started to rain. We were glad that we were done with our Welsh corn. Considering the drought, we are grateful to our dear Father that, in the end, we still got so much. The white people too are surprised at that. During the evening meeting the forbearance of our Lord was talked about, not only with unspiritual people,57 but also with His children who at times still fill His heart with sorrow. 392

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

C [Wednesday], the 29th No morning blessing was held because it rained so hard; everyone was going about his business making baskets.

F [Thursday], the 30th Because I learned that there was supposed to be a letter for me 2 miles from here, I set out for that place. It was from Br. van Vleck, and because I learned from it that there was a pacet [package] with Mr. Metschle, addressed to Br. Gambold, I intended to retrieve it the following day. During the evening meeting, the indescribable blessedness of God’s children when near our Man of Suffering was discussed.

Pachgatgoch Diarium from the month of October 1762 to April 1763. Pachgatgoch Diarium from the month of October 1762

D [Friday], October 1 After the morning blessing Br. Samuel gave me his horse, and so I rode to merchant Metschele to retrieve the package that was there. During the evening occasion the brethren and sisters were informed that I had received letters and news from our dear Bethlehem, and also the beautiful watchwords. Today’s watchword was talked about, Kündlich groß ist das Geheimnis der Gottseligkeit,58 1 Timothy 3.16. It was pointed out that it was not up to the schools, but that it was the Holy Spirit who would have to make it clear in the heart, and he [the Holy Spirit] did so in the hearts of believers, to be sure.

G [Saturday], the 2nd We started speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for the upcoming Communion. We sensed his blessed nearness at the same time. The evening occasion was on today’s watchword, talked about with blessing, [D]aß Word ward Fleisch, John 1.14, Und wir mit ihm ein Geist.59

393

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

A [Sunday], the 3rd Today’s watchword, In Ihm wohnet die gantze Fülle der Gottheit Leib hafftig,60 Colossians 2.9, was preached on. We felt His peace and nearness. The children’s hour was full of feeling, the children attent. When a signal was given toward 5 o’clock, the communicants gathered for the love feast. We informed them about what we had learned from the news from Bethlehem and [about] that which was suitable for them. Old blind Maria suddenly became very ill today, so much so that she was unable to attend the love feast, and when in the evening a signal was given, the brethren and sisters gathered for Holy Communion. After several verses were sung, a brief address was delivered, that the dear Savior knew our desires in advance, p[p]. We, to be sure, should lay ourselves in a childlike manner at His bloody feet and tell Him what we needed and expected from Him. We thus felt the holy absolution, and then we approached the holy place and were permeated by the dead and martyred body of our most beloved Bridegroom of the Souls, and in closing, the church’s benediction was pronounced. This time 10 of us were partakers: Samuel, Lucia, Thamar, Martha, Erdmuth, Johanna, Maria, Simon, Sensemann, Christina. B [Monday], the 4th During the morning blessing, passionate liturgical versesd were sung and the beauty of our Husband was talked about some. Afterward, my Christina and I wrote several letters to Bethlehem. I visited old Maria, who has improved somewhat; she said her heart was with the Savior. The evening occasion was full of feeling. Br. Samuel visited us afterward. E [Tuesday], the 5th We were paid a visit by 8 students from New Haven who are at home here in our neighborhood. They were modest and cordial, saying that they are now returning to colletsh [college]. I wished them a safe journey. Thereupon they took a friendly leave. In the meantime my wife visited several sisters; [she] talked with Sophia about her heart.

C [Wednesday], October 6 After the morning blessing I announced that I intended to travel to Sichem 394

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

today, upon which the brethren and sisters gave me warm greetings to pass on to the assembly there, and especially to Brother and Sister Gambold. I then set out on my journey, arriving there before evening. Brother and Sister Gambold, who were out visiting, were delighted when they found me there. I found there letters from our dear heart Petrus [Böhler], from which I learned that he, along with his wife and A. Rosel,61 were in New York. In addition, I received heartfelt lettersd from our dear Nathanael [Seidel], at which I was able to rejoice.

F [Thursday], the 7th I wrote several letters to Bethlehem, and in the afternoon again set out to go back. I returned home very late in the evening, finding my Christina well, along with the Indian brethren and sisters. During my absence all had been very peaceful and quiet. D [Friday], the 8th After the morning blessing I passed on the greetings that had been given to me by the brethren and sisters in Sichem for the Indian brethren and sisters. During the evening occasion today’s watchword, [W]ie er hatte geliebt die Seinen, die in der welt wahren, so liebt er sie Bies ans ende,62 John 13.1, was talked about. In the evening we refreshed ourselves with the beautiful news from the congregations, and we shed many tearsd of love over our late Br. Gottlieb’s personal information.63 G [Saturday], the 9th Before daybreak my Christina was summoned to Sister Lucia, and toward 10 o’clock, they were delighted with [the birth of ] a healthy sond. Br. Samuel came and applied for the holy baptism of his sond who was born today. Because Sunday is so close, and the child well, we left it until the next day. A [Sunday], the 10th A signal having been given around noon, everyone assembled in church. First, a part of the litany was prayed; then, today’s watchword, Psalms 33.21, was preached on. After the sermon was ended, the reading was continued as far as: Our children — born anew of water and the Spirit. Next, the sond born yesterday to Samuel and Lucia was baptized into the death of Jesus amid a close 395

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

feeling of grace of the family of God, and received the name Marcus. Br. Samuel wept many tearsd. During the evening occasion the assembly was told about the contents of Brother Schmick’s letters, as well as about Brother Nathanael’s and Petrus’s letters from Nain, Wechquetank, p[p]., about how blissful and agreeable things proceeded there. Also, the greetings from there were passed on to them, at which they delighted.

B [Monday], the 11th During the morning blessing it was remembered how faithful children of God commended themselves to the Savior and His wounds as poor sinners, and were pleased to admit to Him that, without Him and His blood, they were neither blessed, nor were they able to stand their ground against the smallest sin. Next, old, sick Maria and other brethren and sisters were visited. During the evening service today’s watchword was talked about with grace and feeling.

E [Tuesday], the 12th The schools, which had been suspended for several weeks because of their [the Indians] and our work, were held after the morning blessing. Gottlieb, Joshua, and some other brethren went hunting for several days. Otherwise, everyone was quiet and industrious. Sisters Martha and her daughter Johanna told us that they intended to go to the seaside. I visited Christian, reminding him of the grace he had enjoyed during the first years, and that it was time that he recovered his senses and turned to the Savior, p[p]. He said yes, that was true. In the evening, after the meeting, 4 Indians arrived here from Westenhook, among whom was Ingnatius, who in former times had lived in Gnadenhütten.

C [Wednesday], the 13th The evening meeting was quite filled with baptized ones and unbaptized ones. The [Indian] strangers were also present and were very attentive. Today’s watchword was talked about. F [Thursday], the 14th One of our neighbors came and brought in my and Br. Samuel’s hay and Welsh corn stacks [stalks]. Also, the brethren who 2 days ago had shot 2 deer came

396

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

[home].

D [Friday], the 15th I together with my Christina visited the [Indian] strangers; I asked Ignatius how matters stood with him. He said he had not forgotten the Savior, thought of Him often, and had he been able to get through, he would have been back in Nain long ago. He also inquired about Nathanael [Seidel], Schmick, [and] Martin [Mack], p[p]. G [Saturday], the 16th After the morning blessing, Br. Samuel went on horseback to Sharon, and then also returned from there. Also, the merchant Mr. Metschel visited us, telling us that he will travel to New York in about 8 days; he would take letters for me and serve me in whatever way he could. During the evening meeting we spoke with feeling and blessing about the words [W]ie hat der Herr die leute so lieb.64

A [Sunday], the 17th Psalms 172.3 was preached on with a warm heart; several of the strangers were present. At 2 o’clock there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour; they were talked to about the love of the Friend of the children and sinners. In the evening there was the usual occasion. B [Monday], October 18 Sister Thamar came to us; she said that she needed to go out and work in order to earn a little so that she would be able to have wood hauled this winter. E [Tuesday], the 19th I wrote several letters to New York and Bethlehem. C [Wednesday], the 20th The Indian brethren were industrious building Thamar’s house next to Br. Samuel’s. I went to Mr. Metschle with letters; came home late at night. [No entry for the 21st]

D [Friday], the 22nd After the morning blessing I went to cut wood. Anna Maria came to my wife, 397

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

saying that she too wanted to go to Newtown for a few weeks, likewise Thamar [and] Judith. Joshua went to New Haven to the curd [court] with those from Westenhook on account of a piece of land located not far from here.65 Nearly all of the young people went to the seaside. The evening meeting was on today’s watchword. G [Saturday], the 23rd I went visiting in several huts; I spoke with Solomon about his heart, also somewhat sharply with Sophia, which had a favorable affet [effect] on both of them. A [Sunday], the 24th 1 Kings 8.57–58 was preached on; the meeting at dark was as usual.

B [Monday], the 25th During the morning blessing we recommended ourselves to Jesus, the faithful heart, for this day and week; everyone who was at home was peaceful and quiet. We held school with the boys, and afterward, with the girls. E [Tuesday], the 26th We felt particularly comfortable during the occasions.

C [Wednesday], the 27th I went 4 miles from here on account of outside business. Meanwhile, my Christina visited the sisters at their work in their huts. Today’s watchword was talked about during the evening meeting. F [Thursday], the 28th Sisters Magdalena and Sophia told us that they wanted to go into the woods for several weeks to work. They were spoken with beforehand, [that they are] to conduct themselves in accordance with their widowed state. During the evening occasion today’s watchword, Wir dancken dir, daß dein Name so nahe ist,66 Psalms 75.2., was talked about with grace and blessing.

D [Friday], the 29th Several went hunting and came home [Saturday], the 30th; they had shot a deer, 398

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

of which we were sent a piece. Outside of this, the brethren and sisters were visited. Everyone who is at home is industrious, and [it] is quiet and peaceful since the young people left.

A [Sunday], the 31st Yesterday’s watchword was preached on, and in the evening today’s [watchword] was talked about with blessing. Monday, November 1 During the morning blessing the brethren and sisters were reminded, and [it was] warmly recommended to them, to commit themselves to the Savior’s care and charge for this day, week, and month, p[p]. Next, the schools were held. My Christina visited Caritas, who has an open foot [wound] like her father Petrus [had]. She reminded her that the dear Savior sent this [affliction] upon her out of love for her soul, so that she would turn to her heart and not get lost with the ungodly multitude. She, Caritas, believed this to be true, and is beginning to feel distressed about her [spiritual] state.

E [Tuesday], the 2nd, and C [Wednesday], the 3rd After school I went to cut wood, and [Thursday], the 4th, I summoned a man who came [Friday], the 5th, and hauled firewood to this place for me. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about, Wie woll ich nichts Bin, so Bin ich doch fröhlich, selig und vergnügt,67 about the heart of a sinner that cleaves to the Savior, p[p]. Also, the Brothers Gottlieb, Jeremias, Samuel, Philippus, and others went hunting, returning home in good spirits [on] [Saturday], the 6th, having shot a deer. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about. A [Sunday], the 7th Sophia came home in the morning to attend the meeting. Today’s watchword was preached on; the Savior was near us. The children’s hour was full of feeling. During the quarter-of-an-hour for the communicants the collect was talked about: [F]urcht soll nicht mehr seyn in der liebe.68 We had the first snow today, and it continued [snowing] during the night and [on] [Monday], the 8th, all day long. 399

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

After the morning blessing, school was held. I went visiting in several huts, also [visited] Caritas. I directed her to the Savior, for she has committed a great number of excesses since her baptism. Because I had learned that Mr. Metschle had returned from New York, I set out for his place [on] [Tuesday], the 9th, and received the letters that he had brought for me. At the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about. The brethren went hunting today.

C [Wednesday], the 12th The brethren returned home from hunting in good spirits, although they had shot only one deer. G [Saturday], the 13th We began speaking with the communicants [in preparation for Communion]. We felt the presence of our Chief Elder and High Priest. Erdmuth, who had suffered an attack [of illness] that night, said that she desired only to receive Communion beforehand, then the dear Savior may take her whenever it pleased Him. Justina, Benigna, [and] Salome came home late from the seaside. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about with grace.

A [Sunday], the 14th The festival of the Chief Elder was celebrated today given that the brethren and sisters were not together yesterday, and yesterday’s watchword was taken as text for the sermon. And because a special feeling of grace and absolution was present, I, in the name of Jesus, announced absolution to all who had committed transgressions or had otherwise gotten involved in matters over which they strayed from the Savior, yes indeed, to everyone. There was such a feeling present on this occasion that I cannot describe it. The children’s quarter-of-anhour [was] on today’s children’s watchword, [W]o zweij oder dreij versamlet sind in Meinen Nahmen da Bin ich mitten untter ihnen.69 They were atent. Then there was the communicants’ love feast, to which several brethren and sisters besides the communicants were taken along. The brethren and sisters were told what I had learned from Br. Yarrel’s letters about Br. David Zeisberger’s visit to the Susquehanna, p[p].70 My wife visited Caritas and reminded her about the great day 14 years ago when Br. Johannes [von Watteville] and other brethren with him celebrated this great day here, and that the Savior forgave everything, also today, 400

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

if only she were to embrace and believe it.71 A signal having been given in the evening, the communicants gathered, and after several versesd were sung, we knelt down before the heart of our Chief Elder and High Priest, thanking him for the merciful absolution that we experienced with our hearts today. Then we approached with a hungry and thirsty heart the martyred body and blood in the holy sacrament amid a special feeling. Partakers of this grace were Samuel and Lucia, Gottlieb, Magdalena, Jeremias, Martha, Johanna, Erdmuth, Maria, Joachim, [and] Christina, and with the church’s benediction having been pronounced, everyone retired to his hut. We had an especially blissful day today.

B [Monday], the 15th During the morning blessing, Indian and English verses were sung. Afterward, we had outside business [to attend to], with which Samuel and Gottlieb assisted us. In the evening today’s watchword was talked about with blessing. E [Tuesday], the 16th The schools were held. During the evening occasion the watchword Wohl dem Menschen der mihr gehorchet, das er wache an meine Thür Täglich,72 p[p]., was discussed.

C [Wednesday], the 17th Several sisters went out in pursuit of victuals by working among the white people. F [Thursday], the 18th [Today] there was in the Connecticut governument the annual festival of thanksgiving for the fruits of the land that were received, and [for] other outward favors enjoyed from the dear God. During the morning blessing, the gratitude of God’s children toward their creator and Savior was talked about, in particular for His inexpressible love, that He came into the flesh and has tasted death for us all, p[p]. My Christina and I celebrated today, and were inwardly grateful for all the undeserved grace that we have received and enjoyed from our Lord and God. The brethren and sisters who were at home were peaceful and quiet.

G [Saturday], the 20th I went on horseback to the mill with corn. Several sisters who had gone out this 401

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

week came home well and in good spirits. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about.

A [Sunday], the 21st In addition to the Indians, there were 15 English people attending the sermon. The sermon was on today’s watchword, Seij nun wieder zufrieden meine Seele den der Herre thut dir guts,73 Psalms 116.7. The children’s hour was as usual. Sister Thamar, who had been unable to reach Schaghticoke yesterday, came home well today. [The] Joshuas, who are still near Newtown, where their son[s] Daniel and little Benjamin were ill, sent us greetings. The evening meeting took place with blessing. That night we were called to little Marcus, the sond of Samuel and Lucia, for they thought that he was about to go home. However, he recovered shortly. B [Monday], the 22nd During the morning blessing, amid a heartfelt prayer, we recommended ourselves to the Savior, to His guidance and preservation for this day and week. After school I went for 4 miles to buy wheat. On returning, I found Brother and Sister Gambold, who were most welcome to us. We were happy to see one another. The Gemein Nachrichten that he brought with him were read that evening. We delighted in hearing something from our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem and the other places.

E [Tuesday], the 23rd Br. Gambold conducted the morning service on today’s watchword, with blessing. They were visited by the Indian brethren and sisters, and were given warm greetings for the brethren and sisters there [in Sichem]. At noon, having bid one another a heartfelt farewell, Brother and Sister Gambold set out to return to Sichem. C [Wednesday], the 24th Before daybreak, amid the singing of several verses and laying on of hands, little Marcus went to the congregation above. During the evening meeting today’s watchword, Er hat mich mit Freuden gegürtet,74 Psalms 30.12, was spoken about with tear-covered cheeks.

402

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 25th I went to the mill on horseback and ground some wheat, and toward evening, after a brief address in the hall, the body of little Br. Marcus was brought to his resting chamberd. Also, some of our people came home from the seaside today. D [Friday], the 26th My wife visited the sisters in their huts. Caritas, who has a bad foot, told her that her heart was well; should the Savior make her foot well again, she would no longer do things the way she had lived for some time. During the evening service today’s watchword was talked about. Later we had a visit from Sister Thamar and her daughter Anna.

G [Saturday], the 27th Martha Elisabeth came up from Newtown; we learned that Joshua intended to build a winter hut at the aforesaid place because he is unable to get his sick son Daniel here. I went on the mountain to cut wood.

A [Sunday], the 28th Today’s watchword was preached on with grace and feeling, Bald wird kommen zu seinen Tempel der Herr,75 p[p]., and thus, the other occasions took place with blessing. B [Monday], the 29th During the morning blessing we felt the bloody nearness of our Lord. Afterward, the schools were held. The brethren and sisters were hard at work going about their business, and in good spirits, and it continued this way [on] [Tuesday], the 30th. The sisters Erdmuth, Martha, [and] Johanna readied themselves and moved into their winter house on the mountain.

C [Wednesday], December 1 We recommended ourselves to the Savior and His wounds. [No entry for the 2nd]

D [Friday], the 3rd 403

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Sister Thamar came saying that Abraham, the child of her daughter Anna in the lower town, was very ill. I went down; it [the child] was very ill. I visited the other brethren and sisters; I felt comfortable about them. However, I did not sense in my heart that it [the child] would go home now. We were paid a visit by our neighbors Raulis and his wife,76 who stayed until evening. Anna’s husband Pascak came in the evening and said that his child was now about to go home. I went down with him; it appeared as if it would pass on right away. I stayed there for a while, sang several verses to it [the child], and blessed it; I returned home late. G [Saturday], the 4th In the morning today’s watchword was talked about, Ich trage meine Sele immer in meinen Händen,77 Psalms 119.109. I went on the mountain to cut wood. We learned that little Abraham has recovered somewhat.

A [Sunday], the 5th Several brethren and sisters from the lower town, and Martha and the others, gathered for the sermon. Today’s watchword was preached on with grace, and the other occasions took place in due order. B [Monday], the 6th Christoph moved into his winter house with his family. Gottlieb directed the brethren here and in the lower town to cut wood for me the next day.

E [Tuesday], the 7th During the morning blessing today’s watchword was talked about. After breakfast the brethren and boys went about cutting the wood and bringing it down from the mountain. They were industrious; things proceeded peacefully and orderly. When we came home each one received his portion of food. Sister Sophia came home. Through her we learned that Magdalena’s two children are ill.

C [Wednesday], the 8th I went with my Christina into the lower town to visit the brethren and sisters there. Little Abraham, who has recovered somewhat, still looked very weak. The others were fairly well. The evening occasion was full of feeling. 404

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 9th After the morning blessing, several brethren went hunting. Jeremias came to me, saying he wanted to move with his family into his winter house for a short time. I said that, with respect to this, he should act in accordance with his heart. Hence they moved away with a half-uneasy feeling. D [Friday], the 10th After the morning blessing Samuel came, saying that he wanted to go on horseback to Wanachquaticok today, to take mats there, and intended to return home Monday. I reminded him to nicely abide in his heart, which he promised to do. As for the rest, everyone was going about their work peacefully and quietly.

G [Saturday], the 11th Br. Samuel came back, having fallen ill 12 miles from here. Others who had been out returned home as well. A [Sunday], the 12th Today’s watchword was preached on, and in the evening [there was] a brief occasion, with blessing. B [Monday], the 13th Prayer and the continuous conection to the Savior were recommended to the brethren and sisters. My wife visited the sisters; spoke with Sister Caritas about some matters concerning her heart, who promises a great deal if the Savior cures her foot. The children attend school regularly, also those from the mountain, one English mile [away]. Tuesday, the 14th Today I and my Christina brought wood down from the mountain. I continued with the aforementioned work [on] C [Wednesday], the 15th. My Christina visited the sisters in the winter huts on the mountain, at which they were very glad.

F [Thursday], the 16th Simon and his daughter Benigna, with her children, moved onto the mountain. Joshua came from Newtown. He visited us; said that he has been unable to come home because of his ill son Daniel, but intended to come here with his 405

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

family before Christmas. He acted very affectionately.

D [Friday], the 17th We had Joshua join us for breakfast. Afterward, he set out on his way back. Gottlieb went out with brooms to sell. G [Saturday], the 18th I visited the brethren and sisters on the mountain, finding them well. I expressed my discontent with Simon’s daughter Benigna, about whom I had learned that she had used an Indian doctor; the same had occurred with Magdalena’s unbaptized son. At the house we had a visit from an Indian woman, baptized by the Presbyterians, who desires that we regard her as a sister, which we are unable to do. However, we have hopes that at some point the dear Savior will be able to put her in touch with her heart. Justina and several other sisters, who have been working in the swamp78 6 miles from here, returned home. A [Sunday], the 19th The brethren and sisters from all the places gathered for the sermon; several English people came as well. Colossians 3.12, 13 was preached on with grace and a warm heart. Everyone was peaceful and attent. Sister Agnes came to us, saying that they intended to move back here in a few days. They did not like living so far away from us. The children were talked to about their watchword for today. We had a blessed day. B [Monday], the 20th After the morning blessing, school was held. Several brethren went hunting. E [Tuesday], the 21st After the morning blessing, the announcement was made that I intended to go to Mr. Metschle today, and after breakfast, I set out thither. Br. Azariah Smith came to me to pay us a visit. Together we went [back] to Pachgatgoch, and he stayed until C [Wednesday], the 22nd. After the morning blessing he set out to return home. I borrowed a horse and went to get wheat from a man, and ground it for bread for the love feast, for the approaching festival days. 406

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 23rd Br. Samuel was sent to the winter huts to summon the Indian[s], baptized and unbaptized, for the night watch. D [Friday], the 24th We were busy baking bread for the love feast. [The] Jeremias[es] came with their family from their winter house to live here again, and so the remaining brethren and sisters from all the places gathered here for the night watch. At 10 o’clock, when a signal was given, all the adults assembled in the hall. First, Savior of the Nations come was sung, then today’s watchword was talked about. Next was the love feast, on which occasion the brethren and sisters were reminded that this little child was the reason for our being together, and that many congregations were now assembled to receive and welcome the childd Jesus. Later the story of the Savior’s birth was read from the evangelists, and then several songs were sung in English. At 12 o’clock we knelt down, worshiping the childd Jesus lying in the crib, recommending to Him our hearts, to make there for themselves a placed of rest, p[p]. Several additional verses having been sung, everyone retired to his hut, with joy and in good spirits. It was a blessing for all. G [Saturday], the 25th In the morning the children gathered for their love feast. On Christmas day the little childd Jesus was portrayed to them, who has been small like other children, and like they, and like all of us, but without sin. Near the childd Jesus all children are able to obtain a blissful heart, p[p]. It was a love feast full of feeling; we felt very comfortable thereat. Toward noon there was the sermon on today’s watchword, amid His blessed nearness. Thereupon we began speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation] for tomorrow’s Communion. Several, those who have never joined, are longing to partake of the sacrament of the body and blood, but the unmarried people cannot be trusted very much.

A [Sunday], the 26th A signal having been given, the brethren and sisters gathered for the sermon. Today’s watchword was preached on amid a special feeling of grace. We reflected on the childd Jesus from the crib to the seat of His majesty, whence we 407

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

are now expecting Him. Then there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, with blessing, and after that the communicants’ love feast, at which Justina, who had expressed herself toward my Christina with repentance and like a sinner, was present as well. Later, [the horn] having been blown, the communicants assembled. We laid ourselves down at the feet of our bloody Husband and let ourselves be absolved by His pierced hands, and thus, we approached the body full of wounds and stripes and the precious blood with a hungry and thirsty heart. Partakers of this grace this time were Samuel, Lucia, Gottlieb, Maria, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Thamar, Anna, Agnes, Joachim, [and] Christina. And after the blessing several still set out for their winter huts. Throughout these festival days everything proceeded peacefully and with blessing.

B [Monday], the 27th In the morning I went onto the mountain and brought Communion to old Sister Erdmuth, for she has an aching foot and was unable to come down. Several brethren went hunting. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about; we were paid a visit in our house by several brethren and sisters. E [Tuesday], the 28th School was held. Because few brethren and sisters [are] at home, there is only one meeting being held. C [Wednesday], the 29th After school my wife visited several sisters, whom she found in good spirits with respect to their hearts. The evening meeting was on today’s watchword. F [Thursday], the 30th I visited the brethren and sisters in the lowermost town. At the same time, I announced to them the New Year’s watch. Several unmarried sisters came home from the swamp, where for some weeks they have been making brooms. D [Friday], the 31st I spoke with the brethren and sisters in the winter huts on the mountain. My Christina visited the sisters around us and made preparations for the upcoming

408

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

love feast. The Brothers Samuel, Gottlieb, [and] Philippus, p[p]., who had gone hunting several days previous, returned home well and in good spirits. Toward evening the brethren and sisters from the surrounding places gathered for the night watch. At 10 o’clock, [the horn] having been blown, all the adult brethren and sisters came together in the hall. Today’s watchword was talked about with blessing after there had been singing in English and Indian. Then there was the love feast, at which time the brethren and sisters were reminded to examine in what way each one had passed this year, p[p]. After the love feast we read aloud what had come to pass this year; to wit, 9 blessed Communions, 4 were born, 4 were baptized, 7 went home. After several versesd had been sung we knelt at the pierced feet of our Head and Lord, thanking Him and our dear Father and our dear Mother for all the grace and kindness shown [us] this past year. We asked for forgiveness and absolution for all transgressions and faults, also [for] that which was committed at this place by wild, unbelieving people. We appealed for the protection of the beloved Father and His angels, p[p]., henceforward. Later, the kiss of love was imparted, and, in the end, the church’s benediction was pronounced. Then everyone retired.

G [Saturday], January 1, 1763 Toward noon, last year’s watchword was preached on, Er hat sich auf gemacht aus seiner heiligen Stätte,79 Zechariah 2.13. Because New Year is not celebrated in this governument, things were indeed fairly quiet around us. We also remembered the festival of the dear Mother today, and were grateful to her for all the nursing and care. A [Sunday], the 2nd Proverbs 1.23 was preached on: Siehe ich wil euch heraus sagen meinen Geist und euch meine Worte kund thun.80 One of our neighbors, an unmarried person who is distressed about the state of his heart, asked me for advice. He was solely directed to the Savior. The children’s quarter-of-an-hour was also attended by several English people who arrived too late for the sermon. Sister Thamar and Lucia were called down to Juliana, who was delighted with a healthy daughterd still this evening. Several unmarried menfolk came home from hunting. All has been peaceful, and everyone quiet throughout these festival days.

409

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

B [Monday], the 3rd School was held.

E [Tuesday], the 4th The Indians gathered here, because Sqr. Ransom had informed them [that he would come] to read the laws to them at this place. Many white people assembled here as well, who said they had been summoned to this place by Sqr. Ransom; he intended to hold cord [court] here over a pig that a man from the province of New York has stolen, p[p]. I said there would not be any cord held here; my house was too small, and I would not let him hold cord in the church. They should ride to his house in Kent, which they did. Some hours later the whole lot returned, and Sqr. Ransom with them. He came to my door, explained that he had ordered the people to come here, but thought that it might be too much truble [trouble] for us, hence he intended to ride with them to the tavern, to Mr. Bull; I said that would be quite alright. The reading of the laws was suspended as well. C [Wednesday], the 5th Philippus and Benigna were delighted with a daughterd.

F [Thursday], the 6th In the forenoon, on the occasion of the Feast of Epiphany, last year’s watchword was preached on amid a close feeling of grace: Aller Welt Ende sieht das Heil unsers Gottes.81 After the sermon Br. Philippus came, saying that he and his wife were praying that his little daughter may be washed with the Savior’s blood. The answer given to him was [that] we would think it over; they shall be informed about it. We felt particularly comfortable throughout the entire day. D [Friday], the 7th I went to the mill on horseback. I met Joshua’s family; they were coming home from Newtown. During the evening meeting Psalms 82.1, Gott Steht in der Gemeine Gottes,82 was talked about. G [Saturday], the 8th Joshua visited us in the morning. We welcomed him and wished him a joyous

410

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

and blissful New Year. He looks very fragile; he has a swollen hand. As for the rest, everyone who was at home was well and in good spirits. Also, Philippus and Benigna were told that their daughterd was to be baptized into the death of Jesus tomorrow, at which they rejoiced.

A [Sunday], the 9th After the brethren and sisters from the other places had gathered here, a signal for the sermon was given. First, the litany was prayed, and then Ezekiel 11.19, 20 was preached on. Following the sermon it was announced that there would be a baptism during the children’s meeting. Everyone was invited for this, and, the usual signal having been given, young and old assembled. And after several verses had been sung, Acts 2.39 was talked about some, p[p]. Then the little heart was buried into the death of Jesus and received the name Deborah. It [the child] was consecrated by my wife, Martha, Johanna, [and] Thamar, and then the benediction was pronounced over her. Because the brethren went into their sweating oven [sweat house], there was no meeting in the evening. B [Monday], the 10th School was held. I went 4 miles to Mr. Paine, who had sent word to me [that] I could have one of his horses and use it in exchange for feed. I did not get it, though, because she [his wife] was planning to go on a journey. Peter [a.k.a. Petrus], Juliana’s husband, applied for the baptism of his child. We have nothing against this. They both are a fine Brother and Sister; they were told to come here this coming Sunday. The evening meeting was on Hosea 1.11, Sie werden sich mit einander an ein Haupt halten, das Haupt vol Blut u: Wunden.83 [The] Joshuas attend the meetings regularly. E [Tuesday], the 11th The evening meeting was full of feeling; a Frenschmen [Frenchman] was present. I also visited [the] Samuels. C [Wednesday], the 12th We remembered the birthday of our dear Sister Anna Johanna,84 and during the evening meeting the Indian brethren and sisters were reminded of her birthday and offices, with Indian and English versesd of blessing being sung for the 411

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

start of her year. I also visited [the] Samuels.

F [Thursday], the 13th The brethren and sisters were industrious during these days, bringing wood to this place. [No entries for the 14th and 15th]

A [Sunday], the 16th In the morning Peter brought his wife and little daughter and others up here by sled. Amid a feeling of grace Romans 8.1 was preached on, and after the sermon, the daughterd of Brother Peter and Sister Juliana was baptized into the death of Jesus and received the name Abigail. Afterward, they came to us, and were happy and grateful. B [Monday], the 17th The snow was so high that the children were unable to get through; hence, we held no school. Everyone was busy making brooms.

E [Tuesday], the 18th The snow is so deep that one can hardly get from one house to the other. [No entry for the 19th]

F [Thursday], the 20th The evening occasions during these days were especially full of feeling. D [Friday], the 21st At the evening meeting last year’s watchword was talked about. I hauled wood to this place during these days, as did Br. Samuel and the other brethren. [No entry for the 22nd]

A [Sunday], the 23rd Although the snow is so very high, the brethren and sisters nonetheless came from all the places for the sermon. Psalms 115.14 was preached on with a warm heart, and afterward, the children’s quarter-of-an-hour was conducted with 412

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

blessing.

B [Monday], the 24th Br. Samuel with his wife Lucia went out with a sled full of brooms and baskets to sell. Meanwhile, Sister Thamar kept house for the children.

E [Tuesday], the 25th The aforementioned brother and sister came home well and in good spirits. My Christina visited the sisters; she had a talk from the heart with Caritas. Illness often helps the people turn to their hearts. Also, we were gladdened and strengthened by letters from our dear Br. Petrus [Böhler] and other brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, sent to us through Br. Gambold. C [Wednesday], the 26th After the evening meeting the greetings from Bethlehem and from old Abraham, p[p]., on the Susquehanna, were passed on and announced to the Indian brethren and sisters. F [Thursday], the 27th Samuel drove with me to an English man, and we got wheat, and drove to the mill; returned home with the flour before evening. D [Friday], the 28th I hauled wood. The evening service was filled with feeling. G [Saturday], the 29th I was busy with the aforementioned work. Everyone is quiet and industrious in his hut. Some are facing difficulties with respect to firewood. A [Sunday], the 30th John 2.29 [sic] was preached on, Siehe das ist Gottes Lamm welches der Welt Sünde trägt.85 A sled full of English people who live 5 miles from here came for the sermon, and after the sermon stayed on with us for a while. In the evening Mr. Bull came with his wife, she especially to visit my wife. They stayed nearly until midnight, and then they drove home. B [Monday], the 31st 413

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Peter and his brother Pasgak went down today to visit David, of whom we hear that he is reportedly very ill. I rode to Mr. Metschle on account of outward business. In the evening Br. Besse86 came from Sichem, who lodged with us that night, having had business in the area. Through him we learned that [the] Azariah Smith[s] had driven to Bethlehem, which we regretted, that we had not heard anything about this. The evening meeting was on 1 Samuel 2.3, Der Herr ist ein Gott, der mercket.87 Besse was very atent.

E [Tuesday], February 1 Br. Besse set out to go back. I gave him a letter for Br. Ga[m]bold wherein I requested that he bring Sister Samons88 here soon, which he had offered to do. C [Wednesday], the 2nd Joshua and his wife went out by sled to get wood for brooms, as did Samuel and Lucia. I rode 10 miles from here to buy communion wine, which I [could] not obtain at Mr. Metschle’s. There came such a storm and snow that I that I [sic] was almost unable to get home; hence, we had no meeting in the evening.

F [Thursday], the 3rd [The] Joshuas, who had been unable to come home yesterday because of the terrible weather and deep snow, came home today. [The] Samuels had to leave their sled behind, for they were unable to get through the deep snow; they brought the horses home, however. During the evening meeting the previous watchword was talked about, about the protection of the beloved Father and holy angels over the Savior’s people. [No entry for the 4th]

G [Saturday], the 5th I tried to see whether I would be able to get through the snow onto the mountain to the brethren and sisters in their winter houses; I just made it through. I found them with hungry and thirsty hearts for the body and blood of our most beloved Bridegroom of the Souls.

414

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

A [Sunday], the 6th My Christina congratulated me on my 55th birthday. We also remembered our being here for one year, thanking our dear Lord for all the bestowed, undeserved grace, [and] in particular [for] His nearness, p[p]. Then the brethren and sisters gathered here, also from the lower town, of whom we had thought that none would come. John 7.37 was preached on. After the sermon Br. Peter came, who had come home yesterday evening bringing warm greetings from sick David [Warrup], who is very ill and no longer has hopes to see Pachgatgoch, and greatly regrets that after his baptism he once again succumbed to drinking. However, he thinks [that] the Savior has forgiven him for it, and he is willing to go to Him. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour the communicants had a lovely love feast, full of feeling, which Joshua attended as well. The brethren and sisters were told about the Susquehanna and old Abraham’s going home; [they were] also reminded of the fire of grace at Shekomeko.89 Soon after, a signal having been given, the communicants gathered, and after a most feeling absolution, 10 of us enjoyed the body and blood of our most beloved Man of Suffering, to wit: Samuel, Lucia, Gottlieb, A[g]nes, Martha, Johanna, Thamar, Anna, Sensemann, [and] Christina. Simon and Erdmuth were brought [their Communion] by me [on the] 7th, and received it with abased and grateful hearts. During the evening meeting heartfelt verses were sung. C [Wednesday], the 9th I drove to the mill with Welsh corn; Samuel and Lucia drove to get broom sticks. Everyone at home was well and industrious. F [Thursday], the 10th [The] Samuels came home, well and in good spirits. The Indian brethren and sisters and I have all we can do to get wood to this place during this frigid time. D [Friday], the 11th My Christina visited the sisters in all the huts, finding all of them lively and in good spirits. Joshua interpreted during the evening meeting.

G [Saturday], the 12th We were paid a visit by several of our neighbors. One offered to assist us with 415

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

some matters, where we needed it, and if it were 40 miles, he wanted to ride there and execute it. A [Sunday], the 13th Isaiah 61.9, 10 was preached on with grace and blessing; because of the deep snow and cold weather, there were no more occasions.

B [Monday], the 14th During the evening meeting Mr. Bull, the Quaker, was present. In the meantime his horses had gone back home with the sled. His wife and children were in great distress, thinking [that] he had suffered misfortune, or perhaps even death. [They] chased back with the sled but met him along the way, safe.

E [Tuesday], the 15th Today several brethren and sisters rode with 2 sleds to get broom sticks, and returned home well this very day. I freed my wood from ice and snow, which is badly snowed in and frozen. During the evening meeting it was discussed that the souls that cleaved to the Savior received a double reward, here and in the next life. C [Wednesday], the 16th Sister Thamar and several of her friends90 went to New Milford with baskets and brooms to sell. As for the rest, everyone was hard at work making brooms. [No entry for the 17th]

D [Friday], the 18th During the evening meeting [D]as Haubt vol Blut und Wunden was celebrated in song. Accompanied by Br. Wanert,91 Sr. Samons arrived at our house in the course of the occasion to assist my wife in her impending circumstances. Through her we also received letters from Bethlehem, at which we rejoiced a great deal. G [Saturday], February 19 Sister Samons was welcomed by the Indian sisters. Br. Wanert, who had been in very good spirits here with us, set out to return to Sichem. Sister Thamar came home with her company, well and in good spirits.

416

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

A [Sunday], the 20th Matthew 16.21 was preached on. In the afternoon my wife went with Sister Samons to visit the Indian sisters. We were also visited in our house by several from the winter huts. B [Monday], the 21st Some brethren and sisters went out in pursuit of victuals. In the evening at our house I read from the Berlinischen Reden, translated into English.92

C [Wednesday], the 23rd The meetings were suspended at times because of the deep and blustering snow during these days. [No entry for the 24th]

D [Friday], the 25th During the evening meeting the Savior’s passion was talked about with blessing. We were visited by several of our neighbors this week. [No entry for the 26th]

A [Sunday], the 27th Toward noon, with the brethren and sisters from the other places having gathered here, a signal was given for the sermon; the text was Psalms 118.25. We could feel His blessed nearness. Old Erdmuth was present as well and visited Sister Samons, and set out this very day to return to the winter house on the mountain. In the evening there also was a small singing service.

B [Monday], the 28th Mr. Paine came with his wife to visit us. She offered that, should my wife need her assistance, we need only let her know; her husband would bring her here by sled at once. E [Tuesday], March 1 My Christina suffered a severe attack of the colic, which somewhat concerned Sister Samons and me. I prepared something for her that had a positive effect and soon stopped the pain, but she did not recover for several days. Samuel and his wife set out with a sled full of brooms to sell. 417

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

[No entry for the 2nd]

F [Thursday], the 3rd Br. Samuel and Lucia returned home in good spirits. The evening meeting was full of feeling. We heard about David [Warrups], that he reportedly went home [died] in Redding. He had asked the Savior for forgiveness for his transgressions, and had admonished his family to cleave to the Savior and let themselves be cut loose from the disorderly life, p[p].

D [Friday], the 4th The meeting took place with blessing; our children hardly miss an occasion. In the evening we enjoyed[?] ourselves with the Berlinischen Reden. G [Saturday], the 5th Those who had been out in pursuit of victuals during these days gathered at home. Sophia, who lives with Magdalena in her winter house, came here for tomorrow’s sermon. A [Sunday], the 6th Psalms 23.1 was preached on with grace, and in the afternoon we were visited by several nonresident brethren and sisters. Also, my Christina [and] Sr. Samons went visiting here in the huts.

B [Monday], the 7th Sophia went on the mountain and spent several days with the sisters in the winter huts. We were paid a visit by Mr. Paine. The Indian brethren and sisters are hard at work making brooms. [No entry for the 8th]

C [Wednesday], the 9th The brethren and sisters who live here near us attend the occasions regularly. Mr. Chamberlain visited us today. Because he had frequently offered to serve us in whichever way he could, it was arranged with him that I would send Br. Samuel to him with his sled, and then he shall go to the widow Mills and to Doctor Chase’s wife, p[p]., and bring them here.

418

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 10th Early, my Christina said to me, I wish you would get up. I have been waiting for some hours, not wanting to wake you. I sent Br. Jeremias on foot to Mr. Chamberlain, that he would ready himself, and Br. Samuel followed him right away by sled. In about 1 1/2 hours Mrs. Chamberlain, Sqr. Ransom’s wife, their eldest married daughter,93 the widow Mills, and Doctor Chase’s wife,94 as midwife, were here. Lewis Mills95 brought his mother and Sqr. Ransom’s wife.96 Because the wife of D[octor] Chase is sickly, he sent word that I should give his wife one dose of balsam, that would cure her, which I did. Indeed, she recovered soon after. D. Chase came himself that afternoon to see how things looked with his wife’s recovery and found her well. He requested of me that I shall please have a jar full sent from Bethlehem for him; he would be pleased to pay for it. Several of the Indian sisters came from afar to see how matters stood with my Christina. They had feared beforehand that it would be difficult. The dear Savior was exceptionally near me and my Christina. It went on until after midnight when all the women, as well as my wife, were tired and spent, having nearly given up all hope. I went outside, spoke with my Man of Suffering and with His and our dear Father, yet submitting matters at the same time to His will, and before any one of us expected it, within a minute, we were delighted with a healthy daughterd, about which I wept tearsd of joy, which my Christina dried for me. It was sometime after 2 o’clock in the morning. The 11th In the morning Lewis Mills came, and after breakfast the women were driven home, all of whom kissing my Christina when bidding her farewell and not able to express themselves enough toward me about how important and dear it had been to them that they had been here in these circumstances. Because Sister Samons fell very ill due to being worn out, the wife of Lewis Mills97 was brought to sit with my wife. And the wife of Sqr. Ransom sent a galon [gallon] of seiter [cider] for our refreshment.

A [Sunday], the 13th The brethren and sisters gathered here for the sermon. The Misters Paine also came for the sermon, with a full sled. Following the sermon our little daughterd was brought to church by Sr. Samons, and after several verses were sung, was 419

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

buried into the death of Jesus amid the nearness of the faithful family of God, and received the name Anna Elenora, being consecrated by Sr. Samons, Martha, Thamar, [and] Johanna amid the verse [D]ie Sele Christi heilige dich,98 p[p].

B [Monday], the 14th Sophia went back to her winter house, to the widow Magdalena. As for the rest, everyone was industrious in his hut. The great work of our Redeemer was discussed during the occasions. E [Tuesday], the 15th Several sisters went 10 miles to get deer meat.

C [Wednesday], the 16th, and F [Thursday], the 17th During these days we had visits from whites and brown ones to see how my Christina and our little A. Elenora were faring. D [Friday], the 18th I got a sled full of wood but was unable to loosen any more [from the ice]. The evening meeting was full of feeling. A [Sunday], the 20th First, the litany was prayed, and our A. Elenora was remembered at the appropriate place. Isaiah 53.3, 4 was preached on amid the feeling of the wounds. B [Monday], the 21st Samuel and Lucia rode with their sled to get wood for brooms. Meanwhile Thamar, her [Lucia’s] mother, kept house for the children. They returned home [on] [Tuesday], the 22nd, with a substantial load. Several sisters went up the river to work. Through them we sent word to the friends99 of Sr. Samons that all of us are well and in good health. And they are to pass on to Brother and Sister Gambold that my Christina had been delivered of a daughterd. C [Wednesday], the 23rd I was at Mr. Bull’s on account of outward business. There was a small 420

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

audience [present] at the evening meeting, for many are out selling brooms and baskets. F [Thursday], the 24th Sister Samons visits the Indian sisters frequently, speaking with them about their hearts; they love her very much and tell her about the state of their hearts.

D [Friday], the 25th We put ourselves in mind of today’s festival; we were frequently in Bethlehem, in spirit.100 The evening meeting was full of feeling. [No entry for the 26th]

A [Sunday], the 27th Following the sermon there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, and after that the communicants [came] together, at which time the institution of this important sacrament was spoken about with deep feeling, and then the liturgical hymnus [hymn] May God, our God, his Blessing Sen[d] was sung, and the brethren and sisters were informed that holy Communion would be next Thursday.

B [Monday], the 28th During the evening meeting the Savior’s martyrdom now ahead of Him was discussed. The brethren and sisters were atent. E [Tuesday], the 29[th], and C [Wednesday], the 30th In the evening the passion [story] was read from. F [Thursday], the 31st The brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. Given that few were at home during these days, no sermon was delivered, neither today nor tomorrow. Sr. Anna, who has a husband who is unbaptized, came up from the lower toun in tears because her husband had not wanted to let her go. Magdalena wept many tears, for she was unable to join due to a number of circumstances. The other communicants were well and like sinners. First there was the love feast, where Justina served and was present as well. Because my wife was unable to wash the sisters’ feet, we had to suspend it this time. A white 421

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

man came to me, wanting to be instructed, for he had no peace in his heart, and had been with the High Church, Presbyterians, [and] Separatists, and had not found it there [either], even though his head was filled with knowledge. I said, if only he could apprehend what the apostle said, [that is,] to love Christ, [that] would be better than knowing everything. But he was not satisfied with this. I told him that I believed that he had never felt nor experienced God’s love in his heart. At that point, he became alarmed and said, Sir, but I do have experience. If I were willing to hear him, he would tell me about it. I said yes. He started talking about his being in a state of distress, that he had been in a situation where he could neither work, nor eat, nor sleep, and when he finally appealed to his family’s conscience,101 he found peace. Thereupon, in his dream at night [he] saw the world around him in flames; he also saw the Savior approaching from among the clouds. Some went to Him, yet only very few, but he was not among the few, p[p]. I said, Why, from this he saw that he never reached the Savior and there was undoubtedly no blessedness to be achieved other than near the bloody Savior, and that there was still time to go to Him and come to know Him, p[p]. The poor man was as if stripped naked. Thereupon [the horn] was blown, at which point the communicants gathered. We knelt down at the holy feet of our most beloved Man of Suffering, appealing to Him that He may do invisibly with us what He did visibly with His disciples, washing the dust off them, which we indeed experienced. After the absolution we drew near the holy place, to our Man of Suffering, and let ourselves be permeated by His body and blood. Partakers of this grace were Samuel, Lucia, Martha, Johanna, Erdmuth, Thamar, Anna, Agnes, [Sr.] Samons, Joachim, [and] Christina. The one mentioned last was in the hall for the first time again [since her delivery]; and this month was brought to a close by means of the church’s benediction. Good Friday, April 1 [This day] was passed in quietude at our house; we had a blessed meeting in the evening. And thus was the Great Sabbath [on] the 2nd. Among ourselves we spoke at length about our dear Bethlehem. After the evening meeting we mentioned that, when [the horn] was blown for the 2nd time tomorrow morning, the brethren and sisters are to assemble in the hall in order to go to God’s Acre and remember the resurrection of our dear Lord, p[p]. 422

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Easter Sunday, the 3rd After [the horn] had been blown for the 2nd time, the brethren and sisters gathered in the hall. Following several verses from the song [O]nce on a Sabbath’s early Dawn, p[p]., we walked to God’s Acre in proper order, singing Christ was to Death abased, whereupon the litany was prayed and the brethren and sisters who had gone home last year were remembered in name. We felt an intimate nearness of the dear Savior. Toward noon, with the brethren and sisters from the other places having gathered here, Acts 2.23, 24 was preached on with blessing. The children’s quarter-of-an-hour took place with passion. They were atent to hear about the resurrection of the Savior.

B [Monday], the 4th I sent Br. Samuel 4 miles from here to get a horse, because Sr. Samons, having demonstrated utmost diligence and devotion to my wife and child into the 7th week, now desired to return to Sichem in order to prepare herself to go with Brother and Sister Gambold on a visitation. And I went to another one of our neighbors who had promised to loan one [horse] to me. However, because I learned that there was going to be a fast day on the 6th, we had to suspend the journey for several days. During the evening occasion, the appearance of the Savior among His disciples for 40 days was spoken about with grace and blessing, and that those 40 days are also special days of grace to us, and that the brethren and sisters [should] prepare their hearts and houses in such a way that when the Savior came to visit this or that person, He would find a sweet smell about them, p[p]. E [Tuesday], the 5th I rode on horseback to the mill with Welsh corn, announcing at the same time to the brethren and sisters in the lower town the day of fasting. Br. Samuel did the same in the winter huts.

C [Wednesday], the 6th The brethren and sisters assembled. Isaiah 58.5, 6, 7 was preached on. Everyone was atent; the Savior was near us. During the evening meeting my journey with Sr. Samons was announced.

423

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 7th The Indian sisters came in the morning and took leave of Sr. Samons. Then we set out on our journey. My Christina took Samuel’s daughter Marianne for company and assistance. Toward evening we arrived at our dear Brother and Sister Gambold’s [house] in good health, where I received several lettersd and beautiful Gemein Nachrichten, as well as the watchwords for this year.

D [Friday], the 8th I set out to return with my 2 horses. It was a rainy day and fairly cold. It pained Brother and Sister Gambo[ld] to let me go in such weather, but I was unable to stay. I arrived at home in the evening, very wet, finding my Christina and daughterd, [and] likewise the Indian brethren and sisters well. G [Saturday], the 9th I returned the horse to Mr. Paine. On my way back I visited Anna’s husband, who was ill. I talked with him somewhat about the state of his heart; he responded to everything in the affirmative. Also, today the brethren and sisters moved back to this place from the winter huts on the mountain. Old Br. Simon, who was unable to walk because of old age, was carried down on his son’s back. A [Sunday], the 10th John 11.25, 26 was preached on, [I]ch Bin die Aufersteung und das Lebend,102 p[p]. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, given that the brethren and sisters were still assembled, there was yet another occasion, which became very edifying. Br. Schmick’s letter was read aloud, and that which bears on the Indian plan was communicated from Br. Petrus’s [Böhler] letter. Finally, they were informed that we had received the beautiful watchwords from our dear Br. Johannes [von Watteville]. Next we spoke about today’s watchword, Du schenckest mir vol ein, Psalms 23.5, von deinen Freuden-Oel u. Wein.103

B [Monday], the 11th Old Br. Simon came to visit us. He was very glad that he was living down here again; this way he would be able to attend the meeting at times. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was discussed. In the evening my wife and I 424

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

enjoyed ourselves with the news from the congregation.

E [Tuesday], the 12th Because the roof of the church is very bad, Br. Samuel asked me what I thought — should he speak with the brethren that they would go and jointly make shingles? I told him that I had no objections, he should speak with Joshua about it, which he did. But he [Joshua] did not give him an answer. C [Wednesday], the 13th Thamar went with several of her daughters to New Milford to sell baskets and other items. During the evening occasion the watchword was talked about with blessing. D [Friday], the 15th We were busy getting provisions to this place [for] when the brethren would make the shingles, with which Joshua assisted us. Virtually all of the brethren were at home. G [Saturday], the 16th Br. Samuel summoned the brethren in the lower town. A [Sunday], the 17th Today’s watchword, Psalms 51.19, was preached on with blessing, and afterward, the children’s quarter-of-an-hour [took place].

B [Monday], the 18th I went with 12 brethren down along the mountain and started making shingles. Lucia helped my Christina cook food, which was brought out [to us] at noon; things proceeded in a nice and orderly fashion. All of them were very industrious. E [Tuesday], the 19th We continued with the aforementioned work. The sisters and children were busy carrying [the shingles] to this place, and this way 650 were completed today. But everyone was very tired.

C [Wednesday], the 20th 425

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Several brethren went 12 miles up the river to make canoes, which they intend to bring down. The new watchwords are a blessing to us.

F [Thursday], the 21st I started to work in the garden. The brethren and sisters who were at home went about their business industriously.

D [Friday], the 22nd Several unmarried womenfolk, who had lived near Newtown during the winter, arrived here. Anna Maria, Ester’s mother, and Judith had greetings sent to us, and sent us word that they intended to come up in 14 days.

G [Saturday], the 23rd Sister Sophia, and others with her, came from the winter house to stay here. A [Sunday], the 24th Today’s watchword was preached on, [D]ie Elenden sehens u freuen sich, und, die den Herren suchen, denen wird das Herz leben,104 Psalms 69.33 [sic]. In the afternoon the children’s quarter-of-an-hour [took place].

B [Monday], the 25th Thamar came to us after the evening occasion saying [that] she had understood everything well; it had been spoken the way she felt it in her heart. She was charged with occupying herself with Justina, to speak with her about the Savior. E [Tuesday], the 26[th] Thamar came, telling us that she would go among the white people. Justina was going with her; that is when she [Thamar] would take the opportunity to speak with her. C [Wednesday], the 27th [The] Joshuas and [the] Philippuses went to Quaker Hill for 2 weeks to make brooms and baskets in that area. F [Thursday], the 28th 426

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

Through Azariah Smith we received letters from Sichem as well as from our dear Bethlehem, from which we learned about Brother and Sister Gambold’s recall to Bethlehem and the coming of [the] Thorps[es]105 to Sichem. He traveled back on D [Friday], the 29th.

G [Saturday], the 30th Br. Jacob Maul came to visit us, who stayed with us almost until evening, being cheerful. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about. We were grateful for the nearness of the Lord [that we] enjoyed this month.

Pachgatgoch diarium from the month of May, 1763

A [Sunday], the 1st With the brethren and sisters from the lower town having gathered here, the signal for the sermon was given; several English people also were here. First, the litany was prayed. Then Titus 2.11, 12, 13 was preached on. Following the sermon, Gottlob came on account of the baptism of his son born on April 13. He was first spoken with about his coming to the meetings so infrequently. He said, yes, it was true, his heart had truly been lacking. Afterward, there was the children’s quarter-of-an-hour.

B [Monday], the 2nd Several brethren went to make canoe[s]. During the evening meeting today’s watchword was talked about amid an innermost feeling. C [Wednesday], the 4[th] Our cow had wandered off, which I went looking for together with Br. Gottlieb, [and] which we found [on] the 5th on the mountain, along with the calf, and brought them home. D [Friday], the 6th One of our neighbors came and plowed 2 fields106 for me to plant Welsh corn on. In the evening the Haupt vol Blut und Wunden was celebrated in song.

427

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

G [Saturday], the 7th I started planting Welsh corn. Samuel and Lucia, who had worked several miles from here, came home in good spirits.

A [Sunday], May 8 Before the sermon Br. Gottlob, along with his wife Leah, came appealing for the baptism of their child. They were promised that it would be baptized that afternoon during the children’s occasion, [and] which was recommended to the Savior at the usual place in the litany. Today’s watchword was preached on. During the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, for which several Englishmen and children were present, a small brief address was delivered regarding the baptism of children, and then the little heart received the bath of grace from the wounds of Jesus amid the nearness of the family of God, and received the name Thomas. The mother wept many tears in the course of the baptism. After another signal was given, the communicants came together for their quarter-of-an-hour, during which they were reminded of Holy Communion this coming Sunday. B [Monday], the 9th I was busy planting Welsh corn. Several Indians who had lived near Newtown during the winter came here to plant. Today’s watchword was talked about during the evening meeting.

E [Tuesday], the 10th Some of the brethren and sisters also started to plant; the others were busy making brooms and baskets. [No entry for the 11th]

F [Thursday], the 12th During the evening service the story of Christ’s ascension was read and spoken about somewhat, especially that He will be near those of His until the end of time. D [Friday], the 13th To our joy, Brothers Gambold and Thorp arrived at our house from Sichem, through whom we received by word of mouth, as well as in writing, news from 428

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

our brethren and sisters in Bethlehem. The former delivered a blessed address to the brown assembly in the evening.

G [Saturday], the 14th The aforementioned brethren107 returned to Sichem. The Indian brethren and sisters sent warm greetings to Sichem, as well as to Bethlehem and Nain. We spoke with the communicants on account of the impending Communion. They expressed a hunger and thirst for this heavenly fare and drink, especially old, blind Maria and old Simon.

A [Sunday], the 15th Today’s text was preached on to the brown ones and the English people. After the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, there was the love feast, which Joshua attended as well. In the evening the communicants assembled, and having received absolution, we were permeated by the martyred body and blood of our eternal Husband, and with the church’s benediction having been pronounced, everyone retired to his hut. B [Monday], the 16th I spent [this day] writing to Bethlehem and New York. Following the evening service, the brethren and sisters were informed of my journey to Sichem. They gave me warm greetings for the brethren and sisters there, especially for Brother and Sister Gambold. E [Tuesday], the 17th I set out for Sichem in the morning. Samuel and his daughter assisted my Christina during my absence. I found many brethren and sisters with the Gambolds and Thorps, who were taking leave of them, and this went on until late at night. C [Wednesday], the 18th Brother and Sister Gambold set out on their journey to Bethlehem, and I set out to return to Schaghticoke. Also, Magdalena came home with her children from her winter house, at which time we learned that she had taken a husband again, old Simon’s unbaptized son Tam Seat.108 The evening meeting was on today’s text, full of feeling. 429

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 19th Judith and Anna Maria arrived here from their winter quarters. D [Friday], the 20th The aforementioned sisters were visited by my wife, and they were spoken with about their hearts. [No entry for the 21st]

A [Sunday], the 22[nd] On Pentecost, Acts 2.16, 17, 18 were preached on with grace and amid the nearness of our Lord. The evening meeting was on today’s text, with blessing. B [Monday], the 23rd From Newtown came those who had lived thereabouts during the winter. Joshua interpreted during the evening meeting, and afterward, he asked all the adult inhabitants of this place to come to his house, to speak with them about outward order. At this time, Br. Samuel reminded them that beforehand, each one should ensure that he was in good standing with the Savior, otherwise the act of putting things in order would not help much. One person openly admitted that he had strayed from the Savior. Samuel said, We have heard in the course of these days that he who has not been obedient to the Holy Spirit, our dear Mother, may admit to it and ask for forgiveness, then he will soon set himself right, p[p]. E [Tuesday], the 24th School was resumed. The brethren went down to improve the road between the mountain and river.109

C [Wednesday], the 25th Br. Samuel, with his family, as well as Justina, went to New Milford to work there, and at the same time, to catch fish at the falls. Samuel was charged with going to Woodbury to visit Pascak, the husband of Sr. Anna, who had gone to the doctor there, and to inquire whether the Savior’s work was noticeable in his heart, and to inform me accordingly. 430

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

F [Thursday], the 26th, and D [Friday], the 27th The brethren were repairing the huts. The occasions were on the texts, with blessing; Joshua interpreted. The schools were attended regularly by the children. Moreover, Sophia and others set out for New Milford to catch lampreys, for they are coming up the river at this time. G [Saturday], the 28th During the evening meeting we felt especially comfortable. A [Sunday], the 29th Today’s text was preached on, Ihr seyd der Tempel des lebendigen Gottes, wie denn Gott spricht: Ich will in ihnen wohnen u: in Ihnen wandeln,110 p[p]., 2 Corinthians 6.16.

B [Monday], the 30th The schools were held. Many were still busy planting beans.

E [Tuesday], the 31st We learned from Sr. Thamar that Br. Samuel had visited sick Pascak but had been unable to speak with him about his heart, and that the doctor there cannot help him. Sarah is there together with her entire family, waiting for his end. It certainly fills one with sorrow that a person such as he, who has heard about the Savior so many times, can depart this life so unmoved. C [Wednesday], June 1 Almost everyone went down to New Milford, to the falls, to catch fish. Also, the brother of Sr. Lidia and Christiana Schebosch came here from Wanachquaticok, who visited us and inquired about his sisters, and who soon went to the aforementioned fish catch. Only a few families were at home.

F [Thursday], the 2nd During the evening meeting today’s text was talked about amid a deep feeling. D [Friday], the 3rd The schools with the boys and girls were held in due order. 431

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

A [Sunday], the 5th Today’s text was preached on, and later the children’s hour [took place].

B [Monday], the 6th Although few brethren and sisters are at home, the meetings were nonetheless held in due order, with blessing. Samuel’s daughter Marianne came home from New Milford, thus, we learned that all the brethren and sisters who are there work are still well. E [Tuesday], the 7th During the evening meeting today’s text was talked about, Ich lebe, aber doch nun nicht ich, sondern Christ lebet in mir, Galatians 2.20, Ich Bleib in Ihm, u: Er in mir.111 [No entry for the 8th]

F [Thursday], the 9th I was industrious, hoeing Welsh corn. In the evening today’s text was talked about with a warm heart. D [Friday], the 10th During the evening occasion the Haupt vol Blut und wunden was celebrated in song, and today’s text talked about somewhat. A [Sunday], the 12th The occasions proceeded as usual.

B [Monday], the 13th The Wanachquaticok Indians are not performing well here. I have chided them several times for their bad conduct, likewise those who are coming from the seaside. Sisters Martha, Johanna, Thamar, [the] Samuels, and others are hard at work hoeing their Welsh corn at the right time, but many are very disorderly. [No entries for the 14th and 15th]

G [Saturday], the 16th Anna had sent word to her mother Thamar for her to come and get her and her children, because her husband was breathing his last. Thamar asked us about 432

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

this; and she was advised not to go until she heard that he was dead, which she did. The evening occasion was on today’s text. [No entries for the 17th and 18th]

A [Sunday], the 19th Whites and brown ones were preached to. In the afternoon the children’s quarter-of-an-hour [took place] with blessing. B [Monday], the 20th Because Sister Thamar had learned that Pascack, her daughter’s husband, was dead, she went to Woodbury to get her Anna with her children to be with her.

E [Tuesday], the 21st, and C [Wednesday], the 22nd Several brethren and sisters came home. Samuel, along with several white people, had buried Pascak. A minister had been present as well, who had prayed at the graveside. Sister Anna was glad that she was freed from this burden. F [Thursday], the 23rd During the remaining days the brethren and sisters were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. I went 5 miles from here and got communion wine. The occasions in the evening were full of feeling. [No entries for the 24th and 25th]

A [Sunday], the 26th John 7.37, 38 was preached on to whites, brown ones, and blacks amid the nearness of the Savior. Instead of the children’s quarter-of-an-hour, they had a love feast, which the communicants attended as well. This had been promised to the children, for they had not had one on the day of the innocent children. We all felt well on this occasion. In the evening, with the communicants having gathered, we knelt down at the bloody feet of our Husband and Lord and asked Him for the merciful absolution, and having received the same [words 433

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

crossed out], today’s text, Sind wir mit Christo gestorben so glauben wir, daß wir auch mit ihm leben werden,112 Romans 6.8, was talked about somewhat. And with that, we drew near the pale body and blood of our most beloved Husband of Souls, and were permeated by spirit, soul, and body. The church’s benediction provided the closing. B [Monday], the 27th Everyone was hard at work hoeing Welsh corn. [Words crossed out] The brethren and sisters were summoned and hoed our Welsh corn [on] [Tuesday], the 28th.

C [Wednesday], the 29th I had such back pain that I was neither able to lie nor sit, so much so that I was at times hardly able to hold the meeting. [No entry for the 30th]

D [Friday], Julius 1 The brethren and sisters who are at home were industrious hoeing Welsh corn. There was no meeting held because I was unable to sit because of back pain. [No entry for the 2nd]

A [Sunday], the 3rd The brethren and sisters from the lower town having gathered here, the usual signal for the sermon was given. The 1st book of Moses 15.1 was preached on amid the nearness of our dear Savior. Br. Samuel conducted the children’s quarterof-an-hour. B [Monday], the 4th In the morning the brethren and sisters went on the mountain to peel barck, or bark, and to carry it, and they repaired our old cooking and washhouse. We had a visit from Mr. Chamberlain. After the evening meeting the brethren and sisters were informed that a day of thanksgiving was ordered in this governument for next Wednesday, when around noon a sermon would be held, as is done on Sundays. E [Tuesday], the 5th Joshua came, telling me that he intended to go and work in the woods with his family today. When I reminded him of tomorrow’s thanksgiving, he said 434

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

[that] he needed to leave out of necessity, for he had not one handful of corn in the house. C [Wednesday], the 6th At the usual time the sermon was called by blowing [the horn]. 1 Timothy 2.1, 2 was preached on, but I had few hearers.

F [Thursday], the 7th All the brethren and sisters were busy working in the field. The evening occasion took place in due order. D [Friday], the 8th For the evening meeting several verses from the song O Haupt vol Blut und Wunden were sung, and afterward, a brief address was delivered on the Savior’s suffering and passion. [No entry for the 9th]

A [Sunday], the 10th d

In the morning a son was born to Jonathan. John 6.56, 57 was preached on.

B [Monday], the 11th Br. Samuel started mowing my grass. Even though I suffered from severe pains in my back, I went out to make hay. Today my wife had a visit from one of our woman neighbors who enjoys hearing about the Savior, and [on] [Tuesday], the 12th, we were visited by Mr. Bordwell, the minister of Kent, and his wife, who hindered me from making hay. C [Wednesday], the 13th It being a rainy day today, and being unable to work on the hay, I went visiting in several huts. Spoke with the strangers from Wanachquaticok; a woman who had been to Nain several years ago wished to be back there. [No entry for the 14th]

D [Friday], the 15th In the morning, before daybreak, Jeremias and Agnes were delighted with a daughterd. He soon informed us of this. Also, we remembered the birthday of 435

Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763

our dear Brother Joseph [Spangenberg] today. We wished him for the coming years much grace and the blessed nearness of the Savior in his office with the Church of the Brethren. A [Sunday], the 17th 1 John 4.15 was preached on. Afterward, there was the children’s quarter-ofan-hour. B [Monday], the 18th Because several Indians had spent too long a time among the white people, and were behind with the hoeing of their Welsh corn, they had secretly obtained rum and invited the young and frolicsome folk to hoe, which caused some disorder; and because Joshua is a bad person [himself ], he, in turn, cannot and does not prohibit others [from doing this]. This caused us many heartaches and [much] distress. E [Tuesday], the 19th Joshua summoned the brethren and sisters, and they hoed our Welsh corn.

C [Wednesday], the 20th The Sisters Thamar, Lucia, [and] Anna went out among the white people to sell brooms and baskets. [No entries for the 21st and 22nd]

G [Saturday], the 23rd The aforementioned sisters came home in good spirits. At the evening meeting it was mentioned, among other things, how at week’s end the children of God give thanks to the dear Savior for the grace and favor enjoyed from Him in the course of the week, p[p]. A [Sunday], the 24th Whites and brown ones were preached to on Hebrews 21.23. The children’s quarter-of-an-hour was full of feeling and with blessing. B [Monday], the 25th Many brethren and sisters went among the white people to cut wheat. 436

E [Tuesday], the 26th I visited the brethren and sisters in the lower town. Peter and his wife Juliana are a couple of agreeable brethren and sisters. Both Sarah and Leah were well and in good spirits. C [Wednesday], the 27th I went on horseback to merchant Metschle to see if there were any letters and news from Bethlehem or New York, but found none. From there I continued on horseback for 3 more miles and bought some wheat so that we would get flour, because for several days we had to make do with beans and other fruits from the garden. I returned home toward evening. [No entries for the 28th and 29th]

G [Saturday], the 30th Several brethren and sisters, who had been out working during these days, came home well and in good spirits. A [Sunday], the 31st 2 Peter 2.20, 21 was preached on to a considerable number of English people and Indians who were present, along with their children, and also attended the children’s meeting. Some had been here nearly every Sunday throughout the summer. [The diary ends]

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Name, relations, place of residence

Gideon, Martha’s husband, Capt. of Pachg.

Josua, Elisabeth’s husband and Gideon’s son

Martin, Justina’s husband, Gideon’s son

Simeon, late Hanna’s husband

Gottlieb, Magdalena’s husband

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

When they were baptized Feb. 13, 1743

eod.2

Mart. 13, 1749

June 26, [17]43

Mart. 14, 1749

Nation

Wompanoos

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Pachgatg.

Shekomeko

Wechquadnach at Gnadensee

ibid.

Pachgatgoch

Where

Catalogus of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch, December 27, 17511

Catalogus of the Indian Congregation in Pachgatgoch Cammerhoff

M. Mack

Cammerhoff

Büttner

M. Mack

By whom they were baptized

has 6 children, 4 boys, 2 girls; the eldest son and the youngest are bapt.

has 4 sons and 1 daughter; are grown up, 3 of whom are bapt.

2 boys, the smallest is bapt. Jacob

has 3 girls and 3 boys; the smallest is bapt. Anna

2 lawful sons; Josua, Martin

How many children they have

Appendix 1

Petrus, Thamar’s husband

13.

Mart. 16, 1749

Johannes, Simeon’s son, Lea’s husband

12.

Womp.

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadnach

Womp.

Communicant

Paulus, Simeon’s son, has an unbaptized wife

11.

Communicant

July 20, [17]51

Womp.

Communicant

David, Rebecca’s husband

10.

Feb. 20, 1750

Mart. 15, [17]49 ibid.

Womp.

Gottlob, Juliana’s husband

9.

Womp.

Mart. 16, [17]49

Womp.

Communicant

Christian, Gottlieba’s husband, Petrus’s brother

8.

Wechquadn.

Pachgatg.

Pachgatg.

Wechquadn.

Shekomeko

Mart. 27, [17]43

Womp.

Communicant

Jeremias, Agnes’s husband, born Potatuck

7.

ibid.

Feb. 13, [17]43

Womp.

Communicant

Samuel, Lucia’s husband, born Potatuck

6.

has 5 children, 3 boys, 2 girls; the smallest [girl] is bapt. has 4 children

M. Mack

Cammerhoff

5 daughters, grown up, 4 are married has 4 children, the smallest is bapt. Joseph 5 daughters, grown up, 4 are married

Cammerhoff

Grube

Cammerhoff

continued

has 5 children, 3 sons and 2 daughters Pezold

Cammerhoff

has 2 girls, the smallest is bapt.

M. Mack

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Amos, unmarried

Johnathan, Martha’s son, unmarried

Philippus, Gottlieb’s eldest son, about 18 years old

Martha, Gideon’s wife and Erdmuth’s daughter

Elisabeth, Josua’s wife, daughter of Petrus

Magdalena, Gottlieb’s wife, a relation of late Johanis in Shekomeko

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Womp. Mahic[an]

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Communicant

Lucas, the son of late Lucas and of Priscilla, unmarried

14.

Nation

Communicant

Name, relations, place of residence

No.

Mart. 14, 1749

Mart. 27, 1743

Jan. 3, 1744

Dec. 27, 1751

Dec. 27, 1751

Feb. 13, 1743

Mart. 14, 1749

When they were baptized

Pachgatg.

Shekom.

Wachquadn.

Pachgatg.

ibid.

ibid.

Pachgatg.

Where

Catalogus of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch, December 27, 17511 (continued)

Cammerhoff

M. Mack

M. Mack

Grube

Grube Sensemann

M. Mack

Cammerhoff

By whom they were baptized

1 son, Jonathan, by another husband

How many children they have

Womp. Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp. Womp.

Communicant Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant Communicnt

Justina, Martin’s wife

Thamar, Petrus’s wife

Agnes, Jeremia’s wife, daughter of Petrus

Lucia, Samuel’s wife, daughter of Petrus

Gottlieba, Christian’s wife, daughter of Sara

Juliana, wife of Gottlob, daughter sister of Martha

Rebecca, David’s wife

Lea, Johannis’s wife, daughter of Sara

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Wechquadn.

Shekom.

Wechquadn.

Feb. 20, 1750

Nov. [22?], 1750

June 15, [17]49

June 15, [17]49

ibid.

Pachgatg.

ibid.

Wechquadn.

Mart. 15, [17]49 Pachgatg.

June 15, [17]49

July 31, [17]43

Mart. 15, 1749

Grube

Cammerhoff

Nathanael

Nathanael

Cammerhoff

Nathanael

Bishop Dav. Nitschmann Büttner

Cammerhoff

continued

has one daughter

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wachquadn.

Aug. 7, 1743

Mart. 14, [17]49 eod. d.3

Mart. 15, [17]49 ibid.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp. Womp. Womp.

Communicant

Communicant

Communicant Communicant

Charitas, Abel’s wife, daughter of Petrus

Priscilla, Lucas’s widow

Erdmuth, widow, mother of Martha

Maria, widow, mother of Petrus

Communicant Johanna, widow, daughter of Martha, and Erdmuth’s granddaughter; Johanna in turn has a daughter of 16 years of age

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

ibid.

Pachgatg.

Shekomek.

ibid.

Feb. 19, 1750

Womp.

Communicant

Sara, mother of Lea and Gottlieba, her husband unbaptized

29.

Where

When they were baptized

Nation

Communicant

Name, relations, place of residence

No.

Catalogus of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch, December 27, 17511 (continued)

4 children, one of whom bapt. Gabriel 4 children, 3 daughters, 1 son, of whom 3 are bapt.

Cammerhoff

Anton [Seiffert]

Cammerhoff

Cammerhoff has one daughter

6 children, 3 of whom bapt.; Lea, Gottliebe and Maria

Grube

Cammerhoff

How many children they have

By whom they were baptized

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Feb. 19, [17]50

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn.

June 24, 1750

Womp.

Womp.

Womp. Hogl. [Highland Indian] Womp.

Communicant

Communicant

Anna, youngest daughter of Petrus; unmarried sister

Benigna, Simeon’s daughter, unmarried sister, has been to Bethl.

Maria, daughter of Sara, older girl

Gabriel, son of Charitas of about 4 years

Beata, Jeremias’s little daughter, 1 1/2 years old

38.

39.

40.

41.

eod. d.

Pachgatg.

Pachgatg.

ibid.

ibid.

37.

eod. d.

Womp.

Communicant Benigna, sister of Salome and 2nd daughter of Priscilla; unmarried sister

Pachgatg.

36.

Oct. 22, [17]49

Womp.

Communicant

Salome, eldest daughter of Priscilla; unmarried sister

35.

Grube

Cammerhoff

Grube

Pezold

Nathanael

Grube

Grube

continued

April 25, [17]51

July 20, [17]51

eod. d.

December 25 [27], 1751

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Womp.

Anna, Josua’s little daughter, nearly 1 year old

Johannes, Gottlieb’s little son, 1/2 years old

Joseph, Johannis and Lea’s little son, 1/2 year old

Jacob, the little son of Martin, several weeks old

43.

44.

45.

46.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

Where

Grube

Pezold

Pezold

Pezold

Cammerhoff

By whom they were baptized

How many children they have

continued

In Pachgatgoch are yet unbaptized Sherry, Kihoor, Weidli, 3 men, item the sister of old Maria. All the others4 are still boys, girls, and children.

In Westenhook, or Stockbridge, is Wilhelm, Bartolomaeus, it. Magdalena, the unmarried sister who was once in Bethlehem.

In Wechquadnach there is also Timotheus and his wife Hanna, likewise the widow Susanna.

Abel is in the Highlands near Peekskill.

[The following notes were included in the original table.]

November 22, 1750

Womp.

Christine, Samuel’s little daughter of 5/4 years

42.

When they were baptized

Communicant

Nation

Name, relations, place of residence

No.

Catalogus of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch, December 27, 17511 (continued)

eodem (Latin: the same).

eodem diem (Latin: the same day).

The interrogative “qu.” is inserted here by Spangenberg.

2

3

4

1

This line, written by Grube, is on the title page. “Catal. of the Indian congregationd in Pachgatgoch” is repeated at the top of the page in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand. The original document is in table form as reproduced here. All names and designations are as they appear in the original.

Editors’ Notes: This catalog appears to be in the hand of Bernhard Adam Grube. The last registered baptisms, on 27 December, were performed by Joachim Sensemann, the resident missionary, and Grube during his visit to Pachgatgoch. The corresponding diary, by Sensemann, covers the period from 6 December 1751 to 15 April 1752 and is accessioned as rmm 3/114/5/1.

Source: rmm 4/115/14/1, 27 Dec. 1751.

Appendix 2

Appendix 2 List of Names Compiled by August Gottlieb Spangenberg

[This list of names was compiled by August Gottlieb Spangenberg during his visit to Pachgatgoch shortly after he had returned to America. The corresponding diary, by Carl Gottfried Rundt, covers the period from 15 April to 22 May 1752 and is accessioned as rmm 3/114/6. See entry for 18 April 1752. Names are as they appear in the original. rmm 4/115/14/2, 7 Apr. 1752 (old style).] Pachgatgoch April 7, 1752, st. v. 1) Sucklings. 1. Gottlieb and Magdalene’s Johannes. 2. Martin and Justine’s Jacob. 3. Johannes and Lea’s Joseph. 4. Samuel and Lucia’s Christine. 5. Josua and Elisabeth’s Anna. 6. Jeremias and Agnes’s Catharine. 7. Caritas’s little Caritas. 2) Little girls. 1. Samuel and Lucia’s Ke˘o˘naw ¯ sk. 2. Josua and Elisabeth’s Peelook. 3. Do their Peechtausk. 4. Do their Caritas’s Alumne˘ mauh. 5. Jeremias and Agnes’s Ala˘péhm. 6. Do their Beata. 448

Appendix 2

7. Gottlieb and Magdalena’s Sa˘nquásk. 8. Do their Ale˘meésk. 9. Christian and Gottlieba’s Unánta˘kqua˘ a˘néhsk. 10. David and Rebecca’s Ma˘ a˘kehm. 11. Do their Na˘w ˘ atschem. 12. Johannes and Lea’s SqwaSe¯hs. 13. Paulus’s Qu ¯ atséhs. 3) Older girls and unmarried sisters. 1. Priscilla’s Salome. 2. Do her Benigna. 3. Petrus and Thamar’s Anna. 4. Juliana’s Pápachkóc¯hk. 5. Johanna’s Ku˘náha˘pe˘e˜schk. 6. Keehorn and Sara’s Mary. 4. Men and women 1. Gideon and Martha. 2. Josua and Elisabeth. 3. Samuel and Lucia. 4. Jeremias and Agnes. 5. Gottlieb and Magdalene. 6. Martin and Justine. 7. Johannes and Lea. 8. David and Rebecca. 9. Petrus and Thamar. 10. Christian and Gottlieba. 11. Paulus and Qua¯hnpe¯h [-?]ma¯hs. 449

Appendix 2

12. Keehorn and Sara. 13. Wittri and Benigna. 14. Chery and his wife, a Presbyterian. 5. Young men and older boys. 1. Amos. 2. Lucas. 3. Philippus. 4. Jonathan. 5. Christian and Gottlieba’s Na¯naw ˜ sch. 6. Gottlieb and Magdalena’s Ma˘qu ¯ aw ˘ ¯apéh. 7. Simeon’s Ta˘ma˘ssee¯t. 8. Do his Ka˘maab. 9. Josua and Elisabeth’s Mo˘ chpúch. 10. Keehorn and Sara’s Paa¯schkaak. 11. David and Rebecca’s Wa˘ o˘ a˘ pe¯ hkún. 12. Do their Ac˘hto˘hmitt. 6.) Little boys. 1. Josua and Elisabeth’s Onéo˘ w ¯ ehs. 2. Jeremias and Agnes’s Máhsa˘ m pãws. 3) Do their Jonas. 4) Do their Se˘hpáchka˘mén. 5) Gottlieb and Magdalena’s Namãhssa˘ mpaw. 6. Martin and Justine’s Jeremia. 7.) Do their Jacob 7. Johannes and Lea’s Ka˘ o˘ we˜skch. 8. Do their A˘ia˘se¯hm. 450

9. David and Rebecca’s Me˘ro¯o¯nnãmpáh. 10. Christian and Gottlieba’s Qwetsch'iuk. 11. Do their Ta¯hhúck. 12. Cherie’s son Säm, baptized by Presbyterians. 13. Keehorn’s Venemóh. 14.) Do his Wa˘raw ¯ oht. 15.) Caritas’s Gabriel. 16.) Do her Ka˘ka˘ jáw. Sucklings

7

Girls

13

S[ingle] sist[ers]

6

Mar[ried] m[en] and w[omen]

28

Boys and s[ingle] m[en]

12

Little boys

13 79

7.) Widowers 1. Simeon 2. Gottlob 8. Widows 1. Priscilla 2. Erdmuth 3. Johanna 4. Maria 9. Half widows 1. Caritas 2. Johanna

Mart. 27, [17]43

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn. Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Wamp. Wamp.

Wamp. Wamp.

Gideon’s son

Josua’s wife, Petrus's daughter

Gideon’s son

Martin’s wife

Mother of Gideon’s wife Martha

Martha’s son

Jonathan’s wife, Priscilla’s daughter

was the wife of Lucas

Elisabeth

*

Josua

Martin

Justina

Erdmuth w[idow]

Jonathan

Salome

Priscilla* widow

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Aug. 7, [17]43

Oct. 22, [17]49

Wamp.

Wamp.

Pachgatg.

Dec. 27, [17]51

Wamp.

Shekom.

Pachgatg.

Mart. 14, [17]49 Pachgatg.

Wamp.

Shekomek.

Pachgatg.

Feb. 13, [17]43

Wamp.

4.

Wechquadn.

Pachgatg.

Where?

Mart. 14, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Jan. 3, [17]44

Feb. 13, [17]43

When they were bapt.

Gideon’s daughter

Johanna w[idow]

3.

Gideon’s wife

Wamp.

*

Martha

Wamp.

Nation

*

Relations

Gideon*

2.

1.

No. Name

Catalogus of the baptized Indians in Pachgatgoch1

Anton

Grube

Sensemann

Cammerh.

Cammerh.

Cammerh.

Rauch

Büttner

Cammerh.

Martin

Martin

By whom

Comm.

Comm.

----

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Commun.

Communic. Absent at this time and where?

Simon’s son

from Potatik

Gottlieb’s wife

Gottlieb’s son

Philippus’s wife, Priscilla’s daughter

A widow of some 80 years, Petrus’s mother

Maria’s son

Paulus

Gottlieb*

Magdalena*

Philippus

Benigna

Maria

Petrus

Thamar

Anna

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

*

Simon’s son

Johannes

15.

Petrus’s daughter

Petrus’s wife

Simon’s daughter

Benigna

14.

*

Simeon

Priscilla’s son

13.

*

Lucas

12.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Mahik.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp. Shekom.

Pachgatg.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

Oct. 22, [17]43

Jul. 13, [17]43

Pachgatg.

Shekomeko

Mart. 16, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Mart. 14, [17]49 ibid.

Oct. 22, [17]49

Dec. 27, [17]51

eod. d.2

Mart. 14, [17]49 Pachgatg.

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquad.

Febr. 20, [17]50

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Jun. 26, [17]43

Mart. 14, [17]49 Pachgatg.

Nathanael

Büttner

Cammerh.

Cammerh.

Grube

Grube

Cammerh.

Cammerh.

Pezold

Grube

Pezold

Martin

Pezold

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

----

Comm.

continued

Lives in the woods due to poverty; has undutiful children who do not provide for her

Absent, but it is not known where.

---Comm.

At the seaside.

----

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Jun. 15, [17]49

Febr. 19, [17]50

eod.d.

Jul. 20, [17]51

Nov. 22, [17]50

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp.

Christian’s wife, Sara’s daughter

Wife of Kihor, an unbaptized one

Daughter of Sara and Kihor

Rebeca’s husband, Sara’s brother

David’s wife

Gottlieba

Sara

Maria

David

Rebecca

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

ibid.

ibid.

ibid.

Pachgatg.

ibid.

Mart. 16, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Wamp.

Maria’s son, Petrus’s brother

Christian

26.

Pachgatg.

Jan. 17, [17]53

Wamp.

Old Maria’s sister.

Where?

Theodora

When they were bapt.

Nation

Relations

25.

No. Name

Catalogus of the baptized Indians in Pachgatgoch1 (continued)

Cammerh.

Pezold

Grube

Grube

Nathanael

Pezold

Nathanael

By whom

Commun.

---

---

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

---

Has been absent for 6 weeks along with her sister Maria in order to work; is about 20 miles from here and very ill.

Communic. Absent at this time and where?

Jun. 15, [17]49

Wamp.

Jeremias’s wife, Petrus’s daughter

Jeremias’s brother

Wife of Samuel, Petrus and Thamar’s daughter

Agnes

Samuel*

Lucia*

36.

37.

38.

Wamp.

Pachgatg.

Wechquad.

Shekomek.

Mart. 15, [17]49 ibid.

Febr. 13, [17]43

Mart. 27, [17]43

Wamp.

Samuel’s brother

Jeremias*

35.

Wamp.

Mart. 26, [17]47 Bethleh.

Mahik.

Has an unbaptized husband, Sekes’s son

Magdalena, previously in Bethl.

34.

Pachgat.

Febr. 20, [17]50

Wamp.

Wife of Johannis, Sara’s daughter

Lea

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquad.

33.

Wamp.

Gottlieb’s father, husband of the late Juliana

Gottlob

32.

Cammerh.

Büttner

Nathan.

Mart.

Schnell

Grube

Pezold

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

Comm.

--

Comm.

Comm.

continued

She moved into the woods with her husband 3 weeks ago, 20 miles from here.

Abel’s wife and Petrus’s daughter

Lived in Shekomeko in former times

Caritas

Susanna widow

40.

41.

Mahik.

Shekom. Rauch

Cammerh.

Where is Amos among the communicants, a single brother?3

The number of communicants on December 9 was 13 and their names are marked with an asterix.

May 13, [17]44

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquad.

Wamp.

Martin

Shekom.

Novb. 2, [17]43

Highland

By whom

Where?

When they were bapt.

Nation

[The following notes were included in the original table.]

Caritas’s husband

Abel

Relations

39.

No. Name

Catalogus of the baptized Indians in Pachgatgoch1 (continued)

---

Comm.

---

Lives at the North River.

A lost little sheep; has not shown up here in a year.

Communic. Absent at this time and where?

Abel and Caritas’s little son

Johannes and Lea

Gottlieb and Magdalena’s little son

Samuel and Lucia’s little son

Martin’s and Justin[a’s]

Josua and Elisab[eth’s] little daughter

Samuel’s and Luc[ia’s]

Jeremias and Agnes

Gabriel

Joseph

Johannes

Timotheus

Jacob

Anna

Christina

Beata

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Relations

1.

No. Name

Baptized Children

Jul. 20, [17]51 Jul. 20, [17]51

Jan. 24, [17]53

Decb. 25, [17]51 Apr. 25, [17]51

Nov. 22, [17]50 Jun. 24, [17]50

Wamp. Wamp.

Wamp.

Wamp. Wamp.

Wamp. Wamp.

Pachgatg.

Pachgatg.

Pachgatg.

Pachgatg.

Grube

Grube

Pezold

Grube

continued

Sensemann

Pezold

Pachgatg.

Pachgatgoch

Pezold

Cammerh.

By whom

Pachgatg.

Mart. 15, [17]49 Wechquadn.

Father, Highland; mother, Wamp.

Where?

When they were bapt.

Nation

Wamp. Sept. 11, [17]52

Apr. 17, [17]52

When they were bapt.

By whom Joseph Martin

Where? Pachgatg. Pachgatg.

eodem (Latin: the same).

This line is written in another hand.

2

3

1 The notation “Sept. 11, 1752 latest entry” is written at the top of this page, probably by an archivist. However, the last recorded baptism in the catalog is dated 24 January 1753. The original document is in table form as reproduced here. All names and designations are as they appear in the original.

Editors’ Notes: There is no indication of authorship. The last recorded baptism takes place during the time of Gottlob Sensemann’s tenure at Pachgatgoch; however, this catalog appears to be in Carl Gottfried Rundt’s hand.

Source: rmm 4/115/14/3.

David and Rebecca

Ann[a] Maria

10.

Wamp.

Jeremias and Agnes

Catharina

Nation

Relations

9.

No. Name

Baptized Children (continued)

Appendix 3

Appendix 3 Catalogus of Baptized and Unbaptized Indians in Pachgatgoch

}

both have previously been to Bethlehem

Appendix 3

Unbaptized persons in Pachgatgoch Gottlieb and Magdalena have . . . 4 unbaptized children Jeremias and Agnes . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Christian and Gottlieba. . . . . . . . 4 Josua and Elisabeth . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Abel and Caritas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 David and Rebecca . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 of whom the eldest son has long -----------------------applied for baptism; has recently -----------------------married the daughter of Johanna. Johannes and Lea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Martin and Justina . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Samuel and Lucia have . . . . . . . . . 1 unbaptized child Simon . . . . has 2 sons . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . sons Johanna . . has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . daughter The unbaptized daughter of the late Juliana Wittli, Sister Benigna’s husband, along with her child. Kihor, Sara’s husband, along with 3 unbaptized children, of whom the eldest son is married. The one mentioned last also has his unbaptized wife and 2 children living with him. Boni, Amos’s brother, who had his residence here for some time; works now in N. Milfort [New Milford]. Many years ago he was Johanna’s husband, before she was baptized. Tscheri had applied for baptism several years ago. Has a child and his mother living with him. His wife, who was baptized by the Presbyterians, is presently not at home. Thom. Türk with his mother, brother, and several children are presently living in the woods because of the lack of wood. 460

The daughter of our late Br. Isaac with her husband and children lived here the past summer, but [they] have moved into the woods for the aforementioned reason. A female relative of Sr. Thamar lived here in the summer, along with her brother’s daughter, husband, and children; they are also presently living in the woods. A widow, who was baptized by the Presbyterians, [and] is also part of the aforementioned family, attended the meeting regularly; lived here, [lives] in the woods now. Sekes, along with his wife, son, and daughter. The son married Magdalena, who had been in Bethlehem, and has a child with her. Old Maria’s brother, who is living with that same family.

Appendix 4

Appendix 4 Lists and Correspondence

[rmm 4/115/14/4. The four lists of names that follow appear to be in the hand of Christian Heinrich Rauch. Rauch’s corresponding diary covers the period from 17 June to 27 July 1754 and is accessioned as rmm 4/115/11. Names are as they appear in the original.] N. 11 Baptized married people in Pachgatgoch are: 1. Gideon 2. Martha

}

widows

3. Josua 4. Eliesabeth 5. Samuel 6. Lucia 7. Jeremias 8. Agnes 9. Petrus 10. Thamar 11. Martin 12. Justina 13. Christian 14. Gottliebe 15. Gottlieb 16. Magdalena 462

Appendix 4

17. David 18. Rebecca 19. Jonathan 20. Salome Priscilla’s daughter 21. Phillippus 22. Beningna Priscilla’s daughter 23. Simion widower 24. Lucas single 25. Priscilla 26. Erdmuth 27. Maria 28. Johanna, Giedeon’s daughter 29. Beningna, Sim[on’s] daughter 30. Caritas, Petrus’s daughter Abel was her husband; she has 3 children 31. Anna, Petrus’s daughter 32. Sahra, her husband [is] Kihor 33. Lea, Sahra’s daughter, has 2 husbands; is a shameless whore. But there are many of her kind in Pachgatgoch. N. 2 Baptized children 1. Gabriel, Caritas’s child 2. Beata, Jerm. and Angnes’s child 3. Cristina, Sam. and Lucia’s child 4. Anna, Josua and Eliesabeth’s child 463

Appendix 4

5. Jacob, Martin and Justina’s child 6. Johannes, Gottl. and Magd[alena’s] child 7. Joseph, Johannes and Lea’s child 8. Catharina, Jerm. and Angnes’s child 9. Timotheus, Sam. and Lucia’s child 10. Rosina, Josua and Elies[abeth’s] child 11. Martha, Gottlieb and Magd[alena’s] child N. 3 Unbaptized adults and children in Pachgatgoch Samuel, 1 girl Martin, 1 son Jeremias, 3 sons, 1 daughter Christian, 3 sons, 1 daughter Josua, 2 sons, 2 daughters Gottl., 2 sons, 2 daughters Simion, 2 sons - Beningna’s husband and 1 son Lea, 3 sons and 1 daughter Johanna, 1 daughter David, 3 sons, 2 daughters altogether 32 souls N.b. [I] also spoke with Schirry and his mother and son. He lives in Pachgatgoch as well. This makes it 118 souls. N. 4 Further: Sahra’s husband, called Kihor, has 3 sons, of whom one has a wife and 3 children, making it altogether 8 souls. 464

Appendix 4

Wonemo’s mother-in-law has one daughter and [one] son, who has a wife and 3 children. Caritas, 1 son and 2 girls. Juliana’s daughter. Erdmuth’s daughter has 2 sons and 1 daughter. Thomas Türck with his wife [has] his brother with his wife and children, 2 girls, and his mother living with them. Old Maquaenwisch, Thamar’s relation. Old Sekes with his wife has a son and daughter. The son married Magdalene; they have 1 child. Old Maria’s brother. Amos’s brother, called Boni. Br. Gottl.’s mother. Are altogether 40 souls N. 1. item

33 - - - -

N. 2. - - - -

11 - - - -

N. 3. - - - -

32 - - - 116 NB.

[rmm 4/115/14/5, Mar. 1755. This catalog was probably compiled by Carl Gottfried Rundt. The corresponding diary by Abraham Büninger and Rundt covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755 and is accessioned as rmm 4/115/3. Names are as they appear in the original.] Catalogus of all the souls belonging to Pachgatgoch, set down in the month of Mart[ius], 17552 Baptized Indian brethren and sisters Married People 1. Gideon 2. Martha, Gideon’s wife 465

Appendix 4

3. Josua, Gideon’s son 4. Elisabeth, Josua’s wife 5. Samuel 6. Lucia, Samuel’s wife 7. Jeremias, Samuel’s brother 8. Agnes, Jeremias’s wife 9. Petrus, Maria’s son 10. Thamar, Petrus’s wife 11. Martin, Gideon’s son 12. Justina, Martin’s wife

}

13. Christian, Petrus’s brother Josua and Elisab.’s 14. Gottlieba, Christ.’s wife, Sara’s daughter 15. Gottlieb

}

16. Magdalena, Gottl.’s wife Martin and Justina’s 17. David

}

18. Rebecca, David’s wife and Agnes’s Jerem. 19. Jonathan, Dav. and Mart[ha’s] son 20. Salome, Jonath.’s wife, Priscilla’s daughter

}

21. Philippus, Gottlieb andand Magdal.’s son Gottlieb Magdal.’s 22. Benigna, Philipp.’s wife, Prisill.’s daughter 23. Gottlob3 24. Lea, Gottlob’s wife 25. Benigna, Simon’s daughter, has an unbaptized husband 26. Sarah

- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

27. Anna

- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

28. Magdalena, daughter of Lydia’s sister, her husband [is] unbaptized 466

Appendix 4

Widowers 29. Simon Widows 30. Priscilla 31. Erdmuth 32. Maria 33. Johanna 34. Caritas Single [men] 35. Lucas, Luc. and Priscill.’s son

36. Anna 37. Rosina

}

Children 2 boys

}

38. Christina, Sam. and Lucia’s Jos. and Elis. 39. Jacob

}

40. Hannah 41. Beata 42. Catharina

2 girls

3 boys, Jerem. and Agn.

43. Anton 44. Johannes 45. Martha 46. Joseph, Lea’s son

} }

2 boys, Gottl. and Magdl. 47. Gabriel, Caritas’s child Unbaptized 2 girls, Gottl. and Magdl. Married People 1.) Wénemo, Kihor and Sarah’s son and Caritas 2.) his wife

}

3.) Wittli, Benigna’s husband 467

Appendix 4

4. Kihor, Sarah’s husband 5. John, Benigna’s husband 6. Waw ´ umpèkum and 7. Salome, his wife 8. Stiewen, Magdal.’s husband 9. Paschqua, or John, Anna’s husband, Sarah’s son 10. Tscherry (widower) 11. Tscherry’s mother (widow) 12. Tscherry’s son Unbaptized children of our brethren and sisters here 13. Mochpo 14. Rewēēs 15. Biruck 16. Betauschqua 17. Massampaos “Huseep” 18. Husēēp 19. Jonas 20. Errepöm, a girl 21. Jeremias, Martin’s son 22. Kigunausch, girl, Sam. and Lucia’s 23. Maquawampèe 24. Nemersam 25. Sanquaschqua4 26. Erremöschqua 27. Erremerremau, a girl 28. a girl whose name is unknown 29. Soere, girl (related to Priscilla) 468

Appendix 4

Benigna, Wittli’s wife

1 unbaptized child

Philipp and Benigna

1 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

David and Rebecca

5- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Kihor and Sarah

3 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Lea

3- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Wénemo

2 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Magdalena

1 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Christian

4 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Juliana’s daughter

1 by the name of Elisab.

Anna

1 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -

Wenemo has one child who was baptized by the Presbyterians. Summa of all the souls belonging to Pachgatgoch, baptized and unbaptized : 98 [rmm 4/115/14/6, May 1755. This catalog was probably compiled by Carl Gottfried Rundt. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January 1 to 7 December 1755 and is accessioned as rmm 115/3. Names are as they appear in the original.] Catalogus of all the souls belonging to Pachgatgoch, set down in the month of May [17]55 Baptized brethren and sisters Married People 1. Gideon 2. Martha, Gideon’s wife 3. Josua, Gideon’s son

469

Appendix 4

4. Elisabeth, Josua’s wife 5. Samuel 6. Lucia, Samuel’s wife 7. Jeremias, Samuel’s wife 8. Agnes, Jeremias’s wife 9. Petrus, Maria’s son 10. Thamar, Petrus’s wife 11. Martin, Gideon’s son 12. Justina, Martin’s wife 13. Christian, Petrus’s brother 14. Gottlieba, Christ.’s wife, Sarah’s daughter 15. Gottlieb

}

16. Magdalena, Gottl.’s wife Josua and Elisabeth’s 17. David

}

18. Rebecca, David’s wife Samuel and Lucia’s 19. Jonathan, Dav. and Marth.’s son

}

20. Salome, Jonath’s wife, Priscill.’s daughter Martin and Justina 21. Philippus, Gottl. and Magdal.’s son

}

22. Benigna, Phil.’s wife, Priscill.’s daughter Jeremias and Agnes 23. Gottlob 24. Lea, Gottlob’s wife

}

25. Abraham [formerly Kihor] Gottlieb and Magdal. 26. Sarah, Abraham’s wife 27. Anna, her husband [is] unbaptized, Paschquak 28. Magdalena, daughter of Lydia’s sister, her husband [is] unbaptized, Stieven 29. Salomon (formerly Tsherry) 470

Appendix 4

Widower5 30. Simon Widows 31. Priscilla 32. Erdmuth 33. Maria 34. Johanna 35. Caritas 36. Benigna, Simon’s daughter Single [Men] 37. Lucas, Luc. and Priscill.’s son Baptized Children 38. Anna 39. Rosina 40. Christina 41. Anna Maria 42. Jacob 43. Hannah 44. Beata 45. Catharina

}

2 boys

}

Josua and Elisabeth’s

}

3 boys, Jerem. and Agnes

2 girls

46. Anton 47. Johannes 48. Martha

49. Joseph, Lea’s little son 50. Gabriel, Caritas’s little son 51. Rahel, Philipp and Benigna 52. Jonas, Gottlob and Lea’s

471

Appendix 4

} }

53. Elisabeth, David and Rebecca 2 boys 54. Anna Rosina, Benigna, Sim.’s daughter 55. Dorothea, Christians and Gottlieba Gottlieb and Magdal.’s

2 girls

Unbaptized

}

Caritas

Married People 1. Wénemo, Abrah. and Sarah’s son 2. Wenemo’s wife 3. Wawumpèkum, David’s son 4. Salome, the wife of David’s son, Johanna’s daughter 5. Stiewen, Magdalena’s husband 6. Paschquak, Anna’s husband, Sarah’s son (also called John) 7. Tsherry’s [now Salomon] mother (widow) 8. Tsherry’s son Unbaptized children mostly of our baptized Indian brethren and sisters 9. Móchpo 10. Reweès 11. Birug 12. Betauschqua 13. Gamomp, Simon’s son 14. Massampaos 15. Huseep 16. Jonas 17. Errepöm, a girl 18. Jeremias, Martin’s son 19. Kigunausch, girl, Sam. and Lucia

472

Appendix 4

20. Maquawampèe 21. Nemersam 22. Sanquaschqua 23. Erremöschqua 24. Erremerremau 25. another one whose name is unknown 26. Söre, girl, related to Priscilla6 Benigna has

1 unbaptized child

David and Rebecca have

5 unbaptized children

Abrah. and Sarah [have]

3 ------------------------

Lea has

3------------------------

Wénemo [has]

2------------------------

Anna [has]

1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Magdalena [has]

1 ------------------------

Christian and Gottlieba [have]

4 ------------------------

Juliana’s daughter has

1 by the name of Elisabeth

Altogether 102 souls NB. Because Br. Christian was about to leave, there were still baptized: Wawumpèkum, David’s son, with the name Johannes, and Salome, his wife, Johanna’s daughter, with the name Zipora, it. the little son of Paschqua and Anna [with the name] Ludwig. [rmm 4/115/14/7, 20 May 1755. The following list is in an unidentified hand. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755 and is accessioned as rmm 115/3. The entry for 20 May reports that Christian Seidel, who was visiting Pachgatgoch, organized the baptized adult members of the community into Banden. Names are as they appear in the original.] 473

Appendix 4

Account of how the baptized brethren and sisters in Pachgatg. were divided into Banden by Br. Christian [Seidel] on May 20, 1755. Brethren 1.) Gideon

Sisters 1.) Martha

Salomo

Magdalena

Simon

Salome

Christian

Sarah Benigna, Phil.’s wife

2.) Samuel

2.) Elisabeth

Gottlob

Priscilla

Jeremias

Caritas

Martin

Anna

David

Benigna, Sim.’s daughter

3.) Josua

3.) Thamar

Gottlieb

Erdmuth

Petrus

Johanna

Philippus

Gottlieba

Jonathan

Mary 4.) Justina Lucia Agnes Lea Rebecca

NB. Martin shall look after Lucas in particular, for he is his friend and it appears

474

Appendix 4

that he trusts him the most. [rmm 4/115/14/8. The list of communicants that follows appears to be in the hand of Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt. The corresponding diary by Eberhardt covers the period from 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757 and is accessioned as rmm 4/115/6. Names are as they appear in the original.] The following attended Communion in Pachgatgoch on October 31, 1756: Gideon

------------

Gottlieb

and his wife

Magdalena

Samuel

------------

Lucia

Martin

------------

Justina

Petrus’s wife

Thamar

Philippus’s wife

Benigna

Paska’s wife

Anna

Josua’s wife

Elisabeth

Widower Simon

Widows Erdmuth Priscilla Johanna

Brother and Sister Powell [The] Asariah Schmidts [Azariah Smiths] Brother and Sister Jungman Eberhardt Summa 22. [rmm 4/115/14/9. The list of communicants that follows appears to be in the hand of Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt. The corresponding diary by Eberhardt covers the period from 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757 and is accessioned 475

Appendix 4

as rmm 4/115/6. Names are as they appear in the original.] Catalogus of those brethren and sisters who attended Communion on December 12, 1756. Gideon Martin Gottlieb Simon Justina, Martin’s wife Magdalena, Gottlieb’s - - - Elizabeth, Josua’s - - - Benigna, Philippus’s - - - Thamar, Petrus’s - - - Widows Erdmuth Johanna Priscilla Brother and Sister Jungman and Eberhardt Summa 15. [rmm 4/115/14/10. This catalog appears to be in the hand of Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt, who compiled it before returning to Bethlehem. The corresponding diary by Eberhardt covers the period from 14 March to 7 November 1757 and is accessioned as rmm 4/115/7. Names are as they appear in the original.]

Catalogus of the inhabitants of Pachgatgoch and the so-called 476

Appendix 4

winter huts, the 7th of November 1757.7 Communicant Brethren Gideon Josua Gottlieb Martin Jeremias Samuel Petrus Philippus

}

Simon’s sons

Simon, a widower Communicant Sisters Martha, Gideon’s wife Salome, Jonathan’s - - - Elisabeth, Josua’s - - - Magdalena, Gottlieb’s - - - Justina, Martin’s - - - Agnes, Jeremias’s - - - Lucia, Samuel’s - - - Thamar, Petrus’s - - - Anna, Paska’s - - - -

}

Benigna, Philippus’s - - - [baptized] by the Presbyterians Lea, Gottlob’s - - - Magdalena, Seiakus junior’s - - - -

Johanna Erdmuth

}

Widows Martin’s - - - -

Benigna, Simon’s daughter 477

Appendix 4

Charitas Priscilla Sarah

}

Lea’s - - - Marij, Petrus’s mother Baptized Adult Brethren Johannes Wallops

}

Jonathan Wallops Johannes Paulus Christoph

Josua’s daughters

Christian Salomon Lucas Gottlob

}

Jeremias’s - - - Baptized Adult Sisters Zippora, Johannes’s wife

}

Gottlieba, Christian’s - - - Samuel’s - - - Erdmuth

Widows

Hanna Catharina Baptized boys Johannes, Gottlieb’s son Friedrich Jacob Matthaeus Gabriel, Charitas’s - - - 478

Appendix 4

Ludwig, Paska and Anna’s - - - Joseph

}

Jonas

Josua’s daughters Petrus, Josua’s - - - Anton, Jeremias’s - - - Baptized Girls Anna Rosina Elisabeth Anna Rosel, Simon’s Benigna’s - - - Martha, Gottlieb’s - - - Hanna, Martin’s - - - Beata Catharina

}

Anna Johanna Jeremias Mariana Christina

}

Christian’s

Anna Maria

Dorothea, Christian’s - - - Rahel, Philippus’s - - - Unbaptized Adult Men Gomop, Simon’s son Seiakus junior Muchpuch, Josua’s son Masapaas, Jeremias’s - - - Paska Waraus, Sarah’s - - - Unbaptized Adult Women 479

Appendix 4

Elisabeth, old Erdmuth’s relation Berok Petawsqua Sanguasqua, Gottlieb’s daughter Venemo’s wife Thamar’s relation Jenny, the wife of Hanna’s son Naath, Christian’s daughter Unbaptized Boys and Children Orawaice, Josua’s son Suckshaneek, son of Benigna, Simon’s daughter Namaas, Gottlieb’s Jonas Osep Quitch Tahucks Cakaio, Charitas Venemo’s son Samy, Salomon’s son Seiakus jun[io]r. Jenny’s son Unbaptized Girls and Children Aromesqua, Gottlieb’s Aropam [?], Jeremias Jenny’s 2 children Charitas’s 2 children Lea’s 2 children 480

Appendix 4

Venemo’s 2 children Seiakus jun[io]r’s daughter [rmm 4/115/14/11. This catalog was compiled by David Zeisberger while on a visit to Pachgatgoch. At the time, Bernhard Adam Grube was in charge of the mission. The corresponding diary, by Grube, covers the period from 12 October to 29 December 1758 and is accessioned as rmm 115/8. Names are as they appear in the original.] Catalogus of the Inhabitants of Pachgatgoch, the 27th of Nov., 17588 Communicant Brethren Gideon †

9

Josua Gottlieb † Martin Jeremias Samuel Petrus

}

- - - - went home Simon’s sons

Philippus Simon, a widower Communicant Sisters Martha, Gideon’s wife Salome, Jonathan’s - - - Elisabeth, Josua’s - - - Magdalena, Gottlieb’s - - - Justina, Martin’s - - - Agnes, Jeremias’s - - - Lucia, Samuel’s - - - Thamar, Petrus’s - - - 481

Appendix 4

Anna, Paska’s † Benigna, Philippus’s

}

Lea, Gottlob’s

by the Presbyterians Magdalena, Seiakus jun[io]r of Gottlieb’s family Widows Johanna Erdmuth Benigna, Simon’s daughter Charitas Priscilla Sarah Mary, Petrus’s mother Baptized Adult Brethren Johannes Wallops Martin’s - - - -

}

Jonathan Wallops ---Johannes Paulus

}

Christoph

Lea’s

Christian Salomon Lucas Gottlob Joseph

Nathanael Petrus Zippora Gottlieba

}

Baptized Adult Sisters Johannes’s wife Josua’sChristian’s

482

Appendix 4

Phoebe

Lucas

Augustina

Gottlieb’s daughter

Gertraud Hanna Catharina Esther

}

Sophia Juliana

}

Jeremias’s a widow Nathanael’s wife

Josua’s daughter Samuel’s Anna Elisabeth Erdmuth’s grand child Martha Elisabeth

Josua’s second daughter Baptized Boys

Johannes

Gottlieb’s son

Friedrich Jacob Gabriel

Charitas

Ludwig

Anna’s

Jonas Joseph Petrus Jephta

}

Nathanael Marcus

Josua’s Jeremias’s child of David and Rebecca’s daughter

}

Philippus’s and Benigna’s child Christian’s Jerimias’s and Agnes’s child

Levi

Lucas’s and Phoebe’s child

Daniel

Josua’s son Baptized Girls

Anna Rosina

483

Appendix 4

Elisabeth Anna Rosel

Simon’s Benigna

Martha

Gottlieb’s

Hanna

Martin’s

Beata Catharina Anna Johanna Mariana Christina Anna Maria Dorothea

Christian’s

Rahel

Philippi

Johanna

Samuel’s

Judith

David and Rebecca’s

Anna Johanna

Charitas

Suckshaneek Namaas

Unbaptized Boys and Children son of Benigna, Simon’s daughter Gottlieb’s

Jonas Osep Quitsch Tahucks Cakaio

Charitas

Venemo’s son Samuel

Salomon’s son

Son of Seikus jun[io]r

484

Appendix 4

Jenny’s son Unbaptized Girls and Children Gottlieb’s daughter

Aromesqua Aropim

Jeremias’s

Jenny’s 2 children Charitas’s small child Leah’s daughter Venemo’s 2 children Daughter of Seiakus jun[io]r. Lea’s little girl Unbaptized Adult Men Simon’s son

Pomop Seiakus Sen[io]r Paska

Unbaptized Adult Women Venemo’s wife Thamar’s sisters Jenny, the wife of Hanna’s son Naath, Christian’s daughter Baptized

82

Unbaptized

28 110

[rmm 4/115/15/1, 15 Apr. 1750. The first item in this file, titled “Correspondence,” is a letter by Abraham Büninger, at Pachgatgoch, written to Johann Nitschmann in Bethlehem. In it, Büninger reports the dimensions of the Moravians’ log house being built at Pachgatgoch, a detail missing from his diary covering the

485

Appendix 4

period from 29 March to 6 December 1750. rmm 3/114/2/1.] To the dear Brother Johann Nitschman in Bethlehem.10 Pachgatgoch, April 15, 1750 Dear and faithful heartd Johann Nitschman By this opportunity I want to heartily greet and kiss you from Pachgachgoch. The dear Lambd of God mercifully guided me on my path, and with His evident assistance helped me forward during my journey. The first day, when I left Bethlehem, I walked to the point of exhausting myself, so that such weariness overcame me that I did not know what to do other than give myself up to the Lambd, who brought me to New York within 3 days’ time despite all the exhaustion. The brethren and sisters in New York advised me to go to Rhinebeck by water, which I did, arriving in Patg[atgoch] on April 7. I found Br. Post well. The Indian brethren and sisters who were at home were very glad that I was coming back. They said that the time that had been indicated to them [for Büninger’s return] had just passed. On April 8 I passed on the greetings [from Bethlehem] also read aloud the letter that Br. Cammerhoff had given me for them. They demonstrated their great joy and gratefulness at this. It is indeed apparent that the Lambd and the dear Mother are working thoroughly, setting things right from every quarter, and that the subtle sound of wounds is taking hold among them and is entering their hearts. And this, to be sure, is the perspective from which to view the Indians. If one were to judge them by their weak disposition, one’s courage could easily dwindle or cease. However, when one puts before them the free grace, their hearts begin reviving anew, prompting them to summon courage for [approaching] the Lambd. Today I visited nearly all of the brethren and sisters; most are blissful and in good spirits. I hope the Lambd will mercifully prevent any harm that perhaps the one or other could have suffered. I was greatly worried that I would have to fear that Gideon’s family would suffer harm. From all appearances, this has passed, however. 486

Appendix 4

Br. Post will be able to report to you in detail. I am not at fault for his being overdue. When I arrived I right away made preparations for a sumer house, for nothing had been done to that end other than that the wood was cut and in the woods. However, now it is stacked up to the rafters. It is 16 f long and 14 f wide. If a brother is coming, I think it is good if he left Bethlehem at the start of the month of May. After planting time, most of them want to go to the seaside. There are also 2 children to be baptized. Perhaps I will go to Stockbridge this or the next week to visit Br. Wilhelm. This is everything that I am able to report this time. Keep me in your remembrance as your poorest heartd. I greet you once again, as well as your dear Juliana, Br. and Sr. Camerhoff, Br. Seidel, Br. Grube, [and] Pezold, from your poor Br. Abr. Büninger. [rmm 4/115/15/2, 21 July 1751. Abraham Büninger, shortly after his arrival at Pachgatgoch, to Johann Nitschmann in Bethlehem. The corresponding diary by Büninger covers the period from 27 June to 11 December 1751. rmm 3/114/4/1.] To the dear and faithful heart Johann Nitschmann in Bethlehem.11 Pachgatgoch, July 21, 1751 Dear and faithful heartd Johann Nitschmann By this precious opportunity I want to greet and kiss you heartily near the wounds of our dear Lambd of God. I want to be sure to report to you something about how I have fared since I left our dear Bethlehem. I had a blissful journey to Pach[gatgoch]. I reached the dear brown assembly Friday, the 2nd of July, and found all of them together at the winter huts. They were in the process of building [a hut] for an Indian who prefers to live closer to us. They all deeply rejoiced and were glad that someone was again coming to stay with them. Moreover, throughout the entire time things have proceeded in a way that I was able to give thanks to the Lambd and 487

Appendix 4

to the precious Mother for their faithful care of the brown hearts. Yet what the Lambd has affected in the hearts in these past days, I do not know how to describe. We saw ever new examples of His love and faithfulness in everything that we undertook in His name. Speaking with the brethren and sisters [in preparation for Communion] proceeded so blessedly, so thoroughly, and with such an exceptional conclusion on the part of the dear Mother, that we had to wonder at this, and afterward had to give heartfelt thanks to her, for she constantly brought things to light with the brethren and sisters. As for them, we left it up to the Lambd and their own hearts whether they wanted to join and partake of the body and blood in Communion. There were only 3 who did not have the joy of joining. Also, the brethren and sisters had declared themselves very openly about how their hearts stood with the Lambd. Three were washed and baptized with the red stream from Jesus’ side. First, Warrop one the husband of Sr. Rebecca — is called David. I cannot describe the longing and feeling with which he expressed himself, nor how he felt during the baptism itself. Of this Br. Gottlieb will be able to provide a delightful account. There is no doubt that he looks as if he was poured and molded anew. The other two persons to be baptized are 2 children: Brother and Sister Gottlieb’s [child], whose name is Johannes. The 2nd, the sond of Johannes and Leah, is called Joseph. Following these blissful acts we had a blissful, delightful love feast with all of the baptized ones who were in Pach[gatgoch]. Our dear Husband was manifestly near us, letting His bloody wounds glisten in all of the hearts. Soon after the love feast we had the blissful absolution, at which time the hearts appeared like wax in the heat of a fire. We celebrated the blissful Communion amid darkness, during which our Husband penetrated us maritally and sacramentally with His divine body and with His precious blood. Sr. Rebecca joined for the first time; all of the brethren and sisters looked wonderfully blissful and cheerful. Br. Gottlieb will be able to tell you everything in detail. I, for my part, also felt most blissful during all of the occasions. 488

Appendix 4

The letterd from my dear Martha, and the news that I have from her, cause me to once again have fresh hopes for her, that things will soon be all right with her.12 As for how I have been otherwise throughout this time here, I have indeed felt my own poverty at all times, and wished, that if the Savior wanted it to be so, I would rather be at the congregation, invigorating myself with the Lambd and my dear brethren, and to learn my surely personal lesson at His feet, as the poorest sinnerd. However, now I am here. May His spirit lead me in a smooth path with respect to everything that is beneficial and necessary to me. Pach[gatgoch] was bound more tightly to my heart on the occasion of this Communion than ever before. Also, I see myself as more inept and more unfit than heretofore. Thus, I want to ask you, dear brother, to keep me and Pach. in special remembrance. Because I feel that I am unable to express myself concerning the souls of this assembly and service to them, how ashamed would I be at His feet as a sinner if I was not to spoil anything for Him and was able to convey His mind through everything. I greet and kiss you with all my heart, mouth, and hand as the poorest brotherd Abr. Büninger. I also greet and kiss Br. Hermann, Bischoff, J. Wade, and all the dear hearts who are with you. [rmm 4/115/15/3, 3 Aug. 1751. Abraham Büninger, in Pachgatgoch, to Johann Nitschmann in Bethlehem. The corresponding diary by Büninger covers the period from 27 June to 11 December 1751. rmm 3/114/4/1.] To the dear Brother Johann Nitschmann in Bethlehem.13 Pachgatgoch, August 3, 175114 Dear and precious heartd Johann Nitschmann. With this unexpected and hurried opportunity, I, as the poorest heartd and brotherd, greeting and kissing you by the wounds of our bloody Lambd of God, where I am always the most blissful amid my poverty and distance from the precious congregation, very much 489

Appendix 4

wanted to report to you somewhat on how matters stand here among the brown assembly; and what the Lambd and the faithful Church Mother are affecting in their brown heartsd, and how they are taking them through the bad times. However, I do know that my ineptness with respect to everything is so great that I fall short in all matters. Ever since Br. Gottlieb was here, I have seen on many occasions the faithful and timely care of the dear heavenly Father, the faithful Mother, and that of our beloved Husband, when they have protected and preserved their assembly inside the bloody chasm of the rock of our Lambd. Indeed, the wicked enemy has tried to harm the assembly in every possible way, but he was nowhere successful so as to be able to rejoice at our loss. During the harvest this and that did happen with the brethren and sisters, to be sure, but with most of them the Lambd has everything back on track. Yesterday the Lambd again completely enlivened my heart among the brown heartsd. They are now, with the exception of Br. Samuel and Caritas, in a quite blessed state, and well. Br. Samuel suffered the greatest harm during the harvest, having not yet forgotten it completely. Most of the brethren and sisters are presently at home, but at this time this cannot be counted for much, for they go out most of the time to work. Martin is at the seaside with his family. Yesterday I learned from Sr. Sarah, who was with him last week, that Sr. Justina, the wife of Martin, was delivered of a young son last Wednesday. Since Br. Gottlieb was here I have also been to Wanachquaticok, because I had heard that old Cap. Aaron was still alive. Thus I went there to visit him. Br. Gideon went with me. We found him very weak and exhausted, so that he was hardly able recognize us any longer. He nonetheless was very glad. He told us that, with his heart, he was with the Savior at all times, and constantly thought of the wounds. He still made a special point of giving us heartfelt greetings to pass on to the brethren and sisters in Pach[gatgoch], Bethlehem, and Gnad[en]h[ütten]. Since then I have received word that he died on August 22. Yesterday Br. Lucas came from Wechq[uadnach], bringing me 490

Appendix 4

word that Timotheus wanted to go to Bethlehem this week, also that old Simon, the father of our late Jonas, was so very ill that he might die — that he desired that the brethren from Pach. would visit him once more. Br. Gideon, Samuel, and Jeremias have already left from here. I too intend to go this very day. Gideon’s house is now closed up all around. The other brethren are also doing repairs on their huts, suggesting that they will stay here this coming winter. However, they said that they still did not know this themselves. This is what I could think of to write. Remember me and Pachgatgoch before our dear Husband as the poorest heartsd. I beg you salute Br. Hermann, Sensemann, Bischoff, Gottlieb, Br. Jorde,15 and all the dear and faithful hearts who are with you from me. I am your poor heart, Abraham Büninger [rmm 4/115/15/4, 24 Apr. 1752. This letter to the brethren from August Gottlieb Spangenberg was written in New York and received in Pachgatgoch on 13 May 1752 (new style). It followed his visit to the community, where he arrived on 15 April in the company of Carl Gottfried Rundt and Christian Fröhlich. The letters from Eberhardt to Rundt, and from Post to the Indians, which Spangenberg notes that he is enclosing with his communication, are not part of this collection; neither is the “reminder” that he issues the missionaries. The corresponding diary, by Carl Gottfried Rundt, covers the period from 15 April to 22 May 1752. rmm 3/114/6/1.] [Cover page with note by the archivist: “Orig. Letter from Spbg (New York, 4/24/1752) to Pachgatgoch.”] Dear Brethren, First, I wish with all my heart that the fire in the wounds of Jesus may warm and preserve you, so that you may walk among the heathens full of blessing and entice everyone into the same blessedness that you yourselves enjoy in the Lambd. Next, I did not want to leave unreported to you that the day before yesterday, at midday on the Sabbath, we arrived in New York 491

Appendix 4

in good health and in good spirits. On the day after our departure from Pachgatgoch we were obliged to lay by in New Milford on account of a day of fasting that the entire land celebrated, when traveling is no more permitted than it is on a Sunday. I had the opportunity to converse and inquire after several matters concerning our Indian brethren with the Justice of Peace, with whom we lodged (his name is Mr. Canfield), as well as with the preacher there, Mr. Taylor.16 For the rest, we have been very well on our entire way hither, remembering with tender love you and the brown hearts who have delighted my heart. On arriving in New York, I found letters from Europe. Oh, what pleasure this was for us! Moreover, Witkens17 had arrived from Bethlehem, bringing letters from there. Thus I will let you know some things for your enjoyment on the enclosed sheetsd. You do partake in everything, to be sure. Here, then, are also a couple of letters: one from Br. Eberhardt to Br. Rundt, and one from Br. Post to the Indians. The latter needs to be communicated to all of the Indians, and along with it, do pass on warm greetings from the other brethren and sisters, from Br. Johannes, Pyrlaeus, John Wade, and the others who are part of the company of fellow travelers. Anything else that I would like to call attention to concerning your circumstances you will find on the enclosed sheetsd, and I beg you not to scorn my reminder — it is necessary. Be saluted and kissed near His bloody wounds a thousand times, in the Lord our God and Savior. I am dear brother, your Br. Joseph The items that you are in need of are all noted with Br. Henr. van Vleck, and he will send them at the first opportunity. He salutes you warmly. Br. Joachim Sensemann is sitting next to me, saluting you most tenderly. 492

Appendix 4

[rmm 4/115/15/5, 12 May 1752. This petition, which Spangenberg had promised to have drafted either in New York or Philadelphia, was written in English. It arrived at Pachgatgoch with Brother Sensemann on 19 May 1752 (new style), where it was signed on 22 May by several Indian men and colonial witnesses. The corresponding diary, by Rundt, covers the period from 15 April to 22 May 1752. rmm 3/114/6/1. Transcribed faithfully, this copy is probably that drawn up by Rundt and then sent to Bethlehem.] To the Honble the Governr: and Assembly of Connectigut The Humble petition of sundry Indians inhabitants of Pachgatgoth or Scatticook near Kent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sheweth That your Petitioners have been possessed of a considerable quantity of Land most part of which the White people have got from them and of late the County has Surveyed it in order as your Pet ts: apprehend to dispose thereof - - - - They have at present for Eighteen Families but a small piece fit for planting which lies between the Haustonick River and Pachgatgoth Hill which is not sufficient for them to raise Corn upon [blank] Your Pet ts: Land begins at Rowlys Creek To which Creek a plain or flat piece of Land runs and is continued along the beforementioned River there is likewise a Hill adjoyning- - - - - - - - Your Pet ts: therefore humbly pray your Honours to grant them the aforementioned Plain or flat piece of Land to plant Corn on for them their Wives & Children and the Hill for Wood 493

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And your Pet ts: will ever Pray Pachgatgoth The 12th of May 1752 o.st Gi[ ]deons his Mark18 Josu[ ]as his Mark Samu[ ]el his Mark Mar[ ]tins his Mark Si[ ]mons his Mark Jere[ ]mias his Mark Pe[ ]trus his Mark Gott[ ]lob his Mark Christi[ ]an his Mark Lu[ ]cas his Mark Gott[ ]lieb his Mark Isaa[ ]cus his Mark Tsher[ ]y his Mark A[ ]mos his Mark Mo[ ]ses his Mark We whose Hands are under written have seen these Indians make their Marks Roubens Witt of Kent Josiah Thomas of Kent. [rmm 4/115/15/6. This English-language document, faithfully transcribed, is undated. Although the author’s name is not provided, the handwriting appears to be that of Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt. The reference to “Jeby [Jabez] Swift” as the Indians’ choice for overseer, and the discussion about land, places this petition in the general context of a dispute detailed in Eberhardt’s second diary, in particular, the entry for 20 May 1757, which describes Joshua’s intention to petition the government on the basis of certain “enclosed points.” See rmm 4/115/7/1.] 494

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We Indians in Scatticok do petition 1) That we may be put in Possession of the other half Part of that Lot Number 24, since we already possess the other half Part of said Lot. 2) If we can not have the above mentioned half Lot We desire that the whole Lot Number 23 may be secured & delivered to us for our Use. 3) That Mr: Jeby Swift, to whom we have that Confidence that he as an honest Man will care for our outward best, may be appointed by the honorable Governor & Assembly to be as a Father to us to whom we can address us when any Body will wrong us or dispute us our Privileges granted us in the Act for well ordering and governing the Indians in this Colony and Securing their Interests and Lands therein, or in any other Act made since that Time. That Mr: Jeby Swift may keep this office so long as we find he acts according to the Laws of our Best. 4) That Capt. Mawehus [Gideon] Indian + may be appointed, set & declared as Captain for the Indians in Scatticok whom the others shall obey when he orders any Thing for the Good & Best of the Place & its Inhabitants[.] 5) That no Indian who leaves Scatticok & moves to an other Place shall have any Right to claim any Thing for any Improvement made by himself or others, but that the Land & Improvements shall always be for the Use & Benefit of the Indians residing in Scatticok[.] 6) That it may be ordered so, that we for Want of a Bands Man shall not be wronged or imposed upon, since we as poor Indians can’t get any to be Bands Man for us. +: who is this C[a]ptain?19 495

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[rmm 4/115/15/7, 9 July 1754. This English-language document, faithfully transcribed, appears to be in the hand of Abraham Büninger. In it are messages dictated by three Indian women to people in Bethlehem. On 9 July 1754, the date of this letter, Büninger and his wife traveled from Pachgatgoch to Bethlehem, leaving Christian Heinrich (Henry) Rauch in charge of the mission, only to return to Connecticut less than a month later. The corresponding diary, by Rauch, covers the period from 17 June to 27 July 1754. rmm 4/115/1/1.] Pachgatgoch July 9th-1754 Sistr Priscilla Greats Brother Joseph, and all the Brethern and Sistr in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten Somtimes I am well in my Heart, and sometimes not. I Great Br Andreas and Sr. Justina, Jacob and Rahel. your Poor Sist. Priscilla. Sist. Maria Greats all the Br and Sists in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten. your Poor Sistr Maria[.] Sistr Thamar says, when I first heard Br Christian is come then my Heart was glad, and I did Love my Br and Sists my Heart all ways speak no body can Help only One. Andreas my Brs Andreas and Philippus I Love you and Great you and all my Brn and Sist rn in Bethl. and Gnadenhütten. I Great Br and Sistr Sesemann. your Poor Sist. Thamar. [rmm 4/115/15/8, 1 Aug. 1754. Abraham Büninger’s letter to August Gottlieb Spangenberg in Bethlehem was probably carried to Pennsylvania by the Indians Samuel and Lucia, who departed for Gnadenhütten the day it was written. The synod Büninger mentions was that planned for Gnadenhütten on 6 August, for which Christian Heinrich Rauch had departed a few days earlier. 496

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The respite that he implicitly requested was short-lived. After leaving Pachgatgoch again on 22 August, the Büningers returned there on 17 September and stayed for another six months until 9 March 1755, when they were relieved by Carl Gottfried Rundt, along with Johann Georg Jungmann and his wife Margarethe. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rauch, covers the period from 25 July to 31 December 1754. rmm 4/115/2/1.] Dear Brother Joseph, If I was not so very tired and weary, I would have come to the synod with Br. Samuel and Luc[i]a and taken part in your blessing. Dear Anna gave me permission to go if I wanted. I likewise could have gotten away with respect to the Indians, for there is presently hardly anyone of the brethren and sisters at home; they are all still engaged in the harvest, and by all accounts, they are managing poorly. Since the dear Brother Christian [Rauch] left here, little Timotheus, the sond of Samuel and Lucia, went to the Savior. Dear Anna blessed him for his going home and delivered [him] to the Lambd and His precious wounds. She also did her part at his burial, singing several versesd with the brethren and sisters who attended the funeral. I completed my journey to Pachgatgoch safely, however, I did not get there as early as I had thought. I arrived Wednesday morning, July 30. I was obliged to tarry nearly one-half day at the North River. Moreover, I noticed during my journey that the people along my way are very curioes [curious]. It is hardly possible for a Brother to pass through without opposition. I concealed myself as much as possible, but the terrible people can tell by one’s face if one is a Brother. Dear Brother, I am willing to stay here as long as my brethren want to have me here, but the situation is such that Pachgatgoch is not fully peopled unless there are a couple of brethren and sisters here caring for the brethren and sisters jointly. Thus, I wish from the bottom of my heart that the dear Savior may point out to you a couple of good hearts who are suitable for this place. I hope He will do so. Once they are here, I will heartily rejoice and bless them for their plan in the dear Savior, and then return to the precious 497

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congregation willingly and with pleasure as a poor sinner to let myself be pastured and guided along its rivulet of grace. I know of nothing more to write. I greet and kiss you and your dear Martha most heartily, likewise all the dear brethren and sisters who are gathered with you in one mind and toward one end. Bless me and Pachgatgoch in the Lambd, I remain your poor brother Abr. Büninger Pachgatgoch August 1, 1754 [rmm 4/115/15/9, 11 Mar. 1755. This letter to August Gottlieb Spangenberg, referred to here as Brother Joseph, was written by Martin Mack. Mack arrived in Pachgatgoch on 8 March, bringing with him Abraham Büninger’s relief, Johann Georg and Margarethe Jungmann, as well as Carl Gottfried Rundt. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1.] To Brother Joseph in Bethlehem20 My most beloved heart Joseph, Last Sabbath, on the 8th, sometime into the night, we reached our dear brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch. We were in no way expected. Given that the weather was so raw and the snow so deep, no one thought it possible that someone would come from Bethlehem at this time. Yet I was welcomed and received with most heartfelt love, not only by our 2 brethren, who we found right lively, but also by the Indian brethren and sisters. Here come now the 2 brothers Abraham [Büninger] and Ludwig [Hübner], whom we send to you with heartfelt love. And you will accept them in the same way; they have been a blessing for the brown assembly with the testimony of the martyred Lambd, as well as with their conduct. During the few days I have been here, I have felt well among them, and my heart is 498

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open toward the good people. Brother and Sister Jungmann will fit in exceedingly well. She is especially loved and has a delightful way of dealing with the Indians.21 Brother Rundt will work out as well, and we are confident that they will be a true blessing for the brown assembly. I will continue to stay here this week, for I still find much to do, in part to instruct the new brethren and sisters, which they have warmly requested, to be sure, [and] to stay on with them for a bit; and in part to inquire in detail about the inner progress of the Indian brethren and sisters, which will be necessary. I also feel a great inclination to that end. I suppose they, the Indian brethren and sisters, expect nothing else than that there will be Communion this time; they have also voiced such on various occasions. I pity the poor things that their expectation is not met this time. The dear Savior Himself may point out to them where it is lacking. For what more there is to report, there are 2 live letters coming who can give an account by word of mouth, and I hope, Lord willing, to follow them next week. Meanwhile, my most beloved heart Joseph, take a thousandfold kiss with a mouth that is still warm and a heart that has been penetrated by the martyred body, yea, a heart still melted from the sacred blood, along with all of your workers, yea, the entire congregation. Keep me in your remembrance, the faithful Br. Martin Pachgatgoch March 11, 1755 [rmm 4/115/15/10, 16 Mar. 1755. This letter from Joshua and his Indian brethren to August Gottlieb Spangenberg, referred to here as Br. Joseph, is in Carl Gottfried Rundt’s hand. It was probably carried to Bethlehem by Martin Mack, who left Pachgatgoch on 17 March. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1.] To Br. Joseph in Bethlehem22 My dear Brother Joseph,23 What I am bringing to your knowledge here, I state for my person and in the name of my brethren who are present here.24 499

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I and my brethren recognize and feel that we have erred and have done some bad things. Thus we have caused the Savior and the brethren sorrow; we are regretful for this. We ask for forgiveness for everything that has come to pass until now and was not favorable. We want to belong to the Savior from the bottom of our hearts, and cleave to Him. We want to give Him our heart fully, and this not only for a while, but until the end of time. We are poor people, and we feel poor and need the help of the Brethren. I have spoken with my brethren and I am speaking with them now (they are present here), and what I have talked about with them is this: Once we receive new strength and vigor in our hearts through the enjoyment of the holy body and blood of Jesus Christ, for which we truly hunger and thirst, then we will recognize that the dear Savior and our brethren have forgiven us everything previous, and that we indeed are, and remain, the Savior’s children. Everything we have said here has already for a long time lingered in our hearts in this manner. However, we have not expressed our minds about this until yesterday evening, when we discussed everything with one another and decided to jointly write to the Brethren in Bethlehem.25 We are very grateful for the brethren and sisters whom our brethren have sent to us from time to time, and also for those who have just come. We receive them with all our heart. We all feel the congregation’s tender love for us and our children. We are very glad and thankful that in looking at and listening to our children, [we can tell] they are continuing to progress in school. Oh, how glad we are when we hear them read or spell something. All of us as a body salute dear Br. Joseph, Mattheus, Chr. Seidel, Gottlieb, and the entire congregation from the bottom of our hearts, recommending ourselves to their love, providential care, and remembrance now as ever. In the end, Br. Jeremias declared himself as follows: He was giving himself up to the charge, guidance, and care of the Brethren like a child submits and recommends itself to its dear mother. He very much wants to let himself be guided by the Brethren and their hand, and would also, from the bottom of his heart, do as they teach and advise him, and this indeed as long as he shall live. 500

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He furthermore declared [that] he was not able to express himself enough about how glad he was that his children are taught to read and spell by the brethren and sisters here. It was very important and weighty and weighty to him when he was beholding it. He very much thanked the congregation for this. Pachgatgoch, Mart[ius] 16, [17]55. Joshua in the name of his brethren [rmm 4/115/15/11, 6 Apr. 1755. This letter is from Abraham Büninger to August Gottlieb Spangenberg, referred to here as Brother Joseph. Büninger had left Pachgatgoch on 12 March, thus, it is likely he was writing from Bethlehem.] Dear Brother Joseph,26 Because you reminded me to note what might be necessary to keep in mind for the next visit to Pachgatgoch: First, it needs to be pondered how to advise our dear Indian brethren concerning the present war troubles, for the Indians in Stockbridge would very much like to have them guard their new fort. They too will be attacked by the English if unrest were to start in this land. Second, the external circumstances of the brethren and sisters need to be considered because they are very poor and thus are forced to disperse in order to provide a means of living for their loved ones. Third, a detailed instruction is necessary for our Bethlehem brethren and sisters [about] how they are to conduct themselves in their plan, [and] toward the dear authorities and other fellow human beings. 4th, it would be good if the brethren and sisters had sertificats [showing] that they belonged to the United Brethren. 5th, English primars [primers] are needed for the school. April 6 501

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[rmm 4/115/15/12, 3 Aug. 1755. All but the opening and closing paragraphs of this document, in Carl Gottfried Rundt’s hand, was written in English, which is transcribed faithfully. It is dated the day before his departure from Pachgatgoch, leaving Johann Georg Jungmann and his wife Margarethe in charge of the mission; Rundt would return a month later. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1.] At my departure from Schaghticoke, several brethren, having been asked whether they had something to report to the congregation in Bethlehem, expressed themselves as follows: (The brethren’s exact words and expressions were retained, thus the English has to be executed.)27 Jeremias.

Joshua.

Martin Samuel Gideon

I am afraid, that Br. Rundt shall go away; because I think he will not come up more; And I like Br. Rundt desperatly as well for my own Heart as for the learning of my Children in their Books. I am glad when I hear them something read. My heart is happy and I want my Savr Grace every Minut. I pray the Br & want that my Child may be baptized & that one of the Br may come up for this Purpose; it is already a good while that none of them has been here. We want our Savr flesh & Blood indeed, it is the &Food of our Souls & our Nourishment. We have a great Longing after it. I wish & we all would be glad if our Brethren in Bethlehem could make it so, that we could partak[e] sooner of that great Matter, of the Lords Supper. If it could be every Month once, or at least in One Month & a half. Now it goes so, when the Lords Supper is Kept after 4, 5 or 6 Months, the Hearts of some grow cold & dry and spring off at last. And if also our Children could be baptized when they 502

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Martin

old Sister Erdmuth

are born & durst not wait for Baptism very often many Months, we would be indeed very glad too. We know, we are poor Sinners & therefore we love our Savr & love also all the Br in Bethlehem, Europe Greenland & everywhere. We are glad that we can & dare partake of our Savr grace & we wish to partake of it every Day more & more.28 Now at Last, we agree in this & greet from the Bottom of our Hearts all the Br in Bethlehem & in particular Br Joseph; Matthew Heel, Christian Seidel, Pezold, Grube. Martin, Schmick, the old Shool Master in Gnadenhütten Rösler, David Zeisberger & all the other We greet also all the Indians, all of our Colour in Gnadenhütten & we wish that some of them, at least one of them would come up for to see us, according to their Promise. We love them all. We are happy in our Savrs Wounds as his poor Children. I greet many times all the Brn & Sisters in Bethlehem from my very Heart.

During the wheat harvest Br. Gideon got some of the wheat straw in his eye; it is believed that he will lose his eye as a result. Schaghticoke, August 3, [17]55

Carl Rundt

[According to the list of contents for this archival folder, the author of this undated document was August Gottlieb Spangenberg; however, it is in Christian Seidel’s hand, who may have written it at Spangenberg’s direction. An archival note dates the document to September 1755. Here are reminders and information pertaining to David Zeisberger’s upcoming journey to Pachgatgoch, where he arrived on 28 September 1755. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1. rmm 4/115/15/13, n.d.] 503

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To tell David Z. 1) About the baptism. 2) To examine and hold the brethren’s Bande. 3) To give full powers to him to take to the white brethren and sisters, so that they may let him act freely. 4) That along with Brother and Sister Jungmann, he perform the speaking [in preparation] for Communion. Q: whether also with Br. Rundt will be taken along to join? 5) Prior to his departure, it is to be determined how matters shall be dealt with regarding Jungm[ann], and to promise them something je ne say quoi [French: I do not know what]. 6) Should not Jacob, the Indian, go visiting with Martin, the Indian? N.b., not without a passport. [rmm 4/115/15/14, n.d. This undated English-language letter to the Indians at Pachgatgoch, transcribed faithfully, was written by Brother Peter (Petrus) Böhler in New York. An archival note dates the document to September 1755. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1. The delivery of the letter to the mission by Brother Jacob Rogers is mentioned in the entry of 2 October 1755.] My dear Brethren & Sisters at Skatticoock I remember well that I owe You a Visit, which I have promised You, but at present I cannot fulfill my Promise, for I have been called to go now over the great Water. If it pleases our Saviour I shan’t stay long but come back again early next Summer. My dear Wife stayes here. When our Saviour shall have brought me again on this Side of the Water 504

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then I will not forget my promised Visit to You. In the mean while my dear Indian Brethren & Sisters believe that I love You tenderly & shall think & speak of You to the Brethren in Ger many much of You & tell them all to pray much for You, that you may every Day be nearer to our Saviours Wounds & be happy all your Life long in them & that nothing may draw You from them. My Hearty Wish & Prayer for You is that you may more & more Know our Saviour better & feel his warm blood in Your Hearts & that you may be melted in Your Hearts & love Him above everything in this World & that You may be obedient Children to our Saviour & His Congregation. I salute You all very lovingly. My Wife, who is by me here, does also salute you all & Kisses the Sisters particularly. Br Wilhelm Böhler, who goes along with me to Germany does also salute You. Now I Kiss you once more & remain Your loving Brother Petrus [rmm 4/115/15/15, 21 Sept. 1755. Christian Heinrich (Henry) Rauch to the Indians at Pachgatgoch. This letter was delivered by David Zeisberger, who visited the community from 28 September to 7 October 1755. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1. The reading of this letter to the Indians is reported in the entry for 5 October.] 505

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My dear brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, Your brother and servant Christian Henrich, who loves you so with all his heart, is sending you his greetings by way of our Br. David Zeisberger. He is coming to you in the name of Jesus with blessings from the entire congregation. I have spoken with him a great deal [about] what the blacks in St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John are doing, and how there are more than 1,000 who love the Savior and are letting themselves be preserved from evil. He will surely tell you all of this. In addition, I have revealed my heart to him and given it to him to take with him; he shall bring it to you in accordance with the love that I feel for you and your children. I carry you close to my heart, as a mother carries her child that she loves. When I was among you, I surely treated you harshly, but! everything out of love and for the sake of Jesus. Back then I truly believed something for you, [that] He would search out what is lost and heal the wounded. He is your dear God, to be sure; you have indeed cost Him His blood. Thus, he cannot leave you or neglect you. He wants you to feel blissful inside His wounds.29 One cannot be blissful living in sin according to heathenish desire. There the heart grows dead and cold and loses all feeling, indeed, any love for the Savior and the Brethren. You yourselves surely will have experienced it this way by suffering harm. Well, you dear brethren and sisters, since I have learned from you how faithful the dear Savior has been toward you, and how you have allowed yourselves to be found again, how He has forgiven you everything, and again gives you His body and blood to enjoy at Communion — I was very much gladdened by this. This is indeed a truly beloved Savior who deals with you so mercifully. He loves you very much. Do also love Him very much in return, and abide in his love, and do not forget, as long as you shall live, the faithfulness that He fulfills and reaffirms in you. May He bless and preserve you and show mercy upon you. May He prevent and divert any evil purpose and take all of you under His wings. Keep Him before your eyes and in your minds, thus, you shall be in the light and your heart shall remain in good health. Yea, may His 506

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peace sanctify you through and through, thus, the wicked enemy will no longer be able to test his power and might on you. All that is evil must stay out of your hearts and minds, as true as the Savior dwells inside, having sanctified and sprinkled all with His blood. To become whole with body and soul! that is the one thing and that which is necessary, and he who experiences this knows what life and blessedness are. I wish all of you as a body to be so blissful in the name of Jesus. I wrote this long letter to you, my brethren and sisters, for I will soon set out on a journey to North Carolina, and therefore will be unable to visit you, and yet would very much like to leave my heart behind with you so that you may feel by this letter how much Christian loves you, who kisses and salutes all of you near the wounds of Jesus. This was written with my hand in Bethlehem, on September 21, 1755. Christian Henrich [rmm 4/115/15/16, 6 Oct. 1755. Carl Gottfried Rundt, at Pachgatgoch, to August Gottlieb Spangenberg (Brother Joseph). This letter was carried by David Zeisberger on his departure from the Indian community on 7 October 1755. That from Spangenberg, to which Rundt is responding, is not part of this collection. The corresponding diary, by Büninger and Rundt, covers the period from 1 January to 7 December 1755. rmm 4/115/3/1.] Tenderly loved Brother Joseph, I received with joy your last letter d.d. [de dato (Latin): this day], New York, September 21, through Br. Dav. Zeisberger, and from it came to know your heart, love, and care for us and our Indian assembly at this place. Br. David has given us here much joy, and the many bona nova [Latin: good news] that he brought with him from the congregation were likewise a well-prepared feast for us. Brother and Sister Joshua are pleased that their child is now baptized. What shall we say about the enjoyment of the body and blood of our Lord? The words are indeed always lacking. It has strengthened our hearts 507

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and our courage: His faithfulness puts us to shame, His loving and embracing warmed us, and His kissing delighted us. Our present statum [Latin: status] at this place, how we and our Indian brethren and sisters are, etc., you can learn best and most precisely from Br. David’s oral account, so that I do not find it necessary to add here anything further: Only with respect to the point where Br. Joseph writes to me: “If a situation arose where a child is offered for baptism by its parents, and [if ] I had otherwise no concerns in that regard, then I shall baptize it,” I must at once express my heart and my thoughts toward you as follows: I have generally a concern, which goes all the way to my heart, about baptizing even a single child of our baptized people here. And that for this reason: because the upbringing of the baptized children here before the Savior is being so incredibly neglected by their parents. I see our baptized children not being brought up any differently than I have observed in Onondaga, on the Susquehanna, and in other places among those heathens who do not know God. Everyone simply mixes indiscriminately, like the precious young beasts in the woods, I should like to say.30 The unbaptized wild swarm drags along with it the baptized ones, and what the first person knows and does, the others gradually learn and emulate. Now the baptized children are still young, yet the more they mature, the worse are the things that one must expect [from] them. When our neighbors here ask me whether there are also baptized children among the children at this place, and I say yes, and they respond [that] there was apparently no difference between the baptized and unbaptized in one point, I am, of course, unable to say anything by way of reply. And yet our baptized parents, as well as children, and the latter as well as the former, should be a special people consecrated to the Lord; otherwise, they are in fact denying the power of the sacraments. Our baptized parents — upon hearing from the brethren here how 508

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the Savior loves the children so, what He sacrificed for them to redeem them, how in His eyes they are so valuable, [and] how hard He takes it when one angers their souls, subjects them to sin, and spoils them by neglect, and that after His own declaration, people who do such a thing would be worth being drowned in the sea and having a millstone fastened about their necks besides — are not affected by any of these things. They either have no sense and understanding, or no heart, mind, desire, or will to bring their children up before the Savior, or they are lacking in both at the same time. Here I did not only mean our baptized people who were once again admitted for Holy Communion, such as, for example, [the] Davids, [the] Christians, [the] Gottlobs, and several others who rarely show themselves here and who only like living among the white people here and there, well at a distance from this place (not from necessity, for they could manage here as well as other Indian brethren and sisters, but because there they are better able to do as they desire), to work there and to willfully neglect their baptized children as well as their own souls. But as much as I love the souls of our communicants, and as high a regard I have for everything that is truly good in and about them, I must admit with equal honesty [that] they, for their part, do not act any better. Thus, it can hardly be expected of me that I shall subject the Savior and the congregation to the dishonor, my conviction to the disloyalty, and my conscience to the torture of baptizing their children under circumstances of this sort. I have neither the heart, nor confidence, nor desire to do so, and the persuasion of other people or examples cannot have any effect on me in such a case — that is easy to imagine. Moreover, there is here no sign of or hope for any change with respect to this point. Other brethren of a different caliber than I have been here, have observed it with sighs, and have not experienced anything better. The promise that our baptized parents usually make when a child has been born to them, and they would like to have it baptized in 509

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keeping with usual custom, is (as previous experience unfortunately has shown and continues to do so) of absolutely no meaning, for I see already into the 4th year that no one is any longer doing what they pledged. I could rather baptize the child of a complete stranger, let’s say on a journey, if he wanted it so and promised me to dedicate it to the Savior and bring it up in His name and I never again in my life saw either this person or his child, for in that case I could comfort myself with the hope: perhaps it will happen. Here, however, I see that the promise of our baptized people with respect to this point (to say it very bluntly) is a lie, and this in the Lord’s name: I do not wish to have anything to do with that, not even from afar. I want to preach the gospel to them, to the extent that grace, mind, courage, and mouth are given to me by the Lord, even though, by my judgment, I do not feel it bearing much fruit. However, the matter concerning the administration of the sacraments is an altogether different one. I am hoping, henceforth, to learn dear Br. Joseph’s heart and mind in this respect. Until then, none of the Indian children will be baptized by me for the aforementioned reason, even if it [a child] were to be offered for it [baptism] by the parents. For the rest, I, along with all our Indian brethren and sisters and children, recommend myself before the Savior to your love and remembrance, and to that of the entire congregation, and remain with a tender salutation and kiss of your hand, your humble Br. C G Rundt Schaghticoke October 6, [17]55 P.S. At this time I enclose what has occurred at this place in the course of the short time of my presence here, it. several lettersd from our Indian brethren and sisters in the way I received them from their mouths. Br. David also asked for the letters written to 510

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the Indian brethren and sisters to be returned to him; thus, they are also there with the rest. [rmm 4/115/15/17, 15 Mar. 1756. The following greetings, dictated to Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt, are from several of the Indian brethren in Pachgatgoch to persons in Bethlehem. In the diary entry for 15 March 1756, Eberhardt reports recording these messages and observes that Brother Utley was doing the same for the Indian sisters. However, the messages the women dictated are not part of this collection. Eberhardt’s corresponding diary covers the period from 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757. rmm 4/115/6/1.]

Letters from the Indians at Scatticok, Mart[ius] 15, 1756 31 1) I salute Lydia, Christiana, Br. Jacob and his wife, as well as all the Indians in Bethlehem, and am letting you know that my heart is sometimes grateful to the Savior, and that I think of Him much, but sometimes I am not so grateful to the Savior, and instead forget Him and feel my heart poorly. I salute Br. Christian Seidel, who has baptized me, likewise all the white brethren. Your poor Salome. 2) I salute Br. Joseph, Martin, Christian Seidel, Post, Sensemann, yes, all who know me and whom I have seen in Pachgatgoch. I am letting you know that it is now 13 years since I have come to know the Savior, and also that I am such a poor sinner, and for that reason I salute the brethren in Bethlehem. If they did not send us brethren all the time we would not hear anything about the Savior having died for us. I am grateful to the Savior that He shows me such mercy, and gives me His flesh and blood to eat and drink, even though in my heart I am so poor and sinful. When I feel poor and sinful, and I look about in the world, I find nothing that can give me comfort and pleasure save the Savior’s blood and wounds, wherein I rest so blissfully and joyously. Because I feel that I am so blissful inside the Savior’s wounds, I will, as long as I am in this world, forever crawl to His wounds. It always fills me with joy when I see my white brethren and sisters, and when someone from Bethlehem comes to us. I never would have thought that I would have such dear brethren and sisters. I give thanks to 511

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the Savior, that He has bestowed upon a poor one like me such brethren and sisters. I salute all the brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, and thank them heartily that they continuously send us brethren who tell us such beautiful words. I also salute all the Indian brethren and sisters, and let them be told that we shall rejoice with one another because the Savior died for us and because He let it be known to us through the brethren how much He loves us, and because we feel how much He loves us even though we are so poor. I especially salute Joshua, Philippus, Andreas, Anton, and Augustus, and let them be told: I wish for you and me that we shall be at all times like the bees sucking the honey from the flowers for their sustenance, that we, in the same way, suck life and blissfulness from the Lord’s wounds every day so that we may thereby live steadfastly. Your poor Br. Gideon 3) I salute all the brethren in Bethlehem, especially Br. Joseph, Mattheus [Hehl], and all the married brethren. I thank the brethren for their love and effort in that they always send us brethren who tell us so much that is beautiful about the Savior’s blood and wounds. When I look upon the Savior I feel more and more how much the brethren love us and how unworthy we are of all this love that they show us, especially I, when I think about how often I sadden them when they are forced to observe that I do not follow the beautiful words that they tell me. I feel that, when the brethren are saddened by me, then the Savior is saddened by me even more, and that causes my heart a great deal of pain. For that reason I am asking the Savior to make me be like a small child who continuously lies inside His wounds, so that I may be obedient to Him and the brethren. I am very glad that the Savior has given me His flesh to eat and blood to drink, despite my being so poor and sinful. It is my desire that the Savior open wide His wounds so that I may dwell in them every day. I quite love all of my brethren and sisters in Pachgatgoch, and entreat the Savior to let all of us dwell together blissfully inside His sacred wounds. I salute Br. Christian, Nathanael, Gottlieb, Rundt, and all the unmarried brethren. I once more salute all the married brethren and ask that they frequently remember me before the Savior so that I may always be as blessed and safe in the wounds of Jesus as inside a cleft in a rock. Your poor Br. Joshua. 512

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4) I salute you, my dear Br. Jacob. I was very glad to learn from you that you are so blissful inside the wounds of the Savior, for I have often thought, I wonder how my dear Br. Jacob is, I have not heard from him in a long time. When I now think of my dear Br. Jacob, I think, he is now near the Savior’s wounds. I wish for you and me that we may every day enjoy the blissfulness inside the Savior’s wounds. I salute your wife and your children, and let you know that I, my wife, and children are all well. The Savior shows toward us a great deal of mercy, and every day we wish to enjoy more of His grace. Pass on my most affectionate greetings to all the Indian brethren and sisters. Your poor Br. Joshua. 5) I salute you, my dear Br. Joshua, and let you know that I was very glad when I learned that being in Bethlehem you feel blissful inside the Savior’s wounds. I often wished to hear some news about how you and my Indian brethren are. I feel blissful inside the Savior’s wounds, and let you know that I, my wife, and my children are all well. Salute heartily your wife [and] all the brethren and sisters for me. I give to them the verse: Die heiligen fünf Wunden dein &ca.32 Your poor Br. Joshua. 6) I salute Br. Joseph and all the brethren in Bethlehem. I thank them for their love and kindness in that they care for me so. I am poor, inside and out, but because of their kindness my body is warm, and the beautiful words that the brethren tell me about the Savior render my heart warm. When I feel the love the brethren have for me, I think: with the brethren loving me so much, how much more will the Savior love me. When the brethren say [that] the Savior died for the sinners, then I think, He also died for me, because I am a very poor sinner, and I wish every day to feel the Savior’s blood in my heart. I salute Amos, Philippus, and Andreas from the bottom of my heart. Your poor Br. Simon. 7) Dear Br. Joseph33 You wrote in Your Letter to me, that I must be a Sinner & I find it is best for me. ‘Tis true when our Saviours Wounds shine upon my Heart I see very plain that I am a Sinner & the more I feel I am a Sinner, the more I beg Forgiveness of our Saviour. When I did hear thy Letter I did find me just so as thou didst write. I feel my Heart now 513

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so inclined, that I will follow them sweet Words my Brethren from Time to Time do tell me. My Daughter desires very much to come to Bethlm., therefore is my Prayer that our Saviour shall help us to Peace, & I hope he will do it, & then I’ll come with my Daughter to Bethlehem. I will give her quite up to our Saviour. When I hear my Daughter Mariana speak how she loves our Saviour, my Heart & Eyes flow over with Tears. Remember my Love to Brother Anton, Josua, Augustus, Andreas, Philippus & their Wives & tell them, that I could not help weeping for Joy, when I heard that they was in Bethl:m & I am right glad, that they have found such a secure Shelter in our Saviours Wounds & in Bethl:m. I love all Brethren very much & we will pray to our Saviour for Peace, that we in a short Time may see one another again. Tell Br: Amos that his Brother is gone to War & we have not heard any Thing of him this great while & tell him that he shall remain by our Saviours Wounds, since in the whole World there is no better Place for such poor Sinners as we are. I am glad that he is in Bethlehem. I give my Love to Br: Senseman, I could not help weeping when I did hear that his Wife was consumed by the Flames. When my House was burnt, it concerned me not much. I thought it could not have happened without our Saviours Leave & by this Occasion the Mahoni came many Times in my Mind. I have no more to write to him, but only to tell him: that if our Saviour had not come to me & told me in my Heart of his Wounds, I should never have come to him. In his Wounds I have seen that I am a poor Sinner & I find nothing better for my poor sinfull Heart, then his Wounds. I love my dear Br: Jungman & his Wife as also my dear Br: Eberhardt & I am very much rejoiced, that we have such loving Brethren & Sister here amongst us. Your poor Br: Samuel. 8) I salute Br. Joseph, Matth[eu]s Hehl, and all the brethren. It pains me greatly that I was unable to see you this fall in Bethlehem. Br. Utley preached a sweet gospel to us, and during it I feel that my heart is well. I am glad that Br. Joseph has given me hope that I may bring my children to Bethlehem. As soon as there is peace, I intend to bring them. I salute Martin Mack and let him know that I have not forgotten what he told me in Gnadenhütten. I salute Br. Sensemann and let him know that my heart was saddened when I heard that his wife burned. I salute Abr. Büninger and his wife; I love them dearly. I salute all the brethren near the wounds of the Savior. I salute Jacob and his wife and let them know that I am hearing many beautiful 514

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words about the Savior’s wounds, and that keeps my heart rejoiced. I let Jacob know that, when we were recently gathered, we talked among us about our hearts, and we felt that the Savior was near us with His wounds, and since that time, the wounds of the Savior have always stayed near me. I wish that I shall soon see him again with my own eyes. My son Friedrich salutes Br. Christian Seidel and Rundt. He salutes all the children and brethren in Bethlehem. He hopes to get to see them soon. Remember me before the Savior, that His wounds shall be near me forever, for I am poor, Martin 9) I salute Br. Joseph most heartily. I am very glad that we continuously get brethren who tell us so many beautiful things about the Savior’s wounds, and thank the brethren that they have sent us dear Br. Eberhardt. I salute Br. Nathanael and Christian Seidel, Sensemann, and all the brethren I saw and did not see. I salute all my Indian brethren; I do not know when I will see them again. My heart is glad that I once again had the grace to eat the Savior’s flesh and drink His blood. I am very happy that my Indian brethren did not go to the other Indians, but that they are in Bethlehem. I was very glad when I heard that Br. Amos is in Bethlehem. I salute him most heartily. Your poor Br. Jeremias 10) I salute Br. Christian Seidel, Sensemann, Ludwig Hübner, yes, all the brethren, also those I did not see, and kiss all of them most heartily. I salute Andreas, Johannes, Philippus, and their sons, as well as all the Indians in Bethlehem. I am letting you know that I am cleaving to the Savior as a poor sinner. This is all I am able to write. The poor Christoph Namaasep salutes Bathseba, and Kakaioh salutes Andreas, and they both salute Br. Rundt, Christ. Seidel, Sensemann, and all the children in Bethlehem. [rmm 4/115/15/18. This undated document, addressed to Br. Eberhardt, contains Spangenberg’s reflections on Br. Utley’s diary of 19 December 1755 to 18 515

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January 1756. See rmm 4/115/5/1. This memorandum may have been received by Eberhardt after 6 May 1756, when he last used the designation “Scatticok” in one of his diaries (see point 6, this document). Spangenberg’s observations were probably offered as a guide to Eberhardt for keeping a daily record of his stay in Pachgatgoch. See rmm 4/115/6/1 and 4/115/7/1.] My dear Br. Eberhard.34 With respect to the diario of Br. Utley I observe [the following]: 1) It is good that I see what subjects are treated daily in the occasions. Yet, I also wish that the work of the Holy Spirit, which one observes every day when occupying oneself with the souls, is noted in it as well. Heyden-Diaria [heathen diaries] must not be too general, rather the specialia [Latin: particulars] make them pleasant and edifying for reading. 2) There is little or nothing at all in it about the work among the children, and they are indeed our main object, and it is very important to me to see from day to day how matters are proceeding among them; not only what they are learning, but also whether they are developing a feeling for their misery, a love for the wounds of the Lamb, whether they are growing to be nicely obedient toward their parents, [and] what results our efforts are having among them. 3) Instead of Lords Supper quarter of an Hour, I would now say: The homily for the communicants. 4) That Br. Gideon and Br. Martin and Br. Joshua conduct an occasion at times pleases me. But you must be sure to see to it that their speech is executed properly and from a feeling heart. I like observing their natural expressions35 and their speech ad hominem [Latin: to the person]. 5) Should one not assist Br. Samuel, who lost his house as a result of the fire, toward [building] another house?36 Whatever you can do to further this, please make sure to do so. 6) I see that in Pachgatgoch (we do not want to abandon this name, for it is better known to the congregation than this: Scatticock 516

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[Schaghticoke]) there was no Christmas night watch; that was not good. 7) On the whole, one must see to it that the congregation can share to a greater extent in the course that we are pursuing in other congregations, e.g., about our festival times, memorial days, beautiful watchwords, excellent texts, etc. It must not proceed too much in the way of religion among our people.37 8) I also do not find anything about classes, Banden, and how the brethren declared themselves when they were spoken with [in preparation] for Communion. And matters of this sort are a sweetmeat to me. 9) The brethren must also learn about our course of suffering. Christians are not in this world to rejoice and prosper there; their calling is: Jesu nach, durch die Schmach, durchs Gedräng von aus u. innen, das Geraume zu gewinnen, deßen Pforten Jesus brach.38 10) If man and wife can be servants at the same time, that is what I prefer among the Indians. 11) Frolicks must not be heard of among our people. One has to prevent such matters in tempore [Latin: at the right moment]. 12) I wish the Indians would speak English when conducting a homily, otherwise you cannot observe them. [This document contains two pieces of writing. The first is a letter from Henrich Martin of Rhinebeck, a member of the Moravian Church, requesting permission for him and his wife to receive Communion with the Indian congregation in Pachgatgoch.39 The second is a memorandum in Spangenberg’s hand to Nathanael Seidel, asking him to inform Martin that his request cannot be granted. rmm 4/115/15/19, 5 Apr. 1756] April 5, 1756.40 My dear heart, I greet and kiss you most affectionately near the wounds of our dear Savior. I wish to make a request to you — I and my wife — that you may permit us to join the assembly in Pachgatgoch in 517

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Communion, for our poor hearts are hungry and thirsty and greatly long to be nourished and watered with the body and blood of our dear Savior. Because I do not know any other medicine for poor, broken hearts, I want to entrust our request to your heart. I think the Savior will let you feel the reason behind my writing to you. My dear heart, I once more greet you most affectionately, I and my wife. Salute the entire congregation in Bethlehem for us, Henrich Marthin and Elisabet Marth[in] in Rhinebeck. [The following is by Spangenberg] Br. Nathanael, Br. Martin writes the above letter to me from Rhinebeck. He would like to attend Communion in Pachgatgoch. I have contemplated the matter but cannot consent to this. At your convenience, inform him, in a loving manner, and tell Brother and Sister Jungmann, and Br. Eberhardt, my thoughts in this regard. Jos. Bethl. Aug. 31, 1756 [rmm 4/115/15/20, 12 Mar. 1757. These English-language greetings and messages from several Indians in Pachgatgoch to persons in Bethlehem were recorded by Br. Eberhardt on 12 March 1757. Br. John Ettwein, who was present at the time and departed shortly thereafter, probably carried them to Bethlehem. The corresponding diary, by Eberhardt, covers the period from 28 February to 13 March 1757. rmm 4/115/6/1.] Pachgatgock ye 12th: Mart., 1757.41 I greet Br: Joseph and all the Brethren and Sisters in Bethl:m I am always glad when Brethren come from Bethlehem here and my Heart is always glad to hear of our Saviours Blood and Wounds. And since 518

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I believe that our Saviour suffered and died for my Sins, my Longing and Desire is to be made free from all of them Things which caused his bitter Smart and Dead, and allways to feel his Blood in my Heart. [Blank] My Heart feels always Smart when I see that our Saviours Blood and Wounds in [sic] not right sweet and weighty to many amongst us. [Blank] I have a great Desire to visit the Brethren in Bethlehem and I wish that it could be soon since I grow old and weak, which will hinder me if the Time should be put to far off. [Blank] My Heart feels every Day happy by hearing that our Saviour loves the poor Sinners so much and it is so in my Heart: should I not love our Saviour, who has loved me so much: Yes, I will love him so long as I live. [Blank] I greet once more the whole Congregation and thank them for their great Love to us poor Indians in sending us allways Brethren who shew us to our Saviour, where we can be so happy. Your poor Br: Gideon My dear Indian Brethren and Sisters I greet you all especially Josua, Andreas, Jacob, Augustus, Philippus, Anton & my Daughter Christine. I am well and happy here and thank our Saviour that he has given us so much understanding that we can understand the Brethren when they tell us of our Saviours Love, Blood and Wounds. My Body feels weak of Oldness but my Heart feels well and will always be in our Saviour. I think always on you and think my Brethren and Sisters in Bethl:m feel our Saviours Love and Grace so as I feel it here. We and our Children are all well and our Neighbours are very friendly towards us, therefore believe not otherwise if you should hear Stories from other Indians. We should be very glad to hear that all our Friends and Acquaintance[s] were all in Bethl:m and not amongst the other wild Indians. I have heard that many Indians will come down from Diaogu to Bethlehem tell them from me, that if the[y] like to live, they must go to our Saviour and his Wounds, there they will get Life and Happiness and nowhere else. Greet them from me 519

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and tell them that I shall be very glad when I hear that they hearken to our Saviour and follow him. Your poor Br: Gideon I greet Br: Joseph. I feel myself very poor and wish that my heart was more upright towards our Saviour. I thank our Saviour many Times that he gives us Brethren who allways tell us of him and notwithstanding that I am so poor, I love to be in our Saviour. My Wish is that my Heart may be given up to our Saviour more every Day. When I feel the Sweetness of our Saviours Wounds my Heart wishes to enjoy it so every Hour. I can not express what my Heart thinks when I feel that our Saviour loves me such a poor Sinner. My daughter has a great Longing for to come to Bethl:m and live amongst the Single Sisters. If our Saviour will permit here [sic] to come I and my wife give her with all our Heart over to our Saviour and the dear Congregation. I greet all the Brethren & Sisters in Bethl:m Your poor Br: Josua I greet Br: Josua, Jacob, Andreas, Anton, I allways think on you before our Saviour. It has rejoiced me to hear that you keep constantly to our Saviours Wounds and so I will do too so long as I live. When I think on our Indian Brethren and the white Brethren in Bethlehem I wish that we Here with them were as one Tree in our Saviours Wounds. We will Stay by our Saviours Wounds, where we find so much Grace for poor Sinner. This Winter my Wife was very sick but now she and we all are well. I greet all the Indian Brethren and Sisters heartily[.] Your poor Br: Josua. I greet Andreas and let him know that I am well & am glad to hear the same from him. Lucia greets Philippus heartely & his Wife and 520

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little Child. We are always glad to hear that you are happy by our Saviours Wounds, and that is my Wish to[o], that I always may rejoice in them sweet Wounds. I am very glad that Br: Ettwein visited us, my Heart has felt well all the while he was here. Br: Ettwein told us that we must always look to our Saviour if we would always be happy, and I feel it in my Heart that it is true & so does my Wife too. Tell Amos that Ponek his Brother is dead. How he died none can give an Account of, he was missed when they went Battoeing from Oswego. Greet all the Brethren & Sisters from me and my Wife and tell them that we and our Children are well. Your poor Br: Samuel [rmm 4/115/15/21. These notes, written by Spangenberg in 1760, contain information to be related to Br. Martin Mack, as well as reflections on Br. Bernhard Adam Grube’s diary from Pachgatgoch. The corresponding diaries cover the periods from 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760 (Grube) and 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761 (Mack). rmm 4/115/9/1, 4/115/10/1.] Pachgatgoch.42 Sept. 12. Write to Br. Martin [Mack] about the going home of the J[ünger] and the J[üngerin];43 it. about the treaty in Pittsburg with the Indians, of which there were 680, not counting the children; also about his plan. Sept. 17. Br. Grube delivered his diarium from Apr. 1, [17]60–[Aug. 11, 1760]. [The following are comments on Grube’s diary] May 16. Paulus takes Gottlieba; but she is Christian’s wife, is she not? Qu.: Can Christian take her back? May 29. Ashbo and Peter from Otsiningo are preaching in Pachgatgoch. They are 2 Indians. What is their reason? 521

June 9. This is now the 8th child that the Savior has taken in since my presence here.44 NB: This is a consolation for us. May 30.45 Who is this Stephen? He is not on the list.46 Jul. 25. Brother and Sister Martin Mack arrived in Pachgatgoch. Aug. 3. Who is this Anna, who after a long time was for the first time again admitted to Communion?47 She is not on the list.

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Appendix 5 Biographical List

We have not attempted to update or place within modern political boundaries the names of German states or regions that appear in the sources consulted and cited here. Allworth, James. Member of the Moravian congregation at Sichem, New York. W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 68. Anders, Anna Rosina, a.k.a. Anna Rosel, b. Bertelsdorf, 1727, d. Fulneck, Yorkshire, 1803. Anders was the Single Sisters’ Laboress and the leader of the Single Sisters’ Choir at Bethlehem. Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 5. Atherton, James. An early settler, he made his home in Hitchcock’s Corners, present Amenia Union, New York. Sedgwick, General History, 110. Bischoff, Johann David, b. 1704, d. Bethania nc, 1763. Ordained a deacon in the Moravian Church in 1749. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 331. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, gives the ordination date as February 16, 1748 (173). Böhler, Johann Wilhelm, b. Gernsheim, Hessen, 1725, d. Bethlehem, 1806. A carpenter. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 366. Böhler, Peter (Petrus), b. Frankfurt am Main, 1712, d. London, 1774. Böhler landed in South Carolina, proceeding to Savannah, Georgia, in 1738. He was one of the founders of Bethlehem, and shortly after it was established, he sailed for Europe, returning in 1742 with the first party of Moravians sent to Pennsylvania. He superintended the Moravian Church in America until Spangenberg’s arrival in 1744 and then traveled back to Europe, serving congregations in England and Germany. In 1748 Böhler was consecrated a bishop. He would return to the colonies on two other occasions, the last from 1753 to 1764. He married Elizabeth Hopson in 1742. W. Reichel, Memorials, 24–25; 524

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W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 331. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, and Reichel disagree on some dates of Böhler’s service in the church. Bordwell, Joel, b. Deerfield ma, 1732, d. Kent, 1811. Bordwell was installed as pastor of Kent’s Congregational Church in September 1758; he married Jane Mills in 1759. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Bostwick, Anna, 1708–1800. Of New Milford. Bostwick, Lemuel, 1704–1791. Of New Milford. Bruce, David, d. Wechquadnach, July 1749. A carpenter from Edinburgh, Scotland, Bruce arrived in Bethlehem with Zinzendorf in late 1741. He was sent to Wechquadnach in January 1749 to relieve Christian Frederic Post. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 360; W. Reichel, Memorials, 24; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 152–53. Bull, Isaac, b. Jamestown ri, 1708, d. 1789. Wife was Rebecca Browning. Johnston, Register of Some of the Families. Bull, Rebecca, d. 1790. Husband was Isaac Bull. Büninger, Abraham, also Buhninger, b. Bulach, Switzerland, 1720, d. Salem ny, 1811. Büninger arrived in Bethlehem in 1745 and served Moravian missions in North America and the West Indies. He married Martha Mariner of New York in 1746. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 360; W. Reichel, Memorials, 25. Büttner, Gottlob, 1717–1745. A Moravian from Silesia who served, died, and was laid to rest at the Shekomeko mission. He married Margarethe Bechtel (1721– 1793). W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 48; W. Reichel, Memorials, 138; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 148–49; Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 48–49, 51. Cammerhoff, Johann Christian Friedrich, b. Hillersleben, Saxony, 1721, d. Bethlehem, 1751. Cammerhoff studied in Jena, Thuringia, became an assistant to Zinzendorf in 1745, was ordained a minister in May 1746, and later that same year became a bishop so that he could serve as assistant to Spangenberg, the superintendent of the Moravian Church in North America. He arrived in Bethlehem in 1747, where he worked energetically, although not without considerable theological and political controversy, in a variety of church interests. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 322. See Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church; P. Wallace, Conrad Weiser; Doblin and Starna, Journals of Claus and Weiser. 525

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Canfield, Samuel, 1702–1754. A resident of New Milford, Connecticut, Canfield served as a justice from 1741 until his death. prcc, 8:419, 10:247. Caries, Zacharias George. A Moravian who in 1754 founded the mission in Jamaica, West Indies. See Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 150. Chamberlain, Mrs., Jane Higgins, b. ca. 1717. Second wife of Peleg Chamberlain. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Chamberlain, Peleg, b. Colchester ct, 1713, d. Kent ct, 1792. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Chamberlain, Peleg, Jr., b. Colchester ct, 1736, d. Kent ct, 1809. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Chase, Benjamin, b. Newbury ma, 1717, d. of smallpox, Kent ct, 1778. He was a physician. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Colver, Elisha. Identified as a shoemaker in 1759 and as a justice of the peace in Dutchess County in 1769. He and his wife, Hannah, lived near Sichem in the Oblong, where they were members of the Moravian congregation. mab, Receipt, draft land sale agreement, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters from Sichem and Kingsbury ny, [no day/month], 1759; W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 68. Colver, Ephraim, b. 1717, d. Bethlehem, 1775. W. Reichel, Memorials, 282. Dizort, Isaac. An Isaac Tietsort appears on a 1740 list of Dutchess County freeholders. Brothers Cammerhoff and Pezold visited an Isaac Tietsoort on the Wallkill River in New York in early 1749. dhny, 4:135; uah r.15.h.i.a.5.8, 6–22 Mar. 1749. Eberhardt, Nicholas Heinrich (Henry), b. Copenhagen, 1723, d. Manocacy md, 1770. Having arrived in Bethlehem from Germany in 1752, Eberhardt was ordained a deacon three years later. Married Sara van Vleck in 1764. Served the congregations in Bethlehem; Oldman’s Creek, New Jersey; Philadelphia; and Manocacy and also the mission at Pachgatgoch. mab, Lebenslauf of Nicholas Henry Eberhardt. Ettwein, Johann (John), b. Trendenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, 1721, d. Bethlehem, 1802. Ettwein arrived in the colonies in 1754 and was ordained a bishop of the church in 1784. See Hamilton, John Ettwein. Filkin, Francis, 1703–1781. A freeholder, storekeeper, and a judge of the Court of 526

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Common Pleas, Dutchess County. He resided and conducted his business in Filkintown, present Mabbettsville. Filkin later moved to New York City, where he was a successful merchant and, for twenty years, a city alderman. Henry was his brother. Filkin, Henry, b. 1698, d. ca. 1757. By the late 1730s, Filkin was a freeholder in Dutchess County, where he had a home near Washington Hollow. He served as high sheriff of the county from 1743 to 1748 and was a member of the colonial assembly from 1752 to 1758. Francis was his brother. Fröhlich, Christian, b. Felsberg, Hessen, 1715, d. Bethlehem, 1776. A confectioner. Arrived in the colonies in late 1740; served Moravian missions in New England and St. Thomas. Fröhlich managed Peter V. B. Livingston’s (1710–1792) sugar refinery in the Hudson Valley for nearly two decades. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 361; W. Reichel, Memorials, 53; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 111. Führer, Christian. The Führers were a Palatine German family living in the vicinity of Rhinebeck. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:141. Gambold, Hector, a.k.a. Ernest, b. Pembrokeshire, South Wales, 1719, d. Bethlehem, 1788. Ordained a deacon of the church in 1755. Married Helen Craig, then of New York, in 1743. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 333; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 184–85. Garrison, John. A son of Nicholas Garrison. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 338. Garrison, Nicholas, b. Staten Island, 1701, d. Bethlehem, 1781. A ship’s captain who commanded The Little Strength and Irene, both Moravian-owned vessels. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 337–38; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 156–57. Gaylord, Aaron, b. 1711, d. Gaylordsville ct, 1767. Gaylord, Nathan. No information. Graff, Johann (John) Michael, d. Salem nc, 1774. Arrived in Bethlehem in late 1751. In 1762 he moved to the Moravian settlements in North Carolina, where ten years later he was ordained a bishop. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 321. Grube, Bernhard Adam, b. 1715, d. Bethlehem, 1808. From Walschleben, Thuringia, Grube arrived in America on the Irene in 1746, and over the next several 527

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decades he probably served at more mission posts than any other Moravian. In 1755 he married the widow Elisabeth Busse, née Krüger (1715–1776); their daughter Anna Johanna was born in 1758, shortly before they were sent to Pachgatgoch. Träger and Träger-Große, Dienerblätter; Fries, Moravian Heroes, 93–109. Haber, Zacharias. A Palatine German and freeholder living in Rhinebeck. dhny, 4:134. Harris, John. No information. Hatch, Timothy, b. Falmouth ma, 1695, d. Kent, 1766. Married Deborah Newcomb in 1716. One of the early land owners in Kent, Hatch held the posts of selectman and justice of the peace for many years. Grant, Town of Kent; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Hays (Heys, Heass, Heas, Häys). Identified by the Moravians as a Jewish merchant in Kent. No other information. Hehl, Mattheus (Matthew) Godfrey, b. Ebersbach, Baden-Württemberg, 1705, d. Lititz pa, 1787. A Moravian bishop. Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 139, 221–31. Herr, Samuel, b. Lauffen, Würtenberg, 1716. Served at a number of posts in the colonies before being sent to Barbados, the place of his death, which occurred before December 1, 1774, the date his wife, Anna Schaefer Herr, remarried (Linn and Egle, Marriage Register, 115). Herr accompanied George Sölle on his trip into New England in 1760. Stahl, “Diary of a Moravian Missionary.” Hoffmann, Mattheus (Matthew). A carpenter, Hoffmann resided at Oley, Pennsylvania. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 366. Horsefield, Timothy, b. Liverpool, 1708, d. Bethlehem, 1773. Horsefield immigrated to the colonies in 1725 and became a financial agent for the Moravian Church. He owned a farm in Brooklyn. Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 138; W. Reichel, Memorials, 239–40; Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 37; mab, Church Register, 2:309–10. Hübner, J. Ludwig, b. Rommelshausen, d. Bethlehem, 1796. Hübner, a potter, arrived in Bethlehem in 1743 and married Cornelia Ysselstein in 1756. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 368–69. Jungmann, Johann (John) Georg (George), b. Hochenheim, the Palitinate, 1720, d. Bethlehem, 1808. Jungmann immigrated in 1731, arrived in Bethlehem 528

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in 1745, and served at missions in New England, Western Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Married Ann Margaret Bechtel, the widow of Gottlob Büttner (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 356; Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 48–57). Reichel identifies Jungmann as a miller, although Jungmann himself writes that he had learned the cooper trade from his father. Faull, “Jungmann,” 179. Kelley, David. No information. Kingston, John. A blacksmith and shopkeeper and a member of the Moravian community in New York City. Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 67. Kremser, Mattheus. This may be the Mattheus Kremser who married Rosina (Hans) Fritsch in 1745 and then, in 1763, Rosina Schulius, both in Bethlehem. Linn and Egle, Marriage Register, 117. Lawatsch, Andrew Anton, b. 1712, d. Surinam, 1771. Lawatsch, Anna Maria Demuth, b. Karlsdorf, Moravia, 1712, d. Bethlehem, 1760. While living in London, she “succeeded Anna Nitschmann as ‘general eldress’” during Nitschmann’s absence in the colonies. Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 73. Leighton, John, d. Bethlehem, 1756. A baker from Dundee, Leighton arrived in New York from England with his wife Sarah in late 1743. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 341, 357; mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1756, 16:85. Mack, Johann (John) Martin, b. Leysingen, Wurtemberg, 1715, d. Saint Croix, West Indies, 1784. Mack served in the Moravian mission effort in Georgia (1735), was one of the founders of Bethlehem (1740), and established the mission towns of Gnadenhütten (1746) and Nain (1757). He was Rauch’s assistant at Shekomeko, and in 1742 he married Jeannette/Johannette Rau (d. 1749), the daughter of Johannes Rau. He married Anna Rebstock in 1753 and would marry two more times. Mack was consecrated a bishop of the church in 1770. W. Reichel, Memorials, 100–101; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 84–86; Linn and Egle, Marriage Register, 119. Marsh, Cyrus, b. Plainfield ct, 1718, d. Kent ct, 1771. Marsh was installed as the first pastor of Kent’s Congregational Church in 1741 and was dismissed about 1756. Married to Margaret Kinsman (b. Ipswich ma, 1725) from 1740 until her death in 1755. Married Abigail Marvin in 1755, Susannah Dow in 529

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1757, and Hannah Ransom Clark, daughter of John Ransom and Bethiah Lewis, in 1767. Atwater, History of Kent, 49, 55; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Martin, Henrich, b. 1715. mab, Diarium von Sichem, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Memorabilia: Nov.–Dec. 1769. Maul, Johann Jacob, b. ca. 1706, d. 1783. A Palatine German and freeholder who resided in Rhinebeck. W. Reichel, Memorials, 53; dhny, 4:134. Mills. A minister; brother of John Mills. No other information. Mills, Jane, 1735–1829. A daughter of John and Jane Mills; she married the Reverend Joel Bordwell in 1759. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Mills, John (Lieutenant), b. Windsor ct, 1707/1708, d. Kent ct, 1760. A resident proprietor and considered the wealthiest man in Kent; served a one-year term as selectman. Grant, Town of Kent; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Mills, Mrs. (John), Jane Lewis, b. Stratford ct, 1712, d. Kent ct, 1798. Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Nitschmann, David, b. Zauchtenthal, Moravia, 1696, d. Bethlehem, 1772. A carpenter, David Nitschmann was the first Bishop of the Renewed Church of the Brethren. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 291; W. Reichel, Memorials, 164–65; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 62–64. Nitschmann, David, Jr., d. 1779. A weaver from Moravia, David Nitschmann Jr. was ordained a bishop in 1746. Church members called him “Nitschmann the Syndic,” a reference to his duties as Zinzendorf’s assistant. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 291; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 69–70. Nitschmann, David, Sr., b. 1676, d. Bethlehem, 1758. A wheelwright from Zauchtenthal, Moravia, David Nitschmann Sr. arrived in Pennsylvania in late 1740. He was Bishop David Nitschmann’s uncle. Married Ann Schneider in 1700. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 291; W. Reichel, Memorials, 164–65; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 106–7. Nitschmann, Johann, Sr., 1703–1772. A bishop who for a brief time replaced Bishop Spangenberg as head of the American church. He would be recalled to Europe in September 1751, although he did not leave the colonies until the following December. Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 139. Otto, Johann (John) Frederic, b. Meiningen, Saxe-Meiningen, 1714. There are two different reports on the place and date of his death: Nazareth, 1779, and 530

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Bethlehem, 1786. Otto was the first physician/surgeon in Bethlehem. He first married Ann Mary Weber and then, in 1750, Judith Benezet Bruce, the widow of David Bruce. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 357; W. Reichel, Memorials, 276; mab, Church Register, 2:368–69. Paine, Stephen, b. Rehoboth, Bristol ma, 1699, d. Woodstock ct, 1789. Served as surveyor of highways in Kent. Grant, Town of Kent, 132; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Pezold, Gottlieb, b. Bischofswerda, Saxony, 1720, d. Lititz pa, 1762. A purse maker, ordained a deacon in 1748. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 178–79; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 335. Post, Christian Frederick, b. Conitz, Polish Prussia, 1715, d. Germantown pa, 1785. A joiner by trade, Post served the missions in New York and Connecticut from 1743 to 1749 and, afterward, those in Labrador, Jamaica (West Indies), Pennsylvania, and in the Ohio country. Married first to Rachel, a Wampanoo from Pachgatgoch, and, after her death in 1747, to Agnes, a Delaware; he is also reported to have married Margaret Miller in 1767. Unlike other Moravians, and contrary to the wishes of the church, Post involved himself in Indiancolonial politics. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 334–35; Chase, “Christian Frederick Post”; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 180–82. Powell, Joseph, b. Shropshire, England, ca. 1710, d. Sichem ny, 1774. Ordained a deacon of the church in 1756, Powell served congregations on Staten Island and Long Island and also in Jamaica, West Indies. He and his wife, Martha Pritchett (d. Bethlehem, 1774), whom he married in 1742, resided at Sichem from June 1756 to October 1758. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 332; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 177–78. Pyrlaeus, Johann (John) Christopher, b. Pausa, Saxony, 1713, d. Herrnhut, 1785. Arrived in Bethlehem in October 1741. Pyrlaeus is regarded as an important early scholar of the American Indian; a particular interest of his was native languages. He left a considerable record of his studies. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 149–50; W. Reichel, Memorials, 138–40; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 362. Ransom, John, Sr., b. Colchester ct, 1709, d. Kent ct, 1797. A proprietor in Kent, an attorney, and a mill operator, Ransom held various positions in the local government, including constable and selectman, and served as justice 531

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of the peace from 1752 to 1777. Grant, Town of Kent, 136–38; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Rau, Johannes (Hannes) (Sr.), b. ca. 1696, d. Dutchess County ny, 1768. A Palatine German and farmer, Rau befriended and sheltered the missionary Christian Heinrich Rauch after he encountered opposition from a portion of the Indian community at Shekomeko, reportedly incited by local whites. His daughter Jeannette/Johannetta married the Moravian Johann Martin Mack. Loskiel, History of the Mission, 11; W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 33– 35; Huntting, Little Nine, 25, 134–35. Rau, Johannes (Jr.). A son of Johannes Rau. No other information. Rau, Nicolaus. A son of Johannes Rau. No other information. Rau, Philip. A son of Johannes Rau. No other information. Rau, Wilhelm. A son of Johannes Rau. No other information. Rauch, Christian Heinrich (Henry), b. 1718, d. Jamaica, West Indies, 1763. Rauch, who was from Bernburg, Anhalt-Bernburg, was the first Moravian missionary to the Indians at Shekomeko, arriving there on 16 August 1740, one month after he had landed in New York from Marienborn in Wetteravia, via Heerendyk, Holland. He married Anna Elisabeth Robins of Philadelphia in December 1742. Loskiel, History of the Mission, 7–9; Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 40; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 145; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 363; Hamilton, Bethlehem Diary, 1:128. Reincke, Abraham, d. ca. 1760. Reincke, who was from Stockholm, Sweden, was ordained a presbyter by Bishops Spangenberg and Böhler in 1745. His wife was Sarah. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 320, 343, 363. Rice, Owen, d. Gomersal, Yorkshire, 1788. Rice was from Wales. Ordained a deacon in the Moravian Church in 1748, Rice was the first resident Moravian pastor in New York City. He and his wife, Elizabeth, arrived in America aboard the ship Catharine in June 1742. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 332–33; W. Reichel, Memorials, 187; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 176; Levering, History, 122. Rogers, Ichabod, b. ca. 1735, d. Sharon, 1777. Rogers, Jacob. Formerly a deacon in the Church of England, Rogers arrived in Bethlehem in early 1752. In July 1755 he assumed the position of head pastor of the Moravian congregation in New York, returning to England in 1762. 532

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Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 97; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 315. Rothe, Johannes, a.k.a. John Roth, b. Sarmund, Prussia, 1726, d. York pa, 1791. Educated a Roman Catholic, Rothe joined the Moravian Church in 1748. He served the Moravian Indian missions in Pennsylvania and Ohio after his arrival in the colonies in 1756, and he is known for his study of the Forks dialect of Northern Unami, used by Moravian missionaries in their translations. Goddard, “Eastern Algonquian Languages,” 73. Rubel, Christina, b. near Brandywine pa, 1730, d. Bethlehem, 1818. Married Joachim Sensemann in 1761. Rundt, Carl Gottfried, b. Königsberg, Prussia, 1713, d. Bethlehem, 1764. Rundt served fifteen years as a bandsman in the infantry regiment of the Duke of Holstein. He did not arrive in Bethlehem until December 1751, making his first journey to Pachgatgoch early in 1752. mab, Church Register, vol. 2, 19 Aug. 1764. Schmick, Johann Jacob, b. Königsberg, Prussia, 1714, d. Lititz pa, 1778. Ordained a deacon in 1752, Schmick served in a number of the Moravian Indian missions. During the 1750s and 1760s he produced the Mahican-German dictionary Vocabularium Mahicandicum, which has been edited and published. See Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary. Schnell, Leonard, b. Anspack, d. after 1760. Landed in America on the ship Catharine and took up residence in Bethlehem in June 1742. He was married to Elisabeth. Schnell withdrew from the church in 1751. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 335–36; W. Reichel, Memorials, 186; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 180. See also Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 132. Schwartz (Schwartze?). A Moravian. No other information. Seidel, Anna Johanna, née Piesch, b. Bertelsdorf, 1726, d. Nazareth, 1788. Anna Johanna was the niece of Anna Nitschmann and an influential member of the Moravian Church in America, holding the important position of Eldress of the choir of Single Sisters. She married Bishop Nathanael Seidel in 1760. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 336; Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 121–29; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 171. Seidel, Christian, b. 1718. Sent to North Carolina in 1756. Married Catharina Binder 533

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in Bethlehem in May 1759 and then returned to North Carolina, where the couple died in a typhus epidemic that summer. Seidel, Nathanael, b. 1718, d. Bethlehem, 1782. By trade a cloth weaver from Lauban, Silesia, Seidel served the missions in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. He was consecrated a bishop of the Moravian Church in 1758. He was married to Anna Johanna Piesch. W. Reichel, Memorials, xiv, 33; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 336; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 178. Sensemann, Anna Catherine Ludwig, b. Lichtewarn, Upper Silesia, 1717, died in the Indian attack on Gnadenhütten, 24 November 1755. Anna and her husband, Joachim Sensemann, were active participants in the mission at Pachgatgoch. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 333; W. Reichel, Memorials, 201. Sensemann, Joachim (Heinrich Joachim or Joachim Heinrich), b. Hesse-Cassel, 1708, d. Jamaica, West Indies, 1772. Sensemann, a baker, came to Bethlehem in 1742; he was ordained a deacon in 1749. Married first to Anna Catherine Ludwig, who died in the Indian attack on Gnadenhütten in 1754, and then to Christina Rubel in 1761. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 333; W. Reichel, Memorials, 201; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 173. Sergeant, John, b. 1710, d. Stockbridge ma, 1749. Appointed by the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians of New England to direct the mission at Stockbridge in 1735. Skinner, Joseph, b. Colchester ct, 1707. Along with his father, Nathaniel, and his brothers Nathaniel Jr. and Thomas, Joseph was one of the original proprietors of Sharon Township. Barber, Historical Collections, 491; Sedgwick, General History, 24, 149. Smith, Azariah, b. Coventry ct (?), 1717, d. Sichem ny, 1784. Sölle, George, b. on the island of Erroe, Denmark, 1709, d. Salem nc, 1773. Sölle preached throughout eastern Pennsylvania and in New England. In 1760 he, along with a companion, Samuel Herr, traveled to New England seeking a site for a Moravian settlement and founded a mission at Broad Bay, Maine, in 1762. He moved to North Carolina in 1770. Stahl, “Diary of a Moravian Missionary”; Goodwin, “Moravians in Maine.” Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb, a.k.a. Joseph and Brother Joseph, b. Klettenberg, Saxony, 1704, d. Berthelsdorf, Saxony, 1792. Spangenberg served as the head of the American branch of the Moravian Church for nearly twenty years and 534

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was in the colonies from 1735 to 1739, 1744 to 1749, 1751 to 1752, and 1754 to 1762. His first marriage was to the widow Eve Mary (Ziegelbauer) Immig in 1740; she died in 1751. In 1754 he married Martha Elisabeth (Jähne) Miksch, also a widow. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 358; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 68–69; Levering, History of Bethlehem, 277n28; Fries, Moravian Heroes, 74–92. Streit, Friederich [sic], b. ca. 1700/1701, d. Dutchess County ny, 1781. Streit, who was from Westhofen, Germany, married Anna Catharina Maul, the sister of Johann Jacob Maul. Swift, Jabez, b. Sandwich ma, 1700, d. Kent ct, 1769. Appointed the first overseer of the Indians at Schaghticoke by the Connecticut Assembly in 1757, Swift also held the posts of selectman and justice of the peace in Kent. Grant, Town of Kent; Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. Thorp, Edward, b. Ribly, Yorkshire, d. Bethlehem, 1797. Thorp was ordained a deacon in the church in 1763. Two months earlier he had married Grace Ockertshausen, née Brooke. He and Grace served the congregation at Sichem, Dutchess County, from 1763 to 1765, and then in 1766, they went to Pachgatgoch, from which they were recalled when the mission closed in 1770. Utley, Richard, d. Salem nc, 1775. Utley, a clothier from Yorkshire, England, was ordained a deacon of the Moravian Church in 1747. He was married to Sarah Morgan. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 359, 364. van Vleck, Hendrick. A member of the Dutch Reformed Church who became “the ancestor of five generations of Moravian ministers” (Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 36, 68, 70). His name appears on a 1756 list of Moravians living in New York City. dhny, 3:623. von Watteville, Johannes, b. Johannes Michael Langguth in Walschleben, Thuringia, 1718, d. Gnadenfrei, Silesia, 1788. Von Watteville, who at the age of twenty-seven was adopted by Frederic, Baron von Watteville, served as Zinzendorf’s chief assistant. After his consecration as a bishop in 1747, he almost immediately was sent on a general tour of the Indian missions in the colonies and the West Indies. He married Henrietta Benigna Justine von Zinzendorf (1725–1789) of Berthelsdorf, Lusatia, Zinzendorf’s daughter by his first wife, Erdmuth Dorothea Reuss (1700–1750). Levering, History of 535

Bethlehem; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 319; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 151. Wade, John. Arrived in Pennsylvania in 1746 with his wife Joanna. He was ordained a deacon three years later and worked in the Moravian ministries in New York, on Long Island and Staten Island, in Pennsylvania, and also in New Jersey. W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 302, 364. Winegar (Winiger), Gerhard (Gerhardt), b. in Germany, 1702, d. Amenia ny, 1755. A Palatine German who reportedly built the first grist mill in Sharon. His wife was Catherine Schneider/Snyder. Barber, in Historical Collections, mistakenly writes that Winegar was Dutch (490). Woodbridge, Timothy, b. 1709, d. Stockbridge, 1774. The schoolmaster at Stockbridge from its founding until 1762. Axtell, “Scholastic Frontier”; Frazier, Stockbridge, 191–92. Yarrel, Thomas. Head pastor of the Moravian congregation in New York City from 1757 to 1765, when he retired to England. Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 97; [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 177; W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 333. Zeisberger, David, b. Zauchtenthal, Moravia, 1721, d. Goshen oh, 1808. Zeisberger, who was a shoemaker, was ordained a deacon in 1749. He married Susan Lecron in 1781. Zeisberger studied Iroquoian (Mohawk and Onondaga) and Algonquian (Delaware) languages and left a large corpus of translations and grammatical and lexical studies of native languages. [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 86–87; De Schweinitz, David Zeisberger; Goddard, “David Zeisberger.” Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von, a.k.a. Junge “disciple”, b. Dresden, 1700, d. Herrnhut, 1760. Zinzendorf founded the Herrnhuter Brudergemeinde (community of brethren at Herrnhut) and the Moravian Church in America. He was married first to Erdmuth Dorothea Reuss (1700–1750) and second to Anna Caritas Nitschmann (1715–1760). [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 61–62; Fries, Moravian Heroes, 35–56. On Anna Nitschmann, see [Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 108–10.

Appendix 6

Appendix 6 Gazetteer

These are the place-names that appear in the diaries and correspondence of the Moravians. Spellings in the translation have been standardized to conform with modern usage. Phonetic renderings and divergences from these standardized forms, as written by the Moravians, are in parentheses. Variants are listed in order of their appearance in the text. Albany (Albanien) ny. Antigua, Lesser Antilles. Berbice (Barbies, Barbice, Barbis), Guyana. Berthelsdorf, the name of Zinzendorf’s estate in eastern Saxony where Herrnhut was established. Bethlehem pa, North American headquarters of the Moravian Church. Boston (Baston). Canaan ct. Canada (Canida). Cape Cod (Cap Cad). Christiansbrunn (Christians Brun, Chrs. Brunn, Xbrunn), a Moravian settlement southwest of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Cochecton (Ye Schiechton, Geschechton), originally an Esopus-Minisink Indian community, later a Delaware River town, at present Damascus, Pennsylvania. Colchester (Col Schester) ct. Connecticut (Coneticut). Cornwall ct. Crown Point (Crown-Point, Crow[n]peint, Cronpeit) ny. Danbury (Danneberÿ, Danberry, Danberÿ, Danbery, Daneberÿ, Danebey, Tenburey) ct. 538

Appendix 6

Delaware (Dellewar, Delewaer, Delewer, Dellawar, Dellwär, Delawe), the river or the Indian people. Derby (Darby, Darbi, Darbÿ) ct. Dover (Dober) ny. Dutchess (Dutschers) County ny. Easton (Eastown) pa. England (Engeland). Esopus (Sopus, Soppos), Kingston, New York. Farmington (Farmingtown, Fermentaun, Fermentown, Vermenthaun, Vermentoun, Vermen Thaun) ct. Filkintown (Felkentown, Filckentoun, Filckenthaun, Filekintown), present Mabbettsville, Dutchess County, New York. Fishkill (Fiesch Kiel, Fieschkiel) ny. Fishkill Creek, Dutchess County, New York. Fort Edward (Edward’s Fort), at present Glens Falls, New York. Fort William Henry, at present Lake George, New York. Freehold, northwest of present Catskill, New York. Friedensthal (Friedens-thal, Friedens-Thal), a Moravian settlement a short distance east of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Gnadenhütten (Gnaden hütten, Gnadenhüten, Knadenhütten, Knadenhütt), a Moravian Indian village and mission on Mahoning Creek at present Lehighton, Pennsylvania. Gnadensee (Knaden See), at both present Indian Lake, the town of Northeast, Dutchess County, New York, and Indian Pond, the town of Sharon, Litchfield County, Connecticut. Gnadenthal, a Moravian settlement east of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Greenland (Grönl., Krönland). Hartford (Harfort) ct. Herrnhut (H[errn]huth), a town in eastern Saxony founded in 1722 by Bohemian Brethren from Moravia who had sought refuge on Zinzendorf’s estate. It became the mother community of the Moravian Church. Highlands (Hoge-land, Hohen Lande, Hohn Landes, Hooglande), the upcountry on the east side of the mid-Hudson Valley, home to the Munsee-speaking Wappinger Indians. 539

Appendix 6

Housatonic (Haustennick) River. Kent (Keent, Kend) ct. Kinderhook ny. Kingsbridge, on the Harlem River, New York City. Lake George ny. Lindsey House (Lindseyhouse), Chelsea, United Kingdom. Litchfield (Litshfild, Litschfield, Litschfild, Lichtsfild, Richfield) ct. Lititz pa. See Warwick. Louisbourg (Luisburg), Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Mahoning (Mohoni, Mohony) Creek pa. Marienborn, a castle located in the Wetterau region of Hessen, northeast of Frankfurt am Main and a short distance south-southwest of Büdingen. Maryland. Meniolagomeka (Meniulagumeko), a Delaware or Munsee village on Aquanshicola Creek, a few miles west of Wind Gap, Pennsylvania. Milford (Milfort) ct. See Old Milford. Nain, a Moravian Indian settlement just outside of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Nazareth (Nazereth) pa. Neusalz (N. Salze), a town in present Poland. New Brunswick (Brunswick, Braum Schweig, Braunschweig) nj. New England (New Eengeland, Nw Engeland, N. Engelland, N. England, Ney England). New Fairfield (Nei Ferfiel, Newferfild, N Ferfild, New-Fairfield, Nw Fair Fild) ct. New Haven (New Hawen, Newhaven) ct. New London (New Londen, N. London) ct. New Milford (Ney Millford, New-Mühlford, Newmilfurd, Neumilfurd, Neumilfort, Neu Milfurt, Neu Milfurd, New Milfurdt, N Milfurd, Nmilfurd, New Milfurd, New-Millfort, New Millfort, New millfort, New Milfort, N. Millfort, N:Milfurt, Nmilfort, Nwmilfort, Nw Millford, Numilford, Milford, Milfort) ct. Newtown (Newtoun, New Town, Newton, Nwthaun, Nwtaun, Newtown, Nu thaun, N Taun) ct. New York City (Newÿork, Neuÿork, Neuyorck, N. Yorck, NwYorck, N:York, N. York, N. Y., Gorck). 540

Appendix 6

New York Colony (N. Yorksch, New Yorkschen, Newjorkschen, N.Y.). North Branch (Northbranche) nj. North Carolina (Nord Carolina). North River (North-River, Nort Revier, Nord Revir, Nordrevir, North Revier, North-Revier), the Hudson River. Oblong, also known as the Equivalent Lands, a two-mile-wide tract stretching nearly the full length of the boundary between New York and Connecticut. These lands had been transferred by Connecticut to New York as part of the settlement to adjust their adjoining north-south boundaries confirmed in 1731. Old Fairfield (Old-Fairfield), present Fairfield, Connecticut. Old Milford (Alt Milfurd), present Milford, Connecticut. Oley (Oly), a village northeast of Reading, Pennsylvania, the location of a small Moravian congregation. Onondaga (Onondagon), an Indian community on Onondaga Creek, south of Onondaga Lake in central New York. Otsiningo (Zeninge, Ziningo), a mixed Indian village on the Chenango River, north of present Binghamton, New York. Pachgatgoch (Pachgatgooch, Pachgatcog, Pachgogoch, Pachgatcoch, Pachgatcok, Pachgatcoc, Pachgatgoh, Paggatgock, Pachgatgock, Patgatgoch, Patgachgoch, Pachgotcoch, Pachkatcok, Pach Katcoc, Pachgatkoc, Bachgatgoch, bacht gat koh). Peekskill (Biks-Kill, Pix-Kill) ny. Pennsylvania (Pensylvanien, Pensilvanigen, Pensyl.). Philadelphia. Potatuck (Potadick, Podadick, Podadic, Poddadic, Potatick, Pototick, Potatik, Podedick, Potatok, Bodetik). Poughkeepsie (Paykapsye, Pekipsey, Pokepsy, Pokeepsy, Pokeepsee, Begypsy) ny. Quaker Hill (Quäker Hill, Quäcker Hill, Quackker Hill, Quacker-Hill, Quäcker Heel, Quakerhil, Quaecker Hiel) ny. Redding (Reding) ct. Rhinebeck (Rheinbeck, Rheinbek, Reinbeek, Reinbeeck, Reinbek, Reinbeck, Reinbäck, Reinbaeck) ny. 541

Appendix 6

Rockhill’s Mill (Rockill’s Mühl), at present Pittstown, New Jersey. Salisbury (Salisbery, Saltzisbery, Salisberg, Saltzberg, Saltz berg, Sallisburÿ, Sallisbury, Salisberry, Salisburey, Sailsbury, Salsburrg) ct. Salisbury pa. Saratoga ny. Schaghticoke (Scatticoke, Scattacook, Scatecook, Scatticook, Scattigok, Scatticok, Scattigock, Scatticock, Scattic:). Schoharie, a mixed Indian village of primarily Mohawks and Mahicans near present Schoharie, New York. Sharon (Schären, Scharen, Scheren, Shearon, Sheron, Sharen, Sheeren, Scheern) ct. Sheffield (Scheffel, Sh[e]ffild) ma. Shekomeko (Schecomeco, Schekomeco, Schcomeco, Checomeko), an Indian community in the present town of Northeast, Dutchess County, New York. Sichem (Sechem), the location of a Moravian congregation in present Northeast Center, Dutchess County, New York. Silesia (Schlesien), present southwestern Poland. Staten Island (Staaten Island) ny. St. Croix (Crux), West Indies. Stissing (Stissick) ny. St. John (Jan), West Indies. Stockbridge (Stokbridge, Stockbrigde, Stocke Bright, Stockbright, Stokbride, Stock Brisch, Stack Britsch), an Indian mission town in southwestern Massachusetts. See Wanachquaticok. St. Thomas (S. Tommas, S. Thomas, S:Tomas, S Tomas), West Indies. Surinam (Suriname). Susquehanna (Susquahana, Susquahanna), the river and valley. Tioga (Diaogu), a mixed Indian village at present Athens, Pennsylvania. Wachovia (Wachau), a Moravian district and settlement in the present WinstonSalem, North Carolina, area. Wallkill, a generally north-flowing river/creek passing through present Walden, Orange County, and Wallkill, Ulster County, New York. It joins Rondout Creek near its mouth at Kingston. Wanachquaticok (Wanachquategog, Wannachquaticoc, Wannachquaticoch, 542

Wonachquaticoc, Wonachquaticok, Wonachquatikock, Wonachqutaticok, Wanachquaticock, Wannachquaticok, Wannachticok, Wanachticok, Annaquachticok, Anachquaticok, Annacticok, Annachticok, Anachticok, Anachti, Anach). See Stockbridge. Warwick (Warwik), or Lititz, Pennsylvania. Wechquadnach (Wegquadnach, Wechquatnach, Wechquatnah, Wechkwatenach, Wech Qutnack, Wegquanach, Wegquatnach, Wegqúatnach Wegquatnack, Weg Quatnack, Wechquadanac, Wechquaddanac, Quatnacker). Wechquetank (Wequetanck, Wequetank), a Moravian Indian village on Pohopoco Creek, near present Gilbert, Pennsylvania. Westenhook (Westenhuck), from the Dutch, Westenhoeck (western corner). An Indian community in southwestern Massachusetts. Also a name applied to this general area, which included a part of New York colony. Woodbury (Woodbery, Wudbeery, Wudbery, Wudberey, Wut Bärÿ, Wuth Berÿ, Wutberÿ, Wutbery, Wukbury, Wutberg) ct. Wyoming (Wayomik, Wajomeck, Wajomack, Wajomick, Wagomik, Wajom), a mixed Indian village at present Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

Notes to Pages 1–5

Notes

Abbreviations dhny The Documentary History of the State of New York, Arranged under Direction of the Hon. Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan mab Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania nycd Documents Relative to the Colonial History of New York; Procured in Holland, England, and France by John R. Brodhead, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan prcc The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from April 1636 to October 1776 . . . transcribed and published, (in accordance with a resolution of the General assembly), eds. James Hammond Trumball [vols. 1–3] and Charles J. Hoadly [vols. 4–15] rmm Records of the Moravian Mission among the Indians of North America (Cited by reel/box/folder/item number, and date, where available) uah Unity Archives, Herrnhut, Germany Seidel: 17 November to 22 December 1755 1. rmm 4/115/4/1. Christian Seidel’s visit to Pachgatgoch is mentioned in the previous diary of Abraham Büninger and Carl Gottfried Rundt. Brother Richard Utley, who accompanied Seidel and remained in Pachgatgoch after his departure, kept his own diary for the duration of his stay. On the first page of Seidel’s chronicle are check marks, probably Spangenberg’s, to indicate that he had read the text; his comments are found throughout. There is a previous translation of this diary, a transcription of which follows our new translation. See rmm 40/3500/13/1, herein pages 17–29. An attached archivist’s note indicates that the transcription was discovered “among unrelated Gapp Papers.” The translator, whose identity is unknown although he was probably a contemporary of Seidel, chose not to include several sections of the original German text. Also missing are Spangenberg’s comments. However, written on the first page is “read at Ny.” [New York], suggesting that the translation had been made there, perhaps as Seidel was passing through on his return to Bethlehem. This might explain the absence of comments from Spangenberg, who most likely read the German version while in Bethlehem. In several instances the earlier translation deviates somewhat from Seidel’s German text, and a number of words are interpreted differently than in our new translation; our work also adds detail to what Seidel had written. 544

Notes to Pages 5–12 2. This was the ferry established by the eminent David Martin (1696–1751), an early member of the American Philosophical Society and the first rector of the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania. 3. Possibly “Hickory Tavern,” location unknown. 4. Abraham Boemper (b. Herborn, Nassau, ca. 1705, d. Bethlehem, 1793), a silversmith (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 364). 5. This is the north branch of the Raritan River, at about North Branch, New Jersey. 6. Elizabeth or Elizabethport, New Jersey. In the earlier translation, “Elisabeth Town Point.” 7. Perhaps Van Teil. 8. In 1741 the Moravian Peter Böhler organized a nondenominational religious society in New York City that met “statedly for prayer and mutual edification” (Stocker, History of the Moravian Church in New York City, 43). 9. The correct citation is Gal. 2.20: “The life I now live in the flesh.” 10. In the margin by Spangenberg: “qu[ery:] cannot the translation also come to Phil[adelphia]?” 11. John Garrison, a son of ship’s captain Nicholas Garrison (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 338). 12. “And they told Joseph that Jacob’s soul was faithful to Benjamin’s soul. He loves us more.” 13. John Cennick (b. Reading, England, 1718, d. London, 1755) joined the Moravian Church in 1745 (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 119–20). He published four volumes of hymns of his own composition; several other hymns were printed posthumously. 14. In the margin by Spangenberg: “Not even I have ever seen that one yet.” 15. Anna Caritas Nitschmann, born 24 November 1715; Zinzendorf’s second wife. 16. Also listed as Daniel Miller, a potter (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 357, 379). 17. Possibly William Nickson (b. in Ireland, 1714, d. Elizabethtown nj, 1775) (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 377). Paul Christian Stauber (b. Frankfurt, 1726, d. Bethabara nc, 1793), and Christian Thomas or Thomas Christian Benzien (d. Gnadenthal, 1757). 18. From the earlier translation: “Happy Thou that Thou urgest the Doctrine of My Passion.” 19. In the margin by Spangenberg: “Who asked?” 20. Perhaps Jacobus Stoutenburg or Stoutenburgh (1696–1772), who founded modern Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, about 1740. 21. Conrad Winegar (1730–1808), a son of Gerhard Winegar. 22. This word is a combination of letters and a symbol. It appears to be “rao^e,” . with 545

Notes to Pages 13–30 a dot and curved line above the letter “o.” A previous reader, perhaps an archivist, underlined this letter-symbol combination and wrote “relative?” in the margin. 23. This is a reference to the congregation that would be named Sichem, located near Indian Pond and the former site of Wechquadnach. 24. The Savior. 25. The earlier translation substitutes: “of the 6th commandment.” In the Lutheran Church, the sixth commandment proscribes adultery. 26. Rev. 3.11: “[H]old fast what you have.” 27. Twice baked bread, biscuit. 28. Gen. 45.27: “When he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry him, the spirit of their father Jacob revived.” 29. As rendered in the earlier translation, page 22: “I have somewhat to say.” 30. This word is Germanized in the diary as “Agapen” (love feasts). 31. “God bless our going out.” 32. This was the place where the Moravians first lived before they built their log house at the “summer huts” farther up river. See the introduction. 33. “A Son of Man.” 34. “Give us our daily bread.” The German to English translation of the equivalent in the Indians’ language. 35. A reference to Eli of the Old Testament, 1 Samuel. 36. Possibly intending to write “historia” (Latin: history). 37. In the margin in Seidel’s hand, for insertion here: “He [Gideon] said, sheep and pigs.” 38. “I am not entirely satisfied.” 39. From the earlier translation: “I know where I remain at fault; which fills me with much shame.” 40. This abbreviation, used exclusively by Seidel, suggests “through” and is probably derived from the German “durch.” 41. In the margin in Seidel’s hand, for insertion here: “at which time, Joshua, the interpreter, likewise became as if inspired [word crossed out].” 42. Jn. 1.11–12: “He came to his own home, and his own people received him not. But to all who received him, who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God.” 43. Seidel’s choice of vocabulary, “lallte” (lisped), was not to suggest that Martin’s speech was faulty; instead, he spoke in a manner reflecting the Moravians’ teachings that the Savior should be approached in a childlike way. 44. Literal translation would be “After-Communion.” 45. In the margin in Spangenberg’s hand: “I have misgivings about baptizing children of such ages.”

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Notes to Pages 30–34 46. “How happy is the little worm, spending from morning until night inside His wounds — that is what makes life meaningful.” 47. From the earlier translation: “He that cometh in the Name of The Lord Wellcome [sic] among thy chosen Flock.” 48. In the margin, by Spangenberg: “item, how the brethren and sisters who were to attend these meeting[s] needed to be disposed at all times.” 49. From the earlier translation: “O my Hearts beloved Jesus dear p[p].” 50. “Give us our daily bread.” 51. Gen. 49.25: “By God Almighty who will bless you.” 52. In the margin in Seidel’s hand, marked for insertion here: “the newly baptized one.” 53. A reference to the Indian attack on Gnadenhütten. In the margin in Seidel’s hand, for insertion here: “Br. Jungmann wanted to tell me otherwise, but it was of no use. I said to him, Br., if the Savior has let it happen the way I believe and feel it for my part, then they [the dead] are a sacrifice and deliverance for all of our other [mission] places, and our neighbors will be convinced ddl. [probably an abbreviation for the German “dadurch” (by this)] that we are faithful subjects. I thought further, if only Sturges is still alive, for he is not altogether in a blessed state yet. I appealed to the Savior, moreover, that He may please find the murderers and pardon them.” Seventeen-year-old Joseph Sturgis survived the attack on Gnadenhütten (W. Reichel, Memorials, 202). Seidel’s sentiment that the death of the brethren and sisters would clear the Moravians of the suspicion that they were in league with the French or their Indian allies is also expressed by Br. Spangenberg in a subsequent report on the event (mab, Bethlehem Diary, Sept.– Dec. 1756, 15:329 [45]). Transcription of Christian Seidel’s Diary 1. rmm 40/3500/13/1. This is a transcription of the earlier translation said to have been found among the Gapp Papers (see the opening note to the preceding document, rmm 4/115/4/1). In the top margin, in a second hand: “read at Ny [New York].” 2. Seidel draws the symbol for Friday, although this is a Thursday. Utley: 19 December 1755 to 18 January 1756 1. rmm 4/115/5/1. There are two English-language versions of Richard Utley’s journal in rmm 4/115/5. An archival notation identifies the first, in Utley’s hand, as the original; the second, a copy, is by an unknown scribe. What follows is a faithful transcription of the original, with only occasional attempts at clarification in brackets; the copy is not reproduced. Material differences between the two are listed in the notes, although we will mention here that in the copy “Jungmann” replaces “Youngman.” Also noteworthy is the omission of a “frolick” mentioned in the original. Given that the contents of the copy were intended to be communicated to a larger public, this behavior on the part

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Notes to Pages 35–45 of some Indians was undoubtedly seen as a discomforting departure from what Utley had otherwise reported to be their exemplary Christian conduct. Although editing in the original can, in part, be attributed to Utley, most was done by a second person and then transferred to the copy. Most of the incorporated changes reflect an effort to find suitable English words for Moravian religious practices. Thus, “Lords supper 1/4 of hour” becomes “Homily to the Communicants,” “Meeting pp.,” “Liturgie,” “Homily to the Breth. and Sistr.,” “Homily to the Lords Supper Br.n & Sr.s,” or finally, “Meeting of the Communicants.” Check marks in the upper right-hand corner of page one of the original, and several marginal notations prefaced by the interrogative “qu.,” are in what appears to be a third hand, possibly Spangenberg’s, as is the notation: “This was is to be communicated in Philad it [item] Jerseys u [und (and)] then to be return[e]d to Bethl.” Spangenberg’s comments to Br. Eberhardt addressing the general content as well as a number of editorial changes in Utley’s journal are in rmm 4/115/15/18, n.d. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 2. The copy substitutes “the” for “that.” 3. The copy substitutes “form” for “figure.” 4. At the bottom of the page, marked for insertion here: “or Meeting pp.” The copy substitutes: “in the Meeting of the Communicants.” 5. The copy substitutes “lets” for “let.” 6. The copy substitutes “him” for “them.” 7. Hoop poles. Probably thin lengths of ash from which hoops used to bind the staves in making wooden buckets were fashioned. 8. The copy adds: “to get.” 9. This sentence is modified by a second hand to read: “After having Spoke a little with the Communicants I beg’d our Saviour with a melted and weeping heart to Keep us all near to his wounded heart and thereby preserve us from sin and every evil.” It is so in the copy. 10. The copy adds: “with.” 11. In the margin in a second hand: “qu.” 12. The copy substitutes “are” for “were.” 13. Written in a second hand: “NB. In new England they don’t Keep Christmas or other festival days.” 14. In the copy: “gather us to his dear wounds as a Hen her Chickens under her wings that on him she might dwell secure & Safely out of all harms.” 15. In the margin in a second hand: “qu.” 16. The copy substitutes “Etweins” for “Edwins.” 17. The copy substitutes “& he in him” for “our Saviour in him.” 18. The copy leaves out “them with the cup of Thanksgiving.” 19. Associated with this number is a superscript unrecognized symbol, probably to signify “o’clock.”

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Notes to Pages 45–54 20. The copy substitutes “Bleeding[,] Dying” for “crying[,] bleeding.” 21. Spangenberg comments that frolics should be prevented but says that if they did occur, others did not have to hear about them, thus suggesting that they should not be reported (rmm 4/115/15/18, n.d.). See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 22. This paragraph is not included in the copy. 23. The copy substitutes “in” for “with.” 24. The copy adds “to.” 25. In the margin in a second hand: “qu.” 26. The copy substitutes “his” for “this.” 27. The copy omits “faithfull.” 28. The copy omits “so full of pain and scorn.” 29. The copy substitutes “Homily to the Lords Supper Br.n & Sr.s.” 30. The copy substitutes “them” for this crossed out section. 31. The copy adds “I.” 32. The copy omits “to.” Eberhardt: 28 February 1756 to 13 March 1757 1. rmm 4/115/6/1. This diary was written by Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt. Comprising three parts, with a break of about one month between 14 September and 12 October 1756, it covers the periods from 28 February to 19 March 1756; 20 March to 13 September; and 13 October 1756 to 13 March 1757. Accompanying the diary, in Christian Seidel’s hand, is a list of what appear to be Spangenberg’s instructions to Eberhardt as he assumed his post at Pachgatgoch in February 1756. The extensive marginalia found in the diary, which have been placed in notes, were, with one exception, written by Spangenberg. Check marks, along with single and double vertical lines and brackets that mark portions of the text, are not reproduced. Two crosses are drawn at the top of the page. “Scatticok” is crossed out and “Pachgatgoch” is written above the line in what appears to be another hand. 2. “High Priest.” 3. “Schwitzhütte”: sweat hut. 4. Jn. 8.23: “‘I am not of this world.’” 5. “Perruque” (French: periwig): peruke. 6. “Bateaux” (French: boats): generally, light, flat-bottomed boats. 7. “Let thy holy blood rain on them.” 8. Eph. 2.14: “Our peace.” 9. Lk. 19.10: “‘For the Son of man came to seek and to save the lost.’” 10. “Purchaser, profiter.” 11. Eberhardt writes: “Br. Jungmann gab ihnen vorspann bis 6 Meilen von hier.” “Vorspann” refers to additional horses harnessed to a cart or wagon. The Martins are probably

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Notes to Pages 54–60 returning to Rhinebeck in some sort of horse-drawn rig that had been used previously to bring Sister Jungmann and her infant daughter from Rhinebeck to the mission. 12. Heb. 2.9: “Crowned with glory and honor because of the suffering of death.” 13. Jn. 13.12: “‘Do you know what I have done to you?’” 14. Rom. 3.25: “Put forward as an expiation by his blood.” 15. Is. 65.16: “‘So that he who blesses himself in the land shall bless himself by the God of truth.’” 16. “Who loves me the most.” 17. “Honor to the side wound for His election.” 18. “Keep Jesus Christ in constant remembrance.” 19. “The Lamb that is slaughtered.” 20. “A Lamb without blemish or spot.” 21. “Merkwürdigkeiten”: literally, “that which is worthy of note.” This is probably a reference to the end-of-the-year account that was frequently added to the Bethlehem diary, where important events were summarized. 22. “The Lamb that was slaughtered, from the foundation of the world.” 23. Parrhesia: “free-spokenness,” “frankness” (oed). 24. The white people participating are Eberhardt, Utley, and the Jungmanns. 25. The letters that Eberhardt wrote for the Indian brethren are in rmm 4/115/15/17, 15 Mar. 1756. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 26. “God’s Lamb.” 27. Possibly James Atherton. See appendix 5, “Biographical List.” 28. This religious text could not be identified. 29. Song of Sol. 5.10: “[D]istinguished among ten thousand.” 30. “Natürliche Leute.” 31. “My father loves me, for I became a sacrifice.” 32. Anna Rosina Anders. See appendix 5, “Biographical List.” 33. Two crosses placed above this line. 34. This community is later referred to as Sichem. 35. In the margin for insertion here: “Gideon’s daughter must be sure to write to her parents.” 36. Fliegel’s note: “left Bthl. Feb. 12.” 37. Fliegel’s note: “left Oblong after Mar 20 ret. to Bth. Ap. 14.” 38. Matthew Renz, Reiz, Reutz (var.). See W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 339, 359, 363. 39. Fliegel’s note: “Bth. D. Mar 11 + 17.” The entry in the Bethlehem Diary for 10 March 1756 reports Renz’s arrival in Bethlehem from Rhode Island; he leaves again on 17 March. On 11 March it is noted that Renz was awaiting Br. Joseph’s arrival; that he was happy about his children, who were presumably in Bethlehem; and that he was acting “as if nothing was the Matter with him” (mab, Bethlehem Diary, 1756, 16:193

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Notes to Pages 61–69 [9], 197–98 [13–14]). The precise nature of the dissatisfaction with Renz is unknown. However, in a letter dated 10 October 1755, Spangenberg informed Renz that, as a consequence of his not having acted in accordance with directions issued by his superiors, he was no longer considered a member of the church. Whether his “being married so strangely” may have played a role is uncertain. Spangenberg nonetheless volunteered “to take care of Some poor Souls, after you have left them, or when you can’t be any more of Service unto them” (mab, Spangenberg Papers, Box 1, Folder 4, Letters from 1751 to 1755). 40. Fliegel’s note: “= Eberh.” Br. Eberhardt performs the baptisms. 41. There is no point 9. Fliegel’s note: “Jungm.” It is Br. Jungmann who speaks with the communicants in preparation for Communion. 42. “Because he walked with God, God took him in hungry.” 43. Song of Sol. 2.1: “A rose of Sharon.” 44. Lk. 7.22, 23: “‘Go and tell John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have good news preached to them. And blessed is he who takes no offense at me.’” In the margin: “This is not quite befitting our quiet life.” 45. “A lily in the valley.” 46. Jn. 15.5: “‘I am the vine, you are the branches.’” 47. Eph. 5.2: “A fragrant offering and sacrifice to God.” 48. In the margin: “Oh, if only they could be given an idea of all the festivals!” 49. Jn. 10.11–12: “I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.” Jn. 10.27–28: “My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me; and I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish, and no one shall snatch them out of my hand.” 50. In the margin: “Who are they?” 51. In the margin: “Is there hope that this will happen?” 52. Jn. 8.12: “‘He who follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life.’” 53. “Schwamm.” 54. Lk. 2.32: “‘A light for revelation to the Gentiles.’” 55. In the margin: “Words from the Bible!” 56. “He is our potter.” 57. In the margin: “This pleases me.” 58. In the margin: “We deem the Quaker’s way of acting in that regard to be wrong.” 59. In the margin: “Is there a basis for this?” The Nanticoke town referred to is most likely Otsiningo. In late 1755, French-allied and French-led Indians from the Ohio Valley, including Shawnees and Delawares, had launched attacks against backcountry settlers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland. From December 1755 to March 1756, Sir

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Notes to Pages 69–77 William Johnson met with Iroquois headmen, urging them to bring the Shawnees and Delawares under control. It was both Shawnees and Delawares who moved to Tioga at this time. See Jennings, Empire of Fortune; Fenton, Great Law, 481–92. 60. In the margin: “This must not be forgotten.” 61. “My delight is to dwell among men.” 62. Rev. 1.14: “His eyes were like a flame of fire.” 63. Ransom’s home was in Flanders, approximately one mile north of modern Kent. In the margin: “I encourage this.” 64. Jer. 11.20: “[He] triest the heart and the mind.” 65. Mk. 2.16–17: “And the scribes of [and] the Pharisees, when they saw that he was eating with sinners and tax collectors, said to his disciples, ‘Why does he eat [and drink] with tax collectors and sinners?’ And when Jesus heard it, he said to them, ‘Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick; I came not to call the righteous, but sinners.’” 66. In the margin: “Good! Bible!” 67. In the margin: “Is God’s Acre nicely in order?” 68. Jn. 11.25: “‘I am the resurrection and the life.’” 69. In the margin: “Is he thinking of revenge?” In late December 1755, New York’s governor Charles Hardy had issued a proclamation directing authorities in Ulster and Orange counties to warn the Indians living there about being seen in the “Back Settlements, where they might be mistaken for Enemies,” and to advise them to seek safety in local towns. Nonetheless, on 2 March 1756, a party of men led by a Samuel Slaughter attacked some Indians encamped near the home of Charles Stevenson on the Wallkill at Walden, Orange County, killing a man and a woman. Moving to a wigwam in the vicinity, where they found fourteen Indians, Slaughter’s party killed three Indian men, two women, and two children. In an 8 March proclamation, Hardy ordered the apprehension of Slaughter and his men. Although the number of Indian dead do not precisely match what Paulus reported, and the “Glass House” is an unidentified location in the area, this is undoubtedly the incident he described (New York Council Papers, 82; nycd, 7:94; Ruttenber, Indian Tribes, 230). Ruttenber had the unique opportunity to read the entire proclamation found in the New York Council Papers before critical parts of it were damaged in the 1911 New York State Library fire. 70. Mt. 5.3: “‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.’” 71. In the margin: “agapen”: agapes, love feasts. 72. The sequence of the manuscript pages has been changed so that this list of participants follows the associated entry rather than interrupts the journal entry for 27 April. 73. In the margin: “Brief and to the point!” 74. In the margin: “Who understands the language?” 75. Acts 26.28: “‘In a short time you think to make me a Christian!’” Acts 26.29: “‘I

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Notes to Pages 77–84 would to God that not only you but also all who hear me this day might become such as I am.’” 76. In the margin: “What is to be done in that regard?” 77. In the margin: “What can they do?” 78. “Oh bloody Savior, I would like to embrace you.” 79. In the margin: “He who becomes estranged from the Savior, also becomes estranged from the brethren.” 80. In the margin: “They are loyal to the English gouvernement, are they not?” 81. In the margin: “How is this to be changed?” 82. Mt. 10.37: “‘He who loves father or mother [or sister or brother] more than me is not worthy of me.’” 83. In the margin: “That is wise.” The first Moravians to minister on a permanent basis to the congregation in the Oblong, that is, at Sichem, were Joseph Powell and his wife Martha. 84. The Lutheran Confession of Faith, issued in 1530, was an effort to reconcile religious differences in Europe. It remains the primary statement of faith in the Lutheran Church. In its 1747 petition to the British Parliament, the Church of the United Brethren affirmed that its teachings were consistent with the articles of the Augsburg Confession; Count Zinzendorf had done so a decade earlier before Frederic William, King of Prussia. See Report from the Committee, 59–67, 64 [46]. 85. Mt. 23.8: “‘You are all brethren.’” 86. Or “relatives.” 87. Or “relatives.” 88. In the margin: “Is that prophetical?” 89. Probably Stephen Paine. See appendix 5, “Biographical List.” 90. In the margin: “I believe so too. Bru[?], e.g.” 91. In the margin: “One cannot blame them for it.” 92. This sentence is unclear. 93. In the margin: “Do not cultivate that friendship.” 94. In the margin: “Excellent!” This section of the Connecticut Colony Charter of 1662, as written, reads as follows: “And for the directing, ruleing and disposing of all other matters and things whereby our said people, Inhabitants there, may bee soe religiously, peaceably and civilly Governed as their good life and orderly Conversacon may wynn and invite the Natives of the Country to the knowledge and obedience of the onely true God and Saviour of mankind, and the Christian faith, which in our Royall intencons and the Adventurers free profession is the onely and principall end of this Plantacon.” 95. The complete text of this 1750 act is reproduced in Laws of the Colonial and State Governments, 45–49. 96. In the margin: “Good!” 97. In the margin: “Where are they?”

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Notes to Pages 85–97 98. In the margin: “Isn’t that beautiful?” 99. An allusion to Mt. 7.14. In the margin: “Isn’t this the Savior?” 100. In the margin: “This pleases me.” In this paragraph are described the three types of house construction found among the Indians at Pachgatgoch: wigwam, log house, and wood-frame, in this case, probably half-pole framing. See the introduction. 101. In the margin: “You must continue with this.” 102. Acts 16.30: “‘[W]hat must I do to be saved?’” Acts 16.31: “‘Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.’” 103. In the margin: “This does not please me.” 104. “How happy is the little worm amid the wounds’ enjoyment.” 105. In the margin: “Only with proper discrimination.” 106. In the margin: “Chr. Henrich!” 107. In the margin: “Some of this should be related to the Indians in Bethlehem.” 108. In the margin: “Goodness!” 109. “Herumläufer”: roamer, wanderer. This is probably John Sackett, md, of Dover, who was involved in various land dealings in the area. He was the youngest son of Richard Sackett, one of the Little Nine Partners. John’s brother Richard Jr. (1701–1771) lived in New Milford after 1746. 110. Philippus, an enlistee whose father, Gottlieb, had been burned in the hot soap accident, was married to one of the Benignas named here, who, along with Salome, was Priscilla’s daughter. Priscilla’s son Lucas was also one of the enlistees, in addition to Paulus, Gomop, and Johannes, the brothers of the second Benigna. 111. In the margin: “Gideon is not correct in this regard.” 112. This reference, “Presbyterianerin” in the original, is to an Indian woman later identified as the mother of Venemo’s wife. See entry for 1 September 1756. 113. In the margin: “This pleases me.” 114. Acts 4.12: “‘And there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved.’” 115. In the margin: “Ah! A baptism with blood.” 116. In the margin: “If only each one could be advised according to his circumstances!” 117. This is a reference to the book of Connecticut colonial laws that John Ransom had loaned to Eberhardt. 118. In the margin: “God be praised!” 119. In the margin: “Is this not too harsh, if someone finds himself after [only] a short time?” 120. In the margin: “This pleases me.” 121. In the margin: “Oh, when we consider the Savior’s forbearance with so many thousand people, etc.”

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Notes to Pages 98–113 122. Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.” 123. In the margin: “Well, God be praised! This right away gives new encouragement.” 124. In the margin: “So do I!” 125. In the margin: “This is nicely expressed.” 126. In the margin: “Will they not lose them?” 127. “‘Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the promise is to you and to your children and to all that are far off.’” 128. In the margin: “Well, that will not be in vain.” 129. In the margin: “God be praised!” 130. Mt. 18.6: “‘But whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a great millstone fastened round his neck and to be drowned in the depth of the sea.’” 131. In the margin: “This pleases me. Occupy yourselves with him so much the more.” 132. Mt. 11.28–29: “‘Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you.’” 133. In the margin: “I am sorry for it.” 134. 1 Jn. 4.18. 135. In the margin: “This is pumuri eridos.” “Eridos” is Greek for “of disputation.” This may be Spangenberg’s attempt at pomulum or pomuli eridos (little apple[s] of discord), suggestive of a theological controversy (Ross Kilpatrick, Michael Stephen Cummings, personal communication, 2006). 136. Mt. 6.6. 137. Possibly Zinzendorf’s Maxims, Theological Ideas and Sentences, out of the Present Ordinary of the Brethren’s Churches; His Dissertations and Discourses From the Year 1738 till 1747, translated and extracted by John Gambold (London, 1751). 138. “I love you as much as my father does.” Possibly intending Jn. 17.23. 139. Caritas is one of Petrus and Thamar’s daughters. 140. Mt. 22.37: “‘You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart.’” Mt. 22.39: “‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’” 141. In the margin: “From one perspective this would not be good.” 142. These may be Indians moving upriver from the areas of Milford and Potatuck as pressures exerted by colonials on their remaining lands and communities increased. 143. In the margin: “Have all of them decided on this?” 144. In the margin: “Very good!” 145. Jn. 13.34: “‘A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another.’” 146. In the margin: “What gift has he got?”

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Notes to Pages 113–125 147. “‘My soul is very sorrowful, even to death.’” 148. In the margin: “Qu.: What has been decided about this?” 149. This is the only certain indication in the record that the Indians were making woodsplint baskets. 150. This distance would place the Indians at about Waterford. 151. Jn. 16.8: “‘And when he [the Counselor] comes, he will convince the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment.’” 152. In the margin: “How is it going with that?” 153. The verse number should be 21. Mk. 2.21: “‘No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old garment; if he does, the patch tears away from it, the new from the old, and a worse tear is made.’” 154. Probably a timber rattlesnake (Crotalus h. horridus), which are still found in this part of the Housatonic drainage. 155. “‘[B]ut you have burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your iniquities.’” 156. In the margin: “Has this been changed?” 157. In the margin: “Who?” 158. “Jesus stood up and proclaimed, ‘If any one thirst, let him come to me and drink.’” 159. In the margin: “Qu: Is it from the Savior?” 160. In the margin: “I consider this to be a mistake.” 161. In the margin: “This is for us to forget.” 162. The reference is to Jonathan, the son of David Warop and Martha. Martha was now Gideon’s wife. 163. Mk. 14.62: “‘I am.’” 164. Rom 8.1–4: “There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus . . . who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.” 165. In the margin: “Did they not have any more Welsh corn?” 166. Mk. 9.7: “‘This is my beloved Son; listen to him.’” 167. Mk. 9.23: “Jesus said, ‘If you can! All things are possible to him who believes.’” 168. “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; he who does not obey the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God rests upon him.” 169. In the margin: “Qu: Could he not have been given permission?” 170. Mt. 28.20. 171. In the margin: “Is that possible?” 172. In the margin: “‘Those who eat me will hunger for more’” [Sir. 24.21]. 173. In the margin: “Well, that would have been good, of course.” 174. Acts 10.34–35: “‘I perceive that God shows no partiality, but in every nation any one who fears Him and does what is right is acceptable to him.’”

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Notes to Pages 126–134 175. The parable of the pounds according to Luke 19.11–27. 176. Johann Stephan Benezet, a prosperous Philadelphia merchant whose three daughters married Moravian clergymen. 177. John Reinhard Ronner (d. Bethlehem, 1756), a member of the early Bethlehem congregation. Ordained a deacon in 1743, he served ministries in eastern Pennsylvania and, from 1750 to 1755, the mission on St. Thomas (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 335). 178. Possibly Rosina Schneider Michler, the wife of J. Wolfgang Michler. He remarried in 1757 (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 362). 179. Lam. 3.22–23: “[H]is mercies never come to an end; they are new every morning.” 180. Probably Ichabod Rogers and his wife, Anne Harvey (b. ca. 1740, d. Sharon, ca. 1771). 181. The doctor might be Benjamin Chase. See appendix 5, “Biographical List.” 182. Possibly Micha or Michael Bronson or Brownson (b. Farmington ct, 1707, d. New Milford ct, 1779). 183. “‘Be hold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!’” 184. Hos. 14.4: “I will love them freely.” Jer. 31.34: “‘[T]hey shall all know me.’” 185. Jn. 15.5: “‘Apart from me you can do nothing.’” 186. Possibly Michael Micksch (d. Gnadenthal, 1792), a farmer from Kunewalde, Moravia, or John Michael Mücke (d. Gnadenthal, 1786), a cooper from Hillersdorf, Upper Silesia (W. Reichel, “Register of Members,” 332). 187. There are no references in the diaries kept by the Moravians at Pachgatgoch to Indians growing tobacco. 188. Rom. 8.1: “There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.” Rom. 8.4: “Who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.” 189. “‘Behold the man!’” 190. Probably Peleg Chamberlain (b. Colchester ct, 1713, d. Kent, 1792) and his second wife Jane Higgins (b. ca. 1717, d. Kent, after 1759), along with possibly eight children: six from his first marriage to Experience Bartlett (1710–1748/49) and two from that with Jane Higgins. 191. “‘My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me; and I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish, and no one shall snatch them out of my hand.’” 192. “‘Blessed are those whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered; blessed is the man against whom the Lord will not reckon his sin.’” 193. For the text of the petition, dated 10 October 1756, and the actions taken by Connecticut in response, see [Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:77–77b, 78–81; see also prcc, 10:579, 11:34.

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Notes to Pages 135–139 194. “Rehe,” “Reh” (sing.): a female deer. In all other instances Eberhardt writes “Hirsche” (a male deer). 195. In the margin by Eberhardt, for insertion here: “with which to keep my body warm. I also want to appeal to the Savior that He forever keep my heart warm with His blood.” 196. Jn. 20.28: “‘My Lord and my God!’” 197. “Say to them, As I live, says the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and live; turn back, turn back from your evil ways; for why will you die, O house of Israel?” 198. “‘I will put my laws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. And they shall not teach every one his fellow or every one his brother, saying, “Know the Lord,” for all shall know me, from the least of them to the greatest. For I will be merciful toward their iniquities, and I will remember their sins no more.’” 199. “Wasch-Faß.” This wooden tub was in keeping with Jungmann’s training as a cooper. It is perhaps the same “Large Washing Tube” listed in the inventory for the “Sichem House in Amenia” dated 14 September 1772 (mab, P.H.C. 1755–75, Letters, etc. from Sichem & Kingsbury ny). 200. “‘The eye is the lamp of the body. So, if your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light; but if your eye is not sound, your whole body will be full of darkness. If then the light in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!’” 201. “In Christ God was reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation. So we are ambassadors for Christ, God making his appeal through us. We beseech you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God. For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.” 202. “‘And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of man be lifted up, that whoever believes in him may have eternal life.’” 203. “‘Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among men with whom he is pleased!’” 204. “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God sent the Son into the world, not to condemn the world, but that the world might be saved through him.” 205. “Let your holy blood rain on us.” 206. “‘How beautiful are the feet of those who preach good news!’” 207. Peter (Petrus) Böhler. 208. “The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the works of the devil.” 209. Diarium des Jüngerhaus, formerly Diarium der Hütten: “an account of what Zinzendorf and his coadjutors did from day to day, with verbatim reports of the discourses he

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Notes to Pages 139–149 delivered and copies of communications received from every Moravian mission in Christian and heathen lands” (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 65). 210. A reference to the arrest of Moravians by local authorities in 1743. See the introduction. 211. “And this is his commandment, that we should believe in the name of his Son Jesus Christ and love one another, just as he has commanded us. All who keep his commandments abide in him and he in them. And by this we know that he abides in us, by the Spirit that he has given us.” 212. A Germanized version of “troubled.” 213. “The Lord is not slow about his promise as some count slowness, but is forbearing toward you, not wishing that any should perish, but that all should reach repentance.” 214. The sequence of manuscript pages has been changed so that the “Catalogus” follows the entry with which it is associated rather than appearing earlier. 215. “‘That we, being delivered from the hand of our enemies, might serve him without fear, in holiness and righteousness before him all the days of our life.’” 216. “‘I have set you to be a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth.’ And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and glorified the word of God; and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed.” 217. Sir William Johnson (1715–1774), provincial and crown agent for Indian affairs, appointed superintendent for the northern Indian department at the beginning of the Seven Years’ War. His home at this time was just west of Amsterdam in New York’s Mohawk Valley. 218. Following the killings on the Wallkill in Orange County, which the Indian Paulus had reported to the Moravians on 20 April, the Mohawks informed Johnson that they were resolved “to go and bring those Indians living or left about that part of the Country to settle among us,” asking for his assistance in this undertaking. On 21 May, David, one of the headmen at Schoharie, a mixed Indian village of primarily Mohawks and Mahicans, told Johnson that these “River Indians” had “lately come to settle amongst us & our Neighbours the Mohawks.” The next day, from his home in the Mohawk Valley, Johnson addressed “the River Indians who are come to live with the Indians of the Lower Mohawk Castle [Fort Hunter]” (nycd, 7:96, 99–100, 111, 113). There appears, however, to have been a second group of Indians who joined the Mohawks about this time. On 28 May 1756, Johnson wrote “To the Magistrates of the Precinct of Fish Kilns” [Fish Kill]: “The River Indians whose families are at Fish Kilns, have had a Meeting with the Mohawk Indians, and it is agreed that they Shall remove and live with the Mohawks” (Sullivan et al., Papers of Sir William Johnson, 2:477–78). At a conference the following July, the total number of River Indians and Mahicans, “sent for the 28 may last,” was nearly two hundred (nycd, 7:152). It is unknown how many of these Indians, if any, may have taken up residence at Stockbridge.

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Notes to Pages 149–150 219. Probably a reference to refugee Indians from the Upper Susquehanna Valley (Gillette and Funk, “Upper Susquehanna,” 87). 220. “‘And there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved.’” 221. John Bradshaw of Kent (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 222. “‘For what does it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses or forfeits himself?’” 223. “[Behold] Jesus the pioneer and perfecter of our faith.” 224. The sequence of the manuscript pages has been changed so that the “Catalogus” follows the entry with which it is associated. Eberhardt: 14 March to 7 November 1757 1. rmm 4/115/7/1. This diary was written by Nicholas Heinrich (Henry) Eberhardt and follows without interruption from that previous, the last entry of which was 13 March 1757. It is in two parts: the first covering the period from 14 March to 26 June, and the second from 27 June to 7 November 1757. Marginalia, undoubtedly written by Spangenberg as he read the diary, have been placed in notes. 2. “Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows. . . . But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that made us whole, and with his stripes we are healed.” 3. George Traneker, from the congregation at Yorkshire, England; later a bishop of the Moravian Church (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 130, 213). 4. Possibly “Gracehill,” the name of a Moravian congregation in Ireland (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 131). 5. In the margin: “But does not one or another person from among such company get appointed to be in charge?” 6. “I am the door; if anyone enters by me, he will be saved, and will go in and out and find pasture.” 7. Jn. 20.28: “‘My Lord and my God!’” 8. In the margin: “The brethren and sisters should be spoken with before the heathenish marriages.” 9. “Consider him who endured from sinners such hostility against himself, so that you may not grow weary or fainthearted.” 10. Dt. 9.21: “‘Then I took the sinful thing, the calf which you had made, and burned it with fire and crushed it, grinding it very small, until it was as fine as dust.’” 11. “Lord! May any drop of blood that runs in my veins and is not yours be struck with your revenge.” 12. The sequence of manuscript pages has been changed so that the “Catalogus” follows the entry with which it is associated rather than appearing with the entry for the 23rd.

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Notes to Pages 151–157 13. In the margin: “But do the Indians also know that they are becoming servants by enlisting?” 14. “‘And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, (onto the cross) will draw all men to myself.’” 15. John Mills was a lieutenant in the local militia. 16. In the margin: “The Presbyterians consider this to be a terribly erroneous idea.” 17. “Ein natürlicher schlechter Mann.” 18. Roger Sherman (b. Newton ma, 1721, d. New Haven ct, 1793) arrived in New Milford in 1743, where he was a merchant, surveyor, attorney, justice of the peace, judge, and member of the colonial assembly. He moved with his family to New Haven in 1761, serving as a justice of the Connecticut Superior Court, mayor of New Haven, and a member of the Continental Congress. Sherman was later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Samuel Adams (1703–1788) was an attorney, justice of the peace, army officer, and deputy for the town of Stratford. 19. In May 1752 the Indians “of Pachgatgoth or Scatticook” petitioned the Connecticut assembly asking for a “Plain or flat piece of Land” beginning at the mouth of “Rowlys Creek” [modern Macedonia Brook] and lying adjacent to the Housatonic River. They wished to use it for planting corn, and the hill behind it as a wood lot. In response, the assembly granted the Indians the whole of lot twenty-five, and one-half of lot twentyfour of the colony’s lands west of the Housatonic River. In 1755 the northern half of lot twenty-four was purchased by Azariah Pratt (b. Colchester, 1699, d. Kent, 1782), one of Kent’s early land owners. To the Indians, however, it appeared that Pratt had assumed control of more than his share of the lot, depriving them of their use of “a Certain Notch in the Mountains which is the Outlet or Walk for us into ye woods.” On 10 October 1756, the “Scatecook Tribe” filed a petition complaining about their losses and of being denied access to the land Connecticut had granted them. The colonial assembly appointed Roger Sherman and Samuel Adams to look into the matter, who together submitted two reports on 4 May 1757. One of these dealt with what was a boundary issue, informing the government that they had gone to the area and surveyed the line meant to separate Indian land from Pratt’s land in lot twenty-four, concluding: “we fi nd y t ye Land so sold & Set of doth Not in ye Lest deprive hinder or obstruct ye Sd Indian of Ueseing ye Gapp in Sd mountain Mentioned or free pasage there in to ye wodds or to ye Land for ye Sd Indian Uese.” The other report to the assembly, which was written “to Give these hints for your Honrs consideration,” is more revealing. In it, the Indians are described as “Exceeding uneasey” about the loss of their lands. Moreover, it was alleged, they had been encouraged to seek to recover what they believed to be their losses by unnamed colonists who earlier had purchased Indian lands only to have them confiscated by Connecticut, without remuneration, following its assertion of jurisdiction over the lands west of the Housatonic in 1752–53. In addition, neither of the reports touched on the issue

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Notes to Pages 157–165 raised by the diarist Eberhardt: that Pratt had measured out for himself three-quarters rather than one-half of lot twenty-four. Instead, Sherman and Adams concluded that, after running the survey line, the Indians had not been deprived of their “Notch in the Mountains” after all ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:75–81; prcc, 10:108, 579, 11:34– 35; Grant, Town of Kent, 85–91). The discussion surrounding the issue presented here continues in notes 23 and 33 later. 20. “‘Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.’” 21. In the margin: “That is very well possible, because Poughkeepsie is in the New York gouvernement, I believe, and it is surely not secure for the Indians to travel there.” 22. “Let no one deceive you. He who does right is righteous, as he is righteous. He who commits sin is of the devil; for the devil has sinned from the beginning. The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the works of the devil. No one born of God commits sin; for God’s nature abides in him, and he cannot sin because he is born of God.” 23. An undated document with the “enclosed points” that Eberhardt mentions is in rmm 4/115/15/6, n.d. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence,” and note 33 later. 24. “‘Enter by the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the way is easy that leads to destruction, and those who enter by it are many. For the gate is narrow and the way is hard that leads to life, and those who find it are few.’” 25. “In service,” in the sense of an indentured servant. 26. “For God has not destined us for wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, who died for us so that whether we wake or sleep we might live with him.” 27. In the margin: “But is the Savior also being asked in such situations?” 28. “‘Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied.’” 29. The sequence of the manuscript pages has been changed so that the “Catalogus” follows the entry with which it is associated instead of appearing with that for the 4th. 30. “He is the source of your life in Christ Jesus, whom God made our wisdom, our righteousness and sanctification and redemption.” 31. In the margin: “And we had rain almost every day.” 32. Rom. 6.1–2: “Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? By no means!” 33. As discussed at notes 19 and 23 earlier, the Indians of the “Scatecook Tribe” had filed a petition regarding their lands in October 1756, claiming that they had been denied access to a portion of them. The Connecticut General Assembly appointed a committee to look into the matter. At the same time, and acting on a request made by the Indians, one that Brother Jungmann was said to have sanctioned, the assembly named Jabez Swift the tribe’s first overseer ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:77–81; prcc, 10:579, 11:34). The only known copy of this petition, updated and written in English, which also addresses important land and leadership issues in the community, is in rmm 4/115/15/6, n.d. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” In Eberhardt’s hand, it appears to be a copy of a petition presented by the Indians to Robert Sherman and Samuel Adams

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Notes to Pages 165–174 during their visit to Pachgatgoch on 3 May. It is not known whether any further appeals were made to the court or to the assembly on the Indians’ behalf. In the margin: “Will this [illegible word] bring a disadvantage to the Indians?” 34. “And those who are in the flesh cannot please God. But you are not in the flesh, you are in the Spirit, if in fact the Spirit of God dwells in you. Any one who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him.” 35. A check mark and the initials “Sp.” appear on this page, indicating that Spangenberg had read this diary. 36. “Now the tax collectors and sinners were all drawing near to hear him. And the Pharisees and the scribes murmured, saying, ‘This man receives sinners and eats with them.’” 37. Johannesbeere “currant,” of which there are several native species in the region. 38. “The saying is sure and worthy of full acceptance, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. And I am the foremost of sinners.” 39. When a Moravian brother took the opportunity to speak privately with an Indian woman, it was customary that his wife or, in her absence or if he were unmarried, other Indian women be present. 40. “He who believes in him is not condemned; he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of God.” 41. Many of the Indians living at Gnadenhütten, before its destruction in 1755, had come from Shekomeko. 42. “‘How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her brood under her wings.’” 43. Eberhardt writes “Hausfamilie.” 44. Both Johanna and Thamar are in some form of kin relationship to Gideon: the widow Johanna is the daughter of Martha, Gideon’s wife; Thamar, by virtue of her daughter Elisabeth’s union with Gideon’s son Joshua. 45. Mt. 18.21: “‘Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? As many as seven times?’” 46. “[I]f we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin.” 47. This is Josiah Thomas Jr., of Kent. He died twelve days later, as reported in the entry for 14 August (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 48. Fort William Henry. 49. “‘[W]e are all here present in the sight of God, to hear all that you have been commanded by the Lord.’” 50. In April 1757, some two hundred Shawnees, Nanticokes, and Mahicans living at Otsiningo, along with a large number of Iroquois, met at Johnson’s home in the Mohawk Valley. Abraham, formerly of Shekomeko, is identified in the proceedings as chief of the

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Notes to Pages 174–181 Mahicans; Jonathan, “a young Mohickander . . . son of the King or Chief of that Nation and who spoke very good Low Dutch,” acted as spokesman (nycd, 7:244–54). 51. “You know that you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your fathers, not with perishable things such as silver or gold, but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot.” 52. “For to this end we toil and strive, because we have our hope set on the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of those who believe.” 53. What Eberhardt reports he had learned from Samuel about the French assault on Fort William Henry is shy on the facts. The fort’s English and Indian defenders had capitulated to Lt. Gen. Louis-Joseph Montcalm on 9 August. As the surrender began, and with the French watching, their Indian allies killed a large number of women and children, including hospital inmates, servants, and other attendants from the British side (Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 312–22). 54. “‘I am the bread of life; he who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst.’” 55. “For it is the God who said, ‘Let light shine out of darkness,’ who has shone in our hearts.” 56. “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.” 57. “How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him who brings good tidings, who publishes peace, who brings good tidings of good, who publishes salvation, who says to Zion, ‘Your God reigns.’” 58. Rom. 1.28: “And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them up to a base mind and to improper conduct.” 59. “No one who denies the Son has the Father. He who confesses the Son has the Father also. Let what you heard from the beginning abide in you. If what you heard from the beginning abides in you, then you will abide in the Son and the Father. And this is what he has promised us [you], eternal life.” 60. “His death has smitten death, so that it cannot devour us.” Grube: 12 October to 29 December 1758 1. rmm 4/115/8/1. This diary, in two parts, was written by Bernhard Adam Grube. The first covers the period from 12 October to 27 November and the second from 28 November to 29 December 1758. Check marks on this manuscript page, along with vertical strokes marking parts of the text throughout, are not reproduced. The preceding diary, by Eberhardt, ends on 7 November 1757, when he returns to Bethlehem with Spangenberg. The diary that follows, by Johann Jacob Schmick, begins on 26 March 1758. This leaves a gap in the reporting on the mission of about four and one-half months, during which time Johann Georg and Margarethe Jungmann, along with Joachim Sensemann, remained in residence. However, no record of their stay has been located.

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Notes to Pages 181–188 2. Ezra 8.22: “‘The hand of our God is for good upon all that seek him.’” “He does not use wickedness on us; we can trust Him for that.” 3. Ps. 145.18: “The Lord is near to all who call upon him, to all who call upon him in truth.” “A faithful listener for every harm.” 4. “Bored into His hand.” 5. “Gemeinlitaney.” 6. Lk. 19.5: “‘Zacchaeus, make haste and come down; for I must stay at your house today.’” 7. In the margin, probably by Spangenberg: “qu.” Francis Atwater, in History of Kent, reports that the Reverend Joel Bordwell was installed as pastor of Kent’s Congregational church in September 1756 (55). This date appears to be incorrect; according to Grube’s diary entry, it was September 1758. Atwater (51, 55) also supplies two different dates for the dismissal of the first minister, Cyrus Marsh — 1754 and 1756. It was 1756. 8. See Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 136. 9. In the margin, probably by Spangenberg: “qu.” 10. The Moravians did not establish a permanent presence in Pachgatgoch until fall 1749. 11. “And from that moment onward, one regards oneself as a child of mercy.” 12. In the margin, in Grube’s hand: “The first snow fell today, 1/2 foot deep.” 13. In the margin, in Grube’s hand: “Samuel shot a deer.” 14. “When I awaken you are with me.” 15. 1 Tim. 1.15: “[I] came into the world to save sinners.” 16. “Conduct yourselves becoming of the Lord Jesus whom you have put on.” 17. This is a diminutive form of Johanna. 18. Mt. 5.6: “‘Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness.’” 19. “Thy holy five wounds.” 20. In the margin, probably by Spangenberg: “nb [nota bene].” 21. Mt. 25.6: “‘Behold, the bridegroom!’” 22. “Oh, if [only] He came in to us still today.” 23. Jn. 1.29: “‘Behold, the lamb of God.’” 24. Jn. 15.13: “‘Greater love has no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends.’” 25. Acts 20.28: “‘[T]he church of God which he obtained with the blood of his own Son.’” 26. The previously mentioned attack on Gnadenhütten in 1755. 27. “Jüngerin,” Anna Caritas Nitschmann, Zinzendorf’s wife. See the glossary. 28. The verb used is “ausmauern,” which in this context can also refer to fi lling up or closing spaces with masonry. Whether Zeisberger and Grube were building from scratch or repairing a wall to support the sills of this house is unclear. See the introduction.

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Notes to Pages 188–202 29. After Romans 13: “Conduct yourselves becoming of the Lord Jesus whom you have put on.” 30. “Hail the Lamb! It has found us.” 31. “O Sacred Head! Now wounded.” 32. Ps. 34.2: “My [our] soul makes its boast in the Lord; let the afflicted hear and be glad.” 33. “I am with you.” 34. “Nothing measures up to that love.” 35. Eph. 5.23: “For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior.” 36. Probably deer hides. 37. Is. 61.10: “I will greatly rejoice in the Lord, my soul shall exult in my God.” 38. “Brödel.” 39. Rom. 15.9: “‘Therefore I will praise thee among the Gentiles, and sing to thy name.’” 40. Mills’s house still stands in the village of Kent. 41. “But for the blood of the Lamb.” 42. “O Brother.” 43. “We give thanks to you that your name[?] is so near.” 44. Ps. 45.2: “Grace is poured upon your lips.” 45. Dan. 9.17: “‘[C]ause thy face to shine upon your sanctuary.’” Grube: 1 January 1759 to 11 August 1760 1. rmm 4/115/9/1. This, the second diary of Bernhard Adam Grube, follows immediately the first, the last entry of which is dated 29 December 1758. It consists of five parts, covering the periods from 1 January to 31 March 1759; 1 April to 31 July; 2 August to 25 November; 1 December 1759 to 25 March 1760; and 1 April to 11 August 1760. Check marks by Spangenberg, not reproduced here, appear on the first page of each part; his queries in regard to the last part of the diary are found in rmm 4/115/15/21, 1760. See appendix 4, “Lists and Correspondence.” 2. Actions such as that of conferring the office of constable on Joshua are familiar occurrences in the process of colonization, where a government attempts to establish indirect rule through the appointment of native leaders it co-opts, promotes, and then supports, to serve its own purposes. Accordingly, a native political system would be transformed over time to accommodate the political and economic agendas of that government, in this case, the town of Kent and the colony of Connecticut. 3. “He is portrayed before our eyes.” 4. 1 Pet. 1.23: “You have been born anew, not of perishable seed but of imperishable.”

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Notes to Pages 202–215 5. This office was associated with and limited to the church community at Pachgatgoch. 6. The new minister, Joel Bordwell, was Mills’s son-in-law. 7. “O Sacred Head! Now wounded.” 8. “Soul of Christ, sanctify you [me].” 9. “Though we have not seen Him, we nevertheless love Him.” 10. Eph. 4.30: “And do not grieve the Holy Spirit.” 11. “Jesus’ cross, Jesus’ hours of death.” 12. They were baptized along with three other Indians: Gideon’s daughter Maria, Amos, and Rachel, who would later marry Brother Christian Frederick Post (rmm 1/111/1/1, 13 Feb. 1743). 13. Rev. 14.13: “‘Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.’” 14. “To know Jesus Christ surpasses all knowledge.” 15. “The crown of thorns and cross.” 16. “My Lord’s death and suffering.” 17. After Romans 13: “Conduct yourselves becoming of the Lord Jesus whom you have put on.” 18. Schmick, his wife, and their daughter had left Pachgatgoch in October 1759 to return to Bethlehem. 19. This may be the Stockbridge Indian Jacob Cheeksaunkun (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 112–13, 119). 20. Easter. 21. Gen. 45.26: “‘Joseph is still alive.’” “Oh, look at His wounds.” 22. Given the lack of punctuation in the original, Joseph may be Jeremias’s son, or Joseph and Jeremias’s son may be two different persons. 23. In the margin in an unidentified hand: “Stratford.” This is Jedediah Mills (1697– 1776), installed as the pastor of the Congregational church in Huntington, Connecticut, in 1724 (Barber, Historical Collections, 383). 24. Edmond Edmonds (W. Reichel, Memorial of the Dedication, 68). 25. Jn. 1.14: “[T]he Word became flesh.” 26. May 4 in the Moravian Church is the Day of Prayer and Covenanting for Single Sisters. 27. Rom. 9.5: “God who is over all.” “The hour during which He is remembered is a blessed one.” 28. After Heb. 12.2: “The pioneer of faith.” “Soon one will no longer be able to live without Him.” 29. After Heb. 12.2: “The perfecter of faith.” “When we see Him in person, in everlasting joy and blissful light.” 30. “The righteous one who was born without sin.” 31. Isaac Bull may have had as many as five sons: John (b. ca. 1732); Jacob (b. ca. 1735,

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Notes to Pages 215–225 d. Kent, 1811); Thomas (b. ca. 1737); Abraham (b. ca. 1740, d. Oswego ny, 1820); and Isaac (b. ca. 1746). See Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. 32. The French-held fortress of Louisbourg, located at the easternmost point of Cape Breton Island, had fallen to British forces in late July 1758. 33. Jn. 20.28: “‘My Lord and my God!’” 34. “The beloved,” that is, Jesus Christ. 35. “Jünger”: disciple, here, Zinzendorf. See the glossary. 36. A reference to Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf, second-eldest son of Count Zinzendorf, on the anniversary of his death. 37. “We shall see Him like He is.” 38. Pentecost. 39. “I lift up my eyes on high.” 40. Trinity Sunday. 41. Heb. 8.11: “‘[A]ll shall know me.’” “Know me, my keeper.” 42. “Freunde”: here, relatives or kin. Post’s first wife Rachel, who had died in 1747, was the daughter of Lucas (d. 1747) and Priscilla, living in Pachgatgoch. Post may be giving the presents to Priscilla and her kin. 43. A rattlesnake. 44. “He had prepared the body for Him. I am serving.” 45. “d.” (Latin: denarius): denarius, here, pence. 46. Jn. 6.55: “‘For my flesh is food indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.’” 47. Put together, as in joining pieces of wood in carpentry. 48. Gal. 3.27: “For as many of you as were baptized.” 49. Brig. Gen. John Stanwix (b. ca. 1690, d. 1765), commanding the 60th Royal American Regiment at the “Oneida Carrying Place [Rome ny],” had supervised the completion of what would later be called Fort Stanwix in the summer of 1759. Unlike virtually all of his brother Moravians, Post became deeply involved in the politics of the time, carrying messages and intelligence and acting as a mediator/negotiator between Indians and colonists. See P. Wallace, Conrad Weiser; Jennings, Empire of Fortune; Merrell, American Woods. See also Chase, “Christian Frederick Post.” 50. “I will beseech the Father, he will send you the Friend, to protect you until the end.” 51. “It moved Him to pity that He should have to send away the people hungry.” 52. Lk. 6.21: “‘Blessed are you that weep now.’” 53. “Remember the person who washed my feet with tears.” 54. In the margin, probably by Spangenberg: “qu.” 55. The Immovable Festival of the spiritual renewal of the Moravian Church (1727). 56. “Behold, the king is coming to you.” 57. “Learn from me what Mary would do.” 58. “O Sacred Head! Now wounded.”

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Notes to Pages 225–238 59. “My Father will love Him and we will come to Him.” 60. This verb is written in the plural form. 61. “And forgive us our trespasses.” 62. The wedding of the Reverend Joel Bordwell and Jane Mills. 63. In the margin, probably by Spangenberg: “qu.” 64. Commemorating the birthday of Christian Renatus (1727–1752). 65. “Open your eyes and take in your surroundings.” 66. Michaelmas, the festival of St. Michael and All Angels, celebrated on 29 September. 67. Lk. 1.68: “‘Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for he has visited and redeemed his people.’” 68. “Blessed are those who believe now.” 69. The Mills had two daughters living in 1759, fourteen-year-old Jane and Sarah, twelve. 70. “It will not last that very long.” 71. A number of Moravians died in the typhus epidemic that struck Wachovia in the summer of 1759. 72. The Eastern or Atlantic oyster (“Bluepoint”) (Crassostrea virginica). 73. Seidel was one of those who died in the epidemic at Wachovia. During his stay at Pachgatgoch in 1755, he made a drawing of God’s Acre. See entry for 12 May 1755 and fig. 4. 74. “Take care so as not to create distress for your heart.” 75. Bacillary dysentery. 76. Martin was Gideon’s son. 77. Col. 3.16: “Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly.” 78. “Of the true blessedness that every heart enjoys when it abides in the Savior.” 79. The Immovable Festival acknowledging that Christ is the Chief Elder of His church falls on 13 November. 80. The “Narrows” is the water channel linking Lake Champlain and Lake George. In late July 1759, British forces under the command of Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Amherst took possession of Fort Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga) from the French, who had blown the fort’s magazine as they withdrew. The restoration of the fort began almost immediately, and it was in this task that Christian and other Indians had participated. 81. The attack on Gnadenhütten in 1755. 82. “Your citizenship is in heaven: That is the cause of all the joys of the church.” 83. At the same time that Fort Ticonderoga was being restored, the British undertook the construction of Fort Crown Point several miles north on Lake Champlain. 84. Jer. 50.5: “‘Come, let us join ourselves to the Lord in an everlasting covenant.’” 85. After 1 Jn. 3.5: “[H]e appeared to take away sins.” 86. “Let us love Him.”

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Notes to Pages 238–247 87. “Rüben.” 88. “Brödel.” 89. Commemorating the birthday of Benigna Henrietta Justine, Count Zinzendorf’s oldest daughter. 90. Of the seven Goodrich brothers in Sharon, four might be the Mr. Goodrich mentioned here, accompanied by his wife: Elynathan or Elnathan (1718–1785) and Elizabeth; David (1721–1777) and Martha; Elisha (1722–1761) and Elizabeth; or Solomon (1723–1790) and Esther. 91. The selection of tithingmen and overseers of fences suggests an expansion of colonial indirect rule over the Indians at Pachgatgoch. 92. Ps. 43.4: “God my exceeding joy.” 93. “My Savior.” 94. “My Physician, and my vital strength.” 95. “My heart’s comfort.” 96. “My King. Who has such a right to the heart?” 97. “My God! My bones.” 98. “Teacher.” 99. This comment might suggest that the common and widespread native practice of wailing and singing doleful songs on the occasion of a death did not occur. 100. “He is beautiful.” 101. “Unseen, yet loved.” 102. Grube writes two entries for this date (see earlier) and in this sequence. 103. Ps. 66.16: “Come and hear, all you who fear God, and I will tell what he has done for me.” “My salvation fell to death.” 104. “Lo, I come and want to dwell with you.” 105. “When the king turned to me and blessed my soul.” 106. Ps. 94.19: “[T]hy consolations cheer my soul.” 107. Ps. 16.8: “I keep the Lord always before me.” 108. This religious text could not be identified. 109. In the margin in an unidentified hand: “Feb. 1760.” 110. “Geschwulst.” 111. “Strength is leaving me, p. Your blood, the precious juice.” 112. This is Ben King, that is, Benjamin Kokhkewenaunaunt, a.k.a. King Ben, a headman at Stockbridge (Frazier, Mohicans of Stockbridge, 55–56, 254n11). 113. Ps. 45.2: “[T]he fairest of the sons of men.” 114. Frazier, in Mohicans of Stockbridge, states that in the 1740s, Ben King was in his late sixties, making his having a father who was alive in 1759, the year of this diary entry, unlikely (55). Either Frazier’s source is wrong in respect to King Ben’s age or the person who Joshua visited was the son of King Ben and carried the same name. There is no known consanguineal or affinal relationship between Joshua and King Ben; however,

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Notes to Pages 247–258 it is nonetheless possible that the term “uncle” reflects a fictive tie or was used as a mark of respect. 115. The German verb is in the singular form, suggesting that it is Thamar who is ill. 116. Job 19.25: “‘I know that my Redeemer lives.’” 117. Job 19.27: “‘[W]hom I shall see on my side [for myself ], my eyes shall behold, and not another.’” 118. “My redeemer.” 119. Apparently another term for “Gemein Nachrichten.” 120. Ps. 145.5: “On the glorious splendor of thy majesty, and on thy wondrous works, I will meditate.” “O Man of Affliction, so beautiful!” 121. Easter Sunday 122. In the margin in an unidentified hand: “Lawatsch.” 123. “The fellowship of the Holy Spirit that may watch over us until the very end.” 124. In an engagement of the Seven Years’ War on 24–25 September 1759, the Moravian community of Neusalz, in the Prussian province of Silesia (modern Poland), was plundered and destroyed by Russian troops (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 117). 125. “We have learned well to believe and comprehend God’s love for us.” 126. The German noun is in the singular form. 127. “When my God loves, it is understood that we too love one another.” 128. A reference to hectic, a feverish condition seen in active tuberculosis. 129. 1 Jn. 3.18: “Little children, let us not love in word or speech.” 130. A slight variation on the hymn “The Soul of Christ Me Sanctify.” 131. German, “aunt,” “female relative or cousin,” “nurse maid.” 132. In the margin in an unidentified hand: “Judith.” 133. “He is no longer in this world.” 134. “Love rejoices when all things proceed in order.” 135. “Mantau[e?]” probably intending manteaux (French: coats): mantel, a loose, sleeveless coat. 136. “Do not rest until you have received the love.” 137. Rom. 5.5: “God’s love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit which has been given to us.” 138. Song of Sol. 8.6: “[‘The Love whose’] flashes are flashes of fire, a most vehement flame [‘of the Lord’].” 139. Zinzendorf was born on 26 May 1700. 140. “Why! rejoice always. You have wept over Him.” 141. Christian Renatus. 142. 1 Cor. 16.14: “Let all that you do be done in love.”

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Notes to Pages 258–269 143. Spangenberg’s comment in the margin: “Qu.” One of these men is Samuel Ashbow or Ashpo (1718–1795), a Christian Mohegan preacher. 144. 1 Chr. 22.16: “Arise and be doing! The Lord be with you.” “Across land and sea.” 145. See entry for 7 September 1759. 146. 1 Th. 5.17: “Pray constantly.” 147. “Do not concern yourselves too much about anything.” 148. At modern Bull’s Bridge. 149. Mills had three adult sons by 1760: Lewis (1738–1782), Peter (1741–1829), and Samuel John (1743–1833). This might be Peleg Chamberlain or one of his several sons, possibly Peleg “Jr.” (b. Colchester, 1736, d. New Milford, after 1808). See Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. 150. “After all work is done one rests well in Jesus’ arm and bosom.” 151. Num. 11.17: “And I will come down and talk with you there.” “Perhaps during a visit to the house.” 152. Possibly William (1735–1820), John (b. 1737), Aaron (b. 1741), or Daniel (1743– 1832). See Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. 153. “That we receive Him joyfully when He shows Himself before us.” 154. On 30 May 1760, the decision was made to have the Macks replace Brother and Sister Grube (rmm 4/115/9/3). 155. “I am full of life and was dead.” 156. “I am strict with those who I love.” 157. “Of the true poverty of the heart.” 158. “Think how far you have strayed; be sorry for that.” 159. Mack’s second wife was Anna Rebstock, whom he married in 1753. 160. “I indeed have the one or other thing to remember. I will receive it kneeling down.” 161. Mt. 6.24: “‘No one can serve two masters.’” 162. rmm 4/115/9/3. This document, a commentary on the preceding diary, is in August Gottlieb Spangenberg’s hand. 163. The associated entry is for 16 December 1759. 164. The associated entry is for 28 January 1760. Mack: 15 August 1760 to 11 January 1761 1. rmm 4/115/10/1. This diary is by Martin Mack. It is in two parts: the first covers the period from 15 August to 20 October 1760, and the second from 21 October to 11 January 1761. Vertical strokes mark the text to draw attention to details such as the birth or baptism of a child; some are in pencil, others in ink. Whether they were placed by a contemporary of Mack or perhaps by a later reader for the purpose of collecting such data is unknown. The strokes are not reproduced.

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Notes to Pages 269–277 2. Jn. 15.14: “‘You are my friends.’” 3. “Underneath it you have heart and hands.” 4. The diminutive form of Johanna. 5. As did several other diarists, Mack routinely wrote in the third person. 6. “The congregations shall come to know me.” 7. Mt. 18.20: “For where two or three are gathered in my name.” “[There] you have got the Lord.” 8. Mt. 23.37: “‘[A]s a hen gathers her brood.’” “Spread the wings.” 9. The text shifts between the fi rst person and the third person, sometimes within the same sentence. 10. Meaning farmers. 11. Or “mattock.” Mack’s first wife had been Jeanette/Johannette Rau. 12. “So worthy is the slaughtered Lambd that it has all the authority.” 13. That is, an area under cultivation. 14. “Where I am, they shall be there also.” 15. Lam. 3.24: “‘The Lord is my portion,’ says my soul, ‘therefore I will hope in him.’” 16. Probably Jabez Swift. See entry for 30 April 1759. Also, in a letter to Petrus Böhler dated 11 April 1761, Mack identifies the person living across the river as “Mr. Schwifft” (uah r.15.h.i.a.2.59). 17. “[T]axt,” probably for “Dachs” (badger), an animal that is not found in the Northeast. The reference is most likely to the common raccoon (Procyon lotor), which in coloration and form somewhat resembles a badger. 18. 1 Tim. 1.15: “The saying is sure and worthy of full acceptance.” 19. “The one distinguished from among the people to the Chief Eldest of your ranks.” 20. In their fields. 21. Jn. 14.6: “‘I am the way, and the truth, and the life.’” 22. Samuel Ashbow. See entry for 29 May 1760. 23. Zinzendorf and his wife, Anna Nitschmann. In early May 1760 both of the Zinzendorfs fell ill, he dying on the ninth of that month and she on the twenty-first (Fries, Moravian Heroes, 55–56; W. Reichel, Memorials, 85). 24. After Heb. 1.2: “He is the heir of all things.” “In the house that never dies out.” 25. Or “relatives.” 26. “The living law has seized my heart.” 27. “He is the expiation of our sins. He has suffered for me what my nature has caused.” 28. “The redeemer of the whole world. Oh, world, behold your life.” 29. “The consolation of all the Gentiles.” 30. Col. 1.12: “[G]iving thanks to the Father, who has qualified us.”

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Notes to Pages 278–288 31. Interlineal comment, marked for insertion here: “My brother-in-law, Nicol. Rau, along with one of his friends [or ‘relatives’], came here today for the sermon.” 32. The birthday of Johannes von Watteville. 33. Lucas, or Quawátschonit, died in Bethlehem on 3 October 1747. He and Priscilla, or Amanariochque, were the parents of Rachel Post, who married Christian Frederick Post. Rachel, her stillborn child, and her twenty-month-old daughter Mary died in Bethlehem on 26 December 1747. Rachel’s grandmother Theodora, or Atechtanoàh, had died in Bethlehem some three months earlier, on 5 October (W. Reichel, Memorials, 148–49). 34. 1 Jn. 4.16: “God is love.” 35. Lk. 1.53: “‘[H]e has filled the hungry with good things, and the rich he has sent empty away.’” 36. This was the first bridge to be built crossing the Housatonic at Bull’s Bridge. 37. In the margin in Mack’s hand, marked for insertion here: “for the taking of Canada.” 38. Fall plowing suggests that the Moravians might have been growing a cover crop, perhaps winter rye. 39. Joshua lived in a wood-frame house, a more substantial dwelling than a bark house or wigwam. See the introduction. 40. Jn. 15.1: “‘I am the true vine.’” “On which we grow and [to which we] are attached, and bear fruit as well.” 41. This entry suggests the scarcity of deer. 42. 1 Tim. 3.15: “[T]he pillar and bulwark of the truth.” 43. An account of George Sölle’s stay is in mab, Diarium von Neu-England vom 30ten October 1760 bis May 1761, Journals, je III, 2 c. 44. This is the first indication that the Moravians kept at least one milk cow. In a letter to Peter Böhler dated 14 August 1760, Mack noted that there was much at Pachgatgoch that was in need of repair, and he requested, among other things, several pounds of nails for laths and shingles and a file for sharpening a handsaw (uah r.15.h.iI.a.2.54). 45. “He is the Lord.” 46. “[U]nd wir theilen gerne mit wo wir nur Gelegenheit finden.” It is unclear whether this is a reference to communicating with the Indians or with each other. 47. Writing to Peter Böhler the next spring, Mack would report that he had exchanged his horse, Prinz, for a mare before winter set in. He was unable to use Prinz for riding or hauling, for the horse often took off, shedding its tackle in the process. To make matters worse, Prinz would swim across the river, even at high water, to feed on Mr. Swift’s crops, leading the Indians’ horses to do the same, an unsatisfactory situation all around (uah r.15.h.i.a.2.59, 11 Apr. 1761). 48. After Lk. 19.10: “I came to seek and to save the lost.” 49. In the margin, perhaps by Spangenberg: “Qu.”

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Notes to Pages 289–300 50. Jn. 1.29: “‘Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!’” 51. Or “relatives.” 52. Is. 60.2: “[B]ehold, darkness shall cover the earth.” 53. Mt. 5.13: “‘You are the salt of the earth.’” 54. This repair work did not last very long. Writing to Peter Böhler the following April, Mack indicated that he would need shoes and a pair of “traußers” [trousers] to replace those of leather he was wearing if he was to stay at Pachgatgoch much longer (uah r.15.h.i.a.2.59, 11 Apr. 1760). 55. After 1 Th. 5.5: “The child of the day.” 56. “Geschwister”: here, sisters. 57. Mack’s remarks indicate that a marriage arranged by the mothers of a couple was native practice. 58. Eph. 2.8: “[B]y grace you have been saved.” 59. 1 Jn. 3.18: “[L]et us not love in word or speech but in deed and in truth.” 60. Is. 9.6: “For to us a child is born, to us a son is given.” 61. “Happy, O happy, the man who can pasture his heart and mind there.” 62. “Papa” Zinzendorf and Benigna, his daughter by his first wife. Benigna von Watteville’s birthday is being remembered here. See the entry for Von Watteville in appendix 5, “Biographical List.” 63. Peter Böhler’s birthday. 64. “[L]ooking to Jesus.” 65. Probably the unnamed rivulet a short distance south of Thayer Brook, on the site of the Moravian mission. See the introduction and map 3. 66. Heb. 4.7: “‘Today, when you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts.’” 67. Mk. 12.30: “‘[Y]ou shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.’” Mack: 12 January 1761 to 13 February 1762 1. rmm 4/115/11/1. This diary by Martin Mack continues from that previous. It consists of four sections, covering the periods from 12 January to 31 March; 1 April to 30 August; 1 September to 31 December 1761; and 1 January to 13 February 1762. Each section carries a single check mark, evidently indicating that it had been read by someone in Bethlehem. In addition, the month designations for some of the entries are noted at the tops of a few pages; they are not reproduced. 2. Birthday of Anna Johanna Seidel, née Piesch (1726–1788), wife of Bishop Nathanael Seidel (Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 121–29). 3. Is. 61.10: “[H]e has clothed me with the garments of salvation, he has covered me with the robe of righteousness.” “[He] also keeps the robes pure and bright.” 4. Mack frequently wrote in the third person. 5. Anna Maria Lawatsch.

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Notes to Pages 300–308 6. This is the congregation at Sichem. Hector, a.k.a. Ernst, and Helen Gambold maintained this post from 6 October 1758 to 18 May 1763. 7. 1 Jn. 1.5: “This is the message.” 8. Mt. 19.14: “‘Let the children come to me.’” 9. Lev. 26.11: “‘I will make my abode among you.’” “Oh, that He may often gain an appetite for His house visitation.” 10. In the margin, perhaps by Spangenberg: “qu.” 11. Samuel, formerly Kiob, was baptized by Br. Büttner on 13 February 1743, along with five other Pachgatgoch Indians, the first in that community. Martin Mack was present at the time, as was his first wife Jeanette/Johannette (rmm 1/111/1/1). This entry suggests that a record of baptisms was kept at the mission. 12. Ps. 119.12: “[T]each me thy statutes!” 13. In the margin, marked by Mack for insertion here: “He also gave them a meal of Lappen and milk.” “Lappen”: flaps, here most likely a reference to thin pieces of dried meat. 14. Is. 53.4: “Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows.” 15. “How blessed are those who turn to Him.” 16. Eph. 3.17: “[A]nd that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith.” 17. “The Lord has risen from the dead, He has risen indeed.” 18. In the margin, perhaps by Spangenberg: “qu.” 19. Ps. 82.1: “God has taken his place in the divine council.” “We kiss His hands in spirit.” 20. In the margin, perhaps by Spangenberg: “qu.” 21. Is. 43.11: “‘I, I am the Lord, and besides me there is no savior.’” 22. In 1753 a syndicate of land speculators formed the Susquehanna Company, intent on opening for settlement Pennsylvania’s Wyoming Valley, claimed by Connecticut under its royal charter. At the 1754 Albany Congress, where intercolonial competition for the western lands was an issue of some significance, agents for both Pennsylvania and the Susquehanna Company obtained deeds to these lands from the Iroquois under what can only be described as questionable circumstances. Timothy Woodbridge, the missionary to the Stockbridge Indians and an agent for the company, engineered the negotiations with the Indians, although it was John Henry Lydius, a notorious Albany trader, who secured a deed. Richard Peters and John Penn did the same for Pennsylvania, if in a different manner. One of the fourteen Indian signatories to the Pennsylvania deed was the Mohawk headman Hendrick, who also attended the conference with Lydius although his name does not appear among those on the company’s deed. Five Indians signed off on both deeds. At the time, these contested lands were occupied by Delawares, Nanticokes, and also Mahicans, some of whom were Moravian converts from Shekomeko who recently had relocated to the Wyoming Valley from Gnadenhütten. The French and Indian War, however, forestalled Connecticut colonials from

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Notes to Pages 308–317 moving into the valley until after the British conquest of Canada in early 1761, when they laid out a township there alarming the Pennsylvanians. Disputes over these lands would continue, resulting in the killing of the Delaware headman Teedyuscung in 1763, the Yankee-Pennamite Wars, and the Wyoming Massacre. The matter was not settled until 1782, when a special court appointed by the Continental Congress ruled that the lands in contention belonged to Pennsylvania. The “agent” mentioned in this diary entry was Eliphalet Dyer (1721–1807), who in 1763 failed to get approval from the Crown to settle the company’s lands. For discussions on the Susquehanna Company and the 1754 Albany Congress, see Wallace, Conrad Weiser, 351–63; Nammack, Fraud, Politics, and Dispossession, 42–46; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 101–8; and Shannon, Crossroads of Empire, 108–9, 165–71. 23. “The Lord takes great pleasure in His people who wearied Him so.” 24. Lev. 10.3: “‘I will show myself holy among those who are near me.’” “[Who] work for thee, sleep, and keep guard for thee.” 25. 1 Jn. 3.23: “And this is his commandment, that we should believe in the name of his Son Jesus Christ.” 26. Jn. 3.16: “For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son.” 27. Mt. 28.20: “‘[L]o, I am with you always, to the close of the age.’” “If you wish to cover the eyes, the heart findeth without seeing.” 28. Zinzendorf. See the glossary. 29. Feast of Pentecost. 30. Possibly Theodora, or Aktees (d. Bethlehem, 17 January 1761); she was a niece of the Delaware headman Teedyuscung (W. Reichel, Memorials, 154). Anna Johanna Ingerheidt married Johann Jacob Schmick in 1753. 31. “Everything must be made holy with blood. May God thank you, you precious wounds.” 32. May 12 commemorates the “Adoption of the Brotherly Agreement and Statutes [Covenant for Christian Living] at Herrnhut,” which took place in 1727 and is one of the memorial days of the Moravian Church. Mack was mistaken in writing that this occasion was traceable to 1724, that is, “37 years ago.” 33. That is, Magdalena is the daughter of Christiana and Lidia’s sister. “Magdl. ist der Christiana u Lidia Schw: tochter.” 34. “In unter Scaticok”: the winter hut location. 35. Rev. 22.12: “‘Behold, I am coming soon, bringing my recompense.’” 36. Col. 3.1: “If then you have been raised with Christ, seek the things that are above.” 37. Jane Mills, the minister’s wife, and Sarah Mills (1747–1767). 38. John Mills. No evidence confirming that he served as a constable has been discovered, although he was a lieutenant in the local militia (Grant, Town of Kent, 145). See the introduction.

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Notes to Pages 317–326 39. “O Lord, you searched me and you know me; you know that hearts and minds cling to you, my life, as true as you are alive.” 40. This is presumably Jane Higgins (b. ca. 1717), the second wife of Peleg Chamberlain Sr. However, Peleg had three married sons at this time, one of the wives of whom might have been the Mrs. Chamberlain mentioned here. 41. Mt. 7.7: “‘Ask, and it will be given you; seek and you will find.’” 42. Rom. 8.31: “If God is for us, who is against us?” 43. Jn. 6.35: “Jesus said to them, ‘I am the bread of life; he who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst.’” 44. “Lord, you talked with me, you convinced me, you were too powerful for me, and you remained in the right.” 45. “When I have done well, my soul may not accept it — had he not raised himself by me[?].” 46. This bark had most likely been used to build or repair the Indians’ dwellings, work that is described earlier in this diary. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is now gone from eastern forests, the victim of a blight that began in New York City in 1904. 47. “Täe[?].” 48. Ps. 73.25: “[Lord] whom have I in heaven but thee? And there is nothing upon earth that I desire besides thee.” 49. The birthday of August Gottlieb (Joseph) Spangenberg. 50. Mt. 16.26: “‘For what will it profit a man, if he gains the whole world.’” 51. Mt. 12.34: “‘For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks.’” 52. A diminutive for Jeannette/Johannetta, Mack’s first wife, the daughter of Johannes Rau. 53. Col. 1.12: “[G]iving thanks to the Father, who has qualified us.” 54. “Unless I calm and quiet my soul, my soul will become weaned and cannot possibly think of the spirit.” 55. These three women are from the congregation at Sichem. Only Leah Edmonds’s name appears on surviving lists of congregation members. “Sr. Salomonsen” appears as “Samons” in the diary that follows (mab, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Diarium: Nov.– Dec., 1769 and 1770). 56. “Thus I became one who finds favor in His sight. I had wept over Him.” 57. “Mr. Valert” may be Samuel Waller (b. 1702/03), a land owner in Kent who served as selectman, and his second wife, Joannah Curtiss Stoddard (1708–1768) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families; Grant, Town of Kent, 148–49). 58. There is no punctuation separating these names in the original; however, there is no record of Jeremias having a son either by the name of Joseph or Saagajio. 59. Jn. 6.47: “Truly, truly I say to you, he who believes has eternal life.” 60. A reference to the birthday of Anna Rosina Anders. Her memoir, however, states that she was born on 9 August (Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 5).

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Notes to Pages 326–343 61. Mack confuses the number of years. This is probably a reference to the spiritual revival of the Unitas Fratrum, which took place at Herrnhut on 13 August 1727. 62. Heb. 12.2: “[L]ooking to Jesus the pioneer and perfecter of our faith.” 63. Jn. 14.6: “‘I am the way, and the truth, and the life.’” 64. “Fellowship with the Man of Suffering is everything that I can wish for.” 65. Mt. 11.25: “‘I thank thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hidden these things from the wise and understanding and revealed them to babes.’” 66. Jn. 13.35: “‘By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.’” 67. This is a continuation of the controversy over land stemming from the purchases made by Pennsylvania and the Susquehanna Company at the 1754 Albany Congress (see note 22 earlier). Cochecton, on the Delaware River at Damascus, Pennsylvania, was a staging area for Connecticut colonials moving to lands claimed by the company. 68. Jn. 15.1: “‘I am the true vine.’” “We are the tender branches.” 69. Is. 53.4: “Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows.” 70. “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded.” 71. Jn. 15.4: “‘As the branch cannot bear fruit by itself, unless it abides in the vine, neither can you, unless you abide in me.’” “Give unto us that we abide [in] you and continue to grow.” 72. “Oh, lovely Jesu mine, make yourself a clean soft bed to rest inside my heart’s shrine.” 73. Jn. 15.10: “Abide in my love.” “My life, you know that hearts and minds cleave to you.” 74. Day of Prayer and Covenanting for the ministers of the Unitas Fratrum, acknowledging that Jesus Christ is the Chief Elder of the church. 75. Or “relatives.” 76. Possibly intending “Br. Warner”; there were several Warners in the Sichem congregation (mab, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Diarium: Nov.–Dec., 1769 and 1770). 77. 1 Tim. 1.15: “The saying is sure and worthy of full acceptance, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.” 78. Hannah Ransom (1735–1777), who at this time was married to William Clark of Colchester, Connecticut. Shortly after Clark’s death in 1765, she would marry Cyrus Marsh, Kent’s former congregational minister (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 79. Ransom’s first wife Bethiah (b. 1707, d. Kent, 1771) had borne eleven children by this date (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families; Grant, Town of Kent, 136–37). This is Peleg Chamberlain Jr. 80. Jn. 17.1: “‘Father, the hour has come; glorify thy Son.’” 81. “I have always been with you wherever you went.” 82. “I will not leave you until I do everything that I have promised to you.” 83. Nathanael Seidel was born on this date in 1718.

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Notes to Pages 343–359 84. Lk. 22.44: “[H]is sweat became like great drops of blood falling down upon the ground.” “My heart was open.” 85. Or “relatives.” 86. Lk. 1.68: “‘Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for he has visited.’” 87. Elizabeth Böhler. 88. The names are listed without punctuation, that is, “Br. Sölle Joseph Paul”; nonetheless, this is probably Br. Sölle and Joseph Powell. 89. Von Watteville was born on this date in 1718. 90. Ps. 66.16: “I will tell what he has done for me.” 91. Mt. 6.24: “‘No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other.’” 92. In one of these letters, Mack told Peter Böhler of the difficulties that the Indians’ access to newly brewed cider had caused in the community. He also reported on the good harvest the missionaries and the Indians had enjoyed. The return of old Abraham and his family was welcomed, an event left unmentioned in this diary, but Mack voiced concern that Abraham might become like Samuel, without offering any further explanation as to what this might mean (uah r.15.h.i.a.2.61, 28 Oct. 1761). 93. Rev. 2.10: “‘Be faithful unto death.’” 94. Possibly Jehiel Benton (b. Hartford, 1710, d. Kent, 1789) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 95. A festival day commemorating the formal acknowledgment that Jesus Christ is the Chief Elder of the church. 96. Jn. 6.39: “‘[A]nd this is the will of him who sent me.’” 97. Or “relative.” 98. Rev. 22.12: “Behold, I am coming soon.” 99. The birthday of Martha Elisabeth Spangenberg, year unknown. 100. Is. 9.6: “For to us a child is born, to us a son is given.” 101. Rev. 21.6: “‘To the thirsty I will give from the fountain of the water of life without payment.’” 102. The nickname for Benigna von Watteville, Zinzendorf’s daughter. It was her birthday (b. 1725). 103. Rev. 22.7: “Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book.” 104. Böhler’s birthday. 105. Heb. 13.8: “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and for ever.” 106. Dt. 33.3: “Yea, he loved his people.” 107. Mack was mistaken. The overseer was Jabez Swift. 108. Anna Johanna Seidel (Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 122). 109. “Hausvater”: father of the family, eldest or ranking male of the household. 110. Mt. 7.24: “‘Every one then who hears these words of mine and does them will be like a wise man.’”

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Notes to Pages 361–381 111. Both couples, Mack and Anna Rebstock and Johann Jacob Schmick and Johanna Ingerheidt, had married in January 1753. 112. Jn. 6.35: “‘[H]e who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst.’” 113. This could mean the Wallers, a large family in Kent, although there is no Benjamin Waller known for the period. There is a Benjamin Fuller of Sharon (b. Colchester ct, 1733). See Johnson, Register of Some of the Families. 114. 1 Jn. 1.6–7: “If we say we have fellowship with him . . . we walk in the light, as he is in the light . . . and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin.” Sensemann: 16 February 1762 to 31 July 1763 1. rmm 4/115/12/1. Joachim Sensemann began keeping the Pachgatgoch diary three days after Martin Mack made his last entry on 13 February 1762. The last diary in the microfilm collection, it consists of four sections, covering the periods of 16 February to 30 April 1762; 1 May to 30 September; 1 October to 30 April 1763; and 1 May to 31 July 1763. 2. Azariah Smith Jr. 3. “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded” (Moravian Book of Worship, hymn 345). See also Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:835, “O Head so full of bruises,” etc. 4. The location of the winter huts. 5. Ps. 2.12: “[K]iss his feet, lest he be angry.” 6. Dt. 31.6: “[I]t is the Lord your God who goes with you.” “His inestimable nearness blesses us on land and at sea.” 7. Is. 38.15: “But what can I say? For he has spoken to me, and he himself has done it.” 8. Rom. 6.14: “For sin will have no dominion over you.” 9. Christina Rubel, Sensemann’s second wife, whom he had married in 1761. 10. Rom. 8.1,4: “There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus [. . .] who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.” 11. This star symbol placed in the diary indicates a casting of the lot. See the introduction. 12. Heidenfest, the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. 13. Later in the diary Sensemann writes that Lucas is suffering from consumption, that is, tuberculosis. 14. 2 Cor. 5.21: “For our sake he made him to be sin.” 15. John Mills Jr. (b. Kent, 1735, d. Windsor ct, 24 March 1762) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 16. Or “relatives.” 17. A son of Gerhard Winegar. Sensemann’s comment in the margin: “Inquired with Mitschel [Mitchell?] about when he would go to New York.”

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Notes to Pages 381–394 18. “Christ Jesus Lay in Death’s Strong Bands” (Moravian Book of Worship, hymn 367). 19. It is unclear whether Sensemann intentionally ended the sentence here. 20. “Take him, Open Arms.” 21. French: plot, conspiracy; here, a group of conspirators. 22. Mt. 24.28: “Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together.” 23. The month is written at the top of this and a number of the manuscript pages that follow. 24. The doctor may have been Jonah Todd (b. Greenwich ct, 1734, d. New Milford, 1783) or John Carrington (b. New Milford, ca. 1731, d. New Milford, 1771). 25. May 12, 1724, marked the “laying of the foundation-stone for the first churchedifice at Herrnhut” following the arrival of five religious refugees from Moravia. They were Melchior Zeisberger, John Toeltschig, and three members of the Nitschmann family, all named Christian David, each of whom would play important roles during the formative years of the Renewed Moravian Church. A memorial day in the church, it celebrates the adoption of the first statutes of the congregation at Herrnhut in 1727 (De Schweinitz, Moravian Manual, 113). 26. Lk. 13.34: “‘How often would I have gathered your children together.’” 27. This is probably Peter Rose (b. Hasselberg, Franken, 1733, d. Bethlehem, 1803), who, after the French and Indian War, lived for a time in Esopus before joining the Moravian Church. 28. Bordwell had four brothers living at this time. There were three adult Mills brothers in 1762: Lewis (1738–1782), Peter (1741–1829), and Samuel (1743–1833) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 29. Mattaeus Schropp, a saddlemaker (b. in Sweden, 1722, d. Bethabara nc, 1767). 30. Johann Gottlob Klemm (b. near Dresden, 1690, d. Bethehem, May 1762), a wellknown organ maker who built the first such instrument for the congregation in Bethlehem (W. Reichel, Register of Members, 290). 31. “Pale Lips, kiss it upon its heart.” 32. In the margin, by Sensemann: “This time there were 1[4], [to wit,] Gottlieb, Magdalena, Erdmuth, Martha, Johanna, Thamar, Maria, Elisabeth, Anna, Sophia, Simon, Samuel, Joachim, Christina.” 33. A slight variation on the hymn “The Soul of Christ Me Sanctify.” 34. Sensemann changes the spelling of this name from “Heieck” to “Hoeck.” 35. This name, perhaps intending “Mitchell,” appears on numerous occasions in the diary. 36. Mt. 5.13: “‘You are the salt of the earth.’” 37. In the margin, for insertion here, by Sensemann: “a false report.” 38. Here and elsewhere a reference to the Lamb of God. 39. “[D]as unttere Scatticok.”

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Notes to Pages 394–403 40. In the margin, by Sensemann: “Today I spoke thoroughly with sick Sekes about his heart; he said that he had found great fault with the brethren and sisters. I hope the dear Savior will direct him to his heart.” 41. Chase’s wife was Rachel Farnsworth (b. Groton ma, 1704); they were married in Littleton, Massachusetts, in 1740. She left Chase in 1749, filing a petition for divorce in 1757, which was later withdrawn. They separated in 1765 (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 42. In the margin, by Sensemann: “Also, we were paid a visit by 2 students from New Haven; they were very friendly and modest. They did not ask anything like the New Englanders generally do.” The two may have been divinity students from Yale College. 43. “He who believes shall be baptized.” After Mk. 16.16. 44. Or “relatives.” 45. “Through the Lamb’s pgachganom [blood], God be praised, he is a blessed Ktajom [child].” See Masthay, Schmick’s Mahican Dictionary, 41, 48. 46. Is. 55.8: “For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways.” 47. “O thou wounds of Jesus.” 48. This is Jared Ingersoll (b. Milford ct, 1722, d. New Haven, 1781), who in 1758 had been appointed agent and attorney for the governor and company of the colony of Connecticut (prcc, 11:127). He was the father of the noted jurist Jared Ingersoll (1749–1822), an unsuccessful candidate for vice president on the ticket with DeWitt Clinton in 1812. 49. James Hamilton (b. ca. 1710, d. 1783), lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1748 to 1754 and 1759 to 1763. This sentence suggests that Hamilton and Ingersoll were together deputies from Connecticut, which was not the case. 50. A weak brew of inferior quality. 51. Possibly Fort Ticonderoga or Fort Crown Point. 52. See note 45. 53. Perhaps a son of Cornelius Bogardus and Catherine Tudor of Fishkill. 54. The location of the winter huts. 55. Or “relatives.” 56. After his dismissal as minister, Cyrus Marsh became a lawyer and a justice of the peace (Atwater, History of Kent, 51; Grant, Town of Kent, 147). 57. “Natürliche Leute.” 58. “Great indeed is the mystery of religiousness.” After 1 Tim. 3.16. 59. Jn. 1.14: “[T]he Word became flesh.” “And we become one spirit with Him.” After 1 Cor. 6.17. 60. Col. 2.9: “[I]n him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily.” 61. Anna Rosina Anders. 62. Jn. 13.1: “Having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end.”

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Notes to Pages 405–425 63. Gottlieb Pezold. “[P]ersonaligen” (personal information) is probably a reference to Pezold’s Lebenslauf, an autobiographical account of the life of a member of the congregation to be read after death. Pezold had died in Lititz the previous April ([Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 179). 64. “How the Lord so loves the people.” 65. Although the Indians from Westenhook, who had arrived in Pachgatgoch ten days earlier, left together with Joshua, they seem to have had other business at the court in New Haven. Joshua may have intended to represent the Pachgatgoch community’s interests, or perhaps his own, in the sale of a thirty-acre parcel of land owned by “Chicken Wallops,” known to the Moravians as David Warop (var.), the previous May. The purchaser was Isaac Bull, and the property alienated — “very rough Swampy unprofitable Land” — lay south of the area of the winter huts near Tenmile River ([Indian Papers], 1st ser., 2:126–126b, 127; prcc, 12:41). “Wallops” (i.e., Warrups), described as aged and infirm at the time of the sale, became increasingly ill, requiring medical care, the cost of which would necessitate selling off more of his land (prcc, 12:215). He died in Redding in February 1763. Although the record is thin, the Westenhook Indians may have had concerns about a claimed right to land “Said to be Derived from an Indian Native Called Metoxen Lying in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay” ([Indian Papers], 2nd ser., 2:123–32b; prcc, 12:59, 60, 147, 152, 201, 268, 310). This Metoxen, here Johannis, and earlier his father, figured in claims and transfers of land situated along the mutual borders of New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. See the introduction. 66. “We give thanks to thee and call on thy name.” After Ps. 75.1. 67. “Though I am nothing, I am nevertheless joyous, blissful, and in good spirits.” 68. “There shall no longer be fear in love.” 69. Mt. 18.20: “‘[W]here two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of them.’” 70. An account of Zeisberger’s visit, made in the company of Gottlob Sensemann (1745–1800), the son of Joachim Sensemann and Anna Katharina, is in rmm 31/227/8/1, 1762. 71. The reference is to the journey of von Watteville, Cammerhoff, and others to Pachgatgoch in December 1748. See the introduction. 72. Pr. 8.34: “‘Happy is the man who listens to me, watching daily at my gates.’” 73. Ps. 116.7: “Return, O my soul, to your rest; for the Lord has dealt bountifully with you.” 74. “He has girded me with gladness.” After Ps. 30.11. 75. “And the Lord will suddenly come to his temple.” After Mal. 3.1. 76. Probably Moses Rowley (b. East Haddam ct, 1713, d. after 1773), whose land and sawmill lay along Macedonia Brook, north of Pachgatgoch. See Grant, Town of Kent, 89. 77. “I hold my soul in my hands continually.” After Ps. 119.109.

584

Notes to Pages 426–480 78. “Schwamm.” 79. Zech. 2.13: “[H]e has roused himself from his holy dwelling.” 80. “Behold, I will pour out my spirit to you and make my words known to you.” After Pr. 1.23. 81. Is. 52.10: “All the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God.” 82. Ps. 82.1: “God has taken his place in the divine council.” 83. Hos. 1.11: “‘[T]hey shall appoint for themselves one head,’ das Haupt vol Blut u: Wunden [a reference to the Lamb of God].” 84. Anna Johanna Seidel. 85. Jn. 1.29: “Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!” 86. This is Ephraim Besse, a member of the Sichem congregation (mab, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Diarium: Nov.–Dec. 1770). 87. 1 Sam. 2.3: “For the Lord is a God of knowledge.” 88. In all likelihood a reference to the previously mentioned Sister Salomonsen, who had assisted Sister Mack with childbirth. See entry for 4 August 1761, and following. 89. “Old Abraham” is Shabash, formerly a headman at Shekomeko, whose death was reported on 2 December 1762. He, Seim (Isaac), and Kiob (Jacob), were the first Indians to be baptized in the Moravian Church. Isaac died in August 1746; Jacob was buried in “Potters Field,” Philadelphia, in early 1764 (W. Reichel, Memorials, 145–46 and note). See also the introduction. 90. Or “relatives.” 91. Probably Daniel Warner Jr., or Nathan Warner, members of the Sichem congregation (mab, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Diarium: Nov.–Dec., 1769 and 1770). 92. Berliner Reden (Berlin Speeches), a compilation of two series of sermons delivered by Zinzendorf in Berlin in 1738 that prompted many to seek fellowship with the brethren (Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 69). 93. Hannah Ransom Clark (1735–1777) (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 94. Rachel Farnsworth (b. Groton ma, 1704). 95. Lewis Mills (1738–1782), widow Mills’s son (Johnson, Register of Some of the Families). 96. Bethiah Bertha Lewis (1709/10–1771). 97. Hannah Hall (1740–1804). 98. A slight variation on the hymn “The Soul of Christ Me Sanctify.” 99. Or “relatives.” 100. March 25, the Annunciation, festival of all the choirs. 101. Also, literally, “when he finally attended prayers with his family.” 102. Jn. 11.25: “‘I am the resurrection and the life.’” 103. Ps. 23.5: “My cup overflows,” “from your joys — oil and wine.” 104. “The oppressed see it and are glad, and the heart of those who seek the Lord revives.” After Ps. 69.32.

585

Notes to Pages 480–507 105. Edward Thorp and his wife spent two years at Sichem. In 1766 they relocated to Pachgatgoch, serving there until the mission closed its doors in 1770. Although there is some suggestion that both Sensemann and the Thorps had left a record of their stay at Pachgatgoch for the period following 1763, none has been discovered. Even more curious, there are no entries for Pachgatgoch in the indices of the Gemein-Nachrichten for any time after July 1763, which marks the end of this diary, excepting two of no relevance for 1771. This lack of documentation on the mission has led historians to mistakenly conclude that it had ceased operations in 1763. That the mission remained open beyond 1763 is nonetheless accounted for by the existence of debit statements forwarded to Herrnhut, where the financial affairs of the Heidenmissionen, “the missions to the heathen,” were managed. Several letters by Sensemann and Thorp, a few brief mentions found in the Sichem diary and in a travel journal by Johann Ettwein, as well as one short account by Johannes Rothe, who was at Pachgatgoch from April to July 1765, are the only sources to offer a glimpse of the community before it was decided by lot to close the mission. 106. Also “acres.” 107. Sensemann writes “Geschwister,” although the reference is to Thorp and Gambold. 108. Magdalena’s husband, young Sekes (var.), baptized Stephanas, had died on 11 August 1762. 109. This road ran along the west side of the Housatonic River from Kent and Macedonia Brook to Bull’s Bridge; it was used by Indians and colonists alike. 110. “For you are the temple of the living God; as God says, ‘I will live in them and move among them.’” After 2 Cor. 6.16. 111. “I live, but it is no longer I, but Christ who lives in me.” After Gal. 2.20: “I abide in him and he in me.” 112. Rom. 6.8: “[I]f we have died with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him.” Appendix 4 1. The date “Aug. 1754,” preceded by an illegible word, is written at the top of the page in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand. 2. This passage is on a separate manuscript page. 3. The second column on this page starts with this line and ends with entry number 47. 4. The second column on this page begins with this line. 5. The second column on this page starts with this line and ends with entry number 55. 6. The second column on this page starts with this line. 7. On the title page. 8. On the title page.

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Notes to Pages 510–521 9. The crosses, indicating a person’s death, were added later. 10. On the cover page. 11. On the cover page. 12. Büninger’s wife, Martha Mariner. 13. On the cover page. 14. In the margin in an unidentified hand: “corr. 30.” 15. This may be Johannes Jordan. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:299. 16. The Reverend Nathaniel Taylor (1722–1800), a native of Danbury, arrived in New Milford in January 1748 and was ordained the following June (Barber, Historical Collections, 478). 17. Probably the Moravian worker Matthew Witke Sr. (b. Senftleben, Moravia, d. Christiansbrunn pa, 1761) ([Neisser], History of Moravian Work, 182). 18. The Indians’ marks are on the document, enclosed by their names (here indicated by brackets). They are not reproduced. 19. Line written in another hand, probably that of Spangenberg. 20. On the cover page. 21. Margarethe Jungmann was the widow of Gottlieb Büttner, who, together with her, had labored among the Indians at Shekomeko until his death in 1745. 22. On the cover page. 23. At the top of the page, in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand: “Scatticok Num. 5.” 24. At the bottom, in Rundt’s hand: “these were the Brothers Gideon, Samuel, Martin, Jeremias, Petrus, [and] Simon.” 25. In the bottom margin, in Rundt’s hand: “at this point Br. Martin chimed in and expressed himself this way: Since he spoke with the brethren about this subject yesterday, he felt as well in his heart as he had when he was baptized, which was exactly 6 years ago yesterday.” 26. At the top of the page, in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand: “acc. Apr. 6.55.” 27. At the top of the page, in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand: “Scatticock num. 4.” 28. In the margin, in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand: “these letters should be responded to realiter [Latin: in deed and truth] and verbaliter [Latin: literally, in mere words].” 29. In the margin, marked for insertion here by Rauch: “this is your calling by means of His sweet gospel.” 30. “Es geht eben alles durcheinander, wie das liebe junge Vieh im Busche, möchte ich bald sagen.”

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31. “Scatticok” is crossed out and “Pachgatgoch” is substituted in another hand; “read in Bethlehem” is written above the line in the same hand. 32. One of the stanzas of “O Jesu Christ, meins Lebens Licht”: “The five holy wounds of yours, etc.” (Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1:126–27). 33. This letter was written in English. 34. The word “Pachgatgoch,” with double underlining, is on the upper right-hand corner of this page in what appears to be Spangenberg’s hand; “1756” is written below it, probably by an archivist. 35. “[N]aturellen Ausdrücke.” 36. Utley reports the destruction of Samuel and Lucia’s house by fire in his diary entry of 22 December 1755. 37. “Es muß nicht zu religions-mäßig unter unserm Volk zugehen.” 38. “To follow Jesus, through the disgrace, through the crowd, from inside and out, to secure the place to which Jesus broke the gate.” 39. Sometime later the Martins joined the congregation at Sichem (mab, Diarium von Sichem, Lititz Records, Sichem ny, Memorabilia, Nov.–Dec. 1769). 40. On the cover page in Martin’s hand: “An Josephf Spangenberg in bethlehem”; also, the notation “Heinrich Martin,” perhaps by an archivist, and the word “Pachgatgoch,” probably by Spangenberg. 41. The word “Pachgatgoch,” in Spangenberg’s hand, is in the margin. 42. The year “1760” appears on the upper right-hand corner of the document, probably placed there by an archivist. 43. Zinzendorf and his wife, Anna Nitschmann. Both of the Zinzendorfs became ill in early May 1760, he dying on the ninth and she on the twenty-first (Fries, Moravian Heroes, 55–56; W. Reichel, Memorials, 85). 44. Spangenberg is quoting from Grube’s diary. Ludwig, the five-year-old son of Anna and Paschka, died on 8 June 1760 and was buried the next day. Although Grube states that the boy’s death was the eighth experienced in the community, a count between 12 October 1758, the beginning of Grube’s stay, and 9 June produces a total of nine deceased children. 45. This word is crossed out and “June” is added, probably by an archivist. 46. The associated entry is that of 30 June 1760. Here, Stephen, the son of Seiakus and the husband of one Magdalena, is mentioned as one of the men returning as deserters from the war. It is unclear to what list Spangenberg is referring; possibly the catalog of baptized Indians. 47. Anna, the wife of Paschka and the daughter of Thamar and Petrus Sherman.

Glossary

Glossary

Anointed one: Jesus Christ. Bande, Banden (pl.): A subset of a choir (see choir). Small groups of persons who would meet for fellowship or devotional purposes. bloody stream: The blood that flowed from Christ’s side wound. Bridegroom, Bridegroom of the Souls: Jesus Christ. Chief Elder: Jesus Christ. choir: Social groupings within a Moravian community formed on the basis of sex, age, and marital status. conference: A committee whose purpose it was to govern or supervise a particular activity within a Moravian community; for example, the elders’ conference, the helpers’ conference, the diacony conference, and the general economic conference. congregation: A term used by Moravians in place of “church”; also the membership of the church. election by grace: To be chosen of God for salvation. enemy: Satan. flew away: Died. Gemein-Nachrichten, Gemeinnachrichten: “[A] handwritten journal copied and distributed throughout the Moravian world. It included letters and reports from different settlements and missions and biographies about people of all ages” (Smaby, Transformation, 16).

590

Glossary

Gemeinstunde: Congregation hour, a devotional meeting for community members usually held on Sunday evenings. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:385. God’s acre (Gottesacker): A cemetery. go home, going home: To die, death. helpers: Selected persons — at Pachgatgoch, baptized Indians — who acted as assistants to the Moravian brothers. Husband: Jesus Christ. Husband of the Souls: Jesus Christ. Jünger: Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von Zinzendorf. Jüngerin: Anna Caritas Nitschmann, Zinzendorf’s second wife. Lamb: Jesus Christ. love feast: A joyful social gathering held to mark religious anniversaries, birthdays, and communal accomplishments such as planting fields and the harvest. Bread, biscuits, or treats such as sweet cakes or chocolate might be served along with tea and coffee, and often hymns were sung. It appears to stem historically from the early Christian Agapae. Man of Affliction: Jesus Christ. Mother: The Holy Spirit. Also, an eldress of the congregation; for example, Anna Caritas Nitschmann, Zinzendorf’s last wife, was called “Mother.” night watch: Observed by an individual or small groups of persons who remained awake through the night engaged in prayer and devotion; it could also involve watchman duties. The night watch service on New Year’s Eve was introduced in the church in 1733. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:391; Hamilton and Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church, 37. occasion: A religious gathering or event. Papa: Zinzendorf. 591

plan: “Plan,” literally, “a plan.” “An agreed role or set of instructions (in accordance with the Savior’s intentions) and the place or area where it is to be carried out” (Faull, Moravian Women’s Memoirs, 154). This term can be translated as “call,” “post,” “mission,” or “charge.” See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:392. quarter-of-an-hour (Viertelstunde): A religious service or devotion named for its duration. Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:393. servant (Diener): A lay person who helps attend to events such as baptisms, Communion, and love feasts. See Hamilton and Madeheim et al., Bethlehem Diary, 2:383. side hole (Seitenhöhle, Seitenhöhlchen), wound hole: Christ’s side wound. speaking: At Pachgatgoch, a dialogue between a Moravian and an Indian communicant or group of communicants to determine their readiness to participate in Communion. tabernacle (Hütte): A person’s body; the temporary home of the spirit or soul. watchword (Losung): A verse of a religious theme taken daily from a list created by Zinzendorf and sent to each Moravian congregation. After Zinzendorf’s death, and continuing to the present, watchwords were selected by lot from Old Testament texts once a year in Herrnhut, printed in booklet form, and distributed throughout the Moravian world. went to the Lamb: Died.

Glossary of Latin Terms and Abbreviations

Glossary of Latin Terms and Abbreviations

We have not attempted to correct or resolve questions of spelling, or the use of case, tense, gender, or number, for the Latin words and abbreviations in the list that follows. They are presented as they were written by the Moravian diarists. a.c. [anni currentis]: of the current year. actus, acte, actum: act. anno: year. Aprilis: April. Augustus: August. catalogus: enumeration. diarium, diario, diearium, diarii, diariis: diary, diaries, day book. Februarius: February. item, it.: likewise, also. Januarius: January. Julius: July. Junius: June. Majus [Maius]: May. Martius, Martii, Martij, Mart.: March. n. st. [novum stilum]: New Style. 594

Pp., pp. [perge perge]: et cetera. st. n. [stilum novum]: New Style. st. vet. [stilum veterum, stili veteris]: Old Style. summa: total, sum. synodo, synodi, synodum, synodus: synod.

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Names Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Aaron. See Sankiwenecha Abel, 1: 79–80, 159, 389, 390 Abraham (Gihorn). See Gihorn Abraham (Shabash), 1: 9, 21, 80, 87, 100, 433–34, 622n19, 624n38, 629n92, 678n48; 2: 164; baptism of, 1: 8; and Christian Rauch, 1: 6; death of, 2: 414, 584n89; headman status of, 1: 366, 673n27; 2: 562n50 Achamawant. See Post, Christian Frederick Achamwant. See Post, Christian Frederick Adams, Samuel, 2: 150, 560nn18–19, 561n33 Aderton. See Atherton, James Adolph, 1: 163–64 Agnes, 1: 133, 172, 220, 289, 297, 500; 2: 405; and baptism, 2: 125, 193, 237; and childbirth, 1: 275; 2: 124, 236, 358, 434; and Christina Sensemann, 2: 360; and Communion, 2: 105, 120, 137, 149, 155, 311, 319, 336, 351, 363, 407, 414, 421; and deaths of children, 2: 190, 359; spiritual state of, 2: 82 Alger, Samuel, 1: 647n50 Allworth, James, 1: 567, 688n44; 2: 334, 523 Alsworth. See Allworth, James Alworth. See Allworth, James Amherst, Jeffrey, 2: 568n80 Amos, 1: 131, 157, 179–80, 229; baptism

of, 1: 625n48; 2: 566n12; and basket making, 1: 159–60; and Communion, 1: 367–68; and debt, 1: 242; and hunting, 1: 152, 243; spiritual state of, 1: 409 Ampawaechnant. See Ampiwochnant Ampawochnant. See Ampiwochnant Ampiwochinant. See Ampiwochnant Ampiwochnant, 1: 142, 166, 180, 194, 219, 238, 287, 299 Ampwochnant. See Ampiwochnant Anders, Anna Rosina, 2: 53, 54, 317, 394, 523, 549n32, 577n60 Andreas, 1: 19, 33, 80, 503, 682n17 Anna, 1: 297, 419, 421, 437, 443; 2: 51, 91–92, 420, 521; and baptism, 2: 356–57, 358; and childbirth, 1: 527; 2: 209–10, 350; and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 120, 137, 143, 149, 155, 161, 171, 202, 208, 214, 218, 294, 301, 306, 311, 363, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; and death of Paschqua, 2: 431–32; and handicraft selling, 2: 435 Anna Elisabeth, 2: 318, 322, 323, 326, 336, 343 Anna Maria, 2: 245, 318, 327–28, 358, 379 Anton, 1: 363–64, 365–66 Anton, Ludwig, 1: 191 Aromerqua, 2: 194 Aropim, 2: 193 Asch Bero. See Ashbow, Samuel Aschbo. See Ashbow, Samuel Ashbo. See Ashbow, Samuel

Index Ashbow, Samuel, 2: 247, 266, 571n143 Atherton, James, 2: 51, 167, 523, 549n27 Augustina, 2: 365, 366 Augustus, 1: 198, 201–2, 306, 375, 383, 659n99, 659n101 Axtell, James, 1: 53, 56 Barclay, Henry, 1: 9 Barnes, Thomas, 1: 684n41 Barns, Mr. See Barnes, Thomas Bartholomew, 1: 122, 142, 174–75, 193 Bathsheba, 1: 298–301, 302–3, 317, 322, 325 Beardsley, Wells, 1: 38–39, 632n156 Bechtel, Margarethe. See Jungmann, Anna Margarethe Beekman, Henry, 1: 16 Belius, 1: 85 Benezet. See Benezet, Johann Stephan Benezet, Johann Stephan, 2: 114, 556n176 Benigna (Philippus’s wife), 1: 133, 186, 497; 2: 80, 328, 553n110; assault of, 2: 127; and baptism, 2: 410; and broom making, 1: 228; and childbirth, 1: 520; 2: 269, 409; and Communion, 2: 67, 105, 120, 137; marriage of, 1: 429 Benigna (Weiti’s wife), 1: 236, 362, 554–55, 563; 2: 352; and childbirth, 1: 370, 561; and Communion, 2: 67, 155, 272; employment of, 1: 253; and handicraft selling, 1: 578; and Indian doctor, 2: 405; marriage of, 1: 268–69; spiritual state of, 2: 154, 175; and summer houses, 2: 360; and winter houses, 2: 405 Benjamin, 1: 19, 198, 200–202 Benton, Jehiel, 2: 331, 579n94 Benzien, Christian Thomas, 2: 3, 544n17 Berg, Christian, 2: 4 Besse, Ephraim, 2: 413, 584n86 Bischoff, Johann David, 1: 22, 24, 75–76, 78; 2: 523

Boardman, Daniel, 1: 61 Boemper, Abraham, 1: 677n39; 2: 1, 544n4 Böhler, Anna, 1: 28, 440 Böhler, Elizabeth (Liesel), 2: 254, 255, 328 Böhler, Francis, 1: 28, 440 Böhler, Petrus (Peter), 2: 133, 263, 447n207, 544n8; baptisms by, 2: 254–55; biographical note on, 2: 523–24; birthday of, 2: 284, 338, 574n63, 579n104; letters of, 1: 561, 601; 2: 218, 219, 246, 270, 380, 394, 412, 423, 503–4 Böhler, Wilhelm, 1: 561–62, 566, 569; 2: 523 Bordwell, Joel, 2: 188, 230, 255, 566n6, 581n28; biographical note on, 2: 524; and burial service, 2: 250; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 369–70, 434; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 266, 313, 323, 335; marriage of, 2: 215, 568n62; as new minister at Kent, 2: 176, 564n7 Bos, Robert, 1: 629n87 Bostwick, Anna, 1: 235; 2: 234, 314, 524 Bostwick, Lemuel, 1: 14, 235; 2: 524 Bradshaw, John, 2: 140–41, 559n221 Brainerd, David, 1: 10, 624n44 Brendel, 2: 275, 277 Broadshaw, John. See Bradshaw, John Bronson, Micha, 2: 117, 556n182 Bruce, David, 1: 27, 182, 676n23; biographical note on, 2: 524; conversations of, 1: 83–85, 87–89, 92–93, 94–95, 96, 98; death of, 1: 126, 426, 648n59; and land disputes, 1: 96–97; and language, 1: 96; teaching of school by, 1: 83, 85, 86, 93, 95; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 89–90; travel of, to Salisbury, 1: 83–84, 86, 93–94, 95, 97–98; travel of, to Shekomeko, 1: 98 Buicke. See Samuel

608

Index Bull, Isaac, 2: 226, 301–2, 358, 415, 524, 566n31, 583n65 Bull, John, 1: 23; 2: 566n31 Büninger, Abraham, 1: 27, 156, 157; and alcohol, 1: 212, 219–20, 233, 239, 240; baptisms by, 1: 151, 209–10; 2: 487; and bark peeling, 1: 215, 216, 220; beans grown by, 1: 113, 237; and Bethlehem, 1: 114, 138, 146, 153–54, 213, 218, 225–26, 236, 241, 246, 250–52, 518–19; 2: 488; biographical note on, 2: 524; and burials, 1: 122, 124, 130, 132, 241–42, 478–79, 532; and Caritas, 1: 542; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 1: 112–13, 125, 535, 540, 645n27; children’s meetings held by, 1: 527, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 543, 544; and Christian, 1: 147, 477, 515; and colonial ordinances, 1: 522, 685n49; and Communion, 1: 210–11, 449–50, 467, 545; 2: 487; conferences held by, 1: 144, 146–47, 204–5, 206, 222–23, 229–30, 232, 447–48, 475, 512; and construction of mission house, 1: 34–35, 106, 111, 118, 122, 133–34, 137, 145, 211, 214, 468–69, 471, 643n4; 2: 486; and construction of pigsty, 1: 36; and construction of sledge path, 1: 30, 230–31, 232, 242, 243; conversations of, 1: 126, 207, 237–38; corn grown by, 1: 112, 125, 127, 206, 219, 224, 228, 236; and Cyrus Marsh, 1: 233–34, 470–71, 474; and death of child, 1: 481; and debt, 1: 492, 494; diet of, 1: 130, 214; and firewood, 1: 244–45, 522, 540, 541; food bought by, 1: 209, 214, 231, 236, 480, 539; and Gideon, 1: 205–6, 512–13, 518, 519; glass for, 1: 220, 222, 225, 228; and Gottlob, 1: 534; illness of, 1: 112, 128–31, 147, 229, 522, 648n67, 652n108; and Indian attacks, 1: 515,

609

516–17; interpreting for, 1: 46, 47, 115, 125–26, 153, 215, 533, 646n32, 653n114; and Jeremias, 1: 113, 149, 228, 500–501, 513, 538; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 242–45, 249–50, 252; and Joshua, 1: 227–28, 238, 500, 501, 513, 533; letters of, 1: 306; 2: 7, 233, 484–90, 495–97, 500; and love feasts, 1: 209, 210, 226–28, 245, 484, 524, 528, 531; 2: 487; and Martin, 1: 241, 523, 542–43; medical skills of, 1: 234; mill trips of, 1: 147, 246, 466, 514, 537; and Petrus, 1: 122, 211–12, 216, 233, 514; quarter-of-anhour services held by (1750), 1: 117, 118, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135–36, 137–38, 141, 142–43, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149–50, 152, 153; quarter-of-an-hour services held by (1751), 1: 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252; quarter-ofan-hour services held by (1754), 1: 474, 490, 491, 500, 501, 502; quarter-of-anhour services held by (1755), 1: 532, 533, 535, 536, 538, 539, 541, 542, 543, 544; replacement of, by Carl Gottfried Rundt, 2: 496; replacement of, by Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 492; 2: 495; replacement of, by Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 496; replacement of the Sensemanns by, 1: 460, 465; request of, for additional missionaries, 2: 496–97; and Samuel, 1: 113, 117, 212, 221, 238, 472, 512–13, 543; self-doubt of, 2: 488, 489; and separatists, 1: 473; sermons of (1750), 1: 120–21, 122–23, 126, 127, 131, 134–36, 137–38, 141–45, 146, 148, 149, 152; sermons of (1751), 1: 207, 213, 217, 225, 229, 234, 237,

Index Büninger, Abraham (continued) 238, 240, 243, 248; sermons of (1754), 1: 464, 468, 483, 501, 513, 514, 516, 519; sermons of (1755), 1: 532, 533, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542; singing services held by, 1: 113, 534; spiritual state of, 1: 211, 236; teaching of school by (1750), 1: 107, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121, 125, 127, 132, 133, 134, 143–44, 146, 152; teaching of school by (1751), 1: 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 215, 217, 219, 221, 222, 224, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239, 242, 243, 249; teaching of school by (1754), 1: 513, 514, 518, 521, 523, 526; teaching of school by (1755), 1: 534, 541, 544; and Thamar, 1: 122, 210–11, 216, 479, 521; travel of, to Kent, 1: 133–34; travel of, to Pachgatgoch, 1: 447–50, 498, 504; 2: 485, 486, 496; travel of, to Potatuck, 1: 511–12; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 482–83; travel of, to Stockbridge, 1: 107, 109–10, 150–51; travel of, to Wanachquaticok, 1: 216–18; 2: 489; travel of, to Wechquadnach, 1: 109, 115, 120, 127, 138, 207–8, 219, 223; 2: 490; and travel of Indians, 1: 114, 117–18, 145, 149, 213–14, 239, 517, 685n46; visits of, to Indians (1750), 1: 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 127, 133, 141, 150; visits of, to Indians (1751), 1: 204, 214–16, 221, 224, 231, 235, 240, 247, 248; visits of, to Indians (1754), 1: 465, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 477, 478, 480, 514, 515, 525; visits of, to Indians (1755), 1: 531, 534, 536, 543; visits of, to the sick, 1: 239–41, 530; and Warop, 1: 211, 536; wedding anniversary of, 1: 142; winter house of, 1: 145, 148, 149–50 Büninger, Martha, 1: 142, 464, 468, 470, 472, 473, 474, 477, 478, 481, 651n93; 2: 488, 524 Büttner, Gottlob, 1: 7–8, 28, 76; baptisms

by, 1: 11, 19, 625n48, 640n25, 681n11; 2: 575n11; biographical note on, 2: 524; death of, 1: 21; legal charges against, 1: 17–18; and Shekomeko, 1: 8, 16–17, 21, 627n68, 680n5; 2: 586n21 Büttner, Margarethe Bechtel. See Jungmann, Anna Margarethe Cackaio. See Kakaja Cackao. See Kakaja Cackeio. See Kakaja Cammerhoff, Johann Christian Friedrich, 1: 26, 27, 624n44, 629n87, 651n91; and baptism, 1: 55, 151, 426, 638n2; biographical note on, 2: 524; death of, 1: 197, 659n96; letters of, 1: 83, 106, 140–41, 156–57, 177, 178; 2: 485; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 28–29, 31, 33–34, 149, 150, 151 Canfield, Samuel, 1: 14, 15, 61, 319, 399, 670n50; 2: 491, 525 Caries, Zacharias George, 2: 88, 525 Caritas, 1: 122, 159, 440; 2: 245, 412, 554n139; and Anna Jungmann, 2: 83; and broom making, 2: 51, 58; and Communion, 1: 210–11, 273; 2: 67, 93; conduct of, 1: 214, 500, 536, 542, 543; employment of, 1: 253; and handicraft selling, 1: 523, 540; illness of, 1: 169; 2: 398, 402, 404; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 285; 2: 399; spiritual state of, 1: 128, 169, 272; wigwam built for, 2: 95 Carrington, John, 2: 581n24 Case, Benajah, 1: 559, 688n37 Catharina, 1: 83, 86, 87 Catileau, Jakes. See Cattelgaw, Jakes Catiliau, Jakes. See Cattelgaw, Jakes Catilieau, Jakes. See Cattelgaw, Jakes Cattelgaw, Jackiss. See Cattelgaw, Jakes Cattelgaw, Jakes, 1: 488, 680n4 Cennick, John, 2: 3, 544n13

610

Index Chamberlain, Peleg, Sr., 2: 123, 308, 330, 333, 336–37, 525, 556n190 Chase, Benjamin, 2: 117, 381, 418, 525, 556n181, 582n41 Chase, Rachel Farnsworth, 2: 381, 417, 418, 582n41 Cheeksaunkun, Jacob, 2: 196, 243, 566n19 Christian, 1: 138, 145, 160, 247, 285, 296; 2: 294, 383; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 147, 477, 515; and baptism, 1: 546, 567; and canoe making, 1: 167; and construction of meeting house, 1: 314–15; and crops, 1: 584; and death of child, 2: 133; employment of, 1: 132, 134; enlistment of, 1: 574, 577–78, 585, 589; 2: 149, 224; and fishing, 1: 570; and handicraft selling, 1: 158; and hunting, 1: 381; as interpreter, 1: 125; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 271, 276, 422; 2: 395 Christian, Brother. See Frölich, Christian Christina (Gideon’s daughter), 1: 307–8, 320, 499, 653n5 Christina (Samuel’s daughter), 1: 151 Christoph, 2: 14, 15, 130, 151, 235, 357, 366, 403, 514 Chuse, 1: 12, 72, 432 Clark, Hannah Ransom, 2: 324, 529, 578n78 Clark, William, 2: 578n78 Clarke, George, 1: 622n19, 627n69 Clinton, George, 1: 15, 17–18, 20–21 Colver, Elijah. See Colver, Elisha Colver, Elisha, 1: 109, 230–31, 610; 2: 122, 233, 525 Colver, Ephraim, 1: 86, 99; 2: 525 Corlaar. See Metoxson Cornelius, 1: 13, 100, 103, 165, 166, 175 Cortlandt, Philip van, 1: 17 Culver, Elijah. See Colver, Elisha

Debaut, Mr., 1: 489 Decker, Cobes, 1: 175 Delameter, Johannes, 1: 22 DeLancey, James, 1: 17 Dizort, Isaac, 1: 203; 2: 525 Drinkwater, William, 1: 14 Dyer, Eliphalet, 2: 300, 575n22 Ebenezer, 1: 109, 110 Eberhardt, Nicolas Heinrich, 1: 33, 67; and Ascension, 2: 84; and Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 53–54, 548n1; baptisms by, 2: 106, 118–19, 125, 168; and Bethlehem, 2: 85, 115, 118, 122–23, 510–14, 517–20; biographical note on, 2: 525; on blood and wounds, 2: 40, 41–42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 69, 86, 95, 98, 99, 102, 111, 121, 122, 144; on bloodshed and God’s punishment, 2: 60–61; and burials, 2: 107, 119; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 2: 82, 103; children’s meetings held by, 2: 55, 59, 63, 65, 72, 81, 85, 88, 98, 154, 158, 159, 164, 165; and Christmas, 2: 131; and colonists, 2: 68, 73–74, 93–94, 105, 117; and Communion, 2: 50, 66–67, 90, 92–93, 105, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55, 160–61, 166, 167, 170–71, 549n24; and conception of the Savior festival, 2: 56–57; conferences held by, 2: 46, 57, 70, 72–73, 78, 81–82, 85, 92, 96–97, 98, 100, 103; and Connecticut charter, 2: 76–77; and Connecticut statute readings, 2: 82, 83, 84, 90, 96–97; crops grown by, 2: 77, 94, 114, 121; and day of prayer, 2: 59–60; on deceit, 2: 152; on diligence at work, 2: 107; duties of, 2: 40, 53–54; and Easter, 2: 63–64; on family relationships, 2: 74–75; on fasting and prayer, 2: 101; on forgiveness, 2: 163, 164; and Gnadenhütten attack, 2: 44–45; on

David. See Warop

611

Index Eberhardt, Nicolas Heinrich (continued) good shepherd, 2: 57; and Greenland diary, 2: 144; illness of, 2: 47, 79, 98; and land disputes, 2: 150, 493–94, 560n19; letters of, 2: 50, 109, 514–16; on lost sheep, 2: 43, 72; and love feasts, 2: 46–47, 49, 66, 125, 131, 134, 154, 159, 167; on marriage feast parable, 2: 58–59; and Martin, 2: 41; on names of the Savior, 2: 48, 49, 55–56; on narrow gate, 2: 77, 153; on occupying oneself with the Savior, 2: 55; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 140; on Passion story, 2: 62–63, 145–47; on peace in the heart, 2: 42; and Pentecost, 2: 88–89; on Pharisees and the tax collectors, 2: 62; and Quakers, 2: 111–15; quarterof-an-hour services held by, 2: 57, 58, 62, 71; on redemption, 2: 53, 156; on repentance, 2: 136; on salvation, 2: 78, 80–81, 140; sermons of, 2: 65, 67, 68, 70, 80, 90, 91, 96, 108, 109, 115–16, 117, 123, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 151, 157, 162, 165, 171; on sin, 2: 45, 73, 75, 128–29, 159; singing services held by, 2: 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 67, 69, 71, 89, 98, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121; teaching of school by, 2: 79, 87, 111, 153; on Thomas, 2: 126–27; translation by, 2: 41; travel of, to Sichem, 2: 89–90, 119, 123, 124, 134, 153–54, 156–57, 166, 167, 172; visits of, to Indians, 2: 39–40, 55, 57, 61; on washing of Jesus’ feet, 2: 126; and watchwords, 2: 148 Edmonds, Edmond, 2: 199, 330, 566n24 Edmonds, Leah, 2: 316, 577n55 Edmonds, Rachel, 2: 316 Edwards, Daniel, 1: 686n12 Edwards, Esther, 1: 107, 644n10 Edwards, Jonathan, 1: 654n12, 661n20 Ehl, John Jacob, 1: 624n42 Elenora, 1: 83, 84, 85, 87

Elisabeth, 1: 80, 510; 2: 11, 290; and Anna Jungmann, 2: 83; and Anna Rauch, 1: 508; and Anna Sensemann, 1: 414–15, 424–25; assault of, 2: 364; and baptism, 1: 180–81, 424–25, 466–67, 601; 2: 168, 330; and Bethlehem, 1: 518; and broom making, 2: 359; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 466; and childbirth, 1: 163, 417, 583; 2: 167, 214; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 506–7; and Communion, 2: 11, 93, 120, 136, 143, 149, 161, 192, 202, 214, 363, 581n32; and conferences, 1: 52, 144, 155–56, 275–76, 303–10, 352–53, 386; and deaths of children, 1: 121–22; 2: 283; drunkenness of, 2: 291, 315; and handicraft selling, 1: 147, 536, 540, 562; 2: 363; leadership role of, 2: 347; spiritual state of, 1: 274, 297, 501, 682n10; 2: 353, 354, 378, 386 Elisabeth (PakSchanos’s wife), 1: 544 Erdmuth, 1: 186, 366, 429; 2: 75, 240, 315; and Anna Catherine Sensemann, 1: 380–81, 414, 417, 435; and Anna Margarethe Jungmann, 2: 109, 129; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 333; and child care, 1: 120, 137, 232; and Christian Seidel, 2: 9, 14; and Christina Rubel Sensemann, 2: 371, 387; and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 95, 120, 137, 143, 149, 155, 161, 171, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223, 250, 255, 279, 294, 301, 306, 311, 319, 326, 336, 343, 351, 363, 379, 393, 400, 407, 421, 581n32; and food shortages, 2: 372; and handicraft selling, 1: 427; house fire of, 1: 279, 280, 281, 282; illness of, 1: 92, 442, 444, 455; 2: 243, 274, 342, 399; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 157, 159, 256, 273, 276, 354, 425; 2: 352; and Juliana (daughter), 1: 255, 258, 267; land plowed for, 1: 334; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 502; spiritual

612

Index state of, 1: 84–85, 424, 446, 459, 471, 505–6; and summer houses, 1: 170; 2: 359–60; travel of, to New Milford, 2: 366–67; travel of, to seaside, 1: 134, 213; and winter houses, 1: 147; 2: 402 Esther, 1: 100, 147, 162, 177, 178, 375, 383; and David Bruce, 1: 93; marriage of, 1: 198, 201–2, 659n99; spiritual state of, 1: 166 Ettwein, Johann (John), 1: 28, 41, 69; 2: 2, 16, 33, 141–42, 144, 517, 525, 585n105

197, 342, 355, 408, 409, 416, 447–48, 483–84, 490, 500 Führer, David, 1: 90 Fuller, Joseph, 1: 642n36 Fuller, Rufus, 1: 38

Farnsworth, Rachel. See Chase, Rachel Farnsworth Filkin, Francis, 1: 16–17, 627n68; 2: 525–26 Filkin, Henry, 1: 16, 18, 163; 2: 526 Fliegel, Carl John, 2: 53–54 Friederich, 1: 155, 179, 206 Frölich, Christian, 1: 301, 302, 317, 350, 395–96, 406, 672n1; and alcohol, 1: 337–38, 398; biographical note on, 2: 526; and Communion, 1: 340–42; conferences held by, 1: 303–11, 319–21, 325–26, 334–35; and construction of mission house, 1: 35, 311, 315, 317, 321–24, 326–28, 404; conversations of, 1: 329, 397, 399–400, 404; crops grown by, 1: 311, 335, 338; letters of, 2: 370; and love feasts, 1: 312, 339, 341; medical skills of, 1: 330, 398, 401; quarter-of-an-hour services held by, 1: 317, 326, 329, 335, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404; and surveyors, 1: 338–39; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 399, 403, 404; travel of, to New York, 1: 405; visits of, to Indians, 1: 326, 329, 397, 398, 399, 401–2, 403 Führer, Christian, 1: 81, 425–26, 638n14; 2: 526; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 165, 380, 417; letters of, 1: 439, 508; and Pachgatgoch, 1:

Gambold, Hector (Ernest), 2: 194, 196– 97, 262–63, 294, 575n6; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 185, 200–201, 213, 221, 246, 275; biographical note on, 2: 526; injury of, 2: 221; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 371, 394; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 305, 313, 334, 345; letters of, 2: 369; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 178, 184, 205, 233, 263, 299, 311–12, 325, 335, 362, 373, 380, 401, 427–28; recall of, 2: 426, 428; suspicion about, 2: 289 Gambold, Helen, 2: 185, 196–97, 575n6; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 200–201, 213, 221, 246, 275; illness of, 2: 221; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 305, 313, 334, 345; suspicion about, 2: 289 Garrison, John, 2: 3, 526, 544n11 Garrison, Nicholas, 2: 133, 526, 544n11 Gaylord, Aaron, 1: 204, 209, 220, 222, 225, 275; 2: 526 Gaylord, Nathan, 1: 112, 523; 2: 135, 312, 314, 360, 375 Gertraud. See Gertraut Gertraut, 2: 9, 153, 235 Gideon, 1: 25, 28–29, 36, 99, 116, 174, 204; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 116, 138–39, 140, 512–13, 518, 519, 643n1; adopted children of, 1: 530, 532; and alcohol, 1: 212, 337–38, 511; 2: 77, 139; alliance of, with Moravians, 1: 50, 61–64; announcements of, 1: 353, 363, 366, 372; 2: 46, 233; and baptism, 1: 11, 55, 625n48; 2: 106, 191; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 210; and Bethlehem, 1: 78, 384, 460, 503;

613

Index Gideon (continued) 2: 501–2, 510–11, 517–19; and bribes, 1: 69, 636n225; 2: 277; and burials, 2: 51–52; burial site of, 1: 37; and canoe making, 1: 185, 355, 360, 364, 469; and child rearing, 1: 125, 509; children’s meetings held by, 2: 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 219, 225; and choir fellowship, 2: 7; and Christina (daughter), 1: 307–8, 320, 499, 653n5; and Communion, 1: 386, 690n83; 2: 67, 93, 105, 120, 136, 143, 155, 161, 170, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223; conduct of, 1: 335–36; 2: 162–63, 232–33, 562n44; and conferences, 1: 52, 64, 144, 155–56, 159, 161, 162–63, 168–69, 206, 229–30, 258–59, 265, 275–76, 303–10, 319–20, 325–26, 352–53, 379–80, 386, 389, 447–48, 508–9, 579–80, 582; 2: 12; and Connecticut Assembly, 1: 342–43; 2: 492–93; and construction of mission house, 1: 321; and construction of sledge path, 1: 230–31, 232; conversations of, 1: 85, 378, 404, 494, 548, 596; 2: 13, 80, 134; and crop supervision, 1: 336, 415; death of, 1: 63, 69, 70, 631n124; 2: 232–33, 234; and death of Martin, 2: 221; and debt, 1: 354; employment of, 1: 123, 128, 132, 426, 579; and fishing, 1: 414; and Gottlieb, 2: 83; grandchildren of, 1: 503, 682n17; and Greenland mission, 1: 134; and handicraft selling, 1: 365, 437, 454, 537; 2: 145; headman status of, 1: 61–64, 65–67, 70–71; 2: 494; house built for, 1: 417, 418; house fire of, 1: 278–79, 280, 282; house of, as meeting place, 1: 121, 122, 288, 296, 315, 366; illness of, 1: 127, 282, 478; 2: 231–32; injury of, 1: 91; as interpreter, 1: 209; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 155, 161, 163, 166–67, 170, 172, 174, 185, 187, 188,

189, 199, 200, 255, 256–57, 258, 270– 71, 273, 286, 287, 294, 296, 367, 370, 374, 390, 395, 415, 426, 432, 433, 437, 453; and Jonathan (Martha’s son), 1: 256, 666n48; and land ownership, 1: 61–62, 97, 188, 311, 540–41, 587, 657n75, 669n44; 2: 492–93; and Lazara, 1: 19, 628n79; and Leah, 1: 325, 330; and love feasts, 1: 245, 281–82, 458; and Martha, 1: 628n79, 631n116; as Maweseman, 1: 10, 11; medical skills of, 1: 129–30, 147, 172, 219, 226, 228, 361, 649n68, 652n108; 2: 50, 101; and Moravian request for land, 1: 549; quarter-of-an-hour services held by, 2: 210, 225; and rail making, 1: 392–93; request of, for Moravian missionary, 1: 13, 18–20; services conducted by, 2: 8, 10, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 52, 57, 60, 62, 65, 72, 77, 82, 85, 91, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 116, 131, 140, 149, 159, 185, 186; and smallpox, 1: 350; speeches of, 1: 79, 223, 405, 491, 507; 2: 68; spiritual state of, 1: 551; 2: 222; steward appointment of, 2: 188, 566n5; and summer huts, 1: 166–67; travel of, to Dover, 1: 406, 407; travel of, to Gnadenhütten, 1: 495, 496; travel of, to Kent, 1: 159, 276; travel of, to New Fairfield, 1: 451; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 118, 130–31, 146, 160, 183, 220, 290, 384, 394, 410, 414, 437, 442, 445, 455, 467, 513, 521, 533, 537, 606, 609, 612; 2: 116, 131, 135, 138, 195, 219; travel of, to New York, 1: 245, 249, 254; travel of, to seaside, 1: 432; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 150; travel of, to Wanachquaticok, 1: 217–18; and travel of Indians, 1: 143, 170, 316, 550; visits of, to the sick, 1: 264–65, 270, 287, 292, 362, 505, 595, 596; and war conference, 1: 580–81, 583, 584; and 614

Index winter huts, 1: 149–50, 215, 230, 422; 2: 226 Gihorn, 1: 209–10, 212, 238, 264, 451, 515; 2: 55, 579n92; and baptism, 1: 173, 179, 260, 563; bleeding of, 1: 187; and construction of house, 1: 362; death of, 2: 79, 133; and Gideon, 1: 159, 169; 2: 160; illness of, 1: 588; spiritual state of, 1: 552, 586; and Winemo, 1: 167–68 Gihur. See Gihorn Gomop, 2: 72, 103, 110, 130, 135 Gothrup, Thomas, 2: 111–14 Gottfried, Brother. See Rundt, Carl Gottfried Gottlieb, 1: 117, 141, 145, 157; 2: 15, 96; and baptism, 1: 482, 484; 2: 14, 487; and basket making, 1: 159–60; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 175; and canoe making, 1: 472, 520; and Communion, 1: 85; 2: 67, 105, 120, 136, 143, 149, 155, 161, 170, 192, 208, 214, 218, 223, 294, 301, 306, 311, 319, 326, 336, 343, 351, 363, 379, 400, 407, 414, 581n32; and death of child, 1: 130; employment of, 1: 123, 128, 132, 134, 476, 538; and fishing, 2: 367; and handicraft selling, 1: 276, 421, 463; 2: 101, 145, 348, 405; and hunting, 1: 118, 247, 253, 254, 255, 282, 361, 373, 611; 2: 126, 215, 252, 262, 283, 395, 398; illness of, 1: 130, 211; injury of, 2: 79, 83, 553n110; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 453; 2: 403; spiritual state of, 2: 12; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 107, 184, 462; 2: 366–67; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 235; travel of, to Stockbridge, 2: 168; wigwam built for, 2: 100 Gottlieb, Brother. See Pezold, Gottlieb (Gottlob) Gottliebe, 1: 167, 271, 294, 296; and baptism, 1: 567; and Bernhard Adam

Grube, 2: 245; and childbirth, 1: 376–77, 546; conduct of, 1: 500; and handicraft selling, 1: 158; illness of, 1: 285, 286–87 Gottlob, 1: 115, 130, 180, 284, 563; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 534; and baptism, 2: 427; and choir fellowship, 2: 59; employment of, 1: 274; enlistment of, 2: 71, 130, 242; illness of, 1: 272; as interpreter, 1: 194, 197; and Leah, 1: 352, 354; spiritual state of, 1: 410, 534; 2: 426; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 118; and utensil making, 1: 286 “Governor Corlaar.” See Metoxson Graff, Johann, 1: 274; 2: 526 Graham, John, 1: 532, 686n8 Green, Samuel, Jr., 1: 75, 103, 154, 637n2 Green, Samuel, Sr., 1: 75, 203, 637n2 Grube, Anna Johanna, 2: 178, 181, 191, 205, 210, 242, 245, 249, 527 Grube, Bernhard Adam, 1: 27, 63, 305–6; on advent, 2: 225; and alcohol, 2: 198, 221, 227, 228, 242; and Ascension, 2: 244; baking by, 2: 187; bande fellowships held by, 2: 175, 177, 183, 224; baptisms by, 1: 130, 260–61; 2: 193, 199, 204, 207, 208, 213–14, 237, 244; and Bethlehem, 2: 174, 176, 181, 194, 199, 213, 218, 219, 233, 235, 240, 241, 243, 246, 251; biographical note on, 2: 526–27; birthday of, 2: 206, 250; and birthday of wife, 2: 179, 223; on blood and wounds, 2: 175, 176, 179, 208, 232; and burials, 2: 190, 191–92, 202–3, 204, 209, 232, 237, 244, 249, 256; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 2: 215; children’s meetings held by, 2: 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 188, 190, 193, 251, 252, 253; and colonists, 2: 182, 220; and Communion, 2: 177, 184, 189, 192, 197, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223, 243, 250, 255; conferences held by, 2: 178, 179, 181, 183, 188, 217, 218,

615

Index Grube, Bernhard Adam (continued) 234, 254; crops grown by, 2: 176, 178, 187, 197, 201, 206, 209, 210, 211, 219, 220, 243, 244, 245, 248, 252; and firewood, 2: 177, 178, 180, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 204, 224, 227, 230, 233, 234; food bought by, 2: 194, 208, 225, 234; and Gideon, 2: 227, 231–32, 233; and Gottlieb, 2: 175; and Gottliebe, 2: 245; horse of, 2: 193; illness of, 2: 182, 186, 192, 194, 202, 230, 236; and illness of daughter, 2: 178, 181, 191, 242; and illness of wife, 2: 191, 192, 194, 225, 248, 249, 250; on leper and the centurion, 2: 230; letters of, 1: 561; 2: 186, 196, 212, 217, 221, 239; on Lord’s Prayer, 2: 215; on lost sheep, 2: 251; and love feasts, 2: 184, 185–86, 187, 192, 197, 205, 243, 247, 249; and Magdalena, 2: 175, 251; and Martin, 2: 189; mill trips of, 2: 177, 180, 184, 195, 200, 208, 239, 256; and music, 2: 178; on Nicodemus, 2: 248; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 30, 118–20, 258–62; and Passion week, 2: 197–98, 240; and Pentecost, 2: 204; and Petrus, 2: 177, 183, 210; and pig slaughtering, 2: 226; and quarter-of-an-hour services, 1: 119, 258, 259, 261; 2: 177, 183, 185, 189, 192, 197, 198, 202, 207, 208, 213, 218, 222, 223, 227, 249, 253, 254; and repairs to mission house, 2: 181, 182, 564n28; replacement of, by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 252, 253–57, 258, 571n154; sermons of, 2: 178, 180, 182–83, 184, 188, 200, 210, 211, 212, 217, 218, 235, 241, 242, 252, 253; singing services held by, 2: 188, 209, 217, 219, 228; spiritual state of, 2: 241– 42; teaching of school by, 2: 175, 177, 178, 182, 193, 204, 217, 221, 229, 250, 251; and Thamar, 2: 227, 245; travel of, to Kent, 2: 188, 230, 255; travel of,

to Sichem, 2: 185, 194, 200–201, 213, 221, 240, 246; and Trinity Sunday, 2: 205; visits of, to Indians, 2: 199, 234, 243; visits of, to the sick, 2: 219–20, 231–32, 233; wedding anniversary of, 2: 200, 243 Grube, Elisabeth, 2: 179, 191, 192, 194, 223, 225, 248, 249, 250, 527 Haber, Zacharias, 1: 80, 90, 105, 165, 197, 416, 489, 508, 588–89, 638n14; 2: 527 Hagen, John, 1: 6, 22, 33, 77 Hamilton, James, 2: 385, 582n49 Hannah (Simon’s wife), 1: 129, 131–32 Hannah (Timotheus’s wife), 1: 181, 201–2, 257, 293, 312, 375, 382–83 Hannes, 1: 75 Hardy, Charles, 2: 551n69 Harris, John, 2: 10, 109 Hatch, Timothy, 2: 187, 229, 253, 527 Hays (merchant), 2: 217, 287, 310, 527; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 195, 196, 199, 200, 219, 239, 241, 243; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 363, 367; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 261–62, 266–67, 277, 279, 289, 301, 302, 313, 319, 340; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 570; 2: 306 Heas. See Hays (merchant) Heass. See Hays (merchant) Hehl, Matthew Godfrey, 1: 274, 314, 321, 322, 339, 387, 440, 449–50, 588, 590, 610; 2: 527 Heieck. See Hoeck (merchant) Hendrick. See Michael Hermans, 1: 156, 178 Herr, Samuel, 2: 246–47, 270–72, 527 Heys. See Hays (merchant) Hiell, Michel, 1: 174 Hiop. See Amos Hoeck (merchant), 2: 374, 386, 581n34 Hoffman, Martinus, 1: 6, 22–23, 80, 622n20, 629n92

616

Index Hoffman, Mattheus, 1: 417; 2: 527 Hopkins, Samuel, 1: 107, 644n10, 654n12 Horsefield, Timothy, 1: 677n39; 2: 527 Horsmanden, Daniel, 1: 17 Hübner, Ludwig, 1: 524, 525, 526, 532, 534–35, 539, 540, 543, 544–45; 2: 1, 527 Ignatius, 2: 395, 396 Ijerel. See Yarrel, Br. Ingersoll, Jared, 2: 385, 582n48 Isaac, 1: 8, 9, 22, 623n33, 624n38; 2: 584n89 Jacob, 1: 8, 9, 22, 80, 87, 93, 100, 624n38; 2: 584n89 Jefferson, Thomas, 1: 1, 621n1 Jephta. See Jephthah Jephthah, 1: 100, 102, 107, 115–16, 125–26, 155, 158, 170, 176 Jeremias, 1: 34, 80, 275, 297, 330, 438; 2: 75, 358; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 113, 149, 228, 500–501, 513, 538; and baptism, 1: 297, 312, 683n22; 2: 125, 193, 199, 237; and canoe making, 1: 472, 473, 520, 521; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 548, 554; and choir fellowship, 2: 59; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 505, 506; and Christian Seidel, 2: 6; and Communion, 2: 67, 137, 149, 155, 208, 214, 218, 223, 311, 319, 326, 336, 343, 351, 363, 400; and death of Rachel, 1: 124; and deaths of children, 2: 190, 359; and debt, 1: 242; employment of, 1: 156, 160, 186; and handicraft selling, 1: 158, 172–73, 175, 459, 462, 547; 2: 145, 218; horse of, 2: 193; and hunting, 1: 152, 371, 443–44, 611, 613; 2: 14, 126, 398; illness of, 1: 130, 383; as interpreter, 1: 125–26, 133; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 276; 2: 385; and land ownership, 1: 540–41, 586, 587; messages of, to

Bethlehem, 2: 501, 514; spiritual state of, 2: 385; tithingman appointment of, 2: 229; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 118, 462; and winter houses, 1: 149; 2: 404 Jerey. See Jery Jerry. See Jery Jery, 1: 167, 170, 171, 172, 184, 299, 352, 420, 478; 2: 79, 153; and alcohol, 1: 497, 586; and baptism, 1: 260, 286, 288, 312, 563; and construction of house, 2: 77; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 397; and Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 135; and snakebite, 2: 102; spiritual state of, 1: 169, 179, 268; tithingman appointment of, 2: 229 Jhan, 1: 289 Johanna, 1: 28; and broom making, 1: 169; and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 120, 143, 149, 161, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223, 243, 250, 255, 279, 294, 301, 306, 319, 326, 336, 343, 351, 363, 379, 393, 400, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; and food shortages, 2: 372; and Gideon, 2: 162, 562n44; and handicraft selling, 2: 346; house fire of, 1: 281, 282; illness of, 1: 490, 491, 502; and summer houses, 2: 240, 359–60; and winter houses, 1: 148–49; 2: 402 Johannes (Moses’s son), 1: 79, 80, 84, 85, 94–95, 100 Johannes (Simon’s son), 1: 204, 268, 352; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 113; and baptism, 2: 487; and canoe making, 1: 186; and debt, 1: 449, 450; enlistment of, 1: 598; 2: 7, 128, 130, 147; and handicraft selling, 1: 257; illness of, 1: 246; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 263; 2: 390; and Leah, 1: 206; spiritual state of, 2: 366 Johannes (Tschoop), 1: 9, 12, 22, 624n38 Johnson, William, 2: 139, 164–65, 550n59, 558n217–18, 562n50

617

Index Jonathan, 1: 78, 80, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 120, 464; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 118, 394–95, 398, 412; as translator, 1: 79, 95, 119 Jonathan (Martha’s son), 1: 260, 263, 309, 666n48; and alcohol, 1: 337–38; baptism of, 1: 261, 262; and death of child, 2: 209; enlistment of, 2: 71, 104, 130, 198; and handicraft selling, 1: 272; marriage of, 1: 429; spiritual state of, 1: 267, 289 Jones, Thomas, 1: 684n41 Joseph, 1: 158, 165 Joshua, 1: 19, 34, 36, 68, 80, 99, 163, 216–17; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 125, 135, 213, 214, 225, 226, 227–28, 232, 237, 238, 239, 249, 250, 500, 501, 513, 533; and alcohol, 2: 435; announcements of, 2: 245; assault of, 2: 364; and baptism, 1: 11, 180–81, 418, 466–67, 601, 625n48; 2: 168, 174, 191, 330; and basket making, 1: 159–60; 2: 320; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 176, 246; and Bethlehem, 1: 518, 590–91, 595; 2: 501, 511–12, 519; and bowl making, 1: 223; and broom making, 2: 51, 145, 235, 320, 413; and canoe making, 1: 360, 364, 406, 469, 501, 607; 2: 216, 330; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 309, 314, 317, 318, 320, 334, 466, 548, 551, 554, 571; 2: 5; and child rearing, 1: 112–13; children’s meetings held by, 2: 91; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 510, 511; and Christian Seidel, 2: 8; and Communion, 2: 11, 93, 136, 143, 149, 192, 363; conduct of, 2: 388; and conferences, 1: 52, 144, 155–56, 157, 206, 275–76, 303–10, 325, 352–53, 386, 389, 392; 2: 100, 319; constable appointment of, 1: 71; 2: 187, 565n2; and crops, 1: 330–31, 336, 343, 392, 415; daughters of, 2: 54, 100, 174, 176, 198, 214, 229,

234–35, 290, 519; and David Bruce, 1: 85, 88, 92; death of, 1: 28, 72; and deaths of children, 1: 121–22; 2: 283; and debt, 2: 292–93; drunkenness of, 2: 161, 280, 291, 315, 325; employment of, 1: 132, 170, 495–96; 2: 116, 147, 149, 158, 202, 433–34; and fishing, 1: 570; 2: 248, 309; and food shortages, 2: 374; and handicraft selling, 1: 167, 230, 287, 292, 417, 536, 562; 2: 86, 101, 110, 150, 274, 306, 363; house of, 1: 365; 2: 273, 573n39; and hunting, 1: 138, 152, 227–28, 273, 294, 373, 376, 379, 381, 443–44, 611; 2: 14, 126, 190, 221, 224, 262, 281, 395; illness of, 1: 171; 2: 384; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 179, 254, 256, 259, 261, 262, 268, 276, 292, 297, 351, 357, 390, 391, 408, 429–30, 432, 463; 2: 347, 354, 361, 383, 410, 414, 429; and Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 71, 545n41; and Johann Martin Mack, 1: 12; 2: 260, 273, 280–81, 285, 297, 315, 317, 325, 326, 330, 331, 338; and John Ransom, 2: 339; and land ownership, 1: 289, 493–94, 537–38, 540–41; 2: 125, 397, 493–94, 583n65; leadership role of, 2: 347, 350, 353, 365, 429; letters of, 2: 498–500; and love feasts, 1: 374; and murdered Indian, 1: 409; sermon of, 1: 157; spiritual state of, 1: 181–82, 274, 415, 418, 424–25, 429–30, 533, 682n10; 2: 189, 281, 297, 354, 359, 383, 386; and summer houses, 1: 162; and synod, 1: 304, 590; travel of, to Hartford, 2: 152, 153; travel of, to Kent, 2: 357; travel of, to New Haven, 2: 397; travel of, to Newtown, 1: 255; travel of, to Poughkeepsie, 2: 151–52; travel of, to seaside, 1: 190; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 195; travel of, to Stockbridge, 2: 237–38, 324, 569n14; and 618

Index war conference, 1: 580–81, 584; and winter huts, 1: 149 Joshua (of Gnadenhütten), 1: 90–91, 298–301, 302–10, 320–21, 322, 640n25 Judith, 1: 76, 80, 100 Juliana (Gottlob’s wife), 1: 130, 158, 239, 241, 255, 256–57, 258, 260, 262, 266–67, 269, 270–71 Juliana (Joshua’s daughter), 2: 176, 198, 236–37, 306, 307, 408–9, 411 Jungmann, Anna Margarethe, 1: 545, 546; 2: 4–5, 43–44, 528, 563n1; anniversaries of, 2: 45, 141; and baptism, 1: 563; and birthdays of children, 1: 575, 585; and Caritas, 2: 83; and childbirth, 2: 6, 38; and Communion, 2: 48, 49, 65, 67, 91, 93, 105, 119, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55, 549n24, 550n41; conversations of, 2: 135–36; and Elisabeth, 2: 83; and Erdmuth, 2: 109, 129; and Justina, 1: 589; marriage of, 1: 8, 21–22, 680n5; 2: 524; popularity of, 2: 498; and Shekomeko, 2: 586n21; teaching of school by, 2: 48, 79, 116; travel of, to Bethlehem, 2: 158; visits of, to Indians, 1: 547, 548, 551, 552, 556, 560, 562, 569, 571, 572, 576, 577, 581, 583, 591, 592, 594, 596, 598, 605, 608; 2: 55, 57, 61, 72 Jungmann, Elizabeth, 2: 46, 47, 77 Jungmann, Johann Georg, 1: 71, 544, 546, 591, 594, 685n1, 687n28; 2: 43–44, 498, 563n1; and alcohol, 2: 137–38; anniversaries of, 2: 45, 141; and baptism, 1: 563; and Bethlehem, 2: 85, 115, 158; and Bible reading, 1: 592, 593, 595; biographical note on, 2: 527–28; birthday of, 1: 557; and birthdays of children, 1: 575, 585; and blood theme, 2: 56, 66, 95; and carpentry, 1: 553, 578, 611, 612,

688n36; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 2: 9, 103; children’s meetings held by (1755), 1: 558, 570, 573, 582, 590, 595, 599, 607, 610; children’s meetings held by (1756), 2: 39, 49, 57, 61, 62, 64, 65–66, 70, 71, 78, 83, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 111, 116, 117, 122, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131; children’s meetings held by (1757), 2: 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 172; and colonists, 2: 138; and Communion, 1: 563, 568, 601; 2: 34, 48, 49, 65, 66–67, 91, 92–93, 104, 105, 119, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55, 549n24; conferences held by, 2: 32–33, 34, 57, 70, 72–73, 78, 81–82, 85, 92, 96–97, 98, 100, 103; as cooper, 2: 129, 557n199; crops grown by, 1: 579; 2: 77, 114, 121; and Cyrus Marsh, 1: 592; and earthquake, 1: 596; and fellowship (bande), 2: 59; food bought by, 1: 589, 603; 2: 144; and Gideon, 1: 596; 2: 80; and Gnadenhütten attack, 2: 15, 32–33, 546n53; horse of, 1: 592; illness of, 1: 602, 604; and Jery, 2: 135; and Joshua, 2: 71; and land ownership, 2: 156, 561n33; letters of, 2: 109; and love feasts, 2: 34, 66, 125, 131, 134; and Magdalena, 2: 51; and Martin, 1: 593; 2: 110; mill trips of, 1: 591, 595; and new year’s eve, 2: 132–33; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 172; and Petrus, 2: 52–53, 87; and Quakers, 2: 113–15; and quarter-of-an-hour services, 1: 594, 595; 2: 33, 51, 56, 57, 58, 62, 65, 69; replacement of Abraham Büninger by, 2: 496; request of, for land, 1: 549, 556–57; and school, 1: 613; 2: 48, 79, 111, 153; services conducted by, 1: 595, 596; 2: 13–14, 64, 70, 79, 84, 89, 94, 97, 99, 107, 118, 119, 122, 123, 154, 172; singing services held by, 1: 594;

619

Index Jungmann, Johann Georg (continued) travel of, to New Milford, 2: 86; travel of, to New York, 2: 15–16, 30; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 600, 613, 614; 2: 4–5, 6, 34, 38, 40; travel of, to Salisbury, 1: 566–67; travel of, to Sichem, 2: 55, 85–86, 109, 129; visits of, to Indians, 1: 547, 551, 552, 562, 569, 581, 583, 594, 608; 2: 72 Justina, 1: 113, 199, 226, 296, 359, 365, 373, 374, 383; 2: 225, 298, 425; and Anna Catherine Sensemann, 1: 407, 421, 436; and Anna Margarethe Jungmann, 1: 589; and Anna Rauch, 1: 502; assault of, 2: 348, 349–50; and baptism, 1: 259, 509; 2: 12, 170; and childbirth, 1: 127, 509; 2: 170, 489; and Communion, 1: 85; 2: 67, 149, 155, 161, 170, 214, 218, 294, 301, 306, 319, 336, 343, 351; and death of Martin, 2: 222–23; and handicraft selling, 2: 346, 350 Justiss, 1: 199 Kakaijo. See Kakaja Kakaja, 2: 196, 198, 222, 235, 364, 365 Kehor. See Gihorn Kelley, David, 2: 73–74 Kellogg, Martin, 1: 110, 645n18, 659n91 Kennedy, Archibald, 1: 17 Kiefer, Marx, 2: 1 Kihoorn. See Gihorn Kihor. See Gihorn Kihorr (Gihorn’s son), 2: 225 Kihur. See Gihorn King, Ben, 2: 237, 238, 569n112, 569n114 Kingston, John, 1: 278; 2: 528 Kiob. See Jacob Klemm, Johann Gottlob, 2: 370, 581n30 Kremser, Mattheus, 1: 405–6; 2: 528 Kulenkamp, Gerardus, 1: 650n87 Kunkapot, 1: 644n12 Kwànau Sawonet, 1: 284

Lamb, Thomas, 1: 686n12 Lawatsch, Anna Maria, 2: 288, 528, 574n5 Lazara, 1: 19, 37, 40, 628n79 Lazell, Joshua, 1: 642n36 Leah, 1: 119, 160, 167, 350, 470, 553, 581; and baptism, 1: 209–10; 2: 264, 427, 487; and childbirth, 1: 207; 2: 168; conflict of, with brother’s wife, 1: 297–98; and debt, 1: 288–89, 449, 455; employment of, 1: 123; illness of, 1: 126; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 263, 268, 283; and Johannes, 1: 206; marriage of, 1: 354; poverty of, 1: 246, 248, 323, 325, 330; spiritual state of, 1: 352, 525 Leah (Gideon’s daughter), 1: 85, 87–89, 682n17 Leighton, John, 1: 534, 545, 557; 2: 258 Lischy, Jacob, 1: 139, 165, 650n87 Livingston, Henry, 1: 22, 629n88 Lorellu, 1: 100 Lucas, 1: 126, 138, 152, 179, 199, 357, 550, 599; 2: 353; and canoe making, 2: 164; death of, 2: 373–74; and death of child, 2: 191; and debt, 1: 282; enlistment of, 2: 71, 78, 130, 139, 196, 197, 198, 222, 235, 553n110; and hunting, 1: 243, 287, 355, 356, 379, 452; illness of, 1: 383; 2: 338, 340, 348, 352, 360, 365, 367, 368, 372, 373; injury of, 1: 229, 230, 235, 239; marriage of, 2: 147; and murdered Indian, 1: 407, 409; spiritual state of, 1: 247, 471; 2: 341; travel of, to seaside, 1: 351; and winter houses, 1: 149 Lucas (Rachel Post’s father), 1: 19, 80; 2: 271, 573n33 Lucia, 1: 176, 277, 391, 472; and baptism, 1: 566; 2: 12; and broom making, 2: 413, 419; and childbirth, 1: 391, 566; 2: 266, 394–95; and Communion, 2: 93, 137, 143, 161, 170, 208, 294, 301,

620

Index 311, 336, 343, 351, 363, 379, 393, 400, 407, 414, 421; 2: 495; and deaths of children, 1: 499; 2: 330–31, 402, 496; and handicraft selling, 2: 363, 412, 435; house fire of, 2: 31; spiritual state of, 2: 306, 356; and synod, 1: 499–500, 503–4 Ludwig, Nicolaus, 1: 2, 7 Lydius, John Henry, 2: 575n22

and bleedings, 2: 275; on blood and wounds, 1: 528–29; 2: 265, 288, 323, 326; and burials, 2: 272, 283, 297, 331; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 2: 305–6; children’s meetings held by, 2: 260, 267, 268, 309, 310, 317, 323, 325, 331; and Christmas, 2: 283, 337; and colonists, 2: 332; and Communion, 1: 416; 2: 263, 264, 270, 272, 279, 286, 293–94, 301, 311, 318, 319, 326, 335, 336, 342, 343; conferences held by, 2: 319, 325; conversations of, 2: 285; crops grown by, 2: 266, 268, 269, 273, 303, 305, 310, 573n38; and Easter, 2: 297; on faith, 2: 259, 317; and festivals, 2: 305, 576n32; and firewood, 2: 263, 275, 276, 279, 287, 288, 291, 293, 295, 296, 332, 335, 339, 340, 344; on first commandment, 2: 286; food bought by, 2: 292, 293, 338; on giving thanks, 2: 269, 315; horse of, 2: 276, 573n47; illness of, 2: 274, 315, 340; and Joshua, 2: 260, 273, 280–81, 285, 297, 315, 325, 330, 331, 338; letters of, 1: 355, 494, 561; 2: 218; 2: 262, 287, 310, 324, 497–98; and love feasts, 2: 283, 284, 286, 294, 297, 301, 337; and Lucas, 2: 341; and marriage customs of Indians, 2: 280, 574n57; mill trips of, 2: 283, 288, 338, 341; and new year’s day, 2: 339; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 12–13, 31, 32–33, 357–59, 415–17, 526–29, 530–32, 544–45; 2: 275–76, 284, 573n44; on parables, 2: 325; and Pentecost, 2: 305; and Petrus, 2: 275; plan of, 2: 346; quarter-of-an-hour services held by, 1: 358, 531; 2: 265, 267, 310; replacement of, by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 344–46; replacement of Bernhard Adam Grube by, 2: 252, 253–57, 258, 571n154; on salvation, 2: 264, 281, 309, 320, 327; on Samaritan woman, 2: 308; and

Mack, Anna Rebstock, 2: 258, 265, 268, 313, 327–28, 336, 337, 341, 528, 571n159; and Bethlehem, 2: 262, 288, 309, 322, 328, 338, 346; birthday of, 2: 268–69, 327; and childbirth, 2: 317, 318; and colonists, 2: 308, 314; and Communion, 2: 263, 264, 270, 272, 279, 293, 294, 301, 311, 319, 326, 335, 336, 343; conversations of, 2: 312; illness of, 2: 276, 288, 340; and Sarah, 2: 298–99; and shoe repair, 2: 280; travel of, to Sichem, 2: 298; visits of, to Indians, 2: 254, 260, 266, 267, 269, 270–71, 272, 273, 274, 280, 284, 286, 305, 324, 328, 329, 340; wedding anniversary of, 2: 289, 343, 580n111 Mack, Anna Rosina, 2: 318 Mack, Jeannette Rau, 1: 8, 10, 19, 164, 623n35, 654n11; 2: 528; arrest of, 1: 14–15; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 12–13; and Shekomeko, 1: 21–22, 680n5; as translator, 1: 11–12, 625n47 Mack, Johann Martin, 1: 8, 10, 157, 164, 192, 206, 306, 412, 654n11; 2: 293; and alcohol, 2: 270, 292, 315, 327, 328, 329; arrest of, 1: 14–15, 675n10, 683n25; and Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 521–22; baptisms by, 1: 358, 531; 2: 232, 264, 266, 269, 290, 307, 318, 323, 330, 342; belongings of, 2: 260–61, 277, 279; and Bethlehem, 2: 263, 288, 309, 322, 328, 338, 346; biographical note on, 2: 528;

621

Index Mack, Johann Martin (continued) Samuel, 2: 276–77, 280, 281, 285, 291, 337; sermons of, 1: 527, 531; 2: 262, 268, 273, 274, 276, 279, 282, 284, 290, 293, 294, 302, 306, 310, 314, 324, 329, 333, 343; and Shekomeko, 1: 21–22, 680n5; 2: 333; and shoe repair, 2: 280, 282, 574n54; on sin, 2: 285, 303–4, 311, 316, 345; singing services held by, 2: 276, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 295, 297, 298, 301, 340, 343; teaching of school by, 2: 310, 311; and Thamar, 2: 281; travel of, to Kent, 2: 282, 335; travel of, to New Milford, 2: 314; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 2: 254, 259, 302; travel of, to Sichem, 2: 275, 305, 313, 334, 345; travel of, to St. Thomas, 2: 370; travel of, to Wachovia, 2: 133; visits of, to Indians, 1: 11–12; 2: 267, 269, 276, 285, 286, 288, 289, 292, 294, 296, 304, 306, 318, 329, 334, 336, 344; visits of, to the sick, 2: 322, 336, 343; wedding anniversary of, 2: 289, 343, 580n111 Mack, Martin. See Mack, Johann Martin Mackwa. See Mackwah Mackwah, 1: 263, 355 Magdalena (Gottlieb’s wife), 1: 100, 155, 263, 355, 376, 513, 556, 682n13; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 128; and alcohol, 1: 497; and baptism, 1: 261, 482, 484; 2: 14, 160, 487; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 175, 251; and childbirth, 1: 470; and child rearing, 2: 9, 367; and Christina Sensemann, 2: 361; and Communion, 1: 85; 2: 105, 120, 136, 143, 155, 161, 170, 192, 208, 214, 218, 223, 294, 301, 306, 336, 351, 363, 379, 400; conduct of, 1: 170; and deaths of children, 1: 130; and handicraft selling, 1: 289; illness of, 1: 145, 439, 501, 502, 505, 507, 515; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1:

189–90, 254, 429; and Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 51; spiritual state of, 1: 189–90, 272, 576; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 184; travel of, to Wechquadnach, 1: 288 Magdalena (Stephanas’s wife), 2: 362, 364, 391; and baptism, 2: 341–42; and childbirth, 2: 147, 210; and death of child, 2: 51–52; and death of husband, 2: 384–85; employment of, 2: 397–98; marriage of, 2: 428; spiritual state of, 2: 420 Mahwee, Eunice, 1: 38 Makwa. See Mackwah Mameho, 1: 170, 655n40 Maqua, 1: 512 Maquaenwish, 1: 466, 468 Maramob. See Jonathan (Martha’s son) Maria (Gideon’s daughter), 1: 19–20, 37, 40, 625n48, 653n5; 2: 566n12 Maria (Petrus’s mother), 1: 273, 290, 392, 440, 458, 459, 480; 2: 154, 191, 377; and Communion, 2: 192, 208, 223, 306, 319, 326, 351, 363, 393, 400, 407, 581n32; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 495; spiritual state of, 1: 253, 264, 285, 401–2; 2: 129 Maria (Sarah’s daughter), 1: 428, 429, 439, 443, 445, 456 Maria Elisabeth, 2: 335, 354–55, 357 Marianne, 2: 362, 363, 423 Marsh, Cyrus, 1: 18–19, 493, 626n57, 673n34, 687n28, 690n66; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 233–34, 470–71, 474; and arrests of Moravians, 1: 14, 15, 402, 675n10; biographical note on, 2: 528–29; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 575, 592; charges of adultery against, 2: 5, 544n25; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 506; dismissal of, 2: 564n7; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 349, 369, 402, 427,

622

Index 444, 448; 2: 391; as justice of the peace, 2: 391, 582n56; marriage of, 2: 578n78 Martha, 1: 28, 260, 267; 2: 235, 240, 349; and adopted children, 1: 532; and Anna Rauch, 1: 499; baptism of, 1: 55; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 473; and Communion, 1: 259; 2: 67, 105, 120, 136, 143, 148–49, 155, 161, 192, 202, 208, 218, 223, 243, 250, 255, 294, 301, 306, 311, 319, 326, 336, 351, 363, 379, 393, 400, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; and conferences, 1: 52, 144, 155–56, 169, 303–10, 320, 325, 352–53, 386; employment of, 1: 123; and food shortages, 2: 372; and Gideon, 1: 628n79, 631n116; house fire of, 1: 279, 281, 282; illness of, 2: 305, 365; as interpreter, 1: 209; and Jonathan (son), 1: 260, 337–38, 666n48; and marriage of daughter, 1: 307–8; spiritual state of, 1: 329, 551; 2: 104; and summer houses, 2: 359–60; travel of, to Potatuck, 1: 91; travel of, to seaside, 1: 432; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 150; and winter houses, 2: 280, 402 Martin, 1: 12, 70, 84, 138, 144, 148, 199, 353; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 125, 133, 134, 135, 136, 211, 213, 228, 229, 232, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243, 246, 523, 533, 542–43; and baptism, 1: 134, 259, 509–10; 2: 12, 170; beating of, 1: 289; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 187, 189; and Bethlehem, 1: 425, 597, 602–3; 2: 501–2, 513–14; and broom making, 1: 145; and canoe making, 1: 360, 364, 406; 2: 164; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 309, 320, 322, 554, 612; and children’s services, 2: 30, 100; and Christian Frölich, 1: 329; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 494, 504–5, 506, 508, 509–10; and Christian Seidel, 2: 8–11, 545n43; and Communion, 1: 85; 2: 67, 93, 120, 149,

155, 161, 170, 326; and conferences, 1: 52; and crops, 1: 330–31; death of, 2: 221, 222–23, 228; and death of grandmother, 1: 231–32; and deaths of children, 1: 132, 240–42; employment of, 1: 228, 333, 470, 475; enlistment of, 2: 197, 198; and fellowship (bande), 2: 59; and handicraft selling, 1: 266, 276, 292, 432, 445, 458, 578; 2: 101, 145; and hunting, 1: 12, 70, 84, 138, 243, 246, 253; illness of, 1: 130, 147, 152; as interpreter, 2: 9, 11; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 171, 253, 254, 256, 267, 279, 280, 281, 284, 376, 378, 409, 414, 417, 418, 420, 426, 437, 455; and Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 593; 2: 110; and love feasts, 1: 226–27; and Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 1: 41; 2: 85; spiritual state of, 1: 256, 277, 283, 523, 537; 2: 195, 586n25; travel of, to seaside, 1: 351; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 127; wigwam built for, 2: 77 Martin, David, 2: 544n2 Martin, Heinrich, 1: 355, 356, 380, 408, 409, 416, 489, 607, 613; 2: 43–45, 87, 89, 148–49, 204, 516–17, 529 Mather, Cotton, 1: 54 Maul, Jacob, 1: 7, 80, 81, 89–90, 105, 164–65, 380, 416, 483–84, 489, 638n14; 2: 185, 529, 426 Maweseman. See Gideon Metoxson, 1: 13, 625n52 Metschel (merchant), 2: 374, 378, 386, 389, 392, 396, 397, 399, 405, 413, 436 Michael, 1: 42, 494–96, 633n166, 681n11; 2: 575n22 Michler, Johann Wolfgang, 1: 250, 663n57 Michler, Rosina Schneider, 1: 250, 663n57; 2: 115, 556n178 Miksch, Michael, 2: 121, 122, 556n186 Mills, Jane (Mrs. Joel Bordwell), 1: 421, 677n30; 2: 308, 568n62

623

Index Mills, Jane (Mrs. John Mills), 1: 421, 506, 677n30; 2: 93–94, 124, 219, 308, 568n62 Mills, Jedediah, 2: 199, 566n23 Mills, John, 1: 280, 316, 353, 360, 496, 505, 520, 525; 2: 82, 127, 176, 184, 187, 199, 219, 308, 560n15, 576n38; and alcohol, 1: 212; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 188, 230; biographical note on, 2: 529; daughters of, 1: 677n30; 2: 219, 568n69; death of, 2: 248, 250; and employment of Indians, 1: 333, 372; and land ownership, 1: 647n50; opposition of, to Moravians, 1: 14; reputation of, 2: 150; and thanksgiving days, 1: 373, 445 Mills, John, Jr.; 2: 357, 580n15 Mills, Lewis, 2: 418 Miriam, 1: 381–83, 387 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, 2: 563n53 Moore, Jonathan, 1: 93, 641n29, 674n56 Moses, 1: 78, 80, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 641n27; and land ownership, 1: 93, 96; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 291, 293–94, 381, 382–83, 394, 398; spiritual state of, 1: 382–83 Mücke, John Michael, 2: 121, 122, 556n186 Muller, Daniel, 2: 3, 544n16 Murray, Joseph, 1: 17 Nacban, 1: 261 Nacbar. See Nacban Nakpan. See Nacban Nanaush, 2: 133 Nathanael (Jonathan’s son), 1: 100, 102, 177–82; 2: 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296, 298–99 Nathanael (of Gnadenhütten), 1: 363–64, 365–66 Nickson, William, 2: 3, 544n17 Nimham, 1: 164, 655n27 Nitschmann, Anna Caritas, 1: 261,

691n100; 2: 3, 181, 224, 267, 270, 544n15, 564n27, 572n23, 587n43 Nitschmann, David, 1: 5, 7, 8, 20, 488, 680n3; 2: 529 Nitschmann, Johann, 1: 203, 223, 242, 245, 249; 2: 484–90, 529 Nitschmann, Juliana Haberland, 1: 177, 178, 657n57 Noble, Thomas, 1: 677n39 Okaiasegkamen, Adrian, 1: 55 Otto, Johann Frederic, 1: 441; 2: 529–30 Paine, Stephen, 2: 75, 115, 191, 219–20, 225, 230, 234, 256, 292, 410; attitude of, toward Moravians, 2: 75; biographical note on, 2: 530; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 157, 200, 251, 253, 273, 301, 345, 416, 417, 418 PakSchanos, 1: 544 Palmer, Solomon, 1: 594, 690n72 Papenõha, 1: 86–87 Park, Joseph, 1: 98, 642n38 Pascack. See Paschqua Pascak. See Paschqua Paschka. See Paschqua Paschqua, 2: 69, 71–72, 79, 91, 130, 249, 356, 413, 423, 429, 430–32 Paska. See Paschqua Paskack. See Paschqua Paskak. See Paschqua Paulus, 1: 70, 88, 96, 129, 131, 147, 191, 199, 241, 636n227; and alcohol, 1: 217; conduct of, 2: 245; and death of wife, 2: 202–3; enlistment of, 2: 71, 130, 133, 139, 147, 197, 198, 267; and murder of family, 2: 65, 551n69 Penn, John, 2: 575n22 Peters, Richard, 2: 575n22 Petrus (Juliana’s husband), 2: 235–37, 238, 307, 389, 410, 411, 413, 414 Petrus (Thamar’s husband), 1: 79, 142, 183, 185, 187–88, 194, 443, 458,

624

Index 680n3; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 122, 211–12, 216, 233, 514; and alcohol, 1: 212; and basket making, 1: 159–60; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 177, 183, 210; and canoe making, 1: 167; and child rearing, 1: 372; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 493; and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 105, 120, 137, 170, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 243, 250, 255, 294, 301, 306, 311, 343, 351, 363; conduct of, 1: 173, 174, 394, 501; and construction of hut, 2: 157; death of, 2: 364–65; employment of, 1: 128, 132, 228, 536, 552; and handicraft selling, 1: 147, 224, 257, 362, 411; 2: 84; and hunting, 1: 379; illness of, 2: 336, 348, 357, 360, 363–64; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 196, 268, 274, 290, 292; 2: 363–64; and Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 52–53, 87; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 265; and religious imagery, 1: 114; spiritual state of, 1: 424, 607; 2: 6, 58, 87, 240, 265, 353, 362; and winter houses, 1: 149 Pezold, Gottlieb (Gottlob), 1: 27, 83, 405–6; 2: 489; baptisms by, 1: 209–10, 638n2; biographical note on, 2: 530; death of, 2: 394, 583n63; quarter-ofan-hour services held by, 1: 179, 180, 181, 209, 210 Philippus, 1: 261, 330, 337, 429, 520, 547, 607; 2: 79, 168–69, 328; and baptism, 2: 409, 410; and Communion, 2: 11; enlistment of, 2: 69, 71–72, 110, 130, 135, 553n110; and handicraft selling, 1: 578; and hunting, 2: 14, 190, 398 Phoebe, 2: 191 Post, Christian Frederick, 1: 19, 24, 349, 638n1, 672n2; 2: 485–86, 567n42; arrest of, 1: 629n93; biographical note on, 2: 530; Indian name of, 1: 524, 685n50; marriage of, 1: 665n35; and

Pachgatgoch, 1: 244–45, 524–25; 2: 206–11, 228; and political involvement, 2: 211, 567n49; and Shekomeko, 1: 680n5; and Wechquadnach, 1: 26 Post, Rachel, 1: 19, 21–22, 24, 26, 665n35, 672n2; 2: 530, 566n12, 567n42, 573n33 Powell, Joseph, 2: 87, 89–90, 103, 104, 105, 106, 114–15, 119, 123, 124, 129, 134, 156, 172, 552n83; biographical note on, 2: 530; and bleedings, 2: 149; services conducted by, 2: 105, 115, 120–21, 122, 125, 148–49, 154, 155, 160–61, 167 Pratt, Azariah, 2: 560n19 Pratt, Peter, 1: 16, 627n67 Priscilla, 1: 130, 133, 144, 145, 230, 231, 233, 263, 264–65, 276, 279, 349, 429, 453, 472, 672n2; 2: 106; and alcohol, 1: 497, 584, 689n56; and Anna Sensemann, 1: 420, 458; and broom making, 1: 169, 355; 2: 14; and Communion, 2: 67, 105, 120, 154, 155, 161, 202, 208, 264; death of, 2: 270–72; employment of, 2: 116; and enlistment of son, 2: 80, 553n110; and handicraft selling, 1: 158, 186, 443, 470, 523, 540; illness of, 2: 260, 267, 269; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 495; and wigwam repair, 2: 95 Pyrlaeus, Johann Christopher, 1: 14, 15, 22, 335, 507, 637n3, 675n10, 683n25; 2: 530 Quarpem, 1: 151, 162, 167, 183, 205, 211, 221, 248, 264, 281, 294, 362–63; and baptism, 1: 358, 563; and childbirth, 1: 353, 535; and Communion, 2: 487; and Justina, 2: 350 Quisch, 2: 280, 291 Rachel, 1: 84, 87, 91–92, 93, 122, 123, 124, 625n48

625

Index Ransom, Bethiah, 2: 578n79 Ransom, Hannah. See Clark, Hannah Ransom Ransom, John, 2: 61, 124, 237, 333, 348, 350, 551n63; biographical note on, 2: 530–31; children of, 2: 324, 578n78; and debt, 2: 292–93; inspection by, of letters, 2: 74, 75–76; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 352; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 409; and reading of laws, 2: 187, 229, 339–40 Rass, 1: 205, 660n2 Rau, Jeannette (Johannetta). See Mack, Jeannette Rau Rau, Johannes, 1: 6, 17, 90, 105, 115, 150, 243, 333, 335, 489–90, 643n2; 2: 274, 302; biographical note on, 2: 530; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 164, 165, 182, 380, 417; and Johann David Bischoff, 1: 76, 78, 86; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 357 Rau, Johannes, Jr., 1: 490, 680n5 Rau, Nicolaus, 1: 132, 151, 166, 178, 413, 490, 505, 512, 525, 539, 543, 557; 2: 260–61, 289, 344 Rau, Wilhelm, 1: 638n1 Rauch, Anna, 1: 13–14, 488–89, 503, 511; 2: 531; and burials, 1: 499; 2: 496; and Elisabeth, 1: 508; and Justina, 1: 502; and Magdalena, 1: 502; and Martha, 1: 499; and Samuel, 1: 504, 682n18; and synod, 1: 498; and winter huts, 1: 495, 512 Rauch, Christian Heinrich, 1: 13–14, 62, 491, 492, 507; and alcohol, 1: 497; and baptism, 1: 8, 509–10; 2: 79; biographical note on, 2: 531; children’s meetings held by, 1: 493; conferences held by, 1: 491; and Cotton Mather Smith, 1: 493; and Cyrus Marsh, 1: 506; and Elisabeth, 1: 506–7; and firewood, 1: 511; and Gideon, 1: 493, 494, 496, 505, 508–9, 511; and Indian attack, 1: 507;

and Jeremias, 1: 505, 506; and Jery, 1: 497; and Joshua, 1: 510, 511; letters of, 1: 496, 508, 601; 2: 504–6; and Martin, 1: 494, 506, 508, 509–10; and meditation, 1: 491; and Michael, 1: 494–95, 496; missionary assignment of, 1: 5–6, 7, 622n18, 623n29; and Mohawks, 1: 9–10; ordination of, 1: 8; and Petrus, 1: 493; and provisions, 1: 505; quarterof-an-hour services held by, 1: 491, 492–93, 494, 495; replacement of the Büningers by, 1: 492; and Samuel, 1: 492, 495, 505, 507; sermons of, 1: 491–92, 495, 510; and synod, 1: 498; and Thamar, 1: 493; travel of, to New York, 1: 488–89; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 503; travel of, to Shekomeko, 1: 489–90; and winter houses, 1: 490, 495, 512 Raymond, John, 1: 38 Rebecca. See Quarpem Rebstock, Anna. See Mack, Anna Rebstock Reed, Jacob, 1: 278, 666n44 Reichel, William C., 1: 691n100 Reincke, Abraham, 1: 425–26, 430–31, 434–36, 439–40, 488, 676n23; 2: 194, 246, 531 Renz, Matthew (Mattheus), 1: 27; 2: 54, 549n38–39 Rice, Owen, 1: 139, 278–79; 2: 531 Robert, Anton, 1: 75 Rockhill, Edward, 1: 680n2 Rogers, Anne Harvey, 2: 116, 556n180 Rogers, Ichabod, 2: 116, 167, 531, 556n180 Rogers, Jacob, 1: 600–601; 2: 2–3, 503, 531–32 Ronner, John Reinhard, 2: 115, 556n177 Rose, Peter, 2: 369, 581n27 Ross, Asher. See Rass Ross, Simeon. See Rass Rothe, Johannes, 1: 68; 2: 532, 585n105

626

Index Rowley, Moses, 2: 403, 583n76 Rubel, Christina. See Sensemann, Christina Rubel Rundt, Carl Gottfried, 1: 318, 583, 598, 606; 2: 498; and alcohol, 1: 337–38; bande fellowships held by, 1: 568, 570, 572, 573, 575, 576, 579, 582, 583, 585, 588, 598, 599, 606, 607, 608; and baptism, 1: 55–56, 466, 559, 563, 566; 2: 507–9; and Bethlehem, 1: 591, 597; 2: 498–500, 501–2; biographical note on, 2: 532; and burials, 1: 478–79; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 1: 588, 608; children’s meetings held by, 1: 548, 552, 554, 556, 558, 560, 561, 563, 567, 570, 573, 582, 583, 585, 590, 599–600, 601, 603, 607, 610, 612, 613, 615; and Communion, 1: 340–42, 449–50, 467, 545, 563, 568, 601; conferences held by, 1: 303–11, 319–21, 325–26, 334–35, 447–48, 475; and construction of mission house, 1: 35, 311, 314–15, 317, 319, 321–24, 326–28, 329, 331, 332, 336–37, 468–69; conversations of, 1: 333, 466; crops grown by, 1: 338, 558, 566, 569, 574, 581, 599, 604; and Cyrus Marsh, 1: 470–71, 575; and earthquake, 1: 610, 612, 691n95; and fishing, 1: 571; food bought by, 1: 582; and gardening, 1: 335, 558, 573; and Gideon, 1: 548; and hymnal, 1: 604; illness of, 1: 332, 461; and Jeremias, 1: 548, 554; and Joshua, 1: 554; 2: 5; and language, 1: 47; letters of, 1: 320, 544, 567, 607; 2: 8, 506–10; and love feasts, 1: 308–9, 312, 339, 341, 484, 545, 548; and Martin, 1: 554; and medicine, 1: 330–32, 461, 576; military stories of, 1: 338, 671n70; mill trips of, 1: 573, 574, 580, 589; and music, 1: 316, 319, 328–29, 331, 341, 344–48; and Nachrichten, 1: 448; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 301, 302–3, 447–50,

460–62; popularity of, 1: 460; recall of, 1: 342–44, 615, 671n74; replacement of Abraham Büninger by, 2: 496; and Samuel, 1: 547, 548, 554, 608; and separatists, 1: 469; sermons of, 1: 548, 554, 558, 560, 572, 576, 579, 581–82, 583, 585, 588, 599, 601, 603, 615; 2: 7; services conducted by, 1: 331, 332, 482; 2: 6, 8; singing services held by, 1: 548–49, 552, 570, 577, 582, 583, 588, 599, 607; and surveyors, 1: 338–39; teaching of school by (1752), 1: 316, 325, 331, 336; teaching of school by (1754), 1: 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 481; teaching of school by (1755), 1: 547, 551, 559, 573, 574, 597, 602, 605, 614; 2: 7; travel of, to Kent, 2: 5; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 472, 474; and travel of Indians, 1: 550, 580–81, 609, 612; verses written by, 1: 615–20; visits of, to Indians, 1: 476, 482, 483, 484, 551, 553, 556, 560–61, 562, 567, 578; and war conference, 1: 582 Sackett, John, 1: 17, 354, 672n11; 2: 80, 82, 553n109 Sackett, Jonathan, 1: 147, 652n107 Sackett, Richard, Jr., 1: 17; 2: 553n109 Sackett, Richard, Sr., 1: 17, 686n12; 2: 553n109 Saikas. See Seijakes Säkes. See Stephanas Salisbury, Neal, 1: 56–57 Salome, 1: 119, 219, 228, 289, 429, 453; 2: 80, 176, 204, 225, 553n110; and baptism, 2: 106, 207; and childbirth, 1: 451, 593; 2: 104, 206; conduct of, 2: 373; and deaths of children, 2: 107, 209; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 297; and Lucas (brother), 2: 353; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 510 Salomon. See Jery

627

Index Salomonsen, Sr., 2: 316, 317, 319, 324, 326, 413, 415–16, 417, 418–20, 422–23, 577n55, 584n88 Samons, Sr. See Salomonsen, Sr. Samuel, 1: 19–20, 28, 69, 80, 92, 97, 111, 117, 167, 176, 293, 496, 497; 2: 354, 429; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 113, 125, 131, 152, 208, 212, 216, 221, 226, 238, 472, 512–13, 543; and alcohol, 1: 212, 230; and Anna Rauch, 1: 504, 682n18; arrest of, 1: 183; and baptism, 1: 309–10, 391, 566, 625n48; 2: 12, 191, 292, 395, 575n11; and broom making, 2: 413, 419; and canoe making, 1: 521; 2: 300; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 309, 320, 321, 461, 547, 548, 554, 608; children’s meetings conducted by, 2: 433; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 492, 495, 505, 507; and Christian Seidel, 2: 8–9; and colonists, 2: 42; and Communion, 2: 11, 67, 120, 137, 143, 161, 170, 218, 294, 379, 383, 400, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; conduct of, 1: 336; and conferences, 1: 52, 144, 155–56, 258–59, 303–10, 364–65, 375–76, 389; and death of Rachel, 1: 124; and deaths of children, 1: 499; 2: 330–31, 402, 496; and debt, 1: 354; and discrimination, 1: 205; dreams of, 1: 172, 285; employment of, 1: 128, 132, 160, 161, 475, 579; 2: 158, 429; enlistment of, 2: 164, 166, 563n53; and fellowship (bande), 2: 59; and fishing, 1: 570; and handicraft selling, 1: 158, 294, 552; 2: 110, 412; house fire of, 1: 535; 2: 31, 513, 515, 587n36; house of, 1: 31, 34, 277, 517, 684n45; and hunting, 1: 355, 356, 371, 373, 443; 2: 126, 184, 217, 224, 398; illness of, 1: 128, 130, 133, 169, 171, 173, 174, 185; and illness of child, 2: 322; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 171, 257, 275, 283, 287, 294, 350, 360,

364, 370, 431; 2: 347, 367, 368, 369, 378, 381, 387, 391, 392, 422, 424, 434; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 276–77, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 291, 337; and John Ransom, 2: 339; and land ownership, 1: 300, 410, 411, 537–38, 539–41, 676n20; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 501, 512–13, 519–20; spiritual state of, 1: 221, 258–59, 606; 2: 306, 489; and synod, 1: 499–500, 503–4; 2: 495; tithingman appointment of, 2: 229; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 107, 609; travel of, to New York, 1: 358; travel of, to Sharon, 2: 396; travel of, to Wanachquaticok, 2: 404; travel of, to Wechquadnach, 1: 352 Sankiwenecha, 1: 109–10, 191, 193, 207, 216, 217–18, 222, 644n12, 661n24 Sarah, 1: 119, 223, 237, 281, 417; 2: 55, 242, 264, 430; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 131; and alcohol, 1: 497; and Anna Mack, 2: 298–99; bleeding of, 1: 187; and child rearing, 1: 535; conduct of, 1: 576–77, 578; illness of, 1: 111, 112, 113, 114, 133; 2: 288; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 159, 281, 289–90, 297–98, 372; 2: 362; and Maria (daughter), 1: 428, 429, 439, 443, 445, 456; spiritual state of, 1: 517, 576; 2: 126, 191 Sauter, Johann Michael, 1: 607, 691n89 Schabat. See Benjamin Schachquanoà, 1: 655n33 Schebosch, Christiana, 2: 430 Schebosch, Lidia, 2: 430 Scheri. See Jery Schermann. See Petrus (Thamar’s husband) Schijri. See Jery Schire. See Jery Schiri. See Jery Schirij. See Jery Schiris. See Jery

628

Index Schirrij. See Jery Schirry. See Jery Schiry. See Jery Schmick, Anna Johanna, 2: 305, 343, 347, 576n30, 580n111 Schmick, Johann Jacob, 1: 412, 494; 2: 174–75, 194, 241, 343, 395, 423, 532, 563n1, 566n18, 580n111 Schnell, Leonard, 1: 150, 151; 2: 532 Schoop. See Joshua Schropp, Mattaeus, 2: 370, 581n29 Schuyler, K., 1: 488 Schwartz, Conrad, 1: 209, 210, 660n6 Schyri. See Jery Seiagas. See Stephanas Seiagos. See Stephanas Seiakus. See Seijakes Seiakus (young). See Stephanas Seiakus, Stephen. See Stephanas Seidel, Anna Johanna, 2: 287, 341, 410–11, 532, 574n2, 579n108 Seidel, Christian: and Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 53–54; and banden, 1: 568, 570; baptisms by, 1: 563, 566, 567, 568; 2: 12, 14; biographical note on, 2: 532–33; and Communion, 1: 563, 568; 2: 11; conferences held by, 1: 568; 2: 5–6, 8, 12; conversations of, 2: 4, 15; death of, 2: 220, 568n73; and drawing of God’s acre, 1: 36, 564–65, 566; food made by, 2: 6; and Gnadenhütten attack, 2: 15, 546n53; and Joshua, 2: 8; letters of, 1: 601; 2: 2, 7, 8, 15, 42, 88; and love feasts, 1: 615; and Martin, 2: 8–10; quarter-of-anhour services held by, 1: 386, 562; 2: 13, 14; and Samuel, 2: 8–9; and school, 2: 13; sermons of, 2: 7, 13, 14; travel of, to New York, 2: 15–16, 30; travel of, to Pachgatgoch, 1: 561–69, 613–15; 2: 1–15; travel of, to Salisbury, 1: 566–67; and verse collection, 2: 12; visits of, to Indians, 2: 5

Seidel, Nathanael, 1: 27, 274, 413, 526, 685n1; 2: 1, 268, 334; baptisms by, 1: 479; biographical note on, 2: 533; birthday of, 2: 326, 578n83; letters of, 2: 88–89, 344, 394, 516, 517; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 385–90, 405–6, 415–17; 2: 121–22 Seiffert, Anton, 1: 306 Seijakes, 1: 116, 123, 142, 196, 204, 351, 482; 2: 57, 69, 98, 134 Seim. See Isaac Sekes. See Seijakes Sensemann, Anna Catherine, 1: 274, 303, 349, 353, 359; 2: 344–45; biographical note on, 2: 533; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 1: 372; and colonists, 1: 350, 393, 433; conversations of, 1: 407, 412, 419, 421, 436; death of, 1: 691n100; and Elisabeth, 1: 414–15, 424–25; and Erdmuth, 1: 380–81, 414, 417, 435; illness of, 1: 361, 394; and Jane Mills, 1: 421; and Justina, 1: 407, 421, 436; and Marianne, 1: 423; and mission house, 1: 680n5; and Priscilla, 1: 420, 458; and Quarpem, 1: 438; teaching of school by, 1: 374, 376, 377–78, 407, 453; and Thamar, 1: 419; wedding anniversary of, 1: 428, 677n38 Sensemann, Anna Elenora, 2: 418–19 Sensemann, Christina Rubel: biographical note on, 2: 532; and childbirth, 2: 418; and colonists, 2: 377; and Communion, 2: 350–51, 362, 363, 378, 379, 393, 400, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; and Erdmuth, 2: 371, 387; illness of, 2: 416; marriage of, 2: 580n9; visits of, to Indians, 2: 347, 348–49, 352, 358–59, 360, 361, 365, 368, 381, 390, 394, 397, 398, 400, 402, 404, 407–8, 412, 414, 415, 417 Sensemann, Joachim Heinrich, 1: 28, 51, 233, 271, 425, 481, 691n100; 2:

629

Index Sensemann, Joachim Heinrich (cont.) 563n1; and Adolph, 1: 163–64; and alcohol, 2: 435; and Anna (Petrus’s daughter), 1: 297; and Anna Maria, 1: 358; and baptism, 1: 180–81, 199, 259–61, 264–65, 310, 358, 388–89, 391, 418, 453, 466, 467, 484; 2: 170, 354–55, 356, 357, 382–83, 395, 410, 411, 419, 427; belongings of, 2: 386, 387; and Bethlehem, 1: 158–59, 160, 173, 174, 183, 185, 189, 201–2, 273, 277, 280, 283, 286, 288, 294, 344, 350, 356, 364, 378, 382, 383, 385, 394, 409, 414, 422, 427, 433, 442; 2: 355–56, 360, 367, 387, 420; and Bible lessons, 1: 268; biographical note on, 2: 533; birthday of, 2: 414; on blood and wounds, 1: 291, 419, 420; 2: 165; and burials, 1: 199–200, 265–66, 271, 377, 453–55, 456; 2: 359, 365, 371, 374, 384–85, 402; and butchering, 1: 266; and Caritas, 1: 285; 2: 399; and child-rearing practices of Indians, 1: 282, 372; children’s meetings held by (1753), 1: 385, 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 398–99, 400, 402, 407, 423–24, 427, 430, 437–38, 439, 441, 444, 448; children’s meetings held by (1754), 1: 456, 462; children’s meetings held by (1757), 2: 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 171; children’s meetings held by (1762), 2: 348, 351, 353, 356, 361, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 381, 383, 393, 396, 399, 406; children’s meetings held by (1763), 2: 412, 426; and Christian, 1: 159, 160, 268, 422; 2: 395; and colonists, 1: 161, 187, 188, 189, 267, 288, 300, 350, 352–53, 354, 360–61, 368, 385, 387, 410, 411, 422–23, 427, 435, 436, 460; 2: 363, 369–70, 375–76, 385, 403, 421, 426; and Communion, 1: 179–81, 258–60, 310, 340–42, 366–68, 386–88, 467, 483–84; 2: 160–61, 167, 170–71,

630

350–51, 362, 363, 371, 372, 378, 379, 386, 387, 393, 400, 406, 407, 414, 420, 421, 428, 432, 433; conferences held by, 1: 155–57, 159, 161, 162–63, 168–69, 173, 177, 187–88, 200, 258– 59, 275–76, 303–11, 352–53, 359–60, 364–65, 371–72, 375–76, 379–80, 386, 389, 392, 396, 483–84; 2: 377, 386; cow of, 2: 381, 426; crops grown by, 1: 183, 188, 190, 200, 362, 367, 368, 369, 410, 415, 438; 2: 368, 370, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378, 389, 390, 391, 426–27, 433, 434; and Cyrus Marsh, 1: 349, 369, 402, 427, 444, 448; and Easter, 2: 361; and Elisabeth, 2: 347; and Erdmuth, 1: 276, 281; falling of, into Macedonia Brook, 1: 280; and firewood, 1: 48–49, 161, 167, 170, 271, 284, 364, 373, 377, 379, 446; 2: 347, 348, 352, 397, 398, 402, 403, 404, 411, 412, 414, 419; food bought by, 1: 50, 159, 176, 185, 196, 254, 262, 270, 275; 2: 436; and food from Indians, 1: 157, 159, 162, 254, 273, 282, 361, 373, 374; and foot washing, 2: 363; on forgiveness, 2: 162–63; and gardening, 2: 365, 389–90, 425; and Gideon, 1: 161, 170, 174, 185, 187, 188, 189, 199, 255, 256–57, 258, 270–71, 273, 286, 287, 294, 296, 367, 370, 374, 390, 395, 426, 432, 433, 437, 453; and Gihorn, 1: 161, 285; and God’s acre, 1: 361; and Gottlieb, 1: 453; and Gottliebe, 1: 285, 287; and Hannah (Timotheus’s wife), 1: 257; illness of, 1: 171–72, 257–58, 283, 293, 356, 361, 364, 649n68; injury of, 2: 433, 434; and interpreting, 1: 294, 411, 420; and Jeremias, 1: 289–90; 2: 385; and Jery, 1: 397; and John Ransom, 2: 352; and Jonathan, 1: 263, 267; and Joshua, 1: 297, 429–30; 2: 347, 410; and Juliana, 1: 158; and Justina, 1: 292; and land disputes, 1:

Index 311; and Leah, 1: 160, 268, 297–98; legal charges against, 1: 17–18, 163, 628n70; loneliness of, 1: 295; and love feasts, 1: 200, 258, 259–60, 267, 278, 281–82, 299, 341, 358, 367, 381, 382, 384, 387, 409, 430, 452, 458, 484, 664n17; 2: 351, 363, 372, 378, 386–87, 393, 406–7, 408, 414, 420, 428, 432; and Magdalena, 1: 189–90, 292; marriage of, 2: 580n9; and marriages among Indians, 1: 198–99, 429, 437; and Martha, 1: 281; and Martin, 1: 267, 455; and medicine, 1: 187, 411–12, 461, 484; 2: 418; mill visits of, 1: 371, 393, 441, 447, 448; 2: 348, 390–91, 401, 402, 409, 412, 414, 422; and Moses, 1: 291; and night watch, 2: 406, 408; oven built by, 1: 36, 354–55; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 30, 67–68, 339–44; 2: 156– 73; 2: 388, 389, 431, 435; and Passion story, 2: 420; and Petrus, 1: 196, 268, 274, 290, 292, 424; and Quarpem, 1: 162, 438; quarter-of-an-hour services held by (1751), 1: 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 183–84, 185, 186, 188, 189, 201, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262; quarter-of-anhour services held by (1752), 1: 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282–83, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 349–50, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 370, 374, 376, 378, 379, 384; quarter-of-an-hour services held by (1753), 1: 385, 386, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 408, 410, 414, 417, 422, 430, 431, 434, 436, 438, 439, 440, 443, 444, 445, 446, 451, 452, 453; quarter-of-an-hour services held by (1754), 1: 455, 456, 458, 459–60, 483; quarter-of-an-hour services held

631

by (1762), 2: 370, 399; questioning of, 1: 422, 423; and repair of mission house, 1: 353, 376–77, 427–28; 2: 424; replacement of, by the Büningers, 1: 465; replacement of Johann Martin and Anna Mack by, 2: 344–46; and Salome, 1: 297; and Samuel, 1: 283, 431; 2: 347, 367; and Sarah, 1: 297–98; 2: 362; and Schaghticoke, 2: 381; and separatists, 1: 168, 195–96, 263; sermons of, 1: 268, 352, 367, 436, 483; 2: 158, 168, 169, 170, 171, 351, 366, 369, 375, 376, 381, 383, 386, 388, 391, 393, 396, 401, 402, 408, 425, 430, 433; and Shekomeko, 1: 680n5; and Simon (of Gnadenhütten), 1: 291; on sin, 2: 349, 354, 412; and singing services, 2: 352, 353, 359, 370, 416; and Sophia, 1: 397; and students, 2: 394, 582n42; and Susanna, 1: 257; teaching of school by (1751), 1: 157–58, 159, 160, 161, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173–74, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 244–45, 252, 253–54, 255, 257, 262, 263; teaching of school by (1752), 1: 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291–92, 294, 296–97, 300, 301, 365, 369–70, 371, 372, 374, 376, 377–78, 381, 383; teaching of school by (1753), 1: 384, 390, 392, 393, 395, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 412, 414, 418, 440, 441, 442, 446, 447, 456, 458, 459; teaching of school by (1754), 1: 456, 458, 459, 462; teaching of school by (1762), 2: 362, 366, 367, 368, 372, 375, 376, 382, 388, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 404, 407; teaching of school by (1763), 2: 410, 429, 430; and Thamar, 1: 159, 187–88, 189, 264, 268, 273, 274, 284, 422, 437; 2: 352, 355, 358, 375; travel of, to Fishkill, 2: 387; travel of, to Kent,

Index Sensemann, Joachim Heinrich (cont.) 1: 392, 447, 448; travel of, to New Fairfield, 1: 412, 457; travel of, to New Milford, 1: 195–96; travel of, to New York, 1: 395–96, 397; travel of, to Rhinebeck, 1: 380–81, 435; travel of, to Salisbury, 1: 388, 426; travel of, to Sharon, 1: 177–78, 355; travel of, to Sichem, 1: 413; 2: 159, 169–70, 371, 394, 423, 428; travel of, to Wanachquaticok, 1: 190–94; travel of, to Wechquadnach, 1: 163–66, 182–83, 190, 194, 197–99, 201–2, 257, 375, 417; and travel of Indians, 1: 172, 173, 184, 186, 284, 288, 351, 362–63, 367, 390, 393; visits of, to Indians, 1: 10, 264, 272–73, 279, 283, 287, 290, 294, 350, 353, 355, 358–59, 372, 384–85, 388–89, 409, 419, 423, 432, 439, 442, 461–62, 465, 482, 483, 484; 2: 162, 346, 347, 354, 357–58, 362, 380, 408, 413; visits of, to the sick, 1: 255, 258, 260, 262, 264–65, 266–67, 269, 285, 407, 409, 429, 456; 2: 348, 352, 357, 360, 363–64, 365, 372, 373; and Warop, 1: 256, 281, 418; wedding anniversary of, 1: 428, 677n38 Sergeant, John, 1: 36, 658n83, 658n88, 659n91; 2: 533 Seyakes. See Seijakes Seyäkes. See Seijakes Shabash. See Abraham (Shabash) Shau Beenu, 1: 76 Shaw, Joseph, 1: 10, 14, 15, 17–18, 675n10, 683n25 Sherman. See Petrus (Thamar’s husband) Sherman, Roger, 2: 150, 560nn18–19, 561n33 Shermann. See Petrus (Thamar’s husband) Simon, 1: 78, 129, 138, 160, 446, 575; 2: 138, 239, 250, 255, 358, 360, 423; and alcohol, 1: 497; and broom making, 1: 145; and choir fellowship, 2: 7;

and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 95, 120, 137, 143, 155, 161, 170, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223, 294, 301, 306, 311, 319, 326, 336, 350–51, 363, 379, 393; and construction of hut, 2: 158, 279; and handicraft selling, 1: 411; illness of, 1: 122, 223, 224; and love feasts, 1: 79; 2: 342; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 512; spiritual state of, 2: 346; and winter huts, 1: 149; 2: 405 Simon (of Gnadenhütten), 1: 291–92, 293–94 Simson, John, 1: 102 Skinner, Joseph, 1: 85–86, 96, 642n37; 2: 533 Slaughter, Samuel, 2: 551n69 Smith, Azariah, 1: 431; 2: 178, 185, 319, 343, 371; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 109; biographical note on, 2: 533; and Communion, 2: 125, 148–49, 160–61; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 434–35, 439, 557–58, 610–11; 2: 61–62, 124–25, 178, 184, 205, 218, 233, 251, 270, 289, 311, 319, 343, 387–88, 405–6, 426; request of, for missionary, 1: 99; travel of, to Bethlehem, 2: 324, 413 Smith, Cotton Mather, 1: 493, 681n9 Sölle, George, 1: 35; 2: 206–11, 228, 246–47, 270–72, 274, 275, 277, 296, 302, 303, 533 Solomon. See Jery Sonkewenaukheek. See Sankiwenecha Sophia, 2: 399, 417, 425; and Communion, 2: 343, 351, 363, 581n32; employment of, 2: 397–98; and food shortages, 2: 372; and handicraft selling, 2: 354; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 397 Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb, 1: 5, 18, 20, 23, 26, 250, 274, 298–99, 301, 302–11, 319, 405, 663n56, 663n58; 2: 114; and baptism, 1: 312–13; biographical note on, 2: 533–34;

632

Index birthday of, 2: 313, 434–35, 577n49; and Connecticut Assembly, 2: 492–93; and conversion of Indians, 1: 53; diary editing of, 1: 667n1, 668nn21–22, 669n43; 2: 256–57, 520–21, 543n1, 546n1, 548n1; diary-keeping edicts of, 1: 45; 2: 514–16; documents written by, 2: 502–3; and “frolics,” 2: 548n21; and Gideon, 1: 63; and Gnadenhütten attack, 1: 691n100; and the Irene, 1: 677n39; and land ownership, 1: 311; and language, 1: 46–47, 663n58; letters of, 1: 258, 334, 339–40, 490, 491, 494, 503, 561, 588, 590, 614, 671n68; 2: 3, 7, 16, 39–40, 76, 122, 157, 165–66, 241, 319, 490–91, 495–500, 506–10, 514–16, 517; and Matthew Renz, 2: 54, 549n39; and Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 53–54, 514–16; notes of, 2: 520–21; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 172–73, 174–75; services conducted by, 2: 174; and theology, 2: 554n135; travel of, to Europe, 2: 370 Spangenberg, Joseph. See Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, Martha Elisabeth, 2: 334, 579n99 Spencer, Thomas, 1: 174 Stanwix, John, 2: 211, 567n49 Stauber, Paul Christian, 2: 3, 544n17 Stephanas, 2: 51, 147, 210, 306, 340–41, 364, 379, 380, 382–84, 585n108 Stephen. See Stephanas Stevenson, Charles, 2: 551n69 Stoddard, Joannah Curtiss. See Waller, Mrs. Samuel Stoutenburg, Jacobus, 2: 4, 544n20 Streit, Friederich, 1: 80–81, 489; 2: 534 Sturgis, Joseph, 2: 546n53 Susanna, 1: 96, 166, 177, 178, 234, 257, 375; 2: 79 Swift, Alden, 1: 38 Swift, Jabez, 2: 164, 230, 253, 263, 312,

321, 572n16, 579n107; biographical note on, 2: 534; and land dispute, 2: 493–94; as overseer, 2: 156–57, 187, 339–40, 561n33 Swift, Reuben, 1: 38 Tabea, 1: 163–64 Tam Seat. See Thamaseed Tam Torkis. See Torkis, Tom Taylor, Nathaniel, 2: 491, 586n16 Teedyuscung, 1: 678n48; 2: 575n22 Tennent, Gilbert, 1: 233, 662n36 Thamar, 1: 183, 275, 421, 443; 2: 69; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 122, 210–11, 216, 479, 521; and Anna Sensemann, 1: 419; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 245; and broom making, 2: 145, 359; and child rearing, 1: 372; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 493; and Communion, 2: 67, 93, 105, 120, 137, 143, 149, 155, 161, 170, 192, 202, 208, 214, 218, 243, 250, 255, 294, 301, 306, 311, 319, 326, 336, 343, 351, 363, 379, 393, 407, 414, 421, 581n32; and construction of hut, 2: 157, 397; and death of Paschqua, 2: 431–32; employment of, 1: 123, 536, 552; 2: 376; and food shortages, 2: 372, 381; and Gideon, 2: 162, 562n162; and handicraft selling, 1: 147, 186, 224, 480; 2: 84, 354, 415, 424, 435; illness of, 1: 234, 264, 375, 377, 604; 2: 238; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 159, 187–88, 189, 264, 268, 273, 274, 284, 422, 437; 2: 352, 355, 358, 375; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 281; and Martha Büninger, 1: 470; messages of, to Bethlehem, 2: 495; spiritual state of, 2: 38, 52, 92, 237–38, 240, 291, 386, 425 Thamased. See Thamaseed Thamaseed, 1: 129, 521; 2: 129 Thamesed. See Thamaseed

633

Index Theodora, 1: 389–91, 406, 407, 408, 409, 419, 423, 432, 440, 448, 452, 457, 476, 478–79 Thomas, Josiah, Jr., 2: 163–64, 165, 562n47 Thorp, Edward, 1: 28, 68–69, 633n160, 674n58; 2: 426, 427–28, 534, 585n105 Thorp, Grace, 1: 68–69, 674n58; 2: 426, 534, 585n105 Tidesworth, 1: 103 Timotheus, 1: 78, 83, 87, 92, 93, 115, 162, 166, 180–81, 194, 198, 223, 238, 257; and land ownership, 1: 538, 541, 687n21; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 274–75, 312; 2: 164–65 Todd, Jonah, 2: 581 Tomaset. See Thamaseed Torkis, Tom, 1: 516 Traneker, George, 2: 144, 559n3 Trumbull, Jonathan, 1: 626n56 Tscherry. See Jery Tschoop. See Johannes (Tschoop) Tsherri. See Jery Umpachenee. See Sankiwenecha Utley, Richard, 1: 613–15, 685n1; 2: 5, 8, 543n1; biographical note on, 2: 534; on blood and wounds, 2: 10, 30–31, 34, 40, 41, 46, 49; children’s services held by, 2: 34, 44; and Christian Seidel, 2: 1–5; and Christmas, 2: 32; and Communion, 2: 34, 50, 549n24; conferences held by, 2: 32–33, 34, 46; conversations of, 2: 31, 547n9; and “frolics,” 2: 35, 548n21; and Gnadenhütten attack, 2: 15, 32–33, 44–45, 546n53; letters of, 2: 50; and love feasts, 2: 34, 46–47, 49; on Maria Magdalena, 2: 39; on Pharisees and the tax collector, 2: 49; plan of, 2: 54; popularity of, 2: 51; quarter-of-anhour services held by, 2: 9, 31, 32; on remembrance of Christ, 2: 48;

sermons of, 2: 11, 13, 33, 35, 36–37, 38, 40, 50, 51; on sin, 2: 43; on suffering of the Savior, 2: 45–46; teaching of school by, 2: 7, 12, 48; travel of, to Sichem, 2: 9, 10, 55 Valert. See Waller, Samuel van Dyck, Rudolphus, 1: 278, 666n44 van Vleck, Hendrick, 1: 139, 277–78, 508, 607; 2: 2, 4, 47, 109; biographical note on, 2: 534; letters of, 2: 74, 80, 86, 115, 154, 190, 226, 289, 372, 392 Venemo. See Winemo Verona. See Aropim von Gersdorf (Baron), 1: 20–21 von Watteville, Benigna, 2: 283, 338, 534, 574n62, 579n102 von Watteville, Johannes, 1: 26–27, 37, 55, 122, 162, 178, 261, 335, 426, 629n87, 637n3; 2: 219, 270, 400; biographical note on, 2: 534–35; birthday of, 2: 176, 220, 270, 328–29, 573n32, 579n89; letters of, 2: 345; and watchwords, 2: 370, 423 Wade, John, 1: 107, 109–10, 335; 2: 535 Waller, Mrs. Samuel, 2: 316, 317, 577n57 Waller, Samuel, 2: 316, 577n57 Wampachanant. See Ampiwochnant Wampachonant. See Ampiwochnant Wampchom, 1: 655n33 Warop, 1: 160, 168–69, 211, 223, 248, 272–73, 294, 362–63; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 536; and baptism, 1: 171, 209, 358, 563; 2: 487; death of, 2: 417, 583n65; and deaths of children, 1: 204–5, 454–55; and debt, 1: 292; and hunting, 1: 253, 443; illness of, 1: 323; 2: 413, 414; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 418, 438; and land ownership, 2: 583n65; spiritual state of, 1: 179, 281, 353, 384 Warop (young). See Wawampékum

634

Index Warrop. See Warop Warrup. See Warop Warrups. See Warop Warubs. See Warop Warup. See Warop Wasamapah. See Johannes (Tschoop) Waunaupaugus, Solomon, 1: 676n18 Wawampékum, 1: 1, 568 Wawanpicun. See Wawampékum Weidly. See Weiti Weiser, Conrad, 1: 23 Weiti, 1: 286, 287, 294, 362, 554–55, 556, 557 Welsh, David, 2: 74 Wenemo. See Winemo Wewunrunquan, 1: 136 Whitefield, George, 1: 7 Whitly. See Weiti William, 1: 109, 644n11 Williams, John, 1: 642n36 Wilson, John, 1: 153 Winegar, Conrad, 2: 4, 359, 544n21, 580n17 Winegar, Gerhard, 1: 166, 652n106, 690n76; 2: 535, 544n21 Winemo, 1: 167–68, 169, 552, 559, 575–76, 578; 2: 118–19, 128 Winimo. See Winemo Withly. See Weiti Witke, Matthew, Sr., 2: 491, 586n17 Witlij. See Weiti Witlÿ. See Weiti Witthrij. See Weiti Wittli. See Weiti Wompecam, 1: 165, 655n33

Woncabasch, 1: 519 Woncopāsch, Moses, 1: 515 Woodbridge, Timothy, 1: 110, 645n17, 649n68; 2: 535, 575n22 Wright, Abel, 1: 14, 626n57 Wyllys, George, 1: 586, 587 Yanaram, Isaac. See Yanarem, Isaac Yanarem, Isaac, 1: 96, 642n36 Yarrel, Br., 2: 289, 310, 400 Yerel. See Yarrel, Br. Youngman, Brother. See Jungmann, Johann Georg Zacchaeus, 1: 75–76, 78–82 Zeisberger, David, 1: 23, 385–90, 600– 602, 629n93, 651n91; 2: 7, 9, 180–82, 400, 502–3, 504–5, 506, 535 Zinzendorf, Christian Renatus von (“Christel”), 1: 363, 364, 673n24; 2: 203, 217, 247, 567n36, 568n64 Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Graf von, 1: 2, 7–8, 20, 26, 162, 245, 261, 594, 623n19, 654n20, 662n52, 690n75; 2: 552n84, 554n137; biographical note on, 2: 535; birthday of, 2: 203, 247, 567n35, 570n139; death of, 2: 267, 270, 572n23, 587n43; and diary keeping, 1: 44; letters of, 1: 430; and Mohawks, 1: 9, 10, 624n40; and “Pilgrim’s Letter,” 1: 471, 679n7; sermons of, 2: 584n92; and Shekomeko, 1: 9; and theology, 1: 678n58 Zipporah, 2: 75, 159

635

Subject Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. adopted children, 1: 530, 532, 543 “Adoption of the Brotherly Agreement and Statutes at Herrnhut,” 2: 576n32 agapen. See love feasts agriculture, 1: 1, 43, 48, 226, 633n167, 661n28, 684n38; as communal activity, 1: 45, 269–70, 304, 343, 665n36; 2: 57, 77, 91, 92, 96, 98, 107, 152, 153, 157, 201, 266, 269; and plowing, 1: 39, 112, 187, 188, 333, 335, 482, 573; 2: 199, 273, 307, 367, 368, 426; and summer and winter crops, 1: 392. See also gardening; and specific crops akrithes (acritjes), 1: 140, 224, 225, 508, 651n90; 2: 216, 263 alcohol, 1: 494; abuse of, 1: 15, 24, 46, 68, 233; access to, 1: 52–53, 63, 67, 372, 511; 2: 84, 96, 114, 124, 579n92; and disturbances, 1: 217, 219–20, 337–38, 491, 584; 2: 35, 137–39, 161–62, 185, 197, 198, 221, 227, 228, 242, 270, 292, 315, 327, 328, 329, 435; and drunkenness, 2: 202–3, 221; of Jery, 1: 497, 586; of Joshua, 2: 161, 280, 291, 325; new type of, 2: 327, 579n92; as payment for work, 1: 212, 239, 398; 2: 92; and Weiti’s death, 1: 554–55; of Zacchaeus, 1: 81 Annunciation, 1: 549, 688n31; 2: 195, 420 Antigua, 2: 154

apples, 2: 218, 322 Ascension, 1: 338; 2: 84, 152, 244, 369 assaults: and alcohol, 1: 219–20; on Indians, by colonists, 1: 407, 676n18; 2: 65, 127, 551n69, 558n218; on Indians, by Indians, 2: 348, 349–50, 364 assistance, Indian: 1: 48–51, 188, 199, 271, 343, 378–79, 415; 2: 187, 188, 201, 206, 209, 224, 244, 310, 372, 391, 435 attacks, Indian, 1: 10, 625n46; and French and Indian War (1756–63), 1: 507, 515, 683n24; in Gnadenhütten, 1: 612, 691n100; 2: 15, 32, 44–45, 181, 224, 546n53; rumors of, 1: 16; at Stockbridge, 1: 507, 515, 516, 683n24, 684n39 Augsburg Confession speeches, 2: 74, 552n84 bacillary dysentery. See bloody flux balsam, 1: 234, 662n38; 2: 418 banden. See choir system baptisms, 1: 66, 163; 2: 545n45; by Abraham Büninger, 1: 151, 209–10; 2: 487; and Agnes, 1: 297, 312; and Anna, 2: 356; and Aromerqua, 2: 194; by Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 1: 312–13; by Bernhard Adam Grube, 1: 130, 260–61; 2: 193, 199, 204, 207, 208, 213–14, 237, 244; and Christian, 1: 546; by Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 8; and Christian names, 1: 625n48;

Index baptisms (continued) by Christian Seidel, 1: 563, 566, 567, 568; 2: 12, 14; by David Zeisberger, 1: 601, 602; and Elisabeth, 1: 180–81, 424–25, 466–67; and Gideon, 1: 453; 2: 106; and Gihorn, 1: 173, 179, 260; and Gottlieb, 1: 482; and Gottlob, 2: 427; by Gottlob Büttner, 1: 11, 19; and Jeremias, 1: 297, 312; 2: 199; and Jery, 1: 260, 286, 288, 312; and Jesuits, 1: 54; by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 180–81, 199, 259–61, 264–65, 310, 358, 388–89, 391, 453, 467, 484; 2: 170, 356, 382–83, 395, 410, 411, 419, 427; by Johann Friedrich Christian Cammerhoff, 1: 151, 638n2; by Johann Jacob Schmick, 2: 174; by Johann Martin Mack, 1: 358, 531; 2: 232, 264, 266, 269, 290, 307, 318, 323, 330, 342; and Joshua, 1: 180–81, 418, 466–67; 2: 330; and Juliana, 2: 307; and Justina, 1: 259, 509; and Leah, 1: 209–10; 2: 264, 427; and lots, 1: 466, 679n4; and Magdalena (Gottlieb’s wife), 1: 261, 482; 2: 160; and Magdalena (Stephanas’s wife), 2: 341–42; and Maria Elisabeth, 2: 354–55, 357; and Martin, 1: 134, 242, 259, 509–10; by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 106, 118–19, 125, 168; and Paulus, 1: 199; and Petrus (Juliana’s husband), 2: 307, 410; by Petrus Böhler, 2: 254–55; and Philippus and Benigna, 2: 409; and Protestant missionaries, 1: 192; and Quarpem, 1: 358; records of, at Pachgatgoch, 2: 575n11; requests for, 1: 7, 388–89, 468; 2: 13, 50, 118, 204, 212, 252, 290, 323; requirements for, 1: 54–56, 282, 418, 424, 509–10, 623n36; 2: 354–55, 357, 507–9; and Salome, 2: 106, 207; and Samuel, 1: 309–10, 391; 2: 395; and Seijakes, 2: 134; and Stephanas, 2: 340–41, 379; and Warop, 1: 209,

358; at Wechquadnach, 1: 638n2; and white clothing, 1: 389, 674n58; and Winemo, 1: 559 bark peeling, 1: 121, 215, 216, 220, 241, 417, 420, 646n42, 661n22; 2: 95, 98, 158, 312, 376, 433, 577n46 barn repairs, 2: 275–76 basket making, 1: 45, 124, 231, 283, 325, 361, 410, 418, 423, 431, 440, 458, 648n55; 2: 99, 195, 260, 273, 287, 299, 320, 353, 392, 425, 555n149 beans, 1: 113, 237, 338, 360, 362; 2: 264, 266, 268, 269, 305, 307, 328, 390, 430 Beesbank. See sweat houses Berbice, Guyana, 2: 1, 142, 173, 213, 214, 228, 242, 243 Berliner Reden (Berlin Speeches), 1: 594, 690n71; 2: 416, 417, 584n92 béson, 1: 649n68 Bethlehem PA: census in, 1: 485–87; founding of, 1: 7; moves of Indians to, 1: 23, 24–25, 76–82, 91, 93, 97, 100– 104, 642n49; Single Sisters’ House in, 1: 499, 502, 682n7; smallpox in, 2: 289; and support of Pachgatgoch mission, 1: 19–20 bezoar, 1: 331–32, 671n63 Bible, 1: 420; lessons about, 1: 268, 538, 566–67, 572, 573, 586; 2: 217; reading aloud from, 2: 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, 118, 260, 265 birch sap, 1: 465, 679n3 birthdays: of Anna Caritas Nitschmann, 2: 181, 224; of Anna Johanna Seidel, 2: 287, 410, 574n2; of Anna Rebstock Mack, 2: 268–69, 327; of Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 313, 434–35, 577n49; of Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 206, 250; of Elisabeth Grube, 2: 179, 223; of Joachim Heinrich Sensemann,

638

Index 2: 414; of Johannes von Watteville, 2: 176, 220, 270, 328–29, 573n32, 579n89; of Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 557; of Nathanael Seidel, 2: 326, 578n83; of Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, 2: 203, 247, 567n35, 570n139; of Petrus Böhler, 2: 284, 338, 574n63, 579n104 blankets, 2: 126, 130, 220 bleedings, 1: 187, 330, 461, 484; 2: 149, 275 bloody flux, 1: 239, 662n45; 2: 221, 222, 315 blueberries, 1: 216, 220, 426, 583, 661n23; 2: 108, 116, 214, 252, 379 bowl making, 1: 223, 661n25 bread baking, 1: 354–55; 2: 184, 185, 187, 227, 406 bride wealth, 1: 443, 678n57 broom making, 1: 124, 325, 355, 402, 410, 418, 423, 431, 440, 458, 648n55; 2: 14, 31, 51, 58, 83, 144, 145, 146, 195, 226, 241, 260, 273, 287, 299, 320, 353, 407, 417, 419, 425 buckwheat, 1: 573, 579, 599, 689n50 Bulls Bridge falls (Sasaksuk), 1: 3, 29, 631n117; 2: 248 burial: and Abraham Büninger, 1: 122, 124, 130, 132, 241–42, 478–79, 532; and Anna Rauch, 1: 499; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 190, 191–92, 202–3, 204, 209, 232, 237, 244, 249, 256; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 478–79; and coffins, 1: 124, 648n57; 2: 384; and Gideon, 1: 37; 2: 51–52; and Gottlob Büttner, 1: 21, 629n87; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 199–200, 265–66, 271, 377, 453–55, 456; 2: 359, 365, 371, 374, 384–85, 402; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 272, 283, 297, 331; and Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 107, 119 butchering, 1: 266; 2: 226

canoes: accidents with, 1: 554–55; making of, 1: 106, 167, 186, 305, 355, 360, 361, 364, 402, 406, 430, 431, 469, 472, 475, 501, 519, 607–8, 643n5; 2: 144, 149, 164, 216, 299, 300, 303, 330, 425, 426; travel by, 1: 326–27 Cape Ann earthquake, 1: 695n95 carpentry, 1: 553, 578, 611, 612, 688n36; 2: 209 Caticock. See Pachgatgoch cemetery, 1: 182, 564; 2: 384; and Easter celebrations, 1: 175, 477; 2: 64, 146, 198, 240, 297, 361, 422; list of graves in, 1: 565, 566; at Pachgatgoch, 1: 36– 41, 361, 454, 517, 564–65, 632n156, 679n64; at Shekomeko, 1: 21, 26, 37, 151, 629n87, 652n111 census, 1: 485–87, 517, 688n41; 2: 133 Chief Elder, 2: 179–80, 265, 332, 399 childbirth, 1: 194; 2: 128, 130, 290, 346; and Agnes, 1: 275; 2: 124, 236, 358, 434; and Anna, 1: 527; 2: 209–10, 350; and Anna Elisabeth, 2: 318; and Anna Margarethe Jungmann, 2: 6, 38; and Anna Rebstock Mack, 2: 317, 318; and Benigna (Philippus’s wife), 1: 520; 2: 269, 409; and Benigna (Weiti’s wife), 1: 370, 561; and Catharina, 2: 199; and Christina Rubel Sensemann, 2: 418; and Elenora, 1: 87; and Elisabeth, 1: 163, 417, 583; 2: 167, 214; and Gottliebe, 1: 376–77, 546; and Juliana, 2: 236–37, 306, 408–9; and Justina, 1: 127, 509; 2: 170, 489; and Leah, 1: 207; 2: 168; and Leah (Gideon’s daughter), 1: 85, 208; and Lucia, 1: 391, 566; 2: 266, 394–95; and Magdalena, 1: 470; and Magdalena (Stephanas’s wife), 2: 147, 210; and Maria Elisabeth, 2: 335; and Quarpem, 1: 353, 535; and Salome, 1: 451, 593; 2: 104, 206; among unbaptized Indians, 1: 515, 516 child-rearing practices, 1: 67, 509;

639

Index child-rearing practices (continued) Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg’s comments on, 1: 304, 668n19; Gideon’s concern about, 1: 503–4, 508–9, 682n17; opinions of missionaries about, 1: 112–13, 125, 282, 296–97, 372, 535, 588, 645n28; 2: 9, 70, 82, 98, 103, 215, 305–6, 367 children’s services, 1: 464, 467, 478; 2: 9, 275, 515; held by Abraham Büninger, 1: 527, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537, 539, 540, 543, 544; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 188, 190, 193, 251, 252, 253; held by Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 548, 552, 554, 556, 558, 560, 561, 563, 567, 570, 573, 582, 583, 585, 590, 599–600, 601, 603, 607, 610, 612, 613, 615; held by Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 493; held by David Zeisberger, 2: 181; held by Gideon, 2: 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 219, 225; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 385, 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 398–99, 400, 402, 407, 423–24, 427, 430, 437–38, 439, 441, 444, 448, 456, 462; 2: 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 171, 348, 351, 353, 356, 361, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 381, 383, 393, 396, 399, 406, 412, 426; held by Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 558, 570, 573, 582, 590, 595, 599, 607, 610; 2: 38, 39, 49, 57, 61, 62, 64, 65–66, 70, 71, 78, 83, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 111, 116, 117, 122, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 172; held by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 260, 267, 268, 309, 310, 317, 323, 325, 331; held by Joseph Powell, 2: 148; held by Joshua, 2: 91; held by Martin, 2: 30, 100; held by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 55, 59, 63, 65, 72, 81, 85, 88, 98, 154, 158,

159, 164, 165; held by Richard Utley, 2: 34, 44 choir system, 1: 37, 44, 271, 548, 665n39, 666n55, 688n30; 2: 516; and fellowships in Pachgatgoch, 1: 572, 573, 575, 579, 582, 583, 585, 588, 598, 599, 607; 2: 7, 13, 59, 175, 177, 183, 224, 503; organization of, 1: 568, 570, 688n47; support of, by missionaries, 1: 606 Christianity, 1: 53–57, 59–60, 64–66. See also Moravian Church Christiansbrunn, 2: 1 Christmas, 1: 259–60, 382–83, 452, 526, 678n62; 2: 16, 32, 131, 186, 227, 282–83, 337, 406 church building. See mission house Church of the Brethren (Unitas Fratrum). See Moravian Church clothing, 1: 640n24; 2: 41, 219, 265, 272, 274, 295, 574n54 cold, extreme, 2: 287, 288, 295 colonists: and alcohol, 1: 15, 212, 239, 398; apprehension of Indians by, 2: 219; assaults on Indians by, 1: 407, 676n18; 2: 65, 127, 551n69, 558n218; attendance of, at Pachgatgoch services, 1: 126, 181, 350, 352–53, 354, 356, 360–61, 364, 376, 378, 387, 398, 411, 422, 427, 435, 436, 441, 442, 452, 473, 477, 551–52, 576, 579, 583, 594, 601, 603, 606; 2: 10, 96, 100, 104, 108, 116, 123, 127, 150, 165, 167, 169, 178, 181, 195, 198, 206, 212, 220, 251, 252, 266, 268, 290, 302, 306, 307, 308, 310, 313, 316, 320, 322, 325, 333, 342, 353, 361, 369, 374–75, 378, 379, 381, 383, 388, 401, 405, 412, 426, 427, 436; behavior of, around Pachgatgoch, 2: 298; conflict of, with Indians, 1: 66, 86, 318, 441, 516–17, 684n41; 2: 320–21; conversations of missionaries with, 1: 83–84, 93–94, 96, 99, 101, 102;

640

Index 2: 68, 73–74, 93–94, 105, 111–13, 117, 182, 220, 282, 421; debts of Indians to, 1: 69, 242, 288–89, 305, 354, 449; demands of, for help, 1: 504–5; killing of, by Indians, 1: 507, 515, 516, 683n24, 684n39; and land disputes, 1: 23; 2: 150, 320–21, 560n19; payment from, to ministers, 2: 331; prejudice of, against Indians, 1: 22, 59–60, 66, 69, 71; requests of, for missionary visits, 2: 163–64, 275; suspicions of, about Moravians, 1: 6, 14–22, 507, 627n68, 628n74, 683n25; 2: 2, 10, 74, 75–76, 104–5, 289; and Thanksgiving celebrations, 1: 444–45 colonization process, 2: 187, 565n2 Communion services, 1: 56, 84–85, 151; 2: 12; and conduct of Indians, 1: 416, 586; 2: 154, 227; Heinrich Martin’s request to attend, 2: 516–17; held by Abraham Büninger, 1: 210–11, 449–50, 467, 545; 2: 487; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 177, 184, 189, 192, 197, 202, 208, 214, 218, 223, 243, 250, 255; held by Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 340–42, 449–50, 467, 545, 563, 568, 601; held by Christian Seidel, 1: 563, 568; 2: 11; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 180–81, 258–60, 340–42, 367–68, 386–88, 467, 483–84; 2: 160–61, 167, 170–71, 351, 363, 372, 379, 387, 393, 400, 407, 414, 421, 428, 433; held by Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 563, 568, 601; 2: 34, 66–67, 92–93, 105, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55; held by Johann Martin Mack, 1: 416; 2: 264, 272, 279, 286, 294, 301, 311, 319, 326, 336, 343; held by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 50, 66–67, 92–93, 105, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55, 160–61, 167, 170–71; held by Richard Utley, 2: 34, 50; and lots, 2: 3;

numbers of Indians participating in, 1: 260, 368, 388, 450, 467, 563, 601; 2: 50, 66–67, 92–93, 105, 120, 125, 130, 136–37, 142–43, 148–49, 154–55, 160–61, 167, 170–71, 177, 184, 197, 214, 264, 272, 279, 286, 372, 379; preparation for, 1: 91, 151, 180, 209, 258–59, 309, 340, 365, 366, 449, 466, 527–28, 562, 601; 2: 11, 46, 48, 49, 65, 91, 104, 119, 130, 136, 142, 148, 154, 160, 166, 170, 177, 183, 189, 197, 202, 207, 209, 213, 218, 222, 243, 249–50, 253, 263, 270, 278, 286, 293, 300, 306, 311, 318, 326, 335, 342, 350–51, 362, 371, 378, 386, 393, 399, 406, 420, 432, 487, 503, 516, 550n41; requests for, by Indians, 1: 119, 258, 364, 386, 436, 483, 589, 598; 2: 154 communities. See Indian communities Community of Brethren at Herrnhut. See Moravian Church conferences, 1: 52, 64; and alcohol use, 2: 138; with Gideon, 1: 422; held by Abraham Büninger, 1: 144–45, 146–47, 204, 206, 222–23, 229–30, 232, 472; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 178, 179, 181, 183, 188, 217, 218, 234, 254; held by Christian Gottfried Rundt, 1: 302–11, 319–21, 325–26, 334–35, 464, 475; held by Christian Seidel, 1: 568; 2: 5–6, 8, 12; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1751), 1: 155–56, 159, 161, 168–69, 171, 173, 178, 187, 194; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1752), 1: 275–76, 302–11, 352, 359–60, 364, 371–72, 375–76, 379; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1753), 1: 386, 392, 396; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1754), 1: 483; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1762), 2: 356, 377, 386; held by Johann Georg Jungmann, 2: 32–33, 34, 57, 70, 72–73, 78, 81–82, 85, 92, 96–97,

641

Index conferences (continued) 98, 100, 103; held by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 46, 57, 70, 72–73, 78, 81–82, 85, 92, 96–97, 98, 100, 103, 138; held by Richard Utley, 2: 32–33, 34, 46; between Indians, 1: 508–9, 579–81, 582, 584; 2: 72, 97, 151; between missionaries, 1: 490, 503, 512, 563; opinions of Indians about, 1: 307; 2: 82 congregation council. See conferences Connecticut, 1: 72; 2: 385, 408; and colonization process, 2: 187, 229, 565n2, 569n91; and Colony Charter of 1662, 2: 76–77, 552nn94–95; and fasting days, 1: 582, 598, 689n54; 2: 100–101, 146, 240, 359–60, 422, 491; General Assembly in, 1: 2, 31–32, 61, 342, 582, 586, 587, 647n50, 689n54; 2: 561n33; and land disputes, 1: 537–38, 539, 540, 541, 586, 587, 669n44, 686n12, 687n21; 2: 152, 560n19, 561n33; law of, and conduct of Indians, 1: 334; 2: 187, 229, 236–37, 270; legislation in, 1: 14–15, 18, 26, 452, 522, 626n56, 627n66, 628n74, 633n164, 678n62, 685n49; 2: 96–97; and prayer days, 2: 59–60, 146, 209, 301; and thanksgiving days, 1: 373, 520, 609; 2: 127–28, 237, 272, 278, 333, 400, 433 consumption. See tuberculosis conversations, 1: 24, 45–46, 83–84; 2: 160, 562n39 corn, 1: 343, 568, 579; 2: 96; in Bible, 1: 226, 661n28; drying of, 1: 360; grown by Abraham Büninger, 1: 112, 125, 205, 206, 235–36, 515; grown by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 201, 206, 219, 220, 244, 248, 250, 252; grown by Christian Gottfried Rundt, 1: 338, 566, 569, 574, 575, 582; grown by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 183, 188, 200, 368, 369, 410, 415, 438; 2: 368, 370,

372, 375, 376, 378, 389, 390, 391, 426–27, 433; grown by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 305, 310; harvesting of, 1: 235–36, 371, 440, 515, 516, 604–5; 2: 175, 179, 219, 266, 269, 328, 389, 391; hilling of, 2: 378; hoeing of, 1: 200, 205, 206, 415, 574, 575, 577, 582; 2: 91, 98, 103, 157, 206, 209, 248, 250, 252, 310, 312, 370, 372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 431, 433, 435; planting of, 1: 183, 188, 269–70, 304, 334338, 566, 569, 665n36, 668nn21–22; 2: 57, 305, 307, 356, 368, 427; roasting of, 1: 356, 358, 432; shucking of, 1: 239, 662n44; sweet (schwit), 2: 388; “Welsh,” 1: 657n64 cows, 2: 275, 381, 426, 573n44 crops. See agriculture culture, Indian, 1: 41–53, 54, 57–58, 633n164, 639n15; and bride wealth, 1: 443, 678n57; and burial, 1: 648n57; and clothing, 1: 640n24; and death, 2: 232, 569n99; and marriage, 1: 665n35; 2: 574n57; and medicinal practices, 1: 649n68; and shaking hands, 1: 644n14; and tattoos, 1: 681n11; and “wiping away the tears,” 1: 142, 652n97 currants, 2: 159, 252, 313, 377, 562n37 Day of Prayer and Covenanting, 2: 323, 578n74 death: of Abraham (Shabash), 2: 414, 584n89; of Anna, 1: 532; of Anna Caritas Nitschmann, 2: 267, 270, 572n23, 587n43; of Anna Catherine Sensemann, 1: 691n100; at Bulls Bridge falls, 2: 248; of children, 1: 121–22, 130, 132, 204–5, 240–42, 376, 453, 454, 499, 593; 2: 51, 107, 119, 133, 146, 190, 191, 207–8, 209, 214, 236–37, 244, 249, 256, 283, 330–31, 359, 371, 402, 496, 521, 587n44; of Christian Renatus von

642

Index Zinzendorf (“Christel”), 1: 363, 364, 673n24; of Christian Seidel, 2: 220, 568n73; of Cornelius, 1: 175; of David Bruce, 1: 126, 426, 648n59; of Esther, 1: 265–66; of Gideon, 1: 63, 69, 70, 631n124; 2: 232–33, 234; of Gihorn, 2: 79, 133; of Gottlieb Pezold, 2: 394, 583n63; of Gottlob Büttner, 1: 21; of Hannah, 1: 131–32; of Johann Christian Friedrich Cammerhoff, 1: 197, 659n96; of Johann Gottlob Klemm, 2: 370, 581n30; of John Mills, 2: 248, 250; of Joshua, 1: 28, 72; of Julia Haberland Nitschmann, 1: 177, 178, 657n57; of Juliana, 1: 270–71; of Leah (Gideon’s daughter), 1: 89, 682n17; of Lucas, 2: 373–74; of Maria (Sarah’s daughter), 1: 456; of Martin, 2: 221, 222–23, 228; of Martin’s grandmother, 1: 231; of Nathanael (Jonathan’s son), 2: 298–99; of Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, 2: 267, 270, 520, 572n23, 587n43; of Paschqua, 2: 431– 32; of Petrus (Thamar’s husband), 2: 364–65; of Priscilla, 2: 270–72; of Rachel, 1: 124; of Rachel Post, 1: 26; 2: 567n42, 573n33; rate of, 1: 36, 37–38, 40; of Sankiwenecha, 1: 222, 661n24; of Stephanas, 2: 384–85, 585n108; of Susanna, 2: 79; of Theodora, 1: 478–79; of Warop, 2: 417, 583n65; of Weiti, 1: 554–55, 556, 557 debts: and court, 1: 292; Indian children as payment for, 1: 449, 450, 455; 2: 293; owed by Abraham Büninger, 1: 492, 494; owed by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 261; owed to colonists, 1: 69, 183, 242, 288–89, 305, 354, 449; 2: 198, 292–93, 353 Delawares, 1: 434, 678n48; 2: 60, 550n59 diaries: composition of, 1: 682n3; editing of, 1: 667n1, 668nn21–22, 669n43; 2:

256–57, 520–21, 543n1, 546n1, 548n1; and New Style dates, 1: 122, 647n46 discrimination, 1: 22, 59–60, 66, 69, 71 disease. See illness dreams, 1: 285, 385; 2: 421 drought, 2: 201, 315, 386, 391 dwellings, 1: 33–34, 36, 121, 630n114, 647n44; 2: 553n100. See also specific types of buildings dysentery, 1: 239, 662n45 earthquakes, 1: 596, 610, 612, 690n78, 691n94, 691n97, 695n95 Easter, 1: 175, 295, 306, 408, 476–77, 551–52; 2: 63–64, 146–47, 198, 240, 297–98, 361, 422 eels, 1: 517, 518, 600 employment: at Gnadenhütten, 1: 79, 638n12; and “going out to work,” 1: 107, 123, 186, 197, 274, 288–89, 296, 298, 304, 325, 327, 330–31, 351, 355, 403, 423, 476, 536, 552, 558, 571, 602, 643n6; 2: 57, 108, 116, 259–60, 265, 272, 295, 308, 329, 396, 397–98, 489; on local farms, 1: 45, 52, 210, 212, 239, 333, 372, 422, 496, 585, 588; 2: 179, 253, 379 English language, 1: 534 English ministers. See Protestant missionaries enlistment, militia, 2: 73, 78, 99, 103, 110, 128, 130, 225, 243, 245; and bribes, 1: 69, 636n225; 2: 277; of Christian, 1: 574, 577–78, 585, 589; 2: 149, 224; and desertions, 2: 251, 267, 274, 386; of Gottlob, 2: 71, 130, 242; of Johannes (Simon’s son), 1: 598; 2: 7, 128, 130, 147; of Jonathan (Martha’s son), 2: 71, 104, 130, 198; of Lucas, 2: 71, 78, 130, 139, 196, 197, 198, 222, 235, 553n110; of Martin (Gideon’s son), 2: 197, 198; opinions of Indians

643

Index enlistment, militia (continued) about, 2: 72–73; of Paschqua, 2: 69; of Paulus, 2: 71, 130, 133, 139, 147, 197, 198, 267; of Philippus, 2: 69, 71–72, 110, 130, 135, 553n110; recruiters for, 1: 598; 2: 42, 47, 196, 243, 302; of Samuel, 2: 164, 166, 563n53; for Stockbridge protection, 1: 540 Epiphany, 2: 134, 188, 286, 340, 409 Esopus (Sopus) Indians, 1: 6, 623n25 family relationships, 1: 43–44, 66, 256, 292, 297–98, 366, 536, 576–77, 578, 661n17, 666n48, 666n55; 2: 73, 75, 383 farming. See agriculture Farmington CT, 1: 5 fasting days, 1: 582, 598, 689n54; 2: 100–101, 146, 240, 359–60, 422, 491 fence building, 2: 83, 126, 293, 303, 304, 355, 363 festival days, 1: 119, 502, 520, 646n38, 661n27, 663n53, 682n14, 685n48; 2: 56, 200, 216, 263–64, 320, 368, 516, 566n26, 581n25. See also specific days fire, 1: 278–79, 281, 282, 323–24, 336–37, 535, 666n48; 2: 31, 151, 515 firewood, 1: 375, 461, 466, 572, 592; and Abraham Büninger, 1: 244–45, 248, 522, 540, 541; and Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 177, 178, 180, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 204, 224, 227, 230, 233, 234; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 494, 511; and Christian Seidel, 2: 10; help of Indians in gathering, 1: 48–49, 271, 284; 2: 335; and Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 48–49, 161, 167, 170, 187, 271, 284, 356–57, 364, 373, 377, 379, 400, 446, 464; 2: 347, 348, 352, 397, 398, 402, 403, 404, 411, 412, 414, 419; and Johann Martin Mack, 2: 263, 275, 276, 279, 287, 288, 291, 293, 295, 296,

332, 335, 339, 340, 344; shortage of, 1: 30; 2: 179, 276; and sledge path, 1: 230–31, 232, 242, 243 fishing, 1: 45, 113, 118, 328, 332, 413, 414, 570–71, 574, 645n28; 2: 85, 86, 248, 309, 355, 367, 370, 429, 430 food, 1: 130, 179–80, 185, 188, 208, 235, 441, 649n71; bought by Abraham Büninger, 1: 214, 236, 465, 474, 480, 505, 512, 531; bought by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 194, 196, 208, 225, 234; bought by Christian Frölich, 1: 316, 317, 399; bought by Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 505; bought by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 253, 262, 266, 292, 350; 2: 401; bought by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 292, 293, 338; giving of, to Indians, 1: 425, 554, 579; giving of, to Moravians, 1: 48, 156, 157, 159, 162, 238, 254, 263, 273, 282, 360, 361, 373, 473, 646n37; 2: 9, 398; for love feasts, 1: 199, 200, 258, 260, 299, 381, 382; 2: 184, 185, 228, 406; as payment, 1: 200, 271, 317–18, 323, 329, 415, 468–69, 557, 574, 582, 584; 2: 177, 201, 206, 209, 250, 310, 372, 378, 424; shortage of, 1: 49, 50, 123, 270, 555, 559, 578, 579, 647n54; 2: 108, 202, 208, 235, 252, 289, 372, 374, 381, 384 foot washing, 2: 360, 363 Fort Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga), 2: 224, 568n80, 568n83 Fort Crown Point, 2: 568n83 Fort Edward, 2: 103 Fort Stanwix, 2: 211, 567n49 Fort William Henry, 2: 164, 166, 563n53 frame houses, 2: 77, 573n39 Freehold (Tetechtak) ct, 1: 5, 13–14, 626n54 French and Indian War (1756–63), 1: 27, 59, 69, 71; 2: 164, 166, 202, 224, 225,

644

Index 500, 563n53, 567n32, 568n80; and attacks on Indians, 2: 65, 551n69; Christian Frederick Post’s involvement with, 2: 211, 567n49; early indicators of, 1: 550, 579–80, 582, 584, 597, 598, 612, 685n46, 689n54; and land ownership, 2: 575n22; and Pachgatgoch, 2: 277 French settlers, 1: 507, 515, 683n24; 2: 2, 74, 75–76, 546n53, 550n59 Friedenshütten, 1: 23–24, 25, 60, 72. See also Gnadenhütten “frolicks,” 2: 35, 516, 546n1, 548n21 frost, 1: 572, 689n49; 2: 95 gardening, 1: 327, 330, 335, 349, 558; 2: 159, 252, 303, 313, 365, 377, 389–90, 425, 562n37. See also agriculture Gemein-Nachrichten, 1: 258, 380, 440, 448, 590, 613; 2: 238, 401, 423, 570n119, 585n105. See also diaries Gemein Schrifften. See Gemein-Nachrichten General Assembly (Connecticut), 1: 2, 31–32, 61, 342, 582, 586, 587, 647n50, 689n54 Gnadenhütten, 1: 60, 106, 110, 304, 410, 412, 420, 492, 629n96, 676n15; conduct of Indians at, 1: 394; founding of, 1: 24; headman at, 1: 673n27; Indian raid on, 1: 612, 691n100; 2: 15, 32, 44–45, 181, 224, 546n53, 562n41; and land ownership, 1: 85–86, 639n12; messages from, to Pachgatgoch, 1: 177, 363; as mission town, 1: 504, 682n18; move of Indians to, 1: 24–25, 26, 27, 76–82, 91, 642n49; synod in, 1: 498, 499–500; 2: 495, 496 Gnadensee, 1: 120, 646n40 God’s acre. See cemetery “going out to work.” See employment “Great Falls,” 1: 3, 645n28, 646n31 Greenland, 1: 134, 650n78; 2: 144, 173, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 228, 241, 242, 243

hail, 2: 100, 203, 242 handicrafts. See specific crafts handicraft selling, 1: 52, 147, 172–73, 287, 292, 299, 392, 431, 436; 2: 140, 218, 375, 405, 412, 435; cheating in, 2: 150–52; in Danbury, 1: 158; in Dover, 1: 555; in Filkintown, 1: 414; in Kent, 1: 294; in New Milford, 1: 158, 194, 225, 272, 411, 537, 547, 562; 2: 145, 348, 350, 354, 415, 424; in Quaker Hill, 1: 365, 536; 2: 363; at seaside, 1: 362, 368, 509; 2: 101, 121, 155, 219, 220, 274, 306; in Sharon, 1: 289, 454, 523, 540, 555, 578; 2: 110, 127; in Stockbridge, 1: 612 hay, 2: 176, 210, 211, 220, 268, 273, 330, 377, 396, 434 health care. See medicine “helpers conference.” See conferences Herrnhuter Brudergemeinde. See Moravian Church hides, currying, 1: 378, 445 Highland Indians, 1: 6, 623n25 hoop poles, 2: 31, 547n7 horses, 2: 45, 193, 259, 276, 410, 422, 423, 548n11, 573n47 horticulture. See agriculture Housatonic River, 1: 2, 3, 31–32, 302; 2: 272, 573n36 houses. See dwellings hunting, 1: 117, 152, 202, 224, 227–28, 243, 253, 265, 273, 373, 378, 379, 381, 443, 445, 446, 452, 519, 611, 613; 2: 14, 126, 128, 129–30, 131, 177, 179, 184, 190, 224, 226, 252, 262, 273, 277, 278, 279, 283, 395, 398, 399; for bear, 1: 123, 287, 360, 361, 371, 379, 508, 513, 515; 2: 214, 215, 217; and deer hides, 2: 183; and lack of game, 1: 49, 148, 205, 242, 246, 269, 276, 432; 2: 263, 274, 282, 572n17; and legislation, 1: 522; and Moravians, 1: 48, 254, 282, 361, 646n37

645

Index huts: building of, 2: 157, 158, 279, 308, 332, 334, 397, 486; repair of, 2: 307, 430, 490. See also summer huts; winter huts hymnals, 1: 603, 604; 2: 3, 68, 320, 347, 391, 544n13 illness, 1: 36. See also medicine; and specific conditions Immovable Festival, 2: 213, 223, 567n55 Indian communities: and alcohol, 1: 15, 24, 46, 52–53, 63, 67, 68, 233; and clothing, 1: 640n24; and conversion to Christianity, 1: 53–57, 59–60, 64–66; and culture, 1: 41–53, 54, 57–58, 142, 633n164, 634n171, 639n15, 644n14, 648n57, 649n68, 652n97, 665n35; decline of, 1: 1, 3–4, 26–27, 49, 60, 65, 67–68, 69–72, 624n37; economy in, 1: 45, 48–50; gender roles in, 1: 44–45; in Housatonic Valley, 1: 4–5, 6, 623n25; and King Philip’s War, 1: 2–3, 4; and land ownership, 1: 1, 2, 8, 22–23, 25, 26, 61–62, 65, 70, 72, 85–86, 93, 94, 96–97, 157, 289, 410, 411, 621n3, 622n19, 639n12, 641n27, 641n33, 642n36, 666n50, 676n20, 684n41; 2: 320–21, 397, 583n65; and language, 1: 46–48; messages between, 1: 111, 118, 119, 127, 138, 140, 142, 151, 153, 155–56, 177–78, 182, 190, 193, 204, 207, 215–16, 218, 230, 250, 257, 262, 291, 306, 365–66, 386, 389, 394, 434, 447, 460, 511, 561, 567, 600, 650n78; 2: 15, 41, 42, 43, 90, 235, 324–25, 344, 371, 394, 412, 428, 495; at Owego, 1: 110, 644n16; and Protestant missionaries, 1: 3; and religious practices, 1: 51, 53, 57–59, 64–65; requests of, for missionaries, 1: 9, 10–13, 19–20, 61–63, 107, 109–10; resistance of, to Moravians, 1: 13–14;

and social organization, 1: 44–45, 64; tribes in, 1: 6, 623n25 Indian Pond, 1: 5, 9, 646n40 influenza, 1: 648n67, 650n73, 650n75 interpreting, 1: 125, 244, 294, 299, 302, 308, 309, 320, 662n51; of Gideon, 1: 218, 223; of Gideon and Martha, 1: 209, 660n7; of Gottlob, 1: 194, 197; of Jeannette Mack, 1: 11; of Jeremias, 1: 126, 133; of Joshua, 1: 79, 88, 92, 135, 136, 179, 213, 214, 225, 226, 232, 237, 238, 239, 249, 250, 254, 256, 262, 276, 292, 314, 317, 351, 357, 390, 391, 408, 430, 432, 463, 504, 548, 551, 571; 2: 246, 317, 326, 354, 361, 383, 414, 429, 430, 545n41; and knowledge of English of Indians, 1: 46–47, 115, 153, 646n32, 653n114; of Martin, 1: 133, 134, 135, 136, 171, 211, 213, 228, 232, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243, 246, 253, 255, 256, 267, 279, 280, 281, 284, 322, 349, 377, 378, 409, 414, 417, 420, 426, 437, 455, 504–5, 612; 2: 9, 11; of Nathanael (of Gnadenhütten), 1: 366; of Samuel, 1: 131, 152, 171, 208, 216, 226, 257, 275, 287, 321, 350, 360, 364, 370, 431, 472, 554; 2: 282, 283, 291, 368, 369, 381; and words in Indian language, 1: 533, 538 Irene (ship), 1: 428–29, 439, 677n39; 2: 115, 133 Irin. See Irene (ship) Iroquois nations (6 Nations), 1: 358, 678n48; 2: 60, 550n59, 562n50, 575n22 Jamaica, 2: 154 Jesuit missionaries, 1: 53–54, 67 Jüngerhaus Diario, 2: 134, 166, 184, 262, 557n209 Kaunaumeek, 1: 5, 10, 624n44

646

Index Kent ct, 1: 134, 232–33, 236–37, 369, 448, 673n34; 2: 5, 176 King George’s War (1744–48), 1: 15–16, 27, 627n66 King Philip’s War (1675–76), 1: 2–3, 4 land ownership, 1: 1, 2, 25, 26, 85–86, 622n19, 639n12, 684n41; 2: 320–21, 397, 583n65; bequeathing of, 2: 373; and conference discussions, 1: 310–11, 669nn43–44; and Connecticut legislation, 1: 522, 685n49; 2: 560n19; and Gideon, 1: 188, 657n75; in Pachgatgoch, 1: 31–32, 61–62, 65, 70, 72, 122, 289, 293, 296, 300, 586, 587, 621n3, 647n50, 666n50, 682n18; 2: 150, 152, 153, 157, 560n19, 561n33; petitions for, by Indians, 1: 342–43, 671n76; 2: 152, 153, 157, 492–95, 560n19, 561n33; in Potatuck, 1: 410, 411, 676n20; and Shekomeko, 1: 8, 17, 22–23, 643n2; and surveyors, 1: 296, 300, 338–39; and Wechquadnech, 1: 93, 94, 96–97, 157, 537–38, 539, 540, 541, 641n27, 641n33, 642n36, 686n12, 687n21; and Wyoming Valley, 2: 575n22 languages, 1: 46–48, 88, 96, 305–6, 320, 365, 440, 533, 548, 669n30, 669n32, 678n52; 2: 175, 516 legislation, 1: 14–15, 18, 26, 452, 522, 626n56, 627n66, 628n74, 633n164, 678n62, 685n49; 2: 96–97 Letechgoth. See Freehold (Tetechtak) ct letters: from Abraham Büninger to Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 500; from Abraham Büninger to Johann Nitschmann, 2: 484–90; from Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg to Pachgatgoch, 1: 298, 340, 490, 588, 613, 615; 2: 490–91; to Bethlehem from Indians, 1: 92, 261, 321, 467, 567, 664n22; 2: 8, 15, 50, 501–2, 510–14, 517–20; to

Bethlehem from missionaries, 1: 223, 231, 321, 412, 450, 504, 518, 525, 531, 597; from Carl Gottfried Rundt to Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 506–10; from Christian Rauch to Pachgatgoch, 2: 504–6; from Heinrich Martin to Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 516–17; inspection of, by colonists, 2: 74, 75–76; from Johann Christian Friedrich to Pachgatgoch, 1: 140, 156; from Johannes von Watteville to Pachgatgoch, 1: 162; from Johann Martin Mack to Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 497–98; from Joshua to Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 2: 498–500; from Petrus Böhler to Pachgatgoch, 2: 503–4; reading aloud of, 1: 140–41, 156–57, 162, 204, 306, 387, 490, 615; 2: 40, 42, 43, 44, 124, 135, 166, 195, 196, 213, 241, 246, 305, 423, 485; to synod from Indians, 1: 319, 320 Lindsey House, 1: 594, 690n75 Little Nine Partners patent, 1: 17, 627n69, 686n12. See also Nine Partners patent livestock, 1: 36, 592. See also cows; horses lots, 1: 68–69, 679n4; 2: 3, 351, 580n11, 585n105 Louisbourg, 2: 202, 567n32 love feasts, 1: 245, 278, 384, 430, 524, 615; 2: 3, 7, 191, 363, 428; and Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, 1: 306, 308–9, 312; 2: 172–73; and bande, 1: 548; and baptism, 1: 210, 267, 358, 467, 484, 563, 601; 2: 174, 254; and birthday celebrations, 1: 575; 2: 247, 249; for children, 2: 33, 46–47, 131, 142, 159, 186, 205; and Christmas, 1: 259–60, 382–83; 2: 131, 186, 283, 337, 406; and Communion, 1: 340–41, 367, 387, 405, 449–50, 545; 2: 34, 49, 66, 125, 148, 154, 160, 167, 184, 192, 197, 202, 208, 214, 218, 243, 250, 264, 271, 279, 286, 294, 301, 311, 336, 351, 363,

647

Index love feasts (continued) 372, 378, 386–87, 393, 400, 407, 414, 432, 487; and Easter, 1: 408–9; 2: 297; and Epiphany, 2: 134; food for, 1: 199, 200, 258, 260, 299, 381, 382; 2: 184, 185, 228, 406; and Gideon, 1: 281–82; and Joshua, 1: 374; lack of food for, 1: 452; 2: 92; and Maria and Petrus, 1: 458; among missionaries, 1: 531, 534; and new year’s day, 1: 384; 2: 284; and new year’s eve, 1: 528; 2: 187, 408; requests for, by Indians, 1: 226–27; and Simon, 1: 79 “Lower Schaghticoke,” 1: 30–31; 2: 306, 381, 576n34. See also Pachgatgoch Lutheran Confession of Faith, 2: 74, 552n84 Macedonia Brook, 1: 31, 280, 667n2 Mahicans, 1: 6, 46, 434, 678n48; 2: 60, 562n50 Mahoning Creek, 1: 612, 691n100; 2: 15, 32, 44–45, 181, 224, 546n53, 562n41 marriage, 1: 43, 352, 354; 2: 559n8; anniversaries of, 1: 428, 677n38; of Benigna and Weiti, 1: 268–69, 665n35; and bride wealth, 1: 443, 678n57; of Christian and Rachel Post, 1: 665n35; consultations with Moravians about, 1: 437, 443; of Esther and Augustus, 1: 197–99, 201–2, 659n99, 659n101; of Gideon’s daughter, 1: 307–8; in Gnadenhütten, 1: 156; of Joachim Heinrich and Christina Rubel Sensemann, 2: 580n9; of Joel Bordwell and Jane Mills, 2: 215, 568n62; of Lucas and Christian’s daughter, 2: 147; and matchmaking, 2: 280, 574n57; of Philippus and Benigna, 1: 429 Married People’s Choir, 2: 322, 389 measurement, 1: 322, 670n54 medicine, 1: 431, 649n68; 2: 77, 313; and doctors, 2: 368, 405; provided by

Christian Frölich, 1: 398, 401; provided by Gideon, 1: 129–30, 147, 172, 361, 652n108; 2: 102; provided by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 411, 412; requests for, by colonists, 1: 576 Memoirs from Bethlehem, 1: 590 Mennising (Minisink), 2: 60 militia. See enlistment, militia mills, 1: 357, 521; trips to, by Abraham Büninger, 1: 147, 246, 466, 491, 502, 514, 537; trips to, by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 177, 180, 184, 195, 200, 208, 239, 256; trips to, by Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 569, 573, 574, 580, 589; trips to, by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 371, 393, 441, 443, 447, 448, 454; 2: 348, 390–91, 401, 402, 409, 412, 414, 422; trips to, by Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 546, 552, 591, 595; trips to, by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 283, 288, 338, 341 mission house: as church, 1: 397, 404, 675n3; construction of, 1: 34–36, 106, 111, 118, 122, 133–34, 137, 145, 211, 214, 311, 317–19, 321–23, 324, 326, 336–37, 427–28, 468–69, 471, 643n4, 645n23, 670n56, 672n16; 2: 486; fireplace for, 1: 584; glass for, 1: 220, 222, 225, 320; partition building in, 2: 180; repairs to, 1: 353; 2: 181–82, 284, 424, 564n28; windows for, 1: 376–77; wood for, 1: 314–15, 328, 404 Mohawk nation, 1: 9–10, 142, 194, 652n95, 659n92; 2: 558n218 Mohegan people, 1: 207, 660n4 money, 2: 54, 221 Moravian Church: and Act of Assembly (Episcopalian), 1: 110, 645nn19–20; and “Adoption of the Brotherly Agreement and Statutes at Herrnhut,” 2: 576n32; and alcohol use, 1: 52–53, 67, 68; and arrests of missionaries, 1: 14–15, 17, 402, 629n93, 675n10; 2:

648

Index 135, 308, 558n210; and baptism, 1: 8, 54–56, 418, 509–10, 623n36; and Bethlehem, 1: 7; books written in opposition to, 1: 139, 165, 233, 650n87, 662n36; and choir system (banden), 1: 37, 44, 271, 548, 568, 570, 572, 573, 575, 579, 582, 583, 585, 588, 598, 599, 606, 607, 665n39, 666n55, 688n30; and Communion, 1: 56; and conversation, 1: 24, 45–46, 53, 54–56, 57, 59, 64–66, 83–84; expulsion of, from Shekomeko, 1: 18–19, 21–22; and feminization of Christ, 1: 83, 639n6; and festival days, 1: 226, 338, 502, 513, 520, 549, 646n38, 650n77, 661n27, 663n53, 682n14, 684n35, 685n48, 688n31; 2: 56, 84, 88, 134, 152, 179–80, 188, 195, 200, 204, 213, 216, 218, 223, 244, 263–64, 265, 286, 305, 320, 322, 323, 332, 340, 368, 369, 389, 399, 409, 420, 429, 516, 566n26, 567n55, 578n74, 581n25; and forgiveness, 2: 163; and Gnadenhütten, 1: 24–25, 629n96; Greenland mission of, 1: 650n78; and “helpers’ conferences,” 1: 52, 64; and Indian culture, 1: 41–53, 54, 57–58; and Indian missions, 1: 1–2, 5–20, 21–25, 622n16–17; land given to, 1: 311, 549, 556–57, 645n24; and language, 1: 45–48, 88, 96, 639n6, 639n16, 663n58; legal charges against, 1: 17–18, 628n70; and legislation, 1: 14–15, 20–21, 25–26; and lots, 1: 68–69; and mission towns, 1: 60–62, 67; and ordination of native ministers, 1: 635n204; and Pachgatgoch, 1: 15, 18, 27–43, 44–57, 60–72; pacifist principles of, 1: 5, 17; 2: 76; rumors about, 1: 15–17, 378, 612, 626n63, 629n96; 2: 2, 10, 74, 546n53; and synods, 1: 7, 303, 304, 305, 306, 310, 319, 371, 498, 499–500, 590, 591, 615; 2: 40, 49, 313, 495, 496; and theology, 1: 45–46, 195,

445, 664n16, 678n58, 682n10; 2: 68, 94, 112–13, 150, 554n135 Nain, 2: 205, 259, 262, 285, 351 names, Indian, 1: 485–87 Nanticocs (Nanticokes), 1: 355, 357, 363, 405, 406, 676n15; 2: 60, 562n50 “Narrows,” 2: 224, 568n80 Nazareth pa, 1: 25, 62, 363 Negroes, 1: 22, 81, 100, 204–5; 2: 169, 281, 313, 348 Neusalz, Silesia, 2: 241, 570n124 “New Lights,” 1: 10, 11, 85–86, 183, 185, 624n44, 639n11; 2: 117, 292. See also Protestant missionaries New Milford ct, 1: 2, 65, 158, 194, 205, 225, 239, 272, 411, 537, 547, 562; 2: 145, 348, 350, 354, 415, 424 New Style dates, 1: 122, 647n46 Newtown ct, 1: 255 new year’s day, 1: 384; 2: 187 new year’s eve, 1: 528–29, 685n54; 2: 34, 132–33, 284, 338, 408 New York Colony, 1: 15–16, 18, 20–21, 23, 26 night watch (Nachtwache), 1: 526, 528–29, 685n54; 2: 186, 187, 227, 406, 408, 516 Nine Partners patent, 1: 622n19, 627n69, 647n50. See also Little Nine Partners patent oath swearing, 1: 17–18, 22, 627n68, 628n72 oats, 2: 176, 178, 187, 244, 281, 367 Oblong, 2: 4, 10, 53, 55, 73, 85, 89, 160, 185, 549n34, 552n83. See also Sichem Old World Moravians. See Moravian Church Oneida Indians, 1: 357 Osweko. See Owego ny Otsiningo, 2: 320, 562n50. See also Nanticocs (Nanticokes) oven building, 1: 354–55

649

Index Owego ny, 1: 110, 644n16 oysters, 2: 220, 366 Pachgatgoch: abandonment of, 1: 68–69, 71–72; according to missionaries, 1: 503; 2: 285, 316–17, 319, 389; according to residents, 1: 499; 2: 176, 231, 276–77, 325; and alcohol, 1: 52–53, 63, 67, 68, 212, 217, 337–38, 372, 398, 491, 497, 511, 554–55, 584; 2: 137–38, 161–62, 185, 197, 198, 221, 227, 228, 242, 270, 291, 292, 315, 327, 328, 329, 435, 579n92; arrests of Indians in, 2: 312; cemetery at, 1: 36–41, 361, 454, 517, 564–65, 566, 632n156, 679n64; conduct of Indians in, 2: 61, 78, 100, 137–39, 151, 162, 171, 301, 305–6, 315, 325, 333, 347, 388, 389, 431; court in, 2: 409; death rates in, 1: 36, 37–38, 40; decline of, 1: 67–72; division of, 1: 29–33, 34, 40–41, 143, 145, 149–50, 156, 204, 215, 229–30; dwellings at, 1: 33–36; economy in, 1: 45, 48–50, 65, 648n55; expulsion of missionaries from, 1: 15, 18; first resident missionaries in, 1: 10–13; founding of, 1: 2, 4; “frolicks” in, 2: 35, 546n1, 548n21; geography of, 1: 3, 27–29, 31, 643n3; Gideon’s influence in, 1: 60–64, 65–67, 70–71, 97, 140, 155, 201, 285, 305, 321, 325, 335–36, 337–38, 354, 372, 415, 434, 455, 507, 508–9, 579–80, 584, 636n213, 649n68; Indian culture in, 1: 41–53, 54, 57–58; as Indian town, 1: 504, 682n18; and land ownership, 1: 31–32, 61–62, 65, 70, 72, 122, 289, 293, 296, 300, 310–11, 586, 587, 621n3, 647n50, 666n50, 669nn43–44, 682n18; 2: 125, 150, 152, 153, 157, 560n19, 561n33; languages spoken in, 1: 46–48, 259, 625n47, 639n16, 664n18; laws against missionaries in, 1: 14–15; list of Indians in, 1:

517, 688n41; lists of baptized residents of, 1: 313; location and description of, 1: 27–33; mission at, 1: 27, 54; 2: 564n10, 585n105; mission house in, 1: 19; before Moravians, 1: 281–82; move of residents from, to Bethlehem, 1: 24–25, 78–82; moves to, 1: 25; 2: 96, 554n142; and New Fairfield minister, 1: 403–4; population of, 1: 40, 633n160; preaching of foreign Indians in, 2: 215–16, 247–48; relationship of, with Nanticocs, 1: 363; and religious practices of Indians, 1: 57–58, 64–65; request of, for missionaries, 1: 10–13, 19–20, 61–63, 119–20, 199; 2: 75; and “Scatticock” name, 1: 667n2; and Shekomeko, 1: 8–9; and social organization, 1: 44–45, 64; and sweat house use, 1: 58, 64, 137, 140, 152, 158, 168, 207, 215, 227, 233, 240, 266, 298, 323, 393, 398, 493, 532, 533, 537, 553, 650n84; visits of David Bruce to, 1: 84–85, 87–89, 91–92, 93, 94–95, 99–100; visits of English women to, 1: 350, 351, 570, 579 Passion story, 1: 475–76, 547; 2: 62–63, 146, 192, 197–98, 240, 297, 360, 420 peesponk. See sweat houses Pennsylvania, 2: 320–21, 575n22, 578n67 Pentecost, 1: 416, 567; 2: 88, 204, 305, 429 petitions, 1: 342–43, 671n76; 2: 152, 153, 157, 492–95, 560n19, 561n33. See also land ownership pigsty, 1: 239–40, 241 Pilgerbrief (“Pilgrim’s Letter”), 1: 471, 477, 536, 679n7 plan, 1: 76, 81, 425, 435, 498, 499, 637n5; 2: 370, 423, 496, 500; of Johann Martin Mack, 2: 346, 520; of Joseph Powell, 2: 160; of Richard Utley, 2: 54 Potatuck, 1: 5, 10–13, 61, 410, 511–12, 579–80, 625n47, 676n20

650

Index poverty, 1: 204, 221, 246, 248, 323, 425, 541; 2: 500 prayer days, 2: 59–60, 146, 209, 301 praying towns, 1: 3, 51, 54 Presbyterians, 1: 502; 2: 54, 73, 80, 93–95, 104, 220, 560n16. See also Protestant missionaries Protestant missionaries, 1: 3, 12, 14, 18, 51, 89, 112, 192, 233–34, 594; 2: 215–16; and conversion of Indians, 1: 54, 56, 59, 635n204; and “corruption” of Indians, 1: 502; and “New Light,” 1: 10, 11, 85–86, 183, 185, 624n44, 639n11; 2: 117, 292; and questioning of Johann David Bischoff, 1: 76; at Stockbridge, 1: 109–10. See also separatists provisions. See food Pünctgen, 1: 445, 678n58 Quaker Hill ny, 1: 365, 673n26; 2: 84, 111, 425 Quakers, 2: 15, 84, 104, 111–14, 181, 251, 302, 306, 325, 333, 550n58 quarter-of-an-hour services, 1: 448, 646n36; 2: 70; discontinuation of, 1: 530–31; held by Abraham Büninger (1750), 1: 117, 118, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135–36, 137–38, 141, 142–43, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149–50, 152, 153; held by Abraham Büninger (1751), 1: 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252; held by Abraham Büninger (1754), 1: 474, 490, 491, 500, 501, 502; held by Abraham Büninger (1755), 1: 532, 533, 535, 536, 538, 539, 541, 542, 543, 544; held by Abraham Reincke,

651

1: 430; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 1: 119, 258, 259, 261; 2: 177, 183, 185, 189, 192, 197, 198, 202, 207, 208, 213, 218, 222, 223, 227, 249, 253, 254; held by Christian Frölich, 1: 317, 326, 329, 335, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404; held by Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 491, 492–93, 494, 495; held by Christian Seidel, 1: 386, 562; 2: 13, 14; held by David Zeisberger, 1: 387, 601; held by Gideon, 2: 210, 225; held by Gottlieb Pezold, 1: 179, 180, 181, 209, 210; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1751), 1: 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 183–84, 185, 186, 188, 189, 201, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1752), 1: 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282–83, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 349–50, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 370, 374, 376, 378, 379, 384; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1753), 1: 385, 386, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 408, 410, 414, 417, 422, 430, 431, 434, 436, 438, 439, 440, 443, 444, 445, 446, 451, 452, 453; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1754), 1: 455, 456, 458, 459–60, 483; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1762), 2: 370, 399; held by Johann Christian Friedrich Cammerhoff, 1: 151; held by Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 594, 595; 2: 33, 51, 56, 57, 58, 62, 65, 69; held by Johann Martin Mack, 1: 358, 531; 2: 265, 267, 310; held by Leonard Schnell, 1: 150; held by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 57, 58, 62, 71; held by Owen Rice, 1: 278; held by Richard Utley, 2: 9, 31, 32

Index rain storms, 1: 123, 203, 208, 233, 503, 520; 2: 13, 75, 100, 156, 170, 182, 224, 234, 254, 258, 266, 270, 273, 340, 371, 392 rattlesnakes, 2: 102, 207, 555n154 reading aloud: of Bible, 2: 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, 118, 260, 265; of laws (statutes), 2: 82, 83, 84, 90, 96–97, 187, 229, 339–40, 409; of letters, 2: 40, 42, 43, 44, 124, 135, 166, 195, 196, 213, 241, 246, 305, 423, 485; of memorabilia and diaries, 2: 49, 88, 122, 135, 144, 199, 200, 214, 241, 242, 243; of Passion story, 2: 62–63, 146, 192, 197–98, 240, 297 religious service terminology, 2: 546n1 revenge, 1: 87, 639n15 Rhinebeck ny, 1: 80, 408–9, 416–17, 430–31, 447–48, 483–84, 500, 508, 638n14 road repair, 2: 429, 585n109 rushes, 1: 129, 132, 648n65 Salisbury ct, 1: 83–84, 93–94, 95, 97–98, 430, 435, 557, 558; 2: 40, 49 Sasaksuk (Bulls Bridge falls), 1: 3, 29, 631n117 scalping, 1: 507, 683n24 Scatticok. See Pachgatgoch Schaghticoke. See Pachgatgoch Schaghticoke Reservation, 1: 29, 33, 41, 72–73 school, 1: 613, 614; gratitude of Indians for, 1: 538; 2: 499–500, 501; held by Abraham Büninger (1750), 1: 107, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121, 123, 126, 132, 133, 134, 143, 144, 146, 152; held by Abraham Büninger (1751), 1: 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237,

652

239, 242, 243, 249; held by Abraham Büninger (1754), 1: 513, 514, 518, 521, 523, 526; held by Abraham Büninger (1755), 1: 534, 541, 544; held by Anna Margarethe Jungmann, 2: 48, 79, 116; held by Anna Sensemann, 1: 374, 376, 377–78, 407, 453; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 175, 177, 178, 182, 193, 204, 217, 221, 229, 250, 251; held by Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 316, 325, 331, 332, 336, 460, 465, 466, 468, 470, 474, 481, 551, 558, 559, 573, 597, 602, 605; 2: 7; held by David Bruce, 1: 83, 85, 86, 93, 95; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1751), 1: 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 244, 245, 252, 253, 254, 257, 262, 263; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1752), 1: 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291–92, 293, 294, 296–97, 298, 300, 301, 365, 370, 371, 372, 374, 376, 377–78, 381, 383; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1753), 1: 390, 392, 393, 395, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 412, 414, 418, 440, 441, 442, 444, 446, 447, 450; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1754), 1: 456, 458, 459, 462; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1762), 2: 362, 366, 367, 368, 372, 375, 376, 382, 388, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 404, 407; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann (1763), 2: 410, 429, 430; held by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 310, 311; held by Ludwig Hübner, 1: 534, 539; held by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 79, 87, 111, 153; held by Richard Utley, 2: 7, 12, 48; language taught in, 1: 47, 305–6, 320, 365, 669n30, 669n32; in Rhinebeck, 1: 80, 638n14; at Stockbridge, 1: 193,

Index 659nn91–92; supplies for, 2: 47, 86, 87, 132, 500; suspension of, 1: 576; 2: 92, 103, 108, 152, 181, 386, 395, 411 schoolhouse. See mission house seaside, 1: 94, 114, 190, 213, 284, 357–58, 359, 410, 411–12, 432, 511, 605, 642n32, 672n15; 2: 198, 376, 486; conduct of Indians at, 1: 371–72, 500; handicraft selling at, 1: 368, 509; 2: 101, 121, 155, 219, 220, 274, 306 separatists, 1: 107, 109, 168, 185, 190, 195, 469, 473, 550, 644n9; 2: 75, 306, 333. See also Protestant missionaries sermons: of Abraham Büninger, 1: 120– 21, 122–23, 126, 127, 131, 134–36, 137– 38, 141–45, 146, 148, 149, 152, 207, 213, 217, 225, 229, 234, 237, 238, 240, 243, 248, 464, 468, 483, 501, 513, 514, 516, 519, 532, 533, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542; on advent, 2: 225; and Ascension, 2: 84, 244; of Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 178, 180, 182–83, 184, 188, 200, 210, 211, 212, 217, 218, 235, 241, 242, 252, 253; on blood and wounds, 1: 291, 419, 420, 528–29; 2: 11, 13, 33, 35, 36–37, 38, 40, 41–42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 69, 86, 95, 98, 99, 102, 111, 121, 122, 144, 165, 175, 176, 179, 208, 232, 265, 288, 323, 326; on bloodshed and God’s punishment, 2: 60–61; of Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 548, 554, 558, 560, 572, 576, 579, 581–82, 583, 585, 588, 599, 601, 603, 615; 2: 7; of Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 491–92, 495, 510; of Christian Seidel, 2: 7, 13, 14; and Christmas, 2: 32, 131, 283, 337; on conception of the Savior, 2: 56–57; on deceit, 2: 152; on diligence at work, 2: 107; and Easter, 2: 63–64, 297, 361; on faith, 2: 259, 317; on family relationships, 2: 74–75; on fasting and prayer, 2: 101; on first commandment, 2: 286; on forgiveness, 2: 162–63, 164; on

giving thanks, 2: 269, 315; on good shepherd, 2: 57; of Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 1: 268, 352, 367, 436, 483; 2: 158, 168, 169, 170, 171, 351, 366, 369, 375, 376, 381, 383, 386, 388, 391, 393, 396, 401, 402, 408, 425, 430, 433; of Johann Martin Mack, 1: 527, 531; 2: 262, 268, 273, 274, 276, 279, 282, 284, 290, 293, 294, 302, 306, 310, 314, 324, 329, 333, 343; on leper and the centurion, 2: 230; on Lord’s Prayer, 2: 215; on lost sheep, 2: 43, 72, 251; on Maria Magdalena, 2: 39; on marriage feast parable, 2: 58–59; on names of the Savior, 2: 48, 49, 55–56; on narrow gate, 2: 77, 153; and new year’s day, 2: 339; on Nicodemus, 2: 248; of Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 65, 67, 68, 70, 80, 90, 91, 96, 108, 109, 115–16, 117, 123, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 151, 157, 162, 165, 171; on occupying oneself with the Savior, 2: 55; on parables, 2: 325; on Passion story, 2: 62–63, 145–47; on peace in the heart, 2: 42; and Pentecost, 2: 88–89, 204, 305; on Pharisees and the tax collectors, 2: 49, 62; on redemption, 2: 53, 156; on remembrance of Christ, 2: 48; of Richard Utley, 2: 10, 30–31, 34, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50; on salvation, 2: 78, 80–81, 140, 264, 281, 309, 320, 327; on Samaritan woman, 2: 308; on sin, 2: 43, 45, 73, 75, 128–29, 159, 285, 303–4, 311, 316, 345, 349, 354, 412; on suffering of the Savior, 2: 45–46; on Thomas, 2: 126–27; and Trinity Sunday, 2: 205; on washing of Jesus’ feet, 2: 126 Seven Years’ War (1756–63). See French and Indian War (1756–63) Sharon ct, 1: 4–5, 16, 147, 355, 537–38, 539, 540, 541, 627n67, 686n12, 687n21; 2: 245–46

653

Index Shawnees, 1: 406, 676n15; 2: 60, 550n59, 562n50 Shekomeko, 1: 5, 27, 41–42, 77, 578, 624n37, 689n52; 2: 160, 562n41; cemetery at, 1: 21, 26, 37, 151, 629n87, 652n111; and Christian Heinrich Rauch, 1: 6, 7–8, 489–90; closure of mission at, 1: 24, 26, 62; and conflict between colonists and Indians, 1: 16–17, 18–19, 627n68; dwellings at, 1: 33; expulsion of missionaries from, 1: 18–19, 21–22; and land ownership, 1: 8, 17, 22–23, 622n20, 643n2; as missionary training ground, 1: 8–9; mission house in, 1: 76, 490, 637n7, 680n5; move of Indians from, 1: 23– 24, 79; and Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, 1: 9; visit of Abraham Büninger to, 1: 151; visit of David Bruce to, 1: 98; visit of Johann David Bischoff to, 1: 76, 78; visit of Moravian bishops to, 1: 26 shoe repair, 2: 280, 282, 574n54 shore. See seaside Sichem, 1: 28, 68, 69, 71–72, 413, 674n56, 676n23; 2: 4, 55, 73, 85, 89, 160, 185, 194, 200, 213, 427–28, 545n23, 549n34, 552n83, 585n105 Sifting Period language, 1: 639n6, 663n58 Silesia, 2: 241, 570n124 Silesian War, 1: 671n70 singing services, 1: 84, 92, 95; 2: 274; held by Abraham Büninger, 1: 113, 534; held by Bernhard Adam Grube, 2: 188, 209, 217, 219, 228; held by Christian Gottfried Rundt, 1: 548–49, 552, 570, 577, 582, 583, 588, 599, 607; held by Joachim Heinrich Sensemann, 2: 352, 353, 359, 370, 416; held by Johann Georg Jungmann, 1: 594; held by Johann Martin Mack, 2: 276, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 295, 297, 298, 301, 340, 343; held by Joshua, 1: 469; held

by Nicolas Heinrich Eberhardt, 2: 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 67, 69, 71, 89, 98, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121; in Wechquadnach, 1: 83, 89, 91, 96, 99 Single Sisters’ House (Bethlehem), 1: 499, 502, 682n7; 2: 176, 367, 519 sled driving, 1: 255, 664n9 sledge path, 1: 230–31, 232, 242, 243 sled making, 1: 448 smallpox, 1: 350; 2: 289, 294 snakes, 2: 102, 207, 555n154 snow storms, 1: 31, 454, 464, 541; 2: 145, 177, 179, 189, 193, 230, 238, 276, 277, 281–82, 285, 288, 290, 294, 338, 343, 348, 399, 411, 413, 416, 564n12 Society Meeting, 2: 2, 3, 544n8 song verses, 1: 259, 262, 266–67, 271, 275, 297, 314, 374, 456, 458; and Carl Gottfried Rundt, 1: 314, 316, 318, 319, 328–29, 331, 340, 341–42, 615–20; and learning, 1: 608; sung at baptism, 1: 358; sung at new year’s eve, 1: 528–29; transcript of, 1: 344–48 Sopus (Esopus) Indians, 1: 6, 623n25 Southbury ct, 1: 5 St. Croix, 2: 88, 505 St. John, 2: 88, 505 St. Michael and All Angels, 1: 513, 684n35; 2: 218 Stockbridge ma, 1: 8, 72, 108, 644n8; 2: 139, 324–25, 558n218; colonists killed in, 1: 507, 515, 516, 683n24, 684n39; headmen at, 1: 109–10, 142, 644n12, 652n98; Indian conference in, 1: 579–81, 582, 584; need for guards at, 1: 540; prohibition on travel of Indians to, 1: 550, 580–81; unrest in, 2: 238; visit of Abraham Büninger to, 1: 109–11, 150, 217–19; visit of Joachim Heinrich Sensemann to, 1: 190–94; wampum from, 1: 142, 363, 366, 394,

654

Index 579–80. See also Wanachquaticok; Westenhook St. Thomas, 2: 88, 115, 346, 505 students, divinity, 2: 382, 394, 582n42 sugar making, 1: 83, 638n5 summer huts, 1: 28–33, 40–41, 94; 2: 300, 358, 359–60 Susquehanna Company, 2: 300, 575n22, 578n67 sweat houses, 1: 34, 58, 64, 137, 140, 152, 158, 168, 207, 215, 226, 227, 233, 240, 266, 298, 323, 393, 398, 493, 532, 533, 537, 553, 649n68, 650n84; 2: 40, 176, 188, 348, 410 synods, 1: 7, 304, 305, 306, 310, 319, 615; in Gnadenhütten, 1: 498, 499–500; 2: 495, 496; in Lititz, 2: 313; in Oley, 1: 371; in Philadelphia, 1: 303; in Salisbury, 2: 40, 49; in Warwick (Lititz pa), 1: 590, 591 Tetechtak. See Freehold (Tetechtak) ct Thanksgiving, 1: 247, 373, 444–45, 520, 609, 663n55; 2: 278, 333, 400 Thayer Brook, 1: 31, 32; 2: 285, 574n65 thefts, 2: 169 Thirty Years’ War, 1: 2 Tioga, 2: 139 tobacco, 2: 121, 556n187 translating. See interpreting travel, Indian, 1: 52–53; concern over, 1: 114, 305, 646n30, 668n25; 2: 88, 91; informing Moravians of, 1: 172, 184, 195, 266, 276, 284, 287, 288, 293, 294, 316, 362–63, 367, 393, 410, 432, 438, 517, 609–10, 685n46; 2: 78, 81–82, 362, 372, 397–98, 404; restrictions on, 1: 60, 373, 517, 550, 580–81; 2: 152 tuberculosis, 1: 36; 2: 295, 352, 368, 384, 570n128, 580n13 typhus epidemic, 2: 568n71 utensil making, 1: 45, 286

verses. See song verses Wachovia, 1: 607, 689n49; 2: 3, 133, 568n71 Wampanoags (“Wompanoo”), 1: 6, 623n25 Wampano language, 1: 46, 259, 261, 625n47, 639n16, 664n18, 667n2 wampum, 1: 142, 363, 366, 394, 579–80, 651n94, 673n25, 673n27 Wanachquaticok, 1: 96, 97, 164, 190–94, 655n28; 2: 391. See also Stockbridge ma Warwick (Lititz pa), 1: 590, 591 watchwords, 2: 2, 172, 370, 423. See also sermons Weantinock Indians, 1: 2, 4, 32, 70 weather. See specific types of weather Wechquadnach, 1: 4–5, 16, 24, 27, 648n61; abandonment of, 1: 426, 677n34; baptisms at, 1: 638n2; colonist and Indian altercation at, 1: 516, 684n41; land ownership in, 1: 93, 94, 96–97, 157, 537–38, 539, 540, 541, 641n27, 641n33, 642n36, 686n12, 687n21; meeting house in, 1: 26, 643n1; move of residents from, to Bethlehem, 1: 79, 80, 91, 93, 97, 100–104, 642n49; move of residents from, to Gnadenhütten, 1: 412, 420; move of residents from, to Pachgatgoch, 1: 157; population of, 1: 637n8; request for a minister at, 1: 9; visit of Abraham Büninger to, 1: 109, 115, 120, 127, 138, 207–8, 217, 219, 223; visit of Joachim Heinrich Sensemann to, 1: 163–66, 182, 190–91, 194, 197–99, 201–2, 257, 375, 417; visit of Johann David Bischoff to, 1: 78; visit of Moravian bishops to, 1: 26; visitors from, to Pachgatgoch, 1: 381–83, 387, 413 Westenhook, 1: 5, 156, 158, 623n30,

655

Index Westenhook (continued) 653n7; 2: 334, 397, 583n65. See also Stockbridge ma wigwams, 2: 77, 95, 98, 100 winter huts, 1: 28–33, 40–41; 2: 225, 226, 280, 281, 332, 333, 336, 350, 402, 403, 404 winter rye, 2: 573n38

woodworking, 1: 45 work. See employment Wyoming Massacre, 2: 575n22 Wyoming Valley, 2: 300, 575n22 Yankee-Pennamite Wars, 2: 575n22 zwieback, 2: 6, 545n27

656

In The Iroquoians and Their World Nation Iroquoise A Seventeenth-Century Ethnography of the Iroquois By José António Brandão Your Fyre Shall Burn No More Iroquois Policy toward New France and Its Native Allies to 1701 By José António Brandão Gideon’s People, Volumes 1 and 2 Being a Chronicle of an American Indian Community in Colonial Connecticut and the Moravian Missionaries Who Served There Translated and edited by Corinna Dally-Starna and William A. Starna Iroquois Journey An Anthropologist Remembers By William N. Fenton Edited and introduced by Jack Campisi and William A. Starna Oneida Lives Long-Lost Voices of the Wisconsin Oneidas Edited by Herbert S. Lewis With the assistance of L. Gordon McLester III Kahnawà:ke Factionalism, Traditionalism, and Nationalism in a Mohawk Community By Gerald R. Reid A Description of New Netherland By Adriaen van der Donck Edited by Charles T. Gehring and William A. Starna To order or obtain more information on these or other University of Nebraska Press titles, visit www.nebraskapress.unl.edu.