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© Pearson Education Limited 2003 The right of Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorised adaptation from the American English language edition, entitled Grammar Express, First Edition by Mrujorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Copyright © Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2001. This edition published by Pearson Education Limited © Pearson Education Limited 2003. Fourth Impression 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. ISBN 978-0-582-77645-6
VVp Urc graterul Pl' I'm iSRion l to the rollow' . 0 rep In,, \. maler'IU \.. roduce c0PYl1ght ." Clr
Photographs Ace Photo Agenc APlVVide VVorld pY pages 132, 176' age 268' C . B th B e oyd page 175; CO' ourteSYof Lop «9 Asian Art & Ar RBIS pages 26 boLtom, 28 (© Bettma~heo\ogy, Inc), 26 Carmona) , 88 (©. J ennyn), 48 «9 S WoodcocklReflections Pho . 166 (9 PeLer Gutt to Library). Schafer), 195 (© :a~), R169 «9 Kevl'n 210 (© evm MOrris) C Tom Steward) 218 (S ' 290 (© John Springe; C II ~ven Chenn) 0 ecbon) , 304 (© H I C u ton-Deutsch Coll ecf lon' Evans International page 30 6 b ); Greg ottom' · Mary Evans Picture Library , E page 238' xposure New York/Stephen Daneli~ page 18; KatzlFSP pages 62, 235; © The New Yorker Collection, 1988 Charles Adams page 124; © The New Yorker Collection, 1989 Tom Cheney from cartoonbank.com.All Rights Reserved page 214; © The New Yorker Collection 1964 Frank Modell from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved page 258; Courtesy of the New York State Govel'l1or's Traffic Safety Committee page 142; PA PhotoslEPA page 192; PEANUTS© UFS page 286; PhotoDisc page 66(Jack Hollingsworth), 206(Bronwyn Kidd), 226(PhotoLink), 244(PhotoLink); Tony FreemanlPhotoEdit page 324; Powerstock/Superstock pages 162, 202; Reprinted with permission from Reader's Digest. Copyright © The Reader's Digest Assn.Inc pages 264, 266; Rex Features pages 70, 76; Bob Sacha page 110' © Michael Dwyer /Stock Boston Inc pag~ 256; Neil Turnertrimes Educational Supplements page 306 top.
Printed in Malaysia, PJB
Acknowledge.nents The authors would like to thank Fran~oise Letner, Senior Development Editor, and Christine Lauricella, Senior Production Editor, for their commitment and support. The publishers and authors would like 1.0 ~ha~k the following people and mstItutions for their feedback and =ments on the material: drea M~Mahon - St Giles College, LoD.ndo n ; Pippa Sutcliffe - ILA Cambridge' lane Naught C . , M d on - entro de Lenguas S.o ernas, Universidad de Granada" ~foro.so r'(!mandez-Camunas ' en - p ll1g English School, Madrid. PUrls of Grammar E from th . 4xpreSS arc adapted interme~~:~~mediate and high :;;:;._ _ _ _ _ . evels of Focus 011 Gram
Illustrations Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65, 160, 191; Brian Hughes pages 20, 188; Jock MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul McCusker pages 38, 98, 294; Andy Myer pages 10, 32,46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 102, 112, 116 158 192 222,232,246,254,272, 282: 314: 322: 326; Dusan Petricic pages 2,6,8,14,16,17,18,21,36,40,50,58, 60,66,74,84,92,96,106,120,128,150, 184,198,236,250,278,308,318,330; Steve Pleydell-Pearce pages 106, 142, 146, 172, 190, 300. Text Information on page 136 is based on the Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Consumer Study Cover by Raven Design
\ \
I
PART
and Impe
I:
Present Continuous
2
tlleJy/flg)
(I dill
Present Simple
T
(I
~~T
6
tudv I
Stetlve Verbs (I Ulld r tm I)
10
Present Continuous and Present Simple
14
(I
m studying /1 study.)
18
Imperetlve (6'tudyl / Don't studyl)
22
I
PART
II: Past Simple: Affirmative Statements . ' ·.u ,lea )
24
Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions
28
, ala., . study / Did you study?) T
32
Used to Ised ."0 study)
36
Past Continuous ,.'dS
T
studYing)
40
Past Continuous and Past Simple , ias srudylng. I I studied.)
SelfTest II
PART
III:
44
Perfect and
ct
Present Perfect: Since and For laile 5cudled since ,1ay ria' e <-.. d;ed'o' a month.)
46
Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet ... Ire. Idy S Iidied ',. e LJ'" F ,S"Ad
50 ~aven't
studied ye,
Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 1,
-.!!:~- ;
'f"
54
UdleL)
Present Perfect and Past Simple I 1;i VI" ,udie, f I "Udll,J("")
58
Present Perfect Continuous (. ,. I C I 'InL '
62
• '\ Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous ..~ II n, I /Jdi< ,; /1. . . . . . . I &tudYlIlg )
66
Ul
70
Past Perfect ,J
':':" """-::'T
c' ',,-1;( J}
Past Perfect ContinuouS (/ U '€ 1 ~ tue1ying)
74
78
SeltTest III
and Future
PART IV:
~:-;'T
Future: Be going to and Will (I "'lm gOlflq co study / I will study.)
80
Future: Contrast Be going to, Will, Present Simple, Present Continuous
84
Future nme Clauses ( will study hard before I take the test.)
88
Future Continuous (I will be studymg.)
92
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous (, will have studied. / I will have been studying.)
96
SelfTest IV
PART
V:
Wh- Questions, Tag Qu T
100
ion ,Additions
Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate
102
(Who studied? / Who did you study?) -::..;T
Question Tags (You studied, didn't you? / You didn't study, did you?)
106
Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either (I studied, and so did she. / I didn't study, and neither did she.)
110
SelfTest V
PART
VI:
Modals (I) T
Ability: Can, Could, Be able to (I can C'tudy tor hours)
116
T
Permission: May, Can, Could, 00 you mind if ... ? (Me}, I tudyon my own?)
120
T
Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . .. ? (Will you "tudy with mE'?)
124
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better (You "hould study LngIJ8h )
128
Suggestions: Could, Why don't . .. ?, Why not . .. ?, Let's, Shall we ... ?, How about . .. ? (Why nOltudy Lnqli-;h)
132
Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather (I would pr " r to ,tud ,p, Ini- ,11 )
136
SelfTest VI
iv
114
140
PART
(II)
VII:
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must (I've qot to study harder. II mllst study harder.)
142
Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can't (/ dOll't 11L1VP to Ie We>. II must not loave.)
146
Expectations: Be supposed to (/ m <,uppo d to ' tudy)
150
Future May, Might, Could (/ mLlY tudy til n;, nr , Y r )
154
Deduction: May, Might. Could, Must, Have (got) to, Can't ( fle> mu t b (', l I .tud(mt.)
158
Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Could have, Might have I" I), (il,! Il.1H' ,;tucfif'ci hdrcilH I W;]', younq.)
162
Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have, Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have (Ic r1).j~ i'.llrc:l l1€'en.l good 'jtudcnt Iii his youth . )
166
'i
1
w"'o"
s I
170
SelfTest VII
PART
VIII: Adjectives and 112
Adjectives and Adverbs
•
quiCK· quickly)
Participles used as Adjectives
•
176
Interesting I interested) J
Adjectives and Adverbs: As . . . as . . .
180
(as qUick as I as quickly as) 184
Adjectives: Comparatives qUicker than)
188
Adjectives: Superlatives (the quickest)
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives
192
more quickly chan / rhe mos. qUlckl}
196
SelfTest VIII
PART ,
IX:
Gerunds and Infinitives Gerunds: Subject and Object (S.udvlng
•
f
IS
imporia, r
e."o) <;rudymg.)
Gerunds after Prepositions Ir r
."O:::°u in SCUd.' rlnq
If RC.
,.
f,
' . " II : -
" Udl
I
, . ((
·tU(]
206
.
Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns (
202
or t: '-lying)
Infinitives after Certain Verbs
I
198
:if'''''
210
,,,' I
v
Infinitives with Too and Enough n
CO
(it
/
~
wi} 'nouqh
t(
214 rudy)
218
Infinitives of Purpose (1
11
I(
tc>
[tJd})
222
Gerunds and Infinitives (!;;;cor:. study,ng
'cop co study)
226
Make, Let, Help and Get (r 1AKe him srud} / qet him co ~tudy)
230
SeltTest IX
PART
X:
I Verbs
Phra
232
Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable (run into a classmate)
236
Phrasal Verbs: Separable (look a word up)
240
SeltTest X
PART
XI:
Nouns, Quanti Artie and proealPronou
, Reflexive
Nouns
242
(college. Boston College, chalk. students)
Quantifiers (some. any, a lot of, a few. a little) icles: Indefinite and Definite
246 250
(a / the)
" (No Article) and The
254
(students / the students)
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns
258
(ourselves / each other)
XI
PART
XII
262
The Pa The Passive: Overview (Ic done / wa" donC' / h Ie b. efl done)
264
The Passive with Modals
268
(must bp done)
The Causative (hi/vf"
'jOmf
SelfTest XII
272
thmg done)
276
I
XIII:
1,.
Zen) Conditionals (If
I study. I get good grades.)
282
First Conditionals (If
I tudy. I will g t nood gr des)
Conditionals (If
I "'tudlc eI. I would (7('t good grdcies.)
Third Conditionals (If I h 1 tUeil d I w )(lld 11
290 V('I
'lot quod Hmciec;.)
294
WIsh: Present and Past (/~, 11 I ·,tudl d hi
r '. / I
WI.
II II! ld .tudied here.)
298
SelfTest XIII
PART
XIV: Relative
CI
Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns
300
( om one who' '11Idl ".) 1
Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or When and Where I'::'
,'1
'!
l,'
304
,n ''.ll I ~tudy / the school where' study)
Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining
308
;end who studies here, / My best friend. who knows you, studies here.) I' ;
. l ' , . i.'
SelfTest XIV
PART
312
XV: Indirect Speech Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives . 'S':udy'
314
She told me to study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (1)
318
S/"e said .hat she was going to study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (2)
322
(She said she had studied.)
Indirect Questions
326
's 1e aS~tJd me if , was studying.) Embedded Questions SI II? ,, 'A.r' ,~ed rr:>
SelfTest XV
krlOW
330
whaL I studied.)
334
vii
Appendi APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 6 APPENDIX 7 APPENDIX 8 APPENDIX 9 APPENDIX 10 APPENDIX 11 APPENDIX 12 APPENDIX 13 APPENDIX 14 APPENDIX 15 APPENDIX 16 APPENDIX 11 APPENDIX 18 APPENDIX 19 APPENDIX 20 APPENDIX 21 APPENDIX 22 APPENDIX 23 APPENDIX 24 APPENDIX 25 APPENDIX 26 APPENDIX 21 APPENDIX 28 APPENDIX 29 APPENDIX 30 APPENDIX 31 APP
. IX 32
Irregul a r Ve rbs
Commo n St.at.ive Verbs Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing) Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To + Base Form of Verb) Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive Common Verb + Preposition Combinations Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers Common Participles used as Adjectives Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative in Two Ways Com mon Reporting Verbs Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively Some Common Phrasal Verbs Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: Third Person Singular (he, she, it) Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and Superlative (-est) of Adjectives Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly Contractions with Verb Forms Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech Pronunciation Table Pronunciation Rules for the Present Si mple: Third Person Singular (he, she, it) Pronunciation Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs Used to or would? Have or have got? Compound Nouns British and American English
Appendix Quiz Key Index ••• VIII
338 338 338 338 338 339 339 339
340 340 340 340 341 343 343
I
343 344 344 344
345 347
347
I
348 348 349 349 349
350 351 352 413
,
elcome to Grommar Exp' ess Grommar ExP'fiS features • Short, easy-to-use four-page units • Grammar points presented and and other illustrations
through cartoons, photos
• Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the grammar point • Chart Checks to help you use the grammar charts • Clear Grammar Explanations and Examples Usage Notes telling you how English speakers use the grammar point •
careful! Notes showing typical mistakes students make
• Pronunciation Notes to help you pronounce words correctly
• A variety of exercise types to practise the grammar points • Selffests to check your progress • Appendices with helpful lists and information • An Answer Key so you can check your answers • An Index to help you find grammar points quickly
UNITS Grammar Express has 76 units. Each unit has four pages - two pages of grammar presentation and two pages of practice. This is how a typical unit works:
The grammar point is presented in three steps. 1. II us ration
Each unit begins with an illustration - a cartoon, comic strip, photo with speech bubbles or a newspaper headline - which introduces the grammar point in context. It also introduces the topic of the unit. (For example, in Unit 8 the cartoon introduces the grammar point used to, and the unit topic. fashion.) A Check Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar point in the illustration.
2. Charts
Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 you can see llsed to ill statements, questions, and short answers.) Chart Checks ask questions about the grammar charts. They help you notice
important information about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are tudying. An Express Check follows the Grammar Charts. This is a quick and easy way for you to tryout the forms in the charts. 3.
Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For example, in Unit 8
the timeline for used to shows that you can use it only for the past.) Usage Notes tell you how English speakers use the grammar point. (In Unit 8
the Usage Note for used to explains that this form is more common in affirmative statements than in negative statements or questions.) Be careful! Notes point out typical mistakes that students make.
(One of the Be careful! Notes in Unit 8 warns you not to confuse used to with be used to or get used to.) Pronunciation Notes tell you how to pronounce the grammar point correctly
in everyday speech. These notes use easy pronunciation spellings. Check it out! tells you where to look in the book (appendices or other units) to
find more information about the grammar point.
Two pages of exercises give you practice in understanding and using the grammar point. A typical unit has four exercises. E ercise 1 The first exercise is always a 'for recognition only' exercise. This means that you will have to find or understand the grammar point but you will not have to use it yet. (For example, in Unit 8 you will read a short magazine article about fashion, and find and underline all the examples of used to which refer to past habits.) 2
In these exercises, you actively practise the grammar point. There are a variety of exercise types, including multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks, describing pictures, sentence combining, and asking and answering questions. The exercises always show the grammar point in a context that is related to the unit topic. (In Unit 8, Exercise 2, you will complete sentences about fashion in the past while you describe pictures
x
4 This is always an exercise. In this exercise, you will have to find and correct typical mistakes that students make when they the grammar point.
TESTS The 76 units of Grammar Express are divided into 15 parts. After each part you will find a SelfTest. Thcse tests will help you review and see how well you have lcarnt the material in the part. The SelfTests have multiple-choice questions similar to questions found in a variety of international examinations.
ApPENDICES At the back of the book, you will find 32 with useful information, such as lists of common irregular verbs, verbs followed by the gerund, verbs followed by the infinitive, spelling and pronunciation rules and differences between British and American English.
An Appendix Quiz practises elements from the Appendices.
ANSWER KEY The Answer Key provides answers to the Check Points, Charts Checks, Express Checks, all the practice exercises and the SelITests.
Grammar p ess can be used for self study or in the classroom. You can either start with Unit 1 and work through the entire book, or choose the units you want to focus on. We hope you enjoy learning grammar with Gramm r Ex ress.
Good luck'
xi
T ontinuous
Hundreds of fans are waiting for the Airheads to a rrive.
\' \
'--------------L.-=o~...-.....I
POINT
Wow!
Tick the best advertisement for this TV news programme.
D
It's happening now!
D
It happens every day!
CHART CHECK 1
I
T(i( .hp
D
e + base form of verb + base form of verb +
Which part changes with different subjects?
o .
;• 0
L 2
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
'-or"p'(
The present continuous is made up of two parts:
D
The Airheads are dropping from the sky!
base form of verb +
--
SUBJECT
BE
I
am
BASE FORM OF VERB + -ING
'm
I--
Is 's
He/She/It
-
waiting .
are We/You* /They 're *You I S both smgul ar and plural. •
,
NEGATIVE STA SUBJECT
BE
BASE FORM OF NOT VERB + -INC
Pre_nt
•
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••
CHART FORM
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T
F
BE -
In questions, be comes after the subject.
SUBJECT
-ING
I
Am -
•
she
Are
you -
you
are.
she
Is.
I
am.
you
aren't .
she
Isn't.
I
'm not.
--
Is -
+
--
standing?
Yes,
No,
-
WH-
Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
Why _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-----;-;--------:-_ _ ? They _ _ _ _ _ _ still - - - : - - - - . (leave)
•
(perform)
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. Use the e e c o s to describe something that is happening now.
• I'm standing outside the Theatre Royal right now.
)W
: \'f1\
tanding S
• As I'm talking to you, the fans are gathering in front of the theatre.
c - to describe
• The Airheads are playing at the Theatre Royal
Past ..................................~ ............................... t-=-uture • • •
•
2. Use the
something that is happening these days, even if it's not happening right now.
this week. • I'm studying literature
"s ten".
'u ' ••
Past ............... 7-~ ............. ~............. / ..~ ........... ~ Future '" SfUdYi7,g
liter~~
•
3.
The is usually used in speech and in informal writing.
USAGE NOTE:
now. A: Bye, Jack, we t I ~ B: Wait! 1 m_ . nln with yo u.
/ Check it outl For different form s of negative contraction s with br, HI'(' ApP(lndi x 2.~ IHI pngt' :1·10. For s pelling rules for the prCflf'nt continllollA, HfI[' Apptllldi x I!) 011 pllgt' :1-1:1.
4 • Un t 1
• • • • • • • • •••• • • • • •• • •
IDENTIFY. cad this letter. Underline the pre~ent continuous verbs that describe
happeninq now. Circle the present continuous verbs that describe things that are happening these days. . . 'J
Dear Steve, ~
working)very hard these days, but I have some good news. Right now,
I'm sitting at a desk in the Entertain [aent Section of the Tribune! Of Course I'm still ta.king journalism classes at night as well. The job is temporary - Joe Sims , the regular reporter, is taking this month off to write a book. This week we're preparing to interview YOlJr faVOlJrite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this very moment they're flying into town by helicopter. They're performing at the Theatre Royal all week. How are you getting on? Are you still writing music? OOps! The crew are calling me. We're leaving for the theatre now. Write soon! Steph
I
•
\ •
COMPLETE • Read this conversation. Complete it with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use contractions whenever possible. BEY:
Bye, Joe, I ___'m-;;-l;;ea_v_in7"'g~__ now. 1 (leave)
JOE: Where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _:::-;--;-_ _ _ ?
BEV: I ---~---- running. Ann 3 . (go I
2. (go) - - -4 -;-.--:(;w-ai7:)- - -
downstairs.
t
JOE: Great! Why don't you take the dog out with you?
BEV: Why don't you take him? It's your turn. JOE: I can't. I -_---;-~--;-::--_ on my book. 5. (work)
BEV: But you
---:6~.-;:(I"::-::r--;rj(-)--- anything right now. You _ _ _ __ _ _ _ just
- - --,:;-----_ there. 7 JOE: That's not true. I
----;i>7~--8 (,it)
, I
here but I __ _ _ _ _ _ _ also
. ( ,,~ about my work. Can't the dog go with you? BEV: No, because afterwards w t e wan to go to the Plaza. The Airheads there this week and Ann wants to get their autographs. You know she's a big fan of theirs. iJ)
•
•
Pre.ent
• 5
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ASK'
• Steph Is Interviewing Paul, the lead singer of the Airheads. Write
questions using the words In brackets. Give short answers.
STEPH: Paul, _~a~re~y=o=u~l~nt~r~o~d~u~c~ln~e~a~n~y~n~8~ w e~o~n~e~e~o~n~t~hl~e~to ~u~r~11h.~~,-__________________ _.
.
1. (lIllrodllC :
.Hly IIC'W
,Ollq, on Ih " lour I)
'18::e::."..:..:w~8~a.:. re :. :..-~~-:-:-:7."" _______ • We're introducing some songs from our PAUL: _ '1:: 2.
(~~
w. )
new album. III th e Ail: STEPH: Your fans are so c. cited to sec you aftcl- s uch a long time. ". IWhv I tour J t1CJdI1l1)
PAUL: We want to play for live audiences. We enjoy that.
STEPH:
4. (What I work
011 I
these days I)
PAUL: Some exciting new material. But we aren't talking about it yet.
STEPH:
5_ (Who
I
sing / now 7 )
PAUL: Sylvia is singing some of the songs from the album.
STEPH:
6. (she / replace / Tina?)
PAUL: _ _ _ _---;::--::-:------;--,----_ _ _ _ . Tina has just had a new baby but she'll 7. (No
she)
be back in a few months.
EDIT • Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
,
..
m wr:"ino ;)
I
you from my hatel room. Everyone else is sleep but I srtting here, looking at
the sea. We're staying at the Pla2Q in Atlantic Beach ana the view is beautiful. The tour is
goes well. The auaience is cra2Y about the new songs but the fans is always asking for you. How's the baby? Has she gat a gooa vOice? Do you teaching her to sing yet? Maybe bath of you will come along for the next tour!
Sylvia
-
resent
I
--
I
•
John is a/ways in a hurry and he does everything at once.
ICHECKJ
He works all the time - he never relaxes.
POINT
Tick the best caption for the cartoons.
o o
John At Work This Week John's Typical Working Week
CHART CHECK ere e
(7rue) or
F (Folse).
T I
. T
T
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
F The form for l e / I e/ ends • m .s. F Negative statements have or before the base form. F Questions have ( or 0 ~ after the subject.
ATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT
VERB
I/We/You* /They
work.
He/She/It
I/We!You/They
do not don 't
Do 0
BASE
FORM I
work .
does not doesn 't
He/She/It
1
j
E
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Does
SUBJECT
-
you he
SHORT ANSWERS NEGATIVE
BASE FORM
,
-
WOf"
?
I
do.
Yes, he
•
6
Do NOT
works.
*You is both singular and plural. ,
SUBJECT
does.
I
No, he
don · doesn 't.
Present SImple _
1
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WH-
WORD
Where When
Do
SUBIECT
do
you
FORM
w o rk?
he
EXPRESS UmcramlJlc the
word to compl te tile question.
work • Why • Ill' • docs
G
mm r E pi
_ _._ _ _'_ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all the time?
ions
Examples
1. Use the pres nt simple to talk about what happens regularly.
Now
P \
..
. , --........ ..•.•...•••..•••.••..••...••........ . .' •••
~..........
~
,
•• •
'uture
_ Some people r ~ through life. _ They do' ' . _ Other people are calm. _ They don' "eel tense.
rush
2. Use ' , with the present simple to express how often something happens.
_ She never relaxes. _ You usually take life easier. _ We sometimes sleep late. • They rarely
go on holiday.
...•......•••....••......••...•.•.. .....••••.......• ~. ················f,·················~
, ; ''tl
BE CAREFUL! Adverbs of frequency usually come before the main verb but they go after the verb , .
3. Use the scientific facts.
simi
to talk about
• We usually rush around too much. • We re often stressed out.
• Stress cause high blood pressure. • Water r !e' 'e " at O°C.
Checle it out! For spelling rules for the trurd person singular (he / she / it) of the present simple, see Appenclix 20 on page 343.
~or pronunciation rules for the third person singular (he / she / it) ofthe present
SImple, see Appendix 27 on page 348.
••
8
Un t
•• • • • • •• •
IDENTIFY. ead thi extract from a book review. Underline the present simple verbs. ldverb of frequency.
Books
Section 10
ALM DOWN!
medication for stress-related illnes
By Dr Sara Roads
n today's fast-paced world, we (neve 9 e cape stre s. Stress always affects us
p ychologically but according to Dr Roads, author of the new bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects us physically. For example, stress cau es high blood pressure.
ses. Medicine usually lowers a patient's blood pressure. But, Dr Roads claims, 'You don't always need pills. Relaxation exercl' ses are sometimes as effective as pill s. For example, breathing exercises relax you and lower your blood pressure at the same •
tIme - and it only takes a few minutes~'
Doctors often prescribe
• vtegan and Greg have completely different types of personality. Read about one a"d write about the other.
-
oJ
Megan
Greg
Megan doesn't relax easily.
• Greg ____re'-Ia'-x-'e_s_ _ _ easily.
She _------=dc.:..:o:....:e:....:s'-'-n:....:'t=-t.:.,:a::.:kc:::e=--_ time to enjoy herself.
He takes time to enjoy himself
Megan and her boyfriend never go on holiday.
Greg and his girlfriend often _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on holiday.
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ through the day.
He
She
He _________ nervoUS.
nervous.
She ~ always in a hurry. •
•
8
She for them.
other people's sentences
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a lot. She - - -_ _ _ _ _ enough time to finish things.
1
Megan high blood pressure due to stress.
)esn't ru~
through the day.
•
He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never III a hurry. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ other people's sentences for them. He • He
oesn t wor
much.
. h things.
enough time to finIS
pressure due to stress.
••••••••••••••••
ASK & • Peter Is an accountant. Look at his schedule. Write questions and answers about his day.
MONDAY NOVEMBER
8:00-7:00
get up. exercIse
12:00-12:30
8:00-9:00
work. on reports
12:30 5:00
return phone calla
5:30-7:00
go to evening cla88
9:00-12:00
see clients
lunch
1. When / get up? When
aoee
he get up?
He gete up at 6:00.
2. exercise in the morning? Doee he exerciee in the morning?
Yee, he
aoee.
3. work on reports in the afternoon? •
4. When / see clients?
5.
have a lunch break?
6.
What / do / from 12:30 to 5:00?
7.
Where / go / at 5:30?
•
EDIT • Read Peter's diary entry. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of the present :imple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
never have
alLnight. My .boss tell
: Jjn , ,
, me thaU .need. ab.oJlday..J agcee but L afrafd til take olle.J)aes. my boss thinks that the ,
- _. I, otflce J;im iuncti.o1'l wIthout mer Idant want them to thlnk...l'm not necessary. But my ,,
wIfe 113 unhappy. too. Sh.e complain that she never sees me any more.
My schedule are
--- ! crazy. I don't think 1 can keep thIs up much longer. I don't wanta to give up evenIng I
.-
.
.'
c1a1313e8. though.. 1 thInk often that there has got to be
tl
bette::.r...:w :tl~Y::.:.._ - _ - - _ - -
T iva
--
-
What'5 it like?
Not bad.
o o
It ta5te5 like chicken.
o
°0 o o
o
I
o
ICHEC
Tic'c the
COl
POINT 'ec
Q'1S
ver
According to the fish, the worm
o o CHART CHECK .. 'r
e
I
~
e,
behaves like a chicken.
VERBS WITH STATIVE MEANINGS
Jr
F (Fe '..P
T F Some verbs have both a stative and an active • meamng.
has the flavour of chicken.
an to go fishing. He 0 s a big boat. The weather seems fine. I
I
They
-
l.
fish.
-------
-,
•
s
VERBS WITH BOTH STATIVE AND ACTIVE
T F A verb used with a stative meaning is not used in the continuous.
NON-ACTION
-
The fish
We
five pounds.
ThiS food
He
it's a good day for fishing.
This fish
ACTION
delicious.
II good.
We I
elg th
The cook
the fish noW. about going. the fish now. the food.
EXPRESS "'{JleLC rne5e
I
10
sentences with the
cnrrprt form
of the verb w
- - - - - - - the fish now. It _ _ _ _ _ _-
five kiloS.
I
statlva
• 11
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1. Many verbs describe states or situations instead of actions. These verbs are called sta Iv verb . Most stative verbs are not usually used in the present continuous even when they describe a situation that is happening now.
• John owns a boat. (The verb OW" describes John's situation, not something he is doing.)
• He w
nl$
fish for dinner.
NOT
2. Stative verbs are usually verbs that:
a. describe a
of bing
t t
• Jane ' tired but happy. • She ful good.
(be, feel)
b. express notions
A: Do you I'k • my new dress? B: I I ,v<,; it!
(hate, like, love)
c. describe
nt I
(know, remember, believe, think [= believe], suppose, understand)
d. show po "
I!'
(have, have got, own, possess, belong)
- and '_ "
e. describe
a lot of good recipes. • Ali rc e (; .. your number. • I hin you're right. • I (
(hear, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, seem,
0
•
• This bike belon to Sam. • Some students o~'1n microwaves. • I feel relaxed.
• David seems tired.
look [= seem], appear, sound)
f. describe
~
"
. 'ces
and
• I need a pen.
(need, want, prefer)
g. describe
-"s
• How much '. oes it co.. ,?
(weigh, cost, contain)
3.
is often used with verbs of perception. We do not usually use the continuous form.
• I ca NOT
he , the telephone. I hear the telephone.
NOT'
• 'an you sm· gas? NOT
Some verbs can have stative and active , , meanings ( , " "', . ' "
4. BE CAREFUL! I
'
).
STATIVE
• I
I
,
.'
garlic. Did you put some in?
(I notice garlic.)
• The soup
, good. Try some.
(The soup is good.) ACTION
• I
I
the soup lo see if it needs more !>Jlt
(/ 'm trying the soup.)
Check it out! For a list of common staLive verbs, sec Appendix 2 on puge :l:37.
12 • Un! 3
• ••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this conversation. Underline a/~ the stative verbs t~at de~crib~ a .Jat is in proqress. Circle all the statlVe verbs (hat describe a situation
that is generally trlle. ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your salmon looks good, too. BEN: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think you'll like it.
-
ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually don't lik~ fish. BEN: Red has that effect on people.
ANNA: I have no idea what you're talking about. What do you mean? BEN: Well, colours can change the way we feel. For example, people often feel
hungrier in a red room . I notice that you're looking at the red wallpaper. ANNA: And I certainly feel hungry. I'm eating half your salmon. BEN: That's OK. I'm tasting your steak. It's delicious!
CHOOSE. Complete this magazine article with the correct form of the verbs
,'n brackets. John Bints is in a sports shop. The flowers
s mell 1. (smell / are smelling,
nice but he isn't
really paying attention to the scent because he _-:;--;;--;---;--;-----;-----;_ at a pair of 2. (looks
is look ng
running shoes. They _-;:--;----;--;--_ -,-;----;-_ a lot more than he usually pays but John 3. (cost / are costing)
really, really _-;--_.,-_ _-:---:-- those shoes. He's the victim of 'smart scents', aromas 4
'ant<
IS
wanting)
that shops use to make customers buy more.
sounds. They always calm her down.
n,bs k
• Read this con enotton Compl te it with the orrect form of th~ In brocket U e the pre ent contlnuou or th(' pre ent simple.
Hi, Ali. Mmm. Something
good! What's cooking?
emelle
1
8: Fish soup. J __--::--_~~_~_ it to
SCl'
if it _ _--:_ _ _ _ _ more garlic. I"
l =
,.
-
• --.
you
J
to try it? t
___ good out I
A: Mmmm. It ____ .__
______., __._,._ it needs salt. 6
(I
j
8: OK. I -'---:c-~~_~-~~~'~-' of adding Borne tomatoes, even though it 1
• _____~
~._'~.'_.~"~'=--'-
u. ,
in tllP n,cipt,.
A: Thllt _"__,_,,_ _ _ _ _ _ likl' n good idea. But wait a minute. I _ _ _~,.-:--_ _ . . I
10.
'I(I~.<
at thl:' re-dpl' and it. says yuu can ndd milk. How about that? B: I
_-.,.~_ _ _ _ 11. t ~
if the milk _ _---:::-::--:--:-_ _ _ fresh. 12. (b
J
A: I'll check. H mm. I _ _-::-::,....-;-~:--__ it but I _ _ _--:----:----,--__ sure. Let's add 13. (
14. (not bp)
!Ilt'l •
t.he tomatoes in tead.
8: OK. I ________ cooking! The whole house _ _--=--::--:----::".--_ _ great 1
16. (s(11ell)
when you cook. And it always puts me in a good mood.
A: I _ _--",.____ w ha t you _ _---::--:--:--_...,--_ _ . I _ _--::-::--:,.,..--::,.-----__ the 17.
no.
18. (mean)
19. (f€el)
same wav. o
EDIT • Read this diary entry There are eight mistakes in the use of active and stative verbs. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected. lG_March:.!.- ____________________---.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ,
-,
'
-
Not a gooa aayl I feel aepressea ana I've got a heaaache. 11m nee6ling to ao something .!Q. _change mv mooa ana get na of this pain. Last week, I'm reaaing an article about how
smells can affect mooa ana even health, so at the moment' I smell an orange (for the aepresslOn) ana a green apple (for tile heaaache). They smell nice but I'm not thinking that I notice a aifference Irl how I feel! I think I'm preferring to eat somethlrlg When I feelJlp\.\l~LBut_ I worry 111 at I'm weighing too much. So, at the moment I have a cup of peQPermint tea with .... lemon. The article says 1hat the peppermlrlt smell helps you eat l.e.s~'nWell, laon't know about that! A chocolate Ice cream sounas pretty gooa nght nowl tt'~ seeming that there are
no easy solutions. ------
-
--
~
-_ ...
•
T resent resent
i
Ie
Cross-Cultural Confusion is she wearing her dressing gown?
•
is he doing here already?! It's '-.. nly 7:00 p.m . ./
Why is Taro leaning back like that?
t's 7:00 .m.
../
•
Hi. How are you doing?
Eva!
Fine thanks. How are you?
Karl!
Why is Sam
j
standing so close?
>
•
Friends from different cultures often have different ideas about time.
CH
Sometimes they don't agree about social distance, either.
POINT
Circle T (True) or F (Fa/se).
T
F Karl is arriving late tonight.
T
F In Sam's culture, people rarely stand close to each other.
CHART CHECK " v
I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I
PRESENT SIMPLE
.p BASE FORM SUBJECT
The present continuous has:
o o
I
14
+
-INC
J
I
--
one part
We/You*rrhey
two parts
He/She/It
The present simple has:
o o
BE
one form two forms
-
re arriving
*You is both singular and plural.
SUBJECT
VERB I
I/We/You/They
never always
now.
_1
He/She/It
I
- - L - _ - L - l_
rriv
on time.
rives I I
and
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS Complete the following chorh with the verb buy.
SUBJECT
BASE FORM + ·IHe;
BE
-
VERB
SUBJECT
-------+------- --------- ~----
I
I
flowers now.
You
You
usually
chocolates.
He
He
Examples
m r Expl n tlons 1. Use the pr nt contlnuou~ for things that are happening now. ~o(O'
• Sam is • Iking to Taro. • At the moment, Taro is speaking English.
'(\9 to
Now
: OW·I : " t : ~e ' _ . t .................................... .............................~ Future • •
••
Use the p simp happens regularly.
to describe what
• Sam alks to Taro every day. • Taro speaks Japanese at home.
Now
•• • '!•••••••••••••••••• ~v ••••••••• ~ •• • •
. • . s ......................... ....... P t
.
- t ure -u
He talks to him every day.
2. Use the : happening these days.
for things
-JO
• We're s .udying in the US _ 's month. • Laura 's study"ng in France ,is, Ii? • • Are you studying hard - ) "se d Y5 ?
•
P ~t
................................... ~.............. ............... ~
/
~
'uturt'
•
~'re siudyi!l9' 3.
Most _ are not usually used in the present continuous even when they describe a situation that exists at the moment of speaking.
REMEMBER!
4. Use the facts and physical laws. •
to talk about scientific
• Jane . .3
_
to go home right now.
NOT
• Stress • Water
high blood pressure. ,U at 100°C.
Check it out! *For a list of Common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337.
•• •• •
16
Unit 4 • ••••••••
IDENTIFY. cad the~e diary entries written by Brian, a student
4 July: The weather is cold now.
28 June: I, m sitting} n a seat
3.000 metres above the earth
I usually spend the f irst weekend
en route to Argentina! I usually
of July at the beach but today I'm
have dinner at this time but right
walking around in a heavy sweater.
-
now I've got a headache from the
excitement. The person next to me
6 August: I feel so tired ton ight.
is eating my food. She looks happy.
Everyone else feels great in t he evening because they have long
:30 June: It's 7:30. My host's
naps in the afternoon.
parents are still working. Carlos, the
-
-- - --- -
father. works at home. The youngest son, Ricardo. is sweet. He looks
(and behaves) a lot like Bobl2y. Right now, he's looking over my sbQulder _
and trying to read my_diary.
-
__
-
-
- --
-
-
-- - - . - -- - ---- -- - - -- -
-
-
--
-
--
(OMPLETE • Some students are talking outside a classroom. Complete their conversations . the present continuous or the present simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1.
LI-WU: Hi, Paulo. What _ _ _--=-a:..:re'---_ _ _ you _ _ _.:::d.::.o.:..:,in:..::;;9L-_ _ ? •
PAULO:
Oh, I
for the class to start.
b ( 'ar)
LI-WU: How are you? You _ _ _---;::--;--;--_ _ tired. c. (look)
PAULO:
I am a little tired. I
----:-;---c,-:---d. (work)
a lot in the evenings this terro.
Hey, is that your teacher over there? LI-WU: Yes. She _ _ _ -.,._ _ __ e. (t
to one of my
r
classmates. PAULO:
I wonder what's wrong. He _ _ _ _ _ __ _
at
her. He ---~;___;_:__-- embarrassed. g. OOvk)
LI-WU: Oh. That --:--:-:--____ anything. In Taiwan
v
I
J
Look, there's Miguel. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to Luisa.
NINA: Yes. They ----.:-77""--b, (do)
"
. ,I
IrOl 111 111) ., It S not respectful to look directly at your teacher.
, . MORIKO:
r
1
a class together this term.
, 1/
II
Preeent ConUnuou. and
••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
They - - c.....,....,..--,.,--- very close to each other. - _ _ _ _, _ '_ ' ....; you
--~d:;-;: ( ~ k7" ) - - they --"7"";~~--'' , together? • I 1111 . , (go out) 'tL ,
NINA: No. I _ _:;-:-....,...,.,,.,....,...,..--_ it __----:::-;:~~-g. (mean)
f. ('101 th'nk)
anything special. I -_--;--;-_-:--__ from Costa Rica, h. (roml')
and people there normally
---;-77""::-':---
I.
(~I
nd)
that
close to each other. 3.
-
RAsHA: There's Huns. Why _._._____ ._ _ _ he _ ,_
_, _ .- - ; - - _ ., . - : - - ' n
It.
_ _ _
so fa s t'? The lesson ___-.::-:--:-:--:--:--_ b. In'.1 Ilrl}
(\\I i )
until 9:00. He _ _ _ _ _ still _---:_ _ _ ten minutes! c.
CLAUDE:
(I",'
I'
;1'11,'
He always _ _ _;-:---;-;-:--_ _ fast. People from d. (wdtk)
-·'l'd]]!'!
Switzerland often _ __ _ _ _ _ _ to be in a hurry. C.
4.
YOKO: 1
.-.jJ
I· (1'1'11)
Isn't that Sergio and Luis? Why _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they _ _ _-;-;--:--_ _
.,
a. ht.l)(r ,
hands? They _ _--:--:::-____ each other.
II
b. (know)
, ,
JING: In Brazil, men _ _ _--:-;-:-_ _ _ hands every c. (shdke)
time they _ _---;;-:----:,.,---_ _ . d. (meet)
EDIT • Read this student's diary. Find and correct eleven mistakes in the use of the present COil irJUOUS or present simple. The first mistake has already been corrected,
: m 5,i tting It's 12:30 andl sit in the library. My classmates are eating lunch together but I'm not hungry yet. At home, we eat never this early. Today our homework topic is 'culture shock'. It's a good topic for me right now because I'm being pre! ty homesick. I miss myoid routine. At home we always are having a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we rest. But here in Toronto I'm haVing a conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost fall asleep In class, and my teacher ask me, 'Are you bored?' Of course I'm not bored. I Just need my afternoon restl This class always Is fun. This te"rm , we work on a project with video cameras. My team Is filming groups ofJ>eople from different culture~. We are analyse 'social dlsta.!:'ce'. That means ,b,ow close to each othe,:. people stand. Accordln.9 :!:.o m.Y.!1ew !"/at£h, It'~ 12:55, so I leave now for my one o·clock. cI~ss.
Teachera _here really
8r~n·:!:.
liking It wh_en you a r e latel
•
T ive To do this exercise, bend your knees and place your right foot in front, like this. Punch with your right fist.
,
C::.:..:.::=-=~. POINT
L.;I
Check the corree answer.
The woman in the photo is
o o
I
giving instructions on how to do an • exerclse.
CHART CHECK
-
,
' r ',
eet
,. -
Imperative sentences
o o
include a subject. don't include a subject.
---
18
f
ordering someone to do an exercise .
•
, ' "
l
AF
-NEGATIVE
BASE FORM OF VERB
en
Punch
DON 'T
your knees.
BASE FORM OF VERB
n
Don't with your fist.
punch
I
your knees.
- , with your-fist. -
-
,
/
/ ~
/
• tg
••••••••••••••••••••
EX'RESS Use these verbs to complete
tlJ£'
charts.
touch
listen
stand up
AFFIRMAIIVE
-
BASE FORM OF VERB
FORM OF VERB
DON'T
---- .. -
-
to the music.
to the music.
your toes.
your toes.
-
straight.
-~~ . -
--
straight.
-
•
Gramm r Explanations
Examples
1. The imp r
• Mary, please ready. • Ge ready, guys!
2. The
• Stand up straight.
. form of the verb is always the base form. It is the same whether it is directed at one or several people.
of an imperative statement is ." u. However, we do not say or write you in imperative sentences.
•
NOT
3. The imperative form has a number of ' es. Use the imperative to: •
a. give . b. give
and '
tructions
• Don't move!
. . or
c. make (Use please in addition to the imperative form.) d. give •
e. give
f.
or make
• Turn left at the traffic lights .
estions
• Plea. e read this article. • Re"d this article, pie .se. e cI~e if you feel unwell.
• Do
careful!
r ••••• ~
•
E:
someone
•
on
0
that mat!
to the gym with us tomorrow.
•
20 • •• •
Un t
•••••••••••
MATCH. Match cadJ imperative with tlJe correct situation.
".., "or
Sit ation
tiv
Don't touch thai! •
Someone is visitjng a friend.
Look both ways .
b
Dress warmly!
Someone is going out into the cold. . Someone is crossing a street.
Don't bend your knees. Mark each answer true or false.
Someone is taking an exam. e. Someone is exercising.
Come in. Make yourself at home. Add a little more pepper.
. Someone is tasting some food. g. Something is hot.
MATCH. You're going to give instructions for making a banana-strawberry shake. ate ~ a verb from column A with a phrase from column B. Column A
Column B
Add Slice Wash Cut Blend Pour
the ingredients until smooth. a banana. orange juice into the blender. the strawberries in half. the fruit to the orange juice.
LABEL • Now write the sentences in order under the correct pictures. r
1.
4.
Slice a banana.
2.
5.
•
3.
6.
-
· z:t ••••••••••••••••••••••• &
• R ad thi ad ertisement for a martial arts school. Complete It
using the affirmative or
11
qutfv imp raOve form of the verbs in the boJC.
reduce take
choose register
get miss
Improve
tltfni
learn delay
•
that martial arts is only about physical training. A good
_-..:.D::..::O:..!:1't :. : th Ink 1
martial arts programme offers mnny other benefits as well. ____.".....-___ _ 2.
self-defence and more at the Martial Arts Academy: ___--::----- stress. Martial arts training helps you relax. 3
_ _ _--,-____ your concentration. Martial arts students focus better. 4.
_ _ ______ fit. Strength and flexibility improve as you leal n. We are offering an introductory trial membership. _ _ _----,,---_ _ _ this
-
special opportunity. _ _ _----,_ _ _ _ lessons with Master Lorenzo Gibbons, a ninth-level Black Belt Master. _ _ _---::_ _ __ 8.
classes from our convenient timetable. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! _________ now 10
for a two-week trial. ONLY 00
UNIFORM INCLUDED.
EDIT· lead part of a martial arts student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the the imperative. The first mistake has already been corrected.
For the Black Belt essay . Master Gibbons gave us this assignment : Write
You write about something important to you . My topic is The RighL
Way. the rules of life for the martial arts . First . respects other people -
treat them the way you want them to treat you .
Second . helped people in need . In other words . use your strength for others . not to use it just for your own good . Thitd . or steal . These are the most important rules to me .
110
lie
••••
I t 1·
V
ONE (Offect Of15wer Lo complete
each sentence.
ExAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink
(C)
(8) drinks
(D)
f
is drinking was drinking
--
-- -
ready for school? It's already 7:00. Do you get (C) You get . Are you getting (D) You are gettmg
ABC D
Nick - - - - to Greece every year to visit his family. (A) is going (C) go (8) he goes (D) goes
ABC D
---(A)
(8)
Why ? The lesson isn't over yet. (AJ are you leaving (C) do you leave (8) you are leaving (D) you leaving Something _ _ _ _ good. Is that fresh bread in the oven? (A) smells (C) smell (8J is smelling (D) smelling - Which class ____ best? (AJ are you liking (8) you are liking
(C) you like
!,.•
ABC D
ABC 0
ABC 0
(D) do you like
- - - - loose clothes to exercise. You'll be more comfortable. (A) Wear (C) Wears (8) Wearing (D) You wear
ABC 0
Please - - - _ to class on time. We start at exactly 9:00. (A) we come (C) you're coming (8) come (DJ comes
ABC 0
I
ABC D
something outside. Are the doors locked? (A) 'm hearing (C) hearing . (8) can hear (D) hears Walk! run! (A) Not (C) Don't (8) No (D) You don't 10. -Do you like fish? - Yes, I _ ___ . (A) am (C) don't (8) do (D) like 22
•
16. 17
19 •
2''.
ABC D
ABC D
23 ...... , ... , ....... ","eel I •
A
11. Harry works all the time. He - - - -.
(AI never relaxes (BI relaxes never
often relaxes relaxes sometimes
(e) (01
_ these days? (A) are you doing (B) do you do
12. What
ABC D
you are doing (01 you do
(e)
13. The baby's so big! How much ___-,_'_'__ now? (A) weigh (e) is she weighing
(B) she weighs
C D
A
C D
.
do am
(e) (0)
ABC D
Water ____ at 100°C. (A) boil (B) boils
15.
A
(0) does she weigh
14. . Are you taking nn English class this term'?
- Yes, I ~ (A) take (B) am taking
C D
boiled (0) is boiling
(e)
AIt:
TWO Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT. ---------------~----------------------------------------------' -------~
I
EXAMPLE:
ABC D
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. C
16.
Fran usually
.
D
..
before work but this moming
she~
A B C
17,
jogging. 0
The wind is blowing, it rains and the sky looks grey. ABC
ABC D
ABC D
0
18.
Where yon are workjng these days after school?
ABC D
19.
The floor is wet so walk slowly and
ABC D
,
B
(
0
IlQ
fall down!
r e o
20.
Sometbing'
djfferent - are you wearing a new perfume?
ABC D
C
21.
ABC D
We always eat out because we hates cooking. C
22.
,
fl
23. I n~ed
11
C
,
0
my CD player if you don't using it at the moment. •
24.
ABC D
Peter al'l'ives usually early lmt today he~ late. C
D
I neyer haye anything to write with because I'm always lose my pens. A
25. Turn A
H
ABC D
ABC D
( 0
left at the lights and you don't forget to signal! /I
C
D
ABC D
,,
. .. ••
..
ast
r
e:
I
Oh, Albert! You were a good man but a terrible poet!
..
,
1was a \,oet. .de t r and WI . wavelied a on ~. ...:1\ 1 waS OV \ lived \ll 1 • A then \ dled.
anu
}\L1)"tRl 191(}-1990 t Ie \ . ~\ ","'
......
I
\,.\.
POINT Tick the year these sentences nppeared :" 1-1,0 npW'loaop-
S
I
~_ l
....
.
"--
01989 ~
'Poet Albert Ri mes lived in Belgium most of his life.'
I,
I'll'" .
\1,
i
i It'ct.,tl''~
(f,
I I '.
I
CHART CHECK
THE PAST
~
I
How many f01'lI1s has the past tense of _ got?
o
one
0
'----
or .
BE
I/He/She/lt
was were
,
*You is both singular and plural.
-t
-
I
PAST SI
• REGULAR VERBS
SUBJECT ,
,
moved
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
j
I
VERB
Ie
PLE:
-
, I
I
: fifty years ago.
•
orked
THE PAST
, j
I
VERB wro
b came
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
-
~,
-.
built
~
I
,
ULAR
SUBJECT
24
01999
PLE: BE
SUBJECT
We/You * /They
two
0
01989
young in 1930.
What do you add to the base fo1'l0 of regular verbs to form the past tense?
o
01999
\.
1'-,("
/1, e ' \
'Poet Albert Rimes lives in Belgium.'
I
-'---
poetry.
famous. a monument.
Pa Simple: A
EXPRESS r
tUe We c/Jart.
BASE FORM OF VERB
- -
be
-
-
I
PAST SIMPLE --~ -
------------_____ and ________________
come save
-
------
----
I
--
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. Use the are now finished.
• Albert Rimes hved in the twentieth century. • He was a poet. • He wrote poetry.
to talk about things that I
•
&
•
• • • •
Pa. ................ ................ .............................. He was a poet. ~ ~
~
2. You can use the
~
t-uture
with
that refer to the past (last week, by 7980, in the twentieth century, fifty years ago).
3. The
. cl
ular ver
is formed
by adding · or
• By 1930, he was famous. • He died over ten years ago.
BASE FORM
PAST SIMPLE
live
lived
•
•
JOin
play There are often spelling changes when you add . _ to the verb.
study hop
Many common verbs are Their past tense is not formed by adding -d or oed.
be have get go
CAREFUL!
-. -. -. •
-.
stud e hoppe
was/were had got went
Checlc it outl For spelling rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 21 on page 344. For pronunciation rules for the past simple of regular verbs, see Appendix 28 on page 348. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix Ion pages 336-337.
25
•••
• ••••
26
Unit • ••••••••
tsuo Basho. Underline all the regular past IDENTIFY. cad about Japanese poe a b .\ \I :'5. Circle all the irregular past tcme ver s. t M
Matsuo Basho
• ~,
-
t,
l, ~ h •
,~
\;
~ 1 ;7t')
ote more than 1,000 thre l' e-1ne poems or 'haiku'. He chose topics from nature, daily life and human emotions. He became one of J apan's most famous poets and his work established haiku as an important art for m. Mat suo Basho wa s born near Kyoto in 1644. His father wanted hjm to becom e a samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present -day Tokyo) and studied poetry. By 1681, he had many students and admirers.
I
Basho's home burnt down in 1682. Then, in 1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho felt restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on
horseback
all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him and they wrote poetry
together. Travel was difficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was often ill. He died in 1694 during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.
CHOOSE &
• Read this biography of another poet, Emily Dickinson.
Complete it using the past simple form of the verbs in the box.
be
become
lead
leave
see
wear
Emily Dickinson, one of the most popular American poets, lived 1.
from 1830 to 1886. She
- - - - - : ; : - -_
_
_
~.
favourite themes. Dickinson
- - - - - ;4.; - - - - - an unusual life. M ter just one year of college, she s. a recluse she almost never ----'7'"---- h 6. er house in Amherst, Massachusetts. At home, she - - - '7'.---- no one except her family, and she only ------.;;--_ _ _ White. 8.
write
Peat
Afflrmatlv.
•••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••
In addition to her poetry, Dickinson _ _ _--::~_-- many letters. Other 9.
people always _ _ _~~.____ the envelopes for her. During her lifetime only 10.
seven of her 1,700 poems _.___ .. ____ in print - and this _._ _--,.-;;-_ __ 11.
12.
without her knowledge or permission. Now complete tllese lines from a poem by Emily Dickinson.
drink
bite
eat
hop
see
A bird _ _ _~c-7 a 7" m;..;;.e_ _ _ down the walk: H.
He did not know 1 -----::--:c----- ; 14.
He _ _ _ _ __ _ _ an angle-worm in halves 15.
And _ _ _ _____ the fellow raw. 16.
And then he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a dew 17.
From a convenient grass, And then _ _ _-=-::_ _ _ _ sidewise to the wall 18.
To let a beetle pass.
EDIT • Read part of a student's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the pas simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
enjoyed Today in class we read a poem by Robert Frost. I really ft. tt was about a person who choosed between two roads in a forest. Before he made his decisIOn, he spents a lot of time trying to decide Which road to follow. Many people thought the person were Frost. In the end, he take the road that was less travelled on. He deCided
to be a poet. That deCISIOn change his life a lot. Sometimes I feel a Irttle like Frost. Two years ago I decide to come to thiS
country. That Were the biggest deCISIOn of my life . •
•
•
i
ast Ne and
Ie:
uestions
1
THE D AILY
E\\ '
.DID
?•
E-
-LAE, 1 E\X' GUI lEA, JULY 2, 1937. Amelia Earhart's small plane left the island ofLae at exactly 12:00 midnight. She was not alone on the flight but she and Fred Noonan, her navigator, were very tired. She reported her last position at 8: 14 p.m. After that, she did not make radio contact again. Why did they disappear? Were they exhausted? Did they run out of fuel? The US Coast Guard started its search for the answer at 10: 15 p.m.
I
EC
Circle T {True
FOrse) or? (the article doesn't say).
C
T F ?
The plane crashed.
T F ?
Earhart made radio contact after 8:14 p.m.
T F ?
Earhart had a navigator with her.
PAST SIMPLE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS I
CHART CHECK 1
BE
COl rpr .
What word do you add to to forlll a negative statement?
o
0
no
dId
I
r ,
not
-~,.~
28
-
0
0
-
.
..
I/He/She/lt .
.
N OT
-
was
-
We/You* /They
were
--
n ot
was not = wasn't
,
here last year.
n't
,
•
: were not = weren't I L. ' •
_~I
, I
ULAR
I
I
did "ot
------
.
; *You is both singular and pluraL
What do you add to other verbs to form a negative statement?
o
BE
SUBJECT
- .--~ .
SUBJECT
I- - - - . I/He/She/lt
l We/You/They
-
DID NOT
did not didn't
last night.
did not:: didn't
Past Simple: Negative Statement and Questions _
....•....•.•••.•••••••••..••••.•.••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• i.
PAST SIMPLE: QUESTIONS
2
CHART
Tick the correct answer.
BE
was
o
did
Was
AFFIRMAIIVE
she
she here last year?
they
I
NEGATIVE
was.
she
Yes,
No, they were.
--
-
-
wasn't.
they weren't.
WH- QUESTIONS: BE ,
,
were
WH- WORD I BE
i
wa
Which word(s) can begin yes/no questions with other verbs?
LJ
SUBJECT
•
Which word(s) can begin yes/no questions with be?
LJ LJ
BE
YES/NO
here last year?
, Why ,
werE they
l
- -----_.,
j r-, I YES/NO
was
' DID • SUBJECT
..
VERBS
BASE FORM
SH
ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE --------
0 were 0 did
•
I
she
I
fly
to Mexico?
e , she
'
.
·d. No, she didn't.
WH- QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS WH- WORD
DID
SUBJECT BASE FORM
Why
did
it
disappear?
EXPRESS U.. ;,cu:.. I:;iJle t"ese words to form a question and an answer.
navigator • she • have • Did • a --------------------------------------? she • didn't • No
--------------------------------.
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. Use the
• • • •
. to make about actions or situations that are
now finished. Now
She W ' sn alone. on an island. They e They d ' . 1 the plane. He In't c I. that night.
•
P(1')t
•• •
.••.•..•••. ..•• ~ /..••••...•••....• ~•••..•••••..•.••••••.•.••...•. ~
wasn't alone
•
uture
1 •
2. Use the . to ask about actions or situations that are now finished.
. ' she alone in the plane? • Where she from?
Check it outl For questions about the subject, see Unit 24 on
pltgPH
102 103.
•••
• ••
•••
30
Unit 7 • ••••••••
READ •
ook at some facts about Amelia Earhart.
• She was born in the United States. • She didn't get a degTee. • She didn't keep her first plane. • She flew across the Atlantic Ocean.
• She received many awards. • She rna [Tied George Palmer Put natn • She didn't have any children. . • She wrote three books.
ANSWER. Tick the correct box.
1
Did she get many awards?
2. Was she a university graduate? 3. Was she an American citizen?
4. Did she keep her first plane? 5
Was she an author?
6 . Did she have a husband?
7. Was she a parent?
Yes
No
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •
ASK & ANSWER • Use the cues to ask questions about Amelia Earhart. Then answer the questions with the information in the box.
)(1 1§}2l{ in 1937 American at Columbia University for two years New Guinea three 1. When / she / cross the Atlantic Ocean? When did she cross the Atlantic Ocean?
In 1928.
2. Where / she / study? •
3. How long / be / she / a social worker?
4.
Where / her last flight / leave from? -
How many books / she / write?
6. What / be / her nationality?
7.
When / she / disappear?
•
/
/
Paat Simple: Negative Statements and
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• The magazine Flying High (FH) interviewed a young pilot. Complete the Interview with the correct form of the verbs In brackets and with short answers.
to be a pilot? FH: _ _ _..!D:.::'d=-_ _ _ you always __---:~w:.;:a::.;n~t~-1. (W(Hlt) SUE: _ _ _...!'rI.!:.ee~--._ , I _ _ _-'d"='2.:""d____ • I saw a documentary about Amelia Earhart when I was six. She became my role model.
FH:
_
_
_- : : : - - "0 ; - : - '-
;
-
-
-
-
-
your parents happy with your decision?
3. (bC')
SUE: __ _ _ _ _. _-_.. they - - - - - : - - - - ' - . They _ _. ~--:-_-:--__ me to fly. 4.
5. (not want)
FH: Why not? ________, they _ _.__--::-~_:__--- it was too dangerous? 6.
SUE: __________ . they
(fe
- - - - - - : ;7=.----.
I)
But I was very determined, and
they _ _-:-;~-.-:---:-__ me from pursuing my dream. 8. (IlClt SIOI')
FH: _ _______ you ever __---=--,-,_-:-_ _ of flying around the world? 9. (drhlm)
SUE: Of course. But I _ _~_--:-.,..-:-:_ _ it would happen so soon. 10. (not think)
FH:
-------0:-::--::-----
11. (be)
you alone on the flight?
SUE: ________ , I _ _ _----::-::,.--___ . I had a co-pilot. 12.
FH:
_ _---=::-::--:--_ _
13. (be)
it difficult to find a co-pilot for this flight?
SUE: - - - - - -_ _ , it _ _ _----=-.,---_ _ _ . She's my flatmate. 14.
EDIT • Read this postcard. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the past simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
receive
Hi! Did!fou
- --
m!f last letter? I didn't knew!four
I
l1ew address so I sent it to !four old one. When !fou L~4p
moved? Did!four f/atmate move with !fot-I? R(ght now I'm on board a plane f/!fl'n,g
to EI Paso to visit Ana.
To: Suejacohs
Did!fou met her at the conference last !fear? I wanted 16 Beckie.!! AvtJl1ut:
to visit her il1 june but I no had the tJine. At ii'st I was Mordon .Join.!] to drive f-om Los An.!]eles but I decided to f/!f instead. This is on& 111!f third f/(ght but / love f/!fil1.J!
GLS6SB() I didnt know f/!:f1f'!J could be so nmch fim! Hope f-O
hear f-om !:fOU.
-M.
_
•
•
T to
-
f
Look at that! I u6ed to wear
I
baggy jeans!
\
o
I
I POINT he
T;,./'
corre~
., voIer
The man is thinking about
: 0
o
CHART CHECK 1
! F (Fe. . T
F
used with all subjects.
CHART CHECK 2 I I
rn
I
0
did . .. used to
o
did . .. use to
-----: used to
DID I
I
l
01
SUBJECT
you . she they
DIDN'T USE TO
SUBJECT
She They
Jeans.
I
OF
--
~.
.......
-
wear leans. ___ J
STIONS USE TO
•
didn't use to
ANSWERS
BASE FORM
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
•
.I
use to w
jeans?
Y
I
J
I ,
she ' did. No, she they
WH- QUESTIONS
What
•
I
•
•
WH- WORD
32
we
YES/NO
Ullswer.
In questions, what form of L 0 is used?
USED TO
BASE FORM
I
She They
IS
T
BASE FORM OF VERB
I
•
I
NEGATIVE STA I
SUBJECT
In affirmative statements,
a habit he had in the past.
TIVE STATEMENTS
AFF ,
I (
a habit he has now.
DID
SUBJECT
USE TO
did
you she
u
they
to
FORM
w
r?
I
T didn't. •
•
I
U.edto _
33
•••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete the e SC'17tellces.
wear bagh'Y jeans. • Did you use
to.! ysC d
to Elhop fOI' c1otl1l's with your friends?
• What did your parents usc to t'ily'ing f s.ny about your clothes?
m r
Inti n
xampl s
1. Use us d t + base form of the verb to talk about
or
.
.
.
that
no longer exist in the present. • ••
t ..................
··········,·i······························~ •
used to buy
••
Future
•
always has a past meaning. There is no present form. BE CAREFUL!
~d· in sentences that
2. We usually use
• Leo I .( I) J Y baggy jeans. (In the past, he often bought baggy jeans. He doesn't buy baggy jeans now.)
• In his youth, Leo u' t:
•
. thin.
NOT
. We
• Jeans used to come only in blue. Now you can buy them in any colour.
often emphasise this contrast by using time expressions such a s , . and with the present. .
- They used to live in Genoa but they no longer live there.
.. -e
• She used to wear a size 6 but she
doesn't any mo e.
3.
BE CAREFUL! Form
estio
with
+ l "'e to.
• Did you use to wear jeans? NOT
Form the
.. , with
USAGE NOTE:
!
.' +
" tn •
. is more common in
affirmative statements than in negative statements or questions. The negative form . is also possible but • . IS more common.
4. BE CAREFUL! Do not confuse
+ base
form of the verb with the following expressions: t::
u
d
. (be accustomed to)
get used . (get accustomed to)
_ They didn t use NOT
0
come in different colours.
They didfl't used to COffie ...
• Jeans used not
0
be so expensive.
• I u oed to tight jeans. (It was my past habit to wear tight jeans.) • I I I . J 0 q. I up early. (It's normal for me to get up early.) • I . I In London. (I became accustomed to !i\' /fu/ tht'fe)
• •••• •
Unit a ••••••••••••
34 •
•
IDENTIFY. Read this fashion article. Underline all the forms of used to that rder to c. habit in the past.
In many ways, fashion !1sed to be much simpler. Women didn't use to wear trousers to the office and men's clothes never used to come in bright colours. People also used to dress in special ways for different situations. They didn't use blue jeans as business clothes or wear tracksuits when
(HOOSE & (OMPLETE • Look at these pictures from an old magazine. Use the verbs in the box with used to. Write one sentence about each picture.
carry
dance
1.
Women's skirts used to be long and formal.----==~~~--
3.
Children _ _ _ _ _ __ adults.
dress
have
wear
2.
All men _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ long hair.
like
4.
Men and women _ _ _ _ _- - - . at formal balls.
s. Women -:-__ -:;---:-:----tt' many pe lcoats under their skir t s.
6.
Men _ _ _ _ __ __ walking stickS·
L.
Ueedto _
........ -....... . Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning stays the same. Use the correct fom. of used to. 1.
In the past, did people Did
WOl'ty
about fashion as much as they do now?
people uee to worry a"out fashion as much as they
"0 now?
2. When trainers were first made, they only came in two colours - black and white.
Trainers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __.' _00-_ . - __. _"__._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 3. They didn't cost as much as they do these days.
They __._.___. ___________________________________________________ 4.
Did people wear jeans fifty years ago? Did _________________________________________________________
5. Jeans and trainers didn't cost very much thirty years ago.
Jeans _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 6.
Did women wear jeans? Did ___________________________________________________________
EDIT· Read this student's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of used to. The first mistake has already been corrected.
use
When I wa.s young~r, c;loth~s .didJi"Lu5Cci to be a pLobLern.AII the gjrls at my school used to wore the s.ameJ.miform. Lu.sed _to.-tbinLthat.Jt took away from ___ _ my freedom of choice. Now. I c;anJ'iear..what Lwan..t..but _cJo_thes CQst so much! +
Even blue jeans, today's 'uniform', u.sed to be cheaper. My mum uses to pay less .than £30 for hers. I suppose they didn't used to sell designer jeans ba.ck then. You know, I was used to be against school uniforms, .but now I'm not so su re!
-
••
T
--
I POINT The girl in the hospital bed is givin her version of g
•
I wasn't running for the bus, I was skii .
CHART CHECK 1 ~
C/H.lt: F (F("~e
or
.ie, :>
,
I
SUBJECT
8E
I/He/She/lt
was
(NOT)
BASE FORM OF VERB + -ING
(not)
skiing.
*You is both singular and plural.
.........
YES/NO QUESTIONS
~
ANSWERS
•
:: rr,rrec
n"" 'IPr.
8E
o after the subject o before the subject -.-. --
-
-
BASE FORM + -ING
SUBJECT
In questions, the verb I comes:
NEGATIVE -~,-~.-.
she
I
skU
Wer , you
I'
7•
Yes,
-
.
•
--
!
, she ,· was.
•
...
.,._.
we . were . ..
'
..
-
WH- WORD
8E
SUBJECT , BASE FORM
was
she
I
Where When Why
L_
--.
ski wer~ •
you
-
7•
+
No,
I
she ' wasn't.
we
weren't.
-----~.-----
WH- QUESTIONS
I • !,
36
what she was doing at the time of her accident.
were
We/You* /They
I
CHART CHECK 2
.
what she usually did in the past,
STATEMENTS
T F The past continuous is made up of the past tense of + base form of the verb.
jet:
o o
-ING
• 31 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Peat
EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the pmt continuous form of the verb stay.
A: Where ________ you
- - - - - - - -?
B: I _ _ _.___. _ _ --- at a ski resort in the Alps.
x I n
m 1. Use the p
~
pi s
I n
c n Inu us to describe an action
that was in progress at a specific time in the past. The action began before the specific time and mayor may not have continued after the specific time.
A: What w r you doing at 3:00? B: We er c: I w. \ eating lunch at 3:00.
Now
3:00 •
u
• ••• •••
*................ ............................. ~
..... ......
~
• •
F-uture
••
skiing BE CAREFUL! 5tative verbs are not usually used in
the continuous. (For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 33 7.)
_ Ih
a headache last night.
NOT
2. Use the
. with . . to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past continuous in both clauses.
_ While he was s
.n9, I was reading .
OR
_ I was reading
; ile he
'as skiing.
Now • p
s
• • •
•••••.••••••••••, •••••••••••••• n.~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~s skii~ /
Future
:
If.t-Jin?adi"~ USAGE NOTE:
people use
In informal conversation, some with the past continuous.
3. Use the " to focus on the duration of an action, not its completion. Use the . . ' . to focus on the completion of an action.
_ Sorry, I
asn't listening wI!' you Iking.
_ Sheila --t .. , a book last night. (We don't know if she finished the book.) _ Sheila . a book last night. (She probably finished the book.)
,
••
38 • •• • • • ••
............... . Unit 9
TRUE OR FALSE. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (Tr~e) or F (False) for the s ~ t , CIt L'lac follows. Write a question mark (1) if there IS not enough information
•
While Tanya was watching th e Winter Olympics on TV, Michael was clean . ngThe snow. F First Michael finish ed clearing the snow. Then Tanya started watch'lIlgTV
•
2.
In this ph oto, I was puttin g on my boots. I was wearing boots in t h e phot o.
3.
At 5:00, th ey were drinking hot chocolate by the fire. We don't know when they started drinking hot chocolate.
4.
Last n igh t, I was reading an article about skiing in Morocco. I finish ed the article.
5 . At 10:00, h e drank a cup of coffee.
He finished the coffee. 6.
It was snowing while she was taking the photograph. First she took the photograph. Then it started to snow.
DESCRIBE • .Fritz and Karyn were at a ski cafe. Write about the picture. Use the past contmuous. 1. Fritz
was wearing a hat. (wear / a hat)
2. Karyn
wasn't wearing a hat. (wear / a hat)
3. They (sit / outside)
4.
It (snow)
5. They (wear I sunglasses)
6. They (wear I their gloves)
7
The waiter (serve / drinks)
8.
He (serv!' / lunch)
9.
Karyn (smile)
10. She (use /
,I
mobile phone)
Paet Contlnuou. • 39
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ports Magazine (MS) interviewed the snowboarding champion, Rosie Happ (RH) Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs • Mountain
in brackets and with short an wen. MS: Congratulations! You have just become n semi -finalist for the Olympic Y!e.re _ ' you expecting to get this far snowboarding t(~nm . - - ' .~ 1 I -prc)
in the competition"? waen't I N RH: 0, ~·----;l--
_ . During the triuls , I _ _--:-:-_---: ___ from a ~. (r (ovn,
-
had cold. By t1w last day, I still _--:::-;-:-.~=--=:--_ very well. That's what 4. (not pf rl 0rm)
•
1 t.hought, anyway.
MS: Whnt.
_,,~_ _ _ _ __
_ _ "_00---;:-"7."":-:-:----
you _ _~_~._ _ _ about while you
.
.
'" ." . - , : ''
for the announcement?
6. \ l ill
RH: Actually. I _ _:;-:-::-::-:-;:-:-;-;-__ about the competition at all. Some friends 7. (not til
and I _ _ -;::-_--:-___ a film. .
"
MS: You're quite new to the sport. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-::-;---_-:-:-_ _ 9. (compete)
professionally this time last year?
RH: Yes, I _ _ _---;;-:=_ _ _ _ • I _ _--;;-:;:-;;--:-:-::-;:--__ with Barrett Christie then and 10.
11. (train)
we - -_ _ _ _ _ _ both _ _~-=---:::_;__:__-- part in local competitions. 12. (take)
EDIT • Read this diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the past continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-
I I
--
NtVe
• This eveni,'!!, Sl1Clia and I HNiI.5lookin.g at some photo!Jraphs fom H1.!f sklii1.!J trip with Fritz's famif!f last .!fear. B.!f tile.. end ofthe evenin.!J, we lau.!Jhi"!Jlike craz.!f' That was "11.!f first I
experience 011 skis so thepicturcs were reall.!; embarrassin.!J. In one shoi I was can'le down the J
slope 011 m.!f back. In another ont; J11.!f skis wasfilllil1.!J out ofthe ski "ft-whlie I was ridi"~9 ttl' ti,e slope. Fritz was takil',!! tllatpicUtre fom the lift_entrance. Good thi",!! he nof sUl11di,'!! r(gllt under me! Wllere was I whell Fritz was fol"n.!J down the slope? well, IfJlji>rfwIllf"(111 wasn't cany H1.!f camera. Tllat would 11ave been a .!Jr.:at picturt'! If was t'lm(/::iJ~q 1/,,11' l,.-;f Frit:z:-;!Jlr/fiend, Kar.!}n, learnt that.weekend. '---_____~__ that~time, I spent a lot oftime al the ski caft'.
stu IVIIS dtJiJ'!jjuI11P., I~IJ lilt' ...;,·,"tIJIJ. {.!Ij-
F.lj
--~~--~.------.~-------------.--.--~
••
and •
I
ast o
m
Did you see the accident'?
o
•o •
Ie
POINT
Number these ;Q'eme,its in
correct
t: ..... D
Yes . .. fh e guy in the s ports car was talking on his mobile phone wh en he hit t he other car.
I "''' .... . l True) or
T
,
There was a car accident. The driver of the Sports car was on the phone.
PAST CONTINUOUS
WHEN
PAST SIMPLE
He was speeding
when
the accident happened .
1... ., ~
Use T
e
PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST SIMPLE
CHART CHECK ~
(lrdPr
to
F F
.
e to introduce a past sjrnple action.
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
a past continuous action.
PAST SIMPLE
WHILE
PAST CONTINUOUS
The accident happened
while
you were driving .
I
r
PAST SI
E AND PAST S
PAST SIMPLE
WHEN -----+--~~
The police came
when
-----1-
PAST CO
the accident
appened.
- - - --- - -
OUS AND PAST
, PAST CONTINUOUS
-
They w
PAST SIMPLE
e dlk'ng
---
WHILE
while
PAST CONTINUOUS
-
they
're
• •
riving .
EXPRESS ( ire/(- the correct wo d r s to complete the~e sentences. • When IWh'1 th
..l.!...!~!...LIT.!lWIl.§e e car crashed, he hit his head. • How fast was he dri ' , ned? -'-'--"'~!£J,u:.uYllli!Jng 1 dId he drive when the accident happe
40
. 41
Paat Continuous and Past
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
x mple
Grammar E plana i n 1. Use the past continuous with the past simple when a short action interrupts a longer action in the past. Use the imp' for the interrupting action.
(First, I started crossing the street. Then, the driver hooted at me.)
• They w .rt driving too fast when they crashed.
Now • ••
•• •••
hooted
• I was crossing the street when the driver hooted at me.
t . ··············~········· .. ··,.··r······················· ...... ~ Fut ur • ••
"'riS crossi(\~
Use wh n to introduce the past simple action OR use whll to introduce the past continuous action.
2.
• He was speeding when the light turned red. • 'hIll' he . ding, the light turned red.
Notice the difference in meaning between these two different sentences. CAREFUL'
•
fights crossed i changed street l
p
. . ... uture s ....... ...................................................... •
•
•
•• ••
• When the lights change , I c os e
(First the lights changed. Then I crossed the street.)
Now •
fights changed
the street.
• •
••• • • •
Past ................ '.............._ u.~.............................. ~ .
"'os-ciossi(\~
~uture
•• •• • • •
• When the lights changed, I was crossing the street.
•
(First, I started crossing the street. Then the lights changed while I was still crossing.)
3. Use the . .' de to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past continuous in both clauses.
.-
• Joe was talking on the phone I. e he was driving. • They weren't paying attention . " .. they were crossing the street.
.
••
Past ····························· ...... ·t· .. ·.........................~ :uture ~ta'ki~ · ; "'os driv\"~
4. The . (the part of the sentence beg·' . Inning With , or · ) can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same.
Use . . a aft er th e time clause when It comes at the beginning of the sentence.
• When ou II d , I was leaving. • I was leaving wn L •
•
'1111
h
• He was lalking
rlvln
""e Ii
he wa\ t'llkinq. •
42 • Un
t 10 •• • •• ••• • •• •• •• •• •• •• • • •
TRUE OR FALSE. ead cac" nllmbered entcnce. Write 7 (fme) or F (False) for the I follow .
'When our fi'iends arrived, we at e lunch. T
Our friends arrived just before lunch.
While we were talking on the phone, I was driving to school. We finish ed the conversation. Then I dr ove to school. Jan h eard about the accident while sh e was driving to work. Jan knew about the accident by the time she got to work. ,
When they left the motorway, it started to rain. It was raining while they were on the motorway.
5
When Zoe got to school, her class was taking a test. Zoe was late for school.
COMPLETE • A police officer is interviewing two witnesses of a traffic accident. Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and with short answers. OF'F'ICER:
YVere t d' - - - - - - - - you ___5-=--a:-n,.----ln~g~-- here when the accident
___~h~a~pp~e~n~e~d----?
1. (stand)
2. (happen)
WITNESS
1: Yes, we _____..:.:w~er~e~---. We _ _ _~-:--:--___ at the bus stop 1.
when we first OFF'ICER:
4. (wait)
---r-,::-::-::-:---:---S. (notice)
the car.
-------------- the car _ _---::~-_;:__--- when it 6. (speed)
---:;7.~(ge-:-;t):----- to the junction? WITNESS
1: Yes, it
- --:;;;;:-;-:::-:-;-;--the corner. 10. (reach) WITNESS 2: No, it ht - - -,-:;11. - - - ! Those men ___=-=:::--:-----:-_ _ on a red lig OFFICER:
11. (hit)
them.
- - - - - - - - the driver _ _-.~:-:----:--_ _ when he 14. (stop)
- - - '.;-;;;5=-.(~S(:,P-;:-: ) - - - the men? WITNESS 1: No, he - - -' 1i1.:6:. - - - . He _ _--:;-:;-,-~--_ on his mobile phone while he ---'iRr;:;;~--- Th 17. (t,llk) in tilDe. 18. (drive) . at's why he _ _-==-:--.-:=::-;--top)
--22QO.':7(~ llo;;tt-;::;p:: ay:\)--' attention while they
.'
21 . (cross)
and"'"
Peat •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
_ _ __ __ __ it _ _-=::-:----:--;--_ _ when the accident 22. (now)
----:~~--::::-;----? 21. (h.tppe.n) . I'm sure of it. The roads were very slippery. WI1'NE8S 2: Yes, it ._ _ _--:~--24. 1: No, it _._._.__-:;;~_ _ _ . The snow ----::2~6.---;(:-::,'-,'rt:-:-)--- when the n. am bu lance _ _----::-;;~~:::_::_:_;_---".. .
COMBINE. Read racll pair of sent nces. Comblnc them ;"to one sentence using the past simple or the pmt continLlous form of thc verbs. Use a comma where necessary. 1. Diana nttcnded a meeting. The blizzard started.
When _ the blizzard .etarted, Diana wae attending a meeting. 2.
She drove home. She listened to her car radio. While ___________________________________________________________
3. She pulled over to the side of the road. The visibility got very bad.
_______________________________ when _________________________________ 4.
She listened to the news. She heard about the accident. ___________________________ while _____________________
5.
It stopped snowing. She drove to the police station. ---------________________ when __________________
6.
She talked to the police. She thought about her article for the moming paper. While ------------------------------------------------------------
EDIT· Read part of the first draft of Diana's article. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of past time clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Yi
driving
esterday, a ma.n was talking on his mobile phone while he was dPive his car. MCliYbe
he checking his diary while he was making his next appointment. He was certainly not concentrating on the road when the lights suddenly was turning red. The two men in the street were trying to j1lrnp out of the wCliY when they saw biro but it was too late. No one was badly hlll't but that was just luck. Last year, the City Council weI'en't passing the 'talking and driVing' law. We need that law I
•
(ir
I
complete each sentence. t . the lett"r of the orrect answer 0 -
-
EXAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (S) drinks
is drinking (D) was drinking (e)
---
~---
Roger (S)
me at 9:00 last night.
calls
(D)
-.-~
ABC D
calling
Sara didn't hear the phone. She - - - - . (C) used to sleep (A) sleeps (D) was sleeping (S) slept
ABC D
There _ _ _ _ a lot of people in the park yesterday. (A) are (C) was (S) is (D) were
ABC D
One day last March, I _ _ _ _ a very strange letter. (A) did get (C) used to get (S) got (D) was getting
ABC D
Where _ _ _ _ to school? (A) did you go (S) you did go
ABC 0
(C) you go
(D) you went
. Claude didn't _ _ _ _ in Canada. (A) lived (C) used to live (S) use to live (D) used to living . Rick left the class early because he ah d h A) h d ea ac e. (C) used to have ( a (S) have (D) was having 8.
-
As soon as the lights turned red she the car. (A) did stop , (C) -st-o-s-(S) stopped p (D) was stopping (A) (S)
cook cooked
ABC 0
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D (C) was cooking
were cooking 10. Johnny the h paper w en I interrupted h' (A) read 1m. (S) reads (C) Was reading (D) Were reading (D)
44
ABC D
. .1fT. . II •
45
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
u.
Did you watch TV last night? -.____ I was revising for a test. (A) Yes, I did. Ic) No. I didn't. (S) Yes, I was. (D) No, I wasn't.
A
12. I remember you. You . _~ ._._~_ to go to school here.
ABC D
Ie) were using (D) were used
use (S) used
(A)
C D
fa h nt nc 1m ~ ur IInderllll d word~ or phrases. The fOLlr underlmed parts of th scntlllce Of, marked A B. C and D. Circle tile letter of the one undPrlined word or pilrcHC that I NOT (ORRfCT. I
Mike usually flrives to school but today he walks. B
-
-
A B C@
0 --
•
13. Why did you called him last week? A B
ABC D
14. They were watching TV while I were reading. , c ~
ABC D
15. What are you doing last night at 8:00? .,
ABC D
16. The doctor called this morning while you slept. C 0 17. It was no raining when the game
ABC D
18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate. C 0 19. When Gloria were four, she used to pretend she had a horse. B C 20. What do you use to do when you felt afraid?
ABC D
A
21. As soon as the alarm clock rang, she woke up and was getting
ABC D
c
ABC D
ABC D
e
::-
C
I
0
C D
,
out of bed.
ABC D
Once when I was ten, I used to get ill and went to hospital. 23. While I driving home, I turned on the car radio and heard about the accident.
ABC D
24. What did you do.>. while you were living in Spain?
ABC D
25. Pete and Andy were driving to work when they were seeing
ABC D
,
I
the accident.
•••
.,
nt
e
ct:
Come on! You've been a pro since 1994. Now serve the ball!
I
Forget it! ICHEC
You haven't won a match for weeks !
Go home!
T
. e eo . eel '" s 'eThe present perfect is made up of two parts:
o o
e + past si mple ve + past participle
The regular form of the past participle is: I
0 0
base form of verb + - or Ld
base form of L~ __verb + -en I
HAVE
SUBJECT
I/We/You* /They
(Nor)
PAST PARTICIPLE
(not) n't
lived beent
, SINCE/FOR
,
've
h
ere
IS
I since May. •,
•
* You is both singular and plural. t Been is an irregular past participle. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.
YES/NO HAVE
SUBJECT
PAST PARTICIPLE
Have
they
lived been
~
Has
he
SINCE/FoR •
.
SH
Sine , May?
here
.
46
-,
have has
He/She/it
The man is still a professio aI tennis player. n
S
STA
CHART CHECK 1 ~/e
F
POINT
I I
for a long time?
i
•
Since and For •
47
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2 Tick the correct answer.
PAST WH-
WORD
HAVE
For is used with:
r:J r:J
SUBJECT
PARtiCIPLE
they
IIv d b n
How long
a point of time
h
he
here?
Since January. For a few months.
a length of time
EXPRESS L ok ell tile past pmtl ,pie. 11 Ie tile orr ct oillmn. driven competed
R gul.lr
Irr . gular
CJ
0
LJ
Regular
G mmar Explanations 1. Use the
o o
Examples
s n
with ' or to talk about something that began in the past and continues into the present (and may continue into the future). Now , 1994 ,• P st ................................ (•.............................. ~ "·uture _ _ l .. __
has been
o o
won tried
0
Irregulclr
• Martina Hingis a:> player sl:.ee 1994.
een a professional tennis
• She has een a professional tennis player for several years. (She began her professional career several years ago, and she is still a professional player.)
•
:•
2. Use the present perfect with ',:.
• She
earne
millions of dollars s' ce 1994.
(since 5:00, since Monday, since 7994)
.
to show when something started.
3. Sin
can also introduce a
..
I.
c: •
••
If the action ended in the past, use the past simple in the time clause.
• Martina ·
loveo sports ..
"f>
fhe
WOf
• She has won many tennis tournaments c. . she Ml· -. from Slovakia. (She doesn 't live in Slovakia now.)
If the action still continues in the present, use the present perfect in the time clause.
• She has become extremely successful i, . ' she ,.' D.. in Switzerland. (She is still in Switzerland.)
4. Use the present perfect with , (for ten minutes, for two weeks, for years, for a long time) to show how long a present
situation has lasted.
• Martina's mother
5
be
her coach
n child.
,
48 • Unit 11 ...................... . IDENTIFY.
s
ad about tennis star Martina Hingis. Underline all the verbs in the . feet. Circle all the time expressions with since or for .
.l\Iartina Hingis picked up her first tenrus racket at the age of two. \..Since theW, she has become one of the greatest tenrus players in th e world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland for ma ny years. She became th e outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine. Since t hen sh e has won man y international competitions including Wimbledon, the US Open and the Austr alian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties. They are under constant pressure to win and they don't have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina hasn't been to school since 1994 and she has been in the public spotlight for years. But she seems to be handling her success well. Since she turned professional, she has played tennis allover the world and has earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the most important thing to her since she was a little girl.
& CHOOSE • Read this magazine article about a child genius. Complete it with -he present perfec form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between since and for.
Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal _ _.....:h..:.::a:-=5:.."I:..:::o..:.:ve;:.:d~__ maths _ _-=--=5:..:.:in:..:.:c:..:e,-:-:--_ he 1. (love)
2.
was a little boy. 'I - - _-:--;;--:-_ _ _ interested in numbers ---::---7-~;-;--3. (b)
4. (mel'
for
nine years, five months, three weeks, and two days,' says Ronnie. --~c;--~r:::;,-the past year, Ronnie -_~~-:---::--_ _ classes at university. He
5. (S nee For
6. (Ill tend)
- ---;;--:-----:--:----- badly. 7. (,"
oj.)
_ - ;:-=_--::-_ __
8.
(')lIll .t'
Furl
January, he
- - -9 ::-.--:-(:tilT"e: - : - - -
five
exams and --"'1A~:-:-:--:7"-a mark of less than a hundred per cent on any of 10. (not get) them. 11. (5, l " / for) Ronnie began classes, he __---:::-:::--:---.___ an average of 1.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie
13. (n t think)
for years. He _ _---.:;-;;:=-::--.-_ _ .
12. (m en
about it ,
----~.~(~'n~(~e~/~ro-r~ ) ---
gomg to become a fa mous sports announcer, get rna l'I"ied, and have exactly 2.2 childreD·
•• .-•••••••••••
P .....nt P.rfect: Since and For •
.....•.....•.••• •••.•••• ASK'
,.~
• Complete the Interview about Martina Hlngls.
Use the words In brackets to write questions. Then write short answers to the questions using Infonnatlon from Exercise 1.
1. (How long / she / be / a tennis player?)
Q: A:
~H~o~w~'~O~~6~.~h~ a~ e ~e~h~ e ~b~ ee=,n~a~u~n~n~le~p~ la~ y~ er~?___________________________________
Since ehe wae two.
•
2. (How long / she / live in Switzerland'?)
Q: A:
•
3. (she / win any competitions / since the outdoor Swiss championship?)
Q: A: 4.
(she / go to school/since 1994?)
Q: A: 5. (How much money / she / earn / since her career began?)
Q: A: 6.
(How long / tennis / be important to her?) Q: A: __________________________________________________
EDIT· Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the present perfect, and since and for. The first mistake has already been corrected.
roa'ie been
I am in /\As dark's physical educatIOn class since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have only miss two classes since the beginning of the term . I espeCIally like tennis
but since September We don't play because the Weather have been too cold . I also like volleyball and my team has win two matches since we have started to com pete with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to the next matCh.
••
•
•
T e ct: ust and Yet
nt Irea •
.
As you can see, the flu season has just begun . Have you had your flu jab yet? It's never too late!
.
POINT
ICHEC
Circle
Well, almost never ...
T* r_
"
*'~
. . \.i, ree
L
To say that something has happened before now,
o o
use
t:o
use
HAVE
They
have
PAST PARTICIPLE
developed
I a new flu vaccine.
It
has
three people's lives. .
saved
NEGATIVE ST
YET
SUBJECT
-
They -
I YET
PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVE NOT
-
----1-1- - - - - - - -
haven't
-
,
--- - - , the interview
. It -
hasn't
ended
,
yet.
I
I
use not . • . ye . - -
-_.
.
-
CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True) F (False).
T
F
u(
Yet is used in
questions.
-----_._-----
-_.
•
ALREADy/JUST
alreadyliu!t
I
•
l Ouse llread or J st. I
F The flu season will start soon.
T
•
To say that something has not happened before now,
o
SUBJECT
st.
or
ITr"e or F I False'
STATEMENTS: ALREADY AND JUST
AF
CHART CHECK 1
T
50
YES/NO QUESTIONS: YET HAVE
Hav_ -
Has
YET
PAST PARTICIPLE
----
Eo
it
~~----~-----
-
had "
the new vaccine approval
yet?
Present Perfect: Already. Ju t and Yet _ 51 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS AFFIRMATiVE
hav
they Yes, it
NEGAIIVE
...
't.
they
•
No,
has.
1
it
sn't . h
Uns(ramble these words to form a question. Answer the question .
you • have • yet • lunch. had
-------------------------------? -
Gr mm r Expl n 1. We often use the pr dy and
Ion
Ex mpl with
I
A: Is your daughter going to get her flu jab? 8: She ' (Iret ely • ( it. And I' v Just had it, too.
/w
to talk about things that have happened before now. 01,.,
5
AI,., ad)' means' at some time before now'.
Just means 'very recently: a moment or two ago'. BE CAREFUL' Do not use the present perfect
with alrea in the past.
DON'T SAY:
when you mention a specific time
Already and ju. usually come between " ve and the p st p ,
• Researchers have already discovere many diseases.
cures for
• I've just reco 'erec. from a bad cold. • They've made a lot of progress read,'.
Alreo . can also come at the end of the clause.
-~---
. ~ with
2. Use the .
.' ". to
talk about things that have not happened before now.
• They aven't d'sco 'e eo a cure for the common cold yet, but they hope to discover one in the future.
Notice that '; usually comes at the end of the clause.
• The flu season hasn't arrived yet.
ve
can also come between
and the
•
3. We usually use ! .
to fi nd out if something has happened before now. USAGE NOTE:
a cure for the
.
•
~
your son
a. his flu jab
. ?
Sometimes we use
q . to express surprise that something has happened sooner than we expected it to.
4. In spoken American English, people often use . with the past simple to talk about the recent past.
alreudy, J
• They haven 'et discover common cold .
t and
•
d h d his flu jab? The flu season . he II hasn't begun yet.
• I I, ad)' that book. • We , back from l os Anqelf's. • • you the shopping . '}.
•• •
52 •
Unit 12 • ••••••••••••••••••••••
MATCH. Watch the cause with the appropriate res ult.
e
Result
se
r
Tom has just had his flu j ab, so he probably
3
is really hungry. b
may get flu .
Dr Meier has already finished his interview, so he
e has left the TV stud'
Dr Meier hasn't had lunch yet, so h e
d
10.
isn't very hungry.
e. won't get flu this year.
. Steve hasn't had his j ab yet , so h e Steve h as just had lunch, so he
5
COMPLETE. Read these questions and answers from a magazine artic/e. Complete ther ith the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets plus already or yet. Use short answers. smallpox tetanus vaccine vaccine
flu polio • vaccine vaccine
measles vaccine
world smallpox vaccination programme
last case AIDS cancer malaria common (old • of smallpox vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine
1796
1945
1963
1966
1980
•
•
1880
•
1954
•
•
NOW
Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next year. _ _ _--=-H....:.:a::::~:.::e~_ _ they _ _ _..,:.~~o~u~nd~___ a malaria vaccine ___--.:y=--e_t_ _ _ _ ? 1. (lind)
A: _ _ _-.:....N:.:::o~_ _ _ , they _ _-----=.h.:. =a:. .:,v=.:en:. :. '. :. t_ _ _ • Talk to your doctor about ways to 2.
prevent this disease.
Q: My doctor told me I won't need another smallpox jab. I was surprised. - - -- - - - - smallpox completely _ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ ?
A: - _____ _ _ , it _ _ _ _:--_ _ _ .
3. (dlsappeclr)
4.
Q: They ----::---,-,---,-_ _ _ vaccines against flu. What about the common cold? 5 (d,·" lop! A: No. Because there are so many different cold viruses, they _ _ _ --,,.---;-,::-;- - to develop a vaccine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
6. (not be able)
Q: There has been so much cancer research. _________ anyone --~=--:,.--:--:---7. (m ke)
A:
a successful vaccine _________ ?
- - - - - - - - they - _ _~----. Researchers have made a lot of 8. progress in recent years, however.
Preeent Pe..-otJ AI,.d)I JutJt
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Dr Helmut Meier and his wife, Gisela, are planning a party. Look at their To Do lists and the pictures of their kitchen and dining room. Cross out the things they have already done. Then write sentences about each Item on their To Do lists.
(
,
To 00 - Helmut -ttl be e the uke . put the turkey In the o~en mop the floor wash the dishes
•
,
,
~j
To Do - GIsela
vacuum the carpet buy flowers wash the windows hang the balloons
wrap the present
I,I .
-----.-.... , -
1.
Helmut has already bought film.
2.
Gisela hasn't vacuumed the carpet yet.
... .....
.. " . "'l.
-.
'
t.. •
~ .... .
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
EDIT • Read this note from Gisela to Helmut. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present perfect with already and yet. The first mistake has already been corrected. }ee
Helmut -I'm in a hurry, I haven't went shopping already but I'll do it on the way home. RitCl have just had dinner and she's already had her bath. Have you call Mr JacofJsorl yd? He':,> called already three times tOday. His daughter has had het" flu shot yet. Is you later.
( J.
if
roo Ilt l"?
..
~-~
~)t:t:
,
•
TUne in to Channel l/ tonight ~---.... . . . . I've moved at 8:00 and find out! in with my parents.
I've been to India!
,
,
I've met someone new. Agai n. ~
..
.
Have you ever ':.', , met anyone like us before'?
I
HEC
'r,
,
(
r
F (F( ,
T
F You can use the present perfect without mentioning a specific time.
I SUBJECT They
o o
now. in the past.
1.
I
HAVE
(Nor)
ave (not)
It
has
PAST PARTICIPLE
I
2.
appeared been
on TV.
For a complete presentation of present perfect forms, see Unit 11, pages 46-47.
-
I
CHART CHECK 2 Tick
STATEMENTS WITH
UI(1 (Ort (
SUBJECT •
HAVE (Nor)
answ('r Never comes:
o o
at the end of the statement
They
i i
ADVERB
never
It
has
They
have (not)
It
has (not)
•, PAST PARTICIPLE ,
,."
,
have
I ,
before the past participle
-
54
I
,~o\l
The cast of 'Family' is talking about things of importance to them
CHART CHECK 1 <0
POINT
I appeared red h en
-
on TV.
on TV
Present Perfect: Indefinite Past _
55
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
3 arc/e T (True) or F (False). T F Ever must be used in yes/no
PAST (EVER) PARTICIPLE
HAVE
Have they (ever)
questions.
Has
she
AFFIRMAIIVE
? •
Yes,
won?
NECATIVE
they have. No, she
has .
they haven't. she
hasn't.
WH- QUESTIONS WH-
WORD HAVE
SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE •
I How often I Why I
have they
act d
•
on this show? •
has
it
won
an award? . 7
~
-
_
EXPRESS Um "ramble tllese words to form a question. Answer tile question.
you • watched • Have • 'The Simpsons' • ever
-------------------------------------? -----------------------------------Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. Use the pr
_ _ _ _
. '. . - - _ to 2. You can use . . with the " ask questions. It means at any time up until now.
A: HiiI Ie you . on an award?
to talk about things that happened at an indefinite time in the past. You can use the present perfect when you don't know when something happened or when the specific time is not important.
Use nev' to answer negatively.
They've won several awards. I've interviewed the whole cast. She's been on a documentary. I've seen his chat show.
OR
Have you ever 0 an award? B: No, I've nel'er Non one. OR
No, never.
3.
The past participles have very different meanings.
BE CAREFUL!
and .ne
4. Use the ,'.' .·rfeet with ' or • to talk about events in the very recent past.
(He went and now he's back.) _ Tom . ~ gOl . to India. (He went to India and he's still there now.)
y
Do not use ' , or '. with the present perfect and a specific past time expression.
BE CAREFUL!
_ Tom hiU bee.. to India.
!cently sl_I"
sn't had time • I' · NOT
a contract to write a book. •
back from Los Angeles. I've recently got OdelE (,-om l.os Angt'les ecently 9
last Monday.
--
. .
56 Uni 3 ............. ,. ........ . TRUE OR FALSE. Read co " numbered sentence Write T (True) or f (Folse) for the follows. 1.
I\'e recently joined the programme. T
2.
I am a new member of the cast.
Someone asks you, 'Have YOu any good books lately?' read They want to know b a book you read last Out year. She's visited New York several
I haye never been to Scotland. I went to Scotland a long time ago.
This is her first visit to New York.
He's gone shopping. He's shopping now.
She has become very popular.
Have you ever seen this film?
She is popular now.
I ":ant to know when you saw the film. CHOOSE & COMPLETE. "lead this script from a scene from 'Family'. Complete it with the e cl. O. I , of the verbs in the box. 1
try (x2)
have
want (x3)
eat
CAROL: This is a nice restaurant. _ _ _. . H.:..:a:.:v.:::.8 :. _ __
be
travel
you ever _ _ _..::..:tr~ie:...:.d,--_ _
J
the steak? JIMMY:
No, but I _ _ _---=_- - - - the spaghetti. I always have it. Actually. I
-
- - - - - - - - never _ _ _----::---_ _ _ meat. I think it's cruel to animals. I bet you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never _ _ _ ----:;-_ _ _ out with a 4.
vegetarian before, have you? CAROL: No, I haven't actually. Tell me, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you ever _ _ _-;:---S.
to live out of London? You know, out in the countryside somewhere. JIMMY: Out of London? Are you crazy? No, seriously, I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ never ---~---to leave London. I love it here. 6 CAROL: But - - - -_ _ _ _ you ever _ _ _----;:;--_ _ _ to move to another 7.
country or another city at least?
'tyou? JIMMY: No, why should I? I've got everything I want here. You like London too, don CAROL: Well, yes, it's OK. But I
places are just as nice. JIMMY:
1
all over the world and other 8.
You may be right. Anyway, - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you ever
I
9.
the new Mexican restau rant on the High 8tl'oot? How about going there
-
Pr_nt Perfect: Indefinite Past
til
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, • Complete the Network Online (NO) Interview with lake Stewart, the octor who ploys the part of Gary. Use the words In brackets and the present perfect form of the verb.
NO: Welcome to Live Studio, Jake. You've become very famous. How many onllnl!t,!nti!!rylewe have you done! __ ~.-::-::-::_•.-:-;-;-:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 1.
ll~,
w m, ny
urol,r'lf'
In1 (rvlew I
(j",>
JAKE: None! __ .______'--;;'-:-:::',-:-:-::-',--_.--;-;:':'"':"';:--:--:---:--------. Very exciting! 2, (n
NO: •
VI r r • '1 '
Iu
I
Itl d tiMl Illorll)
-----------------.-------~~~~~----~~------------------J. (How I (hilllg! /lS 1'1 detor')
JAKE: I work with a group. so -------~-;;-_____--=:-:-~~'"'77"------4. (becolne , mar' toluant)
NO: AR
11
comic actor, ________--;:~_:____;_;_--;--_._:_-__;_;:;:--------5. (who I be I your rolf mod n l7)
JAKE: Hard to say _________~~~~~~--~~~~----~----------6. (Charlie Chaplin I have I gr€'at influence on mt·)
NO:
7. (What I be I your best moment on this showl)
JAKE: Well. you know, _ _ _ _ _---=--;:--;--:--:-:-_ _;:--_ _ _ _ _ • That was fantastic. 8. (I I win I the award)
NO: All in all, _ _ _ _ _---=--:--:-_-,,--.,-,--_ _---:-:_-:----:-_ _ _-=-_ _ _ __ 9. (what I find I most rewarding about the experience?)
JAKE: Free coffee! No, really, _______-=-=--;-_:-:-_--;---:--:-:-_---:~------10. (meet I some fantastic people)
EDIT • Read this message from an online message board. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the present perfect. The first mistake has already been corrected. ,
-
----
--
---
,
,
-
---.-- .. "---- -
"-
-
.
,
---- - -
-
,
-
Family Fan Chat
Subj.: Re: Gary's Blind Date From: Yikes123 ,
:aughed
I ve never laugh so much in my life! Did you see the blind date episode on Family? Have you never seen anything so funny? I LOVE the show! It's the best Show I have ever saw in my life. I really enjoyed it lately. By the way, have you notice that Gary and Alison are beginning to get on? I think Gary have started to fancy her. Last night, Alison has moved next door to Gary but he doesn't know yet! I can't wait to see what happens in the next episode, Does anyone know When Gary's book is coming out?
•
•
and
1
-
,.
I can't stand this commuter marriage! I've only seen you twice this month.
Yes ... This month has been bad ... But last month was better. We saw each other four times!
J-
I C
EC
Circ/o T
POINT
T I i •• f'. 0, ;:.
;:alse).
F The husband and wife live in different cities.
- - - - - - - - - -, CHART CHECK 1 It:'
correct
Use
o o
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
I
PRESENT PERFECT
,
the past simple.
I
ne the business since 2001. met twice this month.
t o for to
PAST SIMPLE
She They
I
NEGATIVE ST
the present perfect.
•
PRESENT PERFECT
__ _
I
I
She They -
-
-
-
•
the business from '01 to '03. e twice last month.
"n ' own the business for long . . She ven't me this month. They
P~ST_S~::P~LE=--_ _--",
't own the business for long. .dn 't me t last month.
•
0 -
I
CHART CHECK 2
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Tick the corr . ,wer:
Questions in the present perfect are formed with:
o o
PRESENT PERFECT
,
she H v they L-_
it for long? e this month? t:
I
I
she wn it for long? they me t last month?
:
WHPRESENT PERFECT
How long has she owned it? How ~ften have they met this month?
. 58
D'
-- -
have + base form of verb have + past participle
___._.!:P~AS~T--=S~IM~PLE~.'-~_ _ _'
~
------------
PAST SIMPLE 7 't How long did she own I .
11 How often did they meet last /'110
t/I?
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXl'RESS Circle the correct word to omp/eff' these sentences.
married since 2000.
in 1999. They
They
m
Gr
Ex I n
I
xml
n
1. The P rf c is used to talk about things that started in the past, continue up to the present and may continue into the future. •••
t
···e····· ....··········.. ········!······ .... ··············· ....... Futur , •
have lived
.
•
i
The p s Impl is used to talk about completed actions in the past.
• They rYe apart until 2000. (They don't live apart any more.)
2. The present pe is used to talk about things that have happened in a period of time that is not finished, such as ,', ,
thi
• Thcy'v d cld d to live apart for a few years (We clon't know when they decided; the time is not important.) • They t • v • liv d apart for the past three years. (They started living apart three years ago, and they are still living apart.) • They've I"v d apart since 1998. (They are stil/living apart.)
• I' e ad three cups of coffee hh mor ing. (It's still this morning. I might have more.)
or.
The p st is used to talk about things that happened in a period of time that is finished, such as . lost year and Imin when it is after 12 p.m. . I
' •I
• I had three cups of coffee y sterdoy. (Yesterday is finished.) • I had three cups of coffee ' . g. (It's now 2 p.m. This morning is finished.)
60 •
14
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
..nple verbs .
•
and Maria, for example, Q:!ave bee1y married since 1995. Mter their wedding, the down in Ipswich, where Maria opened an accounting business. Th . couple settled __ _ en,ln consider moving. Joe never found a new job in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an eXC1lng 't' offer on the other side of the country - in Bristol. The couple have lived apart eVer since. How have they handled this 'commuter marriage' up to now? Joe notes, 'It certainly hasn't been easy. We've been geographically separated for a few years but we've grown a lot closer emotionally. For that reason, it's been worth it.' TRUE OR FALSE • Now write T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. Joe and Maria are divorced.
F
2. Maria started her own business in Oxford. 3. The couple used to live apart. 4.
In 1997, they thought about moving.
5
The couple are now closer emotionally.
COMPLETE • Joe is calling Maria. Complete their conversation with the correct form of the verbs ~n brackets and with short answers. Choose between the present perfect and the past SImple. JOE: Hi, Maria. ---~=--Did ___ you No, I didn't MARIA:
finish
that report yesterd ay.?
1. (finish)
--~~~~--. I'm still writing it and I _ _ _ _ _......,.--- worrying 3. (not stop)
about it all week. JOE: Apart from that, how
5. (slet'p)
night. JOE: 6. (nol II .. t·)
much rest this week. Listen - we
each other only twice this month. I'll come tomorrowMARIA: OK, but I'll still have to work L t t' aDY . as Ime you came I . 8. (not do) work. 7. (,,(,()
us at all, remember?
true, but it __
you relax now? _ ' '_ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-:::-::'--::--:--__ that 10. (try)
tea yet? _ _ _~____ . In fact, I 11.
_'-::-:~~-:--:---:-__ J
five cups so far today and it's
only 3 o'clock. Yesterday I _ _---.:-:::---:--:-___ at least six cups. 1 J (.""
l
ASK' ANSWER· Lif tyl Md9Min (l M) I ;nl rviewing/oe and Maria. Complete the Interview u i"9 Ih word in #Jrac k ts and Information from Exercise 1. Choose between the pr sent p rfc t and till' po I simple.
LM:
When did you get married? ,
JOE:
We got married In 1995.
LM:
Did Y0l:l_lIve1n Ipswich after that?
•
7
•
F..
7
=
,
7
3,
2. ,I, I
Vee. we did. 4.
LM:
S. (st rt your busmess I bEfore your marriage 1)
6.
LM:
7. (How long I own your own bus,ness?)
8.
LM:
9. (When I you I f,nd your job
In
Bmtol?)
JOE: 10.
LM: MARIA:
11. (your commuter marrrage I be very difficu' t?)
I
----------------~-----------------------.
12.
EDIT· Read this entry from Maria's diary. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present perfect and the past simple. The first mistake has already been corrected.
28 December '6
bee
It's 8:00 P.M. It tt'tlS a hard wcck and it~., it last Monda!! hut so far I'v<~ wrote
l10t
over!Jet! / sMI havc to ji'nish tlmt report.
/'Vt'
started
0110 ji've pa.!lt's. And it's due He;d ,t'tJt·k! Wvrk W.lS SV di/l,'.,llt
late(y. I've worked latc cvcr.,o/ n(ght this Il'ak. I'm tir.·/I ,wd I /wvm't 3<7t mll.h .~/t't'1' hlst 1I~,ht. I miss Joe. I've seen him lust wt'ekclld tltlt it s,'ems like ." 10113 timc n"qv, -,
.-
• • ••
ect ntinuous We've been ng with Bea Babies since we were four!
leH
POINT
Tick the correc
c
e eI'Jre
D
The girls don't play with Bearue Babies any more.
D
The girls are still collecting Beanie Babies.
-
Jane, Lou ise and Sarah have been collecting Beanie Babies for years.
•
STATEMENTS
CHART CHECK 1 C 'c e T (TrUe) or F (Fe '"e
T
F The present perfect can tin uous is always formed with the word e .
l/WelYou* /They
have
(not)
He/She/It
has
(n't)
(0
o o
collect been playin with
toys since 1992. them for a long time.
HAVE
Hav
1 SUBJECT
been
I
have been been +
+
BEEN
i you •
Has
BASE FORM
I
he
i
SH
V
, .
we he
. SINCE/FoR
·INC
-
.
.
collecting playing with
ANSWERS NEGATIVE
have . has .
we
No,
-
he .
haven' t .
-
hasn't . _ J.
-
toys them
I
AFFIRMATIVE
62
•
SINCE/foR
YES/NO QUESTIONS
n.
answer In questions, which parts of the verb come after the subject?
BEEN
*You is both singular and plural.
CHART CHECK 2 Chec/< he
(Nor)
HAVE
SUBJECT
BASE FORM OF VERB + ·INC
.
since 1992? . ? for a long time.
.............••.•.•.••••••••••••• •• ~
WH-
HAVE
WORD
BEEN
SUBJECT
BAn FORM + -INC
•
How long
have
you
has
he
coli cttn9 pi ylng with
toys? them?
EXPRESS n.
Compl tt til
A: How long _,______________ he been living here?
B:
_ L.
=' ,
n long time.
,
A: I've
collecting coins since last year.
B: Renlly? Have you been
foreign coins?
Examples
Grammar Explanations 1. Use the pres
- . to
talk about things that started in the past and continue up to the present. The situation is usually not finished, and it will probably continue into the future.
• I've een col e ...tin
Beanie Babies for four years. (/ started collecting them four years ago, and I'm still collecting them.)
v·..· •• .,................................(.............................~ 'uture •
•
.?Qve
been coilect\r~
Stative verbs are usually not used in the continuous.
REMEMBER!
2. Use the to describe things that have stopped very recently. The action is not happening now but you can still see the results of the action.
• I· 'e NOT
.
this doll for years. I've been owning this doll for years. f>
• The kids , . •. e _ »yln~ here. Their toys are all over the room. • It > -1'1 • The streets are still wet.
Check it out! For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337. For the. difference between the present perfect and the present perfect continu()u!'1. see DOlt 16.
;
•
,
~
.
<
•
...
()4 •
Unit 1
••••••••••••
.rl \i atCftlCllt. rll ~
) tlwt !Jest de u
e~
'II cil /£'
•
naJlir·1 look(!u ouL of" lhe wi 1 Hlli d , ' tL'H bO<' 1l ruining.' n(ow f~nd
Hillel'
8tH' waH <-It. Hch()ol.
lL'/; HLiII raining.
niun stop ped coil cLing sLU1l1JJs.
b lL Htopp('d rnining a fi horl who
bJ Gi nu s till collocLs sLn mps.
ago.
Edward has been writing un urticle n bou t. t.oys.
li()
5. Ws been raining since 6:00.
It's s Wl raining.
The articie is finished. The article isn 't finished yet.
b
They've beon selling a lot. of Pok.6mon toys. a People are t.iLl buying Pok6mon toys. b
SCflt(';,C('
If
(iinn hns bU'Jl collecting' HLHll1pl::l
3
the fr tt C'r of til·
6
It stopped raining a short while ago.
They've been playing for houTs. a They've s topped playing.
The Pokemon craze is over.
b
They're sLill playing.
COMPLETE • Edward Simpson (ES) interviewed the manager of Toys and Us (TAU) ecently. (omp/ete the interview with the present perfect continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use short answers when appropriate.
ES: So, ____h_av_e_ _ _ you _ _b_B_e-:-n-;6_B-;;:II_ln....:{3=--_ a lot of toys this season'? I (',lll)
TAU: _ _Yt_e6_, _w_e_h_av_B_ _ , Edward. In fact, Pokemon toys and games ..
---:-;-~--very fast. They're our most popular item at the moment. ( .f II)
ES: In case one of our viewers ___~-;;:--:-___ on Mars, could you explain 4. (IiVl)
what Pokemon toys are?
TAU: Ha ha. I bet the company _ _---;-;-'--;-:_ _ _ Pokemon to Mars. too. This product \. (wnd)
st.arted out in Japan as a computer game. Since 1996, the characters ---:-7'::--:--in collectors' cardR, board games - you name it. , . (, ppt .Ir)
ES: Why .
- - - - ____ this cruze
years
people all overthe
7 ("rtr
world?
TAU: Well, my husband
,
. c. several ----;i'IT:::::7--theRe products for our chIldren Jor H. (buy)
becau~e the characters ure not violent. Maybe that's why.
ES: for them?
TAU:
- - - -lUO '. - - _.. ,
much lat.ely.
- - - - -__ people
up •
People --11'"i:::~~-- for Power Rangers very 11. (nnl 1 k)
,
Pre. .nt Pel reot Contlnuoua _
'8
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Look at the two plctur~s of journalist Edward Simpson. Write sentenus describing what has been going on. Use the present perfect continuous form of the verbs In brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms
1:::1
1.
He's been doing re search on new toys.
-
~----~----~~-------------------------.----
,
(, j ,
reward) on new toys)
2. _ ________________________~~~~~~~----__- -__________------_ (tHt the roller blades)
3.
(play basketball)
4. (eat plua)
5. (drink Coke)
6. (build a racing car)
7. (play video games)
8. (send emails)
EDIT· Read the thank-you note. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the 'Jlelent perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Aunty Sally, pia y'
•
11£1
Thank you very much for the Pokemon cards. My friend and I have been w ith them all day. So far , 1 am been winning. I really love Pokemon. Mf}
mum been
buying the toys for us because she thinks they're fun, too. All my friends were collecting the cards for months now. Tonya loves the computer game you sent. too. She've been asking me to play with her but I've been having too much fun with my cards. 1 I hope you are well. I've been thought about you a lot I hope yo u c an co me
i,
and visit us soon.
Love. _
.
.
...
-
---~-----
--
a~
o
01'.
5
•
-
9 .... a .
.. ", ' '," - 5 - ... • .. .... ;,..e ... _ . .
-
::;.' " ~ a - ' - ~ ;',.-:,: -
!) ....... ..
-
=u.=-r.ClI POINT
r.;(
T
•
The w man ha-s -mshed T
F
following the elephant.
T
F
taking 100 rolls of film . ~
CHART CHECK
c
PERFECT Eleph nt h v 1
In :;001 ~. ntence:. \ ' OU • can u -e eith r the present perti t or the present pene t continuous.
-
In
f rt
ut eJe hant . rtt
man c untri
article' .
PRESENT EI phants h ' She
e
" "Ii
-
66
the e rt
"
n
mce 1 ndd . article ince 1 O. In Fran e f r a ear.
-
----~
Present Perfect, rid Present Perfect
•
61
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••
EXPRESS Complete this conversation wi th the correct form of a,e verb eat and one short answer.
A: He's been _____", ____ all morning! B: What ________, ___ he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ eating? A: Peanuts. He _,"_. ________. eaten five bags of peanuts!
B: _ _ _ _ _ _ '~_ he eatcn the whole supply? A: __._______ , he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . There are still ten bags left.
Grammar Expl n tions
Examples
1. The p often shows that something is finished. It focuses on the result of the action.
_ I'vt' - .<'if a good book about elephants. (I've finished reading the book and now I know a lot about elephants.)
Now
_ She's
• ••
P t ................'\: ................. ~................................. Future
(She's finished writing the article.)
•• •
have read
•
:,- ' often shows The that an activity is unfinished. It focuses on the continuation of an action. "
Pd!
riten the article.
_ I've been reading a book about elephants. (I'm still reading it.)
_ She's been writing an article.
,
•• •
.................................. ~... ~ ......................... ~
(She's still writing it.) ,-'uture
2. We often use the to talk about - how much someone has done. - how many times someone has done something. - how many things someone has done. We often use the to talk about how long something has been happening.
5
We do not usually use the present perfect continuous when we mention a number of completed events.
BE CAREFUL!
3. Sometimes you can use either the 'esent perf OR the ntinuou~ . The meaning is basically the same. This is especially true when you use verbs such as live, work, study and : I with or ICC.
_ I've read a lot about it. _ I've been to Africa wee. _ She 's w 'itten se"er really good articles. _
I've been readi g books on elephants 0
two months. _ I ' r
. that book t ''- .
NOT ~
_ She
tudlr
elephants
• two years.
OR
• She
eleph.mts
Ir two ye,l/'s.
(In both cases, she ~IC1l ted ,\ (!ldYIIIC] t'lt'pllant\ two yean ago and \he i\\till ,ltwfyillC] thl'II1,)
•
,
... .
68
. ....... . Unit 16 .,.
TRUE OR FALSE. ' cad eac" numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (Fal se) for the ~ • t III follows.
eading a book about elephants. r been P ro fiessor 0 wen h as F
She has read the whole book .
She's read a book about elephants. She h as read the wh ole book. 3
She's written a magazine article about th e rain forest. She has written the whole article.
'. She's been waiting for some supplies. She has got the supplies now. 5. They've lived in Uganda since 1992.
They are still in Uganda. 6. They've been living in Uganda since 1992.
They still live in Uganda.
CHOOSE· Here are some statements about Professor Owen's work. Circle the correct form of the verbs to complete these statements. In some cases, both forms are correct. , Professor Owen is working on two articles for National Wildlife Magazine. She these articles since Monday. 2. National Wildlife Magazine has published / has been publishing its annual report on
the environment. It's an excellent report. 3.
Five hundred and sixty African elephants have already died / have been dying this year. •
4. Professor Owen has given / has been giving many talks about wildlife preservation 111
the last few years. 5,
She has spoken / has been speaking at Ollr school many times.
6.
Professor Owen was late for a meeting. When she arrived, the chairperson said, 'At last, you're here. We have waited / have been waiting for you.'
7. Professor Owen has lived / has been living in England for the last two 8.
years.
Fr8Ilce· She has worked / has been working with environmentalists in England and
9.
endangered animals. The group has already met twice.
and Present Perfect Contlnuoua •
Present
69
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read this entry from Dr Owen's field Journal about an elephant she calls Grandad. Use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous form of the verbs In brackets.
We ____ . __·_V6_. _be':""e_n::--,,~h_-: ea~r_ln....;g~._ _1.
about Grandad sInce we arrived here in
(hl' r
Amboseli Park. He is one of the last 'tuskers'. tWO days ago, we finally saw him. His tusks
are more than two metres long. I __ _
never
Grandad ____-~_.~.._ __ _ _ _
_
anything like them.
2. (·-'·f·)
here for more than sixty years. He
3.lb'.!·)
_ ___.~:----"__;_-"-- everything and he _ _ _ _--=---:_ _ _ _ __ 4.(
P '"'' ,)
S.(\urvl\ll'}
countless threats from human beings. 'foung men _ _ _ _----::----:-----:-_ _ _ _ their 6. (test)
courage agaInst hIm and poachers His experience and courage
7. (hunt)
------=---c,..-.....,-----8. (save)
For the last two days, he
him for his ivory. him so far.
-------=--:--""""7"---9. (move)
sloWly through the tall
grass. He _ _ _ _----::-:::--:---:-:--_ _ _ _ and -------=-=---0-------. 10. (eat)
11. (re:.'_)
Luckily, rt _ _ _ _----:::-::---:---:--:-_ _ _ _ a lot this year and even the biggest elephants 12. (rain)
_ _ _ _---=-=---=---::-_ _ _ _
enough food and water.
13. (find)
•
EDIT • Read this student's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present perfect and present perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
living
Elephants a.nd their ancestors have been mre on this planet for 5 million years. SCientists have found their bones in many places, from Asia to North America. Present-day elephants has also survived in different kinds of environments, including very dry areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa and forests in West Africa. Because of their great size and strength, elepbants have always fascinating hUmans. Our fascination has aJmost caused African elephants to become extinct. Poachers (illegal hunters) have already been killing hundreds of thousands of elephants for the ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant population has been grown steadily. Recently, several countries have been protecting elephants in national parks and herds have became large!' a.nd healthier.
I
••
•
•
By the time I was twelve. I had already dec ided on a career. I wanted to be paid to talk! --:;
CHEC
POINT
Tick the everf ho hapfJened iirst
o o
Chat show host Oprah Winfrey with her TV audience.
CHART CHECK 1
c ~C/e
"T"
(Tr' eJ
o.
F The past perfect uses or. for all subjects.
e c ) . ·e<. I r 'wer
o o
HAD (NOT)
PAST PARTICIPLE
I/He/She/We/You* /They
'd had (not) hadn't
decided
It
by then . . •
been
easy.
,
I
*You is both singular and plural.
YES/ NO QUESTIONS .
Had
SHORT
SUBJECT PAST PARTICIPLE .
she
.
-
-
decided .
.
.
-
by then?
.
it
-
.
been
-
---- --
easy?
. .
.
.
she !hadn t she , Ye , '----, had. No, it it
---- -
after the subject ~
-- - - - ~
WH- QUESTIONS WH-.Why
WORD
----
HAD -.
had
.
.
J
PAST PARTICIPLE
-
-
sh e
decided
to be a chat shoW
it
been
easy?
- ---- ------
70
,
before the subject -
•
•
SUBJECT
HAD
In past perfect questions, where does go?
Oprah decided on a career.
,•
CHART CHECK 2 ir k
•
STATEMENTS
F (Fa'se,
T
Oprah had her twelfth birthdavo
hOst?
• 71
Paat
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the
\I
rb arrlv
A: Had she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by 9:00'1 B: No, she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
r Explanat ons
G
t p rf ct to show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
1. Use the
Now
became famous
P t •.
u
••
Examples • By 1988, Oprah Winfrey I b come famous. already ) -en in a • It was 1985. She Hollywood film.
••
*............*.......... ~ ................................ Future ••
• •
1988
2. The past p
always shows a relationship with another past event.
• In 1990, Oprah 'nv;fe Matt on the show. He had been an author for two years. (He was an author before 1990.)
Use the past perfect for the earlier event. Use the past simple for the later event.
• By the time Jill got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey Show' had finished .
In these sentences with notice the difference in meaning between the past simple and the past perfect.
•
When the show ended, she e· . (First the show ended. Then she left.)
•
When the show ended, she . , (First she left. Then the show ended.)
BE CAREFUL!
3. Already, yet,
e\'
and
with the which happened first.
' .. ' are often used to emphasise the event
4. When the time relationship between two past events is clear, you can use the for . The meaning is usually clear when you use , or as soo I to connect the events.
• I saw The Color Purple last night. I ad never seen it before. • Jason had alreaay se , it.
• Ali ' Oprah h pp ' . in The Color Purple, she go a part in another film. OR
--
~,
•
-.-.
5. We often use the (a certain time).
•
she
Oprah in The Color Purple, a part in another film. --,---~--
st p rfee with by
•
By J 9C! ,Oprah
d d cld
on a career.
72 • u
t 1r
... " .................... . r (True)
TRUE OR FALSE. ?ead each numbered sentence. Write
or F (False) f or the stot ernerlt l/Jot
When I got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey Show' started. F
First the Oprah show started. Then I got home.
When I got home, 'The Oprah Winfrey Show' had started.
2
First the Oprah show started. Then I got h ome. Oprah's guest had lost 25 kilos when she interviewed him. The guest lost th e weight before the int erview. By the end of th e show, I had fallen asleep.
i.
I fell asleep aft er the show. When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio. I turned off the radio after I went to bed. By midnigh t, I had finished the magazine article.
6
I finish ed the article before midnight.
I 1954 ,• ••
•
I •
! •
• • • •
,
1957
By 1958, Oprah
2.
By 1971, sh e
3
By 1972, she
4
By 1973, sh e
s. By 1985, she 6.
By 1986, she
7. By 1987, she 8.
1971
By 2000, she
1973
1983
had already given
1985
1986
1988
her first speech. her first TV job. her first radio job. , her first TV job. her own TV show. in a major film.
her own studio.
1998
Paat Perfect _ 73 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ASK &ANSWER • Look at this typical timetable for a TV chat show host. Complete the questions about IJIs timetable. Use the past perfect and give short answers.
7:00 a.m. Arrive COIl st/.uAio
8:00
Review dav~ filming •
2:00 p.m. Hair ana make-~Qoo __ . 2:30 Meet the day's g!4ests
3:00
o . _ _ _ _• _ _ _
Recora the show Work out with trainer '--
4:30 1. It was 7:45. The host was on schedule.
A:
Had he arrived
at the studio yet?
B:
Yes, he had.
2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's filming yet?
B:
3. At 10:55 he was having coffee.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's filming by that time? B: 4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to make up.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the day's guests by then? S.
At 4:00 he had a late lunch. A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the show yet?
6.
B: B:
He went to bed at 10:30. A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
with his trainer that day?
B:
EDIT. Read this student's report. There are six mistakes in the use of the past perfect. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
had Oprah Winfrey is an aroazing personl By the ti roe she was twelve, she has already decided on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her first radio job. Although she hadn't have any experience, she beca.me a news reporter. When she got her own TV chat show, she has already acted in a major Hollywood film. By the late 1980s, 'Oprah Winfrey' hM became a household word. Then in 1994, she decided to improve the quality of chat show themes. She also made a personal change. She had always had a weig'ht problem but in 1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She had losed almost 40 kilns as a result of dieting and working out. She had also oompet,e In She has really been an inspiration to many people.
lL 11111.1'lltlU)l\.
•• •
•
ct u
on In
By the time
-
th,e ,Ia~t runner crOSSed the fmlshmg line. he had b . f 7 h een runnrng or Ours 16 .....,·In . '" utes and 24 seconds, .
I
Circle T (T~t , ur ,False. F The race' fini hed.
T
I CHART CHECi';
I
-.. •
TicK lI, -
I'
•
r
SUBJECT
or
I/He/She/lt/We/You* /They -
been •
-
ad (no) had(n't) .
*You is both singular and plural.
, I
been
.----- - - - - - - - - l
running working
all day.
-----~--~~--------~--
YES/NO QUESTIONS
,
, •
J ; HAD i SUBJECT Ha
she
BEEN
been
SHORT I
BASE FORM + -INC;
I
WH-
WORD
-
running working
HAD
all day?
BEEN . .
v s, she had.
she
-
BASE FORM
7
How long Why
NECiATIVl
AFFIRMAnVE
WH-
74
I
ere
D is, " or are
o
BEEN
- 1 ' - 1- -
What form of e does the past perfect continuous always use?
o
HAD (NOT)
BASE FORM OF VERB + -INC;
been
running? working?
+
-INC;
No,
she had" l
Past Perfect ContlnUOUtl •
18
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS Complete this conversation witiJ the past perfect continuou\ form of the verb practise.
k How long ____________ she
when she entered
the race? B: She _._______. __._._. ~__."_.____ for more than two years.
A:
..
•
50
B: No, she ---------~---
Gr mm r
pi n
she _________ "" __ . _ _ _ alone? ~_______
_ _ _ .She _ __
Ion
1. Use the past p rf ct con 'f to talk about an action that was in progress before a specific time in the past. The continuous emphasises the continuation of an action, not the end result. Now •
with a partner.
Example • It was 2:00 p.m. The runners had been running since 10:48 a.m. • I finally saw Rob at 4:00 p.m. I had been , . in for hours. • One runner fainted during the race. She hadn't t:'n - nldng enough water. J
•• • •
10:48 2:00 p st ...............)(............... ~.............................. ~ Futu r€' •
•
Stative verbs are not usually used in the continuous.
REMEMBER!
2. The , J . always shows a relationship with another past event.
• It was 5:00 p.m. He ad had a headache all day. NOT He had been having a headache all day.
• She haa been tra'ning for three years when she entered the race. (First she trained. Then she entered the race.)
Use the past perfect continuous for the earlier event. Use the past simple for the later event.
3. We often use the . to draw conclusions about past events based on evidence.
• She was out of breath. It was clear that she n g. • The streets were wet. It " d been raining.
~~
4. BE CAREFUL! In these sentences with ., notice the difference in meaning between the past continuous and the past perfect continuous.
•
the race started, it streets were wet. . 'I .
. s raining and the
(It was still raining during the race.) •
the race started, it and the streets were wet. , in
J
(It wasn't raining dUring the racc. It had already Slopped.)
nlng
•
•
•• • •
76 . ••• • •• • • • • • ••
s . ..... 'th the correct couse.
atch each resu It
MATCH •
WI
Cause
Result
She wa_
H e h ad been reading.
fbreath. t ou 0 b.
2.
The ground ".. as wet.
3.
Her eye wer e red.
She had been running.
c. They had been '·'atching thE: r~
She had been crying. 4.
fl
There wa t . box on the
5. There wa an emp .) 6.
e. It had been raining. f. They had been eating pizza.
The T\- wa on.
rna aZI'ne article. Complete it with the past perlec
. p
oar.
. for.m of the verbs m brae e s. ogfesllve
-
,
BY BERNA£>
t
n 23 October, I ran '+-e 805' Marathon wi
rca Dc
a parmer,
had been training
We -~":':"'::"---;-1, -::,.::::---=--tose er for a ear. In fact, 2. '
,~
the race ever since
e wa ched
the Wasnlngton Marathon. The start of the race was dramatic. Up to that poin
I
e
---::---;------- but we were very senous when we lined up. I was so 3,
I CO\..J!dn't breathe, MarCia and I
on those same streets
for
. tr d 1
Couple of weeks, so at the beginning we did well. By the time we got to Hea we
S. '.J
for almost three hours and I really believed we could
finish. Then, halfway up the hill, MarCia stopped. She Just couldn't run any more. •
7.
00
d}
or ar )
about next year's marathon.
for me for two hours. First we cried. Then we started
a ill
~
5
Past
•
"
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••
, • The magazine Runner's World (RW) Is interviewing marathon winner Paolo Esposito (PE). Complete the interview with the past perfect continuous form of the correct verbs from the box. Use ~hort answers where appropriate.
go out
expect
live
run
RW: You've just won the mara th on. Con gra t u Ia ti 0 n s! ___H_a_t:l~y:.o...: .: . u..:t-7:e:.e:..:.. .: . n..:t..:.:ra:.:l.:.: n:.:.: 1 n:.:!g~_ 1_
for it for a long time'?
PE:
_ _ _ _ _-.;. 'VI;ee :;..." ','='I....;.h.;..:a.;..:t:I. :-_ _ _ _ _ • 2.
For more than five years. First in Madrid,
then in Rome. RW: You tripped during the race. How long _ _ _ _ _ _--::-_ _ _____ when 3.
that happened?
PE: It was in the last hour. Luckily it didn't keep me from winning. RW: I understand that you recently married your trainer, Emilia Leale. How long _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ together when you decided to get married?
PE: About six months. We met in Rome and knew straightaway that we wanted to be together. RW: _______________ in Rome for a long time when you met? 5.
PE: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . In fact, I had just moved there. RW: You looked very calm when you crossed the finishing line.
_______________ to win? 7.
PE: _ _ _ _ _ _---,-_______ ! I was really surprised. And very happy. 8.
EDIT. Read part of an entry from a runner's diary. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of the past perfect continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
1.9 Odober I'vejust!fat back fom the marati10m I'm tired but very IlapP.!l When I crossed the ft~li.slllj~q
" line, I hd-Yc been runnri1!f for four hours and twellf:!J-ftve minutes, jerem.!f was stmuiJi!tJ -.
fi1ere. He had been waii:J1d for me the whole time. We were both soahi~tJ II'd - /, b"~"/llse I 11I.:,d been sweatti1!f; he, because it has beel1 rdillli!!J./ust a little wll/fL' btf~r<" J U'''s -"'.1/1.1,1 f,' see him. I had beell look /ortl'<mi to this dt1.!f /';1" sa 1(}I!tJ tlflll h''Pli!'1 fll,1I I ""11/.1 ft~J1:,11 flit" race if[ less t/l&W /ollr tUld tl Iwl(110111":;. /1/11"1/ ' ! /Llt Ilvll"', , .-al/,·" 1I!111',,,-,·III.,. TII'?I h,l.I
,·Ii'.'.' lit,' /1~JJ:.JlIi~,/ IJild ______~i__~~________--__--~__ -___----__--.___._, ___-'''~--____---, watching tlte tlltlralll/JlI Otl TV and It"d lldll,r/(tI'">"OJ
JJJ, '
•••
•
•
complete each sentence. to __ _ Om th lett r of til torrect answer .-~
-.~-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never ____ coffee. (A) drink (S) drinks 7
He (S)
(e)
(D)
is drinking was drinking
- ---
•
--~~~~
for the Olympics since 2002. practises
(D)
was practising
We've known Sally _ _ _ _ a long time. (A) since (C) while (S) by (D) for We've been living in London since we . (A) have graduated (C) graduated (S) have been graduating (D) graduate . They haven't _ _ _ _ an AIDS vaccine. (A) yet developed (C) developed already (B) developed yet (D) already develop
ABC D
- - - - you reserved your hotel room yet? (A) Did (C) Do (B) Have (D) Has
ABC D
She hasn't _ _ _ _ very often. (A) flew (C) flown (B) flies (D) flying
ABC D
It - -__ and the ground was still white. (A) snows (C) would snow (B) had been snowing (D) has snowed 8 Tina _ _ _ _ last week. (A) has arrived (B) arrived (C) has been arriving (D) arrives 7.
(A) (B)
live have lived
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D
had lived have been living 10. The show has -Won an award. (A) just (B) ever (C) lately (D) yet
78
ABC D
(C) (D)
ABC 0
• 19 •••..••••••••••••• . .... ~
"- Professor Kidd - -__ three books since 1999, and she's working on her fourth. (A) has been writing (C) wrote has written (0) writes
A
C D
12. We
A
C D
to buy that car yet.. (A) haven't decided (C) have decided (B) decided (0) nre deciding
13. - Has Maria called yet'?
- Yes, she (A) did (B) called
. Hut sht' didn't, h'nvc a message. Ic) hmm't (0) has
...
ABC D
14. Since I __._._~ .. _ university, I haven't had much spare time.
(A) started (B) was starting
ABC D
(C) have started
(0) start
TWO
ISECTIONI
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. •
•
.
.
I
ABC D
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A
..
C
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _- -_ _
1 S.
When she was younger, she has played tennis every day.
~I
ABC D
BCD
16. It~ already 10:00, but Jane hasn't finished her homework already.
ABC D
B C D
17. I've been worrying about you because you haven't been seeming
ABC D
A B C
well lately. o 18. I've read a good book recently, but I haven't finished it yet. A
C
_
A B C
20,
ABC D
0
ABC D
Karl has been driving since ten years. t
ABC D
0
19. Did you done your homework, or have you been watching TV?
0
21. We've been here only one day, but we've
three rolls of film.
ABC D
<:
A
22. This hotel has been already in business for fifty years. "
C
)
23. How much coffee did you been drinking last night? A
ABC D ABC D
-
24. I'ye been stndying French since I've started school. A
~
ABC
ABC D
u
25. Before she became a film star->.. she has been a stand-up comedian. [
I
ABC D
Future: •
Din
to and
ill
Oh, no. It's going to ra in! 1'/1 get wet!
, ,'
• "
"."
I,"
I. ',':,
\ ,I'\""
I I ,I(
,',
,,
I I t,
,"
"", 'It I
I'
'I ,
1,
I I : I
.
It
• I', '(
,I,'
' I"( l l t,'
( l '" I ~ I.fC'
"l, •,• ' ,
'("1 ' .,"
II .
I
",,/, 1,' _
til'
I"
I '
I ,
~
,,
I I( ,
"' ~.!/ ~
• I
Itl\ I " " el\ (I ,
,
"_ ' ,
I
tI t .
". , f.. . \
.
'I 1 1, " ' t
c ..
I
,I'
,,
IUII I ' I I , t l \ , / ,
'lIlfc\
"((
C
SUBJECT
BE*
(NOT) GOING TO
I
am 'm
(not) going to
e g o?
o o o
lit!
o o
e correct
How many forms does be have in I
Ie
Tick the main POin' of the ~
C~rtoor
The man has forgotten hi
s umbrella.
1
STATEMENTS: BE GOING TO
CHART CHECK 1 T
I ,
POINT
"~' I ,'
one three
(not) going to
's
two We/you* /They
I
,
• IS
He/She/It
BASE FORM OF
,
leave
', soon. ' !
are 're
I, ,,
(n't) going to I
*You is both singular and plural.
I
CHART CHECK 2
YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO
Ci rele T (True) or
BE
F (Folse).
T
~
F In questions, a form of be goes after the subject.
-------
- ---
SUBJECT GOING TO BASE FORM
,
.
Am
AFFIRMATIVE
..j..
I
you are.
•
Is
-
Ar' -
he
going to leave soon?
Yes, he
Is.
NE~nvt
I L you arel1 bill. he No,
.
you
I
-
WH-
80
SHORT
BE GOING TO
am.
I
'111 1101.
Future: B
gOIng to and WIN •
81
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
3 Circle T (True) or
SUBJECT
Will
F (Folse).
T F The fOlm of is the same for all subjects.
I/He/She/lt/WeIYou/They
YES/NO W,LL
(NOT)
will (not) (won't)
FORM
leav
soon.
WILL
SUBJECT
BASE FORM
he
I
SHORT
ANSWERS
AFFIRMAnVE
NEGAIIVE
~-
l Will
WHI
soon?
No, he won't.
ONS: WILL
WH- WORD
WILL
SUBJECT
BASE FORM
When
will
he
Ie
EXPRESS l":~~~ Unscramble these words to form two sentences.
to • rain • It's • going
---------------------------.
an • get • I'll • umbrella _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. You can use e . plans and intentions.
_ Professor Fox .s going to atte next week. _ I'm gomg to go with him.
- to talk about future
You can use " to say what you think or guess will happen in the future.
a conference
_ I think it ill e very interesting. _ I suppose he II a - about his new invention. _ The cars of the future 0 .on petrol. I
2. Use be going when something in the present leads you to predict something in the future.
_ Look at those dark clouds! It _ NOT
_ Watch out! You' . Use will to give information about the future. Use w I when you decide something at the moment of speaking.
-ain.
~O l
_ Professor Fox's books conference.
•
on sale at the
A: Professor Fox is speaking at noon. to his talk. B: Oh. I think 1- I
Checlc it out! There are other ways to talk about the future. See Unit 20, pages 84-85.
82 . t ......................................... READ. ook at ProfeHor Harry Fox's email message. Harry's Travel Plans
0
Ir
Greg - Just a quick note to let you know my plans. I hear you're going to be in L I ' b ondo , h Th t n next weekend. Unfortunately, I won t b.e t ere. a ~~ans won t e able to go fish In
-~
Transport conference. I go every year but this IS the first time I m gOing to speak t. It. I d 't th' k I' . a The conference finishes on Saturday but on In m gOing to go back to Lond h " d on until Sunday night. I'm probably going to take t e train Instea of driving so I can get some work done. So, it doesn't look as if we'll get to see each other this time. I hope next time works out better. Harry
4
~
•
IL
-
;;;:;;-
ANSWER • Tick all the things Harry Fox is going to do next weekend.
o 2. 3.
be in London
4
IZI be in Newcastle 0 go fishing
5.
0 attend a conference 0 give a speech
6.
0
7.
0 drive to London
8
0
see Greg
return on Saturday
DESCRIBE • Look at the pictures. They show events from a day in Professor Fox's life. ~ 'rite predictions or guesses. Use the words below and a form of be going to or
not be going to.
answer t he phone drive give a speech :. "" ( go on a journey watch TV
------- .,/
1.
4.
It'e going to rain.
2.
s.
•
3.
6.
Future: Be going to and Will •
•.•••..•••••••••••• , •••••••••••••••••••• • After his speech, Professor Fox answered questions from the audience. Complete the questions and answers. Use the words in brackets and will or won't.
1: My question is this, Professor Fox: ____W ~II.:...1 _ __
the car of the
future _ _ _-=-'""' ru;:..:.n~--_. on petrol? 1.
Fox: No, it
(llIll)
. It ________ probably
won't 2.
_ _ _=--:---::--_ _
3.
solar energy.
lU\p)
WOMAN 2: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we still _ _ _-:--:,..--,,--.._ _ flat tyres? 4. ('1"1)
Fox: No, we _ _ _--=-____ . By the year 2010, tyres _ _~~_ __ 5.
6. (hllvC)
a special seal so that they _ _--=::-:-_,...,-_ _ themselves. 7. (rep,)ir)
MAN 1: In what other ways ___ _ _ __ _ cars _ _ _--=--,--_ __
different?
8. (b,·)
Fox: Well, instead of keys, cars _ _ _ _---=--=---=::--:-:--_ _ 10. ' look)
-----,=---:-:_..,.--_ _
9. (hav(-)
smart cards. These
a lot like credit cards. They _ _----,-_ _ _ _ _ doors 11. (or,en)
and they _ _----,-_-,..-_ _ _ the seats, mirrors and steering wheels. They 12. (.ldjust)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ even _ _--,,--,,----:-_----::-_ _ the inside temperature. 13. (control)
MAN 1: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they _ _-::-:---;--_-,-:--__ car thefts? 14. (prevent)
Fox: Yes, they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! Next question? That gentleman at the back. 15.
MAN 2: How much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ these cars _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? 16. (cost)
Fox: I don't know exactly but they certainly _ _-----::=-::-:-_ _ _ cheap. Nothing 17. (be)
ever is!
EDIT. Read this email message to Professor Fox. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of the future with will and be going to. The first mistake has already been corrected.
.
•
.-
- - -- .-- --
-
-
-
--
- - -
.
--
--
-
He: Travel Plans
,• .
--
.-C_
,
-
--
-
-------- 08 ---- --- .._--
. . . -----.-- • • _ -• . _. ______ _ -- ._-_._---.-_.--------------
_
,__
--.~
won't,
Harry - I' m sorry that we will A& be able to get together in London. Martha will misses you, too. Perhaps we can get together sometime next month. Martha and I am going to be in Birmingham until 15 July. After that, we are going visit our son in Brighton. His wife is pregnant and will have a baby in July. It's hard to believe that we going to be grandparents! How exciting that you going to talk at the conference! I'm sure it wills be great. I've got to run now. The sky is getting really dark and th ere'll be a storm. I want to get out of this office before then. More later.
Greg
~
Putu...., ContraM •
.•....••.•••.•••••• •••• ~
EXPRESS Tick the sentences that refer to the futl"e.
LJ LJ LJ LJ
I'm leaving in five minutes. What time do you nOl'mally leave the office? Are you going to the conference in May? I'm working on a report at the moment.
1. Use be gomg to, 1/1, the and the pr nt imp to talk about things in the future. ow •
fly • Pt ·.. ·······························.;.········· . ..................~ future • 1 •
•
j•
next week
•
2.
to fly to Mars next week.
• I'm q I
• By 2080, people 0 ' t drive. They' I fly everywhere instead. • Pete's got his ticket. He' flying to New York on Tuesday. es
• The plane
($
at 10:05 and
and~
at 16:15
Sometimes only one form of the future is appropriate but in many cases more than one form is possible. USAGE NOTES:
a. Use be going to to make predictions when something in the present leads you to predict something in the future.
• Look at that spaceship! It's NOT It'll land.
b. Use will to say what you think or guess will
• In the future, people space.
happen in the future. c. Use be going to to talk about future plans
and intentions. d. Use the -v ' . to talk about fixed arrangements that have been made for the future. You often mention the time and/or place of the arrangement. J
_.
e. Use will to talk about information about the future. f. Use will when you decide something at the
moment of speaking and to make offers.
g. Use the pr . . to talk about scheduled future events, especially timetables, programmes, etc.
oing to land.
spem' their holidays in
• We're going to listen .o Dr Green's speech tomorrow. • Dr Green Is giving a lecture at 10 o'clock in Lecture Room A.
A: fill Dr Fisher be at the conference? B: No, he but Dr Green • • Each lecture ,I ~ one hour.
A: Dr Green is giving a talk tomorrow. B: Oh! Maybe I'n . 'l . A: Great! I 'll . you a ticket.
• The shuttle to Mars •
• We I r
•
at midnight.
at 10:00 a.m.
6 .
rit
••••••••••••••••••••••••
1/
r. otl
I \
tJ \ It J
, · . RrS8: Ellvll. I t 8 ml'l' . D '.J '~, GREEN: HI. anti. lC't'.
Rl ss:
G
ott Tldlflg a
tJ;
COIlf! I
fl ee this we k, Read he e fotor
ro t)'
::;
l'
\ '(){l
"
r11 f",l' l't. my.
c\J't;:
..
YOU .
pre~enting a poper
e,
this week'). I
talk stnrts at two o'clock.
h . mayb I'll come, \\lU1t are you going to talk about? Robots?
, I' d 1'1 with P rs nul robots for h u ... ehold work. GREEN: .1. s. mall £. Res~: I'd like on of those! \\11er 's yom' son. by th way? I he here with you? y
'nO 1 . 'T'011\' ~tay ~ in .1.'. •
orfolk ",ith his grandparent in the summer. I'm go'lng to
1·
~.
yisit him aft r tb conI' renee. So, what are you working on these day? Rrs~: I'm still "ith the Mars Association. In fact \ e're holding a new conference
next month about the lVIars huttle laLUlch. GREEN:
4.
That's exciting. Ia~Tbe I'll ... ee you there.
Ru~s: Great. The conference begins at noon on the tenth.
(HOOSE • Circle the most appropriate words to complete these conversations. GREEN:
2.
,,\Yhich proj ect
on next?
Rrss: I haven't decided for sure. Probably the Spacemobile. Russ: Look at those dark clouds! GREEN: GREEN:
Yes. It looks as if it's raining / it's going to rain any minute.
7
I'd better get back to my hotel room before the storm.
Russ: OK. I'm seeing I I'll see you later. •
DESK:
Professor Green, your son has just called,
GREEN: Oh, good. I'll call / I'm calling him back straightaway. 5, GREEN:
Hi, Tony. How's it going?
ToNY: Great. I go I I'm going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow. 6. GREEN:
ToNY:
7.
I know, Mum. I post I I'm posting it tomOITm\'. I've already got the envelope.
ToNY: How's the conference? GREEN:
8.
Have fun, but don't forget you still have to finish your project,
ToNY:
It's great. I'm giving / I'll give a talk this afternoon. (}Qod luck. When are you / will you be here?
GREEN:
you at about 8:00.
to
•
Future: •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read these conversations. Complete them with an appropriate form of the verbs In brackets. (There Is more than one correct answer for some items.) 1.
A: Hurry up! The shuttle _ _ _ _ _ _.:.;:Ie;=a~ve::..:e::....-_ _ __
_
(I( ,'If£')
B: Oh, I'm sure they
in just a few minutes.
for us.
(w.lit)
2. A: Look at those storm clouds! Do you think it _ _ _ _ _ _-:--_ _ _ ____ ? {r dIll}
B: I don't know. I - - -_ _ _,....,.....~---.___ the weather forecast. (th ck)
3. A: When - - - - - - - - we - - -_ _~:____:_----- the shuttle? (1)",1[0)
B: We _ _ _ __ _-;;;--;--_ __ _ _ _ first class, so we should be among the first (fly)
to board. 4.
A: Wow! This suitcase is heavy. B: I _ _ _ _ _----,;----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ it for you. Give it to me. (carry)
5. A: What time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we _ _ _ _ _ _--;:-----::-_ _ _ _ _ _ on Mars? (land)
B: According to the schedule, at 9:00 a.m., but I think we - _ _ _----,-_ _ _ _ _ a little late. be'
6.
A: I'm hungry. I hope we _ _ _ _ _ _--;---::--_ _ _ _ _ _ some food soon. (get)
B: Me too. I _ _ _ _ _ _.".------,-_ _ _ _ _ _ the seafood special. I ordered it (have)
in advance. 7. A: Look! The flight attendant is getting ready to announce something.
B: Great. That means we ______----:--:---:~------ boarding soon. (start)
EDIT • Read this flight announcement on the shuttle to Mars. Find and correct seven mi5takes in the use of the future. The first mistake has already been corrected. (There is often more than one way to correct a mistake).
'Go
15
od evening, ladies and gentlemen. This vnll be your captain speaking. We be going
to leave the Earth's field of gravity in about fifteen minutes. At that time, you are able to unbuckle your seat belts and float around the cabin. Host robots take orders for dinner Soon. After these storm clouds, we are having a smooth trip. The shuttlt.' arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's temperature on the plmwt is n mild minus 20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning th e tcmperatu 1'(' il'l 18 dt'gn'ps bu tit is feeling more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.'
•
•
Future
la u ; )
When I grow up. I'm going to be a ballet dancer.
,,
J •
Ic
POINT
EC
The child is talking about a present ha~.
o o
The child is planning her future.
•
STATEMENTS
CHART CHECK CIrcle T (True) or
MAIN CLAUSE
F (Fe'
T
T 1
I
F The verb in the main clause is in the future. F The verb in the time clause is in the future.
I
I m go ng to be a ballet dancer
I
TIME CLAUSE
when I grow up. I
I
• )0
She
I after she
a ballet company
,
YES/NO
S
MAIN CLAUSE
I
I
you oing to
eaves school.
a ballet dancer
~-------------------------
she ' , a ballet company
TIME CLAUSE
whe you grow up? I aft r she leaves school?
________Lt ____~ ___________-
•
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE -
I
-
NEGATIVE
--
..
I am.
Yes,
No,
..
,,
she w II.
.
I' m not .
she won't.
-
....
WH- QUESTIONS
M AIN CLAUSE
what
-
,---
,
88
•
are you going to b ! «
TIME CLAUSE
will she do ,
-
•
-
when you grow up? after she leaves school?
these words to form a question and an answer.
be • What • grows up • she • when • will • she
----------------------_._------.------------- . •
she'll • scientist • a • I • think • be
..----------.
---------.-----.-.--------~---------------.~.--.-----
I r
Gr
1. When a sentence about future time has two clauses, the verb in the main clause is often in the fu ur (will or be going to). The verb in the time clause is often in the pr s nt .
m.:nrl"u If, I" • He'll look for a job when he leaves school.
l~jl:.;,'·'J,j·
CAREFUL! Do not use will or be going to in a
('I'~f
• I'm going to work aher I leave school.
future time clause.
NOT
The tim se can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same. Use a comma after the time clause when it comes at the beginning. Do not use a comma when it comes at the end.
2. Here are some commo
• Before she applic5, she'll visit different schools. OR
• She'll visit different schools before she applies. NOT She'll visit different schools, before she applies.
5
you can use to begin future time clauses.
a. Wh n, after and .
often introduce
• Ahel I leave school, I'll look for a job. • .' . j" I leave school, I'll look for a job. (First I'm going to leave school. Then I'll look for a
the event that happens first. •
~• leave •
• Whe'. I leave school, I'll look for a job.
look for a job
job.)
P ~t ······· · ··~········· · ························· f ······· ......... ~ Future • •
•• •
b. Before, until and by t
often introduce the event that happens second. I' ow
• Bef • Unt •
I get a job, I'll finish school. I get a job, I'll stay at school. . .. I get a job, /'11 be out of school. (First 1'1/ finish school. Then 1'1/ get a job.)
•
Pc. st ....
~•
h
••••
finish school
~
••••••••• ,
• • • • • • • • "/'
get a job
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
• ••• • ••
~
utLJrc
••
••
c. While introduces an event that will happen at the same time as another event.
"'ow Pdst ·· ........ i· ................................ .........,,........... ~ Future .t ... ook for a jOV •• COntinue to stu6i • •
• • • • • •
•
. I look for a job, I'll continue to study. (I will look for a job and study during the same time period.)
•• • •
90
Unit 21 •• • • • •• •• •
TRUE
FALSE. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the (
1
Amber will open her own business when she finishes school. F
2
follows.
Amber will open her own business. Then she'll finish school.
Derek won't resign until he finds another job. Derek will find another job. Then he'll resign. John will retire as soon as he is sixty. John will retire. Then he'll be sixty.
,
Marisa will call you wh en sh e get s home. Marisa will get home. Then sh e'll call you. While Li-jing is at school, she'll work part-time. Li-jing will leave school. Then she'll get a part-time job.
6.
By the time Carol gets her degree, she'll be twenty-one. Carol will be twenty-one. Then she'll get her degree.
. COMBINE· Read about Sarah and Jeff. Combine the sentences. 1. Sarah and Jeff will get married. Then Sarah will graduate from university.
_S_a_ra_h_a_n_d....:J:..-e_ff_w_il .....::g-!.....e....:.t_m-.-::..:.ar:....:.r....:ie....:.d~_ _ _ before
Sa ra h grad uates.
2. Jeff is going to get a pay rise. Then they are going to move to a larger house.
------------------_____ as soon as __________________-----3. They're going to move to a larger house. Then they're going to have a baby. -
4.
They'll h ave their firs t child. Then Sarah will get a part-time job. -
S.
Their ch ild will be two. Then Sarah will go back to work full-time.
6. Sarah will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to university.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - _ while 7.
Jeff will graduate. Then he'll find another job.
".,.
...... 4.... . .... . • Look at this student's worksheet. Complete It with the correct form of the wrbs In brackets.
SHIIT
OAL PLANNING WO I. Write your major goal. •
I
'II set
- • =
_.
.
•
•
a job after I (q t)
II. List three benefits of achieving your goal. 1. When I _ _ _ _..,...-___ a job, I _ _ _ _-,-___ more money. (1 I)
rillY!')
2. When I ___--:--.___-_ enough money, I ___ ----:-:---_ _ _ _ a car. (q t)
(buy)
3. I _ _ _..,...--;-:--___ happier when I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a job. (have qol)
III. How will you reach your goal? Write down smaller goals. 1. As soon as I ________ in the morning, I _ _ _----:-;-____ the 'CI,t \':,)
(buy)
newspaper to look at the employment ads. 2. When I _ _ _ _----:--_ _ to my friends, I _ _ _-:--;-:,------_ _ them if they \ SDl',l~ I
(ask)
know of any jobs. 3. I ________ at the job noticeboard when I ---.....,........,....------ to ,
-
.
(go)
"
,
the supermarket. 4. Before I ___---:-----:-_ _ _ to an interview, I __-------::,----_----:--__ my (go)
(improve)
computer skills.
EDIT. Read this dancer's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the LIse of future time clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check for commas!
Tof!!orrow is m!lf/rst dance recital! By the time /
JPi/1 write mfJ next d/~1J:jJn";'k it 1l'!II,dml'!1J.
be over! A---s !!.OOJ/ as we finish tlu: performance .!.h!!.'t: tIre ,qL'!!.i~q to .be a _wdl be thereL when we el1ter the
fl.!q pm1.. Lj.;" 11.... R"I,<"Tt'''''' I
WIllie we w,ll a:lt'brtlfti tf,t' Prt'SS Il'dl,itft"l'lli-lI' 1IIj"/It"I"~'
1'00111.
ofthe dance.'1roup, As SOOIl as 1.'1et 1If! 011 SWllft!LJ /IIIJrllli!tJ 1'1111t!LJ tl't'I"'I" ·"''''.1 1',"'.1 tl,,' . interviews , We'n'.'/vif!q tv pe'forlll thi.~ .~//tJ1I'
a new pro.9n:unmt',
1'111
/'1" til") 11',',-/.;.."
I I.- " ,),'11 ,'.'
if:, I'~II:'''I',I,
w,'
/",11111
sa <"Xc/h,d EVL"I" ,..,i,.-/" /11'1/., lift/.', I'~t" 11 ,/111,''( I" I,,' 1/ /','//"1,1./11,-,,). 1
-------
-- . ,
-
-_ .. -
Inuous
ure I'm sorry. I won't be here at 12:00. I'll be taking the dog for a wa I
I
HE
~'c/'
POINT
the cO ....Pc a 15 'er o,
~
When will Robo take the dog for a walk?
o o o
, i
before 12:00 at 12:00 after 12:00
CHART CHECK
T I
"~
I
. a se .
F
You form the future continuous with • plus e and the base form of the verb +
-,
STATEMENTS
C :c.c ..,....,... e/ or ~
-
BASE
SUBJECT
W,LL
I/You/He/She/lt/We/They
will (not) won't
BE
(NOT)
•
+
-ING
working • commg
be
• •
,' tomorrow. i
YES/NO QUESTIONS W,LL
•
SUBJECT
Will
I/you/he/she/it/we/they
BE
BASE
be
working • commg
FORM
+
-ING
tomorrow?
SHORT ANSWERS - _.
I 1_
-
Yes, II
_
'
_
-------
/ I you/he/she/we/they
--
will.
No,
h I/you/he/she/we/t ey
-- ' - - - - -
WH- QUESTIONS WH--
WORD
Where When
BE/W,LL
will
BE + BASE
she
FORM
be working?
+
-ING
won ·
Future •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Unscramble these words to form two questions. Answer the questions. working • be • Will • tomorrow • you
------------------------------------------------. you. be • What • doing • will
------------------------------------------.--------------------? ------------------------------------------------------. Grammar Expl n tions
Examples
1. Use the futur
_ Robo III be takim the dog for a walk at noon. _ He '0 't be cleanh the house.
tinu
with I ( ) and won 't to talk about things that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
No •
12:00 • Past ··································i··········· • 1 • •
J ••••••••••••• , •••
•
•
1 1
•
~
'uture
.- ~\fo~ will' be to
2. USAGE NOTE: We also use e.:+ " be + base form + .' . but the structure with wiJ is more common. ~
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in
the continuous form.
3. Remember that if the sentence has a , use the present simple or present continuous in the time clause, not the future or future continuous.
A: Robo 5 going to be taki '. the dog for a walk at noon. the house. B: He Isn't go ns to be cleani
_ I'll know my test results next week. NOT
_ I'll b(; coo In the robot NOT I'll be coolting ..... hile the robot will be
•
•••
94
• •••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Read this paragraph. Underline all the fu ture continuous forms . ,.', •
Todav we find most robots working in factories around the world. But wh t . _ . ' . . a 'Nl11 the robots of the future be doing? One deslgner predlcts that m Just a few ye
. ars, small intelligent robots will be dealing wlth all th e h ousehold chores. This is g . . . Olng to mak life a lot easier. While one robot is cooking dmner, anoth er one will be vac . e .
.
\
\
uurnIng the
wars? Scientists aren't sure. What is cer tain, however, is that robots will be 1 . P aYlng a more and more significant r ole in our lives.
(OMPLETE. ead these conversations. Complete them with the future conti nuOUs form a • ~c ords in brackets and with short answers. 1.
STUDENT:
_ _ _ Will _ _ _ you
be having
~~
a. (Will
ha"e,
- - - - - :c=-.7: (W1 :::i·,",,;-:g=-=-o-;) ----
b.
3.
t d S u ent
hours today? I'd like to talk to you about my robotics paper. Yes, I will .I TEACH 1m:
4.
s. to lunch
at 2:00. But drop in anytime before then. 2.
MRS GEE:
MR
When - - - - - - - - you - _ _ _::--;:-:-::;-;--;-:-------:____ the office?
GEE:
b. (wont
get)
home until late.
ToNY: Dad, what time - - - - -_ _ you _ _ _ _ _.,---~--
home t d ? I . iI. l will o ay. need some help wIth my science project.
come)
MR GEE: I _ _~~;;-::-;-;-_ _ b. (will takt-) Mia to the dentist after work but I'll be back by 4:00. ToNY:
- - - - - -__ we _____~~~-----runneroofure Mum comes home? c. (WillI hJ e)
MR GEE: d.
4
7.
At 2:00. Why? Do we need something?
- - -h""r:::;:::::---:-:--;-:-----
3.
6.
a. (will {leave)
GEE:
MRs
I
SALESMAN:
.
You know we always wait for MuIll·
I'm caIl'mg from Robotronics Ltd. I
_yout
area soon to de monstrate our new robot . ROBO: I' for a while.
•• (will / VI It)
b. (won't I buy)
I
Puture
•
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Look at Robo and Robota's schedules for tomorrow. Complete the statements.
Raba
Robote
8:00 make breakfast
8:00 pay bills
9:00 dust bedrooms
9:00 vacuum sitting room
10:00 do laundry
10:00 repaint kitchen
12:00 make lunch
12: 00 recycle the rubbish
1 :00 give Mr Gee a massage
1 :00 Ghop for food
5:00 help Tony with homework
5:00 cook dinner
7:00 play chess with Tony
7:00 Lake the dog for walk
1. While Robo ____ ie_m_a_ki_n~g_b_r._ea_k_f_a_st_ _ _ , Robota ____w_i_lI_b_e.Jp_a.::!y_in--"g~b=---I_1I6::......_ __
2. Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the bedrooms while Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. Robota
the kitchen while Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. While Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lunch, Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5. Robo
a massage while Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. Robota 7.
dinner while Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
While Robo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ chess, Robota _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4~ EDIT • Read this student's paragraph.
L.
Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the future continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
performing . In the future, robots will be popfopm more and more tasks for hu mans. This
will be having both positive and negative effects. On the one ha.nd, while robots will be doing the boring and dangerous jobs, humans will be devoting more time to interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots be making life a lot easier for
humans. On the other hand, the widespread use of robots will creating a lot of future unemploy ment. There is a risk that robots will taking on jobs that hu ma.ns need in order to earn a living. And some robots could even become dangerous. I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future, robots will be operating nuclear power stations! And before too long, robots will to be fighting in wars. Although, on second thoughts, that will be better than hll rna,ns kllling each otherl
•
ure ure e ontinuous By February, I' ll have swapped Piggy for a shi ny new car!
By February, he'll have been saving for three years and I'll be rich!
ICHECKI
. ••
Tick the correct answer.
.'
I
CHART CHECK 1 ,. ~c e ~ C e, or r
-
o o I
F
I
SUBJECT
Both the future perfect and the future perfect continuous use
Circle T (Tru ) or F (Forse).
T F Short answer forms are the same for the future perfect and the future perfect continuous.
-_.
-'-.--------~-----
96
S•Yet
HAVE
+ PAST PARTICIPLE
1-
I/He/She/lt/We/You* /They
will (not) (won 't)
have saved enough money by then.
*You is both singular and plural.
FUTURE
+ ·INC
SUBJECT
W,LL (NOT)
HAVE BEEN
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
will (not) (won't)
have been saving for three years.
CHART CHECK 2
I
He hasn't been saving for three year
WILL (NOT)
euee .
,
It's February.
FUTURE PERFECT STATEMENTS
F (Fa'se .
T
POINT
YES/NO QUESTIONS WILL
Will
SUBJECT he
+ PAST PARTICIPLE - ---------have sav enough by then?
FORM
SHORT NEGATIVl
HAVE
- -- - - - - - -
r--- - - -
+ BASE
Yes, he
-----------'
PERFECT YES/NO QUESTIONS W,LL Will
SUBJECT
HAVE BEEN + FORM + -INC
AFFIRMATIVE
have been saving for long?
Yes, he will.
-----------------he
------
No, he won t
. ..... . .. ....... .. .............•...........•.......•.••••.•••••••••••• Future Perfect . . .. . .
Complete these sentences with the v rb d r ive. U
• By June, I'll have been • I'll have -"---~-
ContlnUOU. • "
onE' word (or each gop .
t'
"
my new car for a year. 10,000 miles bv t.hen .
-~ ~ ~-
~
tI n
xpl
Gr
nd Future Perfect
x mpl
1. When we use the fu , we imagine a certain point of time in the future, and we look back at events that will be completed by
• By June, he will h v p Id his debt. • We won't h v ,av d enough by then.
that time.
N (
•• •
.......... , ..... y .................
~. . . . . .} ( • • • • • • • • • •
•
*............ Futur
1 paid June i debt Use by tim x to identify the point in time in the future.
•
Use "a to emphasise that an event will have happened by a point in time.
• By May, he T have already sav ~
.
.-
u
•••••••••
--
~
,
December
•
Past ................ ...... .
,
•• •
·
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . '
••
-•
living
--- -
"1110.....-
~
'~
a car. • She 'll he lfe ookf>;" at a lot of cars ')~I th~n.
2. When we use the . we imagine a certain point in the future and we look back on things already in progress.
1998
y Jun , she " I h;
·uture
£1,000.
• We moved here in 1998. By next December we will have been r ..·ng here for several years. • We're moving to Paris next year. By 2009, we will have been I'lfan9 there for several years and it should feel like home.
The
. focuses on how long and often includes the length of time.
• You 'll have been speaki S French '0 ten years by then.
REMEMBER! Stative verbs are not usually used in
• By May, he 'll la e ed his car for a year. NOT he'll have been owning his car ...
the progressive.
3. Use the future perfect or the future perfect continuous . to show the order of events: FIRST EVENT: future perfect (continuous) SECOND EVENT: present simple ,
,
.
•
~• ~
finish
start •
dinner to read arrive :
Pas.t ................ ;........:, ..............." ..............., .......... futtJre ~
,
••
.'
• By the time you am e, I II II ve "sh NOT By the time you will arrive, I'll have
• By the time you for an hour.
jve,
dinner.
I'll have been reading
• •• •
98
Unf 2 • •••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE • Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (Folse) for the ot follows.
By this time tomorrow, I'll have decided wh ich car to buy.
1
I haven't decided yet which car I'm going to buy.
T
We'll have finished the shopping by th e time you get home. You will get h ome while we are shopping. By next year, Mary will h ave been wor king at the school for five years .
• •
Next year, Mary can celebrat e h er fifth anniversary at the school. By ten o'clock, she won't have finished marking books. She will finish marking books at ten o'clock. 5. We will have moved to a larger office by the year 2015.
We will move to a larger office after the year 2015. 6
By next year, we'll have been publishing the newsletter for fifteen years. We started the newsletter less than fifteen years ago.
LIJ
COMPLETE • Look at the time line and complete the sentences about Tom and Linda's futLire accomplishments. Use the future perfect or the future perfect continuous form of the words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative.
TC
I 1
2010
I 2011
2012
2013
2015
2017
2018
2022
1. By 2012, they _____',_,~ha::.:..:v~e___=b:..:o:..:u~g:..:...ht=____ _ _ _ a new car. (bu.
2. By 2015, they
•
I
in their own house for three years.
'II have been living (II '<')
3. By Steve's first birthday, Tom _ _ _ _ _--:----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (qrarlll It oj
at university for four years.
(study)
another car.
(buy) (drive)
her business.
(open) ( " e)
for two years by 2020. (accomplish)
I
•
~~~~ ~~I. !~.C:~. ~d Future Perfect _ " •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • Read Linda Leonard's (lL) Interview with Teenage Couples Magazine (Te). Complete the Interview with the correct form of the verbs In brackets. Use the continuous form when possible. Use already when appropriate.
amazing! By the time you ______~~~et=-::-_-____ mal'l'ied,
TC: You two
you _ _ _'I_I _h8_"'_.B_8-;;I:-N-;-a-;-d~'J:-'-f?_18_.,"_"_B_d_._ ..._._ 2. (pldn)
1.
(<)1 t)
your whole life together!
Well, we've been going out together since school. By the time we LL: from university, we __ . ,
J.
(ql.ldll,
ld
our mal"riage for a long ti me. TC: When Steve _ _ _ _ _~;:-:'";':-::-:-::-_;___--, Tom S. (be born) •
----6:::"'.~(r,,.,--:t ·CJr ·~ rjl' )-, -) - - - -
from university. How will you manage with Tom still studying? LL: It won't be cn~y but we've got a plan. Tom _ _ _ _ _--=~---:------- most 7.
If~'~h)
of his courses by then. He'll stay home with the baby during the day and go to evening classes. TC: By the time you _ _ _ _ _- - = - - : - - : : - : - - - - : - - - - - - your tenth wedding anniversary, 8. (celebrate)
you _____--=--;---:--:--:-;_ _ _ _ _ _ yonr business. You have a lot of patience. 9. (nol
~l.lrt)
LL: Not really. I _ _ _ _ _---::,..".-.,.--:------- years of practice in my job 10. (get)
by then. When I
the doors of Linda Ltd, 11. (open)
I _____-=-=--::-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ a very experienced web page designer. 2 "
~
TC: Well, good luck to you and thanks for the interview.
EDIT. Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the future perfect and the future perfect progressive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
('? it;; t7
By August l'll -l7e- a secretary for ten years . Ana I'll eam almost the same salary for three years I That's Why I've maae a New 'lear's resolution to go back to GOllege this year. First, I'm gOing to write for GOllege maga2Jnes ana start saving for tuitIOn . By March, I'll have work out how much tuition will cost. Then I'll start applying . By summer, I had received acceptance letters. In August, I'll talk to my boss about working part-time ana going to college part-time. By that time, I'll have saved already enough to pay for a term's tuitIOn . By next New 'lear's Day, I'll have been study for a Whole terml
~"
I
ONE
mplete each sentence. __ I th I tter t tilt orrect answer to co
-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ __ (A) drink (B) drinks
1
-
coffee.
It - - - - tom on-ow. (A) rains (B) rained
.
--
(C) is drinking (D) was drinking
-
---~-~
. t . (C) 's gomg 0 ram (D) 's raining
The package will _ _ __ on Monday. (C) arriving (A) arnve (D) be going to arnve (B) arrIves •
A 8 CD
•
•
•
,
6
7
8.
9.
10.
100
Goodnight. I _ _ _ _ you in the mormng. (C) 'm seeing (A) '11 see (B) 'm going to see (D) see
A 8 CD
Hu fry up. Th e n ext bus (A) leave (B) leaves
A 8 CD
at 7:15. (C) leaving (D) will have been leaving
Bill will be _ _ _ _ to Taipei tomorrow. (A) flies (C) fly (B) £lying (D) have flown
ABC D
a new DVD soon. (A) have owned (B) '11 own
ABC D
We
of
1
(C) 're owning (D) own
They'll be making copies while he the report. (A) finishes (C) 'll finish (B) 'll be finishing (D) 's been finishing
ABC D
She'll (A) save (B) have saved
ABC D
almost £1,000 by then. (C) have been saving (D) be saving
By next year, Roger will _ _ _ _ here for ten years. (A) live (C) have been living (B) be living (D) be going to live Will you buy an electric car when they available? (A) become (C) are becoming (S) became (D) will become
21
ABC D
«. ~.
••••••
A 8 C D
She'll be man'ied ____ June. (A) already by
(e) (D)
12. Where _ - - - be living? (AI they
they will
u.
since until
(e) will they (D) are they
Look at those cars! They ._ - - - ! (AI will crash (C) 're goi ng to crash (S) will be crashing (D) will have crashed
14. How (A) (S)
ABC D
ABC D
for college? (C) (D)
should pay will she pay
C D
A
she pays she's going to pay
SEcno Each ntence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the entence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. ..
--
--~
-
-~ -
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. A
-- ~-- ~--------------------1 S. Will you been
to the supermarket tonight? o
•
A
16. The film starts at 7:30, so I think I gQ.
c 0 tonight until we will finish this chapter.
17. We are going to
f e D
18. By April, I'll have been driven my new car for a year. A
19. We'll travel for a couple of days, so you won't be able to call us. , C 20. 21.
22. 23. 24. 25.
Jan finished school by next summer, so we're going to visit her. Which project will he works on after he finishes this job?
gQ
to Morocco?
I'll be studying while Anna will be sleeping. A
-
She will not I
graduated Qy June.
A
L
__
===---~-~----,
C D'
----------' ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D
BY January, he'll have yet saved £1,000. A Where you will be staying when you
_ _ _ _ _
ABC D ABC D ABC D
- • uestions:
What happened on t.he night. of 12 May? Where did you go? Who did you see? Who saw you?
ICllEe
"'ick
~he
--.. ""-_.
Why did I get out of bed
POINT
this morning?
correct a·lswers.
The lawyer wants to know
o o o
the events on the night of 12 May. the witness's profession.
1. VJhen
(Usually who
the names of people who saw the witness.
word
CHART CHECK 1
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT
C CIt. T \T e/ or F (False).
WH- WORD SUBJECT
VERB
PREDICATE
T F , - questions about the subject have the same word order as statements.
Who
saw
you?
order
ANSWERS (STATEMENTS) SUBJECT
VERB
PREDICATE
He
saw
me.
CHART CHECK 2 · Circle T (True) or ~ F (False).
3. When (usually
ICATE
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WH- WORD PREDICATE
AUXILIARY
Who(m)
did
b. a
as SUBJECT
VERB
you
see?
•
•
I
T
F
Wh- questions
about the predicate have the same word order as statements. T
102
F Questions about the predicate can include a form of the verb do.
4. USAQ
about ANSWERS (STATEMENTS) •
SUBJECT
--- ----
--,
-
-
VERB "
PREDICATE -
I
saw --
-
him .
-------------.------___________ 1
•
•
OU ___._
--- . _---------------_1
I for
tnfonnatlon
Jld you q th r ) w m 'I f opl \dW you th rt'? - H I ( dl you \ tily th 'r ?
begin with
I
When you re
Someone saw you.
t
the first part of the entence), us a who que tlon word In place of the ubject. The word ord~r i the a in a tatement.
J. When you are
lei you
_
c t (usually the last part of the sentence), the question begins with a wh- word, but the word order i the same as in a yes/no question.
• Who saw you?
You saw someone. Did you see someone?
t
• Who did you see?
~ BE
When you ask a who question about something in the predicate, you need either •• a forlll of the verb b . OR
b. a form of an u as
Ii ry ('helping') verb such
4. USAGE Non: In very formal English when asking about people in the predicate, whom is sometimes used instead of who.
VERY FORMAL
• Whom d id you see? INFORMAL
• Who d id you see? CAREFuL! If the main verb is a fon n of you cannot use rhom .
,
•
N OT
. the next witness? Whom is the ne)(t witness?
104 •
Uni 24
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.
MAT(H. Each que lion 9
oes with an answer. Match each ques tion with th
e
an wer. lie f
•
Answpr
t •(\n
1
Who did you see?
a His wife saw me.
Who saw you?
h
Sh e hit a car.
What hit her?
I gave the money t
What did she hit?
A car hit her.
Which man did you give the money to?
LT
o n.arry.
e Harry gave me the m
oney.
I saw the defendant.
. Which man gave you the money?
COMPLETE. Read this cross-examination. Complete it by writing the barrister's questions. 1
BARRISTER: WITNESS:
What time did you return homer (What time / 'ou I return home?)
I returned home just before midnight.
2. BARRISTER: WITNESS:
(How / you I get home?)
Someone gave me a lift.
3. BARRISTER: (Who / give / you I a Iitt?)
WITNESS:
A friend from work.
4. BARRISTER: (What I happen I nexP'
WITNESS:
I opened my door and saw someone on my sitting room floor.
5. BARRISTER:
•
(Who / you I ee 7)
WITNESS: 6
Deborah Collins.
BARRISTER:
•
(Who I tw I [)f>bOrdh (olllnsJ)
WI'l'NESS:
She's my WI'fi' b ' d d noW. e s oss. I mean she was my wife's boss. She s ea
7. BARRISTER: (What I you I do?)
WI'l'NESS:
I called the police.
8. BARRISTER: WITNESS:
(How m,)ny I people I call / you?)
Noone called me. Why?
••• • ••• ••••• •
statements. Then ask questions about the underlined words. recognized
Adalfis.
Who l"IooenlZ&'J Harry Adame1
The witness recognized Who did the witness ,..,c06nlz81
The court session begins at 9:00 a.m. •
"
7
•
4. Fiye witnesses testified. ,
' 7
5. The jury found Adams guilty because he didn't have an alibi.
6. Something horrible happened.
7. The trial lasted two weeks.
8. The jud~ spoke to the jury.
9.
10.
Adams paid his barrister £2,000.
The prosecution questioned
EDIT • Read this list of questions. There are six mistakes in the use of wh- questions. Find and correct them . The first mistake has already been corrected.
What trme "the suspect retum home? Who all:l see him? Were there
any wrtnesses? Whom Was
at home?
Why ala he call A. 5mIth? What ala happen next? Where he eM go? How mUch money he took wrth hlm ~
,.. -
- - ,.. "
\.
•
r""
,
It's a nice , . day, isn t
POINT T:C'"
the corree
0 '~wer
o
The man is asking about the weather.
o
The man is commenting on the weather.
I
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB CHART CHECK
J. ' AFFIRMATIVE I
(,me 7" ""'": e) or
the question tag is
I
NEGATIVE
TAG
STATEMENT
You e from York, aren't you?
T F If the statement is affi I"lOative,
I QUESTION
STATEMENT
F 'Folse
NEGATIVE
QUESTION TAG
You're not from York, are you?
-
I
WITH All AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
a ffi I'mative.
AFFIRMATIVE " NEGATIVE
,
STATEMENT
QUESTION TAG
. You " moving,
TIVE I
STATEMENT
" QuESTION TAG
,
aren't you?
I
H:
\ You're no moving,
I are you? ••
been here,
I hasn't he? I move, ' can't the? y I __ --1 • -
They c
He hasn" been here,
,
can they?
They can't move, -
has he?
•
•
WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB ~.
-, -
E
•
AFFIRMATIVE
L
STATEMENT
•
-
.
.
, You liv here I
II
106
,
They mOved .
-
I
NEGAnVE
! QUESTION TAG ' t -, " . ---
I
"---_.,
NEGATIVE I
don' you?
You don't live here,
do you?
They didn't move,
did theY?
•
didn't they? ..
•
• ~
these words to form a sentence with a question tag. ?•
Grammar E pi n
I n
often use question tags to:
e. check information we believe to be true OR
b. comment on a situation
2. Question tags follow
t t m
• Tom lives in York, doesn't he7 (The speaker believes that Tom lives in York and wants to check this information ,) • It's a nice day, i\n' it? (The speaker is commenting on the weather.)
,1,11"11"
. The
III
-
'JE'sllon tog
• You're not from York, ' re you? • You're Jack Davies" . 't you? - You don't drive much, Jo you?
statement expresses an assumption, The question tag means Is that right?
-
a. If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the
-
lrtlrma -IV' _ You work on Fridays,
,I'
-
) , you?
verb in the question tag is negative.
b. If the verb in the statement is negative, the
negative - You don't work on Fridays, do you?
verb in the question tag is affirmative.
3. The ques
always uses a form of f or an auxiliary verb ( , or or a modal such as I , 'ou or _!) .
USAGE NOTE:
Notice the question tag for
m.
It's a nice day, isn t it? You've lived here a long time, You come from London, do You can drive, can't you?
e you? it
_ I'm next, a 'en I? NOT I'm ne)(t, amn't I? _ Tom works here, doesn't he? NOT
BE CAREFUL! In the question tag, only use pronouns. When the subject of the statement is that, the subject of the question tag is
_ _ _ _
or .
a good idea, isn't ? NOT That's a good idea, isn't that?
_ That
~
4. When you use a question tag to eck inf ) i - . or to -, your voice falls on the question tag. You expect the listener to agree or just show that he or she is listening. Question tags can also be used to . As with yes/no questions, your voice rises at the end, and you expect to get an answer (Yes or No).
A: It's getting warmer, .s
? B: Yeah. Seems more like summer.
--...;" You ' re not moving,
A: 7 B: Yes. We' re going back to York . OR
No . We're staying here. -
7•
you?
108 •
Unit 2
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
this converso ead IDENTIFY •
· n Underline all the question tags. t 10 •
. , .t? Hi Tom. It's a nice day, Isn t 1 . KAy: , . . N t I d in the sky. How are you doing? It certamly IS. 0 a c ou TOM: 't know of any flats to rent, do you? My Son is 10 ki d Yi Fine, thanks. ou on 0 ng for KAy:
one. TOM: Is he? I thought he was staying with you . .KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his own. Do you know of anything?
a matter of fact, I do. You know the Simpsons, don't you? Well, I've just
TOM: As
found out that they're moving to Cheltenham next month . .KAY: Are they? What kind of flat have they got? TOM:
It's a one-bedroom flat.
KAY: It's not fu rnished, is it? TOM:
No. Why? He doesn't need a furnished flat, does he?
KAY: Well, he hasn't got any furniture. But I suppose he can always buy some, can't he? TOM:
Why don't you give your son my number and I'll give him some more information?
KAY: Will you? Thanks, Tom.
MATCH • Each statement goes with a question tag. Match each statement with the • correct question tag. Statement • I
•
Question Tag
You've phoned the removers ,
a. can't we?
2.
They're coming tomorrow,
b. do we?
3.
This isn't going to be cheap,
c. is he?
4.
You haven't finished packing,
d. isn't it?
S. We don't need any more boxes , 6. Paul is going to help us, 7.
e. are they?
f. have you? g. isn't he?
8. Jack isn't bUying Our bookcases , 9. The removers aren't ki 10.
Moving is hard ,
•
pac ng the books for us ,
h. is it? haven't you? I.
'0
I,
,
,, ,
tf'NIlo chat show host Is Interviewing on~ of her guests, a th' Int~rvlew with approprlat~ fags. You've lived in London for many years,
haven't !fou
1
1.
Since I was eighteen and came here to write my first screenplay. HOST: You didn't know anyone here at first, ______-__-:::._______ ? 2.
GuPI': No. And I didn't have a penny to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It soundscraz~
HoST:
_____. ___. ______~------------ ? ~.
But things have worked out for you, _______--,,--______ . .? 4.
You're working on another screenplay now, ____________________ ? 5.
GUEST: HOST:
Yes. It's a comedy about some kids who become invisible. Speaking of kids, you've got some of your own, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? 6.
GUEST: HOST: GUEST:
Two boys and a girl - all very visible! I know what you mean. Do you ever wish they were invisible? Now, that's an interesting thought, ______--,::--_ _ _ _ _ _ ? 7.
EDIT • Read this part of a film script. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of question tags. The first mistake has already been corrected. hae;n't Ben: It's been a long ti me, Joe, h&van't it? JOB:
That depends on what you mean by a long ti me, doesn't that?
Ben: What are you doing round here, anyway? It's da.ngerous. JOB:
I can take care of myself. I'm still alive, a.mn't I?
Ben: Yes, but you're still wanted by the police, are you? JOB:
Look, I need a place to stay. You've got a place, haven't you? Just for one night.
Ben: I have to think of my wife and kids. You can fmd somewhere else, can you? JOB:
No. You've got to help mel
Ben: I've already helped you enough. I went to prison for you, haven't I? JOB:
Yeah, OK, Ben. You r ememb er what h a ppened last June, do y ou?
Ben: OK, OK. I can make a ph one ca ll.
eit er an . .
HI R. \ lJ) S l,; "I
•
ICHEC
POINT
Tick the correct ans 'e"
a a
Mark likes hunting, fishing and Chinese food. So does Gerald.
The men like different things. The men like the same things.
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
,..
" P _ _
T
T _u
NEGATIVE
A
CHART CHECK e, or
STATEMENT
ADDITION
ADDITION
STATEMENT
F (Fe ' e .
T
T
F There is more than one way to make an addition. F
Use or ' with negative statements.
Amy s a twin
and so s Sue.
eit er is Sue. Sue 'sn , eith r.
very tall
and Sue is, too .
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
I
•
AFFIRMATIVE
I STATEMENT
• I
~A~~D~D:IT::IO:N=-_-;::. and neither can Sue. n 't ski and Sue can't, eitllel'·
ADDITION
STATEMENT
When a statement does ' Amy i and 0 n Sue. sWim I Amy not have a an Sue o. I ____ _ form of ' or an auxiliary WITH VERBS USING DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB verb, use a form of do in _- -the addition. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE ,-. -_. ----- . T
F
•
~---
STATEMENT -. . .
Amy likes dogs
110
-
,
..
ADDITION
and so does Sue. and Sue does, too .
STATEMENT
ADDITION
Amy doesn't
does sue. and neither tftet. 't ei n and Sue does
like cats
ml •
Is a firefighter 10 al MarIe. (Gerald is a firefIghter and Marie is a firefighter.)
• Gerald Is a firefighter and so Is Mark. OR
• Gerald 15 a firefighter and Mark Is,
or DOt
If the addition
negative statement. Notice the word order after so and . The verb comes before the subject.
too.
• Gerald didn't get married. NeIther did Mark. OR
• Gerald didn' t get married. Mark didn't, eIther.
• So is Mark. NOT So Marlt is . • Nor did Mark . NOT P.~or Marlt
sis.
always use a form of be or an verb (be, have, do, will or a modal verb such as can, could, should, would}. .. If the statement uses a form of be, use a form of be in the addition, too.
b ••f the statement uses an auxiliary verb, use the same auxiliary verb in the addition. c. If the statement has a verb that uses do as an auxiliary verb, use the appropriate form of do in the addition.
4. 'n conversation, you can use short resp nses with so, too, neither/ nor and not Ith r to agree with another speaker. USAca NOTE: In informal speech, people say Me too and Me nelth r or Nor me to express similarity or agreement.
• I'm a twin and so Is my cousin. • Gerald had resigned and so had Mark. • I c n 't drive and neither can my twin. • Gerald owns a dog and so does Mark. • Gerald bought a jeep and so did Mark.
A: I've got a twin sister. s: So have I. O R 1 have, CO) . A: I haven 't got any brothers or sisters. B: either h ve I. OR hayent , either. I
A: I'm left-handed. B: 1\
.
A: I've never heard of these twins.
B:
II
·it
I.:r .
112 • Unit
• •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• •• •••••
twins. Write T (True) • n between reunited I l converso t10 • TRUEOR FALSE· cod thele S lor Ii /lows each conversatIon. the statement tllat 0 ... , • 1.
MARK: I like Chinese food. GERALD:
T 2
So do 1. Gerald likes Chinese food.
ANDREA: I don't want to go out. B ARBARA:
Neither do
r.
,;
Barbara wants to go out.
\•
5 \1
JEAN: I'm not hungry. JOAN: I'm not, either.
3.
•
I
/
Joan isn't hungry. 4.
AMY: I've always felt lucky. KERR I 1':: So have r.
7
,
NORA: I can t SWIm. DINA: Nor can 1.
Kerrie has felt lucky.
s.
MIA: I don't eat meat. BOB: Nor me.
Dina can swim. 8.
I shouldn't work so much. TIM: Neither should 1.
JACK:
Bob eats meat. 6.
JIM: I've got a headache.
BIU.: So have 1.
Both Jim and Bill have got headaches.
.
Tim wants to work less. I'd like to leave now. TYLER: Me too.
9. JASON:
Tyler wants to leave.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this paragraph.
Sometimes being a twin can cause trouble. At school, I was in Mr Jacobs's history
IrS,9Jwas my brother. One day we took a test. I got questions 18 and class. Neither 1. 20 wrong. My brother did, so I too. I didn't spell hippopotamus correctly and •
in the test and so did I got my brother. We tried to convince Mr Jacobs of our
Guess what? Nor I So did my brother. Our teacher was astounded. So I Too w8$ the 6. 7. headmaster. We weren't. We were just amused.
with
••••••••••••••••••
and Carla are twins. They agree on everything. (tHIVlfSation with responses.
ComplM.
I'm so happy we finally found each other. So ____ am~I---. I always felt as if something was missing from my life. 1. So
. I always knew I had a double somewhere out there.
2.
CARLA: I can't believe how similar we are.
Neither
J.
•
It's like always seeing myself in the mirror.
CARLA: Not only do we look identical but we like and dislike all the same things.
That's true. I hate lettuce. CARLA: I _ _ _-:-_ _ _ . And I detest liver. 4.
MARTA:
So
5.
CARLA: So MARTA:
. I love pizza, though. . But only with tomato and cheese. I don't like pepperoni.
6.
Neither _ _ _----==--___ . 7.
CARLA: This is a II) azing! I feel as if I've always known you. ~TA:
Me ____-=_______ ! 8.
EDIT • Read this student's composition. There are six mistakes in the use of sentence additions. Find and correct them. The first mistake has already been corrected.
My brother a.nd I My brother is just a year older than I am. We have a lot of things •
ill
common. 16 he
First of all, we look alike. I am 1.Bm and so he is. I have straight black hair and dark brown eyes and so does he. We share many of the sa.rne interests, too. I love playing football and he, too. Both of us swim every day but I ca.n't dive and either can he. Sometimes being so Sjmilar has its problems. For example, last night I wanted the last piece of chocolate cake and so does he. Often I won't feel like dOing the washing up and neither won't he. Worst of all, sometimes I'm Interest.ed in a particular girl and so he Is. However, most of the Lime I feel are really nice. So does my b!'other.
0111'
$lmllnl'ltles
ONE Circle the leUter
UI
HIt
correct answer to complete each sentence. -
--
-.-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
r
I
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (C) is drinking (A) drink (D) was drinking (B) drinks - - ----,'--. 7
Where _ _ _ _ ? (A) does she live (B) she lives •
_ _ _ _ has lost this wallet? (A) Whom (B) Whose You're Cynthia, _ _ _ _ you? (A) aren't (B) are
7
she does live CD) she lived
(C)
Who (D) Who did
6.
•
-
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D didn't (D) were (C)
my brother. (C) so did (D) neither did
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D it wasn't (D) it isn't (C)
7.
We didn't eat here last week, _ _ _ _ we? (A) didn't (C) do (B) haven't (D) did
ABC D
8.
Who _ _ _ _ your bike? -Mike did. (AI did give you (B) did you give
ABC D
9.
114
That isn't Sam, is it? -N 0, . Sam's taller. (A) it is (B) it doesn't
-
(C)
Laura loves soap operas and _ _ _ _ . (A) Jane does, too (C) Jane loves too (B) so Jane does (D) so loves Jane
s. I didn't like sports and (A) either did (B) neither does
•
Who _ _ _ _ at the party? -I saw Stefan. (A) saw you (B) did you see
you gave (Dl gave you
(C)
ABC D (C) (D)
you saw you see
A
hat& cabbage. Me , (A) too either
'
, i"
. I can't even look at it. (e) neither (0) do too
washing up tonight?
11.
A
C D
A
C D
Who are (0) Who does
(e)
(A) Whose (8) Who's
12. Liam was born in Ireland. So _._ _ _ hit,; brother. (A) was
wasn't (0) did (C)
(8) didn't
Each entenc has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the entence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. EXAMPLE: Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
-.- --
A
C D
A B C D - - - - -- --~-------------------------------~------------_--_ _~I
ABC D
13. This is f! good school, wasn't itl ABe
0
ABC D
14. Yi~ went to Stan's party last year, hadn't we? B e D
15. Kevin has always been a great student and so his brother has. e D
skiing and neither I. e 17. Where you worked last year when you were going to school?
16.
My sister has never
A B e
ABC D ABC D ABC D
D
ABC D
That sign is too small to read, isn't ? B e 19. English isn't an easy language to learn, is it..!-
18.
ABC D
BeD
20. 21.
My parents are both good cooks and me, too.
ABC D
Tom and Fred hadn't been to Italy
ABC D
,
r
D
then, had he? c
22. I'm usually right about the weather, amn't 17 A
~
C
A
C D
D
ABC 0 24. ~ere did they went yesterday? 25.
WhyA you call me so late last night? , D
ABC 0 ABC 0
•
, Be able to P
Ca n you d o
I
""
.
-G
spreadsheets'?
I
I
POINT
I Circle
T
,. ~ -; (True) or F (F( . .;:
T
SUBJECT
The form for c and c . is the same for all subjects.
F
I
-+
I/He/ She/lt/We!You/They
{-
r o l.p
F The father Wants t know if his daugh~r has permission to do spreadsheets.
NTS: CAN/ COULD
STATE
CHART CHECK 1
PI 0
T {T_
BASE FORM CAN/COULD* OF VERB can cannot can't
do
spreadsheets now.
could (not) use couldn't
I
a computer last year. ,
*Can and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular. YES/NO QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD
ANSWERS
•
BASE CAN/COULD SUBJECT FORM Can she do them? Could
they
r
use
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE she an .
Yes , ~---
one?
No, ,
. they couldn't. ,
. they could.
WH- QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD
•
·
I
. !
I
WH- WORD CAN/COULD SUBJECT BASE FORM . ~ ~ ~ --.-'-~ -~--ca 1 she _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ spreadsheets? -. How well cou ld use J. a computer? . - -- --- ~ they •
-
--I
---
--
--
~
-
--
~--.
~
CHART CHECK 2
~
-
o
be
0
able to
.
.,
-
NEGATIVE: BE ABU TO
BASE SUBJECT - ~
I He/She/It
BE -
--am
ABLE TO
-- -
FORM
--
'm Is 's
are 're
do
graphs.
+ NOT
SUBJECT
BE
I
am not 'm not
c_
able to
I •
-
~
AFFIRMATIVE: BE ABLE TO
WelYou/ They
116
~-
-
Tkk I he correct answer.
Which part of be able to changes for different subjects?
• she can .
-
-
Is not
He/She/ It Isn't
WelYoul
's not
t-~-
They
are aren't 're
AILE TO
BASE FoRM
-
able to
do
graphS-
Oan, Could,
•••••••••••••••••••••
3
Sf
Qnswer.
BE
with be In to, what comes before the subject?
Are you
o o
••
SUBJECT ABLE TO FORM
1-----able to do
Is
AFFIRMATIVE
she
I am .
I'm not. Yes, - - - No, t - - - - she Is. she Isn't.
spreadsheets?
a form of be WH-
a form of able to WH- WORD
BE
SUBJECT
arc
you
-...
How well
: BE ABLE TO
..
Is
----.. --
.
she •...
.
-- -_.
-
ABLE TO
BASE FORM
able to
do
---
.• ---
-- f- -_ _ _ _ _
spreadsheets? __ . ..l.. _ _ _ __
EXPRESS ~~ Complete these sentences with can or be able to. Use one word for each gap.
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ she already able _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ use a computer?
B: Yes, she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , and she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ type and do spreadsheets, too.
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1. Use ca or the present.
• She can do computer graphics. • She's able to do computer graphics.
able' to talk about ability in
In everyday speech, ::. . is more common than . e _ ~ . in the present tense.
USAGE NOTE:
,e " ..
2. Use either 'J' or ' ' . ' Ie . to talk about ability (but not a specific achievement) in the past. or /' ~ p ablr.: ' to talk about a specific achievement or a single event in the past.
BE CAREFUL! Use ..
Use either _. or I / negative sentences about past ability.
,
In
3. For forms and tenses other than the present or
past, use
•
• Sam could read when he was four. • He was able to use a computer, too. • She managed to delete the virus from her computer. • He '} ble to ix his computer when it broke down. NOT lie could filE his computer when it ... • I ,-ouldn'l dG spreadsheets. • I wasn't abl (0) 0 one problem .
be ble to wr
• len wants
softw.UL'
(infinit ive)
• By June ~h('
computer
II
,Ie to com pi '
c la~\. (11Itllfl')
bpI
~ "" " " """ "" """"" """""""""""
lIB •
IDENTIFY. Rwd part of an at tide ahout WnIC lCllented yOllng business people. rlin the w rd that express ability.
n amazing number of tee nagers have
enjoyed most: playing computer gam
es. In 1999, he was abl e to sell five games he'd managed to set up highly successful internet businesses. Take John Davidson, for developed t o a famou s software comp . an~ Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a example. Joh n could surf the net WEB USINESSES week by selling his programs. by the time he was six and by the FOR FUN Katy Fischer, an enterprising 18age of eight, he could design web AND ROFIT year-old from Manchester, was pages of his own. It wasn't long before he was able to persuade the bank to
also able to break into the dotcom world.
lend him enough money to start up his very
Although she says she can't understand why
own business. At the age of sixteen he
she's been so successful, her parents certainly
managed to persuade his parents to allow
can. 'Katy was determined to prove she could
him to leave school, and his first business,
start a business when she was just fourteen',
'Webmasters', was soon up and running.
says her father, 'and through hard work, she's
Another teenager, Jim Leicester, very quickly
managed to do just that.'
I I
realised he could make money doing what he
COMPLETE • Read each description. Complete it with a name from the article.
•
1. ____J_i_m____ sold games to a software company.
-
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ got a bank loan. 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wanted to start a business at the age of 14. 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ left school at sixteen.
• Read these paragraphs. Complete them with can, could or be able to. Use can or could where possible. Choose between affirmative and negative.
. Steven is enjoying his computer class. Two weeks ago, he use the mouse but now he
couldn't
even
edit his homework. By next week, he
- -- - - - - _ do research on the internet. 2.
Eleni misses her family in Greece. She _ _ _ _ __ __ they've just got an email account, so now they
3.
I
visit them for years, but keep in touch dailY.
work out how to set up a presentation. The software
instructions don't help. I think I'll take a professional development course. In a feW months maybe I - -_ _ _ _ _ _ do that presentation. 4.
Mike and I
get on since we started this business. He
group (l have to work alone). I hope we
AbIlity: Can Could. Sti lab"
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • R~od this odvertlsement. Complet~ It with the opproprlote form of can, could or be able to plus the verbs in brackets, Use can or could wh~n possible,
B. I Bevel
,
,
Time Management
Presentations
py® t
Career Development
Were
Think about your last presentation: - - - - - you
Teamwork
al118 to. pr8pa,:, •
•
1. (prep 11)
you
it on time? your ideas?
2, (communlQtC')
Will B, Happy® has helped others, and he _ _ _---::--,--_ _ YOU! J. Ihp1r)
'Before I took Will B. Happy's course, my work was always late because I _ _-:---:-::---:--- a schedule. I also had big piles of papers on my desk 4, lkllow)
because I __--::--:-:----:--:---_ _ what was important. Now I _ _-::--:--_-::-_ _ 5. ( It (.d,
6. (manage)
my time effectively. Next month, when my workload gets heavy, I ________ it and do the important things first.' 7.
(OrQanlSe)
Scott Mathis, student
') didn't use to _ _--::-----:------:--,------_ _ in front of groups. Now I can!' 8. (speak)
Mary Wells, sales manager
EDIT • Read this student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in expressing ability, The first mistake has already been corrected.
-- - -Ioda¥.in
my 'Will B. Happy: teamwork course, I learnt about work styles - 'Driv ~
,
l ' .Enthusiasts: I'm a Driver so I can make decisions but I'm not able"listen to people:sldeas. The Enthusiast in our group can communicates well but you canl ---- - ...rlepend..on her:...N.ow I understand what was happening in my business classJast year, 1-- _ --> "
-
-
hen I couldn't.got
au wjth my j.elilll•...I thought that tb.e.y all talke.d..tQQ tnLiCh and didn't
ab~ to work efilciently~ J could get an A fur .the course but it was bard, l can do a lot
, .. - - more.on myoWY1 but some jobs are too big for that Our instructor says that soon the. DrbJers-will able to IlliteI'] and the EnthJ.lsiast could be m or e depend£lblc.
,
ission: .... auld, a if. . .... 0
I
e(
Which modal is used in questions but NOT in short answers about permission?
o o o
POINT
o
The student is asking the teacher to allow him to take the test tomorrow.
FORM OF VERB
May Can Could
I/we/he/she/it/they
ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE _ . _ _•__ _ _-11 ,
.-.
circle T (True) or
F (False).
:
may. can .
you/he/she/it/they
Mter
I
SHORT ANSWERS ~ Do YOU MIND IF
Do you mind
...
.
SUBJECT
VERB
-
,
I/we/they
tart"
. AFFIRMATIVE -_ .. ot t •
he/she/it
st. rts?
No, I don't .
-
STATEMENTS: MAY/eAN •
•
. _.. _ _.. - - - - l l
-.
0
----------.--------
I
may not. • can't. 1
.
I
you mind if . ? the verb is the same for all subjects. T F The answer Not at all gives • • permISSIon.
120
now?
start
CHART CHECK 2
F
-+
*May, can, and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
- --,,-
The student wants to know if his eye will be better tomorrow.
SUBJECT
can could
..
o
MAY/CAN/COULD*
you/he/she/it/they
T
? • •
QUESTIONS: MAY/CAN/COULD
CHART CHECK 1 I
f
Tick the sentence ~/IQL describes what's happpning in the ("Mto,.. ...
I
...- r
•
SUBJECT
MAy/CAN
BASE FORM
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
may (not) can{not)
start.
-
NEGATIVE
--
Yes, I do.
n Could Do yo
Pet m18810n. May
mlncllf
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••
EXPRESS Circle the correct word to complete this conversation.
A: Do you mind ifhe help I helps me with my homework? He can help I helps you, but you should do most of the work.
B:
I Jld and
1. Use m y,
USAGE
Non: M
n to ask for permission.
is a little more formal than
.
My l .1 you next Friday? • Co If we se your car? • C he ( to class with me?
• MDY I cave the room, Professor Lee?
can and could. BE
CAREFUL! Requests for permission always
refer to the present or the future. When you use ould to ask for permission, it is not past.
2. We often say
when we ask for permission. Note the possible word orders.
A: I I take the test (morrow? B: Certainly. The test starts at 9:00 a.m.
• Could I ask a question, p.ec 5 ,? OR
• Please could I ask a question?
3. Use _
to ask for permission
when your action might bother someone.
BE
CAREFUL!
A negative answer to the question
gives permission to do something. It means /t's OK. I don't mind.
4. Use
BE
or .
in answers. Do not use
CAREFUL! Do not contract
'1IId.
Jy not.
We often use instead of modals to answer requests for permission.
A: Do you mind if I clean up tomorrow? B: Yes, actually, I do mind. I hate seeing a mess. A: Do you mind if I leave the room? B: Not at all. (You may leave the room.)
A: Could I borrow this pencil? B: Yes, of course you can. NOT Yes, you Eould. • No, you m o . NOT No, you mayn't.
A: B:
I I close the window? 'S, co JI'Se.
0
·rtalnly. Sure. Go ahead. No, please don . It's hot in here.
S. When people , they often give an apology and an explanation. If :he rules are very clear, someone may refuse Without an apology or explanation.
A: Can I please have a little more time?
,
B: DRIVER: OFFICER:
Can I park here? f
-
,
•
•
122 •
Un t 28 •• •• •• • •• •• •• •• •• • •••• • • ••
MATCH. Each reque5t for pertni siol1 goes with a response. Match each request with the ( rrecl
re pOllse. ReSDon se
Rea uest
a No, you can't. It's a bus stop.
May we come in now? Could I see your tickets, please?
Not at all. There's plenty oftime.
3
Please may I speak to Harry?
Yes, of course they can. We've at plenty of room. g
4.
Could they come with us?
5. Can I park here? 6.
Do you mind if I have some more tea?
d
Yes, you may. The test starts Soon.
e.
I'm sorry, he's not in.
f.
Certainly. Here they are.
a test. Complete his conversations with his s ·ude'1ts. Use a pronoun plus the correct form of the words in brackets and short answers. • Mr Smith is supervising
AHMlm: _ _ _ _----=:C,=.o. =:u: =ld.:. .,:. :w.: . e-=c,=.o..:..:m..:..:e=----____ in to the tes t room now? 1. (Could
come)
MR H: Yes, ______c_e_rt-;;:a_i_n,=.ly_ _ _ _ _ _ • Please show your registration form 2. •
as you come m. SOFIA:
My brother isn't taking the test. _ _ _~----;;::::_ _--;--:-:------:-____ in the 3. (Do you mind
I stay)
room with me? MR H: Yes, -----_--:;-_ _ _ _ _ _ . Only people with tickets are allowed 4.
inside. ROSA:
-----.5'.r.(M :Aa::-y:l/:-:-u:::-se~)-----
a pen to write my name on the test
booklet? MR H: No, - - - - - ----:;::--_ _ _ _ _ _ . You must use a pencil. And everyone 6.
please remember, - -_ _--;;~-.::;;--,--;-;~----- the test until I tell you to. 7. «(,m 't I start)
8. (do you mind If / borrow)
JAMIE:
- - - - - -Q9:. - - - - - - - . Take it. I've brought several.
MIt H: OK, ----lO:""r;;:;;;~~---10. (m
instructions now. JEAN: I'm late because my train broke dow
n. ________~~~__~------MIt H: No, - - - - - - -12: - - - - - - 11. (Can / come) 12. . We've already started the test.
in?
him right
Ml
in front of th
to
con rt,
um.
om
~~---
r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
up a fi w rows. Bob asks an usher.
ob
mpty. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::--:.~------.-'- -
All
(
Id)
to record th concert. Lucy asks the usher first. brought a tape recorder. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _=-________ (Can)
Lucy
the mu ie. he wants to leave. mu ie i giving me a headache. _ _ _ _ _ _-:-:::-_ _-:-...,...., - - - - - - (Do you mmd
I
EDIT. Find the mistake in each item and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the incorrect word or phrase. Then correct the mistake. come
1. Can he eomes on the train with me or does he need a ticket? B
z.
n
('
I'm sorry, he couldn't. Only passengers can board the train. B
B
C
(
n
S. Mum, may I to have some sweets? I'm hungry.
-B
6.
(
®®©®
No, you mayn't. I'm sorry, but you've already had enough sweets. ® ® © ® (
D
Do you mind if he play his computer ga roe? B
(
0
8. Yes, I do. He can play ifhe wants. It won't bother me. !.
A
9.
®®©®
U I
7.
®®©®
[)
Ye • you could. Go ahead. I'm getting off soon.
s
®®©®
[)
3. 90uld I swapped seats with you? I'd like to sit next to my son. 4.
©®
(
®®©®
[)
rm still hungry. Can we'll get a sandwich soon? A L e
11
10. Not at all. We can go and find the buffet car. ABC
II
®®®®
e
uests: ill, aul
,
I
•
In ....
•
EC
POINT
•
--
-.::::::...:- - - --'- - - -~.-
.
~
Ic
an~.
Tiek the corree.
o o o
I
-.-
•
giving an order. asking someone to do something. asking for information.
NOTE:
'Miss Fleming. would you mind dialling 999 for me?'
CHART CHECK 1 F (Fc 're .
WILL/CAN/ WOULD/COULD*
T
WI
F You can use and coul in questions but NOT in short answers to requests. -------
\
SUBJECT
BASE FORM OF VERB
you
post
Can
I
Would
I this for me?
•
uld
I
-
-
.
, ,-
__
_ p.
__
.-
.
.
*These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular. I
.
-
'.
SHORT AN AFFIRMATIVE
Yes, sure
Of Course -
.
-
Certainly. l .__
, (I will). (I ,n). ----
'-
-
NEGATIVE
--
-
I'm sorry, but I an 't .
-. --_. --------.--
WOULD YOU MIND . .• 1
124
999 is the emergency telephone number in the United Kingdom.
WILL/CAN/WOULD/COULD
QUESTIONS:
0.
'er.
The businessman is
-
1
C""',e T . Te •
•
?•
WOULD YOU MIND
CERUND
Would you mind
posting
this for me?
I
n 1I1d. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••• :
TICk the carre t an w r.
AFFIRMA liVE
Not at all means:
LJ
LJ
OK
/I
NEGATIVE
No, not at all. I'd be glad to.
no
I'm sorry, but I
n' .
EXPRESS ompl t till
tJ
A: __-__.'____~_ you mind filing these reports now'! B: ---- -. - - -___ ,_ _, at all. ~
"
A: Thanks. And ___ ,_._ _ _ _ _ you answer the phone, please? . My hands are full.
B: Son·v. but I • o
ions
r ...
1. Use I , ( r., would and cou to do something.
We often use will and ('( We use ' and more polite.
u
Exampl s to ask someone
for informal requests. to make requests
2. We also use
with and to make the request even more polite. Note the word order.
3. We also use
SISTER:
Boss:
to polite , we usually
requests. When we apologise and give a reason. BE CAREFUL! Do not use answer polite requests.
ou
or
uld to
this report? , ten copies?
you close the door? OR
• Co
(without please) to make polite requests.
4. People usually expect us to say
swe the phone? n l.o ' , the TV?
you you
• Please co
A:
Note that a means that you will do what the person requests.
you you
you close the door,
"
?•
for a few minutes? Mr Collins is still at a meeting.
B:
•
(OK. I '/I do it.)
you take this to Susan Lane's office for me? B: "an . I'm expecting an important phone call.
A:
A:
B:
I'm cold.
you shut the window, •
NOT Yes, I would.
plea~e?
• ••••••
126
Unit 29
• ••••••••••
/league Read their conversations. Underline aI/ th IDENTIFY. Marcia has got a new co . e t (Jests . ) )1
~ H' ll'.l.JU1.CIA: 1.
1\5.
'\.T
.lOU
t b the new office assistant. I'm Marcia Jones. Let me kn mus e Ow if
you need anything. LORNA: MARCIA:
Certainly. It's over here.
LORNA:
Marcia, would you show me how to use the fax machine?
MARCIA:
Yes, sure. Just put your fax in here and dial the number.
MARCIA:
I'm going to lunch. Would you like to come?
LORNA:
Thanks, but I can't just now. I'm really busy.
2.
3
Thanks, Marcia. Could you show me where the photocopier is?
MARCIA:
LORNA: MARCIA:
LORNA: 4. MARCIA:
LORNA:
Do you want a sandwich from the coffee shop? That would be great. Can you get me a tuna sandwich and a coffee, please? No problem. Will you answer my phone until I get back? Of course. Lorna, would you mind making some tea? I'm sorry, but I can't do it now. I've got to finish this letter by 2:00.
(HOOSE • Lorna's flatmate, Jane, is having problems today. Tick the appropriate response to each of Jane's requests. 1. Lorna, please would you drive me into town today? My car won't start. ct.
___ Yes, I would.
b. --=-_ I'd be glad to.
2. Would you mind lending me five pounds? I'm getting paid tomorrow. ct.
Not at all.
b.
Yes.
J. Lorna, can you take these books back to the library for me? I'm running late. ct.
4.
I'm late, too. Sorry.
b.
No, I can't.
Could you lock the door on your way out? My hands are full. a.
Yes, I could.
b.
Of course.
s. Can you turn the radio down? I need to study this morning. ct.
6.
Certainly.
b.
Not at all.
Will you pick up some milk on the way home this afternoon? a. - __ No, I won't. b. - - Sorry. I'll be at work until 8:00.
Will. Can.
Could
)l04J ffJInd
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••
• •
•
&
• Use the appropriate Imperative from the bax to complm these requests. Use please when possible, and make any necessory changes.
some cereal. File these reports.
Can back later.
Shut the door.
Tum on the
It's frl'ezing in here.
1. Can
~~~~ I'Vt'
2. Could ~~ J . Would you mind - - -
---.
finished rending them. It.'s too dark in here.
7
7
4. Will ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - We don't, have any left.
5. Could _ _-_. ____________ Ms Blake is on another call just now. 6. Would
There's too much noise in the hall!
EDIT. Read these requests from Marcia'l boss and Marcia's answers (in bold type). Find and correct six mistakes in making and responding to requests. The first mistake has already been corrected. -------.... --. _. •
SUBj: DATE: FROM:
To: CC:
..- . .. ---
..
-_- -.. - -------...- - - --"
7
~
_
_
_
Sales Meeting -Reply 04-11-0312:14:39 EST
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
>>> <
[email protected]> 04/11/03 10:37am»>
could you The meetings are going well but they have been extended by a day. Please you eould call
Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our sales meeting?
Not at all. I'll do it straightaway. We'll need three extra copies of the monthly sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to that?
Yes, I WOUld. (Ann
Could you do this?)
I hate to ask but would you mind to work on Saturday? We'll need the extra time to go over the new information I've got.
Sorry, but I COUldn't. My in-laws are coming to stay. But Rob Dixon says he can come in to help out. One last thing. I was gOing to pick up those new business cards but I won't be back in time. WOUld you mind doing that for me?
Yes, \ WOUld. \'11 stop at the printer's during my lunch break.
'
T
..
vice: :...ad better I really don't mind starting at the bottom and working my
-
I
POINT e rOt
C ' -,.
o o
The interviewer is suggesting a type of job for the applicant.
Maybe you
ought to consider
a job as a lift
The interviewer is telling the applicant how to be successful.
operator. •
i
CHART CHECK 1 r
'-
STATEMENTS: SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER
~
e, o.
' C "T ( "T
F (Fr
I
SHOULD/OUGHT TO/ HAD BETTER*
SUBJECT
r
BASE FORM OF •
T
F The same form of the verb follows 0 , J and had be
I
should (not) ought to had bette (not
I/He/She/We!You/They
I
look
for a new job. i
*Should and ought
tlJ are modals.
Had better is similar to a modal.
These forms do not have -s in the third person singular. NOTE: For contractions of should
CHART CHECK 2 I
,:rk ( I
YES/NO QUESTIONS: SHOULD
hecorrer·
5 Vier.
In questions about advice, we usually use:
SHOULD
o o o
Shoul
-
I •,
sho
ought to had better -
-
SUBJECT
SHORT ANSWERS
BASE FORM
I
10
he
I
NEGAnVE
AFFIRMATIVE , -
i - - _ . - _ -.-
,
7•
Yes,
1
•
-
~
you
,
' he
hould. ,
WH- WORD
SHOULD
should
--
SUBJECT j BASE FORM I
-
-
he
I
I. __ ----~--
I
look
for a new job? ,
~--
, I
: you , shouldn't. No, he _:,_---'J - . _.. -- .
WH- QUESTIONS: SHOULD
Where
128
not and had better, see Appendix 24 on page 346.
- __.._- __ L. ______---'
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• ••
•
EXPRESS •
Complet fIJi conversal/()n
A: They're looking for a cashier at McDonald's. _ _ _ _ __ __ I apply for the job?
B:
__. _ - - - - - - . ,you
~_______.. __ . You
can get more money working at
the bookshop.
1. Use h I and is advisable. USAGE NOTE:
t to say that something
hould is more common than
tt .
for urgent advice - when you believe that something bad will happen if the person does not follow the advice.
Non: We usually use the contraction for
had better. The negative of
BE
CAREFUL!
had better is
d better not.
Had better always refers to the
present or the future, never to the past (even though it uses the word had).
3. Use
ought to
- He NOT COMMON
2. Use ad
USAGE
_ Mark hould get a new job. _ He )uldn't leave school yet.
for questions. We do not usually use or had better for questions.
4. It is usually considered impolite to give (such as friends or bosses) unless they ask for it.
_ You
. the job ads. lie ought not to quit.
et . ' apply for more than one job. NOT You had better apply ...
_ You
_ You
' be late. NOT You'd not better be late.
_ We _ You
_ ..) Ilul _ When
euer a e the bus • better ca them back . mOflow.
l ap I for that job? ?• oul I
I interviewer? You: Yes, you
hands with the
FRIEND:
Boss: Where You: I think you When we give unasked-for advice, we often soften it with , or .
you 'll be lote.
better lea' . now
_ Myra,
r
you
•
our client to lunch? to Luigi's.
I ta ould ght
0
for this job.
f30 •
Unit 30 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
READ • L( ok at these job search tips.
• You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job. • You'd better not leave your present job before you fmd a new one. • You shouldn't tell your boss that you are looking for a new job.
I
• You ought to apply for several jobs at once. • You shouldn't immediately ask an interviewer about job benefits. • You should always give the interviewer accurate salary information. ANSWER. Tick the things that are OK to do, according to the tips. 1.
f2J tell your friends about your job search
4.
0 leave your job during your search
2.
0
5.
0
3.
0 ask about job benefits straight away
6.
0 tell the interviewer your real salary
tell your boss about your job search
apply for several jobs at once
CHOOSE • Read this advice for job seekers. Complete it with the correct words.
Vo lu mell ~l~ss~u~e~23~
Reader's
_____________________________________________
t or need a new job? When's the best time to start looking? Right now!
You
'd better not 1. (ought to / 'd better not)
delay, or you'll start to feel 'stuck in a rut' .
These tips will help: .. A lot of people wait until after the holidays to look for a job. That means there's less competition for you at this time of year. You _____
--=----,-.,----,-,-_.,.......,-_ _ _ _ ___
wai t!
2. (shouldn't . should)
.. Too busy at work lO go lo imerviews? Early morn ing interviews have fewer inlelTIlptions. \Oll -----:,--;-;::-::-:-:;-:;;-;-;-:;-;--:-:-----:7----
3. (. hould / 'd better not)
.. If you are laid off, you
ask for i merviews before nine
- - - -:4I;::Ji:::;;-:::-,..-,-----;--;-;:-;-----
4. ('d better ' shouldn't)
0' clock.
take a lower-paid job just to get
work. If your new salary is low, your employer won't appreciate your skills. If possible. you -------;5•.'(';::;d:Lb~e:: tl-:er-r-: lo-:-t~/-;sh-:o-u-;-ld::-)----
ask for a salary that matches your skills.
.. However, money isn't everything! YOll _ _ _~--;-:---:~--;-:-:-.,--_ _ _ _ _ _ take a position .
6. (ought to
'd better not)
WIth a company you dislike, or you won't do a good job there . .. Don't talk about salary too soon. You _ _ _--;;:-;;-;-;-_---:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ wait _ Jearn about 7. Cd better I houldn't)
the job and talk about your skills first.
1ft .........•...........••..•...••••.•••••••••••••••• ; , Advice: Should OUght to. Had beffm- •
• Ken Lang's boss has Invited him to dinner at his home. Complete Ken's conversation with his friend, Scott. Use should, ought to or had better and the wordS (n hrackets. Choose b tweE't1 affirmative and negative. N: KE ScOTT:
-'
How eh~ul,~ I dreee?
_-
1.(H,1
0
Llr
_ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ • _ _ _
1)
In a s uit?
You don't have to wear a s uit. _,___ '_________-:;--;;-:-:-:-.-:-~-::-_-_.___-_ , 2 (lu(,k, n
~I)
but you can wear casual clothes. KEN: ---------.- -; -,;-:'7('--w·" 11 '~,:;; SCOTT:
"~I
i\
It's really important to be on time. Your
bOAS
and hi s wife are expecting you
at 7:00, so ------.---=-~--:-:-__:__;_---_-_ . It's OK to be a little 4. ( .II',! " 1 " .' II I I ,I'
late but don't make them wait too long for you! KEN: SCO'l'I':
5.
(II
t
.1
\jl:t''i
Yes, but get something small. _ _ _ _ _ _::;--;;::--_ _--:--:-_---;:-:______ . 6. (buy an expensivE- gift)
It would embarrass them. KEN: ___________~~=-~~~-----------7. (What I buy?)
SCOTI':
I think ------~---:--____;;_-""7"_------. 8. (gel some flowers)
EDIT· Read this letter. Find and correct six mistakes in expressing advice. The first mistake has already been corrected.
We.are.ro
to
't};lf work too
. 11.£1 jIMt Y< wd. T~ uwrt .
Maybe.you- bettu work °
two
~
ilutetui ofthree-. Auo) ~
better Mkyour borr for ~ offduriltj ~ ~x.t:tm£.
~ to rt.
jIMt Mur i£your rt.
w-ay you:a
't worked P.i: ~kt.
Ited AAf
Atyour ~~ you- rltaLt
of
tlwUj~ OK? pteM~ tak.etUU.iyou. ely
. You- would better Jive- thM tV tot of car,
Jood C4.Y~ ofyourrelf You-'d Mt better rtart s .
rho
)'oU:d
ofs . Do youfr0~ Iwut.e-? slwuLd ~ reitd aI1f' ofyour boola? Lee 1M /oww; r Jee
w~tov-e.J M~ tu-t.d. Dad.·
,~
••
ion •
?
.,
.... owabout. r , Let's
---
--
•
•
Going to Germany?
HOS'II' LU NG INTIlRNATIONAl. ,
Why not stay at a youth hostel? How about a magnificent one
POINT
like Altena Castle? Altena is also fun and cheap. So, why don't
T
The questions in the advert are asking fo . £ r III ormation about youth hostels.
F
you make our castle your home? 1\1!('l1cl (I'.. t Ie
,
CHART CHECK 1 ~
IG
~
e co 'ect
III
e
S
The verb after rolo d, do , n not, I 'e or el-'s
'I 0
changes for different subjects.
I
does not change for different subjects.
(
CI tncll' V
I
COULD (MAYBE)
SUBJECT
COULD*
BASE FORM
(Maybe)
I/he/she/we/you/they
could
stay
*Could is a modal. It does not have
-8
in a castle.
in the third person singular.
WHY DON'T? WHY
DON'T
SUBJECT
don't
I/we/you/they
Why
BASE FORM
stay doesn't
in a castle .
he / she
WHY NOT? WHY NOT
hy no
-
---
CHART CHECK 2 Circle r ( 1It U'/ Of F (Fa/se).
T
132
F
Suggestions with How about? have only one form.
LET'S I
BASE FORM
stay
there .
-
--
LET'S (NOT) • BASE FORM :
f - - - - - ._- _.' - ---
_e_s lot)
------. --
~
there.
I
,
•
=====---SHALL WE?
HOW ABOUT?
,
,
How ABOUT
GERUND/NoUN
SHALL WE . BASE FORM
I
in a castle?
How about
--- -
a castle?
-
-
- -- . -Shall we
stay
IL-- -:at Altena? •
,n, ,
• •• • • • • • •• •• •• • •• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Add the orrect pUll t{lotio",
Let's take the train _ _
Maybe we could take the train _ _
Why not take the train _,- -
How about the train _ _,
1. Use I
"
, t
and
A: L t ' 0 somewhere this summer, B: M yb we ould qo to Germany,
ut to
make suggestions.
A: , 't we sk Luke to go with us? B: Good idea, Why doem't Tom call him tonight?
A: B: A:
him right now?
about " at a youth hostel? ow ab Altena Castle? ;)w
B:
BE CAREFUL!
When someone uses
and
h
n to make a suggestion, these expressions are not information questions. The speaker does not expect to receive information from the listener.
II
e
by train?
SUGGESTION
A:
'
..
you . ' Jill in Hong Kong? B: That's a good idea.
INFORMATION QUESTION
A: 7 you "i! . . meat? B: Because I'm a vegetarian.
2.
and ' . always include the speaker. They mean: Here's a suggestion for you and me. t
•
e
to Hong Kong. (I suggest that we go to Hong Kong.) 5
•
3. Note the
o
to use with
f>
5
Jill?
BASE FORM OF THE VERB
•
these expressions.
I
the train.
...
we
• May
• Wh} •
J
1t1l
-~
the train. we the train? the train?
GERUND OR NOUN
•• How about the 4. Notice the kind of suggestion.
i
at the end of each
the train? 7,
STATEMENTS
• •
stay at a hostel we stay at a hostel
QUESTIONS
•
we stay at a hostel stay at a hostel • Why stay at a hostel • Shall staying ilt il hostel • How il hostel • How bo
•
134 •
Unit 31
• •••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Emily and Megan are visiting Hong Kong. Read their conversation. Underline suggestiollS. EMILY:
Why don't we go to the races? I hear they're really exciting.
MEGAN: I'd like to but I need to go shopping. EMILY:
Then let's go to the Temple Street Market tonight. We might even see some Chinese opera in the street while we're there.
MEGAN: That sounds like fun. If we do that, why not go to the races this afternoon? EM I I.Y:
OK, but let's get something to eat first in one of those floating restaurants.
MEGAN: I don't think we'll have time. Maybe we could do that tomorrow. Shall we get
dim sum at the Kau Kee Restaurant next door? Then we could take the Star Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the racecourse. EMILY:
Sounds good. For tomorrow, why not take one of those small boats - kaido - to Lantau Island? When we come back, we could have dinner at the Jumbo Palace.
MEGAN: Let's do that. It's a bit expensive but at least it floatsl
COMPLETE· Read these conversations. Complete them with the appropriate expression in brackets. 1. A: I feel like having seafood for dinner but we went to Tai Pak for seafood last night.
B:
Why not
go again? The food's great and so is the view.
(Why not I Let's not)
2. A: I'm really tired. _ _ _ _----;;---:-;---:-:::---::----:--_ _ _ _ have a rest before we go out? (Let's
I Shall we)
B: That's a good idea. I'm tired, too. 3. A: I want to explore downtown Hong Kong.
B:
----;;-:-:-~~;-;;-~--;:-____;---- take a minibus? We'll see a lot more that way. (Lt-r . not
4.
I Why don 't
Wf':)
A: A group of foreign students has just checked in at the hostel.
B: 5. A:
B: 6. A:
----,;-;-::--::-;:----:--;-;-~;__-__,:_::_-(How ,liJ')ut I MdybE
ask them to join us for dinner.
I still need to buy some souvenirs before we leave. -----;;~_;_;:;:-;-;-;__---(Let", I Sh,ill
go shopping after dinner.
I don't want to go home tomorrow. I'm having a really good time here.
B: SoamI. _______~~~\.n.~~----___ leave tomorrow. (Let'~ not I Why 110t)
Suggestions: Could. Why don·t? Why not? Let's. Shall we? How about? ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •
• Read these conversations. Complete the suggestions with phrases
&
from the box. Add pronouns and change the verbs a5 necessary. Punctuate correctly. take a trip together go to the beach 1.
try that new seafood place buy another one
A: There's an Oasis concert at the Hong Kong Convention Centre next weekend.
B: We're near there now. Maybe 2.
we could buy tlckete.
------------------
A: It's going to be hot tomorrow.
B: I know. How about ---------------________ 3.
A: These jackets are in the sale. Maybe we could buy one for Brian's birthday. B: We got him a jacket last year. Let's not ___________________
4.
A: I don't know what to do next summer. I'm sick of doing nothing. B: Me too. Shall we _________________________
5.
A: I'm hungry. B: Let's ________________________
EDIT· "'ead these notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of suggestions.
The first one has already been corrected. Don't forget to check the punctuation. 3:00
Megan Emil.!!
7:00 for dinner i5 fine.
I'm going shopping. /'11 be back at r:>a
5:00. Let's 661til1.1 at 7.'00. OK?
Megan
Emil.!!
4:00
Shall We going to 5ee a film afterward5. See you later.
E..
5:00
M-
6:00
I'm going to be too tired for a flm.
Let'5 nat eat at the 5ame restaurant
Maybe we couldjust hanging around
tonight? Why don't we trymg a new
the hostel after dinner. Let's talk ahout
place?
it later. I'm !}Oin..9 to have a nap.
I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00 .
M.
E..
How about Broadway Seafood.
••
reference aul
I
rather I
~----------------
d Teen Pastimes Around the World
I
~ 80~----------------------------~
Q)
00
'"
~ 60 ~
------------------------j
POINT
'"-
o 40-f-
T:~I-
Q)
00
o
Teenagers like watching TV reading books and listening'to
0 - L _____________________ '--' '--
•
shop
listen to musIc
read
watch TV
A thp hnr ~_,..
£)
:J
'" 20 - - - - - - - 1: ~ '-....
~
tr" main
mUSIC.
•
o
Teenagers like watching TV more than they like doing other things.
Teenagers around the world prefer watching TV to all other leisure-time activities. ,
STATEMENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
CHART CHECK 1
I
ro r
'ect
(WOULD) PREFER
NOUN/GERUND /INFINITIVE
I/We/You* /They
prefer
He/She
prefers
. -;e, : (to magazines). readi _ newspapers (to reading books). (not) newspapers.
I/He/She/We/You/They
would prefer 'd prefer
newspap (to magazines) (not) to r _' newspapers.
-
Which word(s) can you use with all subjects?
o o
SUBJECT
~ ee would prefer
~
,
*You is both singular and plural.
--------------------------------
CHART CHECK 2
--
--.~---------
YES/NO QUESTIONS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER
•
ICi<
fl€,r!'J
an,: 'rr
-
Which two forms of the verb can follow ef r ?
o ,0 ,•
the base form or the gerund
---
-
Does
he/she
Would
prefer
you/they /he/she i 1-
r
..
--
?
7•
newspapers? ---
-----
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE ,
I/we/they -
v s,
he/she
.
--
-
I/we/they the/she
do.
-
NEGATIVE •
-
don't.
I/we/they -+
doe . -
136
ne readi to --news
_ 1 to re_
,
'---
-
,
you/they
-- ----
the gerund or the infinitive
NOUN/GERUND/INFINITIVE
PREFER
'-t
o
-
!
SUBJECT
DO/WOULD
-
would.
No,
he/she
doesn't.
I!we/they/he/she
wouldn't.
•
Pr.f....nce.: p" " r W ulcJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WOULD
SUBJECT
FORM OF VEIlB -
would rl1th r
d newspapers (than read magazines). (not) r d newspapers.
I/He/She/We/You/They
'd .. th
YES/NO
WOULD RATHER
WOULD
I SUBJECT
RATHER
j
I BASE FORM n: d ?
Would ' she
SHORT I I
i, J
I
AFFIRMAnVE
NEGAIIVE
No, she wouldn't .
, she would ,
Y
She'd rath r not .
EXPRESS Clrc!t' til '
rr t word t -
letc
n
I
nr
e,
I'd rather rend I to rc{!d than / to shop, but Jo prefers shop / shopping.
m r 1. Use p
r,
pi n
ons
E
'
and to talk about things that you like more than other things.
_ We usually . efE· /to ill fo u/ to French. _ I' ' . ' 'r ' , Chinese food tonight. _ I' · er ("00 ( at home than at Jane's place.
Non: We often use for a general preference and or for a preference in a particular situation.
_ Which 0 you ,roe , - chicken or prawn? _ you e chicken or prawn curry tonight?
USAGE
noun
2. Prde may be followed by a noun, a gerund or an infinitive.
_ I usually p 'efer vegetab 'e:> to " eat. geru _ Does Bill p 'efer stay; '!> in or . i, out? .
Inlln, , e
_ I prefer to re
Wo infinitive.
may be followed by a noun or an
'C'
whenever I have any free time.
_ I think Sam . 'ould prefer the bo . ' to the CD. infini tiVE
refer to go 01 tonight. ~ s e ro 'T _ I'd rather stG at home tonight. _ We d both
, can be followed by only the base form of the verb.
•
USAGE
Non: We often use , by itself, to refuse an offer, suggestion or invitation.
A: Would you like some dessert? B: e, . I've had enough to eat.
BE CAREFUL! The negative of I'd rather is I'd rather not.
-
3. For
. we can use prefer + noun or gerund.
..,. have dessert.
• NOT
1
after
_ Jack
comedies
f
walking I
after would prefer + infinitive.
•
We can use
•
after would rather + base form of the verb.
action films.
,
.11 ! If
_ I'd pret
We can also use
,r
I
1
•
•
sWimming.
,
. to stay at home tonight
restaurant. I' d raU
wdtch football
111
pl"y it.
qo to a
I
.
" """
138
nit 2 " " "" " "
. . . ..
TRUE OR FALSE. ;m ranked wmc activities (rom 1 to 8 accord ing to his preferences e). Look at his /i.5t. Iflen read each numbered sentence a nd write
•
r (True)
,.•
or f (Foi'ie).
I
Preferred Activities T
listen to music
:?
•
5
•
go sWImming
4
4. He'd rather not watch TV.
watch TV
8
He prefers swimming to cycling.
J'
go cycling
1
He prefers listening to music to playing the guitar. .. He'd rather go hiking than go swimming.
He prefers cooking to reading.
cooking
G
b.
play the guitar
7
He prefers watching TV to reading.
7. He'd probably prefer a concert to a walk in the
go hiking
countryside. 2
read
CHOOSE & • Jim and Anna are discussing their evening plans. Complete the;r co. e "so Ion. Use ould rather (not) with one of the verbs in the box or by itself;n short answers.
have
cook
see
~4 J
go
.ANNA: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? JIM:
I'd rather stay
at home and watch TV.
1.
.ANNA: Sounds good. Maybe we could make some dinner later. ----------;;:-_ _ _ _ _ _ tonight. I'm too tired. 2.
a restaurant instead? JIM:
Let's order some pizza .
.ANNA: How about a pepperoni pizza? JIM:
4.
.
Pepperoni gives me indigestion. mushrooms than pepperoni if that's OK.
r
.ANNA: JIM: l.
•
I don't like his films .
.ANNA: Well ... there's a comedy on at 8'00 a d d . n a ocumentary at 8:30. JIM:
7.
the comedy. I need a laugh.
Praferen
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
• Read these conversations. Complete them with prefer, prefer or would rather. Use prefer to state general prefer nee. Complete the compa,1 on with to or than.
1.
k We're going to Rome again next week. _"__.__. _.__ W...:.o.::.u=ld~,_ _ you prefer
to take the train or
..
to
fly this time?
B: You know me. I always __.__,_________. - - - ' the plane __"'~_._____._._ _ the train. 2. k
I _ - - - - - - - - - have the aisle sent
____._______. the window scat.
B: Thnt's fine with me. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the window scat. That way I can look out.
. A: Where would you like to stay? In a hotel or n pcnsiulU'? B: Oh,l _________ to stay in a pensione this time. It's more personal. 4. A: I _ _ __ _ _ _ _ eating in small
trattorias ________ eating in
big restaurants.
B: Me too. They're less expensive and the food is always delicious.
s.
A: Speaking of food, you make the best spaghetti in the world. B: Thanks, but I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ order it in a restaurant - - - - - - - -
make it at home! 6. A: When in Rome, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
B: I definitely
. g tea or coffee?
coffee _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ tea. You know what
they say, 'When in Rome, do as the Romans do!'
EDIT. Read Anno's report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of prefer and would rather. The first mistake ha5 already been corrected.
For my research, I interviewed fifty men a.nd women. There was no difference in men's and women's TV preferences. I found that everyone prefers watching TV taa
Would rather read magazines and books. When men read books, they prefer read nOU-f"lCt·lon and adventure stories. Women are preferring novels.
ONE t
t
ect answer to complete each sentence.
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks
/':
is drinking (D) \-vas drinking
ABC D
(e)
- -
-Would you shut the door, please? Certainly. (B) No. I can't.
(A)
2
Yes, I could. (D) Yes, I would. (C)
Why a movie tonight? (C) not seeing (A) about seeing (B) don't we see (D) we don't see
ABC D
Sonia can't speak German yet but after a few lessons she speak a little. (A) can (C) is able to (B) could (D) will be able to
ABC D
In 1998, Tara Lipinski win the gold medal in figure skating at the Winter Olympics. (A) can (C) will be able to (B) could (D) was able to
ABC D
s. I
7.
make new friends since I moved here. (A) can't (C) haven't been able to (B) couldn't (D) 'm not able to
ABC D
She _ _ _ _ better not arrive late. (A) did (C) 'd (B) has (D) would
ABC D
Do you mind if I borrow a chair? - . - - - - Do you need only one? (A) I'm sony. (C) Yes, I do. (B) Not at all. (D) Yes, I would.
ABC D
8. Would you mind _ _ _ _ me tomorrow?
call (B) calling
(A)
9. I'd rather
watch (B) to watch
(A)
140
ABC D
ABC D
to call (D) if you call (C)
the film. I hear it's very good. (C) watching (D) not watch
ABC 0
,
VI.
10. You _ - - - miss the deadline or you'll have to pay a fine. (A) better not
(C) 'd better not
(B) 'd better
(0) had no better
- take the train instead of the bus? It's faster. (A) How about Ic) Why don't (B) Let's (0) Why not.
11.
12. Could my sister -.-----. -- - to cluss wi th
Illl'
A
I _ _ . _ . hnvt' dessert. I'm tryi ng to lose Home weigh l. (A) 'd ratlwr (C) 'd prefer (B) 'd rather not (0) 'd prefer not
C D
ABC D
14. Jamil~ prl'fers working at home _ _ _ _ working in an office.
ABC D
that (D) to
(A) more (B) than
ISEC .IIONI
C D
ABC D
tomorrow'? (C) coming (0) to COIl\(!
(A) come (B) comes
n.
A
(e)
TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrme that is NOT CORRECT.
-
..
-
.
-----------------------~-.~ ------~,
I
A B C (~
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks . •
- .
1-
.
1
r
ABC D
When I was ten, I could swim but I wasn't able dive. 8
C
Why don't we have dinner and then -
gQ
D
and see Possible Dreams.:..
J e D
17 You drove for seven hours today so maybe you'd not better drive tonight. ~
l'
b
Will you mind
.
.
C
C
MUlTI
~
C D
ABC D
D
your ca mera to the party tomorrow 1
Dad, may Jim borrows the car tomorrow or does
A
ABC D
0
need it?
ABC D
D
20 I can't h~lp you so maybe you should to ask Mary.
A
C D
A
C D
•
2 - Should I bring flowers to Lisa's or should I giving her chocolates?
c 22 Maybe you ought than just bring flowers.
-
r-
ABC D
~
2 ... Sarah celebrated last year because she could win the race.
ABC D
D
24
l~'s really late so let's w.e
2:..
Why would you rather stay at home to go out tonight? I
r
gQ
-
out to dinner tonight. 0
ABC D ABC D
••
ece
I
• ,
an
ust
I
POINT Tick the correa answer. Using a seat belt is:
o o
a requirement a choice You must fas en your seat belt It's the law.
CHART CHECK I
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (GOT) TO
(lloe T (True) or F (Fa'se)
F We use ~ a 'e
T
go
I/We/You/They
have (got) to
BASE FORM OF VERB
TO/ GOT TO
CONTRACTIONS
•
em
affirmative and negative statements.
I
SUBJECT
HAVE HAVE
Have got to ::: 've got to
go.
He/She/It
I
has (got) to
Has got to ::: 's got to
STATEMENTS: HAVE TO SUBJECT
Do
I/We/You/They
don't
He/She/It
CHART CHECK 2 I•
,, •
•
I
• • • • • •• • •
,
, •
•
, ,, ••
,• •
HAVE
NOT
BASE FORM
TO
have to
doesn't
go.
YES/NO QUESTIONS: HAVE TO
SHORT ANSWERS
T"ck _. e correa n:, ''1er
In questions with I ave ,what comes before the subject?
0 , 0 I
a form of do
I,
,,
,
a form of Iwve to --- --- -_._-----
BASE SUBJECT HAVE TO FORM - r-
Do
NEGATIVE
-
Oo
---
we
~
have to
-
Does
he
you
go ?
",
you don't.
do. No,
he
r-----~~~
I
--
._
" - , -- ' - - - - -
•
he
does. -=
doesn't . .
-
STATEMENTS: MUST SUBJECT
-
.
------
MUST* (NOT) _. --
-.
-
---
BASE FORM
-._---go.
-
ON CONTRAcn
I/He/She/It/We/YoulThey must ( t) 't must not = mustn no '--, --. -'- '-----*Must is a modal. It does not -take' .s in- t'h--'-e--- 'tW-;:d person singular. -
142
-
-
-
-
,
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must
••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS complete this conversation. UH' one word for each blank
A: Why - - - - - - - she - - - - - - -- - - - - -_ _. wear her seat belt? B: It's the law. Everyone - - - - - - - - - wenr a seat belt.
I n
r E pi
t to and
1. Use hoy to, ha express necessity.
InU t
to
a. Hav t is the most common expression in everyday use. b. Hav got to often expresses strong feelings in speaking and informal writing. c. Must is used in writing (forms, signs, notices). Mu
_ Everyone I · ( a driving test before getting a driving licence. more slowly. I'm afraid he's going to have an accident. completely at a stop sign.
_ You
is used in spoken English, when
• the speaker is in a position of power.
_ Jamie, you must
ea your room today.
(mother talking to her young child)
_ You really must ta ( to your boss about a pay rise.
• there is urgent necessity.
(friend talking to a friend)
and have very different meanings. (See Unit 34.)
BE CAREFUL!
'
_ You don'
:> . a
. here.
(It isn't necessary to park here.)
_ You
MUS
not pa
here.
(You can't park here. /t's not allowed.)
2. Use the correct form of and forms.
Use . or the future.
. and
ve
for all tenses
only for the present
glasses all the time. • I !:JO 0 wea an eye test tomorrow. • Everyone m st
?•
3. Use
. . for most questions. 0Ne rarely use or
_ After his accident, Gary ad to take time off work. (past simple) _ Sheila a glasses since she was five years old. (present perfect) _ I ~ 0 tomorrow. (future)
for questions.)
Paul 1 to dr • • When he . ve to IC"'''' ?
144 .
I • • •••• •• •• •• • • •• •• • • •• •••
IDENTIFY. (n Leonord
movlnq from London to Califomia. Read his telephone n with ti,e Department of Motor Vellicles (OMV) . Underline the words thal I
t Ik ubollt neceHity.
DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May I help you? BEN: I'm moving to the States soon. Will I have to get an American licence when I move?
DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an American licence. BEN: When will I have to get my licence?
DMV: You have to replace your old licence ten days after you become a resident. So come in and apply for your licence when you get here. BEN: Do I have to take any tests to exchange my British licence for an American one?
DMV: Since you already have a British licence, you won't have to take the full driving test. You will only have to take the written test. BEN: How about an eye test?
DMV: Oh, everyone has got t o take an eye test. BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You've been very helpful.
• 'lead this conversation. Complete it with the correct form of have to or e go 0 and the verbs in brackets. Use have got to and give short answers whenever possible.
BEN: When _ _ __ do_ __ _ you ______h_a_ve_ t _o_u.:..:5--=e_ __ _ _ the car? .
'SI:
ANN': I - - --_::;-;---;----:-_ __ _ _ Jim's football gear pretty soon. Why? 2. (pI( k up)
- - - - - - - - you still _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the oil?
BEN: No, - - - -_ _--:-_ _ _ _ _ _ . I did it early this morning. Oh, and 4.
I bought some film.
ANN': Oh, you _ _ _ _ _-.:--~___;_:_----- that. I bought three rolls yesterday. 5. (not cia) BEN: We --------::--:-,-:-.- , - - - - - lots of pictures on the trip. - - - - - -__ Jim still _ _ _ _ _---=_--:-______ ?
say goodbye. Why? BEN: He
me clean out the car. It's full of his stuff. ANN': I'll call him again. It's difficult for him to leave his friends. 9. 'I. II '
I
-----~IO;;O•. T.:(r-:;dl7>I)- - - - - - him to come home twice already.
• ••••••••••••••
,
t.nten
• Look at th 5 ahoUI 11I1"g\ you mu
;gflS {J f' th d and mu n
• ••••••••••• th~
from Ih bo to
c/o
EEP RKJfT LEFT
ONLY
45 turn
1.
~~~m ..:_~u et turn
You -
ride
walk
_ _ left.
_ _ _ _~______ dght.
2 You
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ over 40 mph.
. You 4
drive
You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ over 55 mph.
s. Cyclist:-; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ on the left. 6.
Pedestrians _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ on the left.
EDIT· Read Jim '5 letter to Sora. Find and correct seven mistakes in expressing necessity. TIle first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Sara,
How are you doing? We've been here about six weeks. It's strange living in the United States. There's no public transport, so you've get to drive everywhere. I had to signs up for driving lessons so I can get my licence by the summer. It's the law here that everyone musts Wear a seat belt. I used to hate wearing a seat belt but with the traffic here, I have changed my mind. There are a lot of motorways and you've got
know how to change lanes with a lot of fast traffic. Even my mum have had to get Used to it. Dad works from home, so he hasn't has to do a lot of driving. Have you beaten those computer games yet? I'm having a lot of trouble with
'Doom'. "(ou got to write to me and tell me how to get past the fifth level! Jim
•• -,on't
hoi o an
ave to ust not
oice:
- -----
we
don 't have to stop and ask for
I
I
,
::::..:..:::E;:::C:.:.:...
L:I
POINT
("ee" the correct a'15Wer
The driver can choose to
o
park on the zebra crossing.
~,--------------~i
o
stop to ask for directions.
-'------__________________________________
CHART CHECK 1
I
DON'T HAVE TO
flek tne correct
SUBJECT
I/We!You/They
Which part of t e changes for different subjects?
o -
-
do
---
0
~,
He/She/It
Do
NOT
HAVE TO
BASE
don't
Fo RM
OF VERB
-----
-~--
stop
have to
-
doesn't
here.
park -
I
•
luve -
---
-
CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True) F (false).
()f
T F The form of must not and can't changes for different subjects.
MUST NOT I
SUBJECT ,
I
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
II
MUST* NOT
I BASE
FORM
.
must not
1stop
+ __---1
_"_~ __ Lhe_r_e._
CANT SUBJECT
._------I/He/She/lt/We/You/They ----
CAN'T*
can't
FORM
here. stop "These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singUlar.
146
••••••
to No
Don t
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1I0t
••••• ••• •••
CHECK unscramble these words to form two sentences.
stop • He • have • here • to • doesn't ••
"0
must • fast • You • not • drive • too
-
• = ------.----'-----'".--.~-------~--.-------------------" -
In
G
and mu t have similar meanings. They both express the idea that something is necessary or required.
1. Ho
t
IJ
t Ira
• You hav to stop at the stop sign. • YOll mu\t stop at the stop sign.
to and mu t no have very
different meanings. n t hav to expresses that
••
something is not necessary. It means that there is another possibility. There is a expresses . It means that something is not allowed or is against . the law. There is
b.
2. Must not is used to express prohibition
•
• You ( on't have to drive. I can do it. • He ( ()' ' i ( 0 ' ) turn here. He can turn at the next junction . ) ,c the car without • You • • my permission. • You so· e without a licence. It's against the law.
• You must not u"e your hooter unnecessarily.
in writing, including official forms, signs and notices. USAGE
Non: In spoken English, we do not
usually use must not when talking to or about another adult. We use ' instead. Sometimes people use .. to tell a child that there is no choice in a situation.
3. You can use .ot have and forms.
for all tenses
-
refers only to the present or the future, not the past. I
. (
• We ca 't p- .. here. There are double yellow lines. s , t '. . • Jane, you while the car is moving.
n't have to driv _. (present simple)
• You '1 rem her driving licence • She next year. (future) a lot of parking fines • We 1 ... this year. (present perfect) • They . ..' a written test last year. Now it's compulsory. (past simple) • Drivers .1
tomorrow.
To refer to the past, use I,ad/dldn 't "ave to. To refer to the future, use :till/won t have to.
your seat belt
on double yellow lines. forg .. to fill up with petrol
take a driving test when 1 .1 moved here ten years ago. • You' renew your driving licence next year.
148 •
4 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY .
ad thi article. Underline the words that show that there is a choice about " thlnq. Circle the word5 that 5how t/wt there is no choice.
•
problems , however. Members of c arsharing groups have a car When they need
ternatlve ANew • to Car () ers I
one for either short trips or holidays but
New drivers are usually excited about their
they don't have the high expenses of
hav~
to
ownership. They pay very little to use a
dri ve me everywhere any more! I don't have
shared car and they don 't have to Worry
to ask my friends for lifts to school!' When
about servicing the car or paying the
you haven 't got your own car yet, any price
insurance. Fees for short trips are only
seems worth paying. But once you buy a
about £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile.
car, you can't forge your car payments and insurance premiums or you won't be a
Groups do not have strict requirements , either. Members must not have bad
driver for very long. You can't leave petrol
driving records or poor credit and they
and servicing out of the budget, either.
must not return the cars in bad condition
Car sharing offers an alternative to these
or they will pay extra.
new freedom: 'My mum doesn't
• Read this conversation. Complete it with can't or the correct form of ae to and the verb in brackets. JIM: Austin __..:::d=0.::.e6::.:n:..:..'..:::t...:..:h:;:a:.:;ve~to~6~it~_ in a child seat. Who do I have to? It's not fair. . (sit)
ANN: Jim, you really -----=--:--::c------ like that in the car. Your father 2. (yell)
needs to concentrate on driving. Ben, turn left for the restaurant. BEN:
I - - - - : - .-_ _ _ _ _ left. It's a one-way street. I'll go round the block . . I III ..
ANN: There's the restaurant. Uh-oh. You _ _ _ __ _-:--_ __ _ here. It's a bus stop. BEN:
. ' uk)
Maybe I'll park in that car park. That way we
about .,
our stuff while we're eating. Remind me to buy some petr~l after lunch.
ANN: BEN:
We
6. 'let)
petrol, do we? The tank is still half full.
I know. But we -----;;--;;-::~---petrol for a long time. I'm not sure 7. (uuy) the gauge is working.
AUSTIN:
JIM: 9 . (l1~teJl)
• ••••••••
••••••••
• Looit at thl sign at the hotel swimming pool Compl.re «1m not or don't o and the ca"e t form of the verb In braclrns.
• ball playing
and Regulatlonl
Swlmmlnc Pool R Pool Hours J0.00 8 m.- J0 00 p m
• radios
NO • diving
Children under 12 years NOT ALLOWED in pool without an adult. Towels available al fronl deslr. 1.
• glass bottles • alcoholic beverages
Children under 12 years old _ _ _ _..:.m~u~e~~~n~!?::...:t:....:e. ~w.:.:i.:.:.m!....-_ _ _ without an adult. ,
2. You
'nll
------7'::'":::7------ your own towel. I)
. You __,_ _ _ _-:-:-~-_---- ball in or around the pool. 4.
You
into the pool.
s. Teenagers _ _ _ _ _ _---:--:--_ _ _ _ _ _ with an adult. 6.
You _ _ _ _ _~~)_ _ _ _ _ the pool at 8:00 p.m.
ED" • Read Austin s postcard to his friend. Find and correct five mistakes in expressing n cfssity The first mistake has already been corrected.
~.,
Holiday Hotel Hi. Janetl
22p
We got to the hotel late this evening because we got lost But we . :
~_,
.
•
~.
_'·A·,
.
__
were lucky - they kept our room so we must Aot tind another hotel. Jimmy is really happy because he don't have to go to bed until atter 10:00, when the swimming pool closes. We mustn't leave until 11:00 tomorrow (checkout time) so we can stay up later. Plymouth is only tour hours away so we won't had to drive the whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exciting. My parents say We absolutely must not to go to the beach by ourselves because there are sharks there. I'd love to see a shark (from a sare distance). I'll send a postcard Ot one. Austin
Janet Edwards 55 Amherst Lane Harlow Essex CM20 2EJ
••
ec
He'd better hurry up wit h these pictures. It 's supposed • to rain.
Oh no! I was supposed to prepare a speech!
••
ion
---
POINT
ICHEC
Tick the correct a
The best man is thinking about
I best man
bride's parents
brides- bride maid
CHART CHECK
groom
I
r
groom's parents
SUBJECT
ppo"e
BE
the usual way something is done at a wedding.
-
TO
OF VERB
(not) supposed to
stand be
are w ·re
We!You*/ They
*You is both singular and plural.
r !
SUBJECT
BE
• We!You*/ 're (not) weren't They I
---.l
I
I SUBJECT
I .. ..
Am
Was Is
s Were
-- - - -- .
! BASE FORM : ~
- -
-- +-1~--
I
he
f-- --
Are
SUPPOSED TO
Supposed to -
you
~
stand
OF VBIII
here?
I
I
I
stand supposed to be
(not) asn 't
YES/NO QUESTIONS
BE
TO I
Iwasn't -- -
He/ She/It
here.
SUPPOSED
BASE FoRM
I
I
f-. •
FORM
I I
is He/She/It was
•
SUPPOSED
I
am was
I
in the present simple and past simple.
150
something he has forgotten to do.
SHORT FORMS BASE
F You can use e
o o
STATEMENTS
Circle - Tr'ue, or T
e.
I
-
here.
Be
to
••1
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
AFFIRMATIVE
--
--
are.
you
I .
Ye ,
you
No,
he
am. w .
I
r n 't .
isn 't . w ,, 't .
he
'm not .
I
w sn't.
!
EXPRESS =-0
'--4:
Compl te tlJ e
A: What _______ we supposed to wear yesterday?
B: Our suits. It _______ supposed to be a dress rehearsal. A: Oops.
Gr mmar Exp anations 1. Use be supposed of expectation:
Examples
to talk about different kinds
a. rules and usual wa
of doing things
• The groom .. o ' i ' , ·· at the ceremony early. It's a custom.
b. pr dictions
,_e ,0 .- . tomorrow. I heard • It not . the weather forecast on the radio.
c. he rs. - (what everyone says)
• The beach ~, s August. Everyone says so.
d. pia
• The ceremony
- supposed to begil 'till noon.
• The bride • The ceremony
posed to we , white. _. at 12:00. s supposed sed _ .
2. Use
or
rangements
supp"',~~,
e or in the
only in the
esent
•
• It
Use the pr s and the
_ beautiful in
0
to refer to both the p ur .
• I'm supposed to
_ at the wedding rehearsal
•
NOT
The ,. often suggests that something did not happen.
USAGE NOTE:
• Carl he forgot.
o
rl
flowers but
,
152 •
Unit 3 •••••••• • ••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead thi article and underline the phruses that express expectations,
IT WASN'T SUPPOSED TO BE A BIG W EDDING -- -
-
19 JULY The Strickl ands wa nted a qui et wedding - that's why t hey we nt t o th e Isle of Skye, an is lan d off the coast o f Sco tl and . The is land is qui te sm all so t he Strickla nds p acke d t heir bikes for t he fe rry trip. The weather was suppose d to b e lovely and t hey had aske d th e Registrar to marry them on a hill ove rlooking the
Whe n Bill kissed hi s bride, the cycl ists b urst i nto lou d ap p lause and rang thei r b icycle b e lls. 'We were n't supposed to have fi fty we dding guests but we love cycling and we' re not sorry,' Bi ll said.
ocean. 'When we got there, we found a crowd of
jumped on his bike, got t he fl owers and
cycl ists admiring the view,' laughed Beth .
are supposed to stay fast and fi t,' he said .
Whil e packing t he next day, Beth left her wedding bouqu et at the hotel. Minutes before the ferry was supposed to leave, Bill made it back to the ferry on ti me. 'Cycl ists
TRUE OR FALSE. Read the article again, Write T (True) or F (False) for each sentence. 1. The Stricklands planned a big wedding.
F
2.
The weather forecaster predicted rain.
3. The Stricklands invited fifty wedding guests,
. There was a scheduled time for the ferry to leave. 5. People generally think that cyclists should be fit.
• Read these conversations, Complete them with a form of be supposed to and the verb in brackets. Give short answers. Choose affirmative or negative. 1.
A: Nessie, Gary called while you were out. Am
B:
I
him back?
supposed to call ,.«(111)
A: _ _ _ _ _N_o..:..,~y_o;_ u . .a--:. re:..:n---·.:...--.---t . He'll call you this afternoon. h.
2.
A: The bridal shop rang, too. They've delivered your wedding dress to your office.
- - - - - - - they
that? d .
(,ft,)
B: - - - - - --.:-- - - - - - ! That's why I stayed at home today. They b. ------=--;-:;--;::--:-----_ c. (d, IIv. r)
3.
it here.
A: Come on, hurry up! The rehearsal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in a few
minutes.
a.
(~t<1rt)
b . (stand)
r
You _ _ _' ----:--;:===:------_ here!
Dt
not?
Nessie until she gets to the cbmch. It's k yOu----------'hb~(~--------bad luck. 5.
k
Sophie, could I borrow your handkerchief, plenRe? I _"_'_' ____--:~_:__:---_(
r
something old, something new, sompthing borrowed and something blue. I haven't got anything borrowed. 8: It ------------..,-b-. -~---------- today. Maybe I should lend you my umbrella instead. 6.
A:. I hear Gary and
Ne~sie
arc going to Egypt for their honeymoon.
8: Oh. that __ .' _,______---:-______ . b ,)
a really beautiful place.
EDIT. Read Sophie's letter to a friend. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of be supposed to. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-
D,·",. K"ft/, •
I'm SL' SOrt:J
-
/
know I t~m~ supposed to let !Jou know about J1t.!;1 plans to visit.
/\1' bft'1/ llwfid(y bus.!). M!J fiend Nessie is !Jettin!J married soon and she's asked me
fl' br Itt'!' cl1I'tlbridesma/d. She and GaY.!f want a bi!] weddin.!l' The.!/re supposed to
/',n"t' "bIJut two lumdred!Juests. I've !Jot a lot ofresponsibilities. I will be supposed to .'li~t' Nessie- 11 l'ef! purl!! before the weddin!J (that's a part.!J where eveY.!fone bn'n!Js presnds for the bride). / am a/so suppose
to help her choose the bndesmmds' dresses.
n,c best mans name is Jim. Hes !Joif1!J to help Gm:!}!Jet read.!l I haven't met him .!lei but 11es supposes to be ve'!f nice. I'd better sa!1 !ftlodb.!fe nou'. I sttppOse~1 to be at the rehearsal five minutes a!f0'
Love, Sophie P.S. About "'"1!f visit
I'm supposin!f to !Jet some hil1C ofTill Ju&. t Vould that
be COnvenient?
-
-
--
"
-
-
I
Future a ,
--
••
I I
EUROPE' WEATHl·.R -
-,~
-
-~r -
----
Stockholm -T
I
.*
• Moscow -43
1
•
2 -4
P.arls
9
.
"3
Warsaw
•
,...-I"":,London
-t
Budapest
· 0
* -
I
,
¥-
• Rome
20
cr...;,
~o
!
".>--
H-
Athens
·0 -
,
•
I ,
7
Temperatures in London may drop as much as eleven degr~es by tomorrow morning. We might even see some snow flurnes later on in the day. Winds could reach 60 kph.
EC
Circle
T
F
POINT
T ITr ~e
0
F Fr-Isel
It's definitely going to snow in London tomorrow.
CHART CHECK 1
c. c e T (True) or
SUBJECT
MAY/M/GHT/COULD*
BASE FORM OF VERB
I/He/She/lt/We/You/They
may (no) might (not)
get
F (Fa/se).
T
• n.
,
F
and co have only one form for all subjects.
....' --'-- -.-.
-
-
..
-
-_.' -----
CHART CHECK 2
-
When do you use may, migh or could for future possibility?
o o
coul
YES/NO
SHORT ANSWERS I
I
I ! ,
Are you going to fly to Paris? Are you taking the train? '-
.
I/We : might (not). I could.
When are you going to Paris? -
..
.
'-
How long will you be there?
154
--
! may (not).
WH-
in questions in answers
I
, _, _, ------------"----..1 *These words are modals. They do not take -s in the third person singular.
-
Tick the orf' t answer.
cold.
I/We
may might could
go
tomorrow.
be
there a week.
~~~~~ .~~~~~~!I.~. May. Might, Could • •••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••
EXPRESS complete this conversation witl, might or might not. A: Are you going home after this lecture? B: I
. It's possible. Why?
A; I
call you about the Ul:lsignment. I don't understand it.
B: Maybe you should call Jean instead. I
i ns
m r 1. Use ma , might and cou future possibility.
.
understand it either.
Example
to talk about
windy later. • It may • It mlgh cold. • It could ra ' tomorrow.
Notice the difference between may b and . Both express possibility. CAREFUL!
Ma
is a modal + verb. It is always two words.
• He may
, is not a modal. It is an adverb. It is always one word and it comes at the beginning of the sentence.
• May e he'll take the train. NOT
• There are a lot of clouds but it
2. Use and to express the possibility that something will not happen.
We don't usually contract and we never contract
ot.
are not usually formed with maYt might or could. Instead, they are formed with the future (will, be going to, the present continuous) or phrases such as Do you think . .. ? or Is it possible that . .. ? It's the that often have or I . v, m.. In short answers to yes/no questions, use or . alone. USAGE •
IS
Non: If a form of
common to include
ght
• You may no need a coat. NOT
BE CAREFUL!
3.
e late today.
Jr,
is the main verb, it in the short answer.
," it stan snowing? B: It n; igh sta 1: around lunchtime.
A: When
A: A B: I
• to work? the bus instead.
you cr h
? you c . in about an hour or so.
A: When B: I
A: Will your office close early for Christmas? B: It
111
.
A: t, our train going to be late? B: It
.
.
----
156 , .. ... .
Unit 3 • ••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Alice is a university student wllo works part time; Bill i~ ?~r boy!riend. Read ..;. >fenatlon. Underliue the words that express future possIbIlI t y or Impossibility. ALICE: BILL:
ALICE: BILL:
ALICE:
I've just heard that it may snow today. Are you going to drive to work? No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead. I'll take the train with you. I've got some work to do in the library. Great. Why don't you miss your afternoon class and have lunch with me, too? Oh , I couldn't do th at. But let's meet at the station at 6:00 and go h ome togeth er, OK?
B ILL:
I might h ave to work until 8:00 tonight. I'll call you and let you know.
ANSWER • What will Alice and Bill do together? Tick the appropriate box for each activity.
Certain
Possible
Impossible
o o o
o o o
o o o
Take the train at 7:30 a.m. 1.
Have lunch.
3. Meet at the station at 6:00 p.m .
• Alice is graduating from university with a degree in Early Childhood Education. Complete this paragraph from her diary. Choose the appropriate words in brackets.
I _ _ _:;--;=:-::L'm:-:=--::g~o:.::in~gLt.::.:o~-:-:--_ _ _ graduate in June but I still haven't 1. (m'ght not
I
m going to)
got any plans. Some day-care centres employ stUdents before they graduate so I
... C
. !~
- - - - - - :2;-.-:(c=-=0..,... uO:; ld--:'-c-ou""7ld7"n"7't-:-)----
apply for a job now. Or I
- - - --;3.-;':-:: 'n:-:J::;:-t..,... :-
apply to do a master's degree . I'm jUst not
r- II'-'gT -, n - o,--t)- - - -
h
sure though - these past two years have been hard and I - --
-
- 4A.- ;'-;-:" :-:: ,,I:-: ,. -, r=Il-,j -.'-l' -=lt)- - - - -
At least I !Am sure about my career: .
be ready to study for two more. 1 _ _ _--;::--:-_
.
_ _ _:-:----,_
5. \',,) l()lflq to
III I
_
_
Jht
work with Children . That's certain. I've made an aPPOintment to discuss my plans with my tutor, Mrs Humphrey, tomorrow. I
What to do.
7. (won't' mll)h!)
talk
have an idea about
Futur•
•••••••••••••••••••••
•
• Look ot, Alice's timetable for Monda"T' She's put a ques tlon mark
n
for things that are possible and be going to flor thlngs th at are y. certain.
mayor
MONDAY call Bill at 9:00 buy some stationery
go to work at 1:00
?
go to meeting with Mrs Humphrey at 11:00 have coffee with Sue after lectures
?
go shopping after work take 7:00 train '2•
?
pick up pizza
--------------------1.
2.
AIiGe ia going to Gall Bill at 9:00. She may buy aome atationery.
3.
4. 5. ____________________________________________________ 6.
7. 8.
EDIT • Read this student's report about EI Nino. Find and correct eight mistakes in expressing future possibility. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Every few years, the ocean near Peru becomes warmer. Called El Nifi.o, this .
.
may
varlatlOn in temperatllre maybe cause weather cha.nges all over the world. The west coasts of North and South America might to have heavy rains. On the other side of the Pacific, New Guinea might becomes very dry. Northern areas could have warmer, wetter winters and southern areas could become much colder. These weather changes affect plants and animals. Some fish mayn't survive in warmer waters. Droughts could causing crops to die a.nd food may get very expensive. El Nifi.o m80' happen every two years or it Could not come for seven years. Will EI Ninos get worse in the future? They could be. Pollution holds heat in the air and it will increase the effects of El Nino but no one 1s sure yet.
uction: ... ould, i ht, ust, a, .... an't at to, ~ave .... Right again! This man ha6 got to be a genius!
Hmm. You mU6t be Gina Lemont.
Ie
o o
POINT
The famous detective, Sherlock Holmes, is
o o
guessing. talking about an obligation.
,
CHART CHECK 1 -
- True) or
F (Fe'
T
,
I
i
SUBJECT
MODAL
I/ He/She/lt/We!You/They
may (not) might (not) could (not) must can't
5
F The third person singular modal does not end in - . I
,
I
BASE
FORM OF
VERB
I
be
right.
work
there. ,
•
TIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (GOT) TO SUBJECT
HAVE (GOT) TO
BASE
I/We!You/They
have (got) to
be
He/She/It --
.
has (got) to
FORM
I
', right.
work
•
there.
.
--
-----
•
CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True, or
l
F (Fa/se).
T
F All modals of deduction are used in
, ,, COULD
! I
'--___ __ qu~~o_n_s_._-.Jl
158
YES/NO
-
-
1-
NOTE:
,•
SUBJECT
BASE
-
FORM .
- --
he •
SHORT I,
-
Could
ONS
-
I
,
-
---
.
-
- -
.
I MODAL/
,, ,
j
.
For contractions with could not and cannot, see Appendix 24 on page 346.
HAVE (GOT) TO
He
mu t . may (not). might (not) . could{n't). can't. has (got) to.
'------ - - -
--
there?
SUBJECT
,
,I
I
........•....•:.:v!....":!'.Qht auld Mu t. H ve (got) Csn't ltf ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• EXPRESS Circle the correct words to compl te this on\' notion.
A: I heard a sound coming from the basement. What could I must it be? B: I'm not sure. It ~an I can't be the dog. The dog's upstairs. It cnn I mi~t be the cat.
I n
m
Gr
1. We often make
x
I
I n or 'best guesses',
100% certain
based on information we have about a present situation. The modal that we choose depends on how certain we are about our deduction.
AHiRMATlVE
NEGATIVE
couldn 't may not might not
have (got) to may might, coul« 0% certain
2. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that something is ,use, ' or
ha
go
Holmes is a brilliant detective. DEDUCTION
.
• He
. solve a lot of crimes.
We use ' in informal speech and writing and we usually contract it.
• He's got to be a genius!
When you are less certain, use or could.
Watson knows a lot about medicine.
USAGE NOTE:
r.. , "'gn
DEDUCTION
• He mlgh be a doctor.
3. When you are almost 100 per cent certain that something is , use or Use "" less certain.
or
'gh' ,
when you are
BE CAREFUL! Have to and have got to are not used to make negative deductions.
4. Use could in questions .
We rarely use and we never . in questions about possibility.
USAGE NOTE:
use
S. In
nswe ,use a modal alone or with a
•
form of Use
•
.'
short answers to questions that Include a form of • .
In
• He can't be a doctor! He's only sixteen! •
• He may no .no about the plan. His boss doesn't tell him everything. • It ;Jn true! NOT It doesn't have to be true!
• Someone's coming. Who . it be? • {J J she have gone home? RARE:
I he be at home? NOT May he be at home?
A: B: She
Ann know Marie? I . They're neighbours.
Ron still with National B,lnk? B: I'm nol sure. He ~ I
A:
•
• •• • • •
160
Unit 37 • ••••••••••
. M atch each fact with the MATCH. ach fact goes with a deductIon. duction.
Fact f
1.
Her last name is Lemont. She
Dpd, ("tion
•
can't be at home.
I
He's only thirteen. He
b
must be married.
Her eyes are red. She
c
has t o be older than tWenty.
d
ca n't be married.
. She's wearing a wedding ring. Sh e 5
His initials are M.B. He
e. might be tired.
6
The house is completely dark. They
f
She's got grey hair. She
g. could be Marc Brunner.
may be French .
. t ure and cl'rcle the correct words to complete this conversation. (HOOSE • Look at t hepic WATSON:
Look! What's going on over there?
HOLM f':S:
I don't know. It could / couldn't be 1.
some kind of delivery. WATSON:
At this hour? It can't / must be 2.
almost midnight! Nothing's open now. HOLMES:
Hmm. 27 Carlisle Street. That can't / 's got to be the bank.
WATSON:
It is the bank.
HOLMf':S:
Can you see what that man is taking out of the carriage?
WATSON:
It looks like a box. What do you suppose is in it?
HOLMES:
I don't know but it seems heavy. It could / might not contain gold.
WATSON: HOLMf':S:
Look at that man in front of the bank. He might / might be.
. Could
/ Must he be the bank 5.
6.
WATSON:
But why are they making a delivery at this time? It can / can't 7. be normal.
HOLMf':S:
The manager might not / must want people to know about it. He 8.
couldn't / may be worried about robbers. 9.
r? manage.
~.'!~. .'~':'.:. ~.?:. ~/~~!'. ~. L}!'!....... ~ ...... .lP.
You muet 17., Gina Lemont. • 1 Aim';"
c ;.taln
, ,
U
LEMONT: - - - - - - - - - -..,...-..:= -.:ILi·i:-;;--;:-~-~--· ------ . 1.. I'fJ1l/bi {I I I I
Who wants to know?
HOLMES: Sherlock Holmes. I can hear something in the next foom.
~-:--:-:,----,.- - - - . - - - - - - - - . I'm alone. (I' II' I til It)
LEMONT:
- - - - --.- - - - - - .
HoUfES:
Alone'? -------:;--;;::-:-:-:-::---:-:~:__-~:__-------. There are two 4. Almost certain (YOll ltd loti
... Pou
I"bl
I
plates on the table.
(
----.-.-----;=-:;:---;;-;--;-.7"-;-';.,...--_ _ _ _ _ _ _._
5. Possible (,t
I
bf)
that
you are mistaken? • LEMONT: No, _ _ _ __ _ _~;--;--___:_;-:---;:-:-:-:---:,.---------. I was expecting 6. 1mI'll" it,/ • (It I bl)
someone but he didn't turn up. HOLMES:
Does your cat smoke? I can smell pipe tobacco.
LEMONT: 7. Almost certoln (It I cornE'l from your own pipE') 8. Impossible (There I be I any other explaNt on,
HOLMES:
Oh, _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,,---=------,,:-:-_-.,..,---------. May we have 9. Possible (there
I be)
a look at this 'cat'?
EDIT • Read this student's summary of a mystery novel. Find and correct six mistakes in expressing deductions. The first mistake has already been corrected.
The main character, Moll.!! Smith, ;s a universif:!j professor. She is tr.!fin!J to find her dead O't·
!frandparents' first home In Scotland. It ma.!f
.
In a nearb.!f town. The v,jla!Jers there
seem scared. The.!f could be have a secret or thC.!f mustjust hate stran!Jers. Moll.!! has Some old letters that mi.!fht lead her to the place. ThC.!f are In Gaelic but one ofher students m(!Jhts translate them for her. ThC.!f !Jot to be important because the author mentions them at the be.!Jinmi1!f ofthe novel. The letter must contain fimtil.!! St·crt·L..;. Who is the bad!Ju.!f? It couldn't be the student because he tNIIIL<; to he~1. It m~ll!tt t,l "., the newspaper editor In the town.
T
I
in a
h
out
,
./
)
)
J
.I
J ougnt (0
laav(· appJied
. ..
•
to college, ' ''-A _, I :
POINT
K
Tick till' correct answer,
The man
D
is planning his future.
D regrets things in his past.
CHART CHECK 1 ( 'c . T \ 7"r. e) Jr F (Fo'c
T
F
-
You can add G to all modals that express past regret.
-
SUBJECT
-
-----YES/ NO
(I r/lL:) or
SHOULD
F (False).
F
PAST PARTICIPLE
- -' -
Id
In questions and short answers, we usually only use houlrl have.
have
,
•
~.
QUESTIONS
SUBJECT
HAVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
he
have
appll d ?
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
he hould have.
--
't h ye o
No, he
WH- QUESTIONS WH- WORD
SHOULD
SUBJECT
HAVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
When
~hould
he
have
applied ? -.-
162
I
-_. -------- --
A
-
-.~
applied ,
•
I
--
I
- -
•
r j'f/ ' ,
HAVE
should (not) (shouldn't) ought (not) to (oughtn't to) could might
I/He/She/We/You/They
CHART CHECK 2
T
MODAL
--------
'---
-
--
-
--.--
•••••• ••• •••••• ••••••••••••
••
...... •••••••••• • ••
3 t
on we' Which words are NOT usually contracted'?
n
hlJUld ha
l1
uld /'0
n
should have could have might have should not h v
y
ml I •
'II
{ uldn
h
\I
t to hu
EXPRESS l
\Jml"c r thH
A: Should I
H: Yt:;. 'ou
______ culll'd you y' tel'dny? _ _ _ _ _ _ , I waited all day for your call.
x I n
Ex mples
ions " hoy
1. Use
and to lalk about things that were advisable in the past but didn't happen. These modals often express regret or blame.
• I
've applied to go to university,
(I didn't apply and I'm sorry.)
• I oug to have taken that job. (I didn't take the job. That was a mistake.)
• She
uld've gone to a better university. (She didn't go to a good univers;(y. Now she regrets
her choice.)
• You ,ight ve told me. (You didn't tell me. That was wrong.)
2.
and not to he are the only forms used in negative statements. houl is more common .
• He shouldn t hay mlsse the exam. the exam. • He ought not to have mi.
. is the most common fo rm used In questions.
• Should he have phone, the lecturer?
u
•
. ...
164 • .
,
Unit 38
.............. TRUE OR FALSE. Read eacl1 numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the follows
5 t
"
Felicia could have been a doctor. ___ Felicia is a doctor.
I shouldn't have called hi rn. T
3
I called him.
. I should have told them what I thought.
s. I ought to have practised more .
___ I didn't tell them. Now I'm sorry.
___ I didn't practise enough.
He might have warned us about it.
6. They shouldn't have lent him the' Ir car.
_ - - They lent him their car.
___ He knew but he didn't tell us.
(OMPLETE. Read this extract from a magazine article. Complete it with the correct ro '" of the words in brackets and a short answer, Choose between affirmative and negative.
Regrets . .. It's not unusual to feel regret about t hings in the past that you think you
_ _ _ __=_s:.:..ho~u::.:l=7_d....:.h.:.:;a:..;_v-=-e...::d:.:::o..:..:n~e---- and did not do - or the opposite, about things 1. (should
do)
you did do and feel you _ _ _ _---;;:--;--;---;-;----;--;--_ _ _ _ . In fact, we learn by 2. (should, do)
thinking about past mistakes. For example, a st udent who fails a test learns that he or she
3. (should
more and can improve on the
study)
next test. Often, however, peop le spend too mu ch time th inking about what they ------:;-~~_;__----- diffe rent ly. Many regrets are simply not based 4.
C
Lid
dJ)
in fact. A mother regrets missing a footba ll ga me in which her son's leg was injured. 'I ----~~~:--:--:;------,' she keeps telling herself. 5. (ought to I go)
·I----~~-~~------ h ome. I ________=-________~-----G.
I ~tdy)
7. \ '
.!
prevent)
the injury The coach - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at least IS. . . , '
_Ii)
me as soon as it happened.' Did she really
have the power to prevent her son's inj ury?
the
----qm~Tt:~~---9. (Should I cant el) her before looking at the injury? No, of course, he -------...,-n:------10. . There is an Italian proverb that says, coach
'When the ship has sunk, everyone knows how they It's easy to be wise ab
ou you face at the moment.
t th
it.' 11 . (tcluld
\,})
e past; the rea l cha llenge is to so lve the problems
·.•••••.•••••••• -... • Read Lisa's regrets. Rewrite them using the modals in brackets and between affirmative and negative. 1. I
didn't go to university. Now I'm unhappy with my job.
(should)
I should have Bone to unIversIty.
~.::.:.:.::.:::..:::....:..:.:.:..:...:...~-----=:----------------_
2. I feel sick. I ate all the chocolate. (~hould)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ __
J. Christina didn't come round. She didn't even call.
Imightl ______________________________________________________________ 4.
I didn't have enough money to buy the shirt. Why didn't Ed offer to lend me some? (could) ___________________________________________________________
s. I jogged five miles yesterday and now I'm exhausted. Ishouldl ____________________________________________________________ 6.
The supermarket charged me for the plastic bags. They used to be free. I
7. I
houldl _____________________________________ didn't invite Cynthia to the party. Now she's angry with me. oughttOJ ______________________________________________________________________
8,
Yesterday was my birthday and my brother didn't send me a card. I'm hurt. Imlgnt l _______________________________________________________________________ ,
EDIT • Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of moda/s. The first mistoke has already been corrected. I
75 December
About a week a!J0' jennifer was late for work a!Jain and Dou!J, our boss, told me he wanft:d ttJ.9d rid {h hiM o er. I was real(y upset. Ofcourse, jennifer shouldn't It-tttf been late so often Iud 17.: m~tjl1f 17m. talked t.J her about the problem before he decided to let hergo. Then ITt: wM mt'
f(1
IIIl1kt·I't·'J"f,
I o~ht have confronted him r(!Jl71 aWl"!/- Or I cO/lld at 1t'1I.,1 l'eWt' w",.I/t,d felllli/,; "',!IIIC'.!I/. k nlll/"
is .sMI here but now 1'1/1 lVorried ,,,hiJI If 11!lj {1WI!j(1f,.•'>II,JI/I. ( / I,)/' I T>"I!'/' Ill""'? I {{'.'1I1 ("" ,\ I. !I/f,,· 1
.should hatle'fle .1/ lh' . .. . I 'I ' , , , ,II" If~'f.\ di!tt'rt'l1f(1j /'1.~f WI-'·t.., lIlt· n1/l11"1I~1/,' 1,'11/1 111'1'" 11<1.' ,111/ '1';'1" 111.'
m.IIJ,
ion
u in t
POINT ('l.~_"
thp
ro .(
1s ~er
The question under the photograph asks
o o
if it was possible that something happened.
EASTER ISlAND: Could visitors from another planet have built these giant statues?
if people had permission to do something.
i
STA
CHART CHECK 1
-
~
r
F Ie.
T
, 0
MODAL/ HAD TO
/
~
F The form of the modal does not change for different subjects.
CHART CHECK 2
SUBJECT
I/He/She/We!You/They
Which modal can be used in both questions and short answers for deductions about the past?
I
o o o
HAVE
may (not) might (not) can't could (not) must had to
COULD
SUBJECT
Could
he .
HAVE
have
PAST PARTICIPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
.
have
seen
the statues. ,
SHORT ANSWERS I MODAL/
SUBJECT , HAD TO
.
He
can could
• HAVE I
may not) might (not) . can't have. could (not) must had to i
might
EXPRESS Circle the correct word5 to complete these sentences. Could they carved / have carved the statues? They 166
I
I
seer aliens? .
•
I
YES/ NO QUESTIONS: COULD
Tick he cor ec
I answer.
•
I
•••••••••••• ••••••••••
I
G
•
i
t. We often
or 'best guesses', about past situations based on the facts that we have. The modal that we choose d pends on how certain we are about our deductions
100%
c~rt ••n
AH'RMMlVE
NEGATM
( n'
v h v
• u t
t
c;ouldn ' m 'I
f
v
t
ul
not
h v 0% certA.n
2. When you ar Irno t 100 P r cent ertclin that I ,u e ha or something wa
you
less certain, or ul h
eU
1I
e may ha ,
fhe tatlle r very big. Dmu liON • They must b n hard to move.
The islanders were able to carve the stone. DEDUCTION
• The stone may hav b
3. When YOll are almost 100 per cent certain that po sibl , use can 't have or omething was ul t ha .
Use m not ha or all are less certain.
ight not have when
BE CAREFUL! We do not usually use had to have for negative deductions.
4. Use ould h in u stlons bout ity or use questions without modals.
n quite soft.
• The islanders couldn't have They were too heavy.
the statues!
• The islanders might not have moved the statues over land. They could have taken them by boat.
• Could the islanders
ve moved the statues?
OR
• Do you think they moved the statues?
S. Use b in short nsw rs to questions that include a form of b .
A: Could von Daniken ave been wrong? OR
he wrong? B: He certainly • have been. Use only the odal · in short answers to qUestions with other verbs.
. ? A: Did the islan d ers · '.: on t helr own.
B: They
'.
.----- - - -
•••••••••••••••••••••
MATCH· Eoch fact goe
about author Erich
VOIl
WI'tl 1
a deduction . Match each fact with the correct deduction
Daniken.
Dpouction
e
The original title of Chariots of the Gods ? was Erinnerungen an die Zukunft. Von Daniken visited every place he described in his book.
b
They can't have believed his theories.
d
. He didn't have a degree in archaeology.
6.
He must have travelled a lot.
c He could have learnt about the subject on his Own.
In 1973, he wrote In Search of Ancient Gods.
5
•
He must have made a lot of money.
e. He must have written it in German.
Von Daniken's books sold millions of copies.
f.
He might have written other books, too.
As soon as von Daniken published his books, scientists attacked him.
ANSWER • 50me archaeology students are asking questions in class. Use the modals in brackets to write short answers.
. A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themselves? B: 2.
They
could
(could)
have
.
They had the knowledge and the tools.
A: Were many people impressed by von Daniken's theories?
B: 3. A:
(mu·.t)
. His books were read allover the world.
these pictures have illustrated anything closer to Earth?
B: 4.
A:
---------;::-::--;---------. It's possible that the pictures show (nJdY) people dressed in local costumes. Was von Daniken upset by all the criticism he received?
B: s. A:
(ml,}hl lint)
Do you think von Daniken helped increase general interest in archaeology?
B: (must)
COMnHE • Read port of a
review of Erich von DCinllcen ',S boole Chariots of the complete it with the verb's in brackets.
Who
aould have made -.---'-::"~1;:.7:(.::,·:7Iul~(1~m;-.~'~ll~---~- the Easter Island statues? According
to Erich von Daniken, our ancestors -~ ..-. - - C1.--:----.-;--:;-::----' these
structures on their own bt'causc their' culture wen' too primitive. According to hl'm, they • lh t I wrote his popular hook. von D!inikl'n
tll'lp from aliens. When he about
.
4. II H"
~r
)
the Ensler Island f'XIll'rinll'ntR that !ll'Ovl'd thnt tho ancient. islanders ~
.
_ _~_ _ _ _ and ____
.~ 1· I"
I
--~~---~--------6 (tr ''1 p "I)
the. e
St.lltUt'S without. any help from alien visitors. Not only that, the island's population
_.__. _--_-:;----:--::-:-:-;:--;-;::::-;------- much larger than von Daniken believes. One 7.
(r~1
ht
t I
scient.ist. speculatNl that as many as 20,000 people ________--,-______ H.ldY
IIv()
on East.l'r Island - enough people to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?
A more logielll answer i to think that our ancestors _____--::--_________ 9.
'1'
hJVlc:"j
great skill, intelligence and strength to create these wonderful things.
EDIT· Read part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of modals for deductions about the past. The first mistake has already been corrected.
have been In 1927. Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru must be very slJrprised to see lines in the shapes of huge ani I nals on the ground below his aeropla.ne. Created by the ancient Nazca culture, these forms are too big to recognise from the ground. However, from about 200m in the air, the giant forms take shape. Without aeropla.nes, how could an ancient CUlture had made them? What purpose could they have had? Author Erich von Daniken believes that the drawings might have mark a landing strip for the spacecraft of astronauts from another planet. ArchaeolOgists, however, now believe that the ancient Nazcan civilisation might develop flight. They COuld bUilt hot-air balloons and design the pictures from the air.
-..----.-----......---....--------
tlu:
j
"
,
if til
c
Itrect answer to complete each sentence. --~
-
-
--
-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks ---
(C) (D)
is drinking was drinking
---'--
~
-
,,8'
C D
--~
Wasn't that Malcolm in class? -It . Malcolm left last week. (A) couldn't (C) couldn't have been (B) could have been (D) couldn't have
ABC D
Frank watches all the United games. He
to be one of
ABC D
: Children under five years old _ _ _ _ swim without an adult. (AJ don't have to (C) have to (BJ must not (OJ are supposed to
ABC D
1.
their biggest fans. (A) must (B) has got
couldn't (OJ should have (C)
Where _ _ _ _ we supposed to go for the test tomorrow? (AJ do (C) will (BJ are (OJ should
ABC D
Bring yOllr umbrella. It ____ later. (AJ II1jght rain (C) couldn't rajn (B) rajns (OJ might have rained
ABC D
6.
Will your plane be late this afternoon? It . The airport was closed this morning. (AJ couldn't be (C) maybe (B) may be (OJ will
ABC D
7.
You
ABC D
8.
They built this temple 3,000 years ago Thi t · '1'IzatlOn. . . s mus - _ _ __ a grea t CIVl (A) has been (C) was (BJ have been (0) not have been John _ _ _ _ t all M o c yra yesterday but he forgot. (A) supposed (e) supposes (B) is supposed (0) was supposed
9.
170
A
told Mark. You knew it was a secret (A) s~ould have (C) couldn't have' (B) mIght have (OJ shouldn't have
ABC D
ABC D
. .ttreet VII • 11:1 ••••• • •• • •• •
10.
'Could Amy have been at home yesterday?' 'She . I really don't know.' (A) could have been (C) had to have been (8) might be (D) couldn't have
A
11. Chris _ - - - to clean up his room. It's a mess.
have got (8) has got
ABC D
must (D) got
(A)
1. 2
(C)
the test Ii .. . I _____ studied harder. I JOailed (A) should have (C) should (8) must have (D) may
A
13. Lisa was in Oxford recently. She might me to say hello! (A) call (e) have called (8) has called (D) be calling
Is
C D
C D
ABC D
oNI TWO Each sentence has lour underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. .
.-
•, •
EXAMPLE: A
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
I
{;
14. 15.
1 .
ABC D
B C D
ABC D
His English is excellent so he had to has studied hard. ,
17.
D
We'd better hUITY or the train might leaves without us. t
16.
ABC D
Tom didn't wave to me so he must have known I was here. C
C D
BCD
ABC D
We ought to have look at more cars before we ours. ~ s C You ~t get dressed because Sasha may be here soon.
ABC D
B C D
I<
19. You have to fasten your seat belt now or you couldn't drive. It's the law.
ABC D
2 . You don't have to drive faster than 40 kph or you . . C
ABC D
.
C
get a ticket.
A
21. Hardy and Co must has gone out of business I:
I
I('
22. It must rain tonight so I'd better A
n
c
ABC: D
home.
2~. Jason will be supposed to be there tomorrow but he can't attend. I
24.
ABC D
.
ABC D
It must be almost 11:00 so we really has to leave now. I<.
C D
'
25. You should had seen that film with us because it I<.
m~'y nQt be Iwl't\ long. '
ABC D
-ectives an The ad descri bes it perfectly.
--
ICHEC
:
P#
POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The owner thinks the flat is:
o o
perfect warm and cosy
I CHART CHECK Circle T (True) or F (Fa/se).
,
T
F Adverbs often come before nouns.
T
F
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS
They are quiet tenants. There's a fast lift. The flat sounds nice. It's absolutely perfect. The flat felt warm.
They work quietly. It moves very fast . She described it nicely. It's absolutely perfect. The owner greeted the tenants warmly.
Adjectives often come after action verbs.
Adverbs often end in ·Iy. '----_._--- . T
F
EXPRESS Complete these sentences with the correct form of slow.
A: There's a - _ _ _ _ _ _ lift. It moves very _ _ _- - -B: It's not - _ _ _ _ _ _ . It just seems _ _ _ _ _- -..
172
•
and
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Grammar Explanations
Examples
1 Use adjectives to describe nouns or pronouns • (for people, places and things). Adjectives usually come immediately before the noun they describe. Adjectives can also come after stative verbs such as be, look, sound or seem.
2. Use adv r to describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
noun
• This is a small flat . vpr!J
.ldIHtlV€
• This flat seems small.
verb Lldvl'rb • They furnished it nicely.
• It'll sell quickly. (Quickly describes how fast it will sell.) verb direct object • She'll rent this flat quickly. NOT She'll rent quicl
Do not put an adverb of manner between the verb and its direct object.
BE CAREFUL!
adding
drfJl.'C tIV('
pron .
adjec' IVf • It's an extremely nice house. adverb advE"rlJ • They found it very quickly.
3. Use to describe action verbs. These adverbs often answer How? questions. They come after the verb they describe.
,
adjE'ctiv('
adverb
Adverbs that describe adjectives and other adverbs usually come immediately before the word they describe.
4.
adjective • The houses are beautiful. They are new. noun
adjective • We need a quick decision.
e are often formed by to adjectives.
adverb
• You should decide quickly. adjective • It's a lovely flat.
Some adjectives also end in -Iy, for example, silly, friendly, lovely and lonely.
BE CAREFUL!
S. Some
end in -fy.
on adverbs of man
a. The adverb form of good is
do not ~dJE.ctlve
,"
• She's a 9
•
b. Some adverbs have the same form as their related adjectives, for example, ., and •
,
,
is not the adverb form of late. Lately means' recently'. is not th e adverb form of hard. Hardly mea ns 'almost not'.
BE CAREFUL!
.
-rb
writer. She writes
AOJECTlve
!\OvfRL
Bob was I e . She's a h rd worker.
Bob came She works
II.
1
e. rd.
• She hasn't met any new people . • There's hdr /1 enough time to prep.lIl tor IWI classes. Her part-lime job t
Check it outl For a disc
ld\
. . . • USSlon of a d ve r bH offrc qu e ncy, HC'e U nI t 2, pllgo 7.
174
Unit 40 • • •• • • • •• • • • • •• • • ••• • •• ••
IDENTIFY • R ad thi notice about a flat for rent. Underline the adjectives and circle th adv rb . Then draw all arrow from the adjective or adverb to the word it e i describmq. /~------------------------------------------------------- ~ ~
V
FOR RENT Students! Are you looking for a special place to liVe? Come to 140 Grant Street. Flat 4B. This flat is for two serious students who are
looking for a quiet neighbourhood. just 15 minutes from campus. This lovely flat is in a new building. It is a short walk to the bus stop. The bus goes directly into town. At night the bus hardly makes any stops at all. You can walk safely through the wonderful parks on your way home. The rent is very affordable. Call us on 020 551 6116. Don't delay! This flat will go fast.
· Wany people went to see the flat described in the advert above. Complete '''e·.· co .. ments about the flat with the correct form of the words in brackets.
. I'm very interested. I think the flat is ______ext __re __ m_e....::ly_n_i_ce_____ • 2. I was expecting much bigger rooms. I was _____----:-___=-__ . (ternble , d JPpo' lted)
3. I thought the flat would be hard to find but it was _ _ _ _ _ _--:_ _-. urpn Ing
4.
eJ
I was happy to hear that the park is ____________ . Jfe)
5. It's a great place and the price is reasonable. It will go _____--:-::-;-~~--.
low
7.
The advert said it was quiet but I heard the neighbours _ _ _ _ _---::;:::.,----..
8. I heard them, too. I thought their voices were _________-::-_ _ _ . unu ual
9.
All in all, it's an ---;-:-:--:-:-:-:---;-:---;-_-:---__ place.
11' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• AdJective. and Adverba •
CHOOSE • Complete Maggie's letter with the correct word in brackets.
--;--;-_e:-x_ cl_tl--, ne~--;-:_, (JruJ and J ~ 't t,
,,111111
(I
UI/le.
ute'd /;lee,
( """
wJ"a _-:::--;---:-~2. I.u.~ 1111/"
, die
't 4, 11",ppy
't Jt
a
6. (nice I nicely)
7.
~
~
___~~__~~~---
" '.
U
hdPpdy)
I
at aiL! Jm d~
't it? Jt~
----~~--~------_I
__~________~____ we
w.t
't
8. (ha·· • hdrdly)
u.eIUf _---::-:;-;---:-----:-_' 4t ' 9. (ntce
I •
,icll )
10. (shy
I
shyly)
I
/1,()W.
we IJ.e ------:=-=--:--~_:__---:c:,____-11.rgoocl
"l'l
EDIT. Read this student's diary entry. Find and COl reet seven mistakes in the use of adjectives and adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected,
.
funny
WP.me adv:erlsji2Ljln is.nnLSQ ,'i.mw'lg! One advert de.scnbfIfi aplaee. as 'warm(y alld L-Il.s.!l~ 1t was...r~
--
-
-
-
--- -- , •
-.f/J1.d~rnmpd I:w.t t..h.ft QJ.I/tJer il1sistaltlurc ii sJdi&a I11fjlU-frc1j was flC'pi{rf
-~
saw was sMppQ.Sitd 10 be 't/feit Ill1d /Ij:fl{;~/ W h at
11
/1If~.>.'.' / left 11m! pllln' '-"'.9 fi" ,t(t/. I.
, l1J)ia.sking for thit m(JPJJ/ /
''''(I} w md 11 ~Jllflllpion' ill (/ rlmJl bl/i/dJi!,/w/fl, ji'fi"lId(t/
'\ n~!JhhoJ4rs. 1'11'1 IppkiJ!1j Ht
IIJIllfh"r pIHCI' fp/IIpmJII'.
"-,,,,;:,:, - ...1..f:u.d:~()nYJ:nktJt jJHl W'l
iPVc/ljl f/llli'f{tJ ,.. 11'1'' '' : /
r/,,. IId' t" t _"!'/'"
I. '. /'111
'{ k,ill'/Ild /r,!i,hl. .' ",.tli
II'I'Jld n wl lill fllr,! "'It/filll/t'IIII.,! -~---------
Participles used as
•
111
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS Complete the chart. .•
•
•
-ING ADJECTIVES
.---
-
.
-ED ADJECTI VE
interested frightening
-- -,.
-
amused "
tiring
-"-- p'-
ar Explan tions
Gr
Examples
1. Participles us : ' . are adjectives that end with ·i or · . They usually describe feelings or reactions. The two forms have different meanings.
A: The last Star Wars film was a azing ! B: I know. I was amaze by the special effects.
2. Pa ..
• That actor is always amusing. (He causes amusement.)
•
that end in -in describe someone or something that s a feeling or reaction.
3. P
,.
that end in
. e describe someone who . feeling or reaction.
a
• We were amused by that actor. (We felt amusement.) • I'm really confused by these directions. (/ feel confusion.)
4. To the right are some common pairs of
Pilrticlp
• These directions are confusing. (They cause confusion.)
.
annoyed bored depressed embarrassed excited frightened relaxed shocked surp d
annoying boring depressing embarrassing exciting frightening relaxing shocking surprising
Check it outl For art d ' 11 18 of common pa rticipl es used as adj ccLivel:!, se(~ Appt' n IX
Oil
' , :1'39 page • .
178 •
Unit 41 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. cad thi artie/e. Underline ulllire ed participles used us cuJjec tive . CirCle participial adjectives.
-
14 • S 1';( "1'1 ON
-
.
" • L1FI':~'I'YI.Jo:S •
•
Not Personal Enough?
and wanted to make friends fast. The personals provided me with a quick Wa · ' . y () meeting many lJ1tcrestll1g people in F a r11 some countries, people who are short period of rime.' Others arc not so interested in meeting Olhers turn For help lO impressed. 'I think it's kind of d<.:pressing personal ads in newspapers and magaz.ines, when peopk need to resort to placing ads and online. A surprising I1lllnbel' of busy to make friends,' observed one man. 'A people view these ad as a practical way of friend of mine tried the ads several times increasing their social circle. 'I've cried hard and was really disappointed with the to meet people on my own,' said one results. Il's just not personal enough.' satisfied customer. 'J was new to rhe rown --
(HOOSE. Read this conversation between Martin and Louise about their friend Alice. nrc/e [he correct words to complete the conversation. MARTIN: LOUISE:
What's the matter with Alice?
Who knows? She's always annoyed / annoying about something. 1
TIN: LOUISE:
I knOw. I try to understand her but this time I'm really puzzled /., puzzling. Reany? What's so puzzled / puzzling this time? ;s
TIN: LOUISE:
I thought she was happy. She met an interested / interesting guy last week. That's nice. Was she interested / interesting in him? •
I thought she was. She said they saw a fascinated /--fascinating film together. . ••
LOUISE:
Well, maybe she was fascinated /
fEl:~ci~ating
by the film but
disappointed/ disappointin.,g with the guy. TIN:
I don't know. It's hard to tell with Alice. Her moods are always very !,u~prised
/ surpri!:!ing. 'J .
LOUISE:
I'm not surpri!:!ed / surprising at all. That's just the way she is. 10.
Partlclplea utNId •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••
• Read this conversation between Alice and her date, Jake. Complete it with the correct form ?f t?e words In bracket . Choose between oed and -Ing participles used as adJectives. Interesting
E: That was a very ---:--:-:---:~-ALIC 1. (jI,t r I)
fil Wh 1 m. at did you think?
JAKE: To be honest, I found it rather - - - ----:;--;;::::::-:-___ . I'm not that 2. (I or
1
__--::--:--:-~::-:\--- in sci ence fiction. ALICE: Really? I find it --~::---~-_ . What kind of films do you enjoy? 4. (11
In It )
JAKE: Mostly comedies. Have you seen Home Again?
Yes, but I wasn't _ _--:-_ _:--__ at all. In fact, I thought it was
ALICE:
",
". "
,
.
,
_ _--,--:--____ . The story line was 6. (hor .
7.
i,
"'i'" .. )
and I couldn't
find any humour in the characters' problems. When I left the cinema, I felt kind of _ _-::--;-:-_..,-__ . 8. (depr· s)
JAKE: I'm _ _-::--;-:-_:--__ that you felt that way! I thought it was very 9. (arndtf')
---=-::----,---- .
10. l musf')
ALICE:
Well, I guess it's a matter of taste.
JAKE: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat? ALICE:
Thanks, but it's late and I'm _ _-:-=---:---;----:-;---. 11. (exhaust)
EDIT. Read Alice's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of participles l
sed
as adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
: .. -
Just !Jot home. I'm
-
"" """
-
with the evenin.!f. At first / thou!lhtjak.e was lUI
interested.!fu!f but toni!Jht / felt somewhat bored with his coJt1l'aJl.!l We saw a Vt't~'f entertained film butjak.e didn't like it. In foct, it seems like we have cOl11l'h:tt'i!/ different tastes in thin.!fs. A/b:r the film, / tried to l11a"': CIJIJVL'I'S,1fiofl lutl 41// / I"t'tfl(tj wanted was to !JO home. 50, / told J1Jiu I was e)d1t1lfshi~tJ tllIIl dld,,'t Wt1llt f"!ld home late.
Ifhe asks me out a.!fain _ I'm l10f il1ttn·sfti~tJ.
he very fustraf:ed.
Tt:'fli!!J f,} JIIt't'f /IL't'l'k
,"~1II
• •••
ectives and s . . . as . . . .
~
••
-
.'~
~
he cycles as fast as he does. She controls her bike just as well. But her shoulders aren't as wide and her arms aren't as long as his.
Why should she ride a bike designed for him?
POINT
ICHE
Tick the things L7e boy and girl have in common.
- made to fit
o o o o
you.
CHART CHECK
width of shoulders control of bike length of arms
AD
TJC .. the correct
verso Which words are always used in comparisons with as ... as?
cycling speed
VERB*
(Nor)
As
I
As
ADJECTIVE
an~
The girl •
She
IS
fast
the boy.
good
he is .
as Her bike
as
~
big
isn't
his. -
IO n t I 0 a erb
o
The girl's bike
-
-
~
-
*Stative verbs like be, look, seem
-
an adjective or an adverb
~
-
(Nor)
As
--r
~-
--
-~.
-~---
She -.~-
cycles
~~--..
doesn't cycle
-~
~
~-----
-
*Action verbs
180
._-
-
As
!
-
- _.-- --------the boy. fast --,----
---~.
-
~-~--
~-
well
as
-.~--
Her bike The girl's bike -
the boy's. .
~
The girl -
I,
-VERB*
-
-
heavy
-.-
he does.
~----i
smoothly •
consistently
as his.
the boy's.
,\
• ••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS complete these sentences with as ... as and the words in brackets. A; MyoId bike wasn't
my new one. Of course, it
the new one. didn't perform ------;----::~----_ (WI I\) ' , And it didn't look ------::-:-:' = -:;~---_ the new one, either. B «()ood)
Examples
Grammar Explan ti n as to compare
1. You can use 05 cfj ct" two people, places or things.
• Trax bikes are '
'>
exp nsive as Gordos.
(The Trax bike costs a lot of money. The Gordo bike costs the same amount of money.)
• The Trax bike isn' as U9
a the Gordo, though.
(The two bikes are not the same weight.)
Use as + to compare two people, places or things that are equal in some way. Use . to emphasise the equality.
• This helmet is as good as yours. • It's just as expensive as yours, too.
Use t: - c . to talk about two people, places or things that are different in some way.
• The new adverts are not as effective as the old ones. • They aren't as funny as the old ones, either.
2. You can also use
+ adverb
-+-
to compare
two actions.
• He rides as fast as she does. (They ride equally fast.)
• He doesn't ride as safely as she does, though. (They don't ride the same way. She rides more safely than he does.)
Use
-
=.
- to talk about two actions
that are the same or equal. Use emphaSise the equality.
to
Use , . verb to talk about two actions that are not the same or equal. 3. You do
not always have to mention both parts of a camp . . . . I anson. Sometimes the meaning IS c ear from the context.
• Kleen brightens 'U thoroughly Brite. • It removes stains just as effecti ' . Brite.
• Kleen doesn
clean swell
Brite.
l
• Trax and Gordo are bo1l1 qreal bik{'\ bul 1'1',1. is h (il~ Gordo) . • Jake ,mel ( hristoph( r both rid(' fil\t but Christopher docs
I
(,1\ Jclk£').
182 •
Unit • • ••• •• •• •• • •• • • • •• •
IDENTIFY· ead this article on washing powders. Underline all the comparisons with \ . Circle tile comparisons with adverbs.
PRODUCT REVIEWS .. WASHING POWDERS
o you were riding the trails this weekend and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look I ('-
as bad as your bike. Never mind. They'll look as good as new next weekend. We
checked out three major brands of powder and we can tell you which ones clean best and which ones don't remove trail stains as effectively as others. Overall, Brite and Kleen aren't as expensive as Trend but they didn't perform as well
,
either. However, they were almost as good in particular categories. Trend removed both mud and grass stains effectively. Brite removed mud just as effectively as Trend but it didn't remove grass stains as well. Kleen was effective on grass stains but not on mUd. Brite cleaned clothes as thoroughly as Kleen but again, Brite and Kleen weren't as good as Trend in this category. On the other hand, Brite came out on top in brightening. Colours washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
COMPLETE • Read these conversations. Complete them with (not) as ... as ... and the correct form of the words in brackets. 1.
THOMAS: ___D_O_8_5___ your new bike __h_a_n-=-d_I;;:8~a_5--:c_o_m_f_o_rt_a_b--,-l.=...y_a_5_ the old one? a. (hilr :Ie
<.u n
""
DIANA: It's great. The handlebars _ _ _---.-_-:-;-_ _ _ _ _ _ and the brakes b. lot bl
---~t.::~:JL:_::::;;;___--c. (not bf' I hard)
. It.
to reach. This bike was made for a small
person like me. 2.
CHARLIE:
We need a name for this product. It should show that this washing powder ---';-7;~~~~;___the others bu t ----;--;---::--;---:--:-::::~;;M•• (rio ffectlve) unfnendlv) to the environment. ,II)
EVA:
•
I like 'GreenKleen'. It _ _ _-::-;~::-;----:--:::-;---- other product names c. ( ""l)!
t
,,,
q)
and it - -______ the message _ _ _--;---:----=-~~::\--clear) theirs, too. 3.
SAM: The last group I cycled with
a herd of a. (b,·
no; y)
elephants. I prefer to cycle alone but I know it's dangerous. JACK: •
mouse, I promise.
b . (pedal
quiet)
a
~~J~~.t"~~~ .~?~ .~~erba:
as.. • 183 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• As "
& . • Read the chart comparing several models of bicycle. Complete the sentences With (not) . as .•• as an~ the correct form of the words in brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative. PRODUCT RATINGS PRIcE
Trax
£999
Huff
£550
Gordo
£225
+ BICYCL
CoMfORT
~ ~ ~ 0 WORSE BRAKING rrID, liG;:EA=R:-:C=HA::NC=JHG=-' --=---='-::-=:"":":"":":':= wrr GROUND EASE HAHDUHG HANDlING
KEY:
BRAKING SPfF D, DRV GROUND
o
o
doesn't stop as quickly as th e 1. Th e G ord0 -----L..-.-;-l~~~(I.,p
On
2.
BEll ER
qUit I·)
Trax an d
th e H uff..
wet ground, the Huff - - - _ ; - - _ : - - :_ _ _ _ the Trax. (\top
slow)
3. The Gordo -------::--_ _ _ _ _ _ the Trax and the Huff. (be f expensive)
4. The
Trax _ _ _---,:-:-----=_:-:--:-_ _ _
the Huff.
(feel I comfortable)
5. The
Trax _ _ _ _--::----:--:----,--____ , either. (be I cheap)
6. Even the Gordo _ _ _----,-.,--_--:-----:-:--_ _ _ the Trax. lride f comfortable)
7.
On
the road, the Gordo
the Trax. (handle / good)
8.
Off the
road, the Gordo and the Huff _ _ _---;:-_;:---_--;:-_ _ _ the Trax. (handle
good)
9. The Gordo's gears _ _ _-:;--_ _-----,:----:-_ _ _ the Huff's but (be
eas> to change)
--~~~---:-~--:---- the Trax's. 10. (be f easy to change)
EDIT • Read these forum postings. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of comparisons. The first mistake has already been corrected.
-
---
--.
--~ .
- 0 . .-
....
.
Mountain Bike Forum .....
RE: Not as many bruises!
Inexperienced cyclists should try the South Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is just as
-
Otai../.-+ ~.
but its cycle track isn't as unfriendly than the North Trail's. The slopes aren't as steep and you won't fall as frequent because there aren't as many rocks. It isn't as short like the North so you'll still get a good ride and you won't feel as discouraged at the end of the day. RE: The (expenSive) new Trax
Does anyone have any experience of this bike? I tested it in the shop car park and I'm not •
Impressed. Myoid Trax changes gear as just easily and it handles as smoothly. too.
Ot COurse, it's not as lightly but then it doesn't cost £999, either.
•
ive
aratives -
•
1
@IPNIMOWl UNDER. NEW
,•
I
I'
HEC
POINT
Longer ~ queues!
C"eck the correct (Inswer.
The new restaura nt will be
o o
differen t from t h e old restaurant. the sa me as th e old restaurant.
------------------~I
I ------------------------------~~-----------------\ ~
COM
CHART CHECK e T ( Tr ue) o r F ( Fa se r
C
COMPARATIVE
I
THAN
brighter better
T F The comparative
adjective form always ends • In -er.
TlVES
than
The new restaurant is
more less
I
the old one. I
comfortable beautiful
I
I
T F You can use the
sa I ne comparative adjective twice in a statement to show a change in a situation. I
REPEATED COMPARATIVES COMPARATIVE . AND
-+
,
I
,
i The food is getting ,,
I
,
COMPARATIVE
better
better.
worse
worse. and
more
more
delicious.
less
less
Interesting.
COM THE
COMPARATIVE
_- ----- ---
THE --t- - -
COMPARATIVE
-'---- - - - - - ~---the service. The more crowded the restaurant, the slower _________________ ' - -_ _ _ _ _ _- . - J
-_ ....
-
~
EXPRESS Complete tlJis sentence.
Mo's is bigger and ________ popular _______-
184
Val's.
186 •
Unit 43 •••••••••• •• ••• •••• •••••••
TRUE OR FALSE • Look at t/lese two restaurant ads. TiJen read the statements below and t<..
I
~
1fe True (T) or False (F) .
-4 Italian Restaurant
istorante
Established in 1990 Relaxed dining in a romantic atmosphere
Family-style eating since 1990 Open Tuesday - Sunday, 12:00-9:00
open seven days a week - dinner only
EARLy-BIRD SPECIAL (full dinner for £ 10.95 if ordered before 6:00)
reservations suggested
all credit cards accepted
No reservations necessary No credit cards 87 H igh Street
F
taliano
12 Broad Street
one free drink with this ad
1. Luigi's is older than Antonio's. 2 . Antonio's is more romantic than Luigi's. 3 . Luigi's is probably less crowded. 4. Antonio's seems cheaper than Luigi's.
s.
On Tuesdays, Luigi's has shorter business hours.
& COMPLETE • Look at part of Luigi's menu. Then complete the comparisons. Use the comparative form of the words in brackets. • Spaghetti Primavera (with lightly sauteed vegetables) ......................£6.95 \. Spaghetti Arrabbiata (with hot chilli peppers and tomatoes) ............ £7.50 Fettuccini Alfredo (with butter and cream) ..................................... £8.95 Linguine Aglio e Olio (with garlic and oil) .................................... £5.60 • low fat . low salt
hot and spicy
1. The spaghetti primavera is _ _ _ _c_h...::.e7af;-pe:....:r_t~h..:.:a.:.:.n~--_ the spaghetti arrabbiata. (che
2. The linguine aglio e olio is
the fettuccini Alfredo. (expl'nsive)
3. The spaghetti arrabbiata is
and (hot)
-------;--.,.---.,.----the linguine aglio e olio. (spiry) 4.
The fettuccini Alfredo is ------,;7::'::::--~---- the spaghetti primavera.
s.
The spaghetti primavera is ------:=:;:-;-7"'"---- the fettuccini Alfredo.
(folltenlOg)
(healthy)
• ••••••••••••••••••
• Read these comments about a restaurant. Complete them with the comparative form of the words in brackets to show cause and effect or a change. 1. k
B:
I can't believe the size of this menu. It's going to take me forever to choose. _ _.:.. Th~6~ lo:::;nf~:.....6_ r _ _ the menu,
the more difficult " the choice.
(Ionq)
(Jlflle ult I
2. k They say the food here is getting ' - - -_ _ _ _ _. and _ _--;-_-:--_ _ .
B: And --~-' ;:-' the food, (I) xi)
(good)
----'1:'::-:-::-:-:--:---
it is.
The service seems a little slow tonight.
3. k
B: Yes, _ _---:-___~~-- the restaurant, (popular)
---""7:""---:---( low)
the service.
4. k The cigarette smoke here is getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _-;:---;:--___ . (bart)
B:
----;-----:-.:-:7- - - the room, --_-::----:-:-_ _ _ my cough gets. ( moky)
(bad)
5. A: It's pretty loud in here.
B:
the restaurant, rowde!
it is. (noisy)
A: They certainly give you a lot of food. I can't eat any more.
6.
B:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the portions, _ _ _----::-----::,-----___ it is to finish. (hard)
, hlq ,
A: Their desserts keep getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _---:-:---,,--,-----,___ .
7.
(delicious)
B: And I keep getting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _-----,::------:-:___ ! (heavy)
• Read this restaurant review. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the comparative of adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
•
In In
tomato sauce in town, And leave room
By BRUCE NEWHART
for dessert, They just keep getting good
Pete's Place has just reopened
and better The waiters are friendly but not able to
looks b' Igger.
bri hter ' ~ and prettier as the
handle large numbers of people - the crowded
old one, Although the food isn 't better, it ;s
the restaurant, the slower the service, At
,
lUst as good , The menu is more varied and
dinnertime, the queues outside this popular
less ex penslver. . Try on e of th eir pa sta
I I restaurant are getting longer a m more ong,
dishe .... s, You Won't find a mo re fres her
:i I l L'! mea
Try lunchtime for ;'1quieter
ctives:
-
Who just happens to be
ICHEC
my wife!
POINT
Tick the correc an:, '-Ve r
HAPPY VAI.ENTINE'S
The sender of this card thinks his wife is very:
DAY!
o o
typical special
On Valentine's Day (14 February), many people send cards to special people in their lives to tell them how much they love them. NOTE:
, SUPERLATIVES
CHART CHECK or-"
,C
,
_.le
corree:
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE FORM
a 15 'ers. Which word always goes before the superlative form of the adjective?
,
o o
You are
a or an he
o
most
Which letters do you ! add to the end of a 1 short adjective to fonn the superlative? ,
o
-er
0
-est
Which words do you i add before a long I adjective to form the superlative?
o o 188
more or less most or least
That's
•
,
the the the the the
sweetest funniest best most wonderful least selfish
person in the world.
the the the the the
nicest loveliest worst most amusing least original
card I've ever received.
-
,
, , ,
I
,
....................•.•....•••••••••••••• _. AdJective.: Superlatives •
EXPRESS
ADJECTIVE
SUPERLATIVE
(omplete the chart. beautiful warm happy
Gr mm r 'x pi nations
Examples
1. Use the up rlatlv form of adjectives to single out people, places and things from other people, places and things.
• You are the be.s parents in the world. • You are h.., mo~ wonderful friend I've ever had.
2. There is more than one way to of It
rm the
a. For one-syllable adjectives, or two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, use . BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes
when you add . . .
BE CAREFUL! Some adjectives have irregular
superlative forms.
b. For most other adjectives of two or more syllables, use .. + •
c. For some adjectives use either or
•
•
.
.
. lIE' , ••
-est
•
3. The superlative is often used or
and of 01/.
, such as in the world
4. The Superlative is sometimes
.
" ,'. Ohen the clause uses the present perfect with .. ,
AOJECTIVl
SUPERLATIVE
bright friendly
the brightest the friendliest
•
nice big pretty
the nicest the biggest the prettiest
good bad
the best the worst
comfortable
the most comfortable the least comfortable
• The third hotel was the quietest . • The third hotel was the most quiet.
• You're he best mother · the world. • He's he cleve 'e. t one 0 us all.
• That's he nice. card / ,'e .. received. • You have he 10 'ell smile ',e ever seen.
•
Check it out! Or a
8
Or a
list of . '. . . , ''''9 . irregu la r superl atIve a dJ ectIves, see Appe ndIX 10 on pnge .).), . hst of some adj ectives tha t form the s uperl a tive.' ill two WIlYH, M(ll' ApPl' lIdix 1:2
Oil png l'
:l:m.
•••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. Read thl Mother' Day card written by a young child. Underline all the upc;rlative adjectives.
•
-
•
"\-'"\
.
.
'too we. the. ~ ~£r
in
~o\e.. "",de.. world.
'1o~ 0.((,. ~ c.\elRcet ,\'V\t.. b
o o o
You 0.((. w..e. \1\ ~ ~t\lrt.ly 1\\e. :r i leJ\t. No in ~ wholL wi~ wor\c \~ YOJ. '100 Q.\e. \1\t. ~~'rtSt-
CHOOSE & COMPLETE • Read these sentences from Valentine's Day cards. Complete them with the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets and the expressions in the box. of all 1.
in the school
of my life
in our family
of the year
You are so good to me. I am ___t:..:.h.:..::B--;7I.::.uc::.:k:.:..:ie::.:6::.,:t=--_ person _~i~n~t~h~e...:..:w~o.:..:rl=-d-_. (lucky)
2. The day we were married was _ _ _-::--_ _ _ _ day _ _ _ _ _ _ _-. (happy)
3. You are a terrific teacher. You are _ _ _-:----:-_ _ _ teacher _ _ _ _- - - . (good)
4.
You make me feel warm even in _ _ _--:--:-:--_ _ _ months _ _ _ _- - - -.. (cold)
S.
You are _ _ _ _--:-___ cousin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (rlle.-)
6.
Grandma, you are _ _ _-:--;--,--___ person _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Maybe that's (wise)
why I love you the most.
• Look at these Items. Write sentences about them U
·
the words In brackets.
1. The book
. se
th
e superlative
is the least expensive gift. (expensive)
2. The painting -----------(=~__- - - - - - - - - - - (unusual)
3. The painting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,;~;::::;__- - - - - - - - - - - (practical)
4. The book ---------------;:=:ii~----------- (small)
5. The painting ------------~L:::\------------- (big)
6. Thescruf _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~------------(expensive)
7. Thetoy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~-~-----------(funny)
• Read this paragraph from a student's essay. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of superlative adjectives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Rama,d
.
most serious . . .
an is the
.
tlll)e m Musbrn culture. Durmg Ra.llladan, we do not eat from
dawn to sunset. This is difficult for everyone but teenagers have the hardest time.
Immedi . ately after Ra.madan is the Eid al-Fitr. This holiday lasts three d~s a.nd it's the most happiest ti me of the year. On the morning of Eid, rny fa.mily gets up early and goes
to the mosque. After we've greeted our neighbours by s~g 'Eid Mubarek' (Happy Eid), We go home. We eat the big breakfast you have ever seen. Our parents give us presents, Usually new clothes and money. One year, Eid came round the time I graduated from UlliverSity. 'That year, I got the most beautiful clothes and the fatter envelope of money Of
all the Children in my family. Eid Mela is part of Eid al-Fitr. On that da,y, we all go to
a big park. Last year at Eid Mela , I had the better time of and We all ate junk food and showed off our new clothes.
roy
11fe. I met myoId friends
-------------------
•
omparatives
S:
and Watcl-! Jordan. The more he plays,
\.-' 0 0 0
o
the better he gets.
Come on , St.eve, try harder, man
Un
6
0 .()
1.
(\
}0 \
Ic T
T
) Q', ~\t._J(ll! r~\
,V'" ;.~
C""
• •
/Ir"e or F (False)
F Jordan improves every time he plays. ,
•
CHART CHECK ~
(
COMPARATIVES
e (orrect
harder better Jordan played
more or ess
I
I than
I
more less
I
aggressively consistently
Steve.
-er or -
SU
Which word do you always add to form the superlative?
o o
THAN
COMPARATIVE ADVERB FORM
What do you add to long adverbs to form the comparative?
o o
o .V
POINT
EC
Circle
0C a0
o n 00
--Q ~
6 0
SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORM .
-
-
he fastest the best
m05t He threw
the -
~
--
the most the least
•
--
..
.
- -- -
I
-
of anyone in the game.
.
accurately frequently
-- --
-
EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete these sentences.
Sims threw faster than I of Jones. He played better I the hest of all.
192
verbs: Com • •• • •••• • •• • •• ••• ••• ••
d S rI an upe atlves •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Explanations
G
comparative form of adverbs to e the 1. Us b' focuS on differences etween actions.
• The Bulls played better than the lakers. • Jordan played more skilfully than O'Neal.
Use the comparative without than when it is clear which things you are comparing.
2. Use the superlative form of single out something about an action.
to
We often use the superlative beginning wi f, such as of any player.
I
verb + . cr
For one-syllable adverbs, use or h -', s . I
.
.
Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. BE CAREFUL!
b. For most adverbs of two or more syllables,
use
• He scored he most frequently of any player on the team.
m the of adverbs.
3. There is more than one way to ( mp r n v B.
• He played less aggressively, though.
• Steve tried he h rdest . ns
ADVf:RB
COMPARATIVf:
SlJPfRLATIVE
fast hard
faster harder
the fastest the hardest
well badly
better worse
the best the worst
skilfully
more/less skilfully
the most/the least skilfully
quickly
more quickly the most quickly the quickest quicker
or ost/the least + .
c. Some adverbs use either ~.
and
•
•
. ~/I~~ or -er or e. . -e." .
4. Repeat the same comparative to talk about change - an increase or a decrease: ve
adverb
compara1:lve + and + adverb
• Steve is playing better and bette as the season continues. (His performance keeps improving.)
OR
more/less
"I
(....
,
more/less + adverb
• He is shooting more and mo e
:JCCU
' e ,.
(His shooting keeps getting more accurate.)
S. Use a double comparative to show cause and effect: the
~
(i
parative
adverb
Check it out' F •
compar tlve .. the + adverb
• Th ~ at
~
he played, . . .•.
he performed.
(When he played harder, his performance improved.) •
Th,
I
0
•
you practise,
Or a list of'lrregular comparisons of adverbs, see Appem l'IX 1. 0 on pnge 3'39 , .
193
I
•
•
you become.
•
Unlt
.... . . . .. . .. . .. .... . ...................... . IDENTIFY • R ad thl f( olUr(' .)tOl)' frolll III \porh Sl' finn o( til(! new pOf/cr. U"c/erline , ((,mporutiv form once . UIl(/er/iflf' 0 /1 111 ' wpcrlo l iv(' (0,", \ twice.
-----, ::> ction 3
--~~------
Sports
_.- ---. '-,
Norwic 1 Beat towe! ~kilrull)
In th~' lirst ti.)Otb.1I1 ,~al1l~' ur lhe season . I nt'wich bl' ,1t Stowe. () gn,lls to 5.Thl.' Stowe (c.lln pl.ned .1 trul) t:lIlt.lst ic game but its lIt.'fencl' is still \\l':11 . Norwich I.ktt:nded the ball mllch more .lggn.' sshd\ than the Stow\..: (t.'am did . or course , ,Jot' Jackson hdpnl win the g.ltn(,' (~)r Norwich , Norwkh's star play(,'l' W:lS b.I<.'1. on the fkld today. to the delight of his man) t~lns. He was badly hurt at the end or last scaSt)H bUl he has l'l'covcn:d quickly. Although he didn't pIa) as well as people expected, he still handled the baLI like the old Joc. He cerrainly handled it the_ most
of anyone on the.: tl'am. Ill' l'll11trolkd tl1l' ball the.: beM . kkke.:d the ball the furthest and ran the fa~test of any of the players on c:itht:r tenm . I It' plaYl't1 hard and hdped the Norwich team look good. In fact , the harder he played, the b(,·tler Norwich performed . Watch Joe this season,
And watch Stowe , too. They 've got a new coach and they 're trainiJ1g more seriotl!ily this year. I think we'll sec them play hetter and better as the season progresses.
COMPLETE • Read this conversation between friends. Complete it with the comparative o superlative forms of the words in brackets. Add the and than where necessary. BILLY:
Did you hear about that new speed-reading course? It helps you read faster
and _ _ _-:------:-:,--_ _ '
1 (lei I)
MICHAEL:
2. (well)
I don't believe it! The _ _--:~--:---3. (I.Ist)
ad, the
_ _ _:--:-;-:-;-,--_ _ you understand . . (lillie)
BILLY:
The advert says that aiLer the course, you'll read ten times . rll tell 1
and understand fiv times more. And th best thing is
that you won't have to work any _________ , 6 (h.lId)
MICHAEL:
I'd like to sec that, When I was at school, I read _ _-=--;-:---;-:---- of any 7.
(~IO\
Iy)
student in my class but 1 also remembered details __--::---;-;--:;:-:0;':---8. (d elriv)
and ____ __ f).
BILLY: Maybe you
_ __ of any of my c1m.smates,
(IOfl'll
could read oven -------c~.-~~-___ that und still remember 10 (qui'''lv)
details. That way, you'd havc more time to go to tIl(' gym, MICHAEL: Did
you read the
COUl'AC
dCl:!cription properly'?
Bo.l.Y: 1 read it __ . --::'~'~:_'_--:-__ I rcnd most things, 11. (Ihoroll'lhly)
Adverb.:
....••....•.••••••.•
~
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, • Look at the chart. Then complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the words ;n the box. You will use some words more til an once.
fast
good
bad
slow
hIgh
POLl! VAULTING
4.3 m 4.2 m 4.6 m 4.7 m
CLARKE SMITH ROGERS DAVIES
2.2 m 2.1 m 2.3 m 2.5 m
RUN
24 minutes 28 minutes 30 minutes 22 minutes -
1. Clarke jumped ___ . _f~un~her than
Smith.
he_6_ t_ _ _ _ of all. 2. Davies vaulted _ _ _ _t_h_e_h_i.::!,9_ 3. Rogers ran _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4. Smith ran - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Davies.
5. Davies jumped _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 6. Clarke ran 7.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Smith.
Davies vaulted
Smith.
8. All in all, Davies did _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 9.
All in all, Smith did _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
EDIT • Read this student's report about a basketball game. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of adverbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Last night, I watched the Lakers and the Bulls. Both tea.ros pla;ved more ·;'--Gi--
aggl'eSSivelYt;I"ve ever seen them. In fact, they pla;ved the better of any game I've watched this season. In the first half, Michael Jordan spra.ined his left ankle and ShaqUille O'Neal was out of the game because of fouls. But they still didn't start the second half any slower that the first. With Jorda.n out, Kukoc scored the most frequenter of any player. He's been pla;vmg more and more better as the season goes on. In fact, more he plays, the better he gets. The Bulls won by 97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to get tired at the end. They plaNed little and less consistently as the game went on.
II
•
;rd the lett r (If t 1e (orrcct amwer to complete each sentence. r
ExAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (C) is drinking (AJ drink (DJ was drinking (B) drinks I've got _ ___ job in the world. (A) a good (C) the best (B) best (D) the better
ABC 0
This apple pie smells _ _ _ _ 1 (A) wonderful (C) more wonderfully (B) wonderfully (D) the most wonderfUlly
ABC 0
Our team didn't play _ ___ I expected. I was disappointed. (A) as well as (C) as badly as (B) well (D) better
ABC 0
I passed my driving test. It seemed much _ _ _ _ this time. (A) easy (C) easiest (B) easier (D) easily
ABC 0
The faster Daniel walks, _ _ _ _ . (A) more tired (C) the more tired he gets (B) he gets tired (D) he gets more tired
ABC 0
, Could you talk _ _ _ _ ? I'm trying to work. (A) more quietly (C) more quiet (B) quieter than (D) quiet Lisa is staying at home. Her cold is a lot _ _ _ _ today. (A) bad (C) worst (B) worse (D) the worst
1
. Sorry we're late. Your house is much than we thought. (A) far (C) further (B) the fu.rthest (D) the further 9.
10.
196
ABC 0
ABC 0
ABC 0
The film was so _ _ _ _ that we couldn't sleep last night. (A) excitingly (C) excite (B) excited (D) exciting
ABC 0
Chris is working very (A) hardly (B) hard
ABC 0
these days. Ic) harder (D) hardest
•••••• 4' ••
11. Write the report first. It's more important _ _ _ _ your other work. (A) than Ic) from (B) as (D) then
A
12. The lunch menu is very short. It's _ than the dinner menu. (A) varied (e) less varied (B) more varied (D) the least varied
ABC D
u.
Thnnk you! That's (A) the nicer brift (B) a nice gift
-. I'vl' l'Vl'r received. (C) nicll t gift
C D
ABC D
(D) the nicest gift
_ to find a cheap flat. (C) the most diflicult (D) and very diflicult
14. It's getting more - - (A) hardly (B) ~md more difficult
ABC D
TWO
SE- 'nON
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
------------------
-
-~,-~,-.~-~-------
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
-
.. ~
ABC D
c
' - - - - - - - - - - - --,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
, -~-
.-----
ABC D
15. The harder Sylvia tries, less she succeeds. BCD
ABC D
16. This has been the best day than my whole life! BCD
17.
We're always amazing by John's incredible travel stories. 8
18.
C
ABC D
0
We took a lot of photos because she was such a sweetly little baby.
ABC D
BCD
19, OUf
BCD
I'.
20.
Patrick doesn't nm quickly as Lee but he can run further. C
1"\
21.
What's the more popular of all the new TV shows? -
D
2~. The more I practise the piano the most skilled I get. A
B
'
I
ABC D ABC D
•
Today seems as hotter as yesterday but the humidity is lower. /..
ABC D
D
24. The rubbish in the street is more disgusted than the potholes . 25.
ABC D
~
C
"£
ABC D
0
You did much more better in the last test than in this one. ..
22.
ABC D
new car is hard to drive than our old one.
ABC D
•
erun s: ... u "ect an
"ect
I'm all out of breath again. I real ly need to give up jogging!
-
ICHECK
POINT
Tick the correct answer. What does the woman want to give up?
o o
e>.a.
Tk' .. ne COJect os 'er What does the gerund end with?
0
o I
I
GERUND (SUBJECT)
VERB
OBJECT -I
I-
Smoking
harms
your health.
Not smoking
makes
you healthier.
oed GERUND AS
·;ng
What goes before the gerund to make it negative?
o o
exercise
GERUND AS SUBJECT
CHART CHECK
I
cigarettes
SUBJECT
GERUND (OBJECT)
should give up
smoking.
- -------...
,
You ..
,,-
"
,
.-
My doctor
not
VERB
...
suggests
._i....._ _
don't or doesn'f -
•
_ ....
not smoking.
" " . . _ ' -_ _ _ _ __
Gerund.: Subject and
•
199
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS mnlete this conversation with the co"ect form of tI,e verb drink. Co r . t' Use the affirmatIVe or nega lYe. A; _ - - - - - - - too much coffee isn't good for you.
B: I know. I gave up -------"-, -_ coffee last year. A;
My doctor suggested -, - - - - - -__ fizzy drinks, either.
Gramm r Expl n tions
Exampl s
1. A g rund (base form of verb + Ing) is a
• Drinklnr too much coffee is bad for your health.
verb that functions like a noun.
A gerund can be the subj
of a sentence.
• Smokln
is also unhealthy.
BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling changes
smoke
when you add -in
•
smoking jogging
to the base form of the verb.
Notice that a gerund is always singular and is followed by the third person singular form of the verb.
Jog
• Eating sweets Is bad for your teeth. • Inhaling smoke gives me bronchitis. gerund
BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse a gerund with the
continuous form of the verb.
2. A ger-
can also be the certain verbs.
• Drinking coffee isn't healthy. continuous fOlm • He is drinking coffee at the moment.
je
of
To the right is a short list of verbs that can be fOllowed by a gerund.
3. There are many common expressions with go . . These expressions usually describe actiVities, such as shopping fishing, " s' , sk ling . , Wlmmmg and camping.
• I enjoy exercising. • I've considered Joining a gym.
admit avoid consider deny enjoy finish
miss practise stop resent suggest (dis)like
• We often y swimming in the lake. • Yesterday I ~ shopph for a new pair of running shoes.
Check it outl ppendlX 3 on page 337 a nd Appendix 6 on page :l:38.
200 • Unit 46 ............................................ IDENTIFY • Read part of an article from a magazine. Underline the words ending in -ing I: c: gerunds.
,--UR
ING, i great exercise. It's healthy, fun and relaxing. Because swimming is a 'low-impact' sport, most people enjoy paJ1icipating in this activity without fear of injury to their bones or muscles. Jogging, which is a 'high-impact' activity, can at times be harmful. I know
this from personal experience. Last year while I was jogging, I injured my right knee. I don't go jogging any more. After a painful month of recovery, I stopped running and switched to water sports. I'm now considering joining a swimming team and competing in races.
CHOOSE & • Read these statements about health issues. Complete them with the gerund form of the verbs in the box. Choose between affirmative and negative. increase
eat
do
walk
drink
•
sWim
run
go
1. _ _ _S_m_o_k_in~g~__ is bad for your heart and lungs. 2. - - - - - -_ _ too much fat and sugar is also unhealthy.
3. - - - - - - - - enough water is bad for your general health. 4. Doctors suggest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the amount of f:rujt and vegetables in your diet. 5. Avoid •
too many high-impact sports such as jogging and
•
Jllmpmg. 6. Instead, consider _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in a pool every day. It's an excellent
low-impact activity. 7. Many health experts think that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is better than
- - - - - - - - because there is less stress on your body when your feet come into contact with the ground. 8. Some people are afraid of the doctor but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for regular checkups
is a mistake.
• ••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complete the following summary using verb from the box and the gerund form of the verb In bracbts.
the
avoId
1,
consider
go
TOM: Ann jogs but I don't really like that kind of exercise. SUMMARY:
Tom doesn't
_________ _
6~OY Joeei -! ne~
-~---------- .
(101j)
Oh, no thanks. I don't smoke any more. 2. MARTINA: SUMMARY:
3,
I'm going to that new swimming pool. Would you like to come with me? CARL: SUMMARY:
4.
Jim ________~___;____:_--------. (smoke)
Izzy: I know I should exercise but I don't want to. I guess you're right. I am lazy. SUMMARY:
6.
Carl is going to ----------::--~---' .-. . -. (\ \lim)
I can smell smoke, too. But don't look at me! I didn't have a cigarette! JIM: SUMMARY:
5.
Martina -_.-'- - - - - - -.7(~mo"l ::' : : - 0 ' ; - - - - - - . - - ' _.- ' )
Izzy ------------;-;---0--------lazy. (be)
PHIL: No, thanks. The cake looks great but I'm trying to stay away from sweet things. SUMMARY:
Phil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----;---::-:-;-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sweet things. (eat)
7.
VICKY: SCMMARY:
I'm not sure but I may go on holiday. Vicky _ __ _ _ _ _ _-;:---:------,---------- a holiday. (take)
8.
MYLES: Traffic jams are what I hate most about commuting.
SCM~lARY: Myles
in traffic jams. (be)
EDIT. Read Jim's notes. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of the gerund. The first mistake has already been corrected. 5MO"ING WA'1S I CAN 6IVEUP SMOKE _Q._EfARi:: I ..u::~ Choose a~ e)(ac.t date to 9ive up sWlokeStop
SWloki~9
c.oWlpLeteL'1 (Cut doWVI is harder t.haVi
stoppi~g
aLL at.
A/oid t.o be arOUVId other sWlokers (at. Least at. t.he begiVlVliVlg) . Start e)(erc.iSIVlg daiL'1 To e)(erc.lse C.aVl reduc.e st.ress . No driVlki~9 c.oftee Wla,? heLp, t.oo
IWla9i~e beeVi a ~oVl-SWloker POsit.lve Wle~t.al IWlages c.aVl help. c..o~sider t.o jOIVi a support. group _
I>o~)t deLa'1 t.o ask tor help. c..aLL Dr BurVls right. awa,?1 Keep t.r,?iVlg aVid dOVl't give up!
o~c.e.)
I• !nterested in hliprovhl9 life on campus?
I · "1 complaints and not finding so uttons.
TIred of
Next Meeting: Mon. 25 March. 8:00 p.m .• Main Auditorium We 'ook forward to
you there.
a r-:=:-::=:;~
Circle T
POINT
r ~ c F False).
The Student Council is looking for students "ho T
F
"ant to make new friends.
T
F
'.... anl to improve life on campus.
T
F
like to complain. GERUNDS
CHECK the correct
,
•
Wbat part of speech i- the word to in 100
PREPOsmON GERUND I
Do you ha ie Ideas for
°Improving
life on camp s.
We're good
at
plannOng
a ead.
You can help
by
tak 109 e
no es.
forward to?
-, pal t of the
She believes I
-, a preposition
•
-- -
,
-
In
com promisi 9 · ,
•
Are you tired of - - - - - -..- - + 1 - - - - - I Let's work inste d of c omp I 'I
What f01 III of the verb follows a prepo ition?
1--'''------41-•
-, the base fOI'm
They in SISt
on
I look f orward
to
r--
She's in terested
.. ~\___ _-
I~------------------~
.-
, -
in
•
complamts? ,
9.
,
com .
I . •
•
L
_ _ _ _ _- - - -
to the meeting·
9
-
to Ing ....,ith
•
,
---ijl--_~ _ _ _=__ _
- -
-, the gerund
:-1 the infinitive
-
!
infinitive
20 2
PREPosmONS
other students.
-
Oerund. after
•
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
complete this conversation with the correct form of the verb loin. k Are you happy about
'
the Student Council?
B: Yes, I am. I'd been looking forward to - - -'---_._.- a group for a while.
Gramm
E
on
1. A preposition is a word such as about, flftllnst, at, by, for, In, Inst ad 0(, of, on, 10, with and without. A preposition can be followed by a noun or a pronoun.
x mpl s nnun • The council insists on elections. proO(,.Tl
• The council insists on them . quund
Because a gerund (base form of verb + iI1 9) acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition, too.
2. Many comm n e r s'o are made up of a verb or an adjective followed by a preposition.
These expressions can be followed by a gerund.
3. BE CAREFUL!
a. In the . on the right, ' is a preposition, not part of an infinitive form. For this reason it can be followed by the gerund.
•
• The council insists on voting.
VERB
+
PREPOSITION
advise against believe In count on
Ao)rcrlor
+ PREPOSITION
afraid of bored w' h excited
• She's counting on going to university. • He Is bored with working in a shop.
+ PREPOSITION look forward to object to resort to VERB
ADECT ' ~ ... 1>: C;>OSITION
accustomed opposed 0 used to
• I'm looking forward to se" ':1g you. NOT
• She 's used 0 coming top in her class. NOT She's used to come top in her class. b. Do not confuse .
. " of verb (for habits in the past) with ~e/w' ,~ , " (meaning be/get accustomed to').
/
•
I u, e u ake the train, (It was my habit to take the train but I no longer
take the train.)
• Im u e ,,_ the train. (I'm accustomed to taking the train.) ' ~ . ,. If:. the train. (I'm becoming accustomed to taking the train.)
• I m J'
/
/
/ /
0
Check it out! For a list f . 7 :nK F . 0 common verb plus preposition combinutiontl, Sl'e AppendIX Oil pnge " . Or a lIst f d' 8 ' TJM o cornmon adjective plus preposition combinElti(ln~, Hl't' Appl'll IX Oil pngt " .
, •
.; I
' .t
,
,
20-1 •
Unit 47 • • • • • • • • •• • • •• •• •• •• • • •
IDENTIFY. Tile Student Council wrote a letter to the Dean of the university. Read it and
underline a/l the preposition + gerund combinations. ,
We. the members of the Student Council, would like to share With YOU the thoughts a.nd concerns of the general student body. As you probably know, many students are compla,ining about life on ca.mpus. We are interested in
meeting with you to discuss our ideas for dealing With these COmplajnts. We know that you are tired of hearing students complain and that you
are not llsed to working with the Student Council. However, if you really believe in giving new ideas a try, we hope you will think about speaking to OlJr representatives. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
CHOOSE & • Read these comments from the university newspaper. Complete the s ;..denLS statements with the appropriate preposition from the box (you will use one of them several times) and the gerund form of the verb in brackets.
at 1.
on
in
to
about
for
I don't have any plans for the holidays but I'm not concerned _ _ _a_bo_u_t--.:::.. 9et _ t_ in.=. 9_ _ ge'
bored. I can always go for a walk or something.
Jim Clark
2. What are my plans for the holidays? I'm very interested _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ sten)
to jazz. I'm going to go to the Spring Jazz Festival. 3. My friends and I are driving to Scotland. I'm excited ,,
.
at night.
,
Lisa Smith ----~~-----
but
Emily Latham
4. I'm really looking forward ---_-;-:---;--____ at home and just ------~~-----.
(reldX)
Don Peters
s. I'm driving to Wales. It's fa mous - -_ _-;;----:-_ _ _ _ great scenery.
Ed Dade
(hdve)
my J apanese class over the break . 7. M
.
(Iedm)
Cia,' re n.apan U l
' .
orne
with us. A lot of fun that'll be! 8. My girlfriend is keen .
Oscar Stephens
----7: (r:-:o.l-d)~--:; and - - - - - - - - - -
to the
Gerunds after Prepositions • 205 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read these pairs of sentences about student life. Combine them with the preposftlons in brackets. 1. You can't walk on campus late at night. You have to worry about your safety.
You Gsn't walk on Gam us late at .n~ght wit~~ut worrying apout your safety. (WlthOlll)
We can make changes. We can tell the Dean about 2.
OUI"
concerns.
_.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .·-------n (b-v)- - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - - - - -
The Dean can help. He can listen to our concermL 3. ,
.
(by)
..
4. In some cases, students just complain. They don't make suggestions for improvements. •
(in~lead
of)
5. Students get annoyed with some lecturers. Some lecturers come late to class . •
6.
(for)
You can improve your work. Study regularly. (by)
EDIT • Read this student's letter. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of gerunds after prepositions. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Dear Brian, I have been attendin.!J Bedford College for a !fear. I'm ve"!:f hapP!f 6tudJil1g
about -sUndy here. At first, it was quite hard!Jettin.!J used to speak En!Jlish all the time but now I feel ve"!:f comfortable about communicate in I11!J ;
second langua.Je. /'vejustjoined an international student!Jroup and I'm e)
Infinitiv s • after ertaln
erbs
Lifestyles Section 4
NNIE Dear Annie,
ICHEC
month ago I met this great woman, Megan, and I asked her to 1I1a I lOY me straight, . away. She says things are movmg too fast' and she wants me to think about my proposal a bit longer. I've told her I can't afford to wait forever. Am I right? Impatient
Tick the correct answer
o
Megan wants more time to consider the marriage proposal.
o
Megan thinks 'Impatient' should consider his proposal more.
--=:::. ~===--- -- -.---""_.---_.-"'-_.-'..- --"-'-.-CHART CHECK j
STATEMENTS: WITHOUT AN 0
+
Circle T (-:-rue) or F (Fase/.
SUBJECT
VERB
T
F
The infinitive = base forll1 + to .
They
decided agreed
T
F
The negative infinitive = + infinitive.
T
(NOT)
INFINITIVE
(not)
to call to ask
Annie.
STATEMENTS: WITH AN OBJECT SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
They
urged advised
john him
F All verbs need
an object before the infmitive.
POINT
(NOT)
INFINITIVE
(not)
to call to ask
her.
STATEMENTS: WITH OR WITHOUT AN SUBJECT
VERB
( OBJECT)
INFINITIVE •
They
wanted needed
(J ohn) (h im)
---- -+--_._-
o call to ask
her.
EXPRESS Unscramble the~p words to form
a
sentence.
to • want • Annie • write • to • I
206
-
.
Inftnltlv_ after
............•...•.•.••.•••.••• Grammar Explana Ion
----------------
CertJfn wrbJ can be followed by an Intln' Ive
2. some of these verbs are
followed
by an Infln The verbs on the right can be followed by an
J. Some verbs need an obi ct (noun or pronoun) the .nfinlliv .
~.4~._.
Ex mples • I want to get married. • I asked Annie to help me.
to write to Annie. • He d d • He hop d to get a quick reply.
9r b gin f II
infinitive.
V8f1)e •
plan refuse seem
ob)C'ct
• I Invited Mary to celebrate with us. obJt'ct • I reminded her to come.
The verbs on the right need an object before the infinitive.
advise encourage order
tell urge warn
4. Some verbs can be followed by either: • He wants to leave. He's tired.
• an infini ive OR
s.
OR
• an obiect + infl I 've
• He wants you to leave. You're tired.
The verbs on the right can be followed either by an infinitive or by an object + infinitive.
ask expect help
Form a ~
I't'I .
by placing
t
before the infinitive.
need want would like
• Lee remembered not to call after 5:00. (Lee didn't call after 5:00.) • Anna told me no to go to class. (Anna: 'Don't go. The teacher is sick. ')
BE CAREFUL! A sentence with a negative infInl'rIve can have a very different meaning from a sentence with a negative main verb.
• Jim told me no to give up. (Jim: 'Don't give up. ') • Jim did" tell me to give up. (Jim didn't say I should give up.) ---~ --~ -~
Check it out! For a list of . .. A d ' 1 3·'<.1 F common verbs followed directly by the mfimtlve, sec ppen IX' on pngt' ,~D. r F: a l~st of verbs followed by objects and the infinitive, Hee Appendix 5 on pngt' :33H. r infi ~tl!st of verbs that can be followed either dircctJy by nn infinit.ive or by U1I objl'ct + nt IVe se A . , e ppendlx 5 on page 338.
.. i "
" ,
•••••
208
Unt 48 • ••••••••••• I
IDENTIFY. Head A""ie's response to 'Impatient', Underline aI/the vf'rh + infinitive and , '1 ' obJ ct ·f I"finitive combinations.
Lifestyles 17
(
Dear Impatient, low down! You appear to be in too much of a hurry. You've only known this person for a month and yet you 've asked her to marry you! What's the big rush? Why can't you afford to wait? Are you afraid that if she gets to know you better, she may
decide not to tie the knot? I agree with your girlfriend. You need to consider things more carefully. You can't expect her (or yourself) to make such an important decision so quickly. If you don't want to regret a hasty decision, I advise you both to get to know each
Annie
other better before you hurry to the altar.
• Read this article. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the imperative form of the first verb .
. . . ove ost people make careful plans when they _ _ _---=cd=e.=..cl=.·d=.e_t:..:o=---::-:h:::.av:..;.e=---_ _ _ a holiday. 1 (decidp
hw~)
Yet when they _ _ _--=---:--_ _ _ _ _ _- - - a mate, they depend on luck. 2. (attempt I find)
Edward Driscoll, PhD, _ _ _---;--;:-:-:::-=--;-:---;-_---;-_--:----:---:--:--_ _ love to chance. 3. (warn I singlf peopl!'
I
not ( lewf')
He _ _ _ _.,---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ his four-step plan when they search for a partner. 4. (
rgE'
''If!1l
I use)
Remember: When you ____--;;--;;:-;:--:---;-_____ , you _ _ _ _ _-..,-_-:-::-::-:-----. . (fail I plan)
6. (pl •.m I f'lIl.
STEP ON _ Make a list. What kind of person do you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-? 7. l . Ish
meet)
Someone intelligent? Someone who loves sports? List everything. STEP TWO: Make another list. What kind of person are you? --------:-:----:'--;--::-::i~8. (Ask I two friends f read)
your list and comment on it. The two lists should match. STE.P rHREE.: [ncrease your chances. ---..--:;r.:-:-::-~:---:--~--- in activities you like. 9. (
11OO~(>
I parllClpatl')
STEP FOUI(: Ask for introductions. Dr Driscoll _ _ _ _-=-=-_-:-:--__--,-__-:--;~---. 10. (advls,,' Pl uplc ; not i tecl) embarrassed to ask. Everyone ____-;-:......-;~~:-;-:------ a matchmaker! 11. (wanl I be) •
••••••••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complet~ the summary using the appropriate verb from the box followed by on Infinitive or on ob/eet + Infinitive.
remind
1.
JOHN: SUMMARY:
5.
JASON: SI'MMARY:
6.
MUM: SUMMARY:
8.
Karen - - - - - - - - - - - - -_________ _ _ _ __ _ __
remember to buy petrol today.
Cllris ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Wc'n' going out for coffee, Mel. Would you like to join us? John _____________________________ OK. OK, Dad. I'll be home by 10:30 if that's what you want.
Jason ____________________________
JEFF: Oh, SUMMARY:
7.
Annie _u~ rg~d Mar_k to ta.k~_th~nge mo~ el~wl=-y_. _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _
CHRIS: Emily, plellSt' SlIM MARY:
4.
need
KAREN: Tom, could you call me at 10:00" S(lMMARY:
3.
Invite
ANNIE: J really think you should take things more slowly, Mark. SUMMARY:
2.
would
no! It's 4:15. I didn't go to the two o'clock staff meeting!
Jeff _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Come on, Lisa, don't be scared. Just try again. Lisa's mother _________________________
'fERRY: I'm using the car tonight. I'm taking Sue to the cinema. SUMMARY:
Terry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~D/~ ~ ~ead this entry from a
diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of infInitIves after certain verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
to join Anole adVised me j,,;~j~6 a club or take a class aod I fioalll" tJitJ Itl I decided become i
.a member of I he Outdoor Adventure Club aod I weot to excrted about It. The.club raftiog
iO
IS
mv first meeTIog last olgbt. I'm really-
plaoolOg a blklog trip next weekeod. I defiortelV want to.-@o
-
Ibe s,p.r:ing. At first I taltJO't waot sigolog up but the lea4\eLWas so.nice.
-He Urged me..1oJlat miss th.!s .trJp so-W;>.ut mvo ame 00 tbe. JlsLAfter.tbe meetloq. a group
..a:tp~1e QsketiflJe to 91J
out w.rtb. tb.em-.W.e..w..ent to a..coffee. shop and_ta(kea
for hours.
-
Well. I bop..eGt make..some inenas when I Jowea thiS club but I dlan't expec1 everyooe being so irteoGtIV· I'm gla.i1Aoole persuaaed me Of) if) give up. .
_
-------------------
Infinitives er ertain an Nouns
djectives
It's hard to find good chips these days.
-.....::
ICHEC;,....
POINT
Check the correct answer.
o o
CERTAIN AD I
Tick he correct
of verb
o
o L..--
INFINITIVE
It's
hard
to find
We're
eager
to hear
about the new restaurant.
He seemed
surprised
to find out
about the amount of fat in a burger.
to + base f01'111 of verb + -tng
The infinitive follows: 0 certain nouns and adjectives certain prepositions __
210
.~_~_
I
ADJECTIVE
•
The infinitive is formed with:
I
The man hardly eats anything but chips.
INFINITIVES A
CHART CHECK
I
Finding good chips is di fficult.
. nutritious fast food.
INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS NOUN ..
I
•
.
It's -
-
-
.
----
r,• - --I
•
time
to go .
price
to pay .
-
. . -.
That's a high I
INFINITIVE
-- --
Does he have -------
-
permission -
to stay
I I I
Infinitive.
C rtam
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
andNoune
.•.••..•• ••.•••••••••••••••• ~
EXPRESS Un crombie these words to form two sentenCt's
convenient • It's • eat • fast • food • to ____________________ . • a • price • low • That's • to pay
Gr mm r E pi n
----'~~-~~------------------------- .
Ex mpl
Ion
'ld) (IIV
snhn'
I(
can be followed by an Inflnltlv (to + base form of the verb).
• They were
Many of these adjectives describe a feeling about the action in the infinitive.
•
Adjectives that express praise or blame are often followed by an infinitive.
• I was wrong to leave. • They were brave to tell him.
Adjectives that show the order of actions are often followed by an infinitive.
• We were last to order. • When the bill came, she was the first to leave the restaurant.
1. Certain
2. We often use It
s + adjective +
She was glad to hear that it was low in calories.
adjective infinitive
• It's great to see you again.
infinitive.
When the action in the infinitive is done by a person, we often use f or /• If's i . make general observations.
r to try the new burger.
, _is often
used to
•
• It was silly of Tom to leave. • It's hard for us to get there on time.
• It's convenient to eat fast food. • It's difficult for students to ork full time.
noun Infinitive
3. Certain nou
can be followed by an
,"itive.
• It's time to take a break. • I have the right to eat what I want. • They made a decision to lose weight. • It's a high p ce to pay. • He's got permission to sta ' out late.
The
combination often expresses advisability or necessity.
•
Robin is the person to as about that. (You should ask Robin about that.)
• I have a , ~ ud) for. (/ must study for my test.)
Check it OUII For a l'IS t af common adjectives th a t ca n be follow ed by th e mfiml1vc, ' . .
I-Il'l'
APPl'1H ,.J. , l)• on ~) IIgl " '1'38 •• .
•••
212 .. -
.......... . Unit 49
IDENTIFY. Read this questionnaire. Underline all the adjective + infinitive and "'0
oj
I .f 'nitive
combinations. Write A over the adjectives and N over the nouns.
N
Please take a few minutes to complete this questionnaire about fast-food restaurants ' , . Tick (.I") all the answers that apply to you . . How often are you likely to eat at a fast-food restaurant?
1-3 times a week
- 4-6 times a week never
more than 6 times a week
2. In your opinion, fast food is: : : good to eat
l_ a way to save time
, ' fun to order occasionally
\ unhealthy to have every day
Which statement best describes your feelings about the cost of fast food?
,J You get a lot for not very much money.
: : It's a high price to pay for convenience.
4. Is it a good idea to include healthy choices in fast-food menus? I
:
Yes
II
', N 0
• Read these excerpts from letters to the editor of a university newspaper. Complete them with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Last year, I stopped eating in the cafeteria because the food was so bad and it was such a terrible ___---Ip'-;-I-;"',-c;-e_to---;-h_"'_V_B_ _ __ a meal. Yesterday, I went back for the 1
first time. I was
(~Ide
hav· )
----;;-77'";--;--:--;--;-:---;-;----
2. (df' 'ghtl'd , find)
are the - _ _ _~-~--:-----! They're ~.
. Y , gO)
Burgers Unlimited there. Fast foods -----;:--:c;---;--...,.,----4. (fun I edt)
and the
cheerful atmosphere has made the cafeteria a _ _ _--=--:-,-_._ _-:-:--_ _ _ in. I'll be 5. (pi
eating lunch there every day from now on.
dSur
I ('.It)
Jeff
It was a ---~~:::_:o:~.~::-:---fast-food chains to the campus. It's 6. (rnistdke / briO'll ----:;--;;::-~=:-~~:_;__--the exact same restaurants everywhere you go. The 7 . (outre W'v J~ I Sl' I
food they serve isn't ----n-;-:---;-;~_:__---. It contains much too much sugar, 8.
(qOGd /
1t)
salt and fat. For students, it's _ _ _......-;;:::::=-;:;-:;-~-._ _ _ a healthy meal every entidl
day and it's time.
------;-n-;:;:u:-:-:-:;;:-;-:----
10. (difficult
Alice
I
qO)
h vel
off campus to eat. We J'ust don't have the
after ee, lair) • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read thes~ conversations between colleagues. Complete th,m wIth
&
thI words In brackets and the mfinltlve fonll of a verb from the boJC.
hear
keep
work
find
wake up
decide
CHRIS: Hey, Dawn. I've got to talk to you. Have you got ___._ _ t:.:.l:.:.:m~eito=~~ak~e~_ __ 1.
(til
I
)
a break? DAWN: Of course, Chris. What's wrong? You look like you're --'-~----;-;::::;r:;-----. 2, (r ad>,>
Mr Kay's J'ust asked me if I'd be -----~t.:"::i;;::_::::-----_ fr om: 400 p.m. 3. (wIIIIIlq) to midnight. DAWN: But lect.ures start early tomorrow! It's -----Ai'i:'::"~---- early 4. (hllrd)
after working late. When I told him that, he said, 'I'm
----7"""";;:-:-::::::--:;-:-----
5. ('.upri,,·d;
that, Chris.
I thought you were _ _ _ _ _-;-;_---;--_____ a promotion to 6. (eager)
shift manager.' DAWN: It's _ _ _ _~:;----:---:---;';:__--- your work up, too. Did he give you 7. (important)
----~~------? 8 ." •
r"O"'\ •
".c,.
"
CHRIS: He just said, 'OK. I'll ask Steve. We'll give
him the _ _ _ _--..-=:-:-:-::~--9. (chance)
his loyalty to the company.' DAWN: Fast-food jobs are _ _ _ _~:_;_-:;____:---. Don't worry! Just concentrate 10. (easy)
on university,
EDIT· Read Mr Kay's journal. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of infinitives. The first mistake has already been corrected.
. Ti
.
. OVlIghUJ'Y)3de the dec.-l$ioVl
?15k ~skecl c,O
'f
Chris to do the Vlight Shl
T Ll t,~r~ '1--.-
thoug..ht- ~he was ~iVlg to De gLad for gettil1g the oner, She h3$ her O't>l11 reVlt_pa.\(1 ~Vlc.! lJs.Ylow jt's hard for she
1;..Q.. meet ~~Lher
e)<.peVlses .
.LooJ<.s LiKe she wa.s t~he wroVlg perS_oVl l as}<.edl The probLetvl was/she waS-Yl't wiLliYl£) to said '1es or No aVId r.'Wl afraid r got a little
imP~tieYlt ...rt w.a5 wrOYlg of me to t,.nre~teVl to asl<. Steve . r c.olALcl teLL .th3t She was pr ett'1 up.set to near th~t... l.'lL tniVlI<. 3bOL~t glviVl 9 her the -PIQmo_tiOYL3Yl'1W3'1, She ~eserves gettiVl£} ~ breal<.. ~,---
- --
..
I
..
..
I I
with •
I
I
POINT
Circle T (True) or F 'False)
'Son, your mother- and I think that y ou are now old enough to get your own drink of water-.' ~I
T
F The rna n's parents want the man to oIYet them a drink of water.
T
F
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The man wants his parents to get h j m a . of water.
,
,
INFINITIVES WITH TOO
CHART CHECK
I
Tick the correct
Too
answer.
Which word comes before the adjective or adverb? 00
:::J enough
We're (not)
I
(FOR +
ADJECIIVE/ ADVERB
N OU N/ OBJECT PRONOUN)
INRNITlVE
young
(for people)
to trust
us.
quickly
(for me)
to take
notes.
I
The teacher talked
It's (not)
too
-
hard
-
-
(for us) .
..j.
-
INFINmVES WITH ENOUGH
2 14
-
I
to decide. .
I
,
I
Infinitive. with r. ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••
. •... ••
unscramble these words to form two sentences.
She's • to • young • too vo te •
"
i n
m rEx
G
rb
1. Use too dJ ctl\' I give a reason.
mpl infinl f
to
• I'm ,
yo
r J
to drive.
(I'm nol seventeen yel so I can'l drive.)
'Y'
• She is '
0
drive.
(She's over seventeen so she can drive.)
• She arrived ( )
(ke the test.
0
(She arrived twenty minutes after the test started so she couldn't take the test.)
• She didn' arrive
to oke the test. (She arrived only two minutes after the test started so she could still take the test.)
"
2. You can also use
enoug
,
I'
,
• I'm old enough to go into the army.
to give a reason.
(I'm over eighteen so I can go into the army.)
• He isn't old
go into the army.
'0
(He isn't eighteen yet so he can't go into the army.)
• I ran fast enoug
to get into the final.
(I ran very fast so I managed to get into the final.)
• She didn' run ·ast e o " , "e into the final. .. (She didn't run very fast so she didn't manage to get into the final.)
3. Notice that you don't need to use the infinitive
when the meaning is clear from the context.
~
Note the position of
BE CAREFUL!
and 00
>
• I'm seventeen years old and I can't vote yet. I'm :00 :> n . I'm not ') ~ ,
,
•
comes before the adjective or adverb. comes after the adjective or adverb.
4. Som et'Imes We use fo, for..
.
,no
or before the infinitive.
• She's
I
0
Qld .
• I'm not Id enoug . NOT
• We are too young or our parents to allo to go out alone.
us
(Our parents won 't allow us to go alit alone.)
• We are lao young alone.
em
0 ""
(They won't let us go out alone.)
u~
go out
216 •
0
•••••••••••••••••••••••
,
CHOOSE. P ople Ilavt; different opiniom about things. Read each numbered statement <, , ·on. rll n circle tile letter of tile sentence (a) or (b) that best summarises that •
•
•
0pullon. 1
T~enagers are responsible enough to stay out past 10:00 p.m. a Teenager should have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m. b Teenagers shouldn't have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.m.
2. Teenagers are too immature to vote.
Teenagers should be able to vote. Teenagers shouldn't be able to vote. Teenagers are responsible enough t o u se t h e internet without censorship. a. Teenagers can use t h e internet without censorship. b. Teenagers can't use t he internet without censorship. 4.
Adults are t oo afraid of change to listen to children's idea s. a. Adults listen t o children's ideas. b Adults don't listen t o children's ideas.
5
At the age of seventy, people are not too old to work. a. At the age of seventy, people can work. b. At t he age of seventy, people can't work.
6. Sixteen-year-olds are not experienced enough to drive.
a. Sixteen-year-oIds can drive. b. Sixteen-year-oIds can't drive.
Gina wants to drive to Milton Keynes for a concert but her mother thinks she s too young. Make sentences with the words in brackets. Then write G (Gina) or M (Mother) to show whose opinion each sentence represents. I
1.
•
You're too young to be out
50
late.
(too
I
M
You'r!: / youl1g I to / out I be I so I late)
2.
•
(qrt lit's I to I hy ten I u~ I too I home / far / for)
3.
•
(lake care of I maturE' / my E'lf 11'111 / to I
nough)
4. (d,lflqerom I too I I1lght lit' I to I dnve I
s.
•
(too I give I worry I I I much I to I permission I you)
6. (thdt
I experien ed I drive I
't I far I enough I to I You)
•••••••••••••••
• Some teenagers are leaving a concert. Complete the sentences. Use the words In brackets with the Infinitive and too or enough. 1.
I COU
2. Le
Idn't hear that last song. The guitar was .
too loud for me to hear (loud I
fl1f'
I hlar)
the words.
t's get tickets for the concert at Hampton. They're ___--;-.-___~_:__:;___,___- -. (rhr 'P I u\ I dfford)
--.-
--(I.HeW -hulJ)- -
-
. all the fans!
I
4.
I hope my mother lets me go. ThiH concert is going to be ___._--;:--.--;-:-_-;-.,.-.____ . (q(JlJd ,
me I ml\S)
5. Let's get a pizza at Luigi's. The large ones are _____-;;-:-:--;--;-__~.:--_ _ _ . (blCj I ~harE')
. It's 9:30 already. 6
It's ------::-::--:----:------ for pizza. (I'lle / \top)
7.
I hate this! I think we're - ----:-:-:-;---:--____ out past 10:00!
8.
Tom didn't get out of work ---_----:------:--:------,_ _ _ _ tonight.
9.
Zak. I'm playing basketball tomorrow. Are you still _ _ _ _----:-:-----:--:-----:--____ me?
(old / stay)
(early / come)
(slow / beat)
10.
Let's find out. But I want to walk. Your car isn't
-------:--:----c----:-:------.
(safe / drive)
EDIT· Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of infinitives with too or enough. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I
! Now-l't.-u,too ~xcited
to sleep
. . TW Mike,
I
i
.
I'll
? I'li
to M Ii; fO
.
----.- ...
!
.
-
welt, I 'd betier f ry to jet- fOHa ,dnp (II'
/ /
Personal Digital Assistant
£99 Use me to look up words to check meaning and pronunciation V to store names and phone numbers V to add and subtract V to write down ideas V to surf the net!
ICHEC
\.
POINT
What can you use the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as?
o
an address book
0
a telephone
CHART CHECK rrcle T ( F (Fu ".
I
.L (;
a dictionary
o
r)r
T F There are two ways to form the negative infinitive of purpose, ~
-.~
I
I put his number in my PDA ( ) '0 save it.
I put his number in my PDA 1 ) it.
I made a note (I or'der) 0 r · •. our meeting, I left at 9:00 (In rdet) early.
I made a note r . . our meeting.
I ran
I
'Ir
)
0
catch the bus.
j
a radio
NEGATIVE
I left at 9:00 ' 'v late. I ran 'n )
---
•
o
a note pad
AFFIRMATIVE
T F There are two ways to form the affirmative infinitive of purpose.
218
0
r
ot to 0
to
not to miss the bus,
---------
EX,RESS
le these words to form two sentences. Unscrom b
store
• addresses • use • I • a • PDA • to
•
in order • I • not • set • oversleep • my • alarm clock • to n
n
•
ns
r Expl
Examples
1. Use an Infinitive (to +
of the verb) to explain the purpose of an action. It often
A: Why did you go to Lacy's? B: I went there to huy one of those PDAs I saw in an advert.
answers the question Why?
Non: In spoken English, you can answer the question Why? with an incomplete sentence USAGE
A: Why did you go to Lacy's? B: To buy a PDA.
beginning with To.
2. You can also use the longer form base f r
ero + of the verb to explain a purpose. I
.
Non:
of the verb is more common in informal speech and writing.
USAGE
3. Use in
'
of the verb
'"
to express the purpose of an object.
I bought a PDA in order to store names and phone numbers.
• I bought a PDA to store names and phone numbers.
• I use my PDA in order not to ma · t.: mistakes in pronunciation. (I don 't want to make mistakes.)
to express a negative purpose.
4. You can also use
•
afinitive
• I need a PDA to help me remember my appointments. • I need 1 0 help me remember my appointments.
......
~
220 • Unit 1 .................. . IDENTIFY. ead this conversation. Underline all the infinitives that express a purpO~e. JUI>J1'U:
It's 5:00. Aren't you going home?
Lr';E: No. I'm staying late to Gn ish this report. What about you? Are yOu going
straight home? JUDITH:
No. I'm going to stop at th e bank to get some cash. Then I'm going to Lacy's to take advantage of the sale th ey're having.
LEE: Oh, what are you going to get? JUDITH:
One of those new PDAs th ey're advertising. I've been looking for something to help me with my wor k.
LEE: What's wrong with a normal organiser? JUDITH:
Nothing. But sometimes I need to surf the n et.
LEE: What else a re you going to use it for? J UDITH:
Oh, t o store important names and phone numbers and to do my accounts.
L EE: What did we do before they invented all these electronic gadgets? JUDITH:
We made a lot of mistakes!
ANSWER· Look at Judith's Jist of things to do. Then write a phrase to answer each question. To Do - Check tyres - Make dental appointment - Buy batteries
- Withdraw £ 100 - Invite Rick and Tina to dinner - Buy milk and eggs
1. Why did she ring the surgery?
To make a dental ap,p olntment.
•
2.
Why did she go to the bank? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _- - -
3.
Why did she ring her friends? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _- - -. •
5.
Why did she go to the electrical shop? _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - .
6.
Why did she go to the petrol station? _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - -"
MATCH. Find the correct purpose for each action. Purpose
Action 1.
He enrolled on the course because he
a. didn't want to get any phone cans.
2.
She caught a bus because she
b. didn't want to be late .
3.
She went to the shop because she
c. wanted to store information .
•
"
•
.
'
4. lITe VY'
disconnected our phone because we
d. wanted to listen to the news.
oJ
5.
He tunwd on the radio because he
c. didn't want to worry me .
6.
He didn't tell me he was ill because he
f.
7.
She bought a PDA because she
g. wanted to learn a new language.
•
needed to buy some pasta .
•
.
'
REWRITE. Combine the sentence parts above. Use the infinitive of purpose. He enrolled on the course to learn a new language. 1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~---------------------------
.
2
5he took a bus in order not to be late. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--------------------------------------
3. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
nflmtlve of purpose. The first mistake has already been corrected.
to get
\I
Yl,as a note on ................ ." U
7
In
J
{;II
' -
,
" I
n ·· ·
.
•
{ '1'~ '
1' To
I
····...r:Y..t;.n/l.?fj yp ' f. 'I/... I I {.. .. ..... '''' ..I1..ff:1.f.IP!."l!/Jt:f."Wlf.l~. if Ir.l:.t.ep~ {.I.j!"t ".11/ Ii IfO :
'...... "
-"'_";;:':=~;':;"
••• • •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••••.••••• • ••• , ••••.••••.••••••••••.••• - ,1""'"
.. .... ...................... '.... .
; 0 ' • . • • • • • , • • • • ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
erun
I'm so embarrassed . I didn't remember meeting Bob.r-
----
- - 1"1 IVes
s an
How could you forget?
o
I
I
I CHECK POINT Circle T (True) or F (Fa'se)
T
F
The woman had an appointment with Bob but she forgot to go.
T
F
The woman forgot that she had met Bob once before.
'>-
I
I ::: c e
~ (~ Je)
INFINITIVES
GERUNDS
CHART CHECK or
Joan enjoys going to parties.
Joan wants to go to parties.
She loves meeting new people.
She loves to mee new people.
F (FC'· e
T F Some verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive .
I
·tive The sometimes follows a preposition.
F
T
F A gerund can be the subject of a sentence.
-
She stopped to bl! Ice cream.
She's worried about forgetting people's names.
•
T
I 1
She stopped buying ice cream.
•
Meeting new people is fun.
It's fun
mee new people.
I ~
EXPRESS (umplete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs go or talk. • Phil wants
to the party.
• - - - - - - - - to parties is exciting. • Phil enjoys - -_ _ _ _ __ about a lot of different things. • It's fun - - - -- - --
222
to new people.
Gerund•
•••••••••••••• •••• • •••
--ar Explanations Gra.. •.. •
Exampl
are followed by • gerund.
verb are followed by n Inflnltlv . 2. Some
me verb 3, S0
can be followed by either
• Joan enloys meeting people. • She ml s 'going to parties.
• Joan w nts to m et people. • She 'd Ilk to go to parties.
• Joan loy ,meeting new people.
gerund or an .nfinlliv .
OR
• Joan loy s to meet new people.
4. BE CAREFUL' A few verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive but the me nlngs re ry . f .
• Joan \ oppel ,in!) ice cream. (She doesn't eat ice cream anymore.) • Joan \ () ) )
() e,
ice cream.
(She stopped another activity in order to eat some ice cream.)
• Richard remembere os' 9 the invitation. (First, he posted the invitation. Then he remembered that he had done it.) • Richard remembere 0 0 5 the invitation. (First, he remembered. Then, he posted the invitation.) • Joan never forgot Richard. (Joan met Richard. It was an important meeting that she still remembers.) • Joan forgo o . eet Richard. . , (Joan had plans to meet Richard but she dldn t meet him because she forgot about the plans.)
S. A gerul fOllow·
is the only verb form that >
6. To rnak
•
n
~
• Joan's worried aLout forgetti, _ names.
•
e eneral statemen
,you can use:
as subject
• Meeti
new people is fun .
OR
• It'
S
~posltlon
+ adjective/noun + Infinitive
OR
• It
fun
t
~. new people
Cbeck it out! For a 1" t f d ' 3 on page 337. F IS a common verbs follow ed by th e gerund , sec Appen IX 338 Or a list of . . , , Appendi x <1 on puge . , For · common verbs followed by th e IOfiniLlVe, sec . . . . , •• \) wndi: G Oll pagl' ;13ti. a hst of verbs that can be followed by the gerund or til<' IllfillltI V ( , tlc( i II
24 •
J
••..•...••.•... ...• ~
TRUE OR FALSE. fkad (l h {I(I",I, Icd J( I (ollow\ . 1
,JoHn T
l'l\l\l(\lnh(\J'(\d
H-,II(('II
e. Wlile 1 (fllle)
or
I (false) for I/'('
tl1l'<.'iing' Mr ,Jnek:-;oll .
,Jon" haH nll'l'ndy meL Mr ,JackHon .
2 Wellard sioPPl'd smol ing. "
Richard doesn't smoke any more.
She didn't remember to buy a cake for the party.
"
She bought a cuke. She topped euting desserts. She used to eat desserts. Richard forgot to invite his boss to the party. Richard invited his boss. Richard never forgot seeing Jane for the first time. Richard forgot about Jane. , Richard thinks giving a party is fun. Richard thinks it's fun to give a party. Joan likes going to parties. Joan likes to go to parties.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete these ideas from a book about memory.
-
~
.
1.
Get into the habit of re
atin / to r
eat things aloud.
2.
Never rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.
3.
It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don't want remembering / to remember.
4.
Study immediately before going / to
gQ
to sleep. You'll remember a lot more.
s. Our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to remember. 6.
Make it a habit to look back at your car every time you get out and you'll never forget turning off / to turn off your headlights.
7.
Playing / To play games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills.
• Read each numbered statement or conversation. Complete the stotement using a gerund or an Infinitive. 1.
RoGER:
SUMMARY;
2.
Roger remembered
_ t_o_t1....r..:...fn.:.!e!..t.:..:h..:,:e:..:d:::,r:,.:ln:.:..:k.::s::..,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
JOAN: You're Natalie! We met last year at Richard's party! How have you been? SUMMARY;
3.
Hi, Richard. I brought the drinks. Where do you want me to put them?
ROGER:
SUMMARY;
Joan remembers - - _ .---------_____, '_.__________ Don't look at me! I didn't spill juice on the sofa!
Roger denied ______
u_'._._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _
4. NATALIE:
I'm so glad Richard plays jazz at his parties. I listen to it a lot at home, too.
SUMMARY:
Natalie enjoys ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5.
_
LEO: Would you like to go dancing some time?
JOAN: Sure. I'd like that very much. SUMMARY:
Leo suggested _________________________ Joan agreed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. NATALIE:
Joan, can we give you a lift home?
JOAN: Thanks, but I think I'll stay a little longer. SUMMARY:
Natalie offered _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Joan decided _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
EDIT· Read Joan's diary entry about Richard's party. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the gerund and infinitive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
•
gome
What a !freat parf:!j! I usualI.!; avoid i:o!J"
to parties because it~<; such a problem for me to
remember people's names. I'm so!llad I read that book about improve !four memo'!!. TIlt, author sU!l!fcsted to do exercises and thC!f real(1f h elped. I stopped to wor'!! about wl,at people would thiflk o!nu: alld I tried to pa!f attention to what people. wert' S"!f,f!LJ. As., result, I had a !fruit time! I
/'11"1
/ have an £fI.!JlisI1 u 'st
t'Vell planmi'!l.!J0lf'!} dmlCli'!}ll'ifll tlll~o;!p'.!/ Lt'I' flt:'{ wed.:.
{mlllwrcJw
s o I ';/",I/Id :;fPI' wrihi~9
111'11' ,lI/,{sf,,,1
.'III'~lli~".
The hook evell Itad .'ion·u ·.rJ/Jo~{ tip.\ ,,/J(lid -"ltI,{,} fi~r till /~\','II1. 1111'1'" / ,...,J/eJllf,c',.II."i~'I·.. ,·II1I·
I ofthem tofli.!Jht ! ,
a and
L t, et
Oh nol She's not going to 'T us leave when th bell ri ngs!
She'll make me do my • essay aga In .
ICHEC __
POINT
Circle T (True)
01
T
F
F (False)
The teacher in the picture has very strict rules.
Alice Roberts with two of her students.
-+
CHABTCHECK
I I
MAKE, LET, HELP
ere e T (T!, e) or
BASE FORM
F (False).
T
F
and
make
'e are always followed by the base form of the verb.
T
T
F Ge can be followed by either the base form of the verb or the infinitive. F
MAKE/LET/HELP
SUBJECT
The teachers
(don't)
let help
OBJECT
OF VERB
us students
do
homework.
GET, HELP GET/HELP
SUBJECT
OBJECT
INFINITIVE
The teachers '-
-
(don't)
get help
us students
to do
fe/p can be
•
:
homework.
-
followed by either the base form of the verb or the
226
- ---
-
-
Maire, Let,
•••••••••••••••
(omplete these sentences with the correct (orm
o(
• •••••
the verbs correct or stay.
A: Did the teacher get the students -"_.- - -_ _ _ their essays? B: Yes. He got them - - - - - - - - . their essays in groups.
A: Do you think he'll make them
.
_ late again today?
B: I don't think so. But he'll let them - _ _
ar Expl n tions
late if they need help.
Examples
1. Use make and I t followed by I ( se form of the verb to talk about things that someone can require or permit another person to do.
• The teacher every night.
akes his students do homework
(He requires them to do homework.)
• He Ie s t hem choose their own essay topics. (He allows them to choose their own essay topics.)
You can also use mak to mean 'cause to'.
• This will make you become a better student. (This will cause you to become a better student.)
2. Help can be followed by either:
ase for
• obje
of the verb
• She helped me understand the homework.
OR
OR
• obje
• She helped me to nderstand the homework.
The meaning is the same. USAGE NOTE:
. + base form of the verb is
more common.
3.
e has a similar meaning to make but it is
followed by . " form of the verb.
, not the base
• The teacher got us to . e.lp the weaker students. •
NOT
(The teacher persuaded us to help the weaker students.)
• She always ge
'l11!' .
my best.
(She always motivates me and I do my best in her lessons.)
••••••
228
Unit
3
• ••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read eae" numbered lentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the 5 (.
It
(OI/OWl.
M teacher made me rewrite the report.
r
I wrote the report again.
Ms Trager let us use our dictionaries during the test. We h ad to use ou r dictionaries. ~
Mr Goldberg got us to tr anslate a short story. We translated a short story. Pa ul helped Annie do her homework. Paul did Annie's homework for her.
5 . Ms Bates got the director to arrange a class trip.
The director arranged a class trip. 6.
Professor Washington let us choose our own topic for our essay. We didn't choose our own topic.
(HOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this article about Bill Roberts.
day Bill Roberts arrived to start his first
sing the school song, whether they wanted to
teachjng job at 5unnyfields, he was
or not! By the time each lesson began, he had
amazed to see that the other teachers made / et 1. students hand in their homework late and
got / made his students to pay attention to
miss classes altogether. Even in sports lessons,
were
no one made / let students take part: they
make / let his students miss out on an
2.
ever{' word he said. Bill knew his methods
8.
unconventional
but
he
couldn't
h
could just sit on the grass and chat if they
education. He believed in them too muc to
wanted to. But Bill believed in teaching too
help / let that happen. He intended to
much to help / let his own students waste their J.
10.
x
education. 50 from the start, he decided to
that's exactly what he achieved. As an e •
help / make them to achieve their best. Every morning, he got / let them to do five minutes
student of Bill's once said, 'He made / le~ 11. me realise that I could do anything if I really
of aerobics exercises, then he made / let them
tried.'
4.
s.
6.
Me"., l.Att,
••••••••••••••
• Read each numbered statement. Complete the summary with the correct form of the verbs In brackets. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.
1.
Ms ALLEN: Peter, you can rewrite this essay but only if you want to. SUMMARY:
2.
Ms ALLEN:
didn't make Peter rewrite h' Sh e _-_'-,,-....;:.;.:..:.;.;..;.-=--;-~..:.;:.-..:...;:~~=.:..;:..=.=..____ IS essay. (llh1k I rf'Wflte)
I know you prefer working alone, Anna, but you really need to work in a group today.
SUMMARY:
3.
She - - - - - - - - .--;---;--' -""7:""----in a group. (l11.lk( ", \-VOl k)
Ms ALU~N: Listen, everyone! No dictionaries during the test, please. You should be
able to guess the meaning from the context. SUMMARY:
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::---;_-:--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ dictionaries. (let / use)
4.
Ms ALLEN: Freddy, could you do me a favour and clean the board before you leave? SUMlIIARY:
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _--,-----:---:-----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ the board. (got / clean)
5.
Ms ALLEN: Simon, show your teeth and say e -, ecole. Yes! That's it! SUMl\.1ARY:
She _ _ _ _ _ _--:----,,---_ _--:--_ _ _ _ _ _ a French e. (get / pronounce)
6.
Ms ALLEN: Julie, please use French in class! SUMl\.1ARY:
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _-,--_---,-,------_ _ _ _ _ _ in English. (let / speak)
7.
Ms ALLEN: Janet, you can take the test in the classroom. Just move your desk to
a corner. SUMMARY:
She _ _ _ _ _ _ _:--:--:-:------:-_______ the room. (make / leave)
4~ EDIT • Read this student's diary entry. &
Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of make, let, help and get. The first mistake has already been corrected.
I
W
play
hen I Was a teenager, my parents never let me to pl61V until I haa finishea all my
homework.. They even made me helping my brothers with their homework before I could have any fun. On the one hana, they certainly got me learn a lot. On the other hand, they made me became too serious. I wish they haa let me to have a little more
also I WoUld Want to let he or she have fun. As Ben Franklin said, 'All wOY'k and no play makes ~Qck Q dull boy'. I want to aVOid that mistake. -.--
.-.- - -.
-
--
ONE I
II til I tt r of tile correct answer to complete each 'ientence.
--- --
-
. --~-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never (A) drink (S) drinks
_~__
coffee. (C) (D)
-
is drinking was drinking
-----
- -
Maria's going to stop _ _ _ _ dinner so she may be late. (A) eating (C) to eat (S) for eating (D) eat
ABC D
My glasses are in my bag but I don't remember _ _ __ them there. (C) I put (A) putting (D) put (S) to put
ABC D
I asked hi III (A) not to go (B) to not go
ABC D
____
but he went anyway. (C) not going (D) he doesn't go
_ __ _ in a foreign country is sometimes difficult. (A) I live (C) Live (B) Living (D) Lives -. He's not used to _ _ _ _ up so early. (A) wake (C) wakes (B) waken (D) waking 6.
We're eighteen so we're _ _ _ _ vote. (A) too old to (C) old enough to (B) young enough to (D) old enough for
. I don't think Tom enjoyed (A) helping (B) to help
ABC D
ABC D
me study for the test. (C) helped (D) helps
ABC D
8.
I bought this new software (A) for learning (B) learning
Chinese. (C) to learn (D) learned
ABC D
9.
We got a new card holder (A) in order not to (B) not
lose our credit cards. (C) not to (D) for not .
ABC D
10.
230
ABC D
It isn't difficult this textbook. (A) understand (C) for understanding (B) in order to understand (D) to understand
ABC D
A
Ate yOU ready? It's time - - - - . (81 to go
(0)
go
ABC D (C) h~s saying (0) him to say
(AI he said
(81 he saying
I talked to the students about working harder but I couldn't - - -U. d them to stu y. (C) got (A) make (D) let (8) get 14. My mother ____ do my homework before I go out. (A) makes me (C) gets me (S) helps me (D) lets me
A
C D
ABC D
TWO
SECTION
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined
word or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT. , .
I
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
ABC D
I decided changing jobs because my boss makes me work overtime.
ABC D
A
15.
B
A B C
16.
D
Most students appreciate their head teacher try to improve school conditions. A B C
17. 18.
D
I succeeded in to find a job so my parents didn't make me A B C
ABC D
gQ
to university.
ABC D
D
G;t more exercise appears to be the best way to lose weight.
ABC D
B C D
19.
In order to not forget things, I put a string around my finger.
ABC D
BCD
20. Harry'
18 0
nl
Y fourteen but he seems enough old to stay out until ten.
ABC D
BCD
21,
22. 2J.
24. 2S.
I know
' you re too busy to stay but I look forward to see you again. A e C D I forgot b . uymg petrol but I got to a petrol station before I ran out. A b C 0 Gettin A g enough sleep is important in order not fall asleep in class. Let's sto D A P to watch so much TV and r ead or gQ Ol!t instead. I'm t . J
ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D ABC D
s:
•
I
- -
•
Maybe we should
eat out.
•
•
POINT Tick
~""e 'o ~ rp
(' "wer
Where does the woman suggest eating? - - {II 'II(
o o o
II •
I
I
EPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
CHART CHECK
I Tic I~
e cor 'ect
SUBJECT
ans 'er Where does the particle go?
o o
before the direct object
They
VERB
PARTICLE
came
back .
gave
up.
ate
out.
DIRECT
0
I ...J
after the direct object
ran
into
his teacher.
stuck
to
their decision.
EXPRESS VII c.rumble the~e words to form two sentences.
into • We • Bob • ran
out • was • He • eating
232
at home in a restaurant in a park
•••••••••••••••••••••••
mm r
plana 10 'ul • •
1. Aphr.... verb (also called a multi-word verb) of a verb + e.
2.
We often eDt out.
v rb • pI! I'
,.rt'e
look the same as prepositions. However, particles are part of the verb phrase and they often change the meaning of the verb.
pMII( If
I 1\1')11
• She r. n Into another runner because she wasn't paying attention. (She collided with another runner,) vuh
i
• I .,,'
p.
I
I I' I,·
() John at the supermarket.
(I met John by occident.)
J. The verb and particle are usually common words but their separate meanings may not help you guess the nf g .
Phrasal verbs are very common in everyday speech. USA&E NOTE:
• Please
. I didn't mean to interrupt.
(Please continue.)
• We go bac after dark. (We returned after dark.)
• They called off the meeting. (They cancelled the meeting.)
direct object
4. Most phrasal verbs are direct objects).
nsiti
. (They take
Some transitive phrasal verbs are . This means that both noun and pronoun objects always go after the particle. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.
• You should go after your goals. direct obJec
• She ran Into - er men· at the library. NOT
direct ob,ect
• She ran Into he . NOT She ran her into.
S. Some phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain prepositions. These combinations are Usually
• She Clme up ,, 't a brilliant idea. • I ro ped out school and got a job.
•
Check it out! For a list f 'D 1 a some common inseparable phrasal verbs, see Appendix 17 on pages 341- 342. o earn ab t au separable phrasal verbs, see Unit 55, pages 236- 237.
••••
234 • Unit 54
• ••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. R ad this article. Circle all the phrasal verbs .
•
UI
rt 0
Da-ming's new restaurant was failing. His customers rarely ~ame bj"cRl. Why? Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to find out.
Feng shui (meaning 'wind and water') is the ancient Chinese art of placing things in Your surroundings. According to this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors and windows affects our health, wealth and happiness. Mr Ho was concerned about his business but he didn't give up. Following the consultant's advice, he remodelled and redecorated his restaurant. His actions paid off. Soon business picked up and Mr Ho became rich. 'It was the best decision I ever made/ he says happily. And he isn't alone in his enthusiasm. Feng shui has caught on with modern architects and homeowners everywhere.
MATCH • Write each phrasal verb from the article next to its meaning. Phrasal Verb 1.
came back
2. 3.
Meaning
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
has become popular
4.
learn information
returned
5.
stop trying
were worthwhile
6.
improved
CHOOSE • Complete this student's diary entry by circling the correct particles.
'-.,.V
I've jUst finished reading an article
about feng shui. At the end, the author suggests sitting
•
(down); up in your home and thinking about how your surroundings make you feel. 1.
So, today when I got ~ 1 back from university, I tried it. I noticed that my flat is 2.
realty quite dark and it makes
me feel down. I think with the addition
My flat is small but I think it will
some lights,
look more spacious if I JUst tidy out 1_up more often . ..
tt's certainty Worth trying on! out! 8.
of
-
--
,
• R~ad this article about the architect I. M. Pel. Complete It form of the phrasal verbs In the box.
wfth
go back
give
go up
carry on
using
pay off
Born in 1917, leoh Ming Pei (hf'tter known as I. M. Pei) 1.
n he went to the Unit(ld States to learn about building. seven tee ,
As it _------:;;~.-'-- - - - , Pei bl'came one of the most 2.
famous architects of thl' twentieth century. Pei is famous for his strong geometric forms. One of his most controversial projects was his glass pyra mid at the Louvre in Paris. The old museum had n lot of problems but no one wanted to destroy it. Pei had to _ _ _ _--=-_ _ _ __ 3.
a solution, Many Parisians were shocked with his proposal for a 71-foot-high glass pyramid. It _ _ _ _--:-_____ anyway, blending with the environment. Today •
many people say that it is a good example of the principles of feng shui. Pei - -_ _~----despite criticism. He strongly believed that 'you have ~.
to identify the important things and press for them and not _ _ _ _ _:--_ _ _ _ '. 6.
His determination _ _ _ _---=:--_ _ _ _ . He continued to build structures that 7.
reflected the environrnent. Pei received many prizes for his work. He used some of the •
pnze money to start a scholarship fund for Chinese students to study architecture in . the
United States and then to
to China to work as architects. 8.
•
~4
EDIT. Read Bob's note to his flat mate. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of a'Jeparable phrasal verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
Sorry the flat is such a mess. I got down- late this morning and didn't have time to tidy out. I'm gOing to th e gym now to work off for an hour. I should get across before you and I'll clean up then. How ab t . ou eatlf1g tonight out? Afterwards, we can get together with some of the quy:-; and maYbe 8 . ee a film. Or maybe we'll come over with a better idea. Bob P,s.1 ran Tom' Into at the library. He'll drop off to see you laler.
••
"'e ara Ie Glove sticks to burr. Burr sticks to fur. Why? Work this out!
r
"-...
Uh-oh. I can see another weird invention coming . George is dream ing it up rig ht now!
"
Ie
EC
POINT
The dog thinks that /
o o
, ;1'•
13urr
George is dreaming. George is getting an idea for an invention.
SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
CHART CHECK -
NOT SEPARATED
,
SUBJECT
c .
o o
Direct objects that are nouns can go before or after the particle.
, ,
I
.
---
PARTICLE
DIRECT OBJECT
dreamt
up
the idea.
worked
out
the details.
He
, ,
-'
Direct objects that are pronouns always go after I the particle.
-_._-.
VERB
-
SEPARATED SUBJECT
VERB
DIRECT OBJECT : PARTICLE ,
-t
,
I dreamt ,
J
He
worked -.
EXPRESS
-----
I
the idea it
. .
-
--
up.
the details them
-
out. -
.'-
Comp / te these sentences with th correct form of the words in brackets.
Who
236
--~~:::-;-;-;:-::--:-:;--:--_? Did you ------::-:-:-::-:-:::/'T.~--. (dr 1m up lil ,. tel 1J dr up It
?
nl
up lft
She
but
• H~
up at the sky
(Ht looktd In tM dlr«tlon of 'hi sky.)
of the
I
•
up the information on the (Ht found the informatIon on the ;nt~rn~t.)
The
meanIng of th may be very different from the
and particle f
• They turn d down my application. (They rejected my application.)
Most phrasal verbs are transitive (they take direct objects). Mo t transitive phrasal verbs Ire
This mean the di L
c
bl
can go:
after the particle (verb and particle are not separated)
Notice that when the direct object is I P it comes after the particle. I
d
•
J
0
(t
• I just dreamt up a new Idea. OR
OR
b. between the verb and the particle (verb and particle are separated)
p rt d
v rb
" rb
t
d H'<'
{J
pi rt -I
bJE'( t
• I just dreamt a new Idea up. dlr { O
• She I
'
reamt up an unusually complicated (
evlce.
NOT
device up.
~ II CAR£Fult When the direct object is a pronoun, it mus go between the verb and
the particle.
•
• She
I
NOT
3. With a small group of phrasal verbs, the verb and particle mu t b P r t . • Ke NOT
talk someone into
• She
,
J
I
)
.
Keep on your hat. •
,"}
.>
in
0
(giving her) a pay rise.
NOT
ChecIc it outl For a list of Common separable phrasal verbs , see Appendix 17 on .pages 341-342. phrasal verbs that must be separated, see Appendix 17 on pages 341-342. FOr Inform . st of common . ation about inseparable phrasal verbs, see Unit 54, pages 232-233.
1> r~ali
238 • Unit
•••••• • •••••••••••••• •••
IDENTIFY. Read tlJis article. Underline the phrasal verbs. Circle the direct objects.
, • id you know that two universit y dropouts thoug~t up t he ideajOf the first personal computer? What's more , t hey put it together in a garage. Inventi ons don 't have to come out of fan cy laboratories. Average people in classrooms , kitch ens and home workshops often dream up new and useful ideas. The ab ility to think of something new seems like magic to many people but in fact an yone can develop the qualities of an inventor. First, inventors follow the ir curiosity. The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted to find out the reason it was so hard to remove burrs from his dog's coat. His answer led to the idea for Velcro®, now used to fasten everyth i ng from trainers to space suits. Second, inventors use imagination to put t hings together in new ways. Walter Morrison watched two men throwing a pan to each ot her and thought up the Frisbee ®, one of the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps most important, successful inventors don't give up. They continuously look up information about their ideas and try new deSigns out until they succeed.
CHOOSE & COMPLETE· Read about one of history's greatest inventors. Complete the information with the correct form of the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box. fill up
keep away bring about !r:y euf set up carry out pay back pick up As a child, Thomas Alva Edison (1847- 1931) _ _~tr~ie~d~o~u~t_ _ 1.
almost everything he heard about - he even tried to hatch goose eggs by sitting on them! Before he was twelve, he -------:;;--_ _ _ his first laboratory using money he had 2.
earnt himself. He had hundreds of bottles and he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them
with chemicals for 3.
his experiments. He labelled the bottles 'poison' to - - - - - - --
his family
- - - - - 5= -.
a new skill. He had saved a child's life and the grateful father, a
4.
. When he was fifteen, Edison
telegraph operator, _ _ _ _ __ _ _ Edison _ _ _--::;-_ _ _ by teaching bim experiments during the day.
7.
•
In 1889, Edison made a piece of equipment for a company that .- for which he received $40,000. He was then able to spend all his time working on
his neW inventions. During his lifetime, Edison was issued with 1,093 patents! • Read tllese onver at/om that tak place In a schoo/laboratory. Complete them with phrasal verbs and prof/oum. 1.
k Please put on your lab coats. B: Do we really have to
2.
put them on
? I t's hot in here.
k I can't figur out this problem. B: I know what you mean. I can't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ either.
3.
A! Remember to fill in these forms. B: Can we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at home or do we have to do it now?
4.
A: Are you going to hand out the next assignment today? B: I ____________ a few minutes ago. Weren't you here?
s. A! I can't get this to work. We'd better point the problem out to the teacher. B: OK, I'll 6.
to her.
A: Are we supposed to
and'n our lab reports today?
B: No. Please
next week.
EDIT. Read an inventor's notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of phrasal verbs. The first mistake has already been corrected.
,
wit:fv P.l1/ al'f'icai:DY tiJce, tIte- kind fMedfor shoe, ,
~wIw{e, I
er:
3
.
11jUM:
['it ctJ.it Uf' ~ tI.J1.Ii order swerat ty[JM so I ~ try trwu" m.
tI.J1.Ii ported ifyedeniay. ['it be, p);{e, to set: (t, rtroltj aJtd-
[
C()
30A
.
•
•
de#wfUtra.titJn-
of f:Ite, product Uf' SOOf~.
1 deHwfUtrai:ed f:Ite, product at P.l1/ e,xhi.bitWn-for
.
dt't"
d.earttfors. [ WfUtted to POUlt- out" mil
clea.n- tb (Me, so I put W"lrfte, jLoI/M for thb deJ,t,wfUh-a.iUJf~.
It weJr.i
Imy urplL.
I
S very
(orrect answer to complete each sentence. -,-
E Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks Come in. Please sit _ _ _ _ . (A) down (B) down it
(C) (D)
A'S:; c
is drinking was drinking
-(C) (D)
it down up
[)
-~--
ABC [)
Your mother called. She wants you to call her _ _ _ _ tonight. (A) in (C) back (B) off (D) over
ABC [)
Could you turn _ _ _ _ the music so we can sleep? (A) down (C) over (B) away (D) up
ABC D
Please put (A) off (B) away
ABC D
your lab coats before you leave the laboratory. (C) up (D) in
5
Mark works so hard that he's sure to _ _ _ _ . (AI give up (C) turn over (B) work off (D) get ahead
ABC D
6.
Kevin is going to _ _ _ _ from holiday tomorrow. (A) call back (C) get back (B) give back (D) get along
ABC D
7.
A la Illp will (A) turn on (B) blow up
ABC D
8.
Instead of arguing about the problem, let's _ _ _ _ . (A) look it over (C) take it away (B) charge it up (D) talk it over
this corner nicely. (C) put up (D) light up
9. That's very original. How did you dream _ _ _ _ that idea?
(A) about (B) down it up (S) up it
ABC D
(C) of (D) up
10. That kettle is hot. Don't pick _ _ _ _ ! (A)
ABC D
(C) (D)
up it
ABC D
" .It, cold outside. You need your jacket. -OK. I'll put (A) it on (8) it over
. on it (0) over it
(C)
12. She ran _,_ -(A) him into (B) into
n.
c
on the way home.
ABC D
into Jason (0) Jason into (e)
Slow down. I can't keep up - -_ _ you! (A) of (C) after (B) with (0) to
A
C D
SEC liON
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. ------------ ----
--
-
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
---- -
-~,.
ABC D
A L
_________ ,=-
14.
.•• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
_ ---
Could we talk over it before you turn the whole idea down?
---
-
_ _ _----'
-------
ABC D
BCD
15. I know I let Andy down when I forgot to pick his suit out from A
E
ABC D
D
the dry cleaner's. 16. I
ran into him while I was getting the bus off.
ABC D
B C D
As Soon as I hand in my report, I'm going to take all these books
17.
B
M.
on to the library o .
C
We'd better get the bus on now or we're going to miss it. ~ c D
18.
ABC D ABC D
ABC D until next week. If you don't use out the milk by Monday, please throw it away_
20.
ABC D
}
J'1m h ad to cheer up her after the company turned down her appl'lCatlon.
21
Do
22.
~
24.
C D
#
ak .. , you want to get up by yourself or would you lIke me to wake up you. I
23
A
ABC D
Tom as kt ed me to pIck - some stamps for hIm . at the post 0 ffilce uQ.
ABC D
Did you find out how Jane talked int.o Meg workjng on SaturdilY'?
ABC D
A
25
W · ) hI' . e got over well after we found out. we were bot.h ('rom I II m. A -.---- - •
A
C D
ouns
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC ON A REED BOAT BARBADOS
ATLANTIC OCEAN
-
MorOCco
17 May 1970. Norwegian
North equatorial current
explorer Thor Heyerdahl, along with
AFRICA
,
an international crew, has crossed the
•
Atlantic Ocean on Ra II. The reed boat,
I
-- -- -
RA 11
Barbados
modelled on those of the ancient SOUTH AMERICA
Egyptians, made the journey in 57 days.
POINT r:c" the co ....ecr answer The name of Heyerdahl's boat was:
CHART CHECK 1
c. c.e F (Fe
T
,
o
Ra II
0
Reed Boat
•
PROPER NOUNS
-:rue) or
Heyerdahl sailed
II across the Atlantic.
5e ,
F Com lOon nouns are written with capital letters.
COMMON NOUNS
The explorer sailed his boat across the ocean .
--_._------CHART CHECK 2
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Circle T (True) or
ARTICLE/ NUMBER
F (False).
T
T
F Countable nouns can be plural. F Uncountable nouns can be plural.
A
One -
NOUN
sailor
NOUN •
VERB
Fire
IS
brave. sailon
NOUNS
-- .. -~.~ -. -- -~----t
..
(The) Two
UNCOUNT.
are
--~ " - '-----1
•
IS
dangerous.
Salling '~'--"--
EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete these sentences. The boats
242
made of reed. The voyage was I Were bard.
•••••••••••••••••••••
Explanations are the names of particular placeS and things. On the right are some and examples of proper nouns.
capftalise the first letter of most proper nouns.
xamples People Places
Months
Heyerdahl, Egyptians Africa, Morocco, the United States September, October Monday, Tuesday Easter, Passover, Ramadan Arabic, Spanish
We do not usually use an article (a/an or the) with proper nouns.
Holidays Languages
Note that the is used with some nouns of places.
• Heyerdal sailed across the Atlantic .
2. (ommon nouns refer to people, places and things but not by their individual names. For example, explorer is a common noun but Heyerdahl is a proper noun.
People Places Things
3. Common nouns are either countable or uncountable. (oun able are things that you can count separately. They can be singular or plural. For example, you can say a ship or three ships. You can use a/an or the before countable nouns.
• a sailor, he sailor, two sailors
Form the p ,. of most nouns by adding ·s or ·es to the noun. There are sometimes spelling changes when you form the plural. ~ BE CAREFUL! Some nouns are irregular. They do not form the plural by adding -s or -es.
explorer, sailor, builder, doctor continent, country, city, mountain pots, eggs, fish, honey, table
• an island, t e island, three islands • a ship, he ship, four ships
ship watch
ships watches
potato country
potatoes countries
foot child
feet children
man mouse
men • mice
~-
_ are things that you
4. Unto
cannot count separately. For example, in English you can say gold but you cannot say a gold or two golds. Uncountable nouns usually have no plural forms. We usually do not use a/an with uncountable nouns. On the right are some categories and examples of uncountable nouns.
Abstract words Activities Fields of study Food Gases Liquids Materials Natural forces P rtl.l .
courage, education, time exploring, sailing, farming geography, history, medicine corn, chocolate, fish, meat air, oxygen, steam water, milk, coffee, petrol cotton, plastiC, silk, leather cold, electricity, weather, wind dust, sand, sugar, salt, rice
furniture rubbish homework information
jewellery money luggage news work post
Some common uncountable nouns do not fit Into t h e ' . se categones. You need to memorise nounss uc h as the ones on the right.
advice clothing equipment food
Uncountable nouns take singular verbs and pronouns.
a good material for boats . • kcc:d 1 in the heaviest storrn . • It floa
BE CAREFUL!
Check it out' F • Or a list of
some common irregul a r plura l noun s, s oe
A
r · 1H (Ill ppel\( I X
pUgl' :l·t:t
244 • Unit .............................................. IDENTIFY. ead this article about Thor Heyerdahl. Circle 0/1 the proper nouns.
,mce all the common countable nouns. Underline twice the common uncountable nouns. Was ~o lu mbu~ rea lly the fi rst el m lorer t o
honey, oil , eggs, nuts and fresh frui t. Ra, the
discover the Americas? Thor Heyerd ahl
exped it ion's boat, carried an intern ational
did n't th ink so. He believed th at ancient
grou p including a Norwegian, an EgyPtian
people were able to build boats that could
an Italian, a Mexican and a Chadian.
cross oceans. To test his ideas,
Who Really Discovered erica?
he decided to build a copy of t he
reed
boats
that
were
pict ured in ancient paintings
,
Th e fi rst trip failed but everyone survived and wanted to try again . Depa rting on 17 May 1970, under t he flag of
and sail across the Atlantic from North Nrica
the United Nations, Ra II crossed the
t o Barbados. Heyerdahl 's team also copied
Atlantic in 57 days. The exped ition proved
ancient Middle Eastern pots and filled them
that ancient civilisations had the skill to
with food for their journey - dried fish,
reach the Americas long before Columbus.
COMPLETE • Megan and Jason McKay are planning a hiking trip. Complete their conversation with the correct form of the words in brackets. JASON:
There --..:'6~---::--;;---:-_ _ _ still a lot of 1. (bE')
work 2. (- .'Nk .
to do this evening.
We have to plan the food for the trip. MEGAN: You're right. _ _--;:;:---;;:-----;.,.--_ _ certainly 3. (Food)
---~.,.----4. fI IE')
important. I've been
reading this book about camping. There _ _ _-=-:-;----,_ ------:~_:__--6.
JASON:
('C), ")
some good
Oh? What does it say? ---:;-'7.:'"":---7'--7. (bt'dll)
--~ 9.~(-;;PO-:-tcl""'t-: () --- - - - - ,1;';0'. -;'; (1:) 7'" ) ----~..--=:-;---_ , 11. (trap)
MEGAN:
_
s. (bE')
in it.
MEGAN: We should bring a lot of JASON:
_
and _ _ _ ,----:-___ . 8. (roce)
good on camping
too.
No, fresh ----.;;o-;~_:_:__;_;_:__-_ _ _~---;;::~_ _ too heavy to cauy. Maybe we 12. (veqt'tdhll') 13. (Ul') can get some when we go through a town.
I
ready? We should go through
14. (Be)
the list. I've done that. We need --1i~-;;;:-::-7""-16 (I lit , ) for the radio. ASON: Why do we need a radio? I thought we were runnmg . away from civilisation. J 1l.f"'GAN: But the l'P'J
17. (n w ,
- never
18, ( toP)
.
. I stIll want to know
what's happening. 9.
I
'I
I
I,
It gets chilly in the mountains. \ old)
21. (br.l
"
me at night.
JASON: But we've got warm sleeping -----:;:;;-;-;~--_. 22. (bJg)
~ Tina Jameson sailed ~round .the world alone on a small boat. Read her diary
entries. There are fifteen mIstakes In the use of nouns and subject-verb agreement. Find and correct them. The first two mistakes have already been corrected.
27 October
I've been on the -6anarr Islands for three days now. I'll start back home .
L
.
when the weal'her5- Qfe better. I was so surprised when I picked up my posts today. My family sent me some birthday presents. My girthday is the :?lst. Iwon't open the presents until then. 29
october
I think the Weather is getting worse. I heard thunders today but there
wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my cat, typhoon. Every time it thundered, 1Whoon and I snuggled up Gloser under the covers. I started reading a Novel, 'grave New World
I.
wind and plenty of sunshine now. I travelled 500 kilometres . .( . we((eries Opened my presents. I got some perfume and pretty 51 ver Je . 1N at muc.h until I get near oVember The e(ec.tnc.lties are very (ow . l'd better n use (( ct d waters for woklng . plymouth. ('(( need the raolO then. It rained today so I wee
u •
nt
iers
I'm glad I bought a lot of batteries. Are there
~
• weve
POINT
enou h
/
TICY th c
_c.
u lSWPr:
The child wants to know if they\e got
o o
C"c
-; (r;"('I:, o·
f (false). I T
QUANTIFIER NOUN
e is used
F
with both countable and uncountable nouns. T
F
t!
'e
T
T
F
F
is used with countable nouns. f»
I
I
I've got
I 've got
a few several
I
I haven't got
any enough a lot of many
QUAN IIFIER
I NOUN
some enough a lot of
some enough a lot of
is used
with uncountable nouns.
a good supply of chocolate.
QUANTIFIERS AND NOUNS UNCOUNT
QUANTIFIERS COUNTABLE NOUNS
CHART CHECK
chocolate.
coffee. a little a great deal of water.
batteries . biscuits . I haven't got
-
any I enough a lot of I much ,
Ir is used
in negative sentences.
EXPRESS Complete this conversation with much or many.
A: We didn't buy
batteries.
B: Well, we didn't have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ time before the storm.
246
.•.••.••••••••• •... ,•. nations
Examples
are expressions of quantity such as many. They are used before a noun.
Q antiflers can also be used alone, when it is
• We used a lot of water last summer. There aren't many sweets left in the bag. A: How many eggs do we have? Not a lot, just a few.
of Is dropped.
2. Use some, enough, a lot of and any with both countable and uncountable nouns.
('ountablr.
uncountable
• We've got some batteries and some petrol. uncount ablf'
co' Hltablf-
• We've got enough water and eggs for a week. countabJr.
UfICOur, t,ablp
• We've got a lot of beans and rice left. Use any in questions and in negative sentences.
uncountable
countable
A: Have we got any milk or eabags? B: No, and we haven't got any coffee or
paper plates, either. Use some when you make an offer.
3. Use a few, sever
and
I
•
• Would you like some coffee?
with
A few people got ill.
plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences.
• Several children went to hospital. Many people agreed.
Use a i t e,
• They had a little trouble with the radio. ad. • They threw away a great dea 0 • Much planning went into the rescue.
re '
e
o and
r with uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. J
USAGE NOTE: In affirmative sentences, "
more formal than a lot of,
r
BE CAREFUL! Don't confuse
few and little. with , not enough'.
and
ny is
is very formal.
and usually mean
rescue workes arrived. LESS FORMAL: A lot of rescue worke arrived. VERY FORMAL: He showed much cour • e. LESS FORMAL: He showed a lot of MORE FORMAL: Many
• They received a I It' last night. (not a lot but probably enoug h) • They received /I , last night. (probably not enough news)
4. Use
, with count abl e noun s and f With uncountable noun s in qu('~tions dnd negative ~entcn((',>.
A:
USAGE NOTE: In qU(',>Uons i.lnd rll ' Cjd liw' \(' n\(' n< (,",
A: How mil hfoo
Ihony and much em· Informal English.
B: Not m" /•.
lJ ~( ·d
ill bot II for Illdl "lid
B: We
many p opl Idn 't sel' rna
did you '~'l' ) .
did II H'\' l, II IV
248 •
7
••••••••••••••••••••••••
. quonti!; r + COLIn table nOLms.
Irc e
for notural dlwsten. Underline the
J
' I"se that some natural disasters such as earthquakes d re you ready? Mal}}' peop Ie on t rea I . , . -.... I k several days for assistance to reach you. Prepare your can strike wlth \!.lttle warning'. t may ta e disaster kit in advance! Here are a few tips. & Water may be unsale to drink . Store enough water for several days. Each person needs five litres per day for cooking and washing.
You will also need food for several days. It's a good idea to store a lot of of tinned meat, fruit, vegetables and milk. However, also include several kinds of high-energy food, such as peanut butter and raisins. And don't forget some 'comfort food' like biscuits and chocolate! If you haven't got any electricity, you might not have any heat, either. Keep some blankets, sleeping bags and extra clothes for everyone. Prepare a first aid kit with some pain killers, several sizes of plaster and an antiseptic. The cash machines might not be working. Have you got any cash? You shouldn't keep much money in the house but you should have a lot of small notes and a few larger notes, too.
(HOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this radio interview between This Morning a. d food psychologist Angie Webber (AW).
TM: Dr Webber, in a crisis, a lot
0
/
1.
much people crave chocolate. Does comfort food have
any / many real benefit? 2.
AW: Yes. Several 3./ A little types of food help give emotional balance. Chocolate gives an emotional lift because it contains a great deal of / many sugar, for example . •
TM: What about mashed potatoes? When I'm down, I cook a lot of / much potatoes. 5.
AW: They remind you of childhood, when you felt safe. Much / Many traditional foods comfort us in this way.
6.
TM: I have a few /7a little friends who eat comfort food to celebrate. Why? AW: We have much / many changes in our lives today and a few / few ways to calm 8.
9.
down. Comfort food tells us, 'Don't worry. Some I A little things are still the same.'
TM: 11 .
AW: Strawberry ice cream. I always feel better after I've eaten a few / few spoonfulS. 12.
Quantifiers _
249
................................ •
• Read these conversations. Complete them with the correct words.
many, a few, a little
A:. Hi, Barbara. Did you and Jim lose
many
trees in the storm?
••• D: Just one. And the house is OK. We only lost _ _ _---;-____ windows. b.
How about you? A: We didn't have - - - - - - - - problems either. We didn't have _----:::;----time to shop before the storm but, thanks to the disaster kit, d. we had - - - - - - - - candles and _ _ _-::--_ _ _ food on hand . f•
P
2. little, a little, a few, few
A: It's interesting to see what we used up from the disaster kit. I noticed we've only
hot chocolate left.
got
B: That's because -----;-_ _ _ _ things taste better in a crisis. I bet there are b.
more than
c.
tins of spinach, though.
A: Six tins. I suppose there's _ _ _ _;--_ _ _ reason to buy more of that. d.
B: We learnt _ __ _ _ _ _ _ things about comfort foods during the storm, e.
didn't we? •
4~ EDIT· Read this child's diary entry. qUf'i.
Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of :ifiers. The first mistake has already been corrected.
a We had a big storm last week and we lost the electricitfJ forJew dafJs. Once I got over being scared, it was fun - a bit like camping. We've got an electric heater so we didn't have some heat We slept in our sleeping bags around the fireplace. We used up manfJ wood/ Mum baked some bread in a pan in the fireplace. She had to try several times but it was reallfJ good when it worked. We ate it with little butter. The first night we had much problems working out what to do. It got dark earlfJ and we onlfJ had a little candles - and no TVI Jane is five and she was really frightened until we made hot chocolate over the fire. Finally, everl:/bod!:l took turns telling stories. I found out that Dad knows a lot good stories .
icl In
••
nite an -
-'-
-
~-
-
An evil magician from a universe beyond ours is trying to conquer the Earth.
--
The magician is Zado. He has four helpersand only YOU can destroy him!
POINT According to the advert for the video ga me:
o
There is only one universe beyond ours.
0
There is only one Earth.
INDEFINITE ,
CHART CHECK
~ I SINGULAR COUNTABLE
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T
T
F
F
can be used with uncountable nouns. used with singular and plural nouns.
T
F
Use the when you mention a nonn for the second time.
\
NOUNS "
SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUNS
II
NOUN
THE
I
Let's rent
/
The can be
A/AN
I
DEFINITE
a
video game.
I
an
adventure.
I
I
by Playzap.
game
Let's rent I
It's
NOUN
I
~---~---
he
adventure • of lado.
It's I
~:----------------------~!~------------------------~
:
COUNTABLE NOUNS/ ' UNCOUNT NOUNS
PLURAL UNCOUNT
NOUNS/ NOUNS
,
(SOME) , Let's play -
-
I won
j I
(some)
NOUN
---
video games.
,
, THE
;,
-
,
I
'-
NOUN
I
, : Let's play J ' , __
gold.
,
'
the
It's
games I we rented. gold
lado lost.
EXPRESS Circle the correct articles to complete these sentences.
Playzap has a / the new video game. A / The game is called Space Defender.
250
I
Articles: Indefinite end Definite _ 251 ••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Examples
.... rnar Explanations
Gra ...
. I you use before a noun depends on the The artlc eun it is (countable or uncounta bl e) and kind 0 f no OU are using the noun. on hoW Y the Indefinite article n / an with 1. Use . . ular countable nouns when you mention a slOg . f h f' t . h person, place or thmg or t e Irs time or w en you are not referring to a particular person,
-
Let's buy a video game . (Any video game. Not a particular game.)
-
I'm reading about a magic'an . (This is the first time I've mentioned the magician.)
place or thing.
•
Also use a / an for singular countable nouns when you are classifying a person, place or
_ I'm a pilot . _ Rome is a iy.
thing.
_ A Dalmatian is a type of dog .
Use a before consonant sounds. Use all before vowel sounds.
_ a m agician, a d og, a ch air
BE CAREFUL! It is the sound, not the letter, that
_ a u niverse _ a h ostile army
determines whether you use
or
_ on a uthor, on u mbrella, on o range
.
_ on ho nest man
2. Use
.
or
. . with plural countable
nouns, and with uncountable nouns when you
_ There are (some) books on the shelf. (It isn't important which books they are.)
mention a person, place or thing for the first time or when you are not referring to a particular person, place or thing.
_ I need to buy (some) sugar.
~ with singular and plural nouns and countable and uncountable n~uns when you mention a person, place or thing for the second time, or when you are referring to a particular person, place or thing that your listener knows about.
_ The magician I told you about is on TV tonight.
3. Use the
.
,.
4. Use
. h h . '. w en t e person, place or thing is unique - there is only one.
(I haven't mentioned this before.)
(This is the second time I've mentioned him.)
_ Your glasses are in the kite en . (You know which kitchen I'm talking about.)
_ The moon is 250,000 miles away. (There's only one moon.)
_ Jack's in
e 9
den .
(We've only got one garden.)
S. Use
best . when a phrase or adjective such as first, , fight wrong
I ' .. . or on Y Identifies which person,
place Or ' . thing you are talking about.
_ Donkey Kong was
first video game that had
a story. _ Moonraker is
_ The beach is summer's day.
e last Bon only pin
I saw.
to be on a hot
.,
Unit a •• •• • • • • • • ••• • • •• • •••• •• •
252 •
.
CHOOSE &DESCRIBE. Read these conversations. ~
. <.I'
LIZ:
1.
FRED:
~
C
/fC
Ie the letter of the statement that
•
«(
"onversotlOn.
I m bored. Let's rent a video game. OK.
Fred knows which game Liz is going to rent. Fred and Liz aren't talking about a particular game.
h
LIZ: Mum, where's the new video game? MUM: Son'y, I haven't seen it.
a. Mum knows that Liz has rented a new game. . Mum doesn't know that Liz has rented a new game. I'll bet it's in the kitchen. You always leave your things there. LIZ: I'll go and look. a. There are several kitchen s in F red and Liz's house. b. There is only one kitch en in Fred and Liz's house.
FRED:
Was I right? LIZ: You weren't even close. It was on a chair in the hall. a. There is only one chair in the hall. b. Ther e ar e several chairs in the hall.
4
FRED:
5
F RED:
6.
L IZ: FRED:
Wow! Look at that! The graphics are brilliant. LIZ: So is the music. a. All video games have good graphics and music. b . The game Liz has rented has good graphics and music. That was fun. But why don't we rent a sports game next time? Good idea. I love sports games. a . Fr ed is talking about sports games in general. b. Fred is talking about a particular sports game.
CHOOSE &
• Circle the correct articles to complete this paragraph.
._- - - - - - - - - - ; Board games are popular all over a 1(£h0 world. Mah Jong is an 1 the example of , I :z. a / an very old one. I had an / a uncle who had an 1 the old set from Singapore. \-----------
------
-
.
--
...
•
3.
.
s.
.
He kept a 1 the set in t~e 1 a beautiful box in a 1 the living room. He used to open 6.
7.
8.
the 1 a box and tell me about the 1 a pieces. They were made of bamboo and each 9.
10.
one had a 1 the Chinese character on it. To me, they were the 1 a most fascinating 11.
things in a 1 the world. 11.
12.
Articles: Indefinite dnd Definite _ 253 •••••••••••••••••••• •••• • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • •• ••• •• ••••••
• Read each conversation. Complete it with the appropriote article (a, an, or the). 1. A;
A
car has just pulled up. Are you expecting someone?
B: No, I'm not. I wonder who it is. 2.
A;
Can we use - - - - - - - - car?
B: OK, but bring it back by 11:00 o'clock. 3.
A: Let's turn off
game system before we leave.
B: We don't have to. We can just leave it on pause. 4. A;
Have you got - - - - - - - - game system?
B: Yes, I have. I've just bought a Sega Genesis. 5. A;
Can you see the video shop? I was sure it was on the High Street.
B: I think it's on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ side street but I'm not sure which one. 6. A;
There it is.
B: Good. You can park opposite _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ shop. 7.
A: Excuse me, have you got any new games? B: ________ newest games are over there.
8. A;
We'd better go. We've been here for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hour.
B: That was _________ shortest hour I've ever spent. 9.
A: Excuse me. I'd like to rent this game.
B: Just take it to
cash desk.
EDIT • Dead this magazine article about video games. Find and correct nine mistakes in the u:;e of articles. The first mistake has already been corrected. The plumber
•
•
I
..'
nce there was a plumber called Mario. Plumber had beautiful gtrlfnend. One day, a ape fell
. ill
love with the girlfriend and kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to rescue his girlfriend.
I
This simple tale became Donkey Kong, a first video game with a story. It was invented by Sigeru Matsimoto, a artist with Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved the video games but he wanted to make them more interesting. He liked fairy tales so he invented story similar to a famous f.
airy tale. Story Was an immediate success and Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
The rest'IS VI'd eo game history.
and
icle
So how are you enjoying
the ride'? Roller coaster rides are like life. You just have to relax and enjoy yourself.
I
POINT Tick the correct answer.
Who is talking about roller coaster rides in general?
o
the little girl
CHART CHECK
NO
Tick I he correct
9 +
amwer.
You can use " (no article) for a noun that is: I i,
t
0 indefinite 0 definite You can use e for
iI i a countable noun
I that is: ,
I
I
0
singular
o
plural
254
ClE (INDEFI
THE (DEFINITE)
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
Do you like
Y floss ?
-------9 + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN ----Rids can be very exciting. - -
+
THE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
~----------------------The candy floss in this park is great. ~----------~---~-~----
+
THE ~
PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN
.~.-
~
-
----~--
--------1
he rides in this park are exciting. '"---
-
~
.
THE -
- -
-
.-
'
+
--
-~--~ -~~~
- --
---------,
SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUN
.
- - --
--
The r'de near the entrance is exciting.
0
----
the little boy
---------
-"--
--
-
-
.
"
(No
and The _
255
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
the or 'd
},: Dl yo
u enjoy 0 / the roller coaster ride?
I love '" I the roller coaster rides.
'tT.
B: les, B: No.
(no orticle) to complete these sentences.
0/ the candy floss. It's always too sweet. don't like I
Expl nations
Gra
Examples
1. We often use e (no rtl'
before uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns that are Indeflnil (not specific). Use e when you: •• have no specific person, place or thing in mind.
A: What do you want to do tonight? B: Let's stay at home. We can listen to watch videos .
b. classify (say what something or someone is).
A: B: A: B:
c. make 9 nera. statements .
•
s ( or
What's that? It's candy floss . And what are those? They're tickets for the roller coaster. I bought them while you were on the phone. Candy floss is very sweet. (candy floss in general)
_ Roller coasters are popular. (roller coasters in general)
2. Use the with uncountable nouns and countable nouns (singular and plural) that are . . _ When you are talking about a . unique P I . erson, P ace or thing that you and Your listener know about.
A: Can I taste the c .n )I foss ? B: Of course. Have as much as you like.
e ~ for . A: Where are B: I put them in my pocket. e ic
A: This is rhe be:.. rol e ... c .lSt 1. BE CARE sta FUll Singular countable nouns cannot nd alone y . art" I . ou must always use either an Ie e a p that' ronoun, one or a word such as this, nou' each or every before a singular countable
n.
0
•
. tn
e
7•
e world .
• This is delicious . N OT This is de licious ffical. • It's hard to eat just
I , isn't it? Iscu I ! You've had enollgh.
• Give m e
• It's
I
•
ult .
......
256
......... ,. .. Un t
IDENTIFY. cud tlli announcement for a new tl1eme park. Underline , .. t 110 no article. Circle 01/ ti,e tlOUI1S witl) the.
01/
the common
Do you enjoy tb~me parks? Tomorrow, Blare Gardens will open to \the publi C) for the first time . The park features a wide variety of rides and games that will appeal to both adults and chlldren. And, of course, a theme park would not be complete without candy floss and hot dogs. The food at Blare Gardens promises to be very good. Come early, bring the whole family and be sure to stay for the firework display tha t takes place just after the sun sets. So check it out! You won 't be disappointed.
CHOOSE • Circle the correct words to complete this magazine article.
hy do people around (the) / 0 world flock to 1
the I 0 theme parks? The I 0 places like 2.
3.
Disney World and Alton Towers offer the I 0 fun, relaxation and escape from the / 0 4.
5.
problems and boredom of everyday life. They offer the / 0 adults and children alike a 6.
chance to take the I 0 risks without the I 0 consequences. Thanks to advances in 8.
7.
the I 0 technology, the I 0 accidents in the / 0 theme parks are now rare. You can go on 9.
10.
11.
the I 0 rides that look scary but are actually safe. You can scream and laugh as the I Q 12.
13.
roller coaster races down toward the I 0 ground and loops up to the I 0 sky again. 15. ~----'-"""""
14.
leaving your cares and troubles behind. Even though the I 0 roller coasters are the I 0 most 7.
popular of all the I 0 rides, they are not for everyone. But •
don't worry. Today's theme parks offer a lot more than th~J 0 thrills and spills. There are train rides through a
replica of the I 0 rain forest. And there are the I 0 games 20.
21.
with the I 0 prizes, too. The I 0 hot dogs ice cream and 22.
23.
'
candy floss complete the I 0 picture of this perfect 24.
getaway for the I 0 whole family. 25.
~.!~~... ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• and The • 211
• Read this conversation about
0
theme
k C neon artIcle.
~
~ J. _
to Blare Gardens next weekend. You work th ere. Wh'" at S It like?
to love
2. '
A: What's
rides at Blare Gardens.
"
J.
most exciting rid \ thero?
B: The python. I've seen people actually shaking with fi'nr he fore they got on it. - ~~4 ~·
., sounds like
flo
ate .. . h.. ..
- fUll.
.
6.
-.
By the way, what's
"
s
__ food like? J
·
. hot. clogs.
B: Then you might. have a little problem. They sell _'_ _~_~__ hot dogs and 7.
_,_._-:::---- pizza and that's about all. But do you like _ _--:;;--_ _ music? 8.
1.;
9.
I love it. I listen to _ _ _ _ _ _ music all the time. Why? 10.
music at Blare Gardens is great. They have __._~_ _ best
B: 11.
12.
pop groups in
whole country. •
A;
What exactly do you do there? Maybe we'll see you.
B: I dress up like a cartoon character and guide people around _ _--=-::--_ _ park. 14.
ED". Read this postcard from Blare Gardens. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the and 9 (no article). The first mistake has already been corrected.
._---
Blare Gardem Amusement Park
Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This the isAbest holida!J we've ever been on!
2'!P._,
i I love the rides here. I've been on the roller coasters To: Richard Turner
,
27 Park street
OXFORD OX26PP
come. The 01'1& prohlem is crowds here. People have to queue to !Jet into evewthing - even the todets! See !f0U Soon.
Nick.!:!
I IV • eel
ronoun and ronouns
r
•
I
I
ICHECKI
Circle T (True) or F (~a/re).
-.
T
'/ will not talk to myself, / will not talk to myself'
+
CHART CHECK C.. :._ r (True) or F (Fa ':;e ..
T
j
T
F
-
SUBJECT PRONOUN
-
-- - -
-
.
-
-~
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
SUBJECT PRONOUN --t
myself.
I
You
Reciprocal pronouns always refer to more than one person.
I
F The man is talking to another person.
EXIVE PRONOUNS
Singular reflexive pronouns end in . efve5 .
F
POINT
yourself.
He
himself.
She
herself.
We You They
looked at
looked at It
_.
.
Itself.
.-
- -
We
--
ourselv ~' . -
•
-
I You
-
.
yourselves .
I
- -
themselves .
EXPRESS Circle the correct words to complete this conver ation.
A: Is someone in there with you or are you talking to yourself I themselves? B: No one's here. I'm just talking to
258
•
;
each other. ne another. I I
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal p, onouns _ 259 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••
Explanations when the jnd obJect of a sentence refer to the people or things.
.01 'l
•
looked at
{It" (t het'S~1f in
the mirror.
(Sara looked at her own face.)
sentences use:
In
:z.
Ex mple
_ youne" when the subject is singular
• 'Don't push you rJclf so hard, Tom,' Sara said.
_ yours~"'~ when the subject is plural
• 'Don't push yo urselve5 so hard, 9 u yS,' SMa 5clid.
Use a reflexlv pron ur to emphasise a noun. In this case, the reflexive pronoun usually follows the noun directly.
3. By +
reflexly pronoun means alone or
without any help.
• Tom was upset when he lost his job. The .0 , I ., wasn't important to him but he needed the money.
• Sara lives b,
. {' f . (Sara lives alone.)
• We painted the house ' J ourselyes. (No one helped us.) Be + a refle lYe prono the usual way.
means behave in
• Just be
at your interview.
(Behave the way you usually behave.)
• He •
yoursel~
asn't himself after he lost his job.
(He seemed different.)
4. Use a r . . when the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same people and these people have a two-way relationship. Use .. when the subject is two people. Use either another or ear . when the subject is more than two people.
sublect
=
ob.ect
• Tom and Sara met each o' . e. at work. (Tom met Sara and Sara met Tom.) sublect
=
oblect
• We all told one another about our jobs. OR
subject
=
obleC{
• We ... I told each
0
er about our jobs.
(Each person swapped information with every other person.)
Reciprocal pronouns and plural reflexive pronouns have different meanings.
BE CAREFUL!
• Fred and Jane talked to each ot e . (Fred talked to Jane and jane talked to Fred.)
• Fred and Jane talked to -, e .'..
to.$ .
(Fred talked to himself and Jane talked to herself.)
5. Reciprocal pronour _ have possessive forms: each other's, one a n - .
Checle it out'
• Tom and Sara took
. numbers.
(Tom took Sara 's number. Sara took Tom's number.)
For a list of verbs and expressions commonly used refl exively. Hce Appendix 16 on page ~HO.
-
•••
260
Un o • •• •• •• •• •• •
IDENTIFY. Read this article about self-talk. Underline the reflexive pronouns once and ocal pronouns twice. Draw an arrow to the word that each pronoun refers to.
I
*
elf-talk is the way we explain a problem to ourselves. It can affect the way we feel and the way we behave. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost their jobs when their company laid off a lot of people. Sara kept herself fit and spent time with friends. Tom gained ten pounds and spent all his time by himself. They were both unemployed so the
difference was the way Tom and Sara explained the problem to themselves. Sara believed that she herself could change her situation. Tom saw himself as helpless. Later, everyone got their jobs back. When they all talked to one another back at the office, Tom grumbled, 'They must have been desperate.' Sara replied, 'They finally realised they need us!'
CHOOSE • Tom and Sara's company held an office party. Choose the correct reflexive or reciprocal pronouns to complete the conversations .
. A: Do you mind if we pour _--;-_o:::.u~r~5~e:..:.:lv:..::e:.:::5~__ a drink? (myself I ourselves)
B: Of course not. And there's food, too. Please help ----:-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (yourselves I themselves)
2. A: That's the new head of Marketing. She's standing by _--.-_...,..,....."...,....,.-_,---_. (herself I himself)
B: Let's go and introduce _~_--:-:--:--_~__ . (himself I ourselves)
3. A: I'm nervous about my date with Niki. I cut _---;_-,..,-,...,.--_,,--_ twice shaving.
B: You'll be fine. Just relax and be
(myself I herself) -~-~~---.
(your elves I your "If)
4.
A: My boss and I always give .
.
the same presents. Every year (ours.. lvE . I t .1(h otlwr)
I gIve hIm a book and he gives me a scarf.
a lot of scarves. • (yoUr\( If him elf) 5. A: The new software IS so easy, it just seems to run by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . B R 11? I d (it ell I myself) : ea y. n our epartment, we're still teaching how to use it. I
(them elves / our elve )
B:
•
(yourself I yourselves) -;::::::--:=-~--:-_ _ _
(one another I ourselves)
SInCe
e
.
Raftextve PI'Olloun.
d
••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• George Prudeau Is a French teacher. Complete his tallc to a group of new Use tWiexlve and reciprocal pronouns
French but the subject ___ .,--=.It:~~=.:el~f_ _~ isn't that important. I think my
I
'ence applies to all subjects, Your firHt year may be hard teacher helps students lenrn by
0
teach
. R 'cenlly, .John, one of my
students, was having trouble teaching -, -~__ " -4~---'~" how to bake French bread. I encouraged him to keep trying and in the end he succeeded. As far as discipline goes, I have a few rull's. 1 tell my
~tudcnts,
'Keep
,
busy. Discuss
,,.
5.
the lessons but don't, interfere with _ _ _--::--_ _ _ 's work.' Keep teaching 6.
materials simple. too. I pride _ _ _-----::;--_ _ _ on being able to teach anywhere, 7,
even on a street corner. Finally, the salary for teachers is not great but
you have a lot of freedom. I run my class by _ _ _---:,-----_ _ _ - just the way I want ,
to. You will all have to decide for _ _ _-----:::---_ _ _ if it's worth it. I can't afford to 9,
travel much but I satisfy _ _ _--=-=--_ _ _ with trips to Calais! 10.
,4
",
,
• Read this woman's diary. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected.
[ "Jot to cALt s~ o~ /-r.M bir [ [
her.
s~ p-ride£
[ rMti aJt., p..r~ o~ f,
Iter o~ ~
erutj
..
T~
ItttLkto
~U
wery
-tttLk. It faid
. ed
to
u£ed to tttLk to u£. I th.oUj~
our fAAf., P.J1£i I tred
•
other weLl. Hf!/foYj~ myfe/ffor my mMt~
tJJtd I foYj~ ~for foYj
ei.vM fO I f
our dbtl1P' datf!/ twt> weeh
E r
I th
-tt r f t I i " cd d
orrect amwer to complete each sentence. Choose fJ when -----~
--- ~
ExAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks
(C) (0)
is drinking was drinking
- - --
---
I introduced _ _ _ _ to Bill as soon as I saw him. (A) himself (C) myself (B) me (0) each other
ABC D
The job (A) myself (B) itself
ABC D
isn't a problem. It's my boss. (C) himself (0) it
The students write cards to _ _ _ _ during the holidays. (A) themselves (C) each other's (B) ollrselves (0) one another
ABC D
What a beautiful bracelet! Is it made of _ _ _ _ gold? (A) the (C) 0 (B) some (0) a
ABC D
I bought _ _ _ _ bottled water before the trip. (A) a lot of (C) twelve (B) a few (0) many
ABC 0
6.
How _ _ _ _ eggs do you need for the cake? (A) many (C) 0 (B) much (0) more
ABC 0
7.
She was lonely because she had _ _ _ _ friends at first. (A) little (C) few (B) a little (0) a few
ABC 0
8
That's _ _ _ _ best film I've ever seen. (A) a (C) the (B) an (0) 0
ABC 0
9
Sue's in _ _ _ _ Germany on holiday. (A) a (C) 0 (B) an (0) the
ABC 0
10.
262
A~C D
Frank's (AI 0 (BI a
astronaut. There are six of them on this mission. (C) an (0) the
A
C D
SelfTe. XI •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••
just rented _ _ _ _ video. Which one?
.... (AJ the
C D
A
C D
(C) a (0) any
(B) some 12.
A
We haven't got - - - - fruit left. Could you buy some apples? (A) much (B) some
(C) (0)
little many
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A 8, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT. .....------------- .._.'--------------, -----'-~--------- -
-,---~-~.,-
ABC D ,
drives to school but today he
Mike
B C L-__________________________________________________________________________ I •
ABC D
13. There are a lot of food in the fridge so help yourself. ABC
0
ABC D
14. Do your families come for christmas or do you celebrate ABC
by yourselves? o 15. The news are starting so let's watch TV in
ABC D
living room.
A B C
16.
ABC D
Lee wants to open his business in may and start working A B C
for hi mself. o 17. I myself don't eat chilli but it's the most popular spice in g world.
ABC D
18. A money isn't everything - the job itself has to be interesting.
ABC D
A B C
A B C
19.
0
0
ABC D
Mathematics isn't Jeff's best subject but he succeeds with the ABC
0
hard work. 20.
ABC D
How many times do we have before the film starts? A
r:
B
21. Smith was
0
unpopular MP so he had a few friends in politics.
A
("
ABC D
0
ABC D r
23. Vie. didn't know o,ne anothor names before Muria intl'odllt't'd ,
24. B: n has to save a few money so that hc! CUll go to Hchool II
'd
881
A
he'd help me.
ill
t:H.
til('
IIUt.lIl11ll .
ABC D ABC D ABC D
II
sSlve: _vervlew •
ICH
POINT
Tick the information you can get from the advert
o o o
Reader's Digest was founded in 1922. Today it is read by people in every country in the world. Shouldn't you be one of them? Subscribe today.
the nu mber of years the magazine has existed the price of the magazine
C ce T F (False/
Je) or
It is bought by millions of people.
Millions of people buy it. -4
oBfECT
T
F Passive
Someone published it in 1922.
..
It was published in 1922.
PASSIVE STA PAST PARTICIPLE
SUBJECT
BE (Nor)
It
is not/Isn't
bought
It
was not/wasn't
published
statements always have an object.
(By + OBJECT) by millions of people.
-
-
SUBJECT .
---
---- -
----
AFFIRMATIVE
,
,
NEGATIVE
-
----
Is
isn't .
•
sold
it
Was
IS .
in China?
No, it
Yes, it was .
WH-
WH-
I
ANSWERS
PAST PARTICIPLE --
,
in 1922.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
BE
WORD
PAST PARTICIPLE
BE
---------.-+--------~r_-------
Where
264
I
-t
F Passive statements always have a form of the verb be.
I
SUBJECT
OBJECT
T"..
F The object of an
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
+
active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. T
Digest
the na me of the founder
CHART CHECK I T
eader's
is
it
sold?
wasn 't .
The Pe• •lve: OvervIeW •
265
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
this sentence with the passive form of the verb pri n t .
How many copies of Reader's Digest
last year?
No and
usually have the same meaning but the focus is different.
AUlvl
• Millions of people r ad the magazine. (The focus is on the people.) PASSIVE
• The magazine i rCdd by millions of people. (The focus is on the magazine.)
2. Form the passive with the correct form of be + past participle.
=.
• It I written in nineteen languages. • It Win publlshe in 1922. • These copies have just e printed .
). Use the passive when: •• the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not important.
• The magazine was founded in 1922. (J don't know who founded it.)
b. the identity of the agent is clear from
• The magazine Is sold in newsagents. (We can assume that the people who work in the newsagent's sell it. We don't need to mention them.)
the context.
c. you want to avoid mentioning the agent.
4. Use the passive with ). if you mention
• Some mistakes were made in that article. (J know who made the mistakes but I don't want to blame the person who made them.)
• The article was written by a psychologist.
the agent. Mention the age
when:
a. you introduce necessary new information about the agent.
• John Dent is a famous sports writer. He h s just been hired b Sporn illeekly to write a monthly column. (The name of John's employer is necessary
new information.)
b. you want to give credit to someone who
• The article
r.tten by John Dent.
• Our windows
washed r a
created something.
c. the agent is surprising or interesting .
..
8E CAREFULI In most cases, you do not need
to mention an agent in passive sentences. Do not include an agent unnecessarily.
• The magazine .' publish ~ •
Nor OAEC d ..... eel(.
hot.
once.l w{'£'k.
266 •
Un t 61 ••••••••••••••••••••••••
CHOOSE. Read tile e sentences and decide if they are Active (A) or Passive (P).
P
Reader's Digest was founded in 1922 . Millions of people r ead it. A large-type edition is also printed. They also record it.
Reader's Digest is published once a month. It has been translated into many languages.
Many readers subscribe to the magazine. 8. It is sold in news agents thr oughout t h e country.
I read an interesting article in it. _ __ 10. The article was written by a famous scientist.
READ & COMPLETE • Look at the c'1art Then complete the sentences. Use the verb speak in the active or the passive form.
Arabic
246
I
Cantonese (China)
71
English
508
Ho (Bihar and Orissa States, India)
1
Japanese Spanish -;:-'----;--:;:--;-:-:-_
126 417 --=_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
--11
Swahili (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda,
49
Tagalog (Philippines)
57
-
1.
J apanese
.-
- ----
---- -
-
.-----
is spoken by 126 million people
•
•
3. •
S. 6. •
8.
The Pa_1v •
• • . • . • •• • • . . a. Ove. VJf!JW • AM...tl1 •••••••• ••• •••• • ••••••••••••• ~u
:. ..... th I • "'- e poss ve form of th
e verbs In th II erst set of brackets to thls report. Include the agent (f" If (lbsolutely necessary. om the second set of brackets)
o em ea er ews etter ------:.:....:.,:.,:.:~:!:~ DID You
TENTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE
... ? wae founded by A " J Thorn peon 1.
t At first it
ten years ago.
wae rlnted ------;; 2'. ~ (p:.:n:.: nt;,.) ifij;~;;;;;:;__--- only in En glish.
t Today it ---3:lfPliEfui1)Ii"Ji(;-m;J~~-3. (pubhsll) (the plIbhshN) • It -------;:i"":7"rP:;;;;ITI~;:;;;\--4. (read) (readers)
. 111
in three foreign-language editions.
more than ten countries. 5. (hire) (ollr international OriICI'S) 6. (purchase) (the company)
•
last month.
t They -----"7:--7i"K.~~;;t;;;;"~-7. (use) (our writers) to write our award-winning articles. • Modem Reader ---~8t:-.0(a;;:jd~ve;;:rt;;;is:;;'e)Ii(~ad;:r.-v;;:;e;;' rti;;:se::::rs~)- - - all over the wo rld. • OUf
editorial staff --~Q7;;:;t:;:;;;-;;o;;:-;-;\;r;;.;:~~~--- last month. 9. (interview) (Live at Ten TV)
• The in terview _ __
., •
4
"
,."..--..,.
-
~-,---'
E~/T. R~ad an editor's notes for a story for Modern Reader. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the passive. The first mistake has already been corrected.
are located
Two-thiras of Bolivia1s five million people
!oc.,;!~ in the cool western highlanas known as the Altiplano.
For centUries, the gram qwnoa has been grew in the mountains. Llamas brea for fur, meat ana transvortation. Ana tin, Bolivia1s richest natural resource, IS mining by miners in the high Andes.
The Oriente, another name for the eastern lowlanas, is mostly trOPical. RJce IS the major food crop ana cows are ralsea for milk . 011 IS also find there . 1he oTficwllanguage, NatIve American languages are stili spoken by PeoPle"T: . a reea pipe.; wt)o"e lone I e.;e.lllble. e " . IraartlOnal textiles are woven by nana ana mUSIC plav on Although Spanish
IS
-IV
Bill, something should be done about Ed . He snores so loudly he's going to knock us out of orbitl
with
adals
zZzZzZ
ICHEC
Tick the correct answer.
I know, Carla .
According to Carla,
He can be heard back on Earthl
CHART CHECK 1
-+
T
o
Ed needs to do something about his snoring.
o
somebody should do something about Ed's snoring.
STATEMENTS
C f'c/e T ( True) or F (False).
T
POINT
F Passives with modals always use be. F You cannot use modals with the passive to talk about the future.
SUBJECT
MODAL*
BE
PAST PARTICIPLE
The crew
will not/won't should not/shouldn 't must not/mustn't
be
replaced
SUBJECT
The crew
HAVE (GOT) Tol BE GOING TO
BE
have (got) to don't have to be are (not) going to
L...
next month.
PAST PARTICIPLE
replaced
next month.
- -
*Modals have only one forID. They do not have -s in the third person singular. _.
CHART CHECK 2
-
YES/ NO MODAL
o o
Should
268
be
a modal or an auxiliary verb
S UBJE CT
BE
PAST PARTICIPLE
Will
th ey
SH
QUESTIONS
Tick the correct answer.
What comes before the subject in questions?
,
be
replaced?
-
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
Yes, they
will. should.
No, they
won 't . shouldn't.
The Pa ••tve with Modals •
269
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
HAVE TO/
SUBJECT
BE
GOING TO
PAST PARTICIPU
have to they
Are
NEGATIVl
Y I,
be
they
going to
do. ar .
No, they
don't. aren't.
EXPRESS Complete this conyer oUon with tile pas ive (orm of will
•
_ food ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on board? A:
B: No, it _ - - - - - - - - - - . It - - - -_______ " on Earth.
Explanations
Examples
1. To form the passive with a modal, use modal + be + past particip e .
• • • •
The Space Shuttle will be launched soon. The launch won't e po po e . The crew must be given time off. Decisions shouldn 't be made too quickly.
2. Use will or be going to with the passive to talk about the future.
• It will be launched very soon. OR
• It 3 going to be launched very soon.
• The blastoff can be seen for miles. • It can't be done.
3. Use can with the passive to express present abir y.
• It could be seen very clearly last year. • The reports couldn't be filed in time.
Use could with the passive to express past abili y .
4. Use could, may and the passive to express
5. Use Should, ough
with ~Ibility.
, , and mUst with the passive to express:
• It could be launched very soon. • French scientists may be nVi e to participate. • Plants mlghr be gro n on board.
(got) to
a. advisability
• The crew shoul be prepared to work hard. • Crew members n rd better be I a day off. • Privacy Oil I ,e respected.
b. necessity
• Reports ave to be flied . • Everyone lUst be consulted.
270 •
Unit 2 •••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. R ad tlri arti Ie about tile Illternational Space Station, Unity. Underline all with modal .
Living in Outer Space pace Station Unity will be comp leted within the next decade and international teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of ti me. What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here's what former astronauts suggest: :; ( I It doesn't taste as good in zero gravity. Food should be made spicier to overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered. , 0 r I · ·C Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top layer could be removed or added as temperatures vary. " ' Po ·c Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space. Comfortable restraints must be provided to give a sense of stability. E.
OT O . \L 'l'JEEDS
People need rest time in space just as they do on Earth.
Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy.
COMPLETE· Comet Magazine (CM) is interviewing aerospace engineer D. Ber'1ard Kay (BK). Complete the interview with the passive form of the verbs
in brackets. CM: Dr Kay, I'd like to ask how meals _ _~w7il:..:...,1~be:::,..:..::ha::..:n~d::::le~d=----__ in the Space Station. 1. (will
- - - - - - - - - - food ---~.,...-_ _ ___
handle)
2. (Be going to I prepare)
on board or
from tubes?
3.('1""")
BK: Neither. Gourmet meals --~:--7;;------:-----:-- on Earth and then they 4. (V'ill
prepackaqe)
- --;--;----____ on board. s. (,., .... In·,I'i')
CM: The Space Station will have an international crew. How _ _ _ __ ____-
to suit everyone's taste? food -_-;-~____:__;___:__--6. ( .i,' ,ui,1 . cho ) v
BK: An international men u _ _-:;-~~:--:--:-:----:-_ _ . Food _ _ ---:--:-----:--:----:--:-:---. 7.
(lldV!' III "
011 "f)
8.
«( ,~uld I select)
from food preference forms that the crew members complete. eM:
- - -- - - - - - - dishes --~...--;;:uiI,..--~--- on board? 9. (Will I II l') BK: Probably. But utensils ----.1... 0--: . (:i:'h'-:-:I(;-; 'I-)(,:7 h)- - to the plates so they won't fly tt -(>r-:'-a-tt -lc-:around! Meals 11. (ought to I milk(,) as pleasant as possible.
• 211 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - Some cientists hove lu t
o imulatlon of life n the with th m dol In bra Ie"t and the corr«t
complne t#Wlr the box
keep
remove
simulation
till Home probl m . I hope they 1(lfon' the rt'nl thing. For l'xnmpl " the temperature
_ _~-:;--~.~-.~~~~~~-~" at 68°F hut I was uncomfortably warm most of the time. JOHN: The matl'rinl for our dothing _ _ _ ,.........-,--_•• _ _ _ . Maybe clothing I I r,)
~.
___.-~---:-;C. ----. in layers. A layer _ _ _ _"..,.______~_~ ___ if 4 5. (l n)
it's too warm. do DAVID:
deliver
give
store
I didn't like the food very much. We _ _ _ _ _...,...----,-___ more fresh food. 6. (ought to)
STEPHEN:
DAVID:
Well, fresh fruits and vegetables _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by the shuttle regularly. 7. 1-"
,.,..1
I'
.
What _ _ _----::::--:--::-::-_ _ _ _ with the rubbish? Litter is already a problem. 8. (will)
STEPHEN: I'm sure it _________ on board and carried to Earth by the shuttle. 9. (W;iJ)
EDrr • Read an astronaut's diary notes. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive with moda/s. The first mistake has already been corrected. -
I Used the sleeping restraints last night and slept a lot better. They ought to make- more comfortable, tt)ougt'l. I felt trapped. I've jUst looked in the mIrror. My face IS puffy and my eyes are red. I'd better
be got on the exercise bike right CNJay. I can be mIsunderstandIng When I look like thIS. Last nIght, Max thought I Was angry with him for turnIng on 'Star irek'. Actually, I love that programme. I might be given eartV lunch shift today. I hope they have more chIlli. It's nice and spicy and the saUce can actuallV been tasted, even at 7./!.ro gravity. Some of it had better be fly In on the shuttle pretty soon or tt)ere . mIght be some unhappy astronautsl Speakrng of unhappy, last night, k'aty called and told me sne II/as planning to leave school. I think she coula be talk out of it but I'm afrala I'll get angry ana Shout tP 11/ A' . . e CAISClAss it. I might overheard by others. We nee a some pnvacy here!
T tive ---
Hi, Emily! ... Hmm ... Something's different. Have you had your hair cut?
•
One week later . .. Bye, Emily, see you next week.
I
/'
I
I CI4EC't POINT r:c ,·
the correct anSi 'er
The man wants to know if his girlfriend
o o
cut her own hair. went to a hairdresser's.
,
CHART CHECK Circle T (True) , F (Faise .
ST
or
T F The causative always has a form of the verb be. ,
T
I
F You can form
the causative with have or get. T F The causative always needs an agent.
272
I SUBJECT
HAVE/GET
OBJECT
PAST PARTICIPLE
She
has
her hair
cut
He
has had
his beard trimmed.
got
my car
---
,
I -
She -
Is going to get her lawn .
(BY + AGENT) by Colin.
repaired. cut.
YES/NO AUXILIARY VERB
SUBJECT
HAVE/GET
Does
she
Has
OBJECT
PAST PARTICIPLE
(BY + AGENT)
have
her hair
cut
by Colin?
he
had
his beard
trimmed?
Old
you
get
your cor
repaired?
Is
she
going to get her lawn
cut?
The Cau8atlva •
Z7B
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
this conversation with the correct form of the verb d o
A: Where do you have your hair ________.? B: I don't have it - - - - - - - - . I - ____ . _ _ _ it myself.
E
Gra
I
1. Use the cau
to talk about services that you arrange for someone to do for you.
• I used to colour my own hair but now I hav i 10 red at the hairdresser's.
• I get my qrocerles dellvere I by Derek. CAREFUL I Do not confuse the past simple
SIMPLE PAST CAUSATIVE
causative (had something done) with the past perfect in active sentences (had done something).
•
.
4)
last week.
(Someone did it for me.) PAST PERFECT
• I had rl ne Tt before. (I did it myself.)
2. Form the causatl of have or get + 0
with the appropriate form
• •
•
The causative can be used in all tenses and with modals.
• I always have my hair
by Colin.
• I haven't had it do e since June . • Last year I got my jacket c ea
. once.
• Next week I m going to have my " 'S
cleaned.
• I'm getting them do e by Spotless. • I had them cleane
a long time ago.
• You hould get the co,. S~rvl C
•
• You ought to have it do e soon.
3. Use by when it is necessary to mention the person doing the service (the agent). Do not mention the agent unnecessarily.
• Lynne has her hair done -
• Where does Lynne y " NOT
Check it out! For more information about when to use an agent, see Unit 61, page 265.
Colin. 7•
274 •
Unit 63 •••••••••••••••••••••••••
TRUE OR FALSE. ead each person 's statement. Write T (True) or F (False) for the s 1.
c.
JACK:
ollows.
I'm going to get my hair cut tomorrow after work. Jack cuts his own hair.
F
2
(
DEBRA: I'm colouring my hair this afternoon.
Debra colours her own hair. 3.
AMY: I didn't pack any nail polish because I had done my nails before the trip. A my did her own nails.
4.
JACK:
I'm thinking of getting the floor s polished before the p arty. Jack might hire someone to polish the floors.
S. MARIE: I had my flat painted two months ago.
Marie painted her own flat. 6.
ToNY: I'll wash the car this weekend.
Tony is going to wash the car himself.
FIND OUT & • /t's 15 February. Look at the Davies's calendar and write sentences about things they had done and things they are going to have done. FEBRUARY SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
1
2
3
at
9
10
15 f\
nt
+ 4
11
-
5
7
12
13 Amy14 carpets ~ 20 I 21
r
windows 16
17
23
24
1. They / have / photos / take
18
ears
SATURDAY
FRIDAY
THURSDAY
19 26
27
family photos
They are going to have phot05 taken.
•
2. Debra / get / her hair / perm _-=-D-=-e:...: pra :..=....:g~o:.:t:....h:...::e:.:r....:h~a::i:...r.r:p~ er~m~e~d~._ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- 3.
Amy / have / the dog / groom _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -
4.
They / get / the windows / clean _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - -
S.
They / have / the carpets / shampoo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -
6. Amy / have / her ears / pierce _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - . 7.
Jack / get / his hair / cut _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _- -- -.
8. They / have / food and drinks / deliver _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- - -
.
• Debra and laclt Q~ going to hQv~ Q party. Camp/~. 1M with the pass/v. CQusat/~ of th~ QPproprlQt~ v~rb In th. bo~
Your new dress is a bit long. Why don't you ~e:...et_ It.. ..:.__h.:..; orte ~.,:,;,!:.::. 1 ed =-_ _ _ _ ._1 OK. They do alterations at the c1eanerH. I'll take it in tomorrow. My blue
has a small stuin on it. I huve to
~~-------~-~-----
.
I can drop it ofT at the cleaners with my dress. J.
JACK:
DEBRA: 4. DEBRA:
The house is ready, except for the windows. They look pretty dirty. Don't worry. We
tomorrow.
Your hair is getting really long. I thought you were going to cut it .
.AMY: I decided not to do it myself this time. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ by Colin. 5. DEBRA: JACK:
My hair's getting a lot of grey in it. Should I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? It looks fine to me but it's up to you.
6. GUEST: The house looks beautiful. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you
-----------------------? JACK:
No, actually we did it ourselves last summer.
• Read Amy's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the passive causative. The first mistake has already been corrected.
21 February The party was last night. It went really well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors
Whole house painted ourselves last summer. (I'll never forget that. It took us two weeks!) I wore my new black. dress that I have shortened by Jill and I got cut my hair by Colin. He did a great job. There Were a lot of guests at the party. We had almost fifty people invited and they almost all turned up! The food Was great too. Mum made most of the main dishes herself but she had the rest of the fOOd prepare by a caterer. Mum and Dad hired a professional photographer so at the end of the party We all took our photos. Dad's getting them back next week. I can't wait to see them!
ONE if Ie the lettn of th
orrect answer to complete each sentence.
-
-
-
---
-
ExAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ __ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks
1
(C) (D)
is drinking was drinking
This book _ _ __ written in 2002. (A) is (C) was (B) has (D) were
ABC 0
Coffee is _ _ _ _ in Colombia. (A) grow (C) been growing (B) grew (D) grown
ABC 0
Millions of people _ _ _ _ the film. (A) saw (C) will be seen (B) were seen (D) must be seen
ABC 0
The meeting won't _ _ _ _ . (A) cancel (B) be cancelled
ABC D
been cancelled (D) cancelled (C)
. Sally doesn't cut her own hair. She at the hairdresser's. (A) cuts it (C) has it cut (B) has cut it (D) gets it 6.
That book was written _ _ _ _ Maya Angelou. (A) at (C) from (B) by (D) of
ABC D
7.
The report _ _ _ _ soon. (A) publishes (B) is published
ABC D
8.
will be published (D) will publish (C)
When will the work be completed? -It be by June, but I'm not really sure. (A) has (C) will (B) might (D) won't
9. How often _ __ _ your car serviced since you bought it?
do you get (B) did you get
(A)
ABC D
ABC D
had you got (D) have you got (C)
10. I need to get my photo _ _ _ _ for my website. (A) take (C) taking (B) taken (D) took
276
ABC D
ABC D
Sewretat XII • 211 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Each sentence has four underlined words or pflrases. Tile four underlined parts oftht sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underll d or phrase that ;s NOT CORRECT.
ne
to school but
A
C D
ABC D Jake uses. D
12. The reports were arrived late so I had them sent to you this morning.
ABC D
n.
ABC D
ABC
0
Some mistakes were made in the brochure but they might corrected A B c
before you get back. D
14. You'll see a copy before they're' A
ABC D
by the printer. 15
B
yesterday.
15. A funny thing was happened when your office was
ABC D
A B C
16. Will your stay be extended or will you be returned next week?
A
C D
D
ABC
17. I used to do my own taxes but now I have done them .Qy an accountant. A B C
ABC D
D
18. Before a final decision is reached, the various possibilities should A B
A
C D
probably discussed .Qy the whole team. C
19.
D
ABC D
The house painted more than three years ago but I'm not A
have it done again for a while. C
20.
0
We didn't know about the problem so it shouldn't A
S
in time.
C
21. A lot of crops can't be grew in the mountains because
~ g~ts too cold.
A
C D
ABC D ABC D
this area.
A-
D~es the lightbulb have to replaced or is it still wor~ng?
ABC D
24 H . . t? . , ave you had your teeth clean yet Qy the new hYgIems .
ABC D
23.
A
2S.
B
(..
The last payment shouldn't make until all the work has q~en ,,
completed and carefully checked. (
I.
ABC D
ition
ero
,.------- - --
--
Sorry, Sir.
If you don't fit, you can't board.
I I
1&..;;C===--..' POINT Circle T (True) or F (Fa/se).
T
F
The man may not be able to board the plane.
CHART CHECK Circle T (True) or F (False).
T
T
T
F
F
The verbs in both clauses are in the present. The if clause always comes first.
F There is always a comma between the two clauses.
STATEMENTS IF
CLAUSE
STATEMENTS
RESULT CLAUSE
CLAUSE
,
it snows,
the airport closes.
If
it 's foggy, --
.
~
--
planes can't leave.
RESULT CLAUSE
-.
-
--
Docs the airport close -- - - - - - Can planes leave
'--- - - - ..
-~
S IF
CLAUSE ----
If
AFFIRMATIVE - - ----
it snows? - -- - it 's foggy?
- - - -I- ____ -'--
---
--'
WH- QUESTIONS ,---
-
, it 's foggy.
Planes can 't leave
----
Why does air get lighter
IF
CLAUSE
If it expands?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _.....J
it does.
NEGATIVE
-No,
Yes, they can.
I ,
-
YES/NO - --
it snowS.
The airport closes If
RESULT CLAUSE
278
IF
RESULT CLAUSE
it doesn 't. they can't.
,
• 219 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Zero
the If clauses with the result clauses.
1. If you hate aeroplane food, •
•
ft.
2. You might not be able to board
b. you can order a special meal.
3. If people travel a long distance,
Grammar Explanation 1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general truths and scientific facts. The if clause talks about the condition and the result clause talks about what happens if the condition occurs.
they often get jet lag.
c. if you don't check in at the gate .
mple Ifcl"U','
f.
,.J!I
.1,"1,_
• If it" noon in Lima, it" ~ 6:00 p.m. in Rome. II (1
r'
.ull claU>,"
• If air expan Is, it becomes lighter.
Note: If means when in these contexts.
Use the present simple in both clauses.
2. You can also use zero co 'ti ,s to talk about habits and recurring events (things that happen again and again).
if clause
result clause
• If Bill flies, he orders a special meal. re~u . ·
if clause
Use the present simple or present continuous in the if clause. Use the present simple in the result clause.
3, You can also use
oda
in the result clause.
c,aL.se
• If I'm travelling a long way, I always
~ .
• If you practise your Chinese every day, you can improve quickly. • You might learn more if you listen to Chinese CDs.
4. Use the im era' in the result clause to give instructions, commands and invitations that depend on a certain condition.
• If you want the seat to recline, • If the seat belt light is on,
0
the button. I
v.e your seat.
• If you come to Tokyo, s ) with us.
S. You can begin condi senten with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. Use a comma between the two clauses only When the if clause comes first.
• If the light goes on fasten your seat belt. OR
• Fasten your seat belt
light go son.
280 •
Unit 64
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY· Read this article. In each zero conditional sentence, underline the result S ,e. Underline the clause that expresses the condition twice.
f .Yo!:!. run into problems on your journey, remember your ri~hts as a passen~. Often the airline
-
company is required to compensate you for delays or damages. For example, the airline provides meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed . However, the airline owes you a lot more if it caused the delay by overbooking. This can occur especially during holidays if airlines sell more tickets than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is overbooked . Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers who volunteer to take a later flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight. If the delay is more than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.
SUMMARISE • Read these conversations about Hong Kong. Summarise the advice with zero conditional sentences. 1. A: I hate hot weather.
B: The best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December. If you hate hot weather, the best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December. 2.
A: I'm travelling with my children. B: Take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon.
3. A: We need a moderately priced hotel.
B: I suggest the Harbour View International House.
4.
A: We like seafood. B: There are wonderful seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.
5. A: I'm fascinated by Chinese opera.
B: You might like the street opera in the Shanghai Street Night Market. •
6.
A: I'd like to get a good view of Hong Kong. B: You should take the funicular to the Peak. -
. "" . ,
Zero
••••••••••••••••••••••
• .......... ,. ,•..•,
this Interview between Careers Magazine (CM) and fII ht Mary Soames (MS). Combine the sentences In brackets to m k 9 sentence. Use the same order. Make necessa h I a ~ a zero ry c anges n capItalisation and punctuation.
How long are you usually away? )IS:
,
If I eo to the 6ahamae, !,h!iVB a .two-day etopov~r:-~ _ 1 (I I
I< IIIf b II 1'11.1
I h1
l ;.;:.1-1..... -·-,·~ ,f-l ·-'-1- '1--" - ' ,- - ... ~ - - - - - - - . - .- - - -
What do you do for two daYH'?
- -----"-_.- _ . 2. - f (I
--_.
-
nd 1)1
~
_ ..
1
--
't"n'
ill III
pool I \1,1)'
",r'
-~-:'-:.~~-:--:----
3. (I t,
v WIth
Iri n I. 1 \I)lllcl tIlTl"~ Wllil II rn)
-'---'-'-- ---_._------.~-
} --
-_.
Sounds nice. •
•
=
4. (It'~ ".)1
•
1110'
1 'let
.1
'I), "
'JI.,' flight)
"'
"
That's when you fly somewhere at midnight, spend four hours, and then fly back. Sounds like a tough job. Is it worth it? MS:
5. (II S
'lr
rt warding. You don't
l~ll1'd
I ,I'd
'Nor" .J
CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you're away? 6.
\"L-U
have three flatmates. You don't have trouble finding dogwalkers )
CM: What's the best thing about this job? MS: Freetrips. ________________~~~~----~-~~---------------7. (A flight has an empty seat 1 travel free!)
EDIT. Read Mary's diary entry. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of zero
conditionals. The first mistake has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation! dor t-
Whtlt ,J !Jre~t weekend! t(Lou awl Tot'!1 arcl1't the best hosts in the world, I Wil ;;'t know who is. I've inviled tl,em to London but {.!:Iou live IiI the Bahamas, .!:lOti nm:(y want
fflli.(n(gllt, I am doin,9
t'l
rOHnd trip
to leave. Tomorrow tlt
FOnt London to Sill!lapore. There's alum.!Js
(J
price to pa,!!- t(1,qd ,1 ft"~'
weekend, I alwa!fs !Jet a 'Dracula' !1i!Jht afterwards. oft, It'd/. III won't fillla!Jeep, I Cf1f1
Usua /&, {I'll be workil'!}, om: 0l'rlll:m
I~" oil t(Fri.sk!f I:" illollt' for I1lo/~q fil1lf, l'l·/lIl1'kt".i"
the TV is on. Or ma.!J"C I~I iJdfl-'l' ctlll nil tlJIlI iI,.J. . IfL'I,d'l"d 1,(1' tillf,'I,d,!.·, I/il 1I'rI.' Sinaanor, 't' . J r C, I S 11:00 a.m.
;11
LOlldoll.
1f"'J1tl/~f,'ld <1 !../. rlllli
ti:()() /,,111. /".",
iI/
ondition
First
-
-
--
--
p
POINT
lCHECKI
Circle T (True) or F n:"/~e)
T
F Baker is definitely going to raise taxes.
T
F Small businesses are definitely going to leave .
•
If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.
CHART CHECK
I . . ·c
,"Ie co .·ect
Use the present simple in
o ,0
CLAUSE: PRESENT
RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
he 'll raise taxes. he 's going to fight crime.
If Baker wins,
IF
CLAUSE: PRESENT
RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
If he doesn't lower taxes, businesses won' survive. L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _
when the if clause comes first.
when the result , clause comes first. II-___________ _
YES/NO
IF
RESULT CLAUSE: FUTURE
-
.
--
he lower taxes Is he going to fight crime .---- - - -
-----
CLAUSE: PRESENT
-. -- ---------
if he wins the election?
...!---
ANSWERS
-
AFFIRMATIVE ._-
Yes, he
---
._--
will. 15.
NEGATIVE
-
No, he
won't. isn't.
_ _ _....L _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ __
282
,
NEGATIVE ST
the result clause.
Use a com ma between . the two clauses
o
IF
the ' clause.
,,
o
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
j
~.
"CLAUSE:
Whlt
he do II he going to do
H he wins
Unstramble these words to form a
nt nC£'. Add
7
(1
comma If necessary.
fight. she • erim • she'll • If· wins --
.. ----------~--------~------.-.--------------------~-~----
-
I n
r
•
Ions
Use the present simple in the if clause. Use the future with will or be going to in the
•
Examples
1. Use flnt conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions in the • future. The if clause states the condition. The result clause states the result.
o
resu lt
Ii ,I I I,,'
cldUS~
• If Baker wins , he'll raise taxes. (It's a real possibility that Baker will win.)
If Dent wins, she'll improve housing. • If Dent wins, she 's going to Improve housing .
result clause. You can also use a modal in the result clause.
~ BE
-
, Even though the if clause refers to
the future, use the present simple.
2. You can begin condition
e
with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same.
• •
If you want to vote, you must register. If you don't vote, you might regret it.
• If she ins, she'll fight crime. NOT If she will win ...
• If you vote for
~nt, you won't regret it. OR
• You won't regret it · y ' u vote for Dent.
Use a comma between the two clauses only When the if clause comes first
1. " and
I Un ess can both be used in conditional sentences but their meanings are very different.
• ; ' you vote, you'll have a say in the future
Use unless to state a negative condition.
•
of our country. I'
.
you vote, you won't have a say in the
future of our country. OR
UII'eu often has the same meaning
as " ... 1I0t.
•
It
you do
I'
vote, you won't have
future of our country.
c1
say in the
284 •
Unit •• ••• • • • • •• • • •• •• • •• ••
• Each condition will have a rew lt. M utch the condition with the apPIopriate re ult.
Result
Condition
f
won't stay out of trouble.
1. If Dent wins, she
•
If she Jowers taxes, business people
•
If the education system improves, we
•
won't have a say in the government.
b
2
c will have an educated
Unless young people have hope for the future, they
work force. d . won't be able to vote.
. If crime decreases, t h is e . will move their companies
Unless you register, you 7
ba ck to the city.
If you don't vote, you
f. will lower taxes.
g. will be a s afer place to live.
COMPLETE. Read this interview between Politics Today (PT) and MP Daniel Baker ' DB) Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and if or unless. PT: What's the first thing you _ _ _.'1-:'d"o.::....-___ __---=---;:,_if---:o~-- you 2. (i f
1. (do)
_ _ _-==---;,........,._ _ _
Jnless)
elected?
3. (gel.)
DB: Well, it's been a long, hard campaign.
-
-
I _ _ _-=---:,-;-~-- ,
--=--;;-:-"""7"7"-;--...,.---
4. (It
S. (win)
Unless
I ------::~-:--7--- a short break before I begin my new job. 6. (take)
PT: Sounds good. Where? DB: Sorry, but I'd rather not say. _ _-=;;-;~;-;--;----;-_ _ I _ _----,;;--;_ _ _ _ elected, 7. (If I Unless)
8 .. bt.
I _ _ _~;:--:,..__-- to keep my personal life private. Even politicians need 9. (try)
•
pnvacy. PT: I can understand that. Now, every election has a winner and a loser. What _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _---:;;-;;-=; - -_ 10. (do)
__
----::-::-~,----;--;,..__11. (,f / unle )
you _ _~~~~-- ? 12. (lose)
DB: ----:;;~"""":-;-;---- I 13. (If I iJr,lu,)
- --:;-7""7i-=::;; - - - -
14. (lost»
this election, I __--:;-;;:-;-:-:-:-:-~ ____ 15. (continue)
to be
active in politics. _---;~~;-:-:-~-:---- all parties _ _:;-:;--;--_--:-,-__ , this country 16. (If / Unle~~)
- - - ;1;';; 8;.T ( n-ot:-:b-,,-:) --
17. (cooperate)
as great as it can be. Finally, --1ft~-:-:-:O::-:~-- the people 19. (rf
I
unless)
---:~~:-:;--:-:--me to office this time, I ---~iIi::-::7'"--back next time 20. (not pleet) 21. (be) to try again! •
Chatsworth Is trying to decide whe .
.
take out a student loan
s con Itlonal sentences.
be in debt for years not have on
go to
school?
earn more money
to pay back my loan quickly
go into politics
be able to improve life for others
be able to
get elected as an MP
pay for my' sister to go to univers' sit in the House of Commons
If I go to law school, I'll take out a student loan. If I take out a student loan, I'll be in debt for years.
4. _____________________________________________
s. _____________________________________________
10.
---------------------------------e Irst mIstake . has already been corrected. Don't forget to check punctuation!
blAsy (;ampalgnlng, · . I won't have mu(;h time to stut!y. That's a problem, because I'm not going to get a goOd job if I get goot! marks thiS year. On the other hana, there's so mu(;h to ao In thiS unlvet'srty . ana nothiog
IS
gett·log done If John Healy bewmes preslaent again . A lot of people know that. But WI II I
Know What to do if I'll get the Job? Never mln{;\ I'll t!eal With that problem, If I Win .
- ..-.
itionals
con
I ADMIT I SA.ID, 'UNLESS~ ..
DID 'lOU SAY, 'IF' OR 'UNLESS' ?
POINT
I
Circle T (True) or F (False).
T
F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
CHART CHECK Circle T ( True, or F (Fa lse ..
T
F Use the present simple in the 'f clause.
T
F Use were for all subjects.
T
F Use a comma between the two clauses when the result clause comes first.
IF
If
CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST
RESULT CLAUSE:
WOULD
he loved her,
he would get married.
he were in love,
he'd get married.
*Note that were is used for all subjects with be.
NEGATIVE STA IF
If
CLAUSE: SIMPLE PAST
CLAUSE:
WOULD
+ BASE FORM OF VERB I
he didn't love her,
he would not get married.
he weren't in love,
he wouldn't get married.
SH
YES/NO QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE
IF
CLAUSE
AFFIRMAnVE
.---
Would I gc married
-------
--
--
-
If
~--
I loved her? I wer in love?
-------
-
-
WH- QUESTIONS RESULT CLAUSE
-
What would you do ,
286
+ BASE FORM OF VERB
-
IF
If
CLAUSE you loved her? you were in love?
,
I ANSWERS NEGAnVE
------------Yes, I would . No, I wouldn 't ,
a
x u r ull I IJ • If I loved him, I would m a rry him. (But I don't love him so I won't marry him.) ,I
Of'
In the present.
, ullcl u • If I had more time, I would travel. ,f I~u
unreal condition. the unreal result of
(But I haven't got lime,
clcluse • If they had money, they wouldn' t live there. r('~ult
/f clau\('
in the if clause.
so I don't travel.)
bIIIe form of the verb in the
'lbe If clause uses the past simple form but the meaning Is not past.
fa. Don't use would in the if clause in present unreal conditional sentences. Use were for all subjects when the verb in the if clause is a form of be.
• If I had more money now, I would go on a trip round the world. • If she knew the answer, she would tell you. NOT If she would Itnow the answer ... • If I were rich, I would travel round the world. NOT
...
UsACil Non: You will sometimes hear
native speakers use was in the if clause. However, many people think that this is not correct.
You tan also use a modal in the result clause.
• If I had time, I could read more.
'IQU tan begin conditional sentences with
• If I had more money, I would move.
ifdalJse or the result clause. The meaning is
OR
• I would move if I had more money. a COtnana between the two ciauses only the if dause comes first .
.beginning with If I were you, ... to give advice.
• If I were you, I'd read Peanuts. Il's really funny. -~~~----------------
•• • • ••
288 •
Un t • •••••••••••
. r i P ts characters. Write TRUE OR FALSE. Read each qllotatlotJ ,rom t lese eanu
r (True)
the statement that follows. SNOOPY: If I
Snoopy is a human being.
F 2
Lucy
were a human being, I wouldn't even own a dog!
to SNOOPY: You wouldn't be so happy if you knew what was going to happen. Snoopy is h appy.
3
Lucy
to L INUS: If I were you, I'd sleep un dern eath that tree. Lucy is giving Linu s advice.
S NOOPY
to W OODSTOCK: What would you do if you had forty dollars?
Woodstock has forty dollars. S NOOPY:
If I ate one more snowflake, I'd turn into a blizzard.
Sn oopy plans to eat another snowflake. 6 . L ucy: If we were married, Schroeder, I'd come in every morning and dust your piano.
Lucy dusts Schroeder's piano every morning.
COMPLETE • qead part of an article about the comic strip Peanuts. Complete it with the colec. form of the verbs in brackets.
What makes
••••••••••••••••
Peanuts
so popular? Of course, if it _ _--::;-:.w.:::e.:..:re:..:.n.:....'t=--_ _ 1 . .~ ,
funny, people _ _--;;;~---:-;:;----- it so mUCh. But 2. (not
li~e
Peanuts
provides
more than just laughs. It addresses such universal themes as love, jealousy, loneliness and hope. If the characters _ _----,.--:----,,......,-_ __ so real, we _-:--_-;-:-_ _ _ __ with them . . 'nol bl )
Jul1r .
Take Lucy, for example. In love with the piano-Playing Schroeder, Lucy complains. 'If we ---~S. ,.,... . '- .- - - married, and you ----:---;-,_ _ _ _ golf, I _ _ _=--,.,----,-_ __ 7.111.1'
),1,1)'
your golf clubs! If you ---;:--;-;--____ a sports car, I _ _ _-;;---:----;-___ your sports 8. (,jr, ")
9
",t·)
car ! If you ---,-;;-__- - - a bowler, I _ _---;--;--__- - - your bowling ball: without 10.
'I,.'
11.
,,,1
I
looking up from his piano or missing a beat. Schroeder asks, 'So?' 'I hate your piano!' shouts LUcy as she kicks it out from under him. Recognisable behaviour? In with our weaknesses and hopes. But we don't have to analyse If it ----.-:;~~--- for comic strips like 12.1',,)1 LJf) a little less fun.
Peanuts,
Peanuts Peanuts
we see ourselves along to enjoy it.
our lives __~;-:;--:-:-:-;-;-~_ 13. (might
be)
Second Condltlona'. •
...............••. , •.•••.••••.••• •.••••••• • R«.td about these Peanuts characters. What would happen If their situations Wfff Combine the two sentences Into one, using second conditional sentences.
,. Schroeder ignores Lucy. She gets angry with him. If 6c;hrosdsr didn't I nore Lucy, she wEuldn't !ie~ an!3!)' wlt,~ ~Im .
.. _--
-- - -- •
7
2. Schroeder loves Beethoven. He plays. his sonatas nil the time .
_ ---_.--.
.
~--~
J. Charlie Brown
- ~ ~-"~
-
.
dopsn't 11:.\\,(' enough fi·icnds. He fl.\cls lonely.
--_. _ .. _.---------- _._----------------- ----------.
4.
_.
La
Sally doesn't know her teacher's name. She can't send her a card.
5. Linus is clever. He finds intelligent solutions to life's problems.
6. Woodstock
and Snoopy have a close relationship. Woodstock confides in Snoopy.
7.
Rerun's parents refuse to let him have a dog. He tries to borrow Charlie's dog.
8.
Pigpen doesn't have enough baths. He's filthy.
EDIT. Read this boy's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the second conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected.
U '
,
,I've got to stop staying £.lp..Jate...ceading_'P.eanllts1lf~ wececLt always-saJired.-l will be able to stay awake in class. When.ever the ieacher asks me. sornetbing,ldan't know. what to say• . Then I get really embarrassed beca.u se of that nice r~d-baired girl thaU like. I wO£.lld talk to her if I WOUldn't be so shy. My friend. Jason, says, 'If I was you, 1'd ask her to a party.' but
I'm too afraid that if I asked her, she would have said no. After school, I played football. NobOdy wanted me in their team. If I play better, I would get chosen sometimes. Life is hardl I
-con really L1nderstand that Charlie Brown character In 'Peanut::>' In fact, If I Jidn't laugh so
. ---,-
----~....:...:..==-~
=_
•
ition
I
Section S/ E
4A
TERTAJNMENT
•
•
or
•
lewlng
01
It's a onderful Life Rating: **** out of **** would have happened if you had never been born? George Bailey's guardian angel, Clarence, shows George that life in Bedford Falls would have been very different if George hadn't been there. In the process, Clarence teaches us all how our lives touch those of others. Highly reconunended for the whole family. George (seated) with his guardian angel
ICIIt.:C
POINT
Circle T (True) or F (Fa/se).
T
F
George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.
CHART CHECK TIck the correct
IF
•
CLAUSE: PAST PERFECT
I
amwen. Use the past perfect in . •
•
D D
D
I Cld (no) h '
•
I
the if clause comes first.
-
".
-"
~
I
-
oul
IF
Wouh you
,{ you h d h
dve left
-
-
CLAUSE
" . "-
money?
•
SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE
----
NEGATIVE •
, I would (have) .
PAST PARTICIPLE .
"-
away.
o ) have mov •
RESULT CLAUSE
y
290
money.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
the result clause comes first.
----~----
+ ."
the result clause.
I Use a comma between the two clauses when
D
-
,
the if clause.
RESULT CLAUSE: WOULD (Nor) HAVE
No, I wouldn't (have) .
- - - - _-1
-
-~
I
Third Condltlonels •
291
•• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IF
CLAUSE
What would you have done
CLAUSE
If you had
would have =would've would not have = wouldn't have
money?
EXPRESS (omplete thi sentence with the cortect (orm of the verb study. Add a comma if necessary
I.
. ..
-- if I had known about the lORi today.
r Explan tions
G
Examples IT' .I,u "
1. Use third condition sentences to talk about past conditions and results that never happened.
The if clause presents the unreal condition. The result clause presents the imagined result of that condition.
,. su't
• I George
die young, he wouldn't have
had children. (But he didn't die young and he did have children.)
• If George
't bee
lives would have
bo
, many people's
worse.
(But George was born so their lives were better.)
if clause
2. Use the past perfe Use w u I Q ' the result clause.
3. You can also use
in the if clause. •
. In
oda' in the result clause.
claU~E
.esult clause
• If the film had won an Oscar, it would have
become famous immediately.
• If George had gone to university, he mIght have become an architect. • If George had become an architect, he 'ould have deSigned bridges .
•
4. You can begh with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. Use a co . between the two clauses only When the if clause comes first.
S. Third
d
con Itlon 15 are often used to express regret about What happened in the past.
• I h
l .. d
on. m on dollar have travelled to China.
he would
OR
• He would have travelled to China on mill on doll r .
he had
• If I had kno· Mary was back, I Id .. Iwr to tilt' party. (I regret Ihal I dido 't //1vilt' ht'l)
~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••
292 .
Unl
TRUE OR FALSE. ead each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (false) for the follows. 1.
If I had had time, I would have watched It's a Wonderful Life.
r 2. I
I didn't have time to watch It's a Wonderful Life.
would have recorded the film if my DVD hadn't broken. I recorded the film.
If Clarence hadn't been there, George might have killed himself
Clarence was there. George wouldn't have met Mary if he hadn't gone to his brother's party. George didn't go to the party. George would have been happier if he had become an architect. George became an architect. 6.
The film wouldn't have been so good if James Stewart hadn't played the part of George Bailey. Ja mes Stewart played the part of George Bailey.
• George is thinking about the past. Complete his thoughts with the correct form of the words in brackets.
I didn't go into business with my friend Pete. If I _ _ _ _ha_d---=9'---o_n_e_ _ _ into · b usmess
WI'th
h'1m, I ____ would ;;--_---:-____ have become a success.
9
(become)
2. I couldn't go into the army because I was deaf in one ear. I ____--:----,-____ (go)
into the army if I ___--:-;---:-:---~---- my hearing in that ear. (not lOSE:)
3. Mary and I weren't able to go on honeymoon. We ___---;--:--;-----:-____ away if (c.ln I go)
my father _ _ _ _ _ _---,-___ ill. (II('!
4.
i,1 (l)fT1')
Clarence showed me how the world would look without me. I _ _ _--;---:-:-_--;-_ _that I was so important if Clarence ____-;:::::-:;:=-=-~--- me.
(not know)
(not show)
5.
MyoId boss once made a terrible mistake. If I _ _ _---;----:--:--:---:--_ _ _ him, he ------;-----_ _ to prison.
(not help)
((oW I '10)
6.
Mary ---;::::-:--;---:-;-~--a happy life if she ___ ----: _ _ ----:-_ _ _ me. (mdY I ,,(,t I(dd) (not marry)
L 7. ife here
really different if I _ _ _---:---:-:::--:-____ . (h )
(not live)
Third Conditionals
293
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Read each true sltua~;on. Then write a third conditional sentence to ex ress how things could have been different. P 1. Clarence wasn't a first-class angel so he didn't have much self-confidence. If Clarence had "een a first-class angel, he would have had more self-confidence.
2. George was unhappy about his business. He shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve .
."
• •
•
3. poor people could buy houses because George's business lent them money.
4. Mr potter wasn't able to trick George so George didn't sell Potter the business.
s. George's Uncle Billy lost $8,000. George got into trouble with the law. 6.
George's friends didn't know about his troubles. They didn't help him straightaway. •
7.
George's friends collected money for him so he didn't go to prison.
EDIT • Read Clarence's diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the third conditional. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to check punctuation!
Dear DW-Il, /.
Itf
oft
hadn't
1- - I n -
L
S WOYIV
novv
1- ......
out som,etiAM..M. L (jeIJYje. f"t;QI$l{n;
by' e. o~ dtrutuw.£ £~ [ . AfUi' he-
job like,)'
tlwUjkt 0 ~
,
0
'Itt never
',t..
a..I1/ '
rttUt:t
't beeI'V so stubboy~, [ would never
s/w '
ifv B
yd FaiU
ut fUm.,. On.e- 0 flu mddut
wIw bU!i¥c.e.,s to My Potterj tlterv Potter would
Y%edh.e.r:
IUs fr'
hadPvwo
yented yU/tV' MU/1'& "/.t;{ts to flit t{(O,(f people.
utI' /?;. J~ W, he. will /IIWe1()1(f t(Jpri.llllC /U!PP{·~/. t'
: Present and Past
Tinx Fair)' Ta les
The . ,
t
TIff I \-.~n W H
" II
•
-
IS es
'zree
'
- -
~--------
--------~
ne day, a poor woodcutter was given three wishes by a tree elf. When his
J
hungry wife heard the news, she
- '--
said, 'I wish I had some sausages.' At once five sausages appeared on a plate.
eft
.-- .....
--
The woodcutter was furious about wasting a wish. 'I wish those sausages were hanging from your nose,' he shouted. At once the sausages hung from her nose. The two struggled to get them loose but they could not. 'I wish I hadn't made that wish; the woodcutter sighed. At once the sausages were on the plate again. The couple happily ate the sausages and wished for nothing more. ~Z~
ICHEC
i
POINT
Tick the correct answer.
The woman wanted sausages
o o
that day. the day before.
CHART CHECK 1 Tick the correct
WIS MAIN CLAUSE
ABOUT WISH CLAUSE
answer.
In wishes about the present, what tense follows wish?
o o
294
the present simple the past simple
She wishes
had
some food now.
were*
rich.
she
*Note that were is used for all subjects with be.
WIsh: Present and Past _
29•
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• ••••
PAn' (OI1'«t .
MAIN CLAUSE
WISH CLAUSE - ...
In wishes about the ~st, what tense follows wish? CJ the past simple CJ the past perfect
He wishes
he
-.~.-.
•
had had
some food last night.
h d been
rich as a child.
EXPRESS complete tIJc5e cntencc with the correct forms of the verb know .
• I wish I .
a good story to tell my next class .
• I wish I
more stories as a child.
Examples
mar Explanations 1. Use wish followed by a verb in the . ,. .. to talk about things that you want to be true now but that are not true. USA'E Non: After wish, you can use
•
.' .!re
• He wishes he hod a yacht. (He doesn't have a yacht but he wants one.) • Sometimes I wish I we e a child again.
instead of was.
OR
• Sometimes I
2. Use
is followed by the . to express regrets about events in the past. 7.
.
,
3. Use woul after ,_
to express a desire for sor:neone or something to act in a different way. thiS often communicates a complaint or a regret.
___ DO not use will after wish.
4. Use
I
(ou d or auld ha ' . after wish to
express ability.
HOS
a child again.
• They wish they od mo fe .' to the country. (They didn't move to the country and now they think that was a mistake.)
you '0 II C 0 breakfast. You've go more time than I have.
• I
I
•
she miss her.
.1
•
aula
t
more often. 1 really
NOT
• He
Ish· he Juld car more money.
, he • He wh en he was younger. I
Do not Use can after wish.
sh I
NOI
C
OU"
a better job
• •• ••
296 •
Unit 68 • • • •• •• •• • • ••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read eaell numbered wntl'lIcc. Write T (True) or f (Fohe) far the fallow5.
I
1. I wish I were a princess.
I'm not a princess.
T
2. I hated living in a big house as a child.
I wish I had lived in a small house. 3
He wishes he could find a better job. He likes his job. They couldn't do computer classes at school so they are doing them now. They wish they could do computer classes. Jim's wife plays computer games a lot. He wants her to stop. He wishes she wouldn't play computer games. He wishes he had a lot of money. He hasn't got a lot of money.
(or 11
• Read this article from a psychology magazine. Complete it with the correct of the verbs in brackets.
PSYCHOLOGY FOR
You
-
.
-
-
he old saying goes, 'If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride.' 'I wish it _ _--:-w.....,e,,-re_ _ _ that easy,' says therapist Joel Grimes. 'But we can't just wish , (! , )
problems
----c:} -, ,- :--, - ,- ,,- ,-,
~'I-Y)-:---' We have to find our own solutions.' According to him,
complainers are really saying, 'I wish I ___,______ a magical solution. I wish I _..,---,;---:--_,---,:-:---:-:-_ with this myself.' One client, for example, kept complaining, 4,
r ,, "
h
to I
rj(>ll)
'I wish I _________ people but my flat is too small.' Grimes urged her to solve s.
(1,111
,,,!f
":111)
the problem. This year, she gave an open-house party, with people coming at different times. She still wishes she
I,.II,HI
HI"ltt)
her whole family last year but she learnt she
could solve her own problems. 'At first clients get angry with me for not handing them solutions,' says Grimes. 'But when they experience their own power, they wish they -----:~:___':---7. (know)
about it sooner.'
In
to
children.
tor a month.
unfit.
too old to go back to chool. •
lean't
a
•
I
E
•
smoking. ,
,
doesn't phone me.
7
parents didn't, understand me.
I.
Th • Read this diary entry. Find and correct five mistakes in tile use of wish. e first mistake has already been corrected.
1bQa
'I,
1
' . were . . . salCi t.o Dr anWles, 'I wish t.here W8S a wa'1 t.o spe~a more time With m'1 b0'1fne~a
easy thiM9 t.o ca"'.... t. I Wish . 7 vlA 0>
Solv~ J>robl
I
l(~aersta~a
. Its
. mea~I~9.
Ma'1De 'It
mea~s
· ..... th at wls"I~9
. . . eWlS. Well, t.hat's wh'1 I wel1t t.o see rum!!! I WiSh he WILL tell me what to
wo~ 't
ao
•
'l.9ht the" a"d t.here blAt. he reflAsea. Speaki 119 of wiShftll thil1ki~9, I wiSh Mark a~d I c.DlAld
~~th e weeke~a together ~eltt week.
M'1 eltamS are over Dut he "s got to fL'1 to Pans
for h'IS JOb . I:t . . . , . 111 . WIShes were horses, l'ci ride o~e to Paris. He'1! Mark IS aLwa'1 s sa'1 9, I WiSh ~OIAld c.o.... . . . p . " c.. . t ·.. e With me sometimes.' I suppose I c..al1 90 With him t.o ans. vr .. nmes mlAS t.hat. I c..a~ soLve m'1
011'111
probLems. Now I wiSh I havel1't Deel1 so rude to him.
ONE if I th letter a the (urrect amwer to complete each .sentence. -
-
-
-
-
ExAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks
--
-~-
~
~-
If you _ _ _ _ a headache, you should take an aspirin. (A) '11 have got (C) have got (B) had got (D) are having
ABC D
I wish we _ _ _ _ a bigger house. This one is too small. (A) have (C) would have (B) had (D) had had
ABC D
_ _ _ _ it rains very hard, the streets flood. (A) If (C) During (B) Always (D) Unless
ABC D
We'll be late unless we _ _ _ _ now. (A) leave (C) had left (B) don't leave (D) have left
ABC D
What would Tom do ifhe (A) would know (B) has known
ABC D
the truth? (C) knows (D) knew
If! _ _ _ _ you, I'd call and apologise. (A) am (C) were (B) would be (D) was
ABC D
If I
ABC D
8. If you
want to go skiing, _ _ _ _ to Les Arcs. (A) you go (C) go (B) you'll go (D) went
ABC D
Jennifer has trouble with maths. She wishes she _ _ __ more at school. (A) studies (C) had studied (B) has studied (D) studied
ABC D
7.
9.
298
(C) is drinking (D) was drinking
you were ill, I would have called sooner. (A) have known (C) would have known (B) had known (D) know
Seln st XIII
•••••••••••••••••
If we invited you, would you come? _ Of course I . (C) (A) do (D) (S) am Thomas will win the election if he (A) campaigns (C) (S) would campaign (D)
10. -
299
.....
ABC D would have would harder. will campaign campaigned
If you told us about the bad service, we would have eaten there. (C) haven't (A) didn't (D) hadn't (S) wouldn't have
ABC D
ABC D
TWO
SE.!:.,IION
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT. -
,
EXAMPLE:
ABC D
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks.
,
1i
If you had been here yesterday, you would have see Jean. A B C
D
14 I wish our family could of taken holidays when we were younger. ~
ABC D
B C D
ABC D
5 Unless we work harder, we will finish on time. A B C
16,
ABC D
D
If I will have to make a difficult decision. . I always discuss it with ~
ABC D
B C D
my friends. 1
If Lara is older, she would try to get a job in Edinburgh. C
P 1~
So
2
C
D
ABC D
We ate outside tomorrow unless it rains.
ABC D
I would take the job if I am you.
ABC D
~
J
l.
D
W e could had done more if we had had more time. D
ABC D
r
u
ABC D
What would you do if you will won the lottery? A
22. It's
~
h t
0,
fI
so you will feel better"J... if you drink more water. r
~. Iflh
A
ABC D
d' ave to fly, I would get very nervous, so J usually _rIve.
25. Lynn
. h . WIS ,es she had a bigger house and Qan
ABC D
btl~
. . a Cdr.
ABC D ABC D
•,
..
e tive "'u
I
uses wit
Bill, come and meet the woman who has changed my life. :::::::::_ _ _ _ __
!CHECK I POINT Circle T (True) or F (False)
T
F The man is talking about the woman holding a report.
RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE
CHART CHECK
-+
MAIN CLAUSE
Trck the correct
RELATIVE CLAUSE
answers.
SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN
VERB
Relative clauses describe:
who
lives
o o
in Rome.
nouns verbs
RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
Relative clauses can go:
:0 I
MAIN CLAUSE
before the main clause
SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOU N
l Oin the middle of the main clause
o
after the main clause
'--------
-
-
"1
who .
-
-
..
VERB . .
.
lives
"'t
In Rome
---,- - - - - - - '
EXPRESS Unscramble these words to form a sentence.
the man • works • who • in the cafeteria • That's
300
MAIN CLAUSE (CONT.)
RELATIVE CLAUSE
is a dancer.
I
i
Relative CI uses with S b
Rola.tlvo Pre; oun' •••••••• ••••••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • J• •J(\C,.t 0 0
""ar Explanations Gra rn •••
'-'
Example~
to identify or give
1. Use . additional information about nouns or indefinite pronouns such as , , and her(s). ,
• I know the woman (The relative clause identifies the wom;n we are talking about.)
•
Rome is a city
("
(The relative clause gives additional about the city.)
The relative clause directly follows the noun (or pronoun) it is identifying or describing.
• Someone
as a combination of two sentences.
is lucky.
NOT
can be seen
2.
inform~tion
•
I have a friend. + He loves to shop. = I have a friend who I liS O .
My friend lives in Rome. + She paints. = •
My friend who Ii"es n
• •
I have a riend who lives in Mexico. I have a friend that lives in Mexico .
•
New York is the city wfJic . never sleeps. New York is the CI y tho never sleeps.
0
e paints.
3. Relative clauses are introduced by •
Subject rela ,io,'" "'·onou
a.
or
for people
USAGE NOTE: .
b.
or
~
'hose
is less formal than
•
for places or things
USAGE NOTE:
C.
are:
+ no
ich.
is less formal than
•
He's the man whose d .. barks all day.
for people's possessions
BE CAREFUL! Do not use both a subject relative
•
subJ'ect pronoun (I you he she pronoun and a 't I I I I, we, they) in the same relative clause.
I .
c re atlve pronouns have the Whether the f . y re er to singular or plural nouns Or to rna scu I'Ine or feminine nouns.
•
NOT
J
4. Sub]'e t
Scott is someone
lives next door. an wI • That's the next door. lives • That's the c m'm live next door. • Those are the ople ~
S. The the sub' is singular if noun I]~ct relative pronoun refers to a singular . t IS plu I 'f' ... ra I It refers to a plural noun ~
8E
CAItEFUl'
Wh
.
of a relative' en is the subject With th clause, the verb agrees in number e sub]' t f ec 0 the relative clause.
j
•
Ben is my . I • AI and Ed are my Nottingham . • Meg is a person N OT
on her.
ho liv
in Leeds. •
ends
In
•
on her.
301
• •••
••••
302
• ,
Unit
........... . IDENTIFY· . ead thi paragraph about friendship. First circle the relative pronouns and ,he relative douses. Then draw an arrow from the relative pronoun to the noun or pronoun it describes .
.AU~LQ~t eYer':tol1e has friel1cls 'plAt ieleas a1>olAtJ rj eYlJ;\sh i p y ar'1-fro'tJ:1 l?ers.o~ . I1,-,t"", . Q,,--_
1
per
For
ho) c-hats wit.h ':tOlA ol1J.he i 'r1teI~t. For
r
-
'-'---
-
ot.hers! a friel1el is a perso}1 who has kYlOV'Hl ':tOlA aLL ':tOlAr Life - someol1e V'!hose famiL':t k}1OwS ':t0lA! too. Others o}1L':tlAse the t.erm for someol1e who k'rlOWS ':tour j iH1ermost secrets. ALtholAgh eli fferel1t peopLe emphasise eli fferel1t aspe"ts of friel1clship! there is ol1e eLemel1t whic-h is aLV'!a':ts presel1t. al1c1 that is the eLemel1t of "hoi"e. We ma':t l10t pe a'pLe to seLec-t OlAr families! OlAr wLLeagues or eye't1 the peopLe that take the PlAS with lAS PlAt we
can
c-hoose OlAr friel1c1s. As al1thropoLogist
Margaret Mead ol1c-e saicl! IA friel1cl is SO'rYleOl1e who c-hooses al1c1 is c-hosel1.' I t is this freeclom of "hoic-e that makes frieYldship slA"h a spec-iaL reLatiol1Ship.
• A magazine, Psychology Today, conducted a survey on friendship. Here are some of the results. Complete each sentence with an appropriate relative pronoun and the correct form of the verb in brackets.
People __w_h--,o,--_ ___-----,h.,..-'B'-v--':e____ moved a lot have fewer friends. (have)
2.
People _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::----:-_ _ _ lived in the same place have more friends. (have)
3.
The qualities _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:-;---,-_ _ _ most important in a friend are loyalty, (be)
warmth and the ability to keep secrets. 4.
Someone _ _ _ _ _ _ _-:;---:-_ _ _ a crisis turns to friends before family. (f,lCe)
S.
Betrayal is the cause _ _ _ _ _ _ _-.,,-_ _ _ _ most often responsible for (bt )
ending a friendship. 6.
Many people have friends _ _ _ _ social or religious backgrounds __--;~--(be)
different from theirs. 7.
Most people _ _ _ _ friends _ _ _---:---:-_ _ _ members of the opposite sex say (IlIL
h"It·)
that these relationships are different from relationships with people of the same sex. 8.
A survey _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,--_-:-___ in a magazine may not represent everyone. (appe. r)
9.
Someone
the magazine might have other ideas. (not r' d)
Relative Clauses w th ( b •••••• •••••••••••• •••• )u Jf ct •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
nf
Pror Cl,ne •••••••••••••••••••• ItlVE
. I
'OdBIHE. 'lead each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun t b' . \., m " 0 com me them mto (~ e. 1
I have a friend. My friend lives in Mexico City. I have a friend who lives in Mexico Cit;y.
Mexico City is an exciting city. The city attracts a lot of tourists.
Steph has a brother. Her brother's name is Eric.
He works for a magazine. The magazine is very popular in Mexico .
.. Eric writes a column. The column deals with relationships.
An article won a prize. The article discussed friendships.
7
r.
A person is lucky. That person has a lot of friends.
EDIT· qead part of a student's essay. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of relative ClOt ses. The first mistake has already been corrected.
A writer once said that friends are born, not made. This mea.ns that we automatically become friends with people who }he¥' are compatible with us. I don't agree With this writer. Last
Sll m mer,
I made friends with some people who's
completely different from me. I
In July, I went to Barcelona to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there
Was a teacher Which was much older than I am. We became really good friends. In Illy ,I.
.... •
first week, I had a problem which was getting me down. Barcelona is a city who
I B . I kept writing to s. ob helped me get back into my studies. After the trlP, BOb. lie alw . "ding Next summer, he's ays wrttes stories that is interesting and encourOoO~- . lea.cu ng another trip What sounds interesting. I hope I can go.
Illy
clasBe
;I
303
... ,.
T
I
tive
or -
I
uses w ith
hen and
here
-- ----- -
So
Krakow- U wowi,er .
. UY~ oftJr.,e, tMftU'V >1
tJr.,e,
, wIw'~ [ ~
tiMt&
wu~
a1t my . tIth ~
~yow
. He:> tV writefj
•
'aoraeb iM J
rUf{t e»u! I'~ ~ to~!
3
/
ICHEC
J
POINT
Circle T (True) or
,
LutV
T
~ (Fa/~e) •
F Lisa is pointing out her favourite cafe.
RELATIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE ,
T'
I
e
l
e ccrt'eet
-e, The verb in the relative clause agrees with a "~
"
o o
RELATIVE CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
CHART CHECK -
She reads all the books
the noun in the main clause.
CLAUSE
Cirde T (True) or , F (Fo/~e).
'----
SUBJECT
that
he
writes .
RELATIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
the subject of the relative clause.
T F The relative clause always follows the main clause.
OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN
I
I
-
,,
,
, The book
I _
,
"
i
,
RELATIVE CLAUSE OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN SUBJECT
1
that
they
VERB
-
"
CLAUSE (CONT.) •,
,
-1-----_._-----<,
borrowe
seems very interesting. ---------
----
EXPRESS Umcramble these words to form a sentence.
I • the • films • all • he • directs • watch • that ,
304
Relative Clauses with ObjPC"t !=if I t
\.l VE
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
• •
Grammar Explanations
•
• •
• •
•
• •
• • •
• • •
•
1t.4.
Examples
A " can be the 1. of a relative clause. Notice that: comes at the beginning of the relative clause.
Eva is a writer. + I saw 'r . on Tv. = (>b, Eva, vho I saw on I, is a writer.
a. The
•
b. Object relative pronouns have the
• That's the man wh I met. • That's the 0 n 'i I met. • Those are the ople I met.
whether they refer to singular or plural nouns or to masculine or feminine nouns.
c. The
agrees with the subject of the relative clause.
BE CAREFUL! Do not use both an object
relative
~ub.
NOTE: Object relative pronouns are often left out.
,<
• I like the columns vllch he writes. • I like the column h ich they write. • She is the writer
pronoun and an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) in the same relative clause.
I
• •
v'Vhorl ~I ld w....,ere 305 •• •••• ••• •••• ••• •• ••••• ••• • • • • •
PrOTl(ll.J. lS ()r
s
ho
o
NOT She is the writer who I saw her on TV. • She is the writer I saw on TV.
" •
2. Object relative pronou a.
(;,
for people USAGE NOTE: is very formal and is rarely used in speech.
b.
or
are:
rh, or
c.
Jt..
She's She's She's She's
the the the the
writer writer writer writer
who I met. that I met. I met. whom I met.
• I read the book which she wrote. • I read the book that she wrote. • I read the book she wrote.
for things
ose + no
• • • •
for people's possessions
• That's the author
hose book I read. ~~~~
3. A relative pronoun can be the
Q
jeet of
•
..,• =
He's the writer. + I work 0
USAGE NOTE: In
speaking and writing, We put the preposition at the end of the clause and We often leave out the relative pronoun.
egl . nnlng of the clause. In this case we use only , (not who or that). , and
• He's the writer thor I work • He's the writer' work o . • He's the writer or who • That's the book about'
•
, work. , told you.
4. and ( relative clauses:
a.
b.
•
can also be used to introduce That 's the library. + She works
. refers to a place .
• That's the library I remember the day. + I met him
fh
Or
refers to a time.
• 'remember the day • 'remember the day
~re.
==
rks .
en. =
him. t I met him .
•••
•
306 •
70 •• •• •• • ••• • • ••• • •• •• •••
IDENTIFY • R ad tlli part of a book review. Underline (11/ the relative clauses with object r n un . Circle tile object relative pronouns and when or where. Then draw a lin from tile circled word to the noun it refers to. Section 4
BOOKS
Lost in Tralls/ation: A life in a New Langlla. . . ••
the age of nine, Eva Hoffnl
her friendship with the boy whose home she visited daily and whom she assumed she would marry one day. Worst of all , however, she missed her language. For years, she felt ['1 'tI HO//fII(ln no connection to the English name of anything that she felt was important. Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language (penguin, 1989) tells how Eva came to terms with her new identity and language. It's a story that readers will fmd fascinating and moving.
• A school newspaper, the Chelsea Bugle (CB), interviewed one of the school's international students, Maniya Suarez (MS). Complete the interview with relative pronouns, when or where and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
CB: Maniya Suarez is a student _ _ _ _ w.,...h_o_ _ _ _ many ofyoLi already 1
_ _----:::-'kc.::-n.:.o::.. w :.-'--_ __ . Maniya, why did your family settle in London? 2. (k; (' v)
MS: The cousin _________ we _ _ _-:--:---:--___ with at first ~.
4. (SlilY)
lives here. That's the reason we chose London. CB: What was the most difficult thing about going to school in the UK? MS: The class in _ _ _ _-:--____ 1_ _ _-=-:.,--_ _ _ _ the biggest problems at first WllS 5.
6. (have)
Lnglish.lt was hard to say the things _ _ _ _-=--____ 1_ _ _ _ __ _ __ to say. 7.
CB: What is the biggest change _ _ _ _=--____ YOLi 9.
8. (wJnt) _ _::-:-_ _ _ _ _ _ 10. (<.'xpt>nen e)
so far?
MS: We llsed to live in a house _ _ _----::-=-_ _ _ _ lheH' _ _ _~~_:_--- always 11. d
12. (1))
lot of people. Here I live with my parents dnd l wo younger sisters _ __
I-
--::-:-:-7-- - = -- 14. (t"ke t. rl' of)
after schooL 1gL't a hit lonely sometimes.
--=-=--__u.
Relative Cia
with ObJ"N t 'l( I' t
• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •
c..
Ive pronC)
I
~
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • ••
WI1(>' c r'" Wf ,err I -~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• ()
• Read each pair of sentences. Use a relative pronoun or h t em into one sentence. w en or where, to
That'S the house. I grew up in the house with my sister Emily.
The house was beautiful. We lived in the house.
Emily and I shared a room. We spent a lot of time playing in it.
j
I had a good friend. I went to school with her.
In a ~"
s. I took piano lessons from a woman. I met her at my mum's office.
6
I remember one summer. The whole family went to the seaside then.
7
Those were good times. I'll always remember them.
EDIT • Read this student's essay. Find and correct nine mistakes in the use of relative clauses with object relative pronouns. The first mistake has already been corrected. Tai
.
Dong
IS
where OR in Vyhfcn
the smail city in southeastern Taiwan
" .
I grew up. My fa.IOlly
moved there from Taipei the Sl1 m mer I was born. The house in which I grew up in "
18
on a main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea and my mother had a food stand
•
Who I a1 A . Ways chatted with him had a son my age. We were best friends. cousm
hi h amily I ViSited every Sl1 rn mer lived with us. He was an appren lCe w c ~~ had er Was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our house, we
Who his f
\I
t·
a huge k1
"
I
.
The
dro oms whe re the farmly . . slept was upstaIrs. . h slept in one My two brat ers bedr oom. I slept in one what I shared with my older sister. My younger sister
,-8hared a b
edroo m with another cousin which my family had "adoPte_d_._ _~_ _ __ •
307
•
I T
el tive 1 uses: Oefinin and Non Oefinin . . .
Oops! This must be the picture file he told me not to open !
~o I
I CHECK POINT Circle T (True) or F (False)
T
I
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
CHART CHECK T,e
<
e
CO "
F There is only one picture file on the computer.
'eet
I I
SUBJECT
I
PRONOUN
Which type of relative clause has commas around it?
o o
is in the study
which
The computer
OBJECT
defining
PRONOUN)
non-defining
she bought last week is not working . .
(which)
The computer
, Circie T (True) or F (False).
NON-
T F You can leave out a relative pronoun only when it is an object relative • pronoun III a defining relative clause.
-----
is broken.
ING RELATIVE CLAUSES
SUBJECT PRONOUN which
The computer,
Is In the study,
is broken.
..
OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN ..
-- --
.
~
The computer,
------~~ ~.
.
.
...
_.
which
-
.
._- -
---
.--
she bought last week, is not working. --
,
-.
EXPRESS ,,_. CroS5 out the relative pronouns where possible.
• I gave away my computer, which was only three years old. • I bought a new one that had a lot more memory. • It was the computer which we saw at E-Lectronics.
308
j
Clau es'
[)pfl
•••••••••••••••••••••• :.
Gram 1.
ar Explanations m
Relative clauses can be
flni
......... .. .... ............... r
q
n'" Non
[)E
309
f "'lInn • ~ ,
,
Examples or
•
a Use a to identify . which member of a group the sentence talks about.
h is in
(The relative clause is necessary to identify which phone is meant.)
to b. Use a give additional information about the noun it refers to. The information is not necessary to identify the noun. BE CAREFUL! Do not use that to introduce a
, non-defining relative clause. Use for people and for places and things.
on
• I've got three phones. The phone hf" ·h· is broken.
2. A from the rest of the sentence by
is separated
a .
Without commas, the clause is a e Ing . a ·.. e and the sentence has a very different meaning.
• I've got only one phone. The phone, • h( is broken.
hich is in
(The relative clause gives additional information but . . , ' It Isn t needed to identify the phone.) • Marl , who introduced us at the party, rang me last night. NOT
Marie, that introduced us at the party, .. .
• The switch, which IS on e ac is off. (The machine has got only one switch. It's on the back.) • The switch hich is on the bac is off. (The machine has got more than one switch. This one is off.)
Non-defining relative clauses are much more common in writing than they are in speech.
USAGE NOTE:
3. You
1
leave out :
a.
~
"lronou
in defining
relative clauses
b.
• That's the computer rhat I bought. • That's the computer bought. • I remember the day w en I met him. • I remember the day I net him .
The most common spoken form is the one w'th . I no relatIve pronoun.
USAGE NOTE:
4. You
not leave out:
a.
•
relative clause
b.
I
in a non-defining
• She remembers Mark, •
N OT
• That's th e author N OT
t.
lere
• That's th e library N OT That's the librarY' I worlt.
•
Unit ,n ••••••••••
310
•• ••••
TRUE OR FALSE. Read each numbered sen tence. Write
T ( True) or F (Fa/se)
for
the
follows. Usc the computer which is in the living room. F
2
There is only one computer.
Press the red button, which is on the right. There is probably only one red button.
•
My sister who mends computers lives in Manchester. I have more than one sister. My stereo, which worked yesterday, doesn 't work today. It's likely that I have another stereo I can use. A mobile phone which has voice activation is very convenient. All mobile phones have voice activation.
6
My flatmate, who is afraid of computers, has never been on the internet. I probably have more than one flatmate.
ADD & CROSS OUT • Read this article about technophobia. Add commas where necessary.
Cross
1
01 ,t
the relative pronouns that can be left out.
,tech · no ·'pho · bi
(/loun) a fcarJhEt( some people have about u in!! technolog)
f you have it, you're one of the 85 per cent of people that this new 'disease' has struck. Maybe you've bought a phone on which you can programme 99 numbers - but you can't turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read that your new CO player, which you have finally learnt to use, will soon be replaced by OVO which you have never even heard of. Some experts say that things have just become too complex. William Staples who wrote a book on the electronic age tried to help a friend who had just bought a new stereo. The stereo which worked before wasn't working any more. 'On the front of the stereo, there were literally twenty buttons,' says Staples. Donald Norman who has written
about the effects of technology on people blames the designers of these devices, not the people who use them. 'The best way to cure technophobia is to cure the reasons that cause it - that is, to design things that people can use and design things that won't break,' claims Norman. Michael Oyrenfurth who is a University lecturer believes we cause our own problems by buying technology that we just don't need. 'Do we really need electric toothbrushes?' he asks. According to Williams, important technology that we can't afford to run away from actually exists. To prosper, we need to overcome our technophobia and learn to use it.
,
Relative Clauses' DE f
nd Nor [ .. 311 ..... ... ..•••••••••••••••• • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • ••
• ••••••• •• •• ••••• • • • •
Pllnq c
lJr.tr1n
dBlllE. C /JI fl.
'?ead these pairs of sentences. Combine them by changl' th • I U. ng e second O /olto a relatIve cause. se a relatIve pronoun only when " necessary. s ' d fi' Use commas for non e tnlng re atlve clauses.
, I bought a mobile. I can use it to send and receive email. I ~ought a mobile I can U6e to 6end and receive email. -
My new mobile has become a necessary part of life. I bought it only a month ago. 3 I remember the day_ I was afraid to use my new computer then.
Now, there are psychologists. They help technophobes use technology.
Dr Michelle Weil wrote a book about 'technostress'. She is a psychologist.
I work in an office. In my office, the software changes frequently.
.. A lot of people suffer from technostress. Those people work in my office .
. Some people dream of a job_ They can do the job without technology.
-peoPle
EDIT • Read this student's book report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of defining onr 'lon-defining relative clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected. I'~'
.
Wil
JUst read a book called Technostress which was written by Dr MlChelle e. lier CO-author was Dr Larry Rosen, that is her husband and a loa psychologist. s 1 ~T Our mobiles and
ACCording to
the authors, everybody feels stress about techno OOJ' Pagers th t . Just because they , a we buy for emergencies, soon invade our prIVacy. can, PeoPle Contact us at places where we are rela.xIng. . th r problem is having AnO e , leal'Il. to one at a time, now o mUCh, too fast Technological changes, used to come QVe . I'Wh.e . ti s from her latest ~
it Which. c
an be purchased via her website.
'1') \
•
'r ( the I tter t the: no word I1UJ J
rreet answer to complete eoch sentence. Choose flJ when -
--
-
--
-
-
EXAMPLE:
Jennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (C) is drinking (A) drink (D) was drinking (B) drinks - - - -- --
6.
That's my friend _ _ _ _ lives in Corby. (A) which (C) whom (B) who (D) where
ABC D
The plants which (A) are (B) be
ABC D
She's the woman _ _ _ _ sister babysits for us. (A) who (C) that's (B) which (D) whose
ABC D
That's the doctor for (A) that (S) which
ABC D
ABC D
I remember Alan, _ _ _ _ walked to school with. (A) I (C) which I (S) who I (D) who
ABC D
ABC D
(A)
where (S) when
we had a big family picnic. (C) which (D) that
Take in the roll of film (A) what (B) with which
Uncle Pete took at the wedding. (C) 0 (D) whom
ABC D
ABC D
(A) 0 (S) that
are due this week. (C) when (D) they
Let's try to agree on a time (A) which (B) where
we can all get together. (C) 0 (D) at
ABC D
9. Please pay all the bills
10.
312
Cliff works. (C) whom (D) whose
Marie, _ _ _ _ I met at the party, called me last night. (A) that (C) which (S) who (D) whose
7. I used to enjoy the summer,
8.
in the living room need a lot of water. (C) is (D) am
elfTest XIV • 313 ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••
1
Tell roe about the town - - - - you grew up. (AJ that (C) which (BJ where (DI 0
ABC D
~10
(el she
ABC D
(BJ where
(DI which
SECTION
TWO
E ch sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts
-
-
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks. ,
A
C'o
, ,
13. After five hours, we finally got to Glas gow, that my aunt lives. A B C
1
D
One singer who's voice I like a lot is Madonna. The stories what I've told you are all true.
18 I
ABC D
D
ABC D
enjoyed reading the article that you told me about it. A.
8
C
D
She's read some books that discusses the time when this area Was undeveloped.
20
ABC D
D
ABC
19
ABC D
D
ABC
17
ABC D
Paul is someone who he really loves rugby. ABC
16
D
My favourite uncle, which lives in France.). arrived last night. ABC
15
ABC D
D
ABC
San Francisco, that is a beautiful city, has a population of six million. .
ABC D
C
ABC D
D
ABC D ABC
D
ABC D
SWim ' A mIng every day.
2~, Ken
h
't
1 w 0 with I went to school, has become a famous wn er.
Z4 D r o You remember the night which we ate at the restaurant that
Bill OWned?
ABC D A
C D
A
C D
J
Ours, who their daughter I
Q@~.1ks
or
us~
D-·-=-
T In irect irect n eech: 1m'" eratives --
-I've been having trouble sleeping. The doctor told me not to eat
-
Sara! What are you doing?!
a heavy meal before bed, so I'm having it now."
' ~
ICHECK POINT Tick the doctor'!; exa r +
CHART CHECK
o o
'Eat a heavy meal before bed.'
o
'Not to eat a heavy meal before bed.'
'Don't eat a heavy meal before bed.'
DIRECT SPEECH
'ic t ,e correct a"s!er Which type of speech uses quotation marks?
o o
, 'ord~
SUBJECT
REPORTING VERB
'Drink milk. '
said,
He
direct speech
DIRECT SPEECH
'Don't drink coffee.
IND
,
SPEECH
indirect speech
Circle T (True) or
SUBJECT
F (False).
T F Indirect imperatives always use the infinitive form of the verb (to + base fOIm). ,
-- -
---
__
VERB
NOUN/ PRONOUN
to ld
her
He
SPEECH
to d
milk. ,I not to drir coffee. II
------
said
,
I
•
-
•
,
--'
J
EXPRESS Circle
the correct words to complete these sentences.
• The doctor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night. • She said, 'Don't work / Not to work too hard.' 314
Direct and Indlrec ..•.... .......... ........ ........ .... ..... t Speech: Irn n e r '" tlv e ~ .. .. .. ...... .. 1"' r
Gra
•
...............................................
.... l11ar Explanations
Examples
lll
. s c(>( is the exact words a speaker . k 1 ,r . used. In writing, use quotation mar s.
. ( ) 'ch reports what a speaker said In ,r without using the exact words. There are
• 'Come early. nd r nn yo' ' ~ He It h card, said the doctor.
tl
a onal
• The doctor told her
no quotation marks.
The :
.
(such as
' or
. ) is
2. usually in the past simple for both direct and
DIRECT SPEECH
• 'Drink warm milk,' he
Id .
indirect speech. INDIRECT SPEECH
~ BE CAREFUL! Put a personal direct object or
someone's name after
. Do not put a
•
He told me to drink warm milk.
•
He said I should call him in the morning. NOT
personal direct object after . r' .
. •
=-====
3. Imperatives in direct speech use the base form of the verb. . ea ' .r speec use the , ,I i e to report:
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
a. 1Istructlons
'(orne early,' he said.
He said
b.
'Wait.'
He told me
c. equests
'Could you please
She asked him to arrive by 8:00.
•
•
arrive by 8:00?' d.
Itations
I
, 'e • .1 E; ( J + infinitive) to report negative imperatives.
4. Use a
to come early. to wait.
'Could you join us for lunch?'
She invited me to join them for lunch.
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
'Don't go .'
He told her
not to go.
S. In
. , make changes to keep the speaker's original meaning.
a. Change b. Change C.
Change
and
e phrases . . and
reo
ssesslves .
• •
He said to Ann, 'Tell me your problem.' He told Ann to tell him her problem .
, • 'Call me omorrow. • She said to call her the next day. , • 'Sign thl form here . form • Sh e told him t o sign ha
ere.
Check it out! t·
315
F'or Punctuatio 347 For a li n rules for direct speech, see Append ix 25 on page . Ii' st of C o m . . 340 ()r a lillt man reportmg verbs, see Ap pend Ix ] 3 on pAge '. c 340. of Com . ) , ,AI)pe n d lx 14 on pag man ti me word cb a n ges in incii rccl f:l p ('CC1. H{(
•••
316 •
Unit 72
.... . . ..................................... IDENTIFY. Read thi article about sleep disorders. Circle all the reporting verbs. Und rlin /I tht direct imperatives once. Underline 0 /1 the indirect imperatives twice.
Being an insomniac myself, I asked
•
Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He told me to stop drinking coffee. He said to have a
BY CONNIE JAMES
an't sleep?You're not alone. Millions of
warm glass of milk instead. 'A lot of old-
people are up tossing and turning
fashioned remedies work. Have a high-
instead of getting their beaut)' sleep. Dr Ray
carbohydrate snack like a banana before you
Thorpe, Director of the Sleep Disorders
go to bed,' he said. But he advises patients
Clinic, ~ays;' 'Don 't think that loss of sleep
not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for
is just a minor inconvenience: During an
the night. What about exercise? 'Regular
interview he ~olc{'me to think about what
exercise helps but don't exercise too close
can happen if people drive when they're
to bedtime,' he suggested. Finally, he told me
tired. Every year up to 200,000 car accidents
not to despair. 'Don't worry about not
are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he
sleeping. It's the worst thing to do; he said.
asked me to think about a recent industrial
I don't know. After
disaster. Chances are that it was caused at
industrial accidents, I doubt I'll be able to
least in part by sleep deprivation.
sleep at all!
. g about those
CHOOSE • Connie James visited Dr Thorpe's sleep clinic. Complete her notes with the "'0'· 'ec ords in brackets.
Last week I visited the sleep clinic. Dr Thorpe rang a.nd asked me _ _~to~::::a!..:rr~iv:.;:e~__ 1.
at 8:30 - - - : : - - - - - - _ . He II .
. ('. lid
I
...
",.)
me to bring -----:t~;_:_:~~-
,Id .
.
nightsbi [·t a.nd toothbrush. I arrived on ti [lie. The nurse, Jean Blake, invited me --;:;--:~:-:---:-_--:-_
s.
! :Vdt~t
7. .
TV in the lounge. She _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ to rela.x ••
,
,
,
while they got Illy room ready. An hour later, Jea.n carne back and
got me ready for bed. She attached electrodes to my body a.nd hooked me up to a machine. 'Could you please --:;;--~-;-:-:----:-:--:--:-:-:-- what's going on?' I asked. The manbloe 8. "xpllin I 10 (·xpldln)
records brain activity. Jean told me _--;:;--~~_ _ _ _ leave the bed until 9.
--'-;;;--;-~-:-::::-----;-'-'-XI:--J
({jl)II"
1111
to)
morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep at once. In the morning,
Dr Thorpe told me that, apart from some leg movements during the night, I have healthY sleep patterns. He advised me __-';;---;--;--;-:-_,.,--_ some more exercise. 11. (get I to y
Direct and Indirect S • .•. . •.. .•.••. .•.•...•.... peach: Irnperat~ves •••••••• •••••••••••••••••
REWRITE. Read the advice !hat a TV reporter gave viewers about the com roUS problem of feelmg sleepy when driving Rewrit h' d' . mon and very dana C . e IS a vIce m indirect
5peech. 1
'Be careful when you stop your car.' - - - - - - - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Q
'Don't stop in a deserted place.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -__
o 'Don't drink and drive.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EDIT. Read this student's diary entry. Find and correct fourteen mistakes in the use of indirect imperatives. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to check punctuation!
+ __
In_class toaay, Jobn re~ .one_of_bis stories. It was w.onc.1ertuL After tbe [essQn,.tbe
to teacber ~keQ me.<eaa..a slOJY io ~Iass next week._However;.l beggec.1 her no to ask me next w.e.ek..bec.ause_l'm haying trou.ble getting ic.1eas. She saLc.1 me not to
worry anc.1 she
so.ia to wait for two weeks. Then 1 talkec.1 to John anc.1 I Qskec.1 biro tell me the source af VOlAr iaeQS. He so.ic.1 that they came from his c.1reams anc.1 he tolc.1 me keep a c.1ream c.1iary for laeo.s, He iovitec.1 me 'to reac.1 some of his aiary'. It was very interesting him to give me some tips on remembering areams. He saia getting
0.
50
I o.skea
gooa night's sleep
alo.ry by the bee;! ana to write as soon as I wake tAp. He sala to no move from the sleeping PositIOn. He
0.150
tola me to aon't thlOk abo(At the aay at fIrst. elf yOIA thmk abo(At YOlAr
aay, YOlA mIght forget yotAr areams.) Most Important - every nIght he tells hImself that
31", ••
In
It looks great on you!
:-
--
irect ech: Statements 1
,
iQ'~~
He said it looked great on me, 1'1/ take them al/!
, ,
,
I •
ICHECK;
POINT
T'e' , the man's exact words.
o
'It looks great on you!'
CHART CHECK Tick the
DIRECT SPEECH
CUr rect
the punctuation
o
the verb tense in the statement
o
pronouns in the statement
the word order in the statement
REPORTING VERB
SUBJECT
What can change when you go from a direct to an indirect statement?
o o
'It looked great on me!'
~
orIS ver,:,
I
o
DIRECT STATEMENT '/ like the dress.'
She
said,
'/ bought it in the sale,' 'I 've worn it twice,' ----
I ,,
-
:
---
--
SPEECH
1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
EXPRESS
~
CircJe thl? correct words to complete this sentence.
She said / told the salesperson that she is / was going to buy the dress. 318
Indirect S e ••••••••••••• ~. ech: StdtE.'mentc, (1) ••••••••••••••
ns
Grammar Explan
Examples
reports what a eaker said without uSing the exact words. The sp d h ' d' word can intro uce t e In Irect statement but you can also leave it out.
1. An
.
.
BE CAREFUL! Use as the reporting verb when the listener is not mentioned. Do not use .
........ .
DIRECT SPEECH
• 'It's a great dre ,. he said . INDIRECT 'JPH.( H
• He told her that It was a great d H I ' ress. • e to d her I wa r'" d •
• He NOT
that it was a great dress. lie teld that it was a great dress.
2. When the is in the , the verb in the indirect speech statement is usually in a different tense from the verb in the direct speech statement. "JDIRECT
Present simple
~PEECH
ast simple • contmuous
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT $PECH
He said, 'It's lovely.'
He said it wa lovely.
'I 'm leaving .'
She said she was leaving.
Present continuous
ast
Past simple
ast perfect
'I did it.'
He said that he had done it.
Present perfect
ast perfect
He said to her, 'I 've never lied.'
He told her that he had never lied.
3. In indirect speech the a IS when reporting:
of verb tense
•
a. something someone has
A: What did you just say?
t said
B: I said I'm tired. b. something that is c. a . neral tru
• She said that everyone lies someti.me. • She said that everyone lied sometime.
entiflc law
4. When the
is in the . ' do not change the verb tense in Indirect speech.
S. RE"'E
t
.
Change pronouns, time expressions, and . in indirect speech to keep the speaker's original meaning.
••
"'BER!
I said I as tired.
• Rick said the bank wants a cheque. • Rick said the bank wanted a cheque.
II true or
OR
• 'I
a mile every day.' runs a mile every day. t she • She says tha
. k '1 bought ~ dress • Ann told RIC, h d bought • Ann told Rick that s a her .
Or a list f . 13 page 340. 340 Po . 0 common re porting verbs, see AppendIX on dix 14 on page . .' ch sec Appen r a hat f o common time wor d ch a n ges in mdlrect s pee ,
, •
dress
319 ••
320 •
U It 73 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this article about lying. Circle all the reporting verbs. Underline all the __ ments once. Underline all the indirect statements twice.
t 9:00, Rick Thompson 's bank phoned and Gaid)t hat his credit card p ayment was late. The cheque is in the post ,' Rick ~p li ed)q ui ckl y. At II :45, Ri ck left for a 12:00 meeting. Arrivi ng lat e, Rick told his client that traffic had been bad . That evening, Rick's fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hat ed it. 'It looks great on you, ' he said . Th ree lies in one day! Yet Rick is just an ordinary guy. Each time, he told himself that sometimes the truth causes too many problems. He told himself that his fiancee was happy with her purchase . Why should he hurt her feelings? Is telling lies a new trend? The majority of people in a recent survey said that people were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn 't really born yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he wrote , 'All men are born truthful and die liars.'
(OMPLETE • Read this magazine article. Complete it with the correct words in brackets.
'Lying during a job interview is risky business,' _ _ _--=.5=a=id=---___ Nikki Mason, sdld
:lId)
director of a management consulting firm. 'The truth always _ _-::-______ a funny , ..... .
.
,
way of corning out.' Nikki tells the story of one woman applying for a job as an office man ager. Th e wo rna n
----:-:--:--;---:---7-;:----
. (s,.id ---=---c::----:-:-----:---
5. (hds I had)
told)
','
hdt)
a B.A. degree. Actually, she hadn't. She also said
_ _ _ _ _ _ ___-:;-_ _-:----;--_ _ (,.',
th e i nte rvi ewer _ _ _ _ _---,-___ she
7.,
"'/fl"d
£30,000 in her last job. The truth was £5,000
dmll
less. When the interviewer rang to check the information, the applicant's former boss told her that the applicant _ ::--:--:--:--:-:--..........,-_. Another applicant, Gwen, reported that she H,II" h,j
11d,jllld)
--::--::-- - - -___ her current job to advance her career. She got the new job. 9. (
•
j
"if t
1' .
oJ
"{
It! (J)
All went well until the company employed Pete, who had worked at Gwen's old company. Pete eventually told his boss that his old company _-:-::-_ _ _ _ _ _ Gwen. 10. (flf ,"
h 1(f flf((!)
The new company fired her too, proving, once again, that it doesn't pay to lie.
Indlr ct
• ••• • • • • •• •• ••••
c
J'tntf
rT"~ntr
'1)
•...•....•..••.•.•••.•.
~
EPORT. I isa and Ben ar~ talking about Ben's job hunt. Use the verbs in brackets Ct
BEN:
I'm still looking for a job. He told her he wa6 6till looking for a job.
,[ell _ . ~:-==----------=----'~---------________ LISA:
I've just heard about a job at a scientific research company.
BEN:
I got a B.Sc. in Biochemistry from London.
I ~t
• - - - -- - - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - -- -- -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -______________________
LISA: H
They want someone with some experience as a programmer.
II
BEN: I ~II
I
LISA: l ~a TI
I work as a programmer for Data Systems in Basingstoke. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
They don't want a recent graduate. _____________________________________________________________
7 BEN: I got my degree four years ago. ~Jl l
8. LISA!
____________________________________________________
It sounds like the right job for you.
, aYJ __________________________________________________
I
EDIT • Read this student's essay. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of indirect
ltatements. The first mistake has already been corrected.
When I g told Id h ot there, she said me that she wants to show me a new bowl. She to s e
has jUst bOUght it. It was beautiful. When she went to answer the door, I pI.eked up the bowl. It slipped out of
I
t night and th
her
' bo\'1l. Sh
th floor When I ny aunt my hands and smashed to pieces on e .
e next morning, I rang I ny aunt and confesse .
one, We still
laUgh
about it now.
d that I have broken In
oin to buy her
321 •
• ••••
T In
irect eech: Statements 2
said it be windy but this '-< is ridiculous!
ICHEC
POINT
Tick the weather forecaster's exact words.
-
i.- : ~..~~ .• . .•' • ...' .,'.. ...... . '. . . . ' . , . . . . -. ..' .. -.. .. .... . .' . . . - .. •
•
•
...
~
""
. '
. .' , . .. .. . . . . ." . . '.
,-
.'
• "
.
. . ''-'-.. .
CHART CHECK T~.
L ••
e
o o o o o o
.:.... . """---~-'-'-
'It will be windy.'
•
I
SUBJECT
REPORTING VERB
will
ought to might
•
'It would be windy.'
DIRECT SPEECH
0 ·ds hat
do not change when you go from direct to ~ direc" speech.
o o
He
said,
must may should have
DIRECT STATEMENT
'I 'll leave now.' 'I 'm going to drive .' 'The traffic may be bad.' 'She might move.' 'He can help.' 'They have to stay .' 'You must be careful.' 'They ought to buy batteries.' 'We should have left earlier.' IND
SUBJECT
VERB . .
-
SPEECH
NOUN/ PRONOUN -.
-
-
INDIRECT STATEMENT -
_.
-
..
--
he would leave then.
going to drive. the traffic might be bad. she might move. he could help . they had to stay. I/we had to be careful. they ought to buy batteries. they should have left earlier. he wa
Jim He
told
me them
said
322
(that)
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -:.:•••••••••••• peech: Statem e'"lt s (2) ••••••••••
.. ........... .... . . 323•• •
EXPRESS . ' 5 ~d,{n /
words. Tick the sentence that correctly reports what he sa,'d.
,
JIM: 'I may move soon.
Examples As ou learned in Unit 73, when the
1.
Y is in the
.
9
, the verb tense
usually changes in the indirect speech
DIRECT
PHCH
.J II r
She said,
f;ECH
She said
'It' windy.'
it wa windy.
statement.
. en chan •
INDIREC T
SPEECH
•
in indirect speech, too. ~PtI:Ct1
would
will
DIRECT SPEECH
I mlPECT SPEECH
I said, 'The wind
I said the w ind
will be strong.' could
can
ou d be strong.
They told us, 'You
They told us we
can stay with us.'
may
might
could stoy with them.
He said, 'The storm
He said that the storm might last all night.
may last all night.'
must
2.
had to
Q.
erbs do not change in indirect speech.
a. Do not change .
•
'0
,
l.
,
•
.g
and
in indirect speech.
. st perfe
b. Do not change the
She told us, 'You must leave.'
She told us we had to
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
'You should listen
He told us that we should listen to the weather report.
to the weather report,' he told us. in indirect
speech.
She said she ha just a week before.
'I had just moved here a week before,' she said.
c. Do not change verbs in the speech.
sentences in indirect
'If I knew, I would tell you. '
Jim sa id if he kl
'If I had known, I would have old
He sa id if he ., d , he
Indirect speech.
1. ilEt.tEt.t8E1t! Ch I.
a d
Speake~/s
..t
modals in
~nge pronouns, time phrases, '. In indirect speech to keep the anginal meaning.
,
o He said that he
'I hould have I .'
ft.
, • ' I got h ~ f • Sam to ld me n I I
2
e me.
you,' said Jim .
d. ?o not change
leave.
•
had got •
ere
me.
324 • Un '4 ....•...... ,_ ............ .
CHOOSE. R ad what someone report d about tile weather forecast rhen tick the that how til(' weather forecaster 's exact words. \.
She said it was going to be a terrible storm. o 'It was a terrible storm.' o 'It's going to be a terrible storm.' She said the wind migh t reach 170 miles an h our. D 'Th e wind may r each 170 miles an hour.' D 'The wind would reach 170 miles an hour.' She said there would be more rain the next day. D 'There will be more rain the next day.' D 'There will be mor e rain tomorrow.' She t old people that they should try to leave the area. D 'You should have tried to leave the area.' D 'You should try to leave the area.' She said t hat they could expect a lot of damage. D 'We can expect a lot of damage.' o 'We could expect a lot of damage.'
5
REPORT. Vou are on holiday in New York. Imagine you heard these rumours about a .,rr'CQ'1e in Florida yesterday and you are reporting them today. Use They said to report the rumours .
. 'The hUl'l'icane will change direction tonight.' They said that the hurricane would change direction last night. 2.
'It's going to pass north of here.'
3.
'It may become a tropical storm when it lands here.'
4.
'They had to close some bridges yesterday because of high tides.'
5 . 'They won't restore the electricity until tomorrow.'
6.
'The schools here may be closed for a while.'
7.
'We ought to use bottled water for a few days.'
Indirect S •••••••••••• peech: 8t~ teME rts '2) '\ • • •••••••••••••••••
...... .. .
WRITE' Read this interview with a meteorologist. Rewrite his an '. RE ,I Change verb tenses when possible. swers as mdlrect
Sf" C 1.
hurric~n.(' i
.
j .,t
i
't it'
I
A:
0
ffil
es an hour.
e 6aia that to be a hurricane, a storm must have winds of t I H a
•
. c-.
Q•
1
to he
T'
or • of t.h . • bi
,to
7 . east 4 miles an hour.
~
A; It's true, and they will probably become more frequent.
Q: h
's th t?
A: The planet may be getting warmer, and that can cause more severe storms.
Q: 'nat went wrong after the last storm? A; The emergency services should have arrived much more quickly.
5. Q: Is
there a positive side to all this?
A: The new satellites will help. Ifwe didn't have them, we wouldn't be able to warn people.
EDIT. Read Rita's email to her friend Emily. Find and correct thirteen mistakes in the use of reported speech. The first mistake has already been corrected. , .! 9J 8
Re: Hurricane We had some excitement here because of the hurricane last week. Jim's mother called •
JUst before the storm. She said
sheW!~istening to the weather report and that she was worried
tape on 0 h . . h 'th water He also told ur otel windows tonight and that we ought to fill the bat WI . . Jlln that IN . t d My friend Sue e should buy a lot of batteries before the storm strikes 0 ay. Called. She . h t she couldn't stay here. Said that her place was too close to the coast and t a She tOld d us sooner. I told ar she sh
nd the weather
, auld come now. Then we listened to the weather forecast a orecaster Sai . . won't strike this area at all! d that the storm is going to go out to sea. He said It
~
325
••
•
-
Sions
I
Perhaps you didn't hear the question. Ms Bentley asked why you were still single.
-
--
?•
I
POINT
Tick M~ Bentley's
o o
-
eX.3rt
"Yord"
'Why were you still single?' 'Why are you still single?'
The Stress Interview
DIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS
. CHART CHECK 1 I
Cl 'r e or F (Fc'se
T
. T
~ I.. ")
or
SUBJECT
F You can leave out f or • .. e er m indirect yes/no questions. F You do not use 0 to form indirect yes/no questions.
I
CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True) F (Folse).
He
SUBJECT
' Do you spealf French ?' ' Can you use a computer?'
asked,
REPORTING VERB
(NOUN/ PRONOUN)
NS
INDIRECT QUESTION ------------------~
He
(Melissa) (her)
asked
she spo e French . she cou e a computer
if whether
~Il "-----DIR-ECT -SPEE-CH:- -W-H- QUESTIONS SUBJECT -
T F An indirect i, I He question always ends in a l question mark. I T F You do not use do to form indirect SUBJECT wh- questions. --~
He
REPORTING VERB
QUESTION
' Whu 01 yo 'When do yc --1._ _ _ _ _ _
asked,
I
about the job !' . I to start ?' -
--~-----
SPEECH: WHo REPORTING VERB -
asked
---~---
326
DIRECT QUESTION
RECT SPEECH: YES/NO
(j[
--------~--
REPORTING VERB
----_
-
(NOUN/ PRONOUN) (Melissa) (her)
INDIRECT QUESTION
who had told her about the job. when she wanted to start. _-L-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
327
Indirect Q .. •
.. .. .. •
. . . .. .. .. .. •
.. • .. .. ...... •
.. •
......
•
EXPRESS ,....
.. .
~
these wordr
t(l r(l"1(l/ptp
the indirect question.
e • job • his • left • had h why •
Be asked him --------------------------__________________________________
Gramm r Explanations
Examples
ether or n
or
1. Use ,
to form
DIR£CT SPEECH
tlons .
:t yes
• 'Can you typ INDIRI (
jPH
• She asked USAGE NOTE:
et
is more formal than
•
2. In , the subject comes before the verb, the same word order as in statements.
I'
she asked.
i
I
I could type.
• She asked whether (or not) I could type.
DIRECT SPEECH
• ' Can I start tomorrow?' INDIRECT SPEECH
• He asked if he could start tomorrow. NOT
_ or Do not use , indirect questions.
to form
DIRECT SPEECH
• ' Does the job provide benefits?' INDIRECT SPEECH
• He asked if the job provided benefits. NOT
3. Use
estion wor • estlons.
to form
Ireet
DIRECT SPEECH
• 'Where is your office?' I asked . INDIRECT SPEECH
• I asked where his office was. 4. In
, the subject also cOmes before the verb as in statements, and you do not use , or •
DIRECT SPEECH
' Why did you lea 'e your job?' INDIRECT SPHCH
Ie
• She asked me
my job .
NOT
In Ind DIRI Cl SPH( H
th
' the question word is the subject and e verb fOllows as in statement word order.
• Bob asked,' INDIRI CT
ho go the job?'
PH It
• Bob asked
1'10 had go
the job.
s. not a
qUestion mark.
Check it out!
.. .... f
often end in a
I poln ,
• I asked
I
NOT
F . . ,A ('ndix 1:3 OIl puge 340. Or a h st of common verbs used to r e port qU CRtlOllS, set PP
328 •
7 • •••• ••• • • •••• • ••• •••• •
IDENTIFY. Read this article about stress interviews. Underline all tile indirect questions.
ntervie .
--"
--
-'
Suppose, for example, that there is an accident in a nuclear power plant. The plan t's public
A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a stress
relations officer must remain calm when
interview, one which featured tough , tricky
reporters ask how the accident could have
questions and negative evaluations. First, the
happened. Be aware, however, that in some
interviewer asked why she couldn't work
countries, like the United States, certain
under pressure. Before she could answer, he
questions are not allowed unless they are
asked who had written her application for her.
directly related to the job. If your interviewer
Melissa was shocked but she handled herself
asks how old you are, you can refuse to answer.
very well. She asked the interviewer whether
The interviewer also should not ask whether
he was going to ask her any serious questions.
you are married or how much money you owe.
Then she left.
If you think a question is inappropriate, ask
Companies sometimes conduct stress interviews to see how candidates handle pressure.
how it relates to the job. If it doesn't relate to it, you don't have to answer.
• Tick the direct questions tllat match the indirect questions in the article.
o . Can you work under pressure? 2 Who wrote your application
for you?
o
3. Are you going to ask me any serious
questions?
o
4. Was there an accident in a nuclear
power plant?
o o o
5.
How old are you?
6. When did you get maI"l'ied?
7. Is it an inappropriate question?
REPORT • Claire's friend lames wants to know all about her interview. Report his questions. ,
1. 'What kind of job is it?'
He asked what kind of job it was.
2.
'When is the interview?' ____ __ __ _______ __ ________-
3.
'Where's the company?' ______ ___________________-
4.
'Do you need directions?' _ _ _ __ _ _ _______ __ ________-
s. 'How long does it take to get there?' ___ ______ _ _________6.
'Are you going to drive?' _______________ _ ________-
7.
'Who's going to interview you?' ____________________- - .
8.
'When will they let you know?' _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- -.
I'-. I
'What training is available for the job?' Claire asked what training was available for the job. "
'What experience do you have?'
'Are you going for interviews with other companies?'
'What will my responsibilities be?'
~. 'How is job performance rewarded?'
£
'What was your starting salary at your last job?'
7
'Did you get on well with your last employer?'
'Do you employ many women?'
o n reet questlons. . . I The first mistake has already been corrected. Check the punctuatIOn.
I
Memo I did some st ress questioning in my interview with Miles Denton this mornmg. " I asked Mr D
I
V /
" his su
~ (
" " " enton why eotlldn't -he work under pressure. I also asked bl m why did
pervisor diSlike him. Finally I enquired when he would leave our company? 1fl' Denton a ' t" of hi nswered J ny questions calmly and he had some excellent ques lons
s oWn. He ask d t d to knOW how , Ofte e 'if we expected changes to the job.' He also wa·n e \ n do We eVal d by did I decide to jOin. uate employees. I was impressed when he aske w tlus compa ny. I think we should employ him.
T • uestions -
,
I wonder
-
what kind of tip the5e people • are gOing to leave.
I'm not sure whether • • 5ervlce 15 included or not. '-1
The service was terrible! I wonder
if we 5hould leave a tip. 'V'
o
'-.-/
o o
•
POINT Tick the questIons .. he people are asking tl)emse'· 'es. •
o o o
•
•
I
o
,
CHART CHECK Circle T 'True)
T
or
F Embedded questions always end with a full stop. F
Was the service any good? Are these people going to leave a tip? Is the service included?
MAIN CLAUSE ; EMBEDDED
F (False).
T
Should we leave a tip?
You can use the infinitive after whether or a question word.
I'm not sure
if I left the right tip . whether it was enough .
Can you remember
how much it was? where we ate?
I
don 't know
----
...
Do You ..
-
know .
whether to tip. ._-.
~- --
-
how much to tip? where to leave the tip ? -
-
.
.
-
-
EXPRESS Punctuate these sentences.
A: Do you know how much to tip _ _ B: About 15%. But I'm not sure where to leave the tip _ _
330
Embedded Questions ••••••••••• •• •• • •• •• ••• • • • •• • •
•
..,.ar Explanations
Examples
Gram.··
tEon to
't 75 deals with 1 Unl ' d . rt another person s wor s. repo
r
IRI C r r)UI
TlCJI,J
INOII
Should I tip?
He asked
· et questions are a kind of In dIre . . . _ one that IS included In another
2. If the embedded question is
, use a full stop at the end of the sentence. If the
embedded question is , use a question mark at the end of the sentence.
mbedded
he should tip.
F. MIlt.DD r·
r) J
,ION
Do you know Ihether
This unit discusses embedded questions nee sen te . that do not report another person's words.
3. We often
., fSTlON
I
MAIN SENTENcr
, •
HAr ·M
• I don't know who our waiter is MAIN SENTENCE - OUESTIm
• Do you know who our waiter is '
to
a. express something we do not know.
•
I wonder why he didn't tip the waiter.
b. ask politely for information.
•
Can you tell me if the tip is included?
USAGE NOTE: With strangers or in a formal
LESS FORMAL
situation, an embedded question is considered more polite than a direct question.
•
ded yes/no questio _ with .ether or not.
4. Introduce ,
or
USAGE NOTE:
is more formal than
Introduce _
wn- ques
10
MORE POLITE
•
Can you tell me if the bill includes the tip?
• •
Do you know if he tips? Do you know whether (or not) he tips?
•
Many tourists wonder how much they should
.
with a
tip their waiter.
question word.
initi
You can also use the word or
Does the bill include the tip?
after a question
• •
Many tourists wonder how mucn 0 Some wonder whether to t p at all.
•
• BE CAREFUL! Do not use the infinitive after Or
S.
•
BE CAREFUL!
Use
In all embedded questions. Do not leave out Ye I s no qUestions. Do not Use qLJestions.
I
or
0
or
word order
Ie her in embedded
in embedded
• We wondered why we should e ~e why to lea ...e a tip. tv '''ondered Vi NOT \Ale
• Could you tell me whtre h ) ? NOT Could you tell Ale where are they?
.
6'00 yet?
• Cou ld you tell me I I ~ . . ' . • . t7 NOT Could you tell Ale IS It 6.00 ye . • I don't know NOT
Check it out! rnrnon phrases Introducin g embedd e d qu es iHHl I>, :-lee AI I
p
p. •
tip .
331
• ••••
332
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
IDENTIFY. ead this online advert for a book dbout tipping. Underline the que tiOf15. I
tJ~___________________ -__.___T~ip~s__o_n_T_i~p~p_jn~g~____________~___- ____~ 08
reso
•
•
By IRENE FRAN KEL
•
yo u've ever wanted to know exactly how to tip. you've ever cancelled a restaurant booking because you didn't know whether to t ip or not. you've ever forgotten to tip or not realised that you were supposed to tip. you've ever left a small tip and then wondered if it should have been bigger. you're ever left a large tip and then wondered if you needed to tip at all. you've ever been uncertain whether the tip is included in the bill. you've ever wondered why you should tip. you're new to the United Kingdom and you're not sure who to tip.
I
REWRITE • Complete these questions about tipping customs. Change the direct ,., ~e~on.) in brackets to embedded questions. Use the infinitive whenever possible. Use correct punctuation.
Can you tell me whether
___.t...:. o_t:.....iLP...:..: i n..:......:.C..::..:a:.....n.:..:. ad .:..:.a::..:..?:......-
-.,---
-
-...".---c--:--- -- - - - - -
(Should I tiP
2.
ClIlildd)
I'm going to France. Please explain _ _ _ _ _ __ _ -:-:--_ _ -:--:--:----:-:--::-::-::--- - (How un I tC'j
3.
III
If
the tiP
Induded
IS
In
the b:il )
Can you tell me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _::-:-:;---::-:--.....,-_-:--:---:---;--_ .....,----:-:-_ _ _ _ __ _ (Why did w,ntE'r ,n !tel no r fuse my tip )
4. I'm moving to Japan. I'd like to know -----;-:------,,......,...-..,..,....-- - ----:c:----(How m
s. We're visiting Australia. Please tell us ____
I
h hould I tip
1)
--=-::-.-_ _ _ __
(Wh
(' pee t , lip
....,.-.,....--:-----,--:;:-_ ,IIlU wh~' doe n t?)
_ _-
6.
I'm going on holiday to Norway. I'd like to know if - - - - ; : : - : - : - : - : - - --:--:-- , - - -- - c ; : - - -
7.
I've got a new job in China. I need to know whether -----:-::--:":--:-"':'7.'-::--;-::;--~- 1
( hould I tiP my ~kl imtru tor 1)
(I tiPping stllllllt'gal there
8. In
)
Germany the tip is included. I don't know whether ___--:-=.,....-...,..,..,:-.-_ _--:;;-_- (Should I tip anyway1)
!:~~~.c:t~ed
Qu ions •••••••••••••••••••
REWRITE· wo students from Newca5tle are visiting lA, h' (HOOSE & . Ch vvas mgton D C , ,1.('1 ccersatlons. oose the appropriate questio £ h " ( .. ' dd d . ns ,rom t e box and them to embe e questIons. Remember to punctuate th change e sentences correctly.
ch should we tip the taxi driver? U m HoW we rent a car and drive? (OU Id we buy metro tickets? can
Where
Where is the Smithsonian Museum? What did they put in the sauce? Where h 1t?
DRIVER! Sure. Get in and I'll take you there. 2.
MARY: According to the book, we're supposed to leave 10 to 15 per cent. I've got it. MARY: Excuse me. Can you tell me ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ OFFICER: Just turn right at the corner. You'll see it. 4.
I'd like to take the metro to the zoo, but I don't know _ _ _ _ _ _ __ MARy: Probably at the station.
s.
I want to visit Williamsburg. Do you think _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Let's find out. That sounds fun.
MIKE:
MIKf::
6.
MARy: This is delicious. Let's try to find out _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ MIKE:
It tastes like ginger and garlic to me.
EDIT • Read this entry from a student's diary. Find and correct seven mistakes in the Ise of embedded questions. The first mistake has already been corrected. Remember to
check the punctuation! When you live in a foreign country, even a small occasion can be an adventure! Before my date With J I should , .., ames tonight, I didn't even know what 3hou ld I wear! Jeans? A dress? John s Grill Isn t a Smart restaurant but it was James's birthday and I wanted to make it a big occasion. Alison Was very helpful, as always. I knew how to get to John's Grill but I didn't know how long it was gOing to tak t t f t· but e 0 get there? I left at 6:00. which should have given me plen yo Ime. When I got f . f· h e o f the bus. I wasn't sure if to turn left or right. I asked a poirce of Icer w er was john' d ·nk s and I was only a few minutes late. I had planned to take James out for a rI
I afterwards b t
t d d James u I COUldn't remember how I to find the place Alison had sugges e an
has b een here
I .I I wondering whether even ess time than me Anyway when we got the brl. was . • I ~t· Ip Or no I h d t book cCllled rips on T; • a to ask James did he know. Fortunately, he had read a grea "- PPlng So h e told me to leave about 15 per cent.
333 • ••
,
ONE the letta of tht c.orrect answer to complete each sentence.
-
-
EXAMPLE:
J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (B) drinks
---
is drinking (D) was drinking (C)
-
' ---
'You look beautiful in that dress.' Last night she told me _ _ _ _ beautiful in that dress. (A) you look (C) I'll look (B) you looked (D) I looked
ABC D
We'd better find out _ _ _ _ the train has left. (A) if (C) has (B) does (D) did
ABC D
3. -Should we turn left or go straight on?
ABC D
-Hmm. I'm not sure which way _ _ _ _ . (A) do we turn (C) should we turn (B) to turn (D) it turned 'Why don't you join us for coffee, Don?' After the film, we asked Don _ _ _ _ us for coffee. (A) would he join (C) to join (B) why he didn't join (D) for joining 'We must leave immediately!' When the fire alarm rang, our teacher said _ _ _ _ leave immediately. (A) we had to (C) not to (B) we have to (D) he must 6.
'Today is the happiest day of my life.' At the reception last night, the groom said _ _ _ _ the happiest day of his life. (A) today was (C) yesterday was (B) that day is (D) today is
ABC D
ABC D
ABC D
7. I
wonder who _ __ _ (A) Our waiter is? (B) is Our waiter.
our waiter is. is our waiter? 8. 'Please don't leave your boots in the hall.' My mother is always telling me _ _ _ _ boots in the hall. (A) not to leave my (C) to not leave my (B) not to leave your (D) don't leave my
334
(C) (D)
A
C D
ABC D
elnest XV ••••••••••••••••
'IIi, Bob. Did you get. the job?' Bob's friend asked hIm - - - - the job. (A) did he get (C) if he had got (B) did you get (D) had he got 'Weather patterns change.' \ Experts now say that weather patterns . (A) changed (C) had changed (B) are changing (D) change
b
335
•
ABC D
ABC D
TWO
SfCT10
E h sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined part
~---
- - - ---
-
--
EXAMPLE:
Mike usually drives to school but today he walks .
--~-
A B C@
I •
1
The teacher said the class that hot air rises and cold air sinks. A B C
2 I
D
asked Sean how to pronounce his name1. "
3
ABC D ABC 0
B C D
Gerry called last week and said that he needed the report now. ~
ABC 0
B C D
Two days ago, the weather forecaster warned A
that a storm is coming. C
D
-. Sandy called from Miami and said she was swimming here. B 6.
ABC 0 ABC 0
C
Do you know if or not we need to bring our passports?
ABC 0
She didn't know if to tip so she asked me what to do.
ABC 0
"
seD
B
Ron said that he wasn't sure but the rain might stop already.
ABC 0
I'd 111 l"ke lobster but the menu doesn't say how much does it cost.
ABC 0
LUke always says that he ran a mile every day these days.
ABC 0
r
~
I
Could you tell me when the next train leaves and where to buy tickets..!. .
/1
'
I
I
~
--
ABC 0
ABC 0 ABC D ABC 0
•
ABC 0
Ices Irregular Verbs BASE FORM •
anse awake be beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring build bum burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive earn eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get • give go
336
PAST SIMPLE
arose awoke was/were beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought built burnt burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove earnt ate fell fed felt fought found fit fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went
PAST PARTICIPLE •
arisen awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burnt burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven earnt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got • given gone
BASE FORM
PAST SIMPLE
PAST
grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead leap learn leave lend let lie (lie down) light lose make mean meet pay prove put quit read Iri:dl ride • ring • rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut • sing
ground grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid proved put quit read Iredl rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang
ground grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid proved/proven put quit read Iredl ridden rung • risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung
PARTICIPLE
Appendices •••••••••••••••• PAST SIMPLE
9~s'
FO~
sank sat slept slid smelt spoke sped spelt spent spilt span/spun spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck
sink ~t
sleeP slide smell speak speed
spell spend spil spin sprt split spread spnng stand steal stick sting stink strike •
PAST PARTICIPLE
BASE FORM
sunk sat slept slid smelt spoken sped spelt spent spilt spun spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck
swear sweep SWim sWing take teach tear tell think throw understand upset wake wear weave weep • Win wind withdraw • wring write • •
PAST SIMPLE
PAST
Swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood upset woke wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote
sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood upset woken worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written
337 ••
PARTICIPLE
Common Stative EMOTIONS
MENTAL STATES
WANTS AND
APPEA~""CE
admire adore appreciate care detest
agree assume believe consider disagree disbelieve estimate expect feel (believe) find guess hesitate • Imagine
PREFERENCES
AND VALUE
hope need prefer want wish
appear be cost equal feel look matter represent resemble seem signify smell sound taste weigh
di~ike
doubt envy
fear
hale
Ie love reyre! !~
know mean mind presume realise • recognise remember see (understand) suppose suspect think (believe) understand wonder
PERCEPTION AND THE SENSES
feel hear notice observe • perceive see smell taste
trust
Corn."
on Verbs Followed by the Gerund
Consider delay deny detest discontinue discuss
dislike endure enJoy feel like finish forgive •
•
•
Imagine justify keep (continue) mention
POSSESSION AND RELATlONSHIP
belong contain have own possess
(Base Form of Verb + -in9)
mind (object to) • miSS postpone practise propose
recall recommend regret report resent
resist risk suggest tolerate understand
•
... ,
•
338
p •••• •• • •••• •• • • • •• ••••• • • • • •• • • •
•
Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To + Base Form of Verb)
afford agree appear arrange ask attempt
choose consent decide deserve expect fail
grow help hesitate hope hurry intend
learn manage mean need neglect offer
Followed by advise allow ask* cause
challenge choose* convince enable
request seem struggle swear volunteer wait
want wish would likel love/hate yearn
and the Infinitive
encourage expect* forbid force
•
pay plan prepare pretend • promise refuse
get help* hire invite
need* order pay* permit
persuade promise* remind request*
•
require teach tell urge
want* warn wish* Would likel love/hate*
*These verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: ask to leave or ask someone to leave).
Common begin can/t stand
Fo.
by the Gerund or the Infinitive
continue forget*
hate like
love prefer
remember* start
stop* try
*These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but there is a big difference in meaning.
Common Verb + Preposition Com admit to advise against apologise for approve of
believe in choose between complain about count on
Common accustomed to afraid of amazed at/by angry with/about ashamed of aware of awful at bad at
ashamed • cunous delighted depressed
look forward to object to pay for plan on
rely on resort to succeed in talk about
think about wonder about worry about
+ Preposition Combinations bored with capable of careful of concerned about content with curious about different from excited about
Common afraid alarmed amazed • anxIous
deal with dream about/of feel like/about insist on
famous for fed up with fond of glad about good at happy about interested in nervous about
opposed to pleased about ready for responsible for sad about safe from satisfied with shocked at/by
that Can Be Followed by determined disappointed distressed disturbed
*Example: I'm happy to hear that.
eager easy embarrassed encouraged
excited fortunate glad happy
hesitant likely lucky pleased
sick of slow at sorry for/about surprised at/about/by terrible at tired of used to worried about
Infinitive* proud ready relieved reluctant
sad shocked sorry surprised
touched upset willing
Appendices •• • •••••••• • • •• ••
Irregular Compa ADJECTIVE
bad far good little many/a lot of much '/a lot of
of Adjectives , Adverbs and Quantifiers
AoVERB
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
badly far well little
worse further better less more more
worst furthest best least most most
much */a lot
' Much is usually only used in questions and negat ive statements.
used as Adj
common Partici
.
oed alarmed amazed amused annoyed astonished bored
confused depressed disappointed disgusted distressed
Some ADJecTIVE
(ammon deadly friendly happy lively lonely lovely narrow pleasant POlite qUiet
shallow true
-ing alarming amazing amusing • annoYing astonishing boring confusing depressing disappointing disgusting distressing
-ed disturbed embarrassed entertained excited exhausted fascinated frightened horrified inspired interested irritated
•
•
o
-mg disturbing embarrassing entertaining exciting exhausting fascinating frightening horrifying • inspiring interesting irritating •
•
-ed moved paralysed pleased relaxed satisfied shocked surprised terrified tired touched troubled
that Form the Comparative and COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
commoner I more common deadlier I more deadly friendlier I more friendly happier I more happy livelier I more lively lonelier I more lonely lovelier I more lovely narrower I more narrow pleasanter I more pleasant politer I more polite quieter 1 more quiet shallower I more shallow truer I more true
commonest I most common deadliest I most deadly friendliest I most friendly happiest I most happy liveliest I most lively loneliest I most lonely loveliest I most lovely narrowest I most narrow pleasantest I most pleasant politest / most polite quietest I most quiet shallowest I most shallow truest I most true
o
-mg moving paralysing pleasing relaxing satisfying shocking surprising terrifying tiring touching troubling •
•
o
In
•
339
••
• ••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••
Common Reporting Verbs INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS, STATEMENTS
acknowledge add admit announce answer argue assert believe
claim complain conclude confess declare deny exclaim explain
Common 11
indicate maintain mean note observe promise remark repeat •
reply report say state suggest tell warn write
REQUES I S AND INVITATIONS
QUESTIONS
advise ask caution command demand instruct
ask • • mqulre question want to know wonder
invite order say tell urge warn
•
Word
h
In
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
now today tomorrow yesterday this week/month/year last week/month/year next week/month/year
then that day the next day OR the following day OR the day after the day before OR the previous day that week/month/year the week/month/year before the following week/month/year
Common I don't know ... I don't understand ... I wonder ... I'm not sure ... I can't remember .. . I can't imagine .. . It doesn't say .. .
~ ~
I
Embedded
I'd like to know ... I want to understand ... I'd like to find out .. . We need to find out .. . Let's ask ...
Do you know ... ? Do you understand ... ? Can you tell me ... ? Could you explain ... ? Can you remember ... ? Would you show me ... ? Who knows ... ?
and Expressions Commonly amuse oneself ask oneself avail oneself of be hard on oneself be oneself be pleased with oneself be proud of oneself
behave oneself believe in oneself blame oneself cut oneself deprive oneself of dry oneself enjoy oneself
feel sorry for oneself forgive oneself give oneself help oneself hurt oneself imagine oneself introduce oneself
Reflexively keep oneself ki II oneself look after oneself look at oneself pride oneself on push oneself remind oneself
see oneself take care of oneself talk to oneself teach oneself tell oneself treat oneself wash oneself
•••••••••••••••••
341
Some Common Phrasal Verbs _ omeone s.t. = something)
(5.0. _ 5
.
.
NOTE 1: Inseparable phrasal verbs ar~ shown ~Ith the object after the particle (go after s.t.). arable phrasal verbs are shown with the object between the verb and the particle (call s.o. up) . ~:~s which must be separated are shown with an asterisk (* ) (keep S.t. on) . NOTE 2: Separable phrasal verbs can have the noun object either between the verb and the particle or after the particle (call Jan up OR call up Jan). These verbs must. however. be separated when there is a pronoun object (call her up NOT . PHRASAL VERB
ask 5.0. round block s.t. out blow s. t. out blow S.t. up blow (s.t.) up break down break out bring S.t. about bring 5.0. or s.t. back bring S.t. out bring 5.0. up burn (s.t.) down call (5.0.) back call s.t. off call 5.0. up carry on S.t. carry S.t. out catch on cheer (5.0.) up clean (5.0. or s.t.) up clear (s.t.) up come about come along Come back Come in come off s.t. come out come up come up with s.t. cover s.t. up cross st out Cut s.t. down cut s.t. off Cut s.t. out dream s.t. up dress up drink s..t up drop bY/in
MEANING
invite to one's home stop from passing through (light, noise) stop burning by blowing fill something with air (a balloon, a water toy) (make s.t.) explode stop functioning occur suddenly make something happen return someone or something introduce (a new product, a book) raise (children) burn completely return a phone call cancel telephone someone continue • pursue a plan become popular (make someone) feel happier clean completely make clear happen accompany return enter become detached appear anse invent cover completely draw a line through bring down by cutting 1. stop the supply of something 2. remove by cutting remove by cutting Invent put on special or formal clothes drink completely visit unexpectedly •
•
PHRASAL VERB
drop
5.0.
or s.t. off
drop out (of s.t.) eat out empty (s.t.) out end up
fall off figure 5.0. or s. t. out fill S.t. in fill (s.t.) up find (s.t.) out follow (s.t.) through fool around get s. t. across get ahead get along get back get by get out (of s. t.) get s. t. out of s. t. * get together get up give S.t. away give s. t. back give S.t. out give (s.t.) up go after 5.0. or S.t. go along with S.t. go back go off go on go out go up grow up hand s.t. in hand s. t. out hang up hang S.t. up
MEANING
take someone/something to a place and leave them/it there leave eat in a restaurant empty completely 1. do something unexpected or unintended 2. reach a final place or condition become detached understand (after thinking about) complete with information (a form, an application) fill completely learn information complete be playful get people to understand an idea make progress, succeed relate well return • survive leave (a car, a taxi) benefit from meet rise from bed give without charging money return something distribute stop, abandon pursue act in agreement with return explode (a gun, fireworks) continue leave be built become an adult give some work to a boss or teacher distribute put the phone down put on a hook or hanger
(contwucd on next page)
• •••• •
'.
,
342
...... .
• ••••••••••••••••
PHRASAL VERB
MEANING
help (5.0.) out aSSIst wait, not hang up the phone hold on keep (5.0. or s. t.) away (cause to) stay at a distance continue keep on not remove (a piece of clothing keep S.t. on* or jewellery)
keep up (with 5.0. or s. t.) lay 5.0. off leave S.t. on* leave s. t. out let 5.0. down let 5.0. or s. t. in let 5.0. or s. t. out lie down light (5. t.) up look out look 5.0. or S.t. over look S.t. up make S.t. up pass S.t. round pay 5.0. or s. t. back payoff pick 5.0. or S.t. out pick up pick 5.0. or s. t. up play around point 5.0. or S.t. out put s. t. away put S.t. back put 5.0. or S.t. down put S.t. off put S.t. on put S.t. together put S.t. up run into 5.0. run out (of s.t.) see S.t. through * set S.t. off set S.t. up
go as fast as end someone's employment 1. not turn off (a light, a radio) 2. not remove (a piece of clothing or jewellery) omit disappoint allow to enter allow to leave recline illuminate be careful examme try to find in a book or on the internet create distribute repay be worthwhile 1. select 2. identify Improve 1. lift 2. get (an idea, a new book, an interest) have fun indicate put something in an appropriate place return something to its original place stop holding postpone cover the body with a piece of clothing or jewellery assemble erect meet accidentally not have enough of a supply complete cause to explode 1. establish (a business, an organisation) 2. prepare for use •
•
PHRASAL VERB
MEANING
show 5.0. or S.t. off show up sign up sit down stand up stay up stick with/to 5.0. or S.t. straighten (s.t.) up switch s. t. on take S.t. away/off take S.t. back take off take 5.0. on take S.t. out talk 5.0. into* talk S.t. over team up with 5.0. tear S.t. down tear S.t. up think S.t. over think S.t. up throw S.t. away/out touch S.t. up try S.t. on try S.t. out turn 5.0. or S.t. down
display the best qualities appear register take a seat me remain awake not give up, not leave make neat start a machine remove return depart (a plane) hire, employ borrow from a library persuade discuss start to work with destroy tear into small pieces consider invent discard improve by making small changes put clothing on to see if it fits find out if something works 1. reject 2. decrease the volume (a radio, a TV) change from one form to another stop a machine start a machine have a particular result appear increase the volume use completely, consume arise after sleeping awaken be careful remove by work or activity 1. be resolved 2. exercise solve write on a piece of paper write in a finished form
•
turn 5.0. or S.t. into turn s. t. off turn S.t. on turn out turn up turn S.t. up use S.t. up wake up wake (5.0.) up watch out work S.t. off work out work S.t. out write S.t. down write s. t. up
•
Ap "dIe s • •• • •• ••• •• • • • • • •
some Common S,,~Gui.AR •
analysIs basIs ((Isis • hypothesIs •
PLURAL
analyses bases crises hypotheses
SINGULAR
half knife leaf life loaf shelf wife
PLURAL
halves knives leaves lives loaves shelves • wives
SINGULAR
PLURAL
child man woman
SINGULAR
children men women
mouse
mice
foot goose tooth
feet geese teeth
deer fish sheep
deer fish sheep
person
people
2. If averb ends in a silent -e, drop the final -e and add -ing.
However, do not double the last consonant in words that end In W, x, or y. •
sew
sewmg
fix
fixing •
•
leaving
taking
3. In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are a consona"t - vowel- consonant combination (CVC), double the last consonant before adding -ing.
enJoy
si t
enJoymg
so you double the -f.)
I
whisper
whispering
sitting
eve H! run
•
4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant _ vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed. I admit admitting (The last syllable is stressed,
eve !il
•
•
•
reading
standing
PLURAL
Contin
1. Add -ing to the base form of the verb.
leave take
•••••
ular Plural Nouns
Spelling Rules for the
read stand
343
(The last syllable is not stressed, so you don't double the -r.)
5. If a verb ends in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing. die dying
running
Spelling Rules for the Present Simple: Third Person Singular (he, it) 1. Add ·S for most verbs. work works buy buys nde rides return returns 2. Add -es for w d h or stat end in -ch " -5 -sh" -x or -z. Watch watches pass passes rUsh rushes relax relaxes buzz buzzes
3. Change the y to i and add -es when the base form ends in a consonant + y. study studies hurry hurries dry dries Do not change the y when the base form ends in a vowel + y. Add -5. play plays • enjoys enJoy 4. A few verbs have irregular forms.
be do go have
•
IS
does goes has
344 •
p neil ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs 1. If the verb ends in a consonant, add -ed. return returned help helped 2. If the verb live create die
However, do not double the last consonant in one-syllabi words ending in -w, -x, or _yo e bow bowed • mix mixed play played
ends In -e, add -d. lived created died
3. In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonantvowel - consonant combination (eVe), double the final consonant and add -ed.
eve
111 hop
hopped
5. If the verb ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i and add -ed. worry worried carry carried
eve
111 rub
4. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant _ vowel - consonant combination, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed. I prefe r preferred (The last syllable is stressed , so you double the -r.) I visit visited (The last syllable is not stressed , so you don't double the t.)
rubbed
6. If the verb ends in a vowel + y, add -ed. (Do not change the y to i.) play played annoy annoyed Exceptions: pay paid, lay laid, say said
Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and Superlative ( ) of Adjectives 1. Add -er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. Add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative. cheap cheaper cheapest bright brighter brightest
big
•
3. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i before you add -er or -est. pretty prettier prettiest Exception: shy shyer shyest
nice quiet beautiful
nicely quietly bea utifu lIy
2. If the adjective ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i before adding -Iy. easy
easily
bigger
biggest
However, do not double the final consonant in words ending in -w or -yo slow slower slowest coy coyer coyest
Ending in -Iy
1. Add -Iy to the corresponding adjective. •
eve
111
2. If the adjective ends in -e, add -r or -st. • nice nicer nicest
Spelling Rules for
4. If the adjective ends in a consonant - vowel - consonant combination (eVe), double the final consonant before adding -er or -est.
3. If the adjective ends in -Ie, drop the e and add -y. possible
possibly
However, do not drop the e for other adjectives ending in -e. extreme Exception: true
extremely truly
4. If the adjective ends in -ie, add -ally. basic fantastic
basically fantastically
Appendices _ •• • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • •
1.
E PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND IMPERATIVE PRESENT SIMPL,
contractions with Be =
/ am yOU are
PRESENT SIMPLE
hel s she IS •
it IS we are you are they are / am not you are not he is not she IS not it IS not we are not you are not they are not
= = = = = =
he's she's it's we're you're they're
= = = = =
,'m not
you aren't he isn't she isn't it isn't = we aren't = you aren't = they aren't
/ rr a student. He' my teacher. We from Canada.
'JaYII' here. He' 'ac , verbs. We livi here. /' In
.
or or or or or or or
you're not he's not she's not it's not we're not you're not they're not
Contractions with Do do not = don't does not = doesn't
PAST SIMPLE AND
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
,'m
= you're
•
2.
345
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
She's not ill. He Isn t late. We aren twins. They're 110 here.
She' ot reading . He s 't coming . We are! 't leaving . They're not playing .
PRESENT SIMPLE
IMPERATIVE
They don't live here. It doesn't snow much.
Don't run !
i I
I
PAST CONTINUOUS
Contractions with Be was not ::: wasn't were not ::: weren't Contractions with Do did not ::: didn't
PRESENT SIMPLE
IMPERATIVE
He wasn'l a poet. , . They weren 1 twins. We didn't see her.
He ·,asn't singing . They \feren't sleeping.
3. FUTURE
Contractions with Will I will :::"" you will ::: you'll he will ::: he'll she will ::: she'll it will ::: it'll We wi/I ::: we'll You will ::: You'll they will
::: they'll
will not
PRESENT SIMPLE
/'11
l~
e the train. It' ll hE faster that way. We II { together. He WOr' (or « with us. They won't ml the train.
-
-------
::: won't
(coI/IlI/lIee! 011 I/ext pa{{e)
• •••
346 •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Contractions with Be going to == I'm going to I am going to you are going to == you're going to he is going to == he's going to she is going to = she's going to it is going to == it's going to we are going to = we're going to you are going to = you'~e goi~g to they are going to == they re gOing to
FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO
I'm qoing to buy tickets tomorrow. She's going to call you. Irs gOing to rain soon. We re going to drive to Leeds. They're going to crash !
4. PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Contractions with Have I have == I've you have == you've he has = he's she has = she's it has = it's we have = we've you have == you've they have = they've have not has not
~-----------------
You 've already read that page. We 've been writing for an hour. She's been to Africa three times. It's been raining since yesterday. We haven't seen any elephants yet. They haven't been living here long. She hasn't taken any photos today.
= haven't == hasn't
S. MODAlS AND MODAL-liKE EXPRESSIONS
could have should have would have must have might have
------
could've should've would've must've might've
We could've walked. We might've arrived late.
•
6. CONDITIONALS WITH WOULD
Contractions with Would I would = I'd you would == you'd he would == he'd she would == she'd we would == we'd you would = you'd they would == they'd
If I had time, I' I nvel. If you moved here, youJ b~ happy. If she knew the answer, sht:d {'I/ you. We'd buy a new car if we had the money. If you invited them, hl'Y 'd . orne. If I had known, I would'v!' told you. I wouldn', do that if I were you. -
would have
= would've
would not
= wouldn't
--
-------
Appendlce •••••••••••••••••
347 •
punctuation Rules for Direct Speech h ay either follow or come before the reporting Direct speec · mct speech follows the reporting verb, b When dIre ver . mma after the reporting verb. put a 00 . a. .ng quotation marks before the first word of the b. Use ope:~ch Quotation marks can be single (') or double direct sp· . k . t single quotation mar s are more common In tha but note
Example: 'I ~eard him shout" Come here!" but I ran away,' he said. When direct speech comes before the reporting verb, a. Begin the sentence with opening quotation marks.
n
b. Use the. appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech. If the d~rect speech is a statement, use a comma (,). If the direct speech is a question, use a question mark (?). If the direct speech is an exclamation, use an exclamation mark (!).
British English. . the quotation with a capital letter. c. Begm . . d Use the appropriate end punctu.atlon for the direct speech. . It may be a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!). closing quotation marks (') or (") after the end t ! Pu . punctuation of the quotation.
e. Use closing quotation marks after the end punctuation for the direct speech. d. Begin the reporting clause with a lower-case letter. e. Use a fu ll stop at the end of the main sentence (.). Examples: 'I had a good time,' he said. Where's the party?' she asked. 'Be careful!' they shouted.
Examples: He said, 'I had a good time.' She asked, Where's the party?' They shouted, 'Be careful!'
f. For quotations inside quotations, use double quotation marks inside single quotation marks.
Pronunciation Table VOWELS
Symbol •
Key Word
I:
beat, feed
1
bit, did
el e 0 ):
au u U·• '\
CONSONANTS
Symbol
banana, among aI
date, paid bet, bed
au
bat, bad
JI
box, odd, bought, four, door boat, road bOOk, good
Key Word
1<) e<) Q:
u<) 3:
bite, cry, buy, eye about, how voice, boy beer bare bar, father tour bird
boot, food,
Symbol
p b t
d
k
pack, happy
, shows main stress.
f
Key Word ship, machine, station, special, discussion • •
tie
3
measure, vIsion
die
h
hot, who
came, key, quick
m
men
9
tf
church, nature, watch
d3 f
judge, general, major
v
van
fan, photograph thing, breath then, breathe
STRESS
Symbol
back, rubber
game, guest
8
but, mud , mother
KeyWord
s
sip, city, psychology
z
zip, please, goes
n
•
sun, know, pneumonia •
•
sung, ringing
IJ w
wet, white
I
light, long
r
right, wrong •
Y
yes, use, musIC
••
I
"
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pronunciation for the Third Singular (he, she, it) 1. The third person singular in the present simple always ends in the letter -SoThere are, however, three different ways of pronuncing the final sound of the third person singular. 151 talks
Izf loves
I lzf dances
2. The final sound is pronounced lsI after the voiceless sounds Ipl, It!, Ikl, and Ifl. top get take laugh
tops gets takes laughs
3. The final sound is pronounced Izf after the voiced sounds Ib/, Id/, Igl, lvi, 101, Iml, In/, frjl and 11/. describe spend hug live breathe seem remain • sing tell •
describes spends hugs lives breathes seems • remains • sings tells
IIdl attended
2. The final sound is pronounced It! after the voiceless sounds Ipl, IkI, IfI, lsI, IfI, and Itf/. hop work laugh address publish watch
agree try stay know
agrees tries stays knows
5. The final sound is pronounced IIzf after the sounds lsI, IzJ, Ifl, 13 /, Itf/, and 1d3/. IIZI adds a syllable to the verb. relax relaxes freeze freezes rush rushes massage massages watch watches judge judges
say do
1. The regular past simple always ends in the letter -d. There are, however, three different ways of pronuncing the final sound of the regular past simple. Idl lived
4. The final sound is pronounced Izf after w, y and all vowel sounds.
6. Do and say have a change in vowel sound.
Pronunciation Rules for the
It! raced
Ie:
hopped worked laughed addressed published watched
3. The final sound is pronounced Idl after the voiced sounds fbI, Igl, lvi, Izf, 13 /, 1<131, Iml, Inl, IfJ/, 11/, Irl, and 10/. rub rubbed hug hugged live lived surprise surprised
IseII Idu:1
says does
Isezf IdAZl
Simple of Regular Verbs massage change rhyme return bang enrol appear breathe
massaged changed rhymed returned banged enrolled appeared breathed
4. The final sound is pronounced Idl after all vowel sounds. agree agreed play played die died • enJoy enjoyed row rowed 5. The final sound is pronounced IIdl after It! and Id/. IIdl adds a syllable to the verb. start decide
started decided
•••••••••••••••••
349
used to or would? and didn't use to + base form of the verb to Use use d ta 1. b t past habits and states. talk a au used to live here. Ie peop •) (But noW they don t. . , to like coffee but now I love It. I didn t use to have long hair when you were younger? se DtdYOU u
2. You can also use would + base form of the verb to describe repeated past actions. Be careful! You cannot use would to describe past states.
As a child I would walk along the beach collecting shells. Some evenings, I would go down to the beach to watch the sunset. NOT
•
• Have or have got? have or have got to talk about possessions. These two 1 Use . f . verbs mean the same thing. Have got IS a present t~nse 0 have not the present perfect form of get. Have got IS more common than have in British English. I have a flat in Manchester. The hotel has a swimming pool.
I've got a flat in Manchester. The hotel's got a swimming pool.
2. Have got is most common in the present and less common in the past.
3. Use have to talk about routines or regular activities.
I often have a salad for lunch. NOT I ofteR nave got a salad for IURcn. The baby has a bath every night. NOT
•
4. Use have in many common expressions. have lunch have a chat
have a bath have a go
have a rest
I had a bad headache yesterday. NOT I "'ad got a bad neadacne ...
Compound Nouns 1. Compound nouns are very common in English. Use two or
three words together to make compound nouns. toothbrush = a brush you clean your teeth with bookshop = a shop where you buy books Sister-in-law aletter box Job centre
2. Most com
d poun s are written as two separate words. servl(e station bus stop hot dog credit card head office paper clip
3. Some short compounds are written as one word. bathroom postman hairbrush 4. A few have hyphens. mother-in-law T-shirt X-ray
...
350 •
n •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
British and
English
GRAMMAR
British English The present perfect is used for recent past actions:
I've just seen Jim.
VOCABULARY
American English The past simple or present perfect is used for recent past actions:
/ just saw Jim. OR I've just seen Jim. The past participle gotten is not used:
The past participle gotten is used:
Your French has got better since /Iast saw you.
Your French has gotten better since /Iast saw you.
British English aeroplane angry autumn barrister bill (in a restaurant) biscuit bonnet (of a car) boot (of a car) car park chips •
Have got and have are both
Have is more common in
used in negatives and questions:
negatives and questions:
Have you got my book? OR Do you have my book? I haven't got a car. OR / don't have a car.
Do you have my book? / don't have a car.
Collective nouns are more commonly used with a plural verb. Singular verbs are also possible:
Collective nouns are more commonly used with a singular verb:
The crew are/is on deck. The crowd are/is shouting.
The crew is on deck. The crowd is shouting.
Can't is used to say that
Can't and must not are both
something is not possible:
used to say that something is not possible:
Sally can't be here. All the lights are out.
Sally can't/must not be here. All the lights are out.
The definite article the is used with musical instruments:
The definite article the can be left out
/ play the violin.
I play violin. OR I play the violin.
And is usually used after the verb go: Lers go and see Mike.
And is often left out after the verb go: Let's go see Mike.
SPELLING
British English centre, fibre, metre, theatre colour, favourite, flavour, labour, honour defence, licence practice (noun), practise (verb) programme analyse, paralyse, realise analogue, catalogue, dialogue
American English center, fiber, meter, theater color, favorite, flavor, labor, honor defense, license practice program analyze, paralyze, realize analog/analogue, catalog, dialog/dialogue
CrISpS
crossroads dustbin film first floor flat gear lever ground floor holiday hooter jab lift lorry mad main road motorway nappy pavement petrol post public lavatory/toilet queue (noun); queue (verb) • nse rubber rubbish shop solicitor stupid surgery sweets tap timetable torch trainers trousers underground windscreen zebra crossing •
ZiP
American English airplane angry/mad fall/autumn lawyer/attorney check cookie hood trunk parking lot french fries/fries potato chips intersection/crossroads trashcan movie second floor apartment gear shiftlstick shift first floor vacation horn shot/injection elevator truck crazy highway freeway diaper sidewalk gas mail rest room line; stand in line raise eraser trash; garbage store lawyer/attorney dumb/stupid doctor's office candy faucet/tap schedule/timetable flashlight sneakers pants subway windshield crosswalk • zipper •
•
(continued on next page)
.................. App ndices
351
DIFFERENCES
OTHER
American English on Fifth Avenue on the weekend stay home on the team different than/from outside of the city/outside the City
BritiSh English . oxford Street In d at the weeken stay at home In the team from/to 'fferent . dI outside the City
11 June; the eleventh of June; June 11; June eleventh; 06-11-95 June the eleventh; 11 -06-95 do something again do something over/again Monday to Friday Monday through/to Friday A to Z /3ed/ A to Z 13i:1
APpendix Quiz Read and answer the questions and tick the correct answers. 1 What IS the past participle of the verb
light?
15
•
2 envy IS ...
o
3 4 5 6
7
an action verb. D a stative verb. If someone lets you down, are you ... 8 happy? D sad? What is the superlative form of the adjective far? . .. ... ........ ..... ....... .. If something doesn't interest you, are you ... u boring? D bored? If you used to drink coffee, do you still drink coffee? J Yes D No tooth has .. .
o
a regular plural form. D an irregular plural form. B If you dress up, do you wear jeans and trainers? J Yes D No 9 What are chips called in American English?
......... .
"
. • • •• • •• • • ••••• ••
10 You form compound nouns with more than one word. fiue D False 11 Which is correct? .., I' ve got a shower every morning. 12 I have a shower every morning. ~ould can be used with both action and stative verbs. 13 '--' True D False The past participle and the base form of the verb hit are
16
17
18
19
20 21
22
o
5
•
,..,
•
23 24
•
25
the same 'ff 14 The verb . . 0 dl erent. ,.., T weigh can have a stative meaning. '-J rue 0 False -..J
aSlej
Sl l~emelSaJ
ue:JUa 6 . UJ\1 Ue Ulljla
.
t>l UJOS)O El anJl lZ
'laA aSEDl! ns AW pa~Jt'd l, uafle 4 I daa45 Jauaq anJl awes a41 a51ej
'l4 6!J 6u!o6 5! 6u!4l0N ipaAouue AlleaJ w,l LZ II• lea OZ lueJnel5aJ e UI 6L afl!l! uIJU! 8L
If you cheer someone up, they feel . .. D worse. D better. The plural form of sheep is ... D sheep. D sheeps. Which sentence is correct in British English? D I didn't pack my suitcase yet. D I haven't packed my suitcase yet. The verb want is followed by the . . . D -ing form. D infinitive. You eat out. .. D at home. D in a restaurant. Your friend gives you a hot dog. Do you .. . D stroke it? D eat it? Tick the correct sentence. D I'm really annoying! Nothing is going right. D I'm really annoyed! Nothing is going right. There are two ways of forming the comparative and superlative of some adjectives. D True D False Are you aware. . . . D of something? 0 to something? If you ask for the check at the end of your meal, you are In ... D a British restaurant. 0 an American resta.urant. The verb remember cannot be followed by the -mg form. o False D True
'5uIUJOW luafla JaM0 4s e afl e4 I LL anJl OL saul/saul 4JuaJJ 6 •
H
9l SL
vL
n ZL
ON 8
Jeln5aJJI ue
ON
L 9
paJoq l Sa4lJ nl pes qJ,M aflllel5 e 1'1
S 17 t l L
A3)1 tfllMSNY
-
•
.....
I ..
•
NOTE. In this answer key, where the contracted form is given the full form and where the full form IS given, the contracted form IS also 'correct.
T
Present Conti
4.
POINT
I
It's happening now!
IS
also correct '
Why are you touring again? What are you working on these days? Who's singing now? Is she replacing Tina? No, she isn't. OR No, she's not.
On wrltrng
I wl'ite to you from my hotel room. Everyone
CHART CHECK 1
sleeping
be + base form of verb + -ing be
else is
but I
m slnlng
here, looking at
the sea. We're staying at the Plaza in Atlantic
CHART CHECK 2
and the view is beautiful. The tour is Beach ,
F
gOing
goes well. The audience is crazy about the
EXPRESS are ... leaving · are ... per fiormrng
are new songs but the fans -is always asking for OR
,re .. . perforlTIlng i'
you. How's the baby? Has she got a good Are
voice? Bo you teaching her to sing yet? Maybe
(m working very hard these days, but I have some good news. Right now, I'm sitting at a desk in the Entertainment Section of the Tribune! Of course IGiY still ~aking) journalism classes at night as well. The job is temporary - Joe Si ItJS, the regular reporter, 1s taking, this month off to write a book. This week wffre preparin~ to interview your favourite group, the Airheads. In fact, at this very moment they're flying into town by helicopter. They~e peliormingJ at the Theatre Royal all week. How'ar~yourgetting oriJ tAryYou still Writin~music? Oops! The crew ~.!e calliI}g me. We're lE~aving for the theatre now. Write soon! •
are ... gorng 3. 'm going 4. is waiting OR'S waiting S. 'm working 6. aren't doing OR 're not doing 7 . 're ... sitting 8. 'm sitting 9. 'm... thinking 100 are staying 2.
352
both of you will come along for the next tour!
T
Present Simple POINT
r
John's Typical Working Week
CHART CHECK T,T,F
EXPRESS Why does he work In today's fast-paced world, we ~ve?escape stress. Stress I(llwayS) affects us psychologically but according to Dr Roads, author of the new bestseller, Calm Down!, it also affects us physically. For example, stress ca!,lses high blood pressure. Doctors often, {?rescrib e medication for stress-related illnesses. Medicine 'usually, lowers a patient's blood
•••••••••••••••••
t Dr Roads claims, 'You don't B sure. u, . .
pres d ills RelaxatlOn exerCIses s nee P . . alway .mes as effective as pIlls. For
EXPRESS 'm weighing, weighs
are breathing exercises relax you and xaIIlpJe, . e blood pressure at the same tIme lower your . t I' . on1y takes a few mmu es. d It _an
ANNA: This steak tastes delicious. Your salmon looks good, too. Ben: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think you'll like it.
doesn't finish WOlnes hasn't got hasn't got
go rushes isn't
•
1
•
IS
Does he W ork on reports in the afternoon? No, he doesn't. . When does he see clients? He sees chents from 9:00 to 12:00. D s he have a lunch break? Yes, he does. does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? He returns phone calls. Where does he go at 5:30? He goes to evening classes.
~eat
ANNA: Mmm. I do like it! Funny, I usually don't likE} fish. BEN: Red 'ha~ that effect on people.
ANNA: I have no idea what you're talking about. What do you mean? BEN: Well, colours can change the way we (fee} For example, people often"fee1 hungrier in a red room. I notice that you're looking at the red wallpaper. ANNA: And I certainly fe~ hungry. I'm eating half your salmon. BEN: That's OK. I'm tasting your steak.
e fer nave
I'm so tired. I htlve never time to relax.
It's delicious!
stud
I work all day and
all night. My boss 2. is looking
~
tell me that I need a holiday. I agree but
3. cost 4. wants
think
f afraid to take one. Does my boss thinks
that the office can function without me? ;;
I-
want them to think I'm not necessary. complains
But my wife is unhappy, too. She complain that she never sees me any more. My 5
schedule crazy. I don't think I can keep tho ",ant IS up much longer. I don't wonts to give up e . oftel "hin~ venlllg classes, though. I think often that
•
353
there has got to be a better way.
hates 6 seems 7 likes 5
2. 'm tasting 3 needs
4. Do ... want 5. tastes
think 'm thinking isn't sounds 10 'm looking l
doesn't suspect 9 know lJ. is thinking 1 hasn't got ~ is listening 8.
1 don't know • P IS 1 . 'm smelling 1 . 'm not
:, love smells know 1 mean 19 feel
Not a good day! I feel depressed and
1
1
Stative Verbs
I've got a headache. I'm needing to do · to change IllY mood and get rid h somet mg
h CHA
POINT
as the flav
RTCHECK 1',1'
OUr of chicken
. . Last week, Pm j eading an of ihlS pam.
. I bout how smells can affect mood arilC e a
'19
and even h c a lth . so at the moment I -smell an orange (for the depression) and a green (colll/fl/led Oll lIext page)
...
... ..
i'
354 •
................................................ n w
r
apple (fol" the headache l. They smell nice but I~
don't thin"
not thtllking that I notice a difference in
1
how I feel! I think
to eat
something when I feel down. But I worry w
that I'm weighing too much. So, at the 'm hs\
moment I have a cup of peppermint tea with lemon. The article says that the peppermint smell helps you eat less. Well, I don't know about that! A chocolate ice cream sounds pretty good right now!
that
there are no easy solutions.
28 June: I (m sitting)n a seat 3,000 metres above the earth en route to Argentina! I usually have dinner at this time but right now I('ve gojl a headache from the
excitement. The person next to me is eatinffi my food. Sherlook& happy. 30 June: It's 7:30. My host's parents-ar~ still Mroikin~ Carlos, the father, works at home. The youngest son, Ricardo, is sweet. He looks (and behaves) a lot like Bobby. Right now, hEts lookin~ over my shoulder and (tryin~ to read my diary. 4 July: The weather~ cold now. I usually spend the first weekend of July at the beach but today
T
Present Cc .ntinuous and Present POINT
:rm
walkinl} around in a
heavy sweater.
6 August: I(fee' so tired tonight. Everyone else feels great in the evening because they have long naps in the afternoon.
F,F
CHART CHECK two parts two forms
EXPRESS CONTINUOUS SUBJECT
BE
BASE FORM
I
am
buying
You
are
buying
+
-ING
---- - - -- - - 1 I f - - - ' - t - - - - ' - - - - -
flowers now.
-~
•
L He c-
-
15
~
buying
-------
-
------'
--~~-~--
PRESENT SIMPLE I
SUBJECT
VERB
---4--------- - - - - - -___ _.. I I buy I, -You usually buy chocolates.
,
.
I
,.
.
tHe
l
I .. ~
'm waiting look 'm working 's talking f. isn't looking OR'S not looking g. looks h. doesn't mean 2. a. 's talking b. 're doing c. 're standing d. Do ... think e. 're going out f. don't think 9. means h, come " stand 3. ., is ... walking , doesn't start . 's ... got d. walks c , seem 4. •. are ... shaking b. know c. shake d. meet 1. b. c. d, e.
l:7uys
-
•••••••••
'30 and I £it. in the library. My
It's 12. mates are eating lunch together but I'm class t ngry yet. At home, we ea/r never this not J1U Today our homework topic is 'culture earIy. ' It's a good topic for me right now shock . use I'm being pretty homesick. I miss my
beca
ttEty ••••••••
3SS • ••••
NECATIVE DON'T
BASE
Don't
Ii t n
Don t
touch
Don't
f:itiJnd up
c
J
b
old routine. At home we always are-having a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we
FORM OF VERB -<
to the musIc. your toes.
1
• straight.
e
6 a
d
7. f
Wash six strawbenies. Cut the strawberries in half. Pour orange juice into the blender. Add the fruit to the orange juice. Blend the ingredients until smooth.
rest. But here in Toronto J.!m having a conversation class at 3:00. Every day, I almost
-
fall asleep in class, and my teacher ask me,
'Are you bored?' Of course I'm not bored. I
Learn Reduce Improve .. Get Don't miss
just need my afternoon rest! This class e fun. This term, we work on a project I"!
Take Choose " Don't delay 1 . Register
with video cameras. My team is filming For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons
groups of people from different cultures. We " "\
.,e
51
are 8Balyse~'social distance'. That means how
gave us this assignment: You
close to each other people stand. According eavi ,g to my new watch, it's 12:55, so I leave now
something important to you. My topic is The
Right Way, the rules oflife for the martial
for my one o'clock class. Teachers here really
arts. First, respects other people - treat them
c:
~
(lr
n
•
VI rite
about
v
the way you want them to treat you. Second,
it when you are late!
1
If'
helped people in need. In other words, use your strength for others, not tEl use it just for
Imperative
your own good. Third,
POINT CH
lie or steal. These
are the most important rules to me.
•
giving instructi
fiO
ons on how to do an exercise
ART CHECK
SelfTest
don' ,
PRESS
(Total
=
100 points. Each item == 4 points)
AFFIRMATIVE
8f\s£
~ORM
L 'lte~
-
u
to the music.
TOUch
StatlQ
OF
lop
your toes. straight.
B D A A
•
D A B B
9. C 10. B
11. A 12 A
B. D 14. D 1 . B
,
;,
•
356 •
.................................... c.
K
y
IIONI TWO
(Correct allSll'ers are in brackets.) ", A (swims) C (hate) 2 A (usually arrives) 17. C (is raining) 2 B (aren't OR are not) B (are you) C (don't) 2 D Cm always losing) 2 B (delete you) B (seems )
1
1
V 1 1
addressed appeared happened saw bit ate drank hopped
Today in class we read a poem by Robert
T
Past Simple: Affirmative Statements POINT
I
etc
it. It was about a person Frost. I really cnose who ehoosed between two roads in a forest. Before he made his decision, he
1989 1999
a lot
of time trying to decide which road to follow. as Many people thought the person were Frost. took In the end, he the road that was less
CHART CHECK two ·d or -ed
travelled on. He decided to be a poet. That changed decision ehonge his life a lot.
EXPRESS was, were came saved r
"
Matsuo Basho ~rotE}more than 1,000 threeline poems or 'haiku.' He 0hos~topics from nature, daily life and human emotions. He ,r.
10 11.
wrote were led became left saw wore wrote
Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. decided Two years ago I deeide to come to this was country. That were the biggest decision of my life.
•
]JecamE} one of Japan's most famous poets
Simple: Negative Statements and Questions
and his work established haiku as an important art form. ~
Matsuo BashorWas) born near Kyoto in 1644. His father wanted him to become a samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to Edo (present-day Tokyo) and studied poetry. By 1681, hethag;many students and admirers. Basho's home burnt down in 1682. Then, in 1683, his mother died. After these events, ~
Basho felt) restless. In 1684, he travelled on foot and on horseback all over Japan. Sometimes his friends joined him, and they wro~ poetry together. Travel(was; difficult in the seventeenth century and Basho was . often ill. He died in 1694, during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had.' 2,000 students.
POINT ?, F, T
CHART CHECK 1 not did not
CHART CHECK 2 was, were did
EXPRESS Did she have a navigator? No, she didn't. 2.
J.
No Yes
4. 5.
No Yes
6. 7.
Yes No
An
Key
•••••••••••••••••
Where dI·d she study? At Columbia University. . k? 1 How Iong was she a socIal war er. For tWO years. ? Where d1·d her last flight leave from. . F am New Guinea. r many books did she How . wnte? Three. . ~ What was her nationahty? Amencan. ,6. When did she disappear? In 1937.
•
357
EXPRESS used to usc to say In many ways, fashion used to be much simpler. Women didn't use to wear trousers to the office and men's clothes never used to
, Were 4 No ... weren't didn't want Did . . . feel Yes . .. did didn 't stop
10 1
1 1 1
Did ... dream didn't think Were No ... wasn't Was No ... wasn't
receIve
?
Hi! Did you received my last letter.
~~'tV your new address so I a ,.l YOu
I d.dn' 1
come in bright colours. People also used to dress in special ways for different situations. They didn't use blue jeans as business clothes or wear tracksuits when they travelled. Today you can go to the opera and
t
find some women in evening gowns while
sent it to your
move
old one. When you moved? Did your flatmate
others are in blue jeans. Even buying jeans
move with you? Right now I'm on board a
used to be easier - they only came in blue
plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana . Did you
r'eet
denim. I'm still not used to buying green jeans and wearing them to work!
met her at the conference last year? I didn't have
wanted to visit her in June but I no had the time. At first I was going to drive from Los
2. used to have 3. used to dress 4. used to dance
5. used to wear 6. used to carry
Angeles but I decided to fly instead. This is didn't
only my third flight but I love flying! I didnt know flying could be so much fun! Hope to hear from you.
to •
POINT
a habit h h . e ad III the past
(HART CHECK 1 l'
When I was younger, clothes didn't be a pro bl em. All the girls at
(HART CHECK 2 did
(Answers may vary slightly.) 2. Trainers used to come in only two colours - black and white. 3. They didn't use to cost as much as they do these days. OR They used to cost less than they do these days. 4 Did people use to wear jeans fifty years ago? Jeans and trainers didn't use to cost very much thi fty years ago. . ? Did women use to wear Jeans .
... USe to
to
my .
~~ the same uniform. 1 used
to
school used to think
. took aw ay from my that It . freedom of choice.
Now I can weal. what I want but clothes cost
(COlltllllll'd 011
next page)
••••• I
•
:J58 .
n r K y • • •• • • • •••• •• • • • • • •••• •• • • • • • • • wei ~o much!
Even hlut' jt'a11S, lodny's 'un iform',
This evening, Sheila and I was looking at
I
used to be chcapt'r l\ly mum uses to pay less
some photographs from my skiing trip with
U'
than .£:30 for hers. I suppose they didn't u&ed
Fritz's family last year. By the end of the Vf:r~
to sell designer jeans back then. You know, I
evening, we j aughing like crazy. That was my
used to be against school uniforms but
first experience on skis so the pictures were
no'\ I'm not so sure!
really embarrassing. In one shot, I was
co
l'"
n"
-
down the slope on my back. In another one, IV'er",
T
Pa
my skis w as falling out of the ski lift while I
Contin
.;.oor
was riding up the slope. Fritz
that
picture from the lift entrance. Good thing he
POINT
wasn't
what she was doing at the time of her accident
not standing right under me! Where was I when Fritz was falling down the slope? Well,
CHART CHECK 1
ca:~.1t1g
unfortunately I wasn't eUffY my ca mera.
F
That would have been a great picture! It
CHART CHECK 2
was amazing how fast Fritz's girlfriend,
before the subject
EXPRESS
Karyn, lea rned that weekend. She was doing
A! were ... staying B: was staying
jumps by the second day. By that time, I was spenain.£j
spent a lot of time at the ski cafe. 2.
F
3. T 4.
3. 4.
S. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
6.
F T
? were sitting outside. wasn't snowing. were wearing sunglasses. weren't wearing their gloves. was serving drinks. wasn't serving lunch. wasn't smiling. was using a mobile phone.
3. was recovering 4. wasn't performing 5. were ... thinking 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
5. T
were waiting wasn't thinking were watching Were ... competing was was training were ... taking
Continuous and Pa
,
POINT 2, 1
CHART CHECK F,T
EXPRESS When was he driving 2. F 3. T 4.
5 6.
7. 8.
were waiting noticed Was ... speeding got was
4. F
5. T 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
•
was gomg reached wasn't were crossing hit
Did ... stop 1 . 15 saw 16 didn't _ was talking 1. was driving 10 didn't ,stop . "0. weren t paymg
were crossing 2 .. Was ... snowing 2 . happened 1- . was wasn't 2 started 2 arrived 21
•
she wa~ driving home, she listened to her car radIO. She pulled over to the side of the road the visibility got very bad. . .. She heard about the accident ... she was listening to the news. ) She drove to the police station ... it stopped snowing. /) she was talking to the police, she was thinking about her article for the mo-rning paper. • Yesterday, a man was talking on his mobile .
h
pho~e
driVing
while he was df'ivc his car. Maybe
he~checking
.......
.•...••••. Key
his diary while he was making
I
~
. . 359 •••
I TWO
(Correct answers are i 1 C (call) n parentheses.) 1 C (was) 20. A (did) 1 A (were) :t: 0 (got) 16. 0 (were sleeping) ~~. C (got) 17 B (not) B (was driving) 1 0 (dropped) ~'. B (delete comma) 1., A (was) 0 (saw)
T
Pr~sent Perfect: Smce and For
(
;;;::. ] POINT T
CHART CHECK 1 have + past participle base form of verb + -d or -ed CHART CHECK 2 a length of time
his next appointment. He was certainly not I
concentrating on the road when the Ii hts
g
turned
suddenly
.
.J
t rle~
red • The tw 0 men ill .
EXPRESS driven: irregular competed: regular won: irregular tried: regular
when they saw him but it was too late. No one was badly hurt but that was just luck. Last year, the C'ty C . 1 ouncil the 'talkin
didn't pass.
. . g and dnvrng' law. We need that
lawl•
Se1fTest 'Total :::
1
lao points. E ac h £tem ' . = 4 pomts.)
A.
D 1D
2
l ONE " B :.. A b.
B
7 A
B 9 0
10. C 11 C 1]
B
Martina Hingis picked up her first tennis racket at the age of two. ~ince the~ she has become one of the greatest tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland ~or many year~. She became the outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine. Q3ince thelY she has won many international competitions including Wimbledon, the US Open and the Australian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties. They are under constant pressure to win and they don't have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina hasn't been to schooh,since 1994 and she has been in the public spotlight (for years. But she seems to be handling Iwr success well. Since she turned proft'ssionnl. she has played (('ontlllul'd 011 Tlext page)
•
• •••• •
360 •
Answ r Key ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
tennis all over the world and has earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the most important thing to her 's ince she was a little gir~ .
5
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
've been for For has attended hasn't done Since has taken
hasn't got Since has met hasn't thought 14. 's known 10. 11 12 13.
•
15. SInce
How long has she lived in Switzerland? (She has lived in Switzerland) for many years. Has she won any competitions since the outdoor Swiss championship? Yes, she has. Has she been to school since 1994? No, she hasn't. How much money has she earned since her career began? (She has earned) millions of dollars. How long has tennis been important to her? (Tennis has been important to her) since she was a little girl.
haY'e been
I aID in Ms Clark's physical education class for
since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have
T
•
Present Perfect: Already. Just and Yet POINT
c F
CHART CHECK 1 use already or just use not . .. yet
CHART CHECK 2 T
EXPRESS Have you had lunch yet? Yes, I/we have. OR No, I/we haven't.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
3. 4. 5.
missed
only
.
two classes since the beginning of
the term. I especially like tennis but since haven't played
September we don't play because the has
weather
been too cold. I also like won volleyball and my team has WiB two
b 5. d
2. c 3. a
6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
4
Has ... disappeared already Yes ... has have already developed haven't been able ... yet Has ... made ... yet No ... haven't
OR
yet
Helmut has already baked the cake. Gisela has already bought flowers. Helmut hasn't put the turkey in the oven yet. Gisela has already washed the windows. Helmut has already mopped the floor. Gisela has already hung the balloons. Helmut hasn't washed the dishes yet. Gisela hasn't wrapped the present yet. bE t r
I'm in a hurry. I haven't went shopping ¥t:t
matches since we ~ started to compete
already but I'll do it on the way home. Rita hb
with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to
have just had dinner and she's already had
the next match.
her bath. Have you eall Mr Jacobson yet?
called dlreHdy c.ll1ed
He's
three times today. hasn
His daughter has had her flu shot yet. Is it too late? See you later.
_ .......... '"Key •••••
361
• • • • • • • • •••
I I
started to fancy her. Last night, Alison ~
Perfect: Indefinite Past
T
moved next door to Gary but he doesn't know yet! I can't wait to see what happens
POINT
in the next episode. Does anyone know when
noW
Gary's book is coming out?
(HART CHECK 1 T
(HART CHECK 2 before the past participle
Simple
(HART CHECK 3 _HECK
F Have you ever watched 'The Simpsons'? Yes, lAve have. OR No, Vwe haven't. 2 3.
F T
4. 5.
F F
6. F 7. T
CHART CHECK 1 the present perfect
CHART CHECK 2 have + past participle EXPRESS
2. 've had 3. 4.
s.
've ... eaten 've ... been have ... wanted
6. 7. 8. 9.
've ... wanted have ... wanted 've travelled have ... tried
I've never even been in a chat room. How have you changed as an actor? I've become more tolerant. 5 who has been your role model? 6, Charlie Chaplin has had great influence on me. 2 3. 4.
What has been your best moment on this show? 8. I've won the award. 9 what have you found most rewarding about the experience? o I' ve met some fantastic people. 7
l' aughed Ve never so much in my life! Did you
.'
POINT
T
EXPRESS
~ •
and
see the everblind date episode on 'Family'?. Have You fte"e r F seen anything so funny? I LOVE the sho , , 3e8M W. Its the best show I have ever sow in rn y l'ti ve I e. I.-realJ.y enjoyed it lately. By the Way h notl( ed , aVe you netiee that Gary and Ali son are be' . h.1 , ginnIng to gel on? I think Gary fl.alle
-
met, have been Many modern marriages are finding interesting solutions to difficult problems. Joe and Maria, for example,(have beeg married since 1995. After their wedding, the couple settled down in Ipswich, where Maria opened an accounting business. Then, in 1997, Joe lost his job. By that time, Maria's new business was booming, so they didn't consider moving. Joe never found a new job in Ipswich but in 1998, he got an excit~g offer on the other side of the country - In Bristol. The couple~ve lived"apart ever . How ave they(handl~this SlTIce. . e' up to now? Joe notes, 'commuter manrn'lag . . lyrha'Szlit beefll easy. Wfi::.:e been, 'It cert am ~' b t · II separated for a few years u geograph lca y F . '\ lot closer emotionally. or . , wcf,ve grown I a . ' 1(I been) worth It. S lhat reason, 1,\ 2. 3.
F
F
4.
F
s. T
,
•••
....
362 • ... ... .. . .. .
. ... ... ... ....... 3. haven't stopped
has . .. been s. s lept haven'i had saw didn't do 9 didn't bot her 1 Have . . . tried OR Did ... try 1 Yes, I have. OR Yes, I did. 've already drunk drank 4.
. ,
8 9 •
2
Did you start your business before your marriage? No, I didn't. How long have you owned your own business? (I've owned my own business) since 1995/for six years. When did you find your job in Bristol? (l found my job in Bristol) in 1998/three years ago. Has your commuter marriage been very difficult? Yes, it has!
been It's 8:00 P.M. It was a hard week and it's not '5
over yet! I still have to finish that report. 5tarted
it last Monday but so far I've
," t ..et"
Wl'ote only five pages. And it's due next ha5 been
worked late every night this week. I'm tired and I
been + base form + -ing
EXPRESS A: has B: For A: been B: collecting
b a
J
4. S.
6. b
b a
have been selling 4- has been living 5, has been sending 6. have been appearing 7 has ... been attracting 8. has been buying 9. Have ... been queueing 10. No, they haven't 11. haven't been asking 3
He hasn't been testing the rollerblades. He hasn't been playing basketball. He's been eating pizza. He hasn't been drinking Coke. 6. He's been building a racing car. 7. He's been playing video games. 8. He hasn't been sending emails.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Thank you very much for the Pokemon t..-
3.:
~J
cards. My friend and I have been pI tty with •
week! Work was so difficult lately. I've didn t
CHART CHECK 2
much sleep last night.
them all day. So far, I am been winning. \-..1 ~;
I really love Pokemon. My mum"been buying
I miss Joe. I've seen him last weekend but it
the toys for us because she thinks they're r, l'r'''' bt: r. fun, too. All my friends were collecting the
seems like a long time ago.
cards for months now. Tonya loves the
5aw
f ht's
computer game you sent, too. She've been T
Present Perfect uous
asking me to play with her but I've been having too much fun with my cards.
thinking
IC'I
POINT
The girls are still collecting Beanie Babies.
CHART CHECK 1 T
I hope you are well. I've been about you a lot. I hope you can come and visit us soon.
Love, Patrick
Key •
• • • •• •• • • • • • •• •••
nt Perfect and Perfect Continuous
363
••••••••
areas in Niger, grasslands in East Africa and forests in West Africa. Because of their great size and strength,
POINT
. a sCir,
elephants have always fuseinatiftg humans.
F, T
Our fascination has almost caused African
CHART CHECK T
elephants to become extinct. Poachers (illegal hunters) have already
EXPRESS eating B: has ... been , A; has OR s B: Has , A: No ... hasn t A;
2
T
3
T
\filled
hundreds of thousands of elephants for the ivory of their tusks. After 1989, it became illegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant grown 011 been growing . population has been gFown steadIly.
... F 5. T
6.
T
Recently, several countries have been protecting elephants in national parks and become
2 has published
herds have beeame larger and healthier.
3 have already died 4.
5.
6.
7 8. 9.
has given has spoken have been waiting has lived OR has been living has worked OR has been working has set up
've ... seen l has been living OR has lived 4. has experienced s. has survived 6. have tested 7 have hunted 8. have saved 9 has been moving -O. has been eating (has been) resting 2 has been raining OR has rained 1. have found OR have been finding
Past Perfect IL:. ;;.:.:.:;;;...;;;;..;.....&1 POINT Oprah decided on a career.
2.
Elephants and their ancestors have been ~' n9
~ on this planet for 5 million years.
SCientists have found their bones in many Places, from Asia to North America. Presentd "ave . ' . ay elephants has. also survived m dlfferent kinds of enVironments, including very dry
CHART CHECK 1 T
CHART CHECK 2 before the subject
EXPRESS A: arrived B: hadn't
.. T T l
. 4
5 6'
.
7. 8.
F 5. F 4.
hadn't yet got had already got hadn't yet got hadn't yet got had already ~een d 't yet buJlt ha n t rred had already s a
b
T
••
364 •
K Y
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Had he reviewed .. . Had he reviewed .. . Had he met ... Had he recorded .. . Had he worked out .. .
No, he hadn't . Yes. he had. No, he hadn't. Yes, he had. Yes, he had.
Oprah Winfrey is an amazing person! By the had time she was twelve, she htts already decided on a career. Not long afterwards, she got her had first radio job. Although she hadn't httve any experience, she became a news reporter. When she got her own TV chat show, she had has already acted in a major Hollywood film. By the late 1980s, 'Oprah Winfrey' had
e d
2
a
4.
<6. C
.. f
had been planning , had been laughing and joking .... had been tra ining 5 had been running 6. had been looking forward 7 had been waiting 2
had you been running 4. had you been going out 5. Had you been living 6. No, I OR we hadn't 7. Had you been expecting 8. No, I hadn't 3.
I've just got back from the marathon! I'm
become
became a household word. Then in 1994, she decided to improve the quality of chat show
tired but very happy. When I crossed the had fmishing line, I have been running for four
themes. She also made a personal change.
hours and twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was
She had always had a weight problem but in
standing there. He had been
1995, TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She
the whole time. We were both soaking wet-
forme
.
lost
had losed almost 40 kilos as a result of
I, because I had been sweating; he, because had it has been raining just a little while before.
dieting and working out. She had also
looki'1g
competed
eompete in a marathon. She has really been
I was so glad to see him. I had been
an inspiration to many people.
forward to this day for so long and hoping that I could finish the race in less than four
T
and a half hours. When I got home, I called been my parents. They had" watching the
Contin
I
marathon on TV and had actually seen me
POINT
cross the finishing line!
T
CHART CHECK been
SelfTest
EXPRESS A: had ... been practising B: had been practising A: Had ... been practising B: hadn't, had been practising
(Total
= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
50 - -TION
ONE
e
5.
2. D
6.
e
7.
4. A
8.
1. 1.
a e a a
e
12. A
10. A 11 .
13. D
9.
a
14. A
Key _ 365 •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
TWO
Fe: ...
1 .
"swers are in brackets.} C (re et all ( 0 5 C (delete has)
1 1
I D (yet) 17 ' C (seemed)
'11 ... control Will ... prevent will ,
l'
. 've been readmg) ( lE A 9, A (Have) '0. D (for ) I D(taken) B (has already been in business OR for fifty years already) 73 C (drink) 2. C (delete 'vel ..:3 C (had)
will ... cost 17. won't be 16.
IVon t
m sorry that we wiH no be able to get together' L d 11155 In on on. Martha will misses you, too. Perhaps we can get together sometime next month. Martha and I
a r"
going to be in
Birmingham until 15 JUly. After that we are to
'
going"visit Our son in Brighton. His wife is • I:. gOing to
pregnant and will have a baby in July. It's are
011' 're
hard to believe that we,going to be T
Future: Be going to and Will
-e How exciting that you" going to talk at are
OR
....il
_ _ POINT
the conference! I'm sure it wills be great. I've
The man is going to fall into the hole.
got to run now. The sky is getting really dark '5 going to be
CHART CHECK 1
and there'll be a storm. I want to get out of
three •
grandparents!
this office before then. More later.
Greg
CHART CHECK 2 F
..
T
CHART CHECK 3 T
• Contrast
EXPRESS
I CIIEC
It's going to rain. l1J get an umbrella.
d
POINT
T,F
CHART CHECK T,F
Items ticked: 2, 4, 5
EXPRESS
,
~
Be's . 3 B ' gOlllg to go on a journey. eds ~ot going to drive. OR He isn't going t o nve. 4, Be's . gOlllg to give a speech. .. Be's . 6. Be's gOtng ~o answer the phone. . not gOIng to watch TV. OR He isn't gOtng to Watch TV.
2
~ , '11 ... use
Will ... get , Won't
4
(, will h '1 ' aVe . 11 repair
will ... be will have 1 will look 1 'll open 12 'J] adjust,
I'm leaving in five minutes.
.
?
Are you going to the conference III May. It's nice to see you. Are you Russ: Ell en. ? presen t I'ng a paper this week. GREEN: Hi,·David. Yes. In fact. my talk I
starts at two o'clock. b I'll come. What are you Russ: Oh, may e '? . to talk about? Robots. gomg I'm dealing wIth personal GREEN: Yies. robots for household work. (evn(l11l1ed on fll'xt page)
• ••
366 •
y •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• An
K
Russ: I'd like onp of those! Where's your son. by the way? 1s he here with you? GREEN: No. Tony stays in Norfolk with his grandparents in the summer. I'm going to visit him after the conference. So, what are you working on these days? Russ: I'm still with the Mars Association. In fact, we're holding a news conference next month about the Mars shuttle launch. GREEN: That's exciting. Maybe I'll se~ you there. Russ: Great. The conference begins at noon on the tenth. _ it's going to rain l I'll see I'll call 5 I'm going
2 J
. 5.
(,
7.
I'm giving 8. will you be, lands, I'll see 7
'11 wait 's going to rain, '11 check OR 'm going to check A: do ... board OR will ... board OR are ... going to board B: 're flying '11 carry A: do ... land OR are ... going to land OR will ... land OR are ... landing B: 're going to be OR '11 be A: 're going to get OR get OR 're getting OR 'n get B: 'm having OR 'm going to have 're going to start OR '11 start OR start
'Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This ar~
will be your captain speaking. We be going to leave the Earth's field of gravity in about ,ill be
fifteen minutes. At that time, you
temperature on the planet is a mild minus 20 degrees Celsius. By tomorrow morning the vii t>f
)
e:!O
Ie:!
·o·pe,
O~
"eel
temperature is 18 degrees but it is·feeling more like 28 degrees. Enjoy your flight.'
Clauses
F POINT
The child is planning her future.
CHART CHECK T,F
EXPRESS
6. I'm posting
6
arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's
able to
What will she be when she grows up? I think she'll be a scientist. 2. T 3. F
4. T 5 F
6. T
They are going to move to a larger house ... Jeff gets a pay rise. 3. . .. they move to a larger house, they're going to have a baby. 4. Sarah will get a part-time job ... they have their first child. 5 . ... Sarah goes back to work full-time, their child will be two. 6. Sarah will work full-time ... Jeff goes to university OR Jeff will go to university ... Sarah works full-time. 7 Jeffwill find another job ... he graduates.
2.
I. graduate II. · get, '11 have OR 'm going to have · 've got, '11 buy OR 'm going to buy · '11 feel OR 'm going to feel, 've got
III. unbuckle your seat belts and float around rJ
r", goi nej
1;.0 I)"
will
the cabin. Host robots" take orders for dinner soon. After these storm clouds, 'rl; going to hdlC '11 hdVt; we are having a smooth trip. The shuttle f)
get up, '11 buy OR 'm going to buy 2 . speak, '11 ask OR 'm going to ask 3. '11 look OR 'm going to look, go 4. go, '11 improve OR 'm going to improve 1.
•
An
367
r Key .........................
.. .. .. .. ,a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. Tomorrow is my first dance recital! By the SCIentIsts aren't Sure Wh t . . . a IS certam
tiJ1le I)9iU write my next diary entry, it will already be over! As soon as we finish the
,
more and more sign'fi . 1 lcant role m Our lives.
performance, there are going to be a big
1. '11 be going 2. . . will ... be leaving b, won't be getting
party for us. Reporters will be there., when we enter the room. While we
will
celebrate,
3. a. will ... be coming
the press will interview members of the dance
b.
Will... be having d. No, we won't. 4. a. '11 be visiting b. won't be buying c.
group. As soon as I get up on Sunday morning I'll buy the paper and read the interviews. We're going to perform this show for two weeks. As soon as it's finished, '''''lll to lear OR 'I lean we a new programme. I'm so
2.
3.
4.
5.
Future Continuous
6. 7.
, POINT
,
~l be du~ting OR is going to be dusting ... vacuummg OR vacuums the sitting room. will be repainting OR is going to be repainting ... is doing OR does the laundry. is making OR makes ... will be recycling OR is going to be recycling the rubbish. will be giving OR is going to be giving Mr Gee . .. is shopping OR shops for food. will be cooking OR is going to be cooking ... is helping OR helps Tony with homework. is playing OR plays ... will be taking OR is going to be taking the dog for a walk. IS
excited. Ever since I was little, I've wanted to be a ballet dancer.
'11 be taking
Before 12:00
perforl't'l' '9
In the future, robots will be
CHART CHECK T
more and more tasks for humans. This
EXPRESS
will bo having both positive and negatIve
Will yo u be workmg . tomorrow? Yes, I will. OR No, I won't. What will you be dom' g? (A . nswers will vary.)
TOday w fi d e n most robots working in factOri es around the world. But what will the robot f . s 0 the future be doing? One deSIgner d' pre lcts that in just a few years small int U· ' all e Igent robots will be dealing with the hous h ld 1'£ e 0 chores. This is going to make 1 e a lot e ' . d' aS1er. WhIle one robot is cooking Inner, an th . fl a er one wIll be vacuuming the OOr. But h . w at about outside the home? Will
have
.
effects. On the one hand, while robots are doing OR do
will be deing the boring and dangerous
jobs, humans will be devoting more time to interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots
I'/'. lot easier for humans. be making 11e a
.viII
.
On the other hand, the widespread use of
There is a risk that robots unemp]oyme n t . I', . . bs that humans need will takmg on JO some . . And in order to earn n \lvmg.
(continued on Tlext page)
,
..•.........•...•.•.••......... 1" lV' bt. t'
robots could even become dangerous.
By August I'll be a secretary for Fl,IVt' p;a
I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future,
ten years. And I'll
robots will be operating nuclear power
.
ng
almost the same
this year. First, I'm going to write for college
thoughts, that will be better than humans
magazines and start saving for tuition. By wo 'keG!
killing each other!
March, I'll have
out how much tuition
will cost. Then I'll start applying. By
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuou
'II have
summer, I had received acceptance letters. In August, I'll talk to my boss about working part-time and going to college part-time. By
POINT
•
ellI'tt
1
a New Year's resolution to go back to college
be fighting in wars. Although, on second
•
>It bel'
)F ...
salary for three years! That's why I've made
stations! And before too long, robots will t6
T
r'l ,d
already saved
He hasn't been saving for three years yet.
that time, I'll have
CHART CHECK 1
enough to
pay for a term's tuition. By next New Year's stud "g
F
Day, I'll have been study for a whole term!
CHART CHECK 2 T
EXPRESS driving, driven
(Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) 2. F 3. T
6. T
4 F 5. F •
ISE- IIONl oNE 5. B 1. c
3. won't have graduated 4.
s. 6. 7.
. 9
will have studied OR will have been studying won't have bought '11 have been driving won't have opened '11 have been saving will have accomplished
graduate 4. '11 have been thinking 5. is born 6. won't have graduated 7. will have already finished 8. celebrate 9. won't have started 10. '11 have already been getting 11. open 1 2. '11 have already become 3.
2 A 3. A 4 Ie;.
B
. . . . . Nl
6. B 7. A 8. B
C 1. A 1 B 12. C 9.
13.
e
1
B
•
TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 15. B (be) 16. 0 (will go) 1 . 0 (finish) 1 . C (driving) l' . A (be travelling) 2 . A (will have finished OR will finish) 21. B (work OR be working) 22. C (already OR delete yet) 23. A (will you) 24. 0 (is) 25 . B (have)
..
An wer Key
369
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Wh-
.
T
Subject and Predicate POINT
•
[---~
ts on the night of 12 May the even h th't the names of people w 0 saw e Wl ness
EXPRESS
(HART CHECK 2
You're an actor, aren't you?
F, T
EXPRESS What happened last night? What did you do next? 2. 3
a d
2,
How did you get home? Who gave you a lift? What happened next? Who(m) did you see? Who is Deborah Collins? What did you do? How many people called you?
5
6. 7.
8
4. b 5. c
6.
e
3. What time (OR When) does the court
--
The man is commenting on the weather. F,T,T
T
4.
POINT
CHART CHECK
(HART CHECK 1
3.
Question Tags
session begin? 4, How many witnesses testified? 5, Why did the jury find Adams guilty? 6. What happened? 7 How long (OR How many weeks) did the trial last? 8. Who spoke to the jury? 9 How much did Adams pay his barrister? 10, Who(m) did the prosecution question?
KAy: Hi, Tom. It's a nice day, isn't it? TOM: It certainly is. Not a cloud in the sky. How are you doing? KAy: Fine, thanks. You don't know of any flats to rent, do you? My son is looking for one. TOM: Is he? I thought he was staying with you. KAY: Well, he really wants a place of his own. Do you know of anything? TOM: As a matter of fact, I do. You know the Simpsons, don't you? Well, I've just found out that they're moving to Cheltenham next month. KAy: They are? What kind of flat have they got? TOM: It's a one-bedroom flat. KAy: It's not furnished, is it? . T OM: N o. Why?. He doesn't need a funllshed flat does he? 11 he hasn't got any furniture. But KA:~• We, b 1 I suppose he can always uy some, c.an he? T . Why don't you give your son my OM. num b' him some more el an d I'll 0
did
What time,..the suspect return home? Wh .",aw WhOo alEl
see him? Were there any witnesses? l'q ·qollr Was at home?
Why did he call A. Smith? 'What 'Wh
~appened cluJ: happen next?
•
2 J 3. h 4. f
6 g 7.
did you 3 doesn't it 4 haven't they 1.
8. C 9. e
b
5.
a
10, 5.
aren't you haven't you isn't it
did he
rlUer' . , 't? ha"' ~ent'ttI .
ere fte aid go?
llow
d
did he t-ll.
mUch money he toak with him?
1 time, Joe, BEN: It's been a ong ends on what you mean by a JOE: That dep ,1: · c doesn't that'? t long 1m,
,,
(contlTzued on TIIxt page)
370 •
~
.•.••..••..•...•.......•...•... BEN: What arc you doing round here,
.
rt-'.
an\,way'? [fs dangerous. • •
My brolher is just a year older than I am. We have a lot of things in common.
JOE: I can take care of myself. I'm still
,
First of all, we look alike. I am 1.8 m and
alive, anmCt I?
so h ehio. I have straight black hair and dark
BEN: Yes, but you're still wanted by the ,.,
police,
ai'O
brown eyes and so does he. We share many of
you?
the same interests, too. I love playing aoes . football and he 1'1 too. Both of us SWIm every
JOE: Look, 1 need a place to stay. You've got
a place, haven't you? Just for one night. BEN:
ne . ~
day but 1 can't dive, and either can he.
r have to think of my wife and kids. can
Sometimes being so similar has its
t;
You can find somewhere else, can you?
problems. For example, last night I wanted the did
JOE: No. You've got to help me!
BEN:: I've already helped you enough.
last piece of chocolate cake and so does he.
r went
Often 1 won't feel like doing the washing up
didn t;
to prison for you, haven't I?
and neither
JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. You remember what
.
he. Worst of all, sometimes
I'm interested in a particular girl and so is he . £ I he is. However, most of the tIme 1 ee our
don't
happened last June, El& you? BEN: OK, OK. 1 can make a phone call.
similarities are really nice. So does my brother.
don't ·OR:
will
You,... remember what happened last June, do you?
Se T
Addition with So, Too, Neither and Not either
(Total
=
100 points. Each item
=
4 points.)
ONE
Ic'
POINT
The men like the same things.
CHART CHECK
~.:-:: • • ION
T,F,T
EXPRESS and neither is Mark and so does Gerald 2. 3.
F T
2. too 3. neither 1. 3.
did 1 can 1
4. T S. F
did s. either
4.
4.
s.
do, too do 1
T 7. F
(j
.T 9.
T
So 7. So
6.
6. 7.
4. A
1. A 2. C 3 A
do r do I
H.
too
5. D
6. D
D D 9. 8 . ,
.
1 . A
1 . 8 12. A
TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets'; 1 . C (isn't) 1· . C (didn't) 1 s. D (has his brother) 10 D (have) k' ) 17. A (did you work OR were you wor mg lX. D (it) 19 20 21. 22. 2i. 24. 25.
D (?) D (I am, too OR so am D (they)
C (aren't)
D(he) C (go) A (Why did you)
n
................ Key
371 .. " . •
• • • • • • • I . . . /'
•
Were ... able to communicate can help 4. couldn't follow couldn't decide 6. can manage 7 'll be able to organise be able to speak
Can, Could, Be able to
POINT F CHART CHECK 1 T
CHART CHECK 2
Today in my 'Will B. Happy' teamwork course
be
,
I learnt about work styles - 'Drivers' and
CHART CHECK 3 a form of be
'Enthusiasts'. I'm a Driver so I can make to decisions but I'm not able)isten to other
EXPRESS Is ... to B: is ... can
people's ideas. The Enthusiast in our group
A;
An amazing number of teenagers have managed to set up highly successful internet businesses. Take John Davidson, for example. John could surf the net by the time he was six and by the age of eight, he could design web pages of his own. It wasn't long before he was able to persuade the bank to lend him enough money to start up his very own business. At the age of sixteen, he managed to persuade his parents to allow him to leave school, and his first business, 'Webmasters', was soon up and nmning. An.other teenager, Jim Leicester, very qUlCkly realised he could make money doing what he enjoyed most: playing computer games. In 1999, he was able to sell five games he'd developed to a famous software Company. Now Jim can earn up to £1000 a ~ek b~ selling his programs. fr ty FIscher, an enterprising 18-year-old th:~ Manchester, was also able to break into otcom World. Although she says she can't un derstand h h p .. w y she's been so successful, er ~rents Certainly can. 'Katy was determined w~~ove she Could stg.rt a business when she harJust fourteen,' says her father, 'and through Work, she's managed to do just that.' :2 JOhn
. I\aty ~ JOhn can 11 :2 h ' be able to ~ aSn't been able to can can't '11 ' 4 ha ' be able to ven't be I
communicate
can C{}]lUflmllcates well but you can't depend on her. Now I understand what was happening in my business class last year, when I couldn't get get on with my team. I thought that they all weren't
talked too much and'
able to work
was able to
efficiently. I
get an A for the course
but it was hard. I can do a lot more on my own but some jobs are too big for that. Our instructor says that soon the Drivers will il !7e "b,e to
b
e to listen and the Enthusiast c6uld be able A
more dependable. T
•
Perm : May, Can, Could, 00 you mind if . . .?
POINT · asking the teacher to allow The stu d en t IS him to take the test toman-ow.
CHART CHECK 1 could
CHART CHECK 2 F, T
EXPRESS A: helps B: Not at all , help 2. f 3 . ('
4. C
5
11
b
~
372 • An w .. K Y
.........•..................... 3.
•
Do you mind if he sLays I do (mind) l\lay I use you may not OR you can'L vou can't starL • do you mind if I borrow Not at all OR No, I don't OR Go ahead you may open Can I come you can't OR I'm sorry
1 MARCIA: Hi. You must be the new office
LORNA:
MARcIA: LORNA:
-
MARcIA: 3 MARCIA:
(Answers may vary slightly.) ~ Could I use your phone? 3 May I (OR we) park here? 4 Could we move up a few rows? 5. Can we (OR he) record (OR tape) the concert? 0. Do you mind if I (OR we) go home now (OR leave)?
LORNA:
MARCIA: LORNA:
MARCIA:
2. 3. 5.
6. 7
8. 9. 10 .
B (can't) B (swap) B (can) C (have) A (may not OR can't) D (plays) A (No, I don't OR Not at all) C (we) A (Yes, of course)
Req : Will,' Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . .. ? c -_ _---"
POINT
asking someone to do something
CHART CHECK 1 T
CHART CHECK 2
OK EXPRESS A: B: A: B:
Would No, not would OR could can't
assistant. I'm Marcia Jones. Let me know if you need anything. Thanks, Marcia. Could you show me where the photoco.,.2ier is? Certainly. It's over here. Marcia, would YQU show me how to- use the fax machine? .. . Yes, S11re. Just put your fax in here and dial the number. I'm going to lunch. Would you like to come? Thanks, but I can't just now. I'm really busy. Do you want a sandwich from the coffee shop? That would be great. Can you get me a tuna sandwich and a coffee, please? No problem. Will you answer my phone until I get back? Of course. Lorna, would you mind making some tea? I'm sorry, but I can't do it now. rve got to finish this letter by 2:00.
LORNA:
4. MARCIA: LORNA:
2. a 3. a 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
4. b 5. a
--
6.
b
you file these reports, please? turning on the lights, please? you buy some cereal, please? you call back later, please? you shut the door OR you mind shutting the door, please?
The meetings are going well but they have cOula you
been extended by a day. Please you Gould call Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our sales meeting? Certlinly
u~
Of "ourst:
Not at on. I'll do it straightaway.
We'll need three extra copies of the monthly sales report. Would you ask Ann to see to that? Certainly
OR
Of cour5e OK No problem
Yeo, I wo"ld. (Ann
• ?)
Could you do thIS.
I
, Key _ 373
• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •
v.orking
I hate t 0 ask but would you mind to wo!'k on
••
, What should I buy? you should (OR ought to) get some flowers
SaturdaY?. We'll need the extra time to go over
•
the new information I've got. c.lt
t
We are so happy to hear about your new job.
Sorry, but I couldn't. My in-laws are
Congratulations! Just remember - you
. g to stay. But Rob Dixon says he conlln
shouldn't M work too hard. The most
can come in to help out.
'v
One last thing. I was going to pick up those
important thing just now is your studies. o Igl1' ...0 Maybe you bette! work only two days a
new business cards but I won't be back in
week instead of three. Also, we think you'd
Would you mind doing that for me? ' t Ime. /I Of. gla j to
better ask your boss for time off during the
I'll stop at the printer's
exams. That way you'll have plenty of time d
to stUdy. You would better give this a lot of
during my lunch break.
careful thought, OK? Please take good care better not
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better
of yourself You'd
start skipping Nor~
meals and you definitely shouldn't w61ked should
at night. At your age, you shaH always get
,--:_ _ POINT
plenty of sleep. Do you need anything from
The interviewer is suggesting a type of job for the applicant.
home? Should we send any of your books?
CHART CHECK 1
Let us know.
T
CHART CHECK 2 should
s:
T
Could, Why don't?, Why ? not?, Let's, Shall we. , How about?
EXPRESS
A:. Should B: No ... shouldn't •
Itelll S checked: 1, 5, 6 shouldn't should " shouldn't
2 l
2 1.
~
F
CHART CHECK 1
s should 6 1
'd better not 'd better
You h
Wh s ~uld (OR You ought to) look neat
at time should I arrive? . y~~ shouldn't (OR you'd better not) arrive a'Ler 7:15
•
POINT
shouldn't (OR You'd better not) buy an expensive gift
.
does no t change for different subjects
CHART CHECK 2 F
EXPRESS •
L t' take the tram.
e s Id take the train . Maybe we cou . ? take the tram. t Wl1Y no . ? How about the tram.
•••
••
:l74 • III • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
4:00
Megan EMlLY:
MEGAN: EMILY:
MEGAN:
El\ULY:
MEGAN:
EMII.Y:
MEGAN:
Wh} don't we go to the races? I hear the) 're really exciting. I'd like to but I need to go shopping. Then let's go to thQ Temple Street l\lal'ket tonight. We might even see some Chinese opera in the street while we're there. That sounds like fun. If we do that, wl!Y notgo to the races this afternoon? OK, but let's get something to ~t first in on~ of those floatigg restaurants. --I don't think we'll have time. Maybe we could do that tomorrow, Shall we get dim sum at the Kau Kee Restaurant next door? Then we could take the Star Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the racecourse. Sounds good. For tomorrow, why not take one of those small boats kaido - to Lantau Island? When we come back, we could have dinner at the Jumbo Palace. Let's do that. It's a bit expensive but at least it floats!
2 Shall we 3 Why don't we 4.
7:00 [or dinner is fine. ~o
Shall we gotltg to see a film afterward&t See you later.
E. •
5:00
Emily
I'm going to be too tired for a film. Maybe we could hang
just hanging around the hostel after dinner. Let's talk about it later. I'm going to have a nap. M.
6:00
M-
Let's not eat at the same restaurant tonight'? try
Why don't we trying a new place? ?
How about Broadway SeafoocJx
s. Let's
I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00.
6. Let's not
E.
Maybe we could
Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather
T
2. going to the beach? 3 buy another one.
we take a trip together? 5. try that new seafood place.
4. •
?
POINT Emily
3:00
I'm going shopping. I'll be back at 5:00. Let's eating at 7:00. OK? Megan
Teenagers like watching TV better than they like doing other things.
CHART CHECK , would prefer ('d prefer)
CHART CHECK 2 the gerund or the infinitive
EXPRESS read, than, shopping 2. 3.
F
F
4. F S. F
6. T 7. T
An wer Key
................. 1
I'd rather not cook Would ... rather go I'd rather not
r
I'd rather have I'd rather not I'd rather see
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 't. D (able to dive) , D( . D (?) 11 C (better not)
A: prefer . . . to A: 'd rather ... than B: prefer OR 'd prefer J. B: 'd prefer A: prefer . . . to s. B: 'd rather ... than f A: do ... prefer ... B: prefer ... to
375
TWO gIVe)
1 ,
1
,
1 A (Would) 1 B (borrow) 20 D (ask)
:2 2 2,
C (to) C (was able to) C (delete we) D (than)
T •
Have (got) to and Must
For my research, I interviewed fifty men and
POINT
women. There was no difference in men's and women's TV preferences. I found that to everyone prefers watching TV going to the cinema. Men and women both enjoy news programmes and documentaries. However, men would rather
watch
a requirement
CHART CHECK 1 F
CHART CHECK 2 a form of do
EXPRESS
adventure programmes and science fiction ,
A: does .. . have to B: must
while women prefer soap operas. Men also like to watch all kinds of sport but women would th than ra er see game shows te sports. Reading prefi di :.0 re . erences ffer too. Men prefer aa o~ :eadtng , newspapers, while women would rather read . magazmes and books. When men read bOok to read Of? readrng s, they prefer l'cad non-fiction and adventure sto . prefer nes. Women fL'C p'f'cfclTing novels.
(71
ota[ ~ 100
.. (::
• ' A
.
pamts. Each item == 4 points.)
ONE
l 11 . I)
F
4. I)
1 •
C C
B B
.J A
1 1
C D
1 1 1
A
B D
DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles. May
I help you? BEN: I'm moving to the States soon. Will I have to get an American licence when I move? DMV: Yes, you will. Residents must have an American licence. BEN: When will I have to get my licence? DMV: You have to replace your old licence ten days after you become a resident. So come in and apply for your licence when you get here. BEN: Do I have to taJre any tests to e;change my British licence for an American one? DMV: Since you already have a British licence, you won't have to take the full driving test. You will only have tQ take the written test. BEN: How about an eye test? DMV: Oh, everyone has got to take an eye test. BEN: OK. Thanks a lot. You've been very helpful.
•
•••. . ·0"
376 •
K
y
............................... .
,
hUYC to (OR have got to) pick up _ Do ... have to change 4. Idonl 5. didn't have to do 6. have to (OR have got to) take Does ... have to pack 8. he doesn't 9 's got to (OR has to) help 10 've had to call 2
2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
must not turn must drive must not drive
must ride must not walk
How are you doing? We've been here about six weeks. It's strange living in the United States. There's no public transport, so you've got
sign
-get to drive everywhere. I had to signs up for driving lessons so I can get my licence by the summer. It's the law here that everyone must
wear a seat belt. I used to hate
wearing a seat belt but with the traffic here, I have changed my mind. There are a lot of got to
motorways and you've get- know how to change lanes with a lot of fast traffic. Even my has
mum h(l¥e had to get used to it. Dad works had
from home, so he hasn't has to do a lot of
CHART CHECK 2 F
EXPRESS He doesn't have to stop here. You must not drive too fast. New drivers are usually excited about their new freedom: 'My mum doesn't have to drive me everywhere any more! I don't have to ask my friends for lifts to school!' When you haven't got your own car yet, any price seems worth paying. But once you buy a car, you •
@an't forge9 your car payments and insurance premiums or you won't be a driver for very long. You €an't leav~ petrol and servicing out of the budget, either. Car sharing offers an alternative to these problems, however. Members of car-sharing groups have a car when they need one for either short trips or holidays but they don't have the high expenses of ownership. They pay very little to use a shared car and they don't have to worry about servicing the car or paying the insurance. Fees for short trips are only about £5.00 an hour plus 50p per mile. Groups do not have strict requirements, either. Members € mst not hav~ bad driving records or poor credit and they (fnust not retnr9 the cars in bad condition or they will pay extra.
driving. Have you beaten those computer games 've
yet?"I'm having a lot of trouble with 'Doom'. You got to write to me and tell me how to get past the flith level!
Choice: Don't have to No Choice: Must not and Can't
2. 3. 4. 5.
can't yell can't turn can't park don't have to worry
don't have to get 7 . haven't had to buy 8 . can't bring 9. don't have to listen
2. 3. 4.
don't have to bring must not play must not dive
5.
6.
6.
don't have to be don't have to leave
We got to the hotel late this evening because we got lost. But we were lucky - they kept
POINT stop to ask for directions
CHART CHECK , do
didn't have to
our room so we
find another hotel.
dot n t he €km't, have
. llu y is really happy because Jm to bed until after 10:00, when the to go -Icn l- hWt TO . ID J·ng pool closes. We musl;a't leave sWlm
3 77
An War Key
••
••••••••••••••••••
••
fifty , wedding guests but we love cycling and we re not sorry,' Bill said.
whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exciting.
While packing the next day, Beth left her wedding bouquet at the hotel. Minutes before the ferry was supposed to leave, Bill jumped on his bike, got the flowers and made it back to the ferry On time. 'Cyclists are sUPJlosed to stay fast and fit,' he said.
My parents say we absolutely must not M
2
until 11:00 tomorrow (checkout time) so
an stay up later. Plymouth is only four wee hay hours away so we won't haG to drive the
go to the beach by ourselves because there
• •••
F
j
~ T
F
T
J.
are sharks there. I'd love to see a shark
2. a. Were ... supposed to do b. No, they weren't
(from a safe distance). I'll send a postcard
c. were supposed to deliver 3. a. is supposed to start
of one.
b. are ... supposed to stand 4. a. aren't (OR 're not) supposed to be
aren't (OR 're not) supposed to see 5. a. 'm supposed to wear b. 's Supposed to rain 6. a. 's supposed to be b.
••
Be supposed to
was
I'm so sorry - I know I
POINT
•
tlIB
supposed to let
you know about my plans to visit.
something he has forgotten to do
CHART CHECK
I've been awfully busy. My friend Nessie is getting married soon and she's asked me to
T
EXPRESS A: were B: was
be her chief bridesmaid. She and Gary want a big wedding. They're supposed to have about two hundred guests. I've got a lot of am
It Wasn't Supposed to Be a Big Wedding 19 JUly - The Stricklands wanted a quiet wedding - that's Why they went to the Isle of Skye, an island off the coast of
Scotland. The island is quite small so the Stricklands packed their bikes for the ferry trip. The weather was supposed to be lovely and th ey had asked the Registrar to marry them 0 h·l1 n a I overlooking the ocean. .'When We got there, we found a crowd of cYclIsts ad .. . mIrIng the view,' laughed Beth.
Urst into 1 d . b· ou applause and rang theIr ICYcle bells. 'We weren't supposed to have
.
responsibilities. I will be supposed to gwe Nessie a hen party before the wedding (that's a party where everyone brings SUPP05o::",
presen t s for the bride) . I am also
SUpp6SC
to
help her choose the bridesmaids' dresses. 'The , n ame is Jim. He's going to help best mans Gary get rea d y. I haven't met him yet but .;uppoaed
he's .
.
to be very nIce.
v.af
I'd better say goodbye now. l"supposed to ago. be [1 t the rehearsal five minutes.. ,.,.,.0 e", .. I'm supposing to get some PS. About my VlSlt . ? W Id that be convement. tiU1C' ofT in Ju Iy. ou
•
378 •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
weather changes all over the world. The
Future May, Might, Could
west coasts of North and South America might 1;6 have heavy rains. On the other side
•
leH
become
POINT
of the Pacific, New Guinea might
F
very dry. Northern areas could have wanller,
CHART CHECK 1
wetter winters and southern areas could
T
become much colder. These weather changes
CHART CHECK 2 •
III
ma.:! not
affect plants and animals. Some fish maYft't
answers
EXPRESS
survive in wanner waters. Droughts could
•
cause
B: might
crops to die and food may get very
might B: might not .A;
expensive. EI Nino may happen every two may
I've just heard that it may snow today. Are you going to drive to work? BIT.I.: No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead. ALICE: I'll take the train with you. I've got some work to do in the library. BITJ.: Great. Why don't you miss your afternoon class and have lunch with me, too? ALICE: Oh, I couldn't do that. But let's meet at the station at 6:00 and go home together, OK? BILL: I might have to work until 8:00 tonight. I'll call you and let you know.
OR
might
years or it could not come for seven years.
ALICE:
Will EI Ninos get worse in the future? They do could Be, Pollution holds heat in the air and may
OR
might
OR
could
it \vill increase the effects of EI Nifio but no one is sure yet.
Deduction: May, Might, Could, Must, Have (got) to, Can't
le..IEeKI POINT •
guessmg
Certain 2. Impossible 3. Possible
1.
2. 3.
could might
4. may not
s. 'm going to
CHART CHECK 1 T
may 7. might 6.
F
EXPRESS
3. She's going to a meeting with
Mrs Humphrey at 11:00. 4. She may (OR might) have coffee with Sue after lectures. 5. She's going to go to work at 1:00. 6. She may (OR might) go shopping after work. 7. She may (OR might) take the 7:00 train. 8. She's going to pick up a pizza. Every few years, the ocean near Peru becomes wanner. Called EI Nino, this variation in temperature
CHART CHECK 2
cause
A: could B: can't, might 2. d 3. e
must 's got to 4. could s. Could 2. 3.
4. b 5. g
6. 7.
a c
might be can't 8. might not 9. may 6. 7.
Answer Key • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • ••
I might (OR could) be 2 It could (OR might OR may) be the cat . You must eat a lot . Could it be it can't (OR couldn't) be 6. It must come from your own pipe. There can't (OR couldn't) be any other explanation. Q there could (OR might OR may) be
dead grandparents' first home in Scotland. 't
It may beh'lg in a nearby town. The villagers there seem scared. They could ~ have a
• •
EXPRESS A: have B: should have T T 2.
The main character, Molly Smith, is a university professor. She is trying to find her
•
379
(, 7
8 9. 10. 11.
F . T
6.
T
shouldn't have done should have studied could have done ought to have gone shouldn't have stayed could have prevented might ... have called Should ... have contacted shouldn't have could have saved
lIght OR may OR could
secret or they must just hate strangers. Molly has some old letters that might lead her to the place. They are in Gaelic but one
2. I shouldn't have eaten all the chocolate. 3. She might have called. 4. He could have offered to lend me some
mIght
of her students mights translate them for ha 'e to, have got to her. They got to be important because the
5. 6.
author mentions them at the beginning of
7.
the novel. The letter must contain family
8.
secrets. Who is the bad guy? It couldn't be the student because he wants to help. It might ll6 be the newspaper editor in the town.
(money). I shouldn't have jogged five miles yesterday. They shouldn't have charged me (for the plastic bags). I ought to have invited Cynthia (to the party). He might have sent me a card.
About a week ago, Jennifer was late for work again and Doug, our boss, told me he wanted to get rid of her. I was really upset . . ,ave
Of course, Jennifer shouldn't had been late have
so often but he might has talked to her
ing R about the POINT regrets things in his past
CHART CHECK 1 F
CHART CHECK 2 l'
about the problem before he decided to let •
her go. Then he told me to make her job difficult for her so that she would resign. I just pretended I hadn't heard him. What a to d h' mistake! I ought"have confronte lID right away. Or I could at least have warned 'fi Anyway Jennifer is still here , J ennl er.
OUght
to ha.ue
but now I'm worried about my own job. Should hI
;~ld
Doug's boss'? I wonder. Maybe I (COil ti /I /led 011
/lext pa~(')
•
380 •
••• • •• •• •• • •• ••• • ••• • • ••• •• • •• • have handled
have
should fumdle things differently lasL week.
ancient culLure had made them? What
hav,
The company should never has employed
purpose could they have had? Author Erich
this man.
von Daniken believes that the drawings marked
might have marll a landing strip for the spacecraft of astronauts from another
Deduction in the
Ie:.
planet. Archaeologists, however, now believe that the ancient Nazcan civilisation might
POINT
have
have developed
develop flight. They couldl\built hot-air
if it was possible that something happened
designed
balloons and design the pictures from the air.
CHART CHECK 1 T
CHART CHECK 2 could
EXPRESS
(Total
have carved, might have
= 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
ISE+ liON
a 3. f 2.
4. 5.
c d
6.
b
They must have been They may have 4. He might not have been 5. He must have 2. 3.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
could not have built had to have got can't have known could have carved (could have) transported might have been may have lived must have had
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Xesspe of Peru have ueen
must ge very surprised to see lines in the
I ONE
1. C
5. A
2. B 3. B 4. B
6. B 7. D
8. B 9. D
12. A
10. A
13. C
TWO (Correct answers are in brackets.) 14. C (must not have known) 15. D (leave) 16. C (have) 17. B Clooked) 18. A (have got to) 19. C (can't) 20. A (must not) 21. B (have) 22. A (may OR might OR could) 23. A (was OR is) 24. C (have to) 25. A (should have)
shapes of huge animals on the ground below his aeroplane. Created by the ancient Nazca
Adjectives and
culture, these forms are too big to recognise from the ground. However, from abouL 200 m in the air, the gianL forms Lake shape. Without aeroplanes, how could an
ell
POINT
warm and cosy
CHART CHECK F,F,T
11. B
•
neat
•••
and neatly' Wh , . at a mess"" I left th a t pace I
EXPRESS
slow, slowly B: slow, slow A;
1 only want a 11 . sma place in a clean build' .. lng wIth friendly neighbours . I'm 100ki ng at
Students! Are you looking for a special place to Jive? Come to 140 Grant Street, Flat 4B.
another place tomorrow. The ad vert says 'Clean and bright S 1 ' qUiet . rna 1 but convenient flat on lovely, quietly street'. I wond er wh at that
This flat is absolutelyl perfect for two
•
" seriQus students who are looking for a qujet neighbourhood, just 15 minutes from
• campus. This lovely flat is in a
really means!
n~w building.
... It is a short walk to the bus stop. The
bus goes ~ir~ctixinto town. At night the bus
Participl used Adjectives
~
Eardly makes any stops at all. You can walk
-p
.,
~aiely through the wonderful pa~ks on your c"
way home. The reI!ti is ~erY affo? dable. ~
~
Call us on 020 551 6116. Don't delay! This flat will go
F
CHART CHECK T
~
2. terribly disappointed 3. surprisingly easy 4. extremely safe
s. incredibly fast awfully slowly 7 very clearly 8. unusually loud 9 exceptionally pleasant 6.
EXPRESS exciting interesting frightening • amusmg tiring
excited interested frightened amused tired
In some countries, people who are interested in meeting others turn for help to personal ads in newspapers and magazines, and
~
.......:..J
POINT
large 3 beautifully 4. happily s. busy ~. nice
2
7. quiet 8. hardly 9. nice
shy 1 . good 10.
Some adv rt fi funny e s or flats are so funnily! One advert describ d ' Wdrm It e a place as ..,va, mly and cosy'. Was really hot d . . an cramped but the owner lItslsted that it .t d pelfectly tryi ha~~l e me ~ef'feet. I was ngveryha~
d. • .y not to laugh while he was eScnbing l't so I h d t I An a 0 eave quickly. other place I saw was supposed to be 'nice
online. A ~urprising number of busy people view these ads as a practical way of increasing their social circle. 'I've tried hard to meet people on my own,' said one satisfied customer. 'I was new to the town and wanted to make friends fast. The personals provided me with a quick way of meeting many tinterestin~people in a short period of time.' Others are not so impressed. '1 think it's kind of~epressing .... hen people need to resort to placing ads to make friends,' observed one man. 'A friend of mine tried the ads several times and was really disappointed with the results. It's just not personal enough.'
puzzled puzzling interesting 5 interested 6. fascinating 2. 3.
• •
•
6.
boring interested fascinating amused horrifying
and we can t ell you which ones clean best and which ones don't r emove trail stains 6;ts effectively a~ others. Overall, Brite and KJ een ar en't as e~~1live as Trend but they didn't performGs w~, either. However, they were almost as good in particular categories. Trend removed both mud and grass stains effectively. Brite removed mud just @s effectively a~ Trend but it didn't remove grass stains{§ts weij. Kleen was effective on grass stains but not on mud. Brite cleaned clothes ~s thoroughly a~Kleen but again, Brite and Kleen weren't as good as Trend in this category. On the other hand, Brite came out on top in brightening. Colours washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look as bright as the ones washed in Brite.
fascinated . disappointed q SUrprISIng 10 surprised 7
•
7 8. 9. 10. 11.
•
confusing depressed amazed amusmg exhausted •
disappointed
Just got home. I'm disappointing with the evening. At first I thought Jake was an interestin!:!.
inte't'ested guy but tonight I felt somewhat bored with his company. We saw a very entertai
film but Jake didn't like it. In fact, it seems like we have completely
different tastes in things. After the film, 1. b.
I tried to make conversation but all I really
c. 2. a.
wanted was to go home. So, I told him I was
b.
exhausted
and didn't want to get home late. interested
If he asks me out again - I'm not interesting. fru
. g to meet people can be very
cycling speed, control of bike
CHART CHECK
b.
•
and Adverbs: As ... as ... POINT
c. d. 3. a.
aren't as wide aren't as hard cleans as effectively as isn't as unfriendly sounds as exciting as expresses ... as clearly as • was as nOISY as (will) pedal as quietly as
doesn't stop as slowly as isn't as expensive as doesn't feel as comfortable as isn't as cheap rides as comfortably as handles as well as don't handle as well as 9. are as easy to change as 10. (are) not as easy to change as 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
as, an adjective or an adverb RE: Not as many bruises!
EXPRESS --.:.. A! as expensive as, as well as
B: as good as
Inexperienced cyclists should try the South Trail at Deerstalker Park. The scenery is
So you were riding the trails this weekend and you hit the dirt. Now your clothes look as bada.s your bike. Never mind. They'll look a~~90d as new next weekend. We checked out three major brands of powder
beautiful
just as as
unfriendly
but its cycle track isn't as
the North Trail's. The
slopes aren't as steep and you won't fall as
frequ
because there aren't as many
Answ r Key
••••••••••••••••••
rocks, It isn't as short lilw the North so
383 ,
..
Although the food isn't better, it is just as
you 'II s t'll I get a good ride and you won't
good. The menu is more varied and less
feel as d1'scouraged at the end of the day,
':"f!t"'bIV
GKpensiV-ei". Try one of their pasta dishes.
BE: The (expensive) new Trax
You won't find a lllere fresher tomato sauce
Does any one have any experience of this
in town. And leave room for dessert. They
, ? I tested it in the shop car park and I'm bIke,
Dt t
r
just keep getting f5{)od and better.
, ressed , MyoId Trax changes gear not Imp The waiters are friendly but not able to jll" "
as JUs
t easily and it handles as smoothly,
. .0 -
I: h
~
handle large numbers of people - the crowded
"
too, Of course, it's not as lightly but then it
the restaurant, the slower the service. At
doesn't cost £999, either,
dinnertime, the queues outside this popular on~er
eatery are getting longer and IDOFe .ong. Try
T
more relaxed
lunchtime for a quieter and rolrureder meal.
: Comparatives - , POINT
i
,~~-' different from the old restaurant
Adj
CHART CHECK
I
F, T
special
EXPRESS
CHART CHECK
more, . , than 2. T
the, -est, most or least 3
T
4. F
5, F
less expensive than OR isn't more expensive than ~, hotter , .. spicier than 4, more fattening than S healthier OR more healthy than
2,
2 better.., better,
the better ... the more expensive ~ the more popular ... the slower 4. worse ... worse, The smokier , .. the worse
~
The more crowded ... the noisier (; The bigger . . . the harder 1 more ... more delicious, heavier ... heavier ~ ,
: Superlatives
Pete's Place has just reopened under new management. The dining room looks bigger, I
t>r,I.Ih· . r ~ .
~ lar rHo
and prettier a s the old one.
EXPRESS (the) (the) (the) (the)
nicest most beautiful warmest happiest er in the whole wide
world. You ar.e of all-mums I've ever and the funmest h . st mum I've ever known. You are t e n;c;onderful and had. You are the m~s atient. No mum in definitely the least II.!!ld ? better than you. You h I wide wor IS the woe other of all. I love you are the great~~~ ~appy Mother's Day! very very muc . the 2, the the the 6 the
. of my life hapPIest. . . h I in the sc 00 best. . . f the year coldest .... 0 Cnmily oR of all . t mourH. 'I ' nlces .. , f II 01{ in OUI" rami) . t .. , 0 a Wises
.
'
.. "•••
CHART CHECK
2. is the mORt unusual gill. is tht' least practical gill.
more or less, the
• is till' Rmallest gill. .. is the biggest gill. i' the most expensive gift. is the funniest gift.
EXPRESS than, the best
rno! t oeriOU9
Ramadan is the sCt'iotlsest time in Muslim culture. During Ramadan, we do not eat from dawn to sunset. This is difficult for everyone but teenagers have the hardest time. Immediately after Ramadan is the Eid aI-FitI'. This holiday lasts three days and it's the mog(happiest time of the year. On the morning of Eid, my family gets up early and goes to the mosque. After we've greeted our neighbours by saying 'Eid Mubarek' (Happy biggest
Eid), we go home. We eat the big breakfast you have ever seen. Our parents give us presents, usually new clothes and money. One year, Eid came round the time I graduated from university. That year, I got
In the first football game of the season, Norwich beat Stowe, 6 goals to 3. The Stowe team played a truly fantastic game but its defence is still weak. Norwich defended the ball much more aggressively than the Stowe team did. Of course, Joe Jackson helped win the game for Norwich. Norwich's star player was back on the field today, to the delight of his many fans. He was badly hurt at the end of last season but he has recovered quickly. Although he didn't playas well as people expected, he still handled the ball like the old Joe. He certainly handled it the most skilfully of anyone on the team. He controlled the ball the best, kicked the ball and ran of any of the players on either team. He played hard and helped the Norwich team look good. In fact, the harder he played, the better Norwich performed. Watch Joe this season. And watch Stowe, too. They've got a new coach and they're training more seriously this year. I think we'll see them play better and better as the season progresses.
fattest
the most beautiful clothes and the envelope of money of all the children in my family. Eid Mela is part of Eid aI-FitI'. On that day, we all go to a big park. Last year best
at Eid Mela, I had the better time of my life. I met myoId friends and we all ate junk food and showed off our new clothes.
• Comparatives and Superlatives
I :...:....:.....-=-=--,1 POINT L,;
T
better faster less more rapidly harder 7. the most slowly OR the slowest 8. the most clearly 9. the longest 10. more quickly than 11. more thoroughly than 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
the most slowly OR the slowest more slowly than OR slower than the furthest faster than 7. higher than 8. the best 9 . the worst 3. 4. 5. 6.
Key •••••••••••••••••
Last night, I watched the Lakers and the
left ankle and Shaquille O'Neal was out of the game because of fouls. But they still didn't
.n
1
start the second half any slower that the first. With Jordan out, Kukoc scored the most . ··.-,u '. ,:1)-
POINT exercise
CHART CHECK •
-mg, not
EXPRESS A: Drinking B: drinking A: not drinking
fr~ei~eflter of any player. He's been playing .?f
v
.
.er,~
more and tn6re better as the season goes on. .t r; In fact,,,,more he plays, the better he gets. The
Bulls won by 97 to 88. The Lakers seemed to less
get tired at the end. They played little and less consistently as the game went on.
(Total
:=
100 points. Each item
=
4 points.)
SEeM 1 C
5 C 6. A
2A l A
7. B 8. C
4. B S.-:;.E:.....:..:..!;!~ N
(Correct
12. C 13. D 14. B
. answers are m brackets)
B (amazed) . C (sweet) 9. 8 (harder) 20. A (run as quickly)
6. 7. 8.
Eating Not drinking increasing doing
swimming walking, moning not going
2. has stopped smoking 3 go swimming .
denied OR denies smokmg 5 ad mits being is avoiding eating 7 is considering taking 8. can't stand being 4.
TWO
'7' C (of) I)
9. D 10. B 11. A
Swimming is great exercise. It's healthy, fun and relaxing. Because swimming is a 'low-impact' sport, most people enjoy participating in this activity without fear of injury to their bones or muscles. Jogging, which is a 'high-impact' activity, can at times be harmful. I know this from personal experience. Last year while I was jogging, I injured my right knee. I don't go jogging any more. After a painful month of recovery, I stopped running and switched to water sports. I'm now considering joining a swimming team and competing in races. 2. 3. 4. 5.
(most) 23. C (more) C (disgusting) 25 B Chot)
22. B
••• • ••
Gerund: Subject and Object
tMI'~e ever seen them. In fact, they played the ,.. In the first half, Michael Jordan sprained his
•
T
Bulls. Both tea inS played more aggressively l7e~ , I' h d h' aettel' of any game ve watc e t IS season.
385
'7mok:nq
· G
UnSH'leke Cigarettes
Ways I Can . lve _ ..r d
Stop smo
.
.,,,,,,1.
t give up ~m6ke.
(Gut own ing completely. k
IS
jng all at once.)
harder than stopp Iwin. I d other smokers Avoid icr--be- aroun h beginning). (at least Ht t e
(continueel on next page)
386 •
An w
r K
y
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
,
Start
. . e.>Cl'CUHng
Fxercl6lt~g
.
daily. 1H
:l{{."t·eiee
can We can make changes by telling the Dean about our concerns. 3 . The Dean can help by listening to our concerns. 4. In some cases, students just complain instead of making suggestions for Improvements. S. Students get annoyed with some lecturers for coming late to class. 6. You can improve your work by studying regularly.
J.
rcduCt' st ress. N
N6 drinl ing coffee may help, too. 1-" ,inJ
Imagine boon a non-smoker. Positive mental images can help.
•
joining
Consider to join a support group. lsking
Don't delay to ask for help. Call Dr Burns right away! Keep trying and don't give up!
I have been attending Bedford College for studying
a year. I'm very happy about study here. At first, it was quite hard getting used to
Geru
after Prepositions
speaking
speak English all the time but now I feel communicating
..... ' _ _....: POINT F,T,F
CHART CHECK a preposition, the gerund
very comfortable about CQRuRurucate in my second language. I've just joined an international student about group and I'm excited with meeting new people. The summer break is coming and a
EXPRESS A: joining B: joining
doing
few of us are planning on.aa some travelling •
•
•
JOIning
together. Before to join this group, I used to
l ' We, the members of the Student Council, ..
would like to share with you the thoughts and concems of the general student body. As you probably know, many students are complaining about life on campus. We are interested in with you to discuss our ideas for dealing with these complaints. We know that you are tired of hearing students complain and that you are not used to working with the Student Council. However, if you really believe in.-Kiving new ideas a try, we hope you will think about sp~akinz to our representatives. We look forward ~ heariI,!g from you soon.
spend holidays alone. hearing
Please write. I look forward to from you!
Infinitives after Certain Verbs POINT Megan thinks 'Impatient' should consider his proposal more.
CHART CHECK 2. in listening 3. about going, about driving 4. to staying, relaxing
s. for having 6. 7. 8.
at learning • on commg on reading, (on) going
T,T,F
EXPRESS I want to write to Annie.
An wer Key • • • • • •• ••• •• • ••• ••
. Slow down! You aQPear to be in too much of a hurry· You've only known this person for a month and yet you've asked her to marry you! What's the big rush? Why can't you affQr
3
, u,
8 9, v
..
(Answers may vary slightly.) 2, would like Tom to call her at 10:00. 3 reminded Emily to buy petrol (today). 4 invited Mel to join them for coffee. S agreed to be home by 10:30. G forgot to go to the two o'clock staff meeting. 7 encouraged her to try again. 8. needs to use the car (tonight).
Ann"
to JOin
Ie adVIsed me jeiRiRg a club or take a
elas
d
to
s an I finally did it! I decided",b ecome a
member of the Outdoor Adventure Club and I Went to my filrst meetmg . . last mght. I'm
really excited about it. The club is planning a hiking t . np next weekend. I definitely want Want 8;
"~9n
·g.nug up but the leader was so nice.
Re ur d
"'o\.- ~o
ge me t;e-'nct- miss this trip so I put
tny
name on the list. After the meeting, a
group of
people asked me to go out with
.,
•
them. We went to a coffee shop and talked •
•
for hours. Well, I hoped,.lllake some friends when I joined this club but I didn't ex
t
pec everyone bei.ng so friendly. I'm glad An . no. nle persuaded me no to give up. to be
Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns
T
i
attempt to find warns single people not to leave urges them to use fail to plan plan to fail wish to meet Ask two friends to read Choose to participate advises people not to feel wants to be
387
POINT Finding good chips is difficult.
CHART CHECK to + base form of verb certain nonns and adjectives
EXPRESS It's convenient to eat fast food. That's a low price to pay. N
Please take a few minutes to complete this questionnaire about fast-food restaurants. Tick (./) all the answers that apply to you. f'I
1. How often are you likely to eat at a
fast-food restaurant?
o o o o 2,
1-3 times a week 4-6 times a week
more than 6 times a week
never In your opinion, fast food is:
o o o o
A
gQQd to ~t N . a way to save tlffie ~n to QrdeX occasionally unhe1lthy t() have every day Which statement best describes your feelings about the cost of fast food? . . h t>l e to pay for convemence. n It's a hig pnc money. for not very much o You get a 10 t . d .d~a to inel ude healthy Is lt a goo 1 ? · l'n f:ast-food menus c OICes h
n
YeR
n
No
...
388 • Answer .......................... ......
K -
.....................y
. delighted to find .. way to go 4. fun to eat 5. pleasure to eat 6. mistake to bring
7. 8. 9. 10.
outrageous to see good to eat essential to have difficult to go
2 ready to cry
7. 8. 9. 10.
important to keep time to decide chance to show easy to find
]. willing to work hard to wake up 5 surprised to hear 6 eager to get .
to ask
Tomght I made the decision asked Chris to do the night shift. I really thought she to get•
was going to be glad
the offer.
to
2 I~'s 3. I m
too far for us to get home by ten. G mature enough to take care of myself. G 4. It's too dangerous to drive at night. M 5. I wony too much to give you permission M 6. You aren't experienced enough to driv~ that far. M
cheap enough for us to afford large enough to hold too good for me to miss big enough to share too late to stop old enough to stay 8. early enough to come 9. too slow to beat 10. safe enough to drive 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
She has her own rent" pay and I know it's her
hard for she to meet all her expenses. Looks .
to ask
like she was the wrong person problem was, she wasn't willing to
The Phish concert was brilliant! Now I'm too .
to sleep
The
excIted
Yes
really can smg. My voice isn't
or No and I'm afraid I got a little impatient. It was wrong of me to threaten to ask Steve.
r could tell that she was pretty upset to hear that. TIl think about giving her the promotion to get anyway. She deserves getting a break.
That Mike Gordon
.
good enough
to sing in the shower! After the concert, we too were really hungry but it was i6 late to go
for pizza.
r HATE going home so early! It's
to
too
weird~mderstand.
My friend Stan works
and has to pay taxes but the law says he's to stay
too young fof' staying out past 10:00! That's crazy enough to make me want to scream.
with Too and Enough [t.,.;;;'-=":;;"':";";'.:...11 POINT F,T
changes her mind soon enough for I to buy
out very quickly. Why doesn't she think enough
I'm mature"to drive fifty miles? I'll have to
too
do it sometime! Well, I'd better try to get
~ ~:~_
to
some sleep or I'll be too tired too get up in
She's too young to vote. We're old enough to work. 2. b 3. a
me
a ticket to the Hampton concert. They sell
CHART CHECK
EXPRESS
That reminds me. I sure hope my mother
4. b 5. a
the morning. 6. b
r Key • •••• •• • • ••• • • • ••
389 •
•
5. He turned on the radio (in order) to listen
to the news. 6 He didn't tell me he was ill in order not to worry me. I ~he bought a PDA (in order) to store mformation.
of Purpose
Infin POINT an a
es book, a dictionary, a note pad s ddr A
CHART CHECK T, F
I
to get I went to the dentist fet--gettfflg my teeth cleaned today. While I was waiting, I used my
EXPRESS
PDA to study for the test. Then I used it to
I use a PDA to store addresses. I set my alarm clock in order not to oversleep.
help
helps me pronounce 'dental floss' for my appointment. After the dentist, I checked my
It's 5:00. Aren't you going home? LEE: No. I'm staying late to finish this report. What about you? Are you going straight home? JUDl'I'H: No. I'm going to stop at the bank to get some cash. Then I'm going to Lacy's to take advantage of the sale they're having. LEE: Oh, what are you going to get? JUDITH: One of those new PDAs they're advertising. I've been looking for something to help me with my work. LEE: What's wrong with a normal organiser? JUDITH: Nothing. But sometimes I need to surf the net. LEE: What else are you going to use it for? JUDITH: Oh, to store important names and phone numbers and to do my accounts. LEE: What did we do before they invented all these electronic gadgets? JUDITH: We made a lot of mistakes! JUDITH:
2. To withdraw £100.
calendar and saw 'Rick and Tina, dinner, no1. vo
7:30'. I should use it in order to net forget appointments! Luckily, my recipes are already to '11al(e on the PDA so I used them fer melring a quick shopping list. When I got home, there was a note on my door - 'Call PLB'. I checked the PDA dictionary to find 'PLB'. to The 'plumber' wanted to come in order)}x the taps! Rick, Tina and I played with the PDA all evening. You can programme it Th( to play computer games, too. I don't know how I lived without it!
T
Ge POINT
i
:.. To invite Rick and Tina to dinner. , To buy milk and eggs . .. , To buy batteries 6 T . . 0 check her tyres.
CHART CHECK
F'irst Part:
EXPRESS
~
f
Se
4,.
a
cond Part:
~ d
6.
e
1
c
. She Went to the shop (in order) to buy some pasta <\ We d' . t lsconnected our phone in order not o get any phone calls.
and Infinitives
F, T
T,F,T
.
to go, Going, talkmg, t T
F
T
F
0
talk
OR
talking
F T
8.
T
•
••••
• ••
390 • An we,. Key
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXPRESS
to trust to forget, to remember going to remember to turn off , Playing, improving
2. 3. 4. 5.
A: to correct
B: to correct A: stay B: stay
F
2
(Answers may vary slightly.) 2 meeting Natalie last year (at Richard's party). 3 spilling juice (on the sofa). . listening to jazz OR listening to Richard play jazz (at his parties) . 5. going dancing (some time), to go (dancing some time). 6. to give Joan a lift home, to stay a little longer. •
9 0ln 9
What a great party! I usually avoid to go to parties because it's such a problem for me to remember people's names. I'm so glad I read improvin9
that book about impFo"vTe your memory. The doin9
author suggested to do exerci~es and they worryln9
really helped. I stopped to
'NOJ'J'Y
about what
people would think of me and I tried to pay attention to what people were saying. As a result, I had a great time! I'm even planning 9 0 OR on 9 0 '"9 . . k going dancing WIth this guy Leo next wee . •
to
I have an English test tomorrow so I
3 T
". F 5 T
made 3 let 4. help
5 6. 7.
2
2. 3. 4. S. 6. 7.
got made got
6
F
8. 9 10.
let 11. made let help
made her work didn't let them use got him to clean got him to pronounce didn't let her speak didn't make her leave
When I was a teenager, my parents never play
.
let me to play until I had fimshed all my hel
homework. They even made me
my
brothers with their homework before I could have any fun. On the one hand, they certainly to
got me,.Jearn a lot. On the other hand, they become
made me beeame too serious. I wish they had let me ~have a little more fun. When I become a parent, I want to get my child to learn
about responsibility but also I would him or her
should stop writing now and start studying.
want to let he
The book even had some good tips about
Franklin said, 'All work and no play makes
5tudyin 9
to .u6e
OJ'
she have fun. As Ben
study for an exam. I hope I remember
Jack a dull boy'. I want to avoid that
some of them tonight!
mistake .
•
Make, and Get POINT
Help
SelfTest (Total
=
ONE
T
CHART CHECK T, F,T
100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
C 2. A
1.
3. A 4. B
5. D 6. C
7. A 8. C
Answer K Y
•••••••••••••••••
B
, A
C
\J. D
1
B A
alone in his enthusiasm. Feng shui (has caught onlwith modern architects and homeowners everYWhere.
t answers are in brackets.) ( . (COfree B (to change) D to seeIng) " C (trying) 2' A (to buy) ., B (finding) 2 D (not to fall) 1 A (Getting) 2, B (watching) B (not to) 2 D (to do) '0. C (old enough)
has caught on . came back paid off
1
6
back up up ,. up
Q
Phrasal Inseparable
find out • glVe up picked up out up out
turned out come up with went up 5 carried on 2 3, 4.
POINT
r. give up paid off •. go back I
in a restaurant Sorry the flat is such a mess.
CHART CHECK
I got d;:nlate
this morning and didn't have time to tidy ::t.
before the direct object
out
EXPRESS
I'm going to the gym now to work efffor an back
We ran into Bob. He was eating out.
hour. I should get across before you and I'll clean up then. How about eating
'-- Ho Da-ming's new restaurant was failing. His customers rarely
out
Wl1lg ht
.
Afterwards, we can get together with some
€ame bac;. Why?
of the guys and maybe see a film. Or maybe
Mr Ho contacted a feng shui consultant to
we'll come
'tind ou~ Feng shui (meaning 'wind and
P.S. I ran
O~~f' with a better idea. into To,..,
.
at the library. He'll drop
by
water') is the ancient Chinese art of placing
-eft: to see you later.
things in your surroundings. According to
this art, the arrangement of furniture, doors
Phrasal Verbs: Separable
and . wmdows affects our health , wealth and ha . ppmess. Mr Ho was concerned about his
business bu t h e d'dn' c : . 1 t gIve ul]r FolloWIng the consultant's advice, he remodelled and redecorat d h' r e IS restaurant. His actions Paid off S . . v· oon busmess lJHcked uIVand Mr fio becam . h ' e nc . It was the best decision I eVer mad' h e, e says happily. And he isn't
• • • • •
••
TWO
i_
391
•
POINT . tt' g an idea for an invention. George IS ge m
CHART CHECK Direct objects that are nouns can go before or after the particle.
EXPRESS
'dea 1 t1 dreamt up t)a dream it up
OR
. .
dreamt that Idea up,
392 • In
Did you know t hat l\\'o univcrsity dropouts thought up 1,. ilH' idea of the first pcrsonal computer') What's morc, thcy put0tltogethcr in a garage. Inventions don't have to come out of fancy laboratories. Average people in classrooms, kitchens and home workshops often dream u.l1 ~ew and useful idea~. The ability to think of something new seems like magic to many people but in fact anyone can develop the qualities of an inventor. First, inventors follow their curiosity. The Swiss inventor George de Mestral wanted to find outihe reason)it was so hard to remove burrs from his dog's coat. His answer led to the idea for Vekro®, now used to fasten everything from trainers to space suits.
3 .J uly I filled down an application for a patent and posted it yesterday. I'll be able up to set...a strong and convincing demonstration of the product W soon. 30 August I demonstrated the product
at an exhibition for decorators. I wanted to point out that it's very clean to use so I on
put" white gloves for the demonstration. It went very well.
(Total
= 1 00
points. Each item
Second, inventors use imagination to put ~hings)together in new ways. Walter Morrison
watched two men throwing a pan to each other and thought up~he Frisbe~, one of the most popular toys in the world. Perhaps
= 4
ONE 5. D
A 2. C 3. A 1
6. C 7 D
8. D 9. D 10. A
ISE-
give up. They continuously look up
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 14. A (it over) 15. D (up) 16. D (off the bus) 7. D (back) 18. B (get on the bus)
~new design~out until they succeed. 6. paid ... back 7. carry out 8. brought about
set up ... filled ... up . keep ... away 5. picked up
2
point it out hand them in
figure it out 3. fill them in 4. handed it out
2.
3 May I dreamt
up O'ler
IIONl
Nouns
spots on a wall when people don't
POINT
want to paint a whole room. I know a out
several types so I can try them -ift.
13. B
(pick some stamps up for him ... OR pick up some stamps for him ... ) 2 . D (Meg into) 2 . B (along / on) 23. D
u r.J
manufacturer. I'll call up -him and order
12. C
20. A (up) 21. B (her up) 22. D (wake you up)
a really good idea - a
him 'If)
A
19. D (off)
used for shoe polish. It can be used to touch OR
•
TWO
jar of paint with an applicator like the kind
,
1
4. B
most important, successful inventors don't 1nfol'lnatio!} about their ideas and try
points.)
Ra II
An wer Key _
393
..................................... I
(HART (HE(K 1
...
. d post surpnse when I picked up my posts
F
today. My family sent me some birthday
(HART (HE(K 2
•
'Iday
17.lr
plesents. My BIrthday is the 31st. I won't
T,F
Open the presents until then
EXPRESS 29
were, was
0, 1 OVf!r
GGto
ber
.
.
I thmk the weather is getting ,,,,J.': Itlf ,"
Was Columbus, really the first explorer to
worse. I heard tlHmders tOday but there
discover the Americas? Thor Heyerdahl
wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my
didn't think so. He believed that ancient
cat, Typhoon. Every time it thundered Tlphoon ' and I snuggled up closer under !love h t e covers. I started reading a Ns¥el,
people were able to build boats that could cross oceans. To test his ideas, he decided to build a coj>'y of the reed boats that were
'Brave New World'.
pictured in ancient paintipgs and sail across the Atlantic from\..North Mrica
[email protected]~.
Bey~rdahls team
30 October I left the Canary Islands today Columvi s
also copied ancient Middle
- just like eolumbus. There's a strong
Eastern pots and filled them with food for
wind and plenty of sunshine now.
their journey - dried fish, honey, oil, eggs,
kilometres
I travelled 500 Kilometres.
nuts and fresh fruit.J{~, the expedition's boat, carried an international group including
31 October I'm 21 today! To celebrate,
a~orwegia~, an~gyptia~, an tali !Jexic~ and a phadiat}
coffee
I drank some coiThes for breakfast and
I opened my presents. I got some perfume
The first trip failed but everyone
Jeweller"
and pretty silver jeweUenes.
sUrvived and wanted to try again. Departing r.. • on 17 Ma~ 1970, under the flag of the
elect~ l cl v
1 November The
United Nation~~Ra I~crossed thelAtla nti9 in 57 days. The expedition proved that ancient civilisations had the skill to reach the r. ---,-...::---
Plymouth
~
•
are Is 1" equipment 16. batteries 17 news 1 • stops 1:1 clothing cold 2 2 bothers 2:1 bags
are ideas beans nce Potatoes are trips Vegetables •
S
12
270
(
lIary
etober I've been on the CGfHl-ry Islands
for three days now. I'll start hack home When the
'/f
!r£beLter. I was so
.
'" today so I collected waliers for cooking.
13 14
1S
.
plymouth. I'll need the radio then. It rame
Americ':§,long before !Columbujl. Food
very low.
I'd better not use much until I get near
•
~
is
Quantifi [
POINT a good supply of chocolate
CHART CHECK T, F,T,T
EXPRESS A: many
B: much
' (lon't realise I ·' l\lany peop ( Are you rea dy. . , ' . I disHsters stich ,10;
that some natura
(colllil/ut"d
(III
fl('xt paf{(')
d
394 • An
K y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•
earthquakes can strike with diWe warning). It may take several days for assistance to reach you. Prepare your disaster kit in advance! Here are a few tiQs. • Water may be unsafe Lo drink. Store ~nough wate;'lfor several days. Each person needs five litres per day for cooking and washing. • You will also need food for §.~veral days. • It's a good idea to store ~ lot of tinned meat, frui~ vegetables and i . However, also include several kinds of high-energy food, such as peanut butter and raisins. And don't forget ~ome 'comfort foodJ like biscuits and chocolate! • If you haven't got (?~n-yel:-ect-r--:ic--:-i~ t~ you might not have ~ ny heap, either. Keep ""'-
and extra
being scared, it was fun - a bit like camping. We've got an electric heater so we didn't l ny
have some heat. We slept in our sleeping a lot of bags around the fireplace. We used up maay
wood! Mum baked some bread in a pan in the fireplace. She had to try several times but it was really good when it worked. We a
ate it with) ittle butter. The first night, we a lot of
had much problems working out what to do. few
It got dark early and we only had a .
candles - and no TV! Jane is five and she was really frightened until we made hot chocolate over the fire. Finally, everybody took turns telling stories. I found out that of
Dad knows a lot,good stories.
clothes for everyone. • Prepare a first aid kit with some pain killers, several sizes of plaster and an antiseptic.
Articl Ind
• The cash machines might not be working. Have you got €ny cash] You shouldn't keep€uch money)i n the house but you should have a lot of small notes and a few larger notes, too.
••
ite and
POINT There is only one Earth.
CHART CHECK F,T,T
2. any
Several a great deal of a lot of Many 7. a few
3. 4. 5. 6.
, 3~ 1. b. a few a. c. many d. much e. a few f. a little
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
many few Some a little a few
2. a. a little
few c. a few d. little e. a few
h.
We had a big storm last week and we lost a
the electricity for.iew days. Once I got over
EXPRESS _ a, The 2. a 1. b
4.
2. an 3. a 4. an 5. an
6. the 7. a 8. the
9. the
2. the 3. the 4. a
5. a 6. the 7. The
b 5. b
6.
10. 11. 12. 13.
a
the a the the
an, the 9. the 8.
Key ••••••••••••••••• 1
Once there was a plumber called Mario.
place just after the sun. sets. So check it out! You won't be disapPointed.
PJP1:tiitl:nb€i' ihad"beautiful girlfriend. One day, .il
~a
395
pe fell in love with the girlfriend and
0 0 0
~l
kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to rescue his girlfriend.
the
This simple tale became Donkey Kong,
7
~ first video game with a story. It was 1
0 0 0 0
Nintendo, Inc. Matsimoto loved ~ video
.i.
games but he wanted to make them more
0
11 the
the the
4. 0 5. the 6. 0
interesting. He liked fairy tales so he a invented"story similar to a famous fairy tale.
0 0 0
the 14. the 1 . the 1
invented by Sigeru Matsimoto, .a artist with 2
1 . 11 . 1 1
1
8. 9. 10.
0 0 0 0
the
1 1 2
0 the 7
0 0 0
2 2 . the 25. the
The 12. the the the
1·
~
'i ~ :::J .() r
Hi! Blare Gardens is excellent! This !shtest
Swry was an immediate success and
"
holiday we've ever been on! I love the rides
Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers.
here. I've been on ~ roller coasters before
The rest is video ga me history.
but nothing is like the one they've got here! the And,Jood is great, too. I usually don't eat like the hot dogs but" hot dogs here are great. So is the ",pizza. Do you like ~ theme parks? If so,
" (No Article) and The i_ ._ _
POINT
you've got to get your family to come. The the only problem is" crowds here. People have to
the little girl
CHART CHECK
queue to get into everything - even the
indefinite plural
EXPRESS A: the
toilets! See you soon.
B:0
A: the
B:0
. u enJoy t~me parks? Tomorrow, Blare Garde '11 ~r: ns WI open to (the publiSi for the first f hnh l~.' 1. e par!9features a wide variety f .d ones and games that will appeal to both adults and children. And, of course, a theme k . par would not be complete WIthout cand.y fl oss and hot dogs / The food) aL Blare Gardens . prOmIses to be very good. Come early b' (j , nng the whole famil)) and be sure to stay fort{h e firework displa))that Lakes
and Reflexive Reciprocal Prono
Do yo
POINT F
CHART CHECK F,T
EXPRESS A: yourself B: myself
••• •• •
396 • Ans\N r K y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•
Self-talk is the way we explain a problem to our~el\'es. It can affect the way we feel and the way we behave. 'Ibm and Sara, for example, both lost their jobs when their company laid off a lot of people. Sara kept herself fit and spent time with friends. Tom gained ten pounds and spent all his time by i].i ll1 self. They were both unemployed so the sit\lation its.elf can't explain why th.ey acted so differently from each other. The main difference was the way Tom and Sara . . explained the problem to themselves. Sara believed that she herself could change her ,
......
insulting - like the way our maths teacher used to talk to us. I thought, Sam and I me
treat each other welL He forgave myself for my mistake straightaway and I forgave him for forgetting our dinner date two weeks each other
ago. Sam and I could forgive themselves so I mySt .l"
suppose I can forgive
Se (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
situation. Tom saw himself as helpless. . Later, everyone got their jobs back. When
. ... they all talked to one another back at the office, Tom grumbled, 'They must have been desperate.' Sara replied, 'They finally realised they need us!'
4 each other, yourself 5. itself, ourselves 6. yourselves, one another
yourselves 3. themselves 4. himself 5. yourselves 6 each other OR one another
7. 8. 9. 10.
1. C 2. B 3. D
4. C 5. A 6. A
ISE+ IIONI
7. C 8. C 9. C
10. C
11. C 12. A
TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets') 13. A (is) 19. D (delete the) 14. C (Christmas) 20. B (much time) 15. B (is starting) 21. C (few) 16. B (May) 22. B (a little) 17. D (the) 23. B (one another's) 18. A (delete A and 24 . B (a little) capitalise Money) 25. D (the accountant)
1 yourselves 2. herself, ollrselves 3. myself, yourself
2.
IIONl oNE
myself myself yourselves myself
The Pa
••
Overview
POINT I forgot to call Sam on his birthday. 111 /self
I reminded me all day and I still forgot! I felt terrible. My sister, Anna, said, 'Don't be iourself
so hard on yeul'sel..,cs,' but I didn't believe
the number of years the magazine has existed
CHART CHECK T,T,F
EXPRESS
[If: I:tiC :.
were printed
her6elf
her. She prides het on remembering everything. Then I read an article on self-talk. It said that people can change the themeelvt!c,
way they explain problems to tneirsel .... es. myself
I realised that the way I talk to me is
2. A
7. A
3. P 4. A
8. P 9. A 10. P
5. P 6.
P
1
Answer Key • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • •
Tagalog is spoken . spoken by 417 million people ~eventy-one million people speak Arabic is spoken by speak English Swahili is spoken OR People speak Swahili is published (£he ptrblisher) is read ( ) have been hired by our international offices were purchased (ili~ 'e()mpany) are used (OUl" wfiier.s) is advertised (aihZI tisers) were (or was) interviewed by Live at Ten TV was seen by millions of viewers
397
•
The Passive with Medals POINT somebody should do something about Ed's snoring
CHART CHECK 1 T,F
CHART CHECK 2 a modal or an auxiliary verb
EXPRESS A: Will ... be prepared B: won't, will be prepared Space Station Unity will be completed
Two-thirds of Bolivia's five million people -
Inr'"
a
in the cool western highlands known as the Altiplano. For centuries, the grain gro '"
quinoa has been grew in the mountains. ae Llamas, bred for fur, meat and transportation. And tin, Bolivia's richest rnl"ed
natural resource, is mining
within the next decade and international teams of astronauts will then be sharing close quarters for long periods of time. What can be done to improve living conditions in space? Here's what former astronauts suggest: • FOOD
The Oriente, another name for the
overcome those effects. International tastes must also be considered. • CLOTHING Layered clothing could help astronauts stay comfortable. The top
eastern lowlands, is mostly tropical. Rice is the . major food crop and cows are raised for .
'0
nd
mIlk. Oil is also fifid there. Although Spanish is the official language, Native Am . encan languages are still spoken hy.-peoPle T d" . . ra ltIonal textiles are woven by hand and . " muslc" played on reed pipes whose tone rese hI m es the sound of the wind blow in . g OVer htgh plains in the Andes.
It doesn't taste as good in zero
gravity. Food should be made spicier to
by miners in
the high Andes.
• ••
layer could be removed or added as •
temperatures vary. SLEEPING Because of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in space. Comfortable restraints must be provided
to give a sense of stability. . • EMOTIONAL NEEDS People need rest tIme .III space JU . st as they do on Earth. Time ought to be provided for relaxation and privacy.
Is ... going to be prepared 2. (is it going to bel squeezed i. will be prepackaged
4. 5.
Cnn be WHnllC
d
up (con tin IIl'd 011 Ill'xt page)
398 • 6. 7.
1
1
5
. 9.
should ... be chosen has to be offered could be selected Will ... be used had better be attached ought to be made
T
The Causative POINT wenL to a hairdresser's
CHART CHECK
should be kept ought to be improved could be designed can be removed ought to be given are going to be delivered will be done will be stored
F, T, F
EXPRESS A: done B: done, do •
2. T 3. T
4. 5.
T F
6.
T
I used the sleeping restraints last night and be made
slept a lot better. They ought to
more
comfortable, though. I felt trapped. I've just looked in the mi ITor. My face is puffy and get
my eyes are red. I'd better be got on
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S.
the exercise bike right away. I can be misunderstood
misunderstanding when I look like this.
him for tUJ'lling on 'Star Trek'. Actually, I love
3.
4.
that programme. I might be given early lunch shift today. I hope they have more
have it shortened get (OR have) it dry cleaned 're getting (OR having) them cleaned OR 're going to get (OR have) them cleaned 'm getting (OR having) it cut OR 'm going to get (OR have) it cut get (OR have) it coloured Did ... get (OR have) it painted
1. OR
2.
Last night, Max thought I was angry with
Amy had the dog groomed. They are going to get the windows cleaned. They had the cal'pets shampooed. Amy is going to have her ears pierced. Jake got his hair cut. They are going to have food and drinks delivered.
5. 6.
chilli. It's nice and spicy and the sauce can be
actually
tasted, even at zero gravity. flown
Some of it had better be 4ly in on the shuttle pretty soon or there might be some unhappy astronauts! Speaking of unhappy, last night, Katy called and told me she was planning to talked
leave school. I think she could be
out of
it but I'm afraid I'll get angry and shout if be
we discuss it. I might"overheard by others. We need some privacy here!
The party was last night. It went really well! The house looked great. Mum and Dad had the floors polished and all the windows cleaned
clean professionally so everything sparkled. Inted the whole houGe
And of course we ourselves last summer. (I'll never forget
that. It took us two weeksD I wore my new had
black dress that I
shortened by Jill
hair cut
and I
. by Colin. He did a
great job. There were a lot of guests at the had invited
party. We
OR
almoet
peopllJ
AnSwer Key •••••••••••••••••
and they almost all turned up! The food was great too. Mum made most of the main
EXPRESS b
c
dishes herself but she had the rest of the food f . I
h,1d our ~ he ro
end of the party we all took
OUF
t l~,'n
photos.
Dad's getting them back next week. I can't wait to see them!
SelfTest =
100 points. Each item = 4 points.)
ISEC 110
i
B
2 D 3, A
5. C 6, B
7
C
8 B
TWO
C (by)
A (delete were) '3 C (be corrected) .. D (delete by the printer) S. A (delete was) 6. D (ret 1l rn) 7 C (them done) 18 C (be discussed) 9 A (was painted) 2\" C (couldn't OR wasn't able to) 2' B (grown) 22 D (was working) 2 B (have to be replaced) J.,. C (cleaned) 2.. , A (be made) '2
Zero Conditionals POINT
CHART CHECK 1"P,P
b
' e~. er your rights as a passenger. Often the alrlme compa' . ny IS requlred to compensate y~u. for delays Or damages. For example, the aIrlIne provides meals and hotel rooms 'f fl' . 1 a 19ht IS unduly delayed. However, the airline owes you. a lot more if it caused the dela.,Y Q.y overbooking. This can OCCur especiallY during holidays if airlines sell more tickets than there are seats. If all the passengers actuall~urn up, then the flight is upgrades or additional free travel to
(Correct answers are in parentheses.)
l'
rem
9. D 10. B
passengers who volunteer to take a later flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may be delayed. In that case, the
ISECIIONI
CIi~C
a
overbooked. Airlines usually award
ONE
• C
1
3.
by a caterer. Mum and Dad
hired a professional photographer so at the
(Total
399
airline must repay you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight. If the delay is more than four hours, you receive
200 per cent of the cost of your ticket. The best time to go to Hong Kong is November or December if you hate hot weather. 2. If you're travelling with your children, take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon. OR Take your children to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon if you're travelling with them. 3 If you need a moderately priced hote~, I suggest the Harbour View Intern~tIOnal House. OR I suggest the Harbour VIew International House if you need a moderately priced hotel. 4 If you like seafood, there are wonderful eafood restaurants on Lamma Island. OR s onderful seafood restaurants There are w 'k Ii d on Lamma Island if you 11 e sea 00 . If ou're fascinated by Chinese ?pera, 5. OU y mIg . ht l'ke the street opera In the I Y . S'reet Night l\larket. OR h Shang al " . . h . I' J'ke t he street opera In t e You Ollgh 1 1. OR
(co/llilll/I'd 011 111'.1'1 page)
• ••
400 •
K Y
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Shanghai Stret't Night Markot if you're fascinated by (,h illt'sl' Opl'rH. If you'd like to get a good view of Hong Kong, you should take the funicular to the Peak. OR You should take the funicular to the Peak if you'd like to get a good view of Hong Kong.
T
First Conditionals POINT
F,F
CHART CHECK I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay at a hotel. 3. If I stay with friends, I spend time with them. It's not so nice if I get a 'Dracula' flight. It's very rewarding if you don't mind hard work. . If you have three flatmates, you don't have trouble finding dogwalkers. .. If a flight has an empty seat, I travel free. 2.
What a great weekend! If Lou and Tony don't
aren't the best hosts in the world, I won't know who is. I've invited them to London but if you live in the Bahamas, you rarely want to leave. Tomorrow at midnight, I am doing a round trip from London to Singapore. There's always a price to pay. If I get a free weekend, I always get a 'Dracula' don't
flight afterwards. Oh, well. If I
fall
asleep, I can usually get a lot of reading done. Pat and Ken both flew to London
the if' clause when the if' clause comes first
EXPRESS If she wins, she'll fight crime. 2. e 3.
c
4. a S. g
6 d ... b
3. get 4. If • S. WIn 6. '11 take OR 'm going to take
7. If 8. am 9. 11 try OR 'm going to try 10. will ... do OR are ... going to do
11. if 12. lose 13. If
lose '11 continue OR 'm going to continue Unless cooperate won't be OR isn't going to be if 20. don't elect 21. '11 be OR 'm going to be
14. 1 S. 16. 17. 18. 19.
yesterday. I hope someone can walk Frisky 'm
for me. Usually, if 111 be working, one of them is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he barks
a lot. That disturbs the neighbours. Maybe I should just leave the TV on for him. He's always very calm,T'if the TV is on. Or maybe I'd better call Pat and ask her about 's
her timetable. If it
6:00 p.m. here in
Singapore, it's 11:00 a.m. in London.
(possible answers) j. If! take out a student loan, I won't have to depend on my family, OR I won't have to depend on my family if I take out a student loan. 4. If! go to law school, I'll earn more money. OR I'll ea I'll more money if I go to law school. 5. If I earn more money, I'll be able to pay back my (student) loan quickly. OR I'll be able to pay back my (student) loan quickly if I earn more money. 6. If I pay back my loan quickly, I'll be able to pay for my sister to go to university. OR I'll be able to pay for my sister to go to university if I pay back my loan quickly.
401
An Key • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
7
If I go to law sch?~l, r:ll go into politics. R I'll go into polItIcs If r go to law school. life for others. OR I'~l be ab~e. to improve life for others if go mto polItics. If I go into politics, I'll get elected as an MP. OR I'll get elected as an MP if r go into politics. If I get elected as an MP, I'll si t in the House of Commons. OR I'll sit in the House of Commons if r get elected as an MP.
Should I campaign for student union 1
president? I'll have to decide soon if I to run. If I'll be busy campaigning, I won't have much time to study. That's a problem, unle!:>5
because I'm not going to get a good job if I get good marks this year. On the other hand, there's so much to do in this I get. JI? !:> go ng to get university and nothing is getting done if
John Healy becomes president again. A lot of people know that. But will I know what to do iffH get the job? Never mind. I'll deal aor 'OR
• ••
10 1 1
1
couldn't identify were loved 'd hate OR would hate drove 'd hate OR would hate were 'd hate OR would hate weren't might be
If Schroeder didn't love Beethoven , he wouldn't play his sonatas all the time. If Charlie Brown had enough friends, he wouldn't feel lonely. 4 If Sally knew her teacher's name , she could send her a card. r If Linus weren't clever, he wouldn't fmd intelligent solutions to life's problems. 6. If Woodstock and Snoopy didn't have a close relationship, Woodstock wouldn't confide in Snoopy. 7. If Rerun's parents didn't refuse to let him have a dog, he wouldn't try to borrow Charlie's dog. 8. If Pigpen had enough baths, he wouldn't be filthy. I've got to stop staying up late reading o~
with that problem/ if I win.
'Peanuts" If I weren't always so tired, I will
~
if I"get
be able to stay awake in class. Whenever the teacher asks me something, I don't know what to say. Then I get really embaLTassed
Second Conditionals F
<>
d Jason , says ' 'If I was you, I'd sh y. My fri en, rty' but I'm too afraid that if ask her to a pa . ~
CHART CHECK F,'r, F
I asked her, she would ha'.'c said no. After
EXPRESS
d fI otball. Nobody wanted me I school, I p aye 0 I. . If I 'Alay better, I would get .t' in thClr team.
would ,1'f, Were .tI
F F
!. WOuldn't like . Weren't
because ofthat nice red-haired girl that I like. I would talk to her if I 't'louldn'f; be so
POINT
6.
F
••••
. Life is hard! I can really chosen sometlmes . t Charlie Brown character in th understan d a , I t': t ifI didn't laugh so hard 'Peanuts. n lac. . d I . 'P an uts', I would cne . while rending ec
402 • An wer
K y ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6.
Conditionals ~~=-..II POINT 7
CHART CHECK the if clause the if clause comes first
If George's friends had known about his troubles, they would have helped him straightaway. OR George's friends Would have helped him straightaway if they had known about his troubles. If George's friends hadn't collected money for him, he would have gone to prison. OR George would have gone to prison if his friends hadn't collected money for him.
It's funny how things work out sometimes.
EXPRESS
hadn't
If George
would have studied
wanted to jump off that
bridge on Christmas Eve, I might never
·...1 ,~2
2. F 3. T
~, ,
4. F 5. F
6. T
got
have gQtting an important job like saving him. And if he hadn't been so stubborn,
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
could (OR would) have gone OR would have been able to go, hadn't lost could have gone, hadn't become wouldn't have known, hadn't shown hadn't helped, could have gone might not have led, hadn't married would have been, hadn't lived
(Answers may vary slightly) 1. OR Clarence would have had more selfconfidence if he had been a first-class angel. 2. If George hadn't been unhappy about his business, he wouldn't have shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve. OR George wouldn't have shouted at his daughter on Christmas Eve if he hadn't been unhappy about his business. 3. Poor people couldn't have bought (OR wouldn't have been able to buy) houses if George's business hadn't lent them money. OR If George's business hadn't lent them money, poor people couldn't have bought (OR wouldn't have been able to buy) houses. 4. If Mr Potter had been able to trick George, George would have sold Potter the business. OR George would have sold Mr Potter the business if Potter had been able to trick George. s. If George's Uncle Billy hadn't lost £8,000, George wouldn't have got into trouble with the law. OR George wouldn't have got into trouble with the law if his Uncle Billy hadn't lost £8,000.
have
I would never had thought of the idea of showing him life in Bedford Falls without him. One of the saddest things was seeing all those people who didn't have homes. had given up If George and sold his business to Mr Potter, then Potter would have rented run-down flats to all those people. But because of George, they now have good homes. By the time we were finished, George realised he really had a wonderful life. In would
fact, he will have gone to prison happil)5(if his friends hadn't given him the money he needed. Well, luckily they helped him out and he didn't go to prison. And I got my wings and became a first-class angel!
Present and Past
I C •• E
K
I POINT
that day
CHART CHECK , the past simple
403
An Wer Key •••••••••••••••••
erfect t P the pas
••••
If wishes were horses, I'd ride one to Paris.
Hey! Mark is always saying, 'I wish you would
EXPRESS
known d h kneW, a
T F
• ••
come with me sometimes.' I suppose I can go F T
with him to Paris. Dr Grimes must have
. T
meant that I can solve my Own problems h "
.
N ow I wish I haven!+. been
" would go away t had didn't have to deal 5 could entertain 6 could have invited OR had been able to invite • had known
80
rude to him.
SelfTest (Total = 100 points. Each item = 4 points.) SE
- I wish my husband would ask for a pay • nse. 3. I wish we'd saved some money last month. I wish my boyfriend weren't unfit OR were
ION
C
4. A
2. B
7. B
5. 0 6. C
1 .
8. C
1 12. 0
1
3. A
9
C
0 A
TWO
fit.
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 13. 0 (seen) 20. 0 (were) 14. B (could have) 21. C (delete will) 15. B (won't) 22. C (delete comma) 16. B (have) 23. A (had) 17 B (were) 24. C (get) 18. A (could have) 25. C (could) 19. A Cll eat OR are going to eat)
I wish I weren't too old to go back to school. 6 I wish I could stop (OR were able to stop) smoking. 7 I wish my son would phone me. l: I wish my parents had understood me. 5,
were
Today, I said to Dr Grimes, 'I wish there vms a way to spend more time with my boyfriend
•
T
but we're both too busy.' He just said, 'If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.' That's an easy thing to say but I wish I ""derst.ooa ~Bd Qlr!5 t aB J . t o~", 1 S meaning. Maybe it means that wish' , lng won t solve problems. Well, that's wh I ' . had tola y went to see hIm!!! I wIsh he '''''''.
\~Zill1-ol]
."" me what to do right then and there I wish M: k "pt' It:4 ar and I could have speRt the Weekend t h oget er next week. My exams are oVer but h ' e 8 got to fly to Paris for his job.
,
Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns
POINT F
CHART CHECK nouns . ft the in the middle of the mam clause, a er main clause
EXPRESS
k in the cafeteria. That's the man who wor s
404 .
..... ....................................
nwrKy
Almost evenone has friends but ideas about • friendship vary from person to person. For some, a friend is someonelwh~ chats with you on the internet. For others, a friend is a person~hQlha§. known you 1lI.I your life someone vhos€lfamily kn..QWS..Y0ULtOO. Others only use the term for someone WhO) knows your innermost secret~. Although different people emphasise different aspects of friendship, there is one element which is always present and that is the element of choice. We may not be able to select our families, our colleagues or even the people ,
A writer once said that friends are born, not made. This means that we automatically become friends with people who the)r are compatible with us. I don't agree with this writer. Last summer, I made friends with some were OR are
people whoX completely different from me. In July, I went to Barcelona to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there who OR that
was a teacher whieh was much older than I am. We became really good friends. In my
~hattake the bus with us but we can choose
first week, I had a problem which was
our friends. As anthropologist Margaret
getting me down. Barcelona is a city
Mead once said, 'A friend is someone who . chosen.' It is this freedom
that
OR
which
'i'<'ho has a lot of distractions. As a result, I went out all the time and I stopped going
of choIce '==- c:m""ak=e,=,!s~~== "-" special relationship.
to my classes. Bob helped me get back into my studies. After the trip, I kept writing
that have who (OR that) have that (OR which) are who (OR that) faces that (OR which) is whose ... are whose ... include that (OR which) appears OR appeared OR has appeared who (OR that) doesn't read OR hasn't read
are to Bob. He always writes stories that i&
1. OR
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
interesting and encouraging. Next summer, that OR which
he's leading another trip interesting. I hope I can go.
Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns or When and Where
2. Mexico City is an exciting city that (OR 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
which) attracts a lot of tourists. Steph has a brother whose name is Eric. He works for a magazine that (OR which) is very popular in Mexico. Eric writes a column that (OR which) deals with relationships. An article that (OR which) discussed friendships won a prize. A person who (OR that) has a lot of friends is lucky.
sounds
POINT T
CHART CHECK the subject of the relative clause F
EXPRESS "_._
r watch all the films
that he directs.
405
Answer Key •••••••••••••••••
At the age of nine, Eva Hoffman left Poland with her family. She was old enough to know
I had a good friend who (OR whom OR that) I went to school with. OR ... with whom I went to school. I took piano lessons from a woman who (OR whom OR that) I met at my mum's office.
what she was losing: Krakow, a city that she loved as one loves a person, the sun-baked vj]Jages where they had spent summer holidays and the conversations and
I remember one summer when the whole family went to the seaside. Those were good times that (OR which) I'll always remember.
escapades with her friends. Disconnected from a city where life was lived intensely, her father was overwhelmed by the transition to Canada. Eva lost the
Tai Dong is the small city in southeastern
parent whom_she had watched in lively
where or in which 01<'
conversation with friends in I£ra~ow cafe§. -
Taiwan which I grew up. My family moved
And nothing could replace her friendship
there from Taipei the summer I was born.
,
with the boy
home
•
vr.o...
,.,
•
daily, and ~vhom she assumed she wou Id marry VISl
The house in which I grew up j.rr is on a •
one day. Worst of all, however, she missed
main street in Tai Dong. My father sold tea
her language. For years, she felt no
and my mother had a food stand in our front
connection to the English name of .r ....
courtyard, where she sold omelettes early in
,.
...
anything ,that she felt was important. Lost
in Translation: A Life in a New Language
the morning. A customer who I always
(Penguin, 1989) tells how Eva came to
chatted with lH:B.i had a son my age. We were
terms with her new identity and language. ,r ..... ,
best friends. A cousin
It's a story 1hat, readers will find fascinating and moving.
visited every summer lived with us. He was
O~e
~hc OF'
no
. family I K
~
~
an apprentice ,<,.'hich my father was teaching that Who OR Whom OR that stayed OR were staying " which ... had OR
J
that OR which Wanted ! that OR which ~ have experienced where OR in which 2 Were
the tea business to. On the first floor of our If
v
Ie
house, we had a huge kitchen if!: where we all gathered for dinner. It was a noisy place. The bedrooms where the family slept was upstairs. My two brothers slept in one
my older sister. My younger sister shared a bedroom with another cousin which my
a e care of family had adopted. in h' h Th '. W IC I grew up .. . e hOUse that ( h ' '. Was b OR w 1ch) we lived In . eautiful ()R Th h . . We ].lVed . e ouse In whIch Emily a~ci '1 (cm i . shared a room where n whIch) PlaYing. We spent a lot oftime OR.
a-
"OR
the house
11'"
(V th t)
I
grf'W
up in
••• •
406 • , ...........•..................• devices, not the people who use them. 'The
Relative Cia Defining and Non-Defining •
ICIIECN:
best way to cure technophobia is to cure the reasons that cause it - that is, to design
POINT
things thtrt.. people can use and design things
F
that won't break,' claims Norman. Michael
CHART CHECK
Dyrenfurth, who is a university lecturer,
non-defining T
believes we cause our own problems by
EXPRESS
buying technology th1if.. we just don't need.
It was the computer
we saw at
'Do we really need electric toothbrushes?' he
E-Lectronics.
asks. According to Williams, important 2. T 3. T
4. F 5. F
6. F
technology
we can't afford to run away
from actually exists. To prosper, we need to I
tech • no • I pho • bia (noun) a fear
um:t.
overcome our technophobia and learn to use it.
some people have about using technology If you have it, you're one of the 85 per cent
of people
~ this
2. My new mobile, which I bought only a
new 'disease' has struck.
Maybe you've bought a phone on which you
3.
can programme 99 numbers - but you can't
4.
tum it on. Or perhaps you have just read
5.
that your new CD player, which you have
6.
finally leamt how to use, will soon be replaced by DVD, which you had never even heard of.
7.
8.
month ago, has become a necessary part of life. I remember the day when I was afraid to use my new computer. Now, there are psychologists who (OR that) help technophobes use technology. Dr Michelle Weil, who is a psychologist, wrote a book about 'technostress'. I work in an office where (OR in which) the software changes frequently. A lot of people who work in my office suffer from technostress. Some people dream of a job they can do without technology.
Some experts say that things have just become too complex. William Staples, who
I've just read a book called Technostress ,
wrote a book on the electronic age, tried to
which was written by Dr Michelle Weil. Her
help a friend who had just bought a new
co-author was Dr Larry Rosen,
stereo. The stereo, which worked before,
husband and also a psychologist. According
wasn't working any more. 'On the front of
to the authors, everybody feels stress about
the stereo, there were literally twenty
technology. Our mobiles and pagers, that we
buttons,' says Staples. Donald Norman, who
buy for emergencies, soon invade our
has written about the effects of technology
privacy. Just because they can, people
on people, blames the designers of these
contact us at place~where we are relaxing.
who
is her
which
Key 407 ••••• • ••••••••••• • •• •
An
ther problem is having to learn too Ano
which
h too fast. Technological changes"psed
IllUC ,
to corne one at a time, now overwhelm us. Dr Wei I suggests dealing with technostress . tl'pS from her latest book which can usIng be purchased via her website.
(Total
=
100 points. Each item
=
4 points.)
SECIION
. C
1 B 2 A
s.
B 6. B
3 D
JSECllONI
7 B
10. C
8. C
11. B 12. C
9. B
TWO
(Correct answers are in parentheses.) 11 C (where) 14. A (who) 15. C (delete he) 16. B (whose) 17 B (that OR which OR delete what) 18. D (delete it) 19 C (discuss) 20. B (which) 21 A (who) 22. C (in which OR where) 23. B (with whom) 24. C (when OR that OR delete which) 25. A (whose)
Direct and I rect Speech: Imperatives 'l"\
UOn't
POINT eat a heavy meal before bed.'
CHART CHECK d' ct 1'll'e speech
Can't sleep? You're not alone. Millions of people are up tossing and turning instead of getting their beauty sleep. Dr Ray Thorpe, Director of the Sleep Disorders Clinic, fsay~, 'Don't think_th~t loss of sleep is just a minor inconvenience.' During an interview he told) me to think about what can happen ifpeople drive when theJ"re tired. Every year up to 200,000 car accidents are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he tasked)me to think about a recent industrial disaster. Chances are that it was caused at least in part by sleep deprivation. .
_.- --
Being an insomniac myself, I asked Dr Thorpe for some suggestions. He1old)me to stop drinking coffee. H sai . to have a warm glass of milk instead. 'A lot of oldfashioned remedies work. Have a highcarbohydrate snack like a banana before you go to bed,' he sai But he~dvise~patients not to eat a heavy meal before tlll'lling in for the night. What about exercise? 'Regular wexercise helps but don't exercise too close to_bedti roe,' ~e sugge~ed. Finally, e t ld me not to despair. 'Don't wony about not sleeping. It's the worst thing to do,' he ~aj~. I don't know. After thinking about those industrial accidents, I doubt I'll be able to sleep at all! 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 1
3
EXPRESS to
go, Don't work 5.
that night told my to watch said
there 8. explain 9 not to 10. the next to get 1 7
H e sal'd to pull over and have a 1 brief nap. OR He told them not to ?ave a. ong nap. He told them (OR He saId) to SlDg to themselves. h . He told them (OR ~e said) to tune t elr · to an annoymg statIOn. d ra lOS H ' d) t to He told them (OR e Sill no . ('at while drivlOg. OR
(continued
011
next page)
•••
408 •
• •• • •• • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •
8.
9
10
He told them (OR He said) to open their windows. He told them (OR He said) to let cold air in. He told them (OR He said) to be careful when they stop their cars. He told them (OR He said) not to stop in a deserted place. He told them (OR He said) not to drink and drive.
In class today, John read one of his stories. It was wonderful. After the lesson, the ~o
teacher asked me"read a story in class next
T
Indirect Speech: Statements (1) POINT
'It looks great on you!'
CHART CHECK the punctuation the verb tense in the statement pronouns in the statement
EXPRESS told, was
not
week. However, I begged her
fie
to ask
me next week because I'm having trouble !".old
getting ideas. She said me not to worry and she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked to
to John and I asked him,.tell me the source ~15
of your ideas. He said that they came from to
his dreams and he told me)<eep a dream diary for ideas. He invited me~o read some of his di
. It was very interesting so I
At 9:00, Rick Thompson's bank phoned and sai that his credit card pay[()ent ~was late. 'The cheque is in the post,' Rick'!eplie4 quickly. At 11:45, Rick left for a 12:00 meeting. Arriving late, Rick 10lcl/ his client that traffic had
That evening,
Rick's fiancee wore a new dress. Rick hated it. 'It looks great on you,' he ~ai4. Three lies in one day! Yet Rick is just an ordinary guy. Each time, he 101
truth causes too
y
asked him to give me some tips on to get remembering dreams. He said a
problems. He
himselfthat his fiancee
was
'r
good night's sleep because the longer
he hurt her feelings? Is telling lies a new trend? The majority
dreams come after a long period of sleep. He told
also teH me to keep my diary by the bed and not to to write as soon as I wake up. He said to no move from the sleeping position. He also not. to told me to don:'t think about the day at first. (If you think about your day, you might
forget your dreams.) Most important - every night he tells himself that to remember his the next
dreams wmerro·.·.. morning.
purchase;..Why should
-
of people in a recent survey said th_at people
-
were more honest ten years ago. Nevertheless, lying wasn't really born yesterday. In the eighteenth century, the French philosopher Vauvenargues was right about lying when he wrote, 'All men are born truthful and die liars.' 2. :I. 4. 5. 6.
has told that had she
7. 8. 9. 10.
had earned had lied was leaving had fired
Answer Key _ 409 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••••••••••• •
z Lisa said (that) she had just heard about 'ob at a scientific research company. 3 ~~n said (that) he had got a B. Sc. in Biochemistry from London. 4. Lisa told him (that) they wanted someone with some experience as a programmer. 5. Ben told her (that) he worked ~s a programmer for Data Systems In Basingstoke. 6. Lisa said (that) they didn't want a recent graduate. 7 Ben told her (that) he had got his degree four years ago OR before. 8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right job for him. •
E
Once, when I was a teenager, I went to my aunt's house. She collected pottery and
Indirect h: Statements (2)
1POINT 'It will be windy.'
CHART CHECK ought to, might, should have
EXPRESS Jim said that he might move soon. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2. They said (that) it was going to pass
told
when I got there, she said me that she ,.,anted
me"
to show me a new bowl. She told she had
3.
'"
.ftas. just bought it. It was beautiful. When
4.
she went to answer the door, I picked up the bowl. It slipped out of my hands and
5.
smashed to pieces on the floor. When my
6.
that
aunt came back, I screamed and said what th her e cat had just broken your new bowl. My aunt looked at me in a funny way and told wasn't me th t 't' , a I ISh t important. I couldn't sleep that night, an d th e next morning, I rang my aunt and
had
£'
conlessed that I have broken her bOWl Sh . she . e saId -l had known that all along. I prom' d was Ise that I going to buy her a new one W fll • '5ai~ s 1 laugh about it now. OR She teld she • •
'The wind may reach 170 miles per hour.' 'There will be more rain tomorrow.' 'You should try to leave the area.' We can expect a lot of damage.'
7.
north of there. They said (that) it might become a tropical storm when it landed there. They said (that) they had had to close some bridges the day before because of high tides. They said (that) they wouldn't restore the electricity until today. They said (that) the schools there might be closed for a while. They said (that) they ought to use bottled water for a few days.
He said (that) it was true, and (that) they would probably become more frequent. 3. He said (that) the planet might be getting warmer, and (that) that could cause more severe storms. 4. He said (that) the emergency services should have arrived much more quickly. 5. He said (that) the new satellites would help. He said (that) if we (OR they) didn't have them, we (OR they) wouldn't be able to warn people. 2.
•
We had some excitement here because of the hurricane last week. Jim's mother h 1
called just before the storm. She said she
w.
listening to the weather report nnd that she was worripd Hbout
LIS.
She told Jim that if (collilll /Jed on flext page)
••••••• ~ ~ ~ ••~ • ~~ • • •••••••••• K Y
we you two wen'n't
woul. SI)
stubborn, we will pack
up and leave immediately.•Jim's futher told us how to get ready for the storm. He said we should htf\'e put tape on our hotel 1
.!
I
windows benight and that we ought to fill the bath with water. He also told Jim that we should buy a lot of batteries before the ...It d Y
storm
My friend Sue called.
';f"
She said that her place was too close to the t;here
coast and that she couldn't stay here. She .,"It>
told me I wanted to stay with me and Jim. have
She said she should"called us sooner. I told .hen
her she should come now. Then we listened to the weather forecast and the weather was
forecaster said that the storm is going to go wouldn't
out to sea. He said it
strike this area
at all!
pressure. Suppose, for example, that there is an accident in a nuclear power plant. The plant's public relations officer must remain calm when reporters ask how the accident could have happen~g. Be aware, however, that in some cOlin tries, like the United States, certain questions are not allowed unless they are directly related to the job. If your interviewer asks how old you are, you can refuse to answer. The interviewer also should not ask whether you are rna 'Tied or how much money you owe. If you think a question is inappropriate, ask how it relates to the job. If it doesn't relate to it, you don't have to answer.
Items ticked: 2, 3, 5
T
Indirect Qu ,
he asked who had written her application for her. Melissa was shocked but she handled herself very well. She asked the interviewer whether he was going to ask her any serious. questions. Then she left. Companies sometimes conduct stress interviews to see how candidates handle
POINT 'Why are you still singleT
CHART CHECK 1 F,T
CHART CHECK 2
2. He asked when the interview was. 1 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
He asked where the company was. He asked if (OR whether) she needed directions. He asked how long it took to get there. He asked if (OR whether) she was going to drive. He asked who was going to interview her. He asked when they would let her know.
F,T
EXPRESS why he had left his job. A few weeks ago, Melissa Morrow had a stress interview, one which featured tough, tricky questions and negative evaluations. First, the interviewer asked why she couldn't work under pressure. Before she could answer,
: . Pete asked if (OR whether) she was going for interviews with other companies. 4 Claire asked what her responsibilities would be. . Claire asked how job performance was rewarded. (,. Pete asked what her starting salary at her last job had been OR had been at her last job. 7. Pete asked if (OR whether) she had got on well with her last employer. H. Claire asked if (OR whether) they (OR he) employed many women.
Answer Key _
411
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
s questioning in my interview I did some stres . Miles Denton this morning. I asked WIth he couldn't under work Mr Denton why also asked him why ctrd his I ressure. P di6liked . d .01. . him. Finally, I enqUlre . superYlS when he would leave our compan~ Mr Denton answered my questions calmly and he had some excellent questions of his own. He askecIXif we expected changes to the jotl"He also wanted to know how often 1Mwe evaluate employees. I was impressed I had decided
you've ever left a small tip and then wondered if it sho_uld have been bigger. you've ever left a large tip and then wondered if you needed to tip at alL you've ever been uncertain whether the tip is included in the bilL you've ever wondered whyyou should tip. you've new to the United Kingdom and you're not sure who to tip. 2. how to tell if the tip is included in the bill. 3. why waiters in Iceland refused 4.
s.
when he asked why did I deeide to join this
6. 7.
company. I think we should employ him.
8.
·OR
how often we evaluated
2.
3. 4.
Embedded Questions s. 6.
Should we leave a tip? Is the service included?
CHART CHECK F, T
how much to tip (OR how much we should tip) the taxi driver? where the Smithsonian MuseulII is? where we can buy (OR where to buy) metro tickets. we could rent a car and drive? what they put in the sauce.
When you live in a foreign country, even a small occasion can be an adventure! Before my date with James tonight, I didn't even I should
EXPRESS A;?
my tips? how much to tip airport porters. who expects a tip and who doesn't. I should tip my ski instructor. tipping is still illegal there. to tip anyway.
OR
to
know what should I wear! Jeans? A dress? B: ,
John's Grill isn't a smart restaurant but it
Read this if •••
was James's birthday and I wanted to make
you've eVer want d to kn . e ow exactly how to ~.
it a big occasion. Alison was very helpful, as
you've eVer 11 b eanee ed a restaurant booking ecause you didn't kn not. ow whether to tip or you've eVer for th at you We gotten to tip or not realised re supposed to t·Ip.
always. I knew how to get to John's Grill but I didn't know how long it was going to •
take to get there).( I left at 6:00, which should have given me plenty of time, but I ...
het hr
when I got off the bus, I wasn't sure »to
(continued on next page)
4]2 • t urn left or right. I asked a police officer , .
where
Wll ,
Wil~OO-n?s
and I was only a few
SelfTest
minutes late. I had planned to take James out for a drink afterwards but I couldn't
(Total
=
100 points. Each item
less time than me. Anyway, when we got the not bill, I was wondering whether to tip or no. I If he knew
had to ask James
.
. Fortunately,
Tipping so he told me to leave about
15 per cent.
c
1. D 7 A
S. A 6. C
B
.>
-
ION
C A
TWO
(Correct answers are in brackets.) 11. A
he had read a great book called Tips on
4 points.)
ONE
remember how l.to find the place Alison had suggested and James has been here even
=
12. h. 14. 15.
(told
OR
said to)
D (.)
D (then) D (was coming) D (there)
D (it costs) 2 ... C (runs) 21 D (?)
22 D (,')
(if you could) 16. B (whether or not OR if) 24 C (not to) 25. B (I could) 17 A (whether) 18. D (might have stopped) 2.> . B
In e Alan, 250-251 A few/few, 246-24 7 A great deal of, 246-24 7 A little/little, 246-247 A lot of, 246-24 7 Ability, 116-117 passive, 269 with wish, 295 Active/passive, 264-265 Additions, 11 0-111 Adjective clauses (see Relative clauses) Adjectives As ... as, 180-181 comparatives, 184-185, 339,344 contrast with adverbs, 172-173 followed by infinitives, 210-211, 215, 338 irregular comparisons, 339 participles used as , 176-177 , 339 with preposition combinations, 203, 338 superlatives, 188-189, 339,344 Adverbs
As ... as, 180-181 comparatives, 192-193, 339 contrast with adjectives 172-173 ' ending in -ly, 172-173 344 of frequency, 7 ' followed b . fin' . . Y III lbves 215 ' lrre I gu ar comparisons 339 of manner, 173 ' S~perlatives, 192-193 AdvIce, 128-129 ~f I Were you, 287 Imperative, 19 passive, 268-269 Alter
With future t' With lme clauses, 89 past perfect, 71
Agent with causative, 272- 273 with passive, 265 Ago, 25 Already future perfect, 97 past perfect, 71 present perfect, 50-51 Always, 7 American English, 350 Any, 246-247 Articles a/an,243,250-251 no article, 250-251 no article contrasted with the , 254-255 the, 243, 250-251 As in comparative structures, 180-181 As soon as future time clauses, 89 past perfect, 71 Auxiliary verbs in additions, 110-111 in question tags, 106-107 with questions about predicate, 103
Be contractions, 345 past simple, 24-25, 28-29 followed by reflexive pronoun, 259 Be able to, 116-117 Be (doing), 2-3 Be going to contractions, 346 contrast with other future forms, 84-85 first conditionals, 283 future, 80-81,84-85 future continuous, 93 with passive, 268-269 Be supposed to, 150- 151
Be used to/used to, 33, 203 Before future time clauses, 89 past perfect, 71 By followed by reflexive pronoun, 259 with causative, 272-273 with future perfect, 97 with passive, 264-265 with past perfect, 71 By the time, 89
Can ability, 116- 117 per II) ission, 120-121 requests, 124-125 with verbs of perception, 11 Can't ability, 116-117 deduction, 158-159 deduction in the past, 166-167 with passive, 269 prohibi tion, 146-147 Can't have, 166-167 Causative, 272-273 Commands imperative, 18-19 indirect speech, 315 Commas with first conditionals, 283 with relative clauses, 309 with second conditionals, 286-287 with third conditionals, 290-291 with time clauses, 41, 89 with zero conditionals, 279 Common nouns, 242-243 Comparatives adjectives, 184-185, 339, 344 adverbs, 192· 193,339 irregular, 339
•
Conditionals first, 282-283 second, 286-287 third, 290-291 zero, 278-279 Con tractions with verb forms, 345-346 Could ability, 116-117 deduction, 158-159 deduction in the past, 166-167 future possibility, 154-155 indirect speech, 323 with passive, 269 permission, 120-121 requests, 124-125 suggestions, 132-133 after wish, 295 Couldn't deduction, 158-159 past ability, 116-117 Could have deduction in the past, 166-167 regret about the past, 162-163 after wish, 295 Countable nouns/uncountable nouns,242-243 and articles, 250-251, 254-255 and quantifiers, 246-247
Each other/each other's, 258-259 -ed adjective ending, 176-177 past participle, 46 past tense, 24-25 Embedded questions, 330-331 phrases introducing, 340 Enough with countable and uncountable nouns, 246-247 with infinitives, 214-215 -er comparative adjectives, 184-185,339,344 comparative adverbs, 192-193 -est superlative adjectives, 188-189,339,344 superlative adverbs, 192-193 Ever with past perfect, 71 with present perfect, 55 with superlatives, 189 Expectations be supposed to, 150-151
-d (see -ed) Deduction, 158-159, 166-167 Defining relative clauses, 308-309 Definite article, 250-251 Direct speech imperative, 314-315 punctuation rules, 347 questions, 326-327 statements, 318-319, 322-323 Directions, 19 Do with additions, 110
Few/a few, 246-247 First conditionals future, 282-283 For/since, 46-47 Future be going to, 80-81 contrast of future forms, 84-85 passive, 269 present continuous, 85 present simple, 85 time clauses, 88-89 wiU,81,85 Future continuous, 92-93
414
conLracLioJls, 345 question Lags, 106-107 Do you mind if; 120-121 Don't have to/must not, 146-147
Future perfect, 96-97 Future perfect continuous, 96-97 Future possibility, 154-155,269
Gerunds contrast with infinitives, 222-223 after prepositions, 202-203 , 223 as subject or object, 198-199 after certain verbs, 199,223, 337-338 Get (s.o. to do s.t.), 226-227 Get/have (s.t. done), 272-273 Get used to/used to, 33, 203 Go + gerund, 199 Got (see Have or have got)
Had been (doing), 74-75 Had better advice, 128-129 with passive, 269 Had (done), 70-71 Had to have, 166-167 Hardly, 173 Have contractions, 346 present perfect, 46 47,50-51, 54-55 present perfect continuous, 62-63 Have been (doing) present perfect continuous, 62 Have (done), 46 47,50-51, 54-55 Have/get (s.t. done), 272-273 Have (got) to deduction, 158-159 necessity, 142-143 with passive, 269 Have or have got, 349 Help (s.o. do s.!.), 226-227 How about, 132-133 How often, 58
If
contrast with unless, 283
in embedded questions, 330-331 in indirect questions, 326-327
If clauses first conditionals, 282-283 second conditionals, 286- 287 third conditionals, 290- 291 zero conditionals, 278- 279 If I were you, 287 Imperative, 18-19 direct and indirect speech, 314-315 reflexive pronouns, 259 zero conditionals, 279 In order to, 218-219 Indefinite article, 250-251 Indefinite past, 54-55 Indirect questions, 326-327, 331 Indirect speech imperatives, 314-315 indirect questions, 326-327 pronoun changes, 315, 323 reporting verbs, 315, 340 statements, 318-319, 322-323 time word changes, 315, 323, 340 verb tense changes, 319, 322-323 Infinitives after certain adjectives, 210-211, 215, 338 after adverbs, 215 contrast with gerunds 222-223 with indirect imperatives 314-315 ' negative, 206-207, 218-219 314-315 ' fter objects, 206-207 227 of purpose, 218-219 ' after q ues t'lon words 330 331 With t d ,after 00 an enough,214--215 certain verbs 206-207 338 ' , •
-tng
as adJ'e t' futur c lV~ ending, 176-177 fut e continUous, 92-93 llre perfect continuous 96-97 ' gerund 19 s,
8-]99,202-203
past continuous, 36-37 past perfect continuous, 74-75 present continuous, 2-3 present perfect continuous, 62-63 Inseparable phrasal verbs, 232-233,341-342 Instructions imperative, 18-19 indirect speech, 315 Invitations imperative, 19 indirect speech, 315 Irregular plural nouns, 343 Irregular verbs lists, 336-337 past simple, 24-25, 28 It's + adjective + infinitive, 211
Just, 50-51
Lately, 55, 173 Less/more, 184, 192-193 Let (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227 Let's, 132-133 Little/a little, 246-247 -ly as adjective ending, 173 as adverb ending, 172-173, 344
Make (s.o. do s.t.), 226-227 Many, 246-247 Managed to, 117 May deduction, 158-159 deduction in the past, 166-167 future possibility, 154--155,269 permission, 120-121 May have, 166-167 Maybe contrast with ma.y be, 155 in suggestions, 132-133 Me neither, ] 11 Me too, 11]
Might deduction, 158-159 deduction in the past, 166-167 future possibility, 154-155, 269 indirect speech, 323
Might have advisability in the past, 162-163 deduction in the past, 166-167 Modals (see also specific modals) first conditionals, 283 indirect speech, 323 and passive, 268-269 and second conditionals, 287 and third conditionals, 291 and zero conditionals, 279 More/less, 184-185, 192-193 Most/least, 188-189, 192-193 Much, 246-247 Multi-word verbs (see Phrasal verbs)
Must deduction, 158-159 deduction in the past, 166-167 necessity, 142-143 with passive, 268-269 Must have, 166-167
Must not/don't have to, 146-147
Necessity have (got) to and must,
142-143 passive, 269 Negative infinitives imperatives, 315 of purpose, 218-219 after certain verbs, 206-207 Neither/nor, 110-111 Never with past perfect, 71
with presf'nt perfect, 54 with prC's('ni simple, 7 Non-actIOn verbs (see Stative verbs)
•
Non-defining relativl' dausl's. 308-309 Nor me, III Not at all. 120-121, 125 Not either. 110-111 Not yet, 50--51 Nouns common, 242-243 compound. 349 countable, 242-243, 246-247, 250-251,254-255 definite, 254-255 indefinite, 254-255 followed by infinitives, 210-211 irregular plurals, 243, 343 plural, 243, 343 proper, 242-243 with quantifiers, 246-247 uncountable, 242-243, 246-247,250-251,254-255
Object gerunds, 198-199 before infinitives, 206-207, 227 with inseparable and separable phrasal verbs, 232-233,236-237 Object relative pronouns, 304-305,309 Often, 7 One another/one another's, 258-259 Ought to advice, 128-129 in indirect speech, 323 with passive, 269 Ought to have, 162-163
Participles used as adjectives, 176-177 list, 339 Particles contrast with prepositions, 233,237 inseparable phrasal verbs, 232-233,341-342 separable phrasal verbs, 236-237,341-342
416
Passive with agent, 264-265 contrast with active, 264-265 with modals, 268-269 Past (see Past simple) Past participles to form causative, 272-273 to form future perfect, 96-97 to form passive, 264-265, 268-269 to form past perfect, 70-71 to form present perfect, 46-47,50-51,54-55 Past perfect, 70-71 with already, 71 with ever, 71 indirect speech, 323 with never, 71 with yet, 71 Past perfect continuous, 74-75 Past continuous, 36-37 contrast with past simple, 37, 41 with past simple, 40-41 with while, 37,40-41 Past si mple, 24-25, 28-29 contrast with present perfect, 58-59 irregular verbs, 24-25, 336-337 with past continuous, 40-41 pronunciation rules, 348 spelling rules, 25, 344 Permission, 120-121 polite answers, 121 Phrasal verbs inseparable, 232-233 list, 341-342 separable, 236-237 transitive, 233, 237 Please with permission, 121 with requests, 125 Plural nouns, 243, 343 Possibility future, 154-155, 269 questions, 166-16'1 Predicate, 102-103 Prefer, 136-137
Preferences, 136 137 Prepositions combined with adjectives, 338 combined with verbs, 338 contrast with particles, 233, 237 followed by gerunds, 202-203 , 223 relative pronoun as object of, 305 Present continuous, 2-3 contrast with present simple, 14-15 for future, 85 spelling rules, 343 Present perfect with already,just and yet, 50-51 contrast with past simple, 58-59 contrast with present perfect continuous, 66-67 with ever, 55 indefinite past, 54-55 with lately, 51 with since and for, 46-47 Present perfect continuous, 62-63 contrast with present perfect, 66-67 Present simple, 6-7 contrast with present continuous, 14-15 for future, 84-85 with future perfect, 97 with future perfect continuous, 97 in future time clauses, 89 pronunciation rules, 348 spelling rules, 343 Prohibition must not and can't, 146-147 Pronouns reciprocal, 258-259 reflexive, 258-259 relative, 300-301, 304-305, 308- 309 Pronunciation past simple of regular verbs, 348
present simple, 348 table, 347 Proper nouns, 242-243 punctuation (see also specific punctuation) direct speech, 347 after suggestions, 133 purpose, 218-219 Quantifiers and countable nouns, 246-247 irregular comparisons, 339 and uncountable nouns, 246-247 Question marks in embedded questions, 330-331 in indirect questions, 326-327 in suggestions, 132-133 Questions (see also Whquestions; YesINo questions) embedded,330-331,340 indirect, 326-327, 331 past simple, 28-29 permission, 120 possibility, 167 about predicate, 102-103 question tags, 106--107 requests, 124--125 about subject, 102-103 Quiz, 351 Quotation marks, 314--315, 347
Rarely, 7 Recently, 55
, •
•
•
• •
eflexlVe expressions 340 Reflexive pronouns, 2'58-259 Regret about the past 162 th.ird conditio~als, 291 wlth wish, 295 Regular verbs past simple, 24-25, 28 pronunciation rules 348 Relative clauses ' d· defining a n non-defimng 308-309 '
with object relative pronouns, 304-305 with subject relative pronouns, 300-301 with when and where, 305 Relative pronouns in defining and non-defining relative clauses, 308-309 object, 304-305 subject, 300-301 Reported speech (see Indirect speech) Reporting verbs, 314-315, 340 Requests, 124-125 imperatives, 19 indirect speech, 315 polite answers, 125
Second conditionals, 286-287, 323 Seldom, 7 Separable phrasal verbs, 236-237,341 Several, 246-247 Shall we, 132 Should advice, 128-129 indirect speech, 323 with passive, 269 Should have, 162-163 Shouldn't, 129 Shouldn't have, 162-163 Since/for, 46-47 So, 110-111 Some, 246-247,250-251 Sometimes, 7 Stative verbs, 10-11 list, 337 Subject gerunds, 198-199,223 of imperative, 19 wh- questions, 102-103 Subject relative pronouns, 300-301 Suggestions, 132-133 imperative, 19 Superlatives
adjectives, 188-189,339,344 adverbs, 192-193
Tell/say, 315,319 Than, 184-185, 192-193 That with indirect speech, 318-319 relative pronoun, 301, 304-305 That/which, 301 The definite article, 250-251, 254--255 with superlative adjectives, 188-189 with superlative adverbs, 192-193 Third conditionals, 290-291, 323 Time clauses future, 88-89, 93,97 past, 40-41, 71, 75 with since, 47 Too in additions, 110-111 with infinitives, 214--215 Transitive phrasal verbs, 233, 237 Two-word/part verbs (see Phrasal verbs)
Uncountable nouns/countable nouns,242-243 and articles, 250-251, 254--255 and quantifiers, 246--247 Unless/if, 283 'Unreal' past, 162-163 Until, 89 Used to, 32-33 contrast with be/get used to, 33,203 or would, 349 Usually, 7
Verbs with both active and stative meanings, 10-11
417
combined with prepositions, 203.338 followed by gerund. 198· 19H, 222-223.337-338 imperative form. 18-19 followed by infinitives. 206-207.222-223.338 irregular. 24-25, 28, 336-337 past simple. 24-25, 336-337, 344,348 phrasal, 232-233, 236-237, 341-342 question tags and auxiliary, 106-107 regular, 24, 28, 344, 348 reporting, 314-315, 340 stative, 10-11, 15, 337 transitive, 233, 237 used reflexively, 340
Warnings, 19 Was/were (doing), 36-37 Were in second conditionals, 286-287 in wishes, 294-295 When future time clauses, 89 past perfect, 71 past perfect continuous, 75
418
past simple. 40-41 with relative clauses, 305, 309 Where questions, 103 with relative clauses, 305, 309 Whether in embedded questions, 330-331 in indirect questions, 326-327 Whether or not, 327 Which defining and non-defining relative clauses, 308-309 relative pronoun, 301, 305, 309 While with future time clauses, 89 with past continuous, 40-41 Who with questions about subject and predicate, 102-103 relative pronoun, 300-301, 305,309 Whom with questions about predicate, 103 relative pronoun, 305 Whos~ 301,305,309 Wh- questions embedded, 330-331 indirect, 326-327 subject and predicate, 102-103
Why don't, 132-133 Why not, 132-133 Will, 80-81, 84-85 contractions, 345 first conditionals, 283 with passive, 269 with requests, 124-125 Will be (doing), 92-93 Will have been (doing), 96-97 Will have (done), 96-97 Wish, 294-295 Would conditionals, 286-287 with requests, 124-125 or used to, 349 with wish, 295 Would have, 290-291 Would prefer, 136-137 Would rather, 136-137 Would you mind, 124-125
Yes/No questions embedded, 331 indirect, 326-327 Yet with past perfect, 71 with present perfect, 50-51
Zero conditionals, 278-279
