Stephan Kleuker Grundkurs Software-Engineering mit UML
Stephan Kleuker
Grundkurs Software-Engineering mit UML Der pra...
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Stephan Kleuker Grundkurs Software-Engineering mit UML
Stephan Kleuker
Grundkurs Software-Engineering mit UML Der pragmatische Weg zu erfolgreichen Softwareprojekten Mit180 Abbildungen STUDIUM
Bibliografische Informationd der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar.
Das in diesem Werk enthaltene Programm-Material ist mit keiner Verpflichtung oder Garantie irgendeiner Art verbunden. Der Autor übernimmt infolgedessen keine Verantwortung und wird keine daraus folgende oder sonstige Haftung übernehmen, die auf irgendeine Art aus der Benutzung dieses Programm-Materials oder Teilen davon entsteht. Höchste inhaltliche und technische Qualität unserer Produkte ist unser Ziel. Bei der Produktion und Auslieferung unserer Bücher wollen wir die Umwelt schonen: Dieses Buch ist auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier gedruckt. Die Einschweißfolie besteht aus Polyäthylen und damit aus organischen Grundstoffen, die weder bei der Herstellung noch bei der Verbrennung Schadstoffe freisetzen.
1. Auflage 2009 Alle Rechte vorbehalten © Vieweg +Teubner |GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009 Lektorat: Sybille Thelen | Andrea Broßler Vieweg +Teubner ist Teil der Fachverlagsgruppe Springer Science+Business Media. www.viewegteubner.de Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften. Umschlaggestaltung: KünkelLopka Medienentwicklung, Heidelberg Druck und buchbinderische Verarbeitung: MercedesDruck, Berlin Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-8348-0391-7
Vorwort Das Ziel dieses Buches ist es, ein Meilenstein in der systematischen Ausbildung von Software-Entwicklern zu sein und Lösungsansätze für die unterschiedlichen Herausforderungen des Software-Engineerings zu zeigen. In einer Zeit, in der immer neue Technologien entwickelt werden, zeigt dieses Buch die Fundamente der Entwicklung, die sich langfristig als ingenieurmäßige Vorgehensweisen etabliert haben. Erfahrenen Entwicklern und anderen an IT-Projekten beteiligten Personen kann dieses Buch helfen, sich intensiver mit aktuellen Ansätzen zu beschäftigen und so an der kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung des Software-Engineerings teilzunehmen. Für die Lektüre des Buches ist es sinnvoll, einen ersten Grundkurs in einer objektorientierten Programmiersprache wie Java, C# oder C++ abgeschlossen zu haben, da die grundlegenden Begriffe wie Klasse, Objekt, Vererbung und Polymorphie nur kurz aufgefrischt werden. Der Inhalt dieses Buches basiert auf den Erfahrungen des Autors als Systemanalytiker und Systemberater für recht unterschiedliche komplexe Software-Systeme, die in verschiedenen Vorlesungen zunächst an der Fachhochschule Nordakademie in Elmshorn und dann an der Fachhochschule Wiesbaden erfolgreich an InformatikStudierende weitergegeben wurden. Den beteiligten Studierenden sei auf diese Weise besonders gedankt, da sie mit ihren Ideen und vielfältigen Fragestellungen sehr zur Abrundung der Veranstaltungen und dieses Buches beigetragen haben. Sie haben mir weiterhin gezeigt, dass der Spaß an der Informatik häufig mit dem Spaß an selbst entwickelter Software zusammenhängt, die auf Basis gelernter Grundlagen zusammen mit der individuellen Kreativität zum Laufen gebracht wird. Software-Engineering ist in diesem Zusammenhang ein Hilfsmittel, das keine Energie in das erneute Entwickeln bereits etablierter Lösungen fließen lässt, sondern die Kreativität für neue Herausforderungen kanalisiert. Software-Engineering wird dabei als die Wissenschaft der systematischen Entwicklung von Software, beginnend bei den Anforderungen bis zur Abnahme des fertigen Produkts und der anschließenden Wartungsphase definiert, deren Ziel die Verknüpfung etablierter Lösungsansätze mit neuen Technologien ist. Als wichtiges Hilfsmittel wird dazu in diesem Buch die Unified Modeling Language (UML) vorgestellt, die es ermöglicht, Entwicklungsergebnisse in solch einer Form festzuhalten, dass sie leicht von anderen IT-Professionals gelesen und weiter bearbeitet werden können. Das Buch folgt dem Ablauf eines IT-Projektes, ausgehend von den Anforderungen und der besonderen Herausforderung, mit dem Kunden über das gleiche Ziel zu reden, über die erste Modellierung zur systematischen Erfassung dieser Anforderungen. Die schrittweise Optimierung dieser Modelle und die unterschiedlichen
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Vorwort Randbedingungen der Implementierung werden diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, wie Ergebnisse so aufbereitet werden, dass andere Entwickler die Ideen des eigentlichen Autoren nachvollziehen können. Generell stehen dabei die ingenieurmäßigen Überlegungen, wie man Erfahrungen aus erfolgreichen Projekten auf die Anwendbarkeit im eigenen Projekt überprüfen und dann auch übertragen kann, im Mittepunkt. Dem querschnittlichen Thema Qualitätssicherung ist ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet. Aus meinen Praxiserfahrungen folgt auch, dass eine gute Software-Entwicklung zwar die Grundlage eines erfolgreichen Projekts ist, es aber vielfältige Randbedingungen gibt, die von der Entwicklungsumgebung bis zum Miteinander der Projektmitglieder gehen, die den Projekterfolg beeinflussen. Diese Randbedingungen werden in diesem Buch im abschließenden Kapitel diskutiert. Zu jedem Kapitel gibt es eine Liste von möglichen Risiken, die man zur Überprüfung eigener Projekte nutzen sollte. Jedes Kapitel schließt mit zwei Arten von Aufgaben ab. Im ersten Aufgabenteil werden Wiederholungsfragen gestellt, die man nach intensiver Lektüre des vorangegangenen Kapitels beantworten können sollte. Die Lösungen zu diesen Aufgaben kann man selbst im Buch nachschlagen. Der zweite Aufgabenteil umfasst Übungsaufgaben, in denen man gezielt das angelesene Wissen anwenden soll. Diese Übungsaufgaben sind in verschiedenen Lehrveranstaltungen erfolgreich eingesetzt worden. Die Bilder, Spezifikationen, Programme und Lösungsvorschläge zu den Aufgaben dieses Buches sowie weitere Information können von der Web-Seite http://www.informatik.fh-wiesbaden.de/~kleuker/SoftwareEngineering.html oder den Informationsseiten des Verlages zum Buch herunter geladen und unter Berücksichtigung des Copyrights genutzt werden. In diesem Buch benutze ich verkürzend ohne Hintergedanken bei Einzahlen wie Leser oder Entwickler die männliche Form. Natürlich möchte ich mit diesem Buch auch die weiblichen Leser Leserinnen ansprechen. Zum Abschluss wünsche ich Ihnen viel Spaß beim Lesen. Konstruktive Kritik wird immer angenommen. Bedenken Sie, dass das Lesen nur ein Teil des Lernens ist. Ähnlich wie in diesem Buch kleine Beispiele eingestreut sind, um einzelne Details zu klären, sollten Sie sich mit den hier vorgestellten Ideen hinsetzen und meine, aber vor allem selbst konstruierte Beispiele durchspielen. Sie runden das Verständnis des Themas wesentlich ab. Wiesbaden, Mai 2008
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Stephan Kleuker
Danksagung Ein Buch kann nicht von einer Person alleine verwirklicht werden. Zu einer gelungenen Entstehung tragen viele Personen in unterschiedlichen Rollen bei, denen ich hier danken möchte. Mein erster Dank geht an meine Ehefrau Frau Dr. Cheryl Kleuker, die nicht nur die erste Kontrolle der Inhalte und Texte vorgenommen hat, sondern mir erlaubte, einen Teil der ohnehin zu geringen Zeit für die Familie in dieses Buchprojekt zu stecken. Dank gilt meinem Kollegen Prof. Dr. Sven Eric Panitz von der Fachhochschule Wiesbaden, der sich eine Vorversion dieses Buches kritisch durchgelesen hat und interessante Anregungen lieferte. Viele Studierende, die Veranstaltungen zum Thema Software-Entwicklung bei mir gehört haben, trugen durch ihre Fragen und Probleme wesentlich zu der Herangehensweise an die Themen des Buches bei. Abschließend sei Sybille Thelen, Günter Schulz, Andrea Broßler, Albrecht Weis und den weiteren Mitarbeitern des Verlags Vieweg+Teubner für die konstruktive Mitarbeit gedankt, die dieses Buchprojekt erst ermöglichten.
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Inhaltsverzeichnis 1ȱȱWasȱistȱSoftwareȬEngineering? ......................................................................... 1 2ȱȱProzessmodellierung ........................................................................................... 7 2.1 Unternehmensprozesse ..............................................................................................8 2.2 Prozessmodellierung mit Aktivitätsdiagrammen.................................................10 2.3 Risikomanagement....................................................................................................17 2.4 Risikoanalyse Prozessmodellierung .......................................................................20 2.5 Aufgaben ....................................................................................................................20
3ȱȱVorgehensmodelle ............................................................................................. 23 3.1 Phasen der Software-Entwicklung..........................................................................24 3.2 Wasserfallmodell .......................................................................................................26 3.3 Prototypische Entwicklung ......................................................................................27 3.4 Iterative Entwicklung................................................................................................28 3.5 Iterativ-inkrementelle Entwicklung........................................................................30 3.6 Allgemeines V-Modell ..............................................................................................31 3.7 Das V-Modell der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ..................................................32 3.8 Rational Unified Process...........................................................................................39 3.9 Agile Vorgehensmodelle ..........................................................................................42 3.10 Scrum ........................................................................................................................45 3.11 Extreme Programming............................................................................................46 3.12 Risikoanalyse Vorgehensmodell ...........................................................................48 3.13 Aufgaben ..................................................................................................................48
4ȱȱAnforderungsanalyse ........................................................................................ 51 4.1 Stakeholder und Ziele...............................................................................................51 4.2 Klärung der Hauptfunktionalität (Use Cases).......................................................58 4.3 Beschreibung typischer und alternativer Abläufe ................................................67 4.4 Ableitung funktionaler Anforderungen.................................................................71
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Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.5 Nicht-funktionale Anforderungen ..........................................................................77 4.6 Lasten- und Pflichtenheft .........................................................................................81 4.7 Risikoanalyse Anforderungsanalyse ......................................................................82 4.8 Aufgaben ....................................................................................................................83
5ȱȱGrobdesign.......................................................................................................... 87 5.1 Systemarchitektur......................................................................................................87 5.2 Ableitung von grundlegenden Klassen..................................................................88 5.3 Ableitung von Methoden und Kontrollklassen.....................................................95 5.4 Validierung mit Sequenzdiagrammen .................................................................101 5.5 Überlegungen zur Oberflächenentwicklung .......................................................109 5.6 Risikoanalyse Grobdesign ......................................................................................112 5.7 Aufgaben ..................................................................................................................113
6ȱȱVomȱKlassendiagrammȱzumȱProgramm...................................................... 117 6.1 CASE-Werkzeuge ....................................................................................................117 6.2 Übersetzung einzelner Klassen..............................................................................119 6.3 Übersetzung von Assoziationen............................................................................123 6.4 Spezielle Arten der Objektzugehörigkeit .............................................................128 6.5 Aufbau einer Software-Architektur ......................................................................132 6.6 Weitere Schritte zum lauffähigen Programm ......................................................138 6.7 Risikoanalyse Klassendiagrammübersetzung.....................................................143 6.8 Aufgaben ..................................................................................................................144
7ȱȱKonkretisierungenȱimȱFeindesign ................................................................ 147 7.1 Zustandsdiagramme ...............................................................................................147 7.2 Object Constraint Language...................................................................................153 7.3 Risikoanalyse Feindesign .......................................................................................159 7.4 Aufgaben ..................................................................................................................159
8ȱȱOptimierungȱdesȱDesignmodells.................................................................. 163 8.1 Design im Kleinen ...................................................................................................164 8.2 Model View Controller ...........................................................................................170
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Inhaltsverzeichnis 8.3 Vorstellung einiger GoF-Pattern ...........................................................................175 8.4 Abschlussbemerkungen zu Pattern ......................................................................189 8.5 Risikoanalyse Design-Optimierungen..................................................................192 8.6 Aufgaben ..................................................................................................................193
9ȱȱImplementierungsaspekte.............................................................................. 197 9.1 Einfluss nicht-funktionaler Anforderungen ........................................................198 9.2 Verteilte Systeme .....................................................................................................199 9.3 Grundideen von XML.............................................................................................204 9.4 Programmbibliotheken ...........................................................................................206 9.5 Komponenten...........................................................................................................207 9.6 Frameworks..............................................................................................................211 9.7 Persistente Datenhaltung .......................................................................................216 9.8 Domain Specific Languages ...................................................................................220 9.9 Model Driven Architecture ....................................................................................222 9.10 Refactoring .............................................................................................................224 9.11 Risikoanalyse Implementierungsaspekte...........................................................226 9.12 Aufgaben ................................................................................................................227
10ȱȱOberflächengestaltung.................................................................................. 231 10.1 Hintergründe der Oberflächengestaltung..........................................................231 10.2 Konkretisierung des Nutzbarkeitsbegriffs.........................................................233 10.3 Berücksichtigung der Ergonomie im Software-Entwicklungsprozess...........238 10.4 Prüfung der Nutzbarkeit ......................................................................................240 10.5 Risikoanalyse Oberflächengestaltung.................................................................243 10.6 Aufgaben ................................................................................................................244
11ȱȱQualitätssicherung......................................................................................... 245 11.1 Formale Korrektheit ..............................................................................................246 11.2 Zusicherungen .......................................................................................................248 11.3 Unit-Tests................................................................................................................250 11.4 Testbarkeit von Systemen herstellen ..................................................................259
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Inhaltsverzeichnis 11.5 Äquivalenzklassentests.........................................................................................262 11.6 Kontrollflussbezogene Testverfahren .................................................................270 11.7 Testarten und Testumfeld ....................................................................................276 11.8 Metriken..................................................................................................................281 11.9 Konstruktive Qualitätssicherung ........................................................................286 11.10 Manuelle Prüfverfahren......................................................................................287 11.11 Risikoanalyse Qualitätssicherung .....................................................................291 11.12 Aufgaben...............................................................................................................292
12ȱȱUmfeldȱderȱSoftwareȬEntwicklung ............................................................ 297 12.1 Versionsmanagement............................................................................................298 12.2 Build-Management................................................................................................302 12.3 Grundlagen der Projektplanung und -verfolgung............................................307 12.4 Aufwandsschätzung .............................................................................................314 12.5 Qualitätsmanagement ...........................................................................................325 12.6 Der Mensch im Projekt..........................................................................................332 12.7 Risikoanalyse Projektumfeld................................................................................338 12.8 Aufgaben ................................................................................................................340
AȱȱUMLȬÜberblick ............................................................................................... 343 BȱȱBeispielȱfürȱeineȱEntwicklungsumgebung................................................. 347 Literaturverzeichnis............................................................................................. 349 Sachwortverzeichnis............................................................................................ 355
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2 Prozessmodellierung In Software-Projekten arbeiten meist viele Personen aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen eines Unternehmens zusammen. Neben Informatikern, die überwiegend in der eigentlichen Entwicklung beschäftigt sind, sind dies Personen, die das Projekt, evtl. die Abteilung, in der das Projekt läuft, oder auch das gesamte Unternehmen managen. Für jede Entscheidung gibt es Personen, die die notwendigen Informationen als Entscheidungsgrundlage liefern und die mit der Aufbereitung dieser Informationen beschäftigt sind. Dies geht über Sekretariate, die Informationen über verbrauchte Stunden zusammenstellen, bis hin zum Controlling-Bereich, in dem die finanziellen Randbedingungen geprüft werden. Mitarbeiter arbeiten in Software-Projekten in unterschiedlichen Rollen. In größeren Projekten gibt es Spezialisten, die die Anforderungen klären, die durch die Software zu erfüllen sind. Weiterhin gibt es Personen, die die Implementierung durchführen, und häufig andere, die prüfen, ob die entwickelte Software die Anforderungen erfüllt. Natürlich kann eine Person auch verschiedene Rollen in einem Projekt haben. Aus den einführenden Betrachtungen können Sie ableiten, dass an einem SoftwareProjekt in einem Unternehmen sehr viele Personen direkt oder indirekt beteiligt sind. Jede Person ist dabei eine Fachkraft mit Spezialkenntnissen und eigenen Erfahrungen. Damit alle zusammenarbeiten können, muss geklärt sein, wer was wann macht. In kleinen Unternehmen können diese Absprachen mündlich erfolgen, für größere Unternehmen müssen die Abläufe, auch Prozesse genannt, sauber beschrieben sein. Insgesamt ist es damit das Ziel der Prozessmodellierung zu klären, wer zu welchem Zeitpunkt mit welchen Hilfsmitteln welche Aufgaben zu erledigen hat. Besonders interessant sind dabei die Schnittstellen, an denen ein Arbeitsergebnis an eine andere Person weitergegeben wird. Neben der Beschreibung der Produktionsabläufe in der Softwareerstellung spielt die Prozessmodellierung auch in der Entwicklung der Software selbst eine entscheidende Rolle. Im Kapitel 4 wird die Wichtigkeit der Anforderungsanalyse betont, mit der festgestellt wird, welches Produkt der Kunde wünscht. Dabei ist die Prozessmodellierung ein zentrales Hilfsmittel, da mit ihr für alle am Projekt Beteiligten festgehalten werden kann, wie die aktuellen und gegebenenfalls neuen Arbeitsprozesse des Kunden aussehen. In diesem Kapitel lernen Sie, wie man Prozesse modellieren kann, was dabei besonders zu beachten ist, aber auch welche Fallen es gibt. Als Beispiel dienen ein Prozess aus der Vorbereitung von Projekten und ein allgemeiner Geschäftsprozess.
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4 Anforderungsanalyse Der erste Teil der Schablone mit dem „Wann?“ beschreibt, dass für jede Anforderung genau die Randbedingung anzugeben ist, unter welchen Umständen sie erfüllt werden muss. Bei dialogorientierten Systemen wird man dabei häufig auf Formulierungen der Form „Nachdem der Nutzer die Funktionalität XY angewählt hat, muss das System ...“ oder „Nachdem das System die Gültigkeit der Eigenschaft E geprüft hat, muss das System ...“.
Typ 2 Anforderungen: Funktionalität zur Verfügung stellen
Typ 1 Anforderungen: System führt Prozess aus
stößt an
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ruft auf
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externer Prozess
stößt an
zu entwickelndes System
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macht Eingaben
Typ 3 Anforderungen: System fähig, externe Anfrage zu bearbeiten
Abb. 39: Zusammenhang zwischen Anforderungstypen Für alle Anforderungen wird der Block „Objekt mit Randbedingung“ durchlaufen. Dadurch sollen möglichst viele der mit Auslassungen und Nominalisierung beschriebenen Probleme gelöst werden. Anforderungen werden ausgehend von den Aktivitätsdiagrammen und eventuell weiterhin zur Verfügung stehenden Informationen formuliert. Die Anforderungen werden nummeriert und sollten Kurztitel erhalten. Diese Informationen können genutzt werden, um zu verfolgen, ob und wo eine Anforderung erfüllt wurde. Insgesamt kann man so ein systematisches, typischerweise werkzeugunterstütztes Anforderungstracing aufsetzen, bei dem man genau erkennen kann, welche Anforderung wie realisiert wurde und wo weiterhin der Einfluss von Veränderungen sichtbar werden kann. Im Beispiel werden alle Anforderungen, die aus dem ersten betrachteten Use Case resultieren, mit A1 am Anfang nummeriert. Soll später eine Klasse geändert werden, die zumindest teilweise von einer mit A1 nummerierten Anforderung abstammt, kann man durch Analyse der betroffenen Anforderungen
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