halesi

xn];L à 1

2 à xn];L

xn];L à 3

xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt

4 à xn];L

;Dkfbs ef]uL/fh rflDnª k|sfzs xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt, vf]6fª cfj/0f tl:a/ 8Da/ xd|'ª ;+:s/0f k|yd @)&! l8hfOg w|'j a:g]t 5fkfvfgf kfyLe/f ckm;]6 k|];, afuahf/ d"No M ?= @))÷–

xn];L à 5

;DkfbsLo

lsg xn];L < vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dxfb]j:yfg uflj;df kg]{ xn];Lsf] wfld{s–;f+:s[lts lrgf/Ln] Pp6f prfO xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . /, g]kfns} nflu xn];L cAan gd'gf klg aGb} 5 hxfF Ps dfq xf]Og tLgtLgyl/ ;f+:s[lts ljZjf;x? -ls/ft, lxGb", af}4_ n] Ps;fy ;xofqf ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] cg's/0fLo ;xcl:tTj xf] . cem clxn] t xn];L u'kmfdf h}gd'lg eb|jfx' / :y"neb|n] klg tk:of u/]sf] s'/f k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts ljZjf;afx]s xn];Lsf plQs} cfsif{s cGo kIfx? klg 5g\ . tL ;a} s'/fdfly Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 k':tssf] . o;af/] a'Fbfut ?kdf rrf{ ul/G5 . Ps, @)^@–)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;zQm k|xf/sf sf/0f PsfTds af6f] 5f]8]/ g]kfn ;+3Lotfsf] /fhgLlts …/f]8DofkÚ df lx“8];Fu;Fu} ;f+:s[lts k'ghf{u/0fn] klg Pp6f nx/ ;dfTof] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd z'if'Kt x'g k'u]sf] xn];Lsf] ax';f+:s[lts JolQmTj k'gM ;txdf b]vfkg{ ;Dej eof] . …k"j{sf] kz'kltgfyÚ eg]/ xn];LnfO{ lbOFb} cfPsf] PsfTds lxGb" lrgf/L clxn] klg obfsbf Wjlgt x'Fb} g} 5 . t/, ljut s]xL jif{otf ax';f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ?kdf xn];Lsf] ;SsnL JolQmTj phfu/ ePsf] 5 . xn];L cfkm}+df Pp6f df}lns lrgf/L eP/ b]vfkb}{ 5 . u'kmfafx]s ls/ft k'vf{x? tofdf, lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf] …t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fÚ klg xn];Lsf] df}lns cfsif{0f xf] . o:tf ynf]x?nfO{ ljsf;sf] PsLs[t of]hgfdf ;d]6]/ dfq ;du| xn];L If]qnfO{ g} ;fFRr}sf] lq;f+:s[lts e"lddf

6 à xn];L

kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . xn];L u'kmfsf] ljsf;sf] h'g u'?of]hgf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] lyof] To;nfO{ ca ;du| xn];L If]qsf] lj:t[t u'?of]hgfdf abNg'k5{ eGg] cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 . Tof] oxL ;Gbe{df pl7/x]sf] xf] . o;sf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ub}{ Ps wd{;Fu dfq hf]l8g k'u]sf] …xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltÚ nfO{ …xn];L If]q ljsf; ;ldltÚ df kl/0ft u/L lxGb", af}4, ls/ftsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg] km/flsnf] ;'emfj cfO/x]sf] 5 . xn];Lsf] ;f+:s[lts ;xcl:tTjnfO{ ca /fhsLo sfof{Gjogdf ptfg}{k5{ . b'O{, k|fu\P]ltxfl;s–k'/ftflTjs cWoogsf lx;fan] klg xn];L u'kmf / ;du| xn];L If]q dxTjk"0f{ ynf] xf] . xn];L u'kmf :jo+ g} dfgjLo lqmofsnfk;Fu slxn]b]lv hf]l8Psf] xf] < cWoog ug{ ;lsPnf . cyjf xn];L u'kmf slxn] s;/L aGof] < lj:t[t ef}ule{s cWoog x'g} afFsL 5 . o;afx]s xn];L If]qdf y'k|} u'kmfx? 5g\ hxfF lzsf/L o'usf dfG5]x?sf] a;f]af; x'g ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf 5 . :jo+ xn];L u'kmf klg lzsf/ v]Ng] qmdd} kQf nfu]sf] xf] . ls/ftx? clxn] klg cfgf k'vf{ vf]lSrlnkf -/}5fs'n]_ xn];L u'kmfdf a:y] eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ . o:tf u'kmfx?dWo] b'l5{d uflj;sf] j8f gDa/ $ df kg]{ Pp6f u'kmfnfO{ a'lndf eGg] ah' a;]sf] eg]/ …a'lndf a'S6f]Ú g} elg“b} 5 . o;afx]s gfufx?sf] elgPsf] k|frLg lrxfgx? 5g\ . tL ;a}sf] ;+/If0f / k'/ftflTjs cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . tLg, 1ft Oltxf;sf] dfq s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] xn];L $)) jif{otf ljleGg ?kdf :yfgLo /fhgLlts ;Qf tyf k|zf;lgs s]Gb| /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;]g zf;sx?sf] …;]/]df]lgonÚ zf;sLo g]t[TjcGtu{t ls/ft zf;s xf]n};'ªn] xn];L y'ddf zf;g u/]sf lyP . lj=;+= !*#) df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k/flht ug'{k"j{;Dd xn];L y'ddf pgsf kgflt EjfF/dn] zf;g ul//x]sf lyP . To;sf] ;fIo b'l5{d uflj;s} j8f gDa/ ! df /x]sf] /fjfr'ª u9Lsf b'O{j6f eUgfjz]ifx? x'g\ . xn];L If]qdf P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf o:tf cGo y'k|} ynf]x? 5g\ . oL P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts ynf]x?nfO{ hf]8\gsf nflu …xn];L If]q ljsf; ;ldltÚ clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . km]l/ xn];L s] xf] < s'g xf] < of] klg ;j{yf dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . xn];L eGg] vf; :yfg b'l5{d uflj;sf] j8f gDa/ # / $ df k5{ h;nfO{ clxn] lvDn] /

xn];L à 7

r'dfv' eg]/ lrlgG5 . Tof] k|frLg xn];L /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] :yfgLo …/fhwfgLÚ klg lyof] . xn];L If]qsf zf;s xf]n};'ªsf] lgjf; /x]sf] :yfg ePs}n] To; 7fpFnfO{ xn];Lsf] ?kdf lrlgGYof] . t/, Oltxf;sf] of] kIf lj:d[t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 h;nfO{ :d[t agfO/fv] dfq xn];Lsf] ;To afFRg]5 . xn];LnfO{ ;du|df lrgfpg ;f+:s[lts kIf;Fu;Fu} k|fu\Oltxf;, k'/ftTj / Oltxf;nfO{ klg xn afFWg}k5{ . oL s'/fx?n] xn];Lsf] ko{6sLo cfsif{0fnfO{ cem lj:t[t agfOlbg] s'/f t 5Fb} 5 . of] k':tsn] cl3 ;fg{ vf]h]sf] d"ne"t s'/f olt xf] .

8 à xn];L

xn];L à 9

ljifo;"rL ;DkfbsLo ;f+:s[lts ljZjf; / ljZn]if0f cfZro{hgs u'kmf xn];L – /fw]Zofd e§/fO{ af}4 / df/fltsf u'kmf vf]lSrlnkf, xn];L / ;fs]nf – uf]kfn ls/ftL tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' – rt'/eQm /fO{ tFjfdf, lvofdf, /5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ – u8'ndfg /fO{ xn];Ldf h}gd'lg eb|afx' / :y"neb| – 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{

13 25 29 33 51 57

uGtJo xn];L ;ª\3Lo xn];L – emns ;'j]bL wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] kf7zfnf – cd[t efbufpFn] lq;f+:s[lts s]Gb| xn];L – lgd{ns'df/ cfrfo{

63 69 74

10 à xn];L

cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f xn];Lsf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd – 8f= xl/ >]i7 xn];L ;f+:s[lts ;xcl:tTjsf] s]Gb| – 8f= k|]d vqL lqwfld{s cf:yfs]Gb| xn];L – 8f= wgk|;fb ;'j]bL xn];L dxfb]pyfg u'kmf – 8f= sljtf/fd >]i7 ls/ft /fhf / xn];L – ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDa", e"k]Gb|gfy zdf{ ls/ft / xn];L – ef]uL/fh rflDnª xf]n};'ª – lht/fh /fO{

83 90 96 108 117 121 138

ultljlw kfFr sfo{ / tLg ;'emfj – tfdg /fO{

145

tl:a/df xn];L kl/lzi6x?

151

kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6 kl/lzi6

179 184 187 192 207 213 216 218 243 244

! – xn];L M Oltxf; / sfo{of]hgf @ – xn];L M P]6flbd x]df d'Ddfvfd # – Halesi: History and Action plan $ – n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg % – xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z ^ – xn];L dxfb]j u'7L nut & – xn];L e|d0f ug]{ dxÎjk"0f{ JolQmx? * – xn];L u'kmf e]6L3f6L /sd tyf lhG;L ( – xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt !) – xn];L dxfb]j:yfg u'?of]hgf gS;f

xn];L à 11

;f+:s[lts ljZjf; / ljZn]if0f

12 à xn];L

xn];L à 13

cfZro{hgs u'kmf xn];L /fw]Zofd e§/fO{

g]kfnsf clt k|frLg / clt dxTjk"0f{ tLy{:ynx?dWo] xn];L klg Ps xf] . >Lxn]Zj/ dxfb]j lj/fhdfg ePsf] xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ;'Gb/ s}nfz kj{tsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] bfofFtkm{ b'wsf];L afofFtkm{ ;'gsf]zLsf] snsn dw'/Wjlg clj/n k|jflxt 5 . aLrdf cjl:yt /d0fLo y'Dsf] xn];L vf]6fª lhNnfsf] klZrd–blIf0f efudf kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs / ko{6sLo b[li6n] cToGt dxTj /fVg] xn];L u'kmfsf] rrf{ g]kfnsf cf/fWob]j eujfg\ >L kz'kltgfy, g]kfnglGbgL ;Ltf / g]kfnsf ;k"t zflGtb"t a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLs} xf/fxf/Ldf cGt/f{li6«o hutdf rn]sf] kfOG5 . k|s[ltsf] cgsG6f/ sGb/fdf /x]sf] xn];L u'kmfsf] k|l;l4 cGt/f{li6«o :t/df km}ng' uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . ^* /f]kgLeGbf a9L Ifq]kmn cf]u6]sf] xn];L dxfb]j:yfgdf k|s[ltsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ t'lnsfåf/f lgld{t tLgj6f ljlrq u'kmfnfO{ dxfb]jsf tLg g]qsf k|tLssf ?kdf lnOG5 . klxnf] u'kmfdf cf/fWob]j >Lxn]Zj/ dxfb]j lj/fhdfg 5g\ eg] bf];|f] u'kmfdf gGbL -a;fxf_ / t];|f] u'kmfdf e}/jsf d"lt{x? /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] u'kmf xn];Lsf] ;j{:j xf] . nueu #)) lkm6 ulx/f] o; u'kmfsf !)@ j6f l;+9Ldf kfFr–;fthgf gfl/P/ Ps;fy cf]n{g ;lsG5 . u'kmf cf]n{+bf b]j|]lt/ kx/fdf uf}/fkfj{tf -kfj{tL_ :yfg kb{5 . Pp6} 9'+uf] s'Fb]/ agfPh:tf] nfUg] o; u'kmfdf 9+'u}9'+ufsf] /x:ofTds cfZro{hgs snfTds ljlrqtf 5 . u'kmfel/ d}gaQLh:tf lrNnflrNnf ljlrq cfs[ltx? b]lvG5g\ . 8]9 xft cUnf]

14 à xn];L

>Lxn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] d"lt{ klg lznfs} 5 . lzjlnËsf] km]b j;fxf b'nf];Dd k'u]sf] 5 / lzjlnËdf nuftf/ b'Uwfleif]s x'GYof] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . t/, clxn] rflx+ ;f] y'gaf6 hnwf/f x'g] ub{5 . hnwf/f cyf{t\ lgd{n hnsf] lgsf; a;fxf u'kmfaf6 x'g] ub{5 . lzjhLsf ;fy} oxfF kfj{tL, a|Xdf, lji0f', u0f]z, s'df/ nufot lzju0fsf lznfdo d"lt{x? /x]sf 5g\ . eQmhgx? elQmk"j{s k"hf–cr{gf u/]/ OlK;t j/ dfUg] ub{5g\ . elgG5, xn]Zj/ dxfb]j ;fIfft\ 5g\ / h;n] h] dfu] klg, h] efs] klg ;f] efsn k"/f x'G5, eO/x]sf] 5 . z}j / af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?åf/f ;dfg ?kdf k"lht of] tLy{:yn tGq;fwgf / l;l4 k|flKtsf] nflu ljZjljVoft 5 . kfls:tfgsf] xfnsf] lunlu6 glhs} :jfF7If]qdf k7fgL /fhkl/jf/df hlGdPsf ltAatL af}4wd{sf cflbu'? dxfu'? kß;Dej -u'? l/Dkf]5]{ h;nfO{ eujfg\ a'4kl5sf] bf];|f] a'4 klg elgG5_ n] ;fwgf / l;l4sf] nflu cTo'Qd:yn dfgL o;} xn];L u'kmfdf O{= &$% b]lv &$^ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf s7f]/ tk:of u/L l;l4 / cd/Tj k|fKt u/]sf lyP . ljZjs} klxnf] ljZjljBfno dflgg] gfnGbf ljZjljBfnodf k|frfo{ -lk|lG;kn_ sf] lhDd]jf/L;d]t jxg ul/;s]sf af}4wd{ / bz{gsf ljlzi6 ljåfg\ dxfu'? kß;Dejn] :joDe", Nxf]dfyfDsf -d':tfª_, x]nDa' / ;f]n'v'Da' cflb :yfgsf] e|d0f ug'{sf ;fy} sf7df8f}+sf] kmlk{ªdf klg tk:of u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . oxfFsf] tk:ofaf6 cd/Tj k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] g} dxfu'? kß;Dej xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] kljq u'kmfdf tk:of ug{ uPsf] x'g'k5{ . xn];L u'kmfdf a;L tk:of u/]kl5 cd/ hLjgsf] nflu l;l4 -lr/~hLljTj_ k|fKt ePkZrft\ ljleGg b]z–b]zfj/df af}4 wd{–bz{gaf/] j}b'iok"0f{ / k|efjsf/L k|jrg–JofVofg lb+b} dxfu'? kß;Dej O{= &%& df ltAat k'u]sf lyP . pgn] O{= &%( df ltAatsf] k|l;4 u'Daf …;fd]u'DafÚ lgdf{0f u/]sf] / af}4wd{, bz{g / ;+:s[ltsf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{sf ;fy} cg]sf}+ dxTjk"0f{ af}4u|Gyx?sf] /rgf;d]t u/]sf lyP . lxGb" tyf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ;dfg >4f / cf:yfsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] xn];L1 dxfb]j:yfgnfO{ af}4dfuL{x? df/fl6sf u'Dafsf] gfdn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ 1

n]vs /fw]Zofd e§/fO{sf] of] n]v k|sflzt ePotf y'k|} gofF tYox? phfu/ ePsf 5g\ . h:tf] ls ls/ftx? cfkm\gf cflbd k"vf{x? tofdf, lvofdf, /}5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_sf] lgjf;:ynsf] ?kdf xn];LnfO{ k'Hg]Ù xn];Ly'dsf ls/ft zf;s xf]n};'ª\sf] gfdaf6 xn];L gfdfs/0f cflb .

xn];L à 15

ub{5g\ . h'g wdf{jnDaLn] h'g gfdn] ;Daf]wg u/] klg xn];L dxfb]j:yfg lxGb"x?sf nflu dgf]/y l;l4sf lglDt ljVoft 5 eg] af}4dfuL{x?sf nflu lg/f]lutf, bL3f{o', df]Ifk|flKt / ;fwgfl;l4sf lgldQ k|Voft /x]sf] 5 . lxGb"x?n] r08L, j]b, ?b|L k9fP/, tLgkft] nfv j]nkftL r9fP/, tLg;'t] nfvjQL k|HHjlnt u/]/ …pmF gdM lzjfoÚ eGg] k~rfIf/ dGq hKt} o1sf] cg'i7fg u5{g\, dgf]/y l;l4sf] nflu cf/fwgf ub{5g\ . ;fw', ;Gt / of]uLx? df]Ifsf] sfdgf ub}{ tk:of/t\ b]lvG5g\ eg] af}4dfuL{ nfdfx?n] klg cd/ hLjgsf] nflu …pmF dl0fkb\d] x'FÚ eGg] k~rfIf/ dGq hKt} tflGqs ;fwgf– pkf;gf ug]{ ub{5g\ . c4{gf/LZj/sf k"hs–cf/fws lxGb" z}j wdf{jnDaLx? dxfb]j / kfj{tLnfO{ of] lglvn a|Xdf08sf sf/0f / dftflktf dfGb5g\ . lzjhLsf] Pp6f gfd cfz'tf]if klg /x]sf] / Tof] cfz'tf]iftf xn]Zj/ dxfb]jdf ;jf{Tdgf rl/tfy{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . afx'g, If]qL, /fO{, u'?ª, ;Gof;L, du/, g]jf/, ef]6]–tfdfª, ;fsL{, bdfO{, dfemL cflb ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL / wdf{jnDaLx?sf] c6n cf:yf, >4f, ljZjf;sf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]je"ld kljq tLy{:yn xn];L u'kmfdf cfWoflTds tyf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf d'vl/t ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . cf7f}+ zftfAbLsf dxfu'? kß;Dej -u'? l/Dkf]5]{_ sf] tkf]e"ldsf ?kdf /x]sf] xn];L -df/fl6sf u'kmf_ df nfdfu'? / nfdfx? clxn] klg ;fwgfdf tNnLg b]lvG5g\ . oxfF kfkåf/, hGdåf/, wd{åf/, 3f]K6]åf/ cflb åf/x? 5g\ hxfF l5/]/ tLy{ofqLx? cfgf] kfk / k'0o -wd{_sf] km};nf :jo+ ug]{ ub{5g\ . xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] k"hf–cfhfsf] Joj:yfsf nflu ;]gj+zL /fhf, dNnj+zL /fhf / zfxj+zL /fhfx?n] u'7Lsf ?kdf hUuf–hldg k|z:t /fv]sf lyP . >L % /0faxfb'/ zfxaf6 lj=;+= !*$# df /flvaS;]sf] u'7L / >L % uLjf{0fo'4ljqmd zfxaf6 lj=;+= !*^! ;fn Ho]i7 !) /f]h @ df dxGt dgf]x/ lu/Lsf gfpdf hf/L ul/aS;]sf] …df]/ª g'gL ufpF wkxf/dWo] a8]/L t:sf] ;fwk"j{ eqmfxf klZrd ;]7/L blIf0f 88LufpF pQ/ jf;jf]6L rf/ lsNnfleqsf] sfnfj+hf/ xfdLn] ;j{ c+s dfkm ljtf{ ljtnj u/L >Lxn]Zj/k|Llt u/L rÃf~o"FÚ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] nfndf]x/ / lj=;+= !*^! ;fn df3 jbL * /f]h # df dxGt dgf]x/ lu/Ls} gfpFdf hf/L ul/aS;]sf] tfd|kqsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M

16 à xn];L >L b'uf{ ! >L xn]:j/ dxfb]j @ >L j'jfHo" ! :jl:t>L lul//fhrqmr'8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]{Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]gg\ >LdGd dxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L dxf/fh] lujf{0f o'4 ljqmd ;fxaxfb'/ ;d;]/ hª b]jfgf+ ;bf ;d/lj hoLgfd\ ====== cfu] dgf]x/ lul/s] ;Djt\ !*$# ;fndf –!– af6 –@– k|Llt u'l7 ljtf{ ul/ rÃfofsf] xn];Ld4] 5nfif' s'+8Nof if]t\ t:sf] ;f+b k"j{ iff/iff]N;f] blIf0f sf];L, klZrd ;jf+if' iff]N;f] pQ/ eHof+u e]8fjf/L iff]N;f] o]lt rf/ lsNnfeLqsf] hldg if/s ljÃf}6f ;d]t if]t\ d'/L !@) dxfb]j Jof;Lsf] kfª\l/ jf]6\of if]t k"j{ sf];L 5]psf] 7"nf] 9'+uf] blIf0f 8f8f] klZrd ;]/fsf] s'n jf+w pQ/ ltt/Lsf] af]6 o]tL rf/ lsnfeLq if]t d'/L $) hdf if]t\ d'/L P]s;P] ;fl7 !^)cf}+ e+Hof+u\sf] kf]if/L, blIf0f d'nt'kfgL, klZrd lrp/L af]6\of iff]N;f] pQ/ 9f]+9L iff]nf] o]lt rf/ lsNnfeLqsf] lhldg, c3Lsf df]xf]/ adf]lhdsf] /}/}sd\ xfdLn] kgL yfld –@– k|Llt df]x/ tf+jfkq ul/aS:of} cfg' ifflthf{df l;t, hufsf] p{t/kGg ln lgTo g}ldTo k"hf ul/ xfdLnfO{ cfl;jf{b lb l;iof]kl;io ;Dd\ u'l7 ljtf{ hflg k/d ;'if ef]Uo u/ . ljgf tS;L/ gxg'{ u'l7of/n] rf/ lsNnfeGbf c3\of{nf] grfkg' . o]; j+w]hdf hf] /x}g ;f] o]z\nf]sdf eGofsf] kftsL xf]nf . :jbQfDk/bQf jf of] x/]Rr j;'+Gw/fd\ ifli6 jif{ ;x;|fl0f lji6fof hfot] s[ld O{lt ;Djt\ !*^! ;fn df3 df3 jlb * /f]h # z'ed\ .

lj=;+= !*^! df ;f] u'7Lsf] ydf}tL ub}{ hf/L ePsf] tfd|kqdf plNnlvt u'7Laf6 ;Gof;L dxGt dgf]x/ lu/Lsf gjf}+ k':tfsf j+zw/ cljjflxt s'df/ s]6fx?n] cBflk ljxfg–a]n'sf lgTo k"hf rnfO/x]sf 5g\2 . o; tfd|kqdf pNn]v ePsf] hUuf–hldgsf cltl/Qm xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf gfpFdf y'k|} u'7L hUuf– hldg /x]sf 5g\ . xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] gfpdf ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] g'gL ufpFdf !** ljufxf, a8x/L ufpFdf !*^ ljufxf / j;ljtf{ ufpFdf !!# ljufxf u/L hDdf $*& ljufxfeGbf a9L hUUff btf{ /x]sf] s'/f u'7L ;+:yfg, u'7L nut tyf clen]v zfvf sfof{no eb|sfnL sf7df8f}+sf] u'7L nutkqaf6 5n{Ë x'G5 . 2 clxn] dgf]x/ lu/Ls} ;Gtlt uf]kfn lu/L k'hf/L 5g\ .

xn];L à 17

;]tL c~rn c5fd lhNnfsf] >L j}BgfyIf]q ljsf; ;+:yfaf6 @)$* ;fndf k|sflzt j}BgfyIf]q–:dfl/sfdf ;+slnt ;'/taxfb'/ zfxsf] …xn];L dxfb]jÚ eGg] zLif{ssf] n]vaf6 s]xL k|;+u p4[t ug{ ;fGble{s 7fGb5' . zfx n]Vg'x'G5, ælj=;+= !(&% df sfod ul/Psf] b/aGbL cg';f/ b}lgs k"hfsf] ;fy} ;/sf/sf] gfdaf6 k|To]s k"l0f{dfdf !! cfj[lQ ?b|Lkf7, dxflzj/flqdf !$ a|fXd0fåf/f n3'?b|L ugf{sf] ;Fu;Fu} tLg;'t] Ps nfv aQL, Ps nfv j]nkq r9fpg'kg]{, j}zfv k"l0f{dfdf e08f/f nufpg] / b}lgs k"hfdf gu/f ahfpg] gurL{nfO{ ^ d'/L wfg lbO{ afFsL dxGtn] cfkm"v';L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5 . h'g cBfjlw sfod} 5 . pQm k+lhndf tTsfnsf] b/ cg';f/ ?= ! sf] ! d'/L wfg, @ k};f dfgf l3p, ?b|Lkf7 ug]{ a|fXd0fnfO{ blIf0ff krf; k};f / o;}sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;a} cfjZosLo j:t' cyjf tLn, hf}, t]nsf] b/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o;} adf]lhd lj=;+= !((& / ;Djt\ @))& ;fndf klg b/jGbL gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] .Æ o; k|sf/ b/jGbL sfod ul/PkZrft\ lj=;+= !((( df kfvf] hUuf klg /}tLsf] gfddf ljhg btf{ / u'l7of/sf !&) 3/w'/L btf{ ul/P . kfvf]tkm{ k|ltdfgf jLhgsf] ! k};f, k|lt 3/w'/L ^ k};f, ;fkmfsf] gfdaf6 / ! d'/L df6fsf] tLg kfyL wfgsf b/n] dxGtnfO{ s"t lbg] Joj:yf nfu' ubf{ u"7sf] ?= $!^.!( sf] ;fy} @* d'/L wfg dfq b]j:jdf hDdf x'g yfNof] . pQm b]j:jaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd cf]vn9'+uf dfnn] g} ;+sng u/L dxGtnfO{ a'emfpg] / lghn] tf]lsP cg';f/sf] k"hf ;+rfng u/L jflif{s ?= ! ;nfdL jfkt\ c8\8fdf a'emfO{ afFsL cfkm"v';L ug]{ k|rng ;Djt\ @))# ;Dd sfod /Xof] . lj=;+= @))# df pQm dfnn] v8f ul/Psf] nut dxGtnfO{ ;'lDkO{ dxGtn] g} ;a} /sd cfkm+} txl;n u/L ;fljssf] ;nfdL dfq a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf nfu' ul/of] . o; k|sf/ /sd ;+sng ug]{ k|yfdf km]/abn x'Fb} uP tfklg u'7Lsf] hUuf /}tLn] lsga]r u/L dfndf /lh:6«];g ubf{ nfUg] b:t'/ ;fljs em}“ cf]vn9'+uf dfnn] b]j:j ;f]em} 9's'6Ldf g/fvL dxGtnfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] k|rng lhNnf ljefhgaf6 xn];L vf]6fªdf gk?Gh]n cyf{t\ lj=;++= @)@@ ;fn;Dd sfod lyof] . tf]ls;s]sf] cfDbfgLdf klg hldgdf vf]nf]k}Ãf] nfu]sf], 3/w'/L jfkt\ k|fKt x'g] ?= df ldGxf ePsf] sf/0faf6 xfn s'n b]j:j ?= ##* / !* d'/L wfg dfq j;]{gL dxGtnfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . lj=;+= @)$) df j}1flgs gfkL ePsf] 5 . clxn];Dd dxGt, dfnkf]t sfof{no d]= gfkL zfvfsf] ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf]n] u'7Lsf] s]

18 à xn];L

s:tf] /f]kgL hldg / dfnkf]t sfod x'G5 eGg]af/] cem} 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] 5}g . u'7L hUufsf] 5'§} nut tof/ kf/L To;af6 ;+sng x'g] dfnkf]t u'7L ;+:yfgdf a'emfpg] lgb]{zg dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ 5 . t/ k"Hff vr{ s;n] lbg] eGg] pNn]v 5}g eg] u'7Lsf] hldgaf6 cfpg] /sd tf]lsPsf] k"hf ;+rfng ug{ tfd|kqn] dxGtnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . >L % uLjf{0fo'4af6 nfndf]x/ aS;]sf] sfnfj+h/ klxn] xl/jL/ vqL;d]t @ hgfsf] hldGbf/Ldf lyof] . xn];Laf6 hfg] dxGtsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ ltgLx?n] k"hf jfkt\ tf]lsPsf] /sd -st} v'n]sf] kfOPg_ k7fpg] uy]{ . t/, kl5 of] hldg aGh/ x'Fbf cg]sg JolQmx?n] sAhf u/L a;f]af; u/] . Tolta]nf cyf{t\ @))& ;fnlt/ dxGt /fhjnLnfO{ ToxfF af]nfj6 x'Fbf klg s'g} jf:tf gu/]sf]n] k|fKt x'g] k"hfvr{ x/fpFb} uof] . lj=;+= @))* sf] gfkLaf6 pQm hldgsf] If]qkmn ^^% ljufxf b]lvPsf] / of] hldg df]/ª u'7L ;+:yfgn] cfgf] cwLgdf /fvL df]xLaf6 /sd c;'n u/L lk08]Zj/ / /fdw'gLdf k"hfvr{ jfkt s]xL /sd lbO{ afFsL wd{vftfdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] rrf{ 5 . o;af6 x'g] cfDbfgL klg xn];L dxfb]jsf] k"hfvr{nfO{ pknAw u/fOof];\ eGg] dxGtsf] k|of; hf/L 5 . %.% jif{df k|rlnt b/cg';f/ vr{ tf]sL dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] /]vb]vdf k"hf ;+rfng cyjf cIfosf]if :yfkgf u/L Jofhaf6 k"hf ;+rfngsf] yfngL u/] dfq u'7L ;DalGwt lvrftfgLsf] cGTo eO{ k"hfdf lgoldttf cfpg'sf] ;fy} k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ clxn];Dd klg oL hUufx?sf] ef]urng xn];L dxfb]j:yfgn] u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . hUufsf] btf{ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] gfddf /x] tfklg ef]urng rflx“ w/fgl:yt lk08]Zj/ d7n] ub}{ cfPsf] a'lemG5 . t/ of] hUuf btf{jfnf xn];L dxfb]j:yfgn] g} ef]Ug kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . To;}u/L kxf8 / t/fO{sf ljleGg 7fpFdf x/fO/x]sf xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf 5'6 u"7 hUuf–hldgx?sf] vf]hLlglt u/L xn];L dxfb]j:Yffgs} gfpFdf btf{ u/fP/ cfo;|f]tsf lx;fan] klg o; dxfb]j:yfgnfO{ ;DkGgtfsf] ku/L u'yfpg]tkm{ ;a} eQmhgx? nfluk/]df ;fFrf] cy{df lzjelQm k|s6 x'g]lyof] . xn];L dxfb]j:yfgk|lt k|Llt u/L lgTok"hfsf] nflu bftfx?n] /fv]sf u'7L hUuf–hldg / bz{gfyL{ eQmhgx?n] r9fPsf] e]6L3f6L cflb cfDbfgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] dxfb]j:yfgsf] cfDbfgLaf6

xn];L à 19

hgtfsf] nflu k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] 7"nf7"nf SofDk;, c:ktfn cflb ;lhn} rnfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . oxfF ?b|L, n3'?b|L, dxf?b|L, clt?b|L nufOG5 . j]bkf7, r08Lkf7 u/fOG5 . nfvaQL aflnG5 . eQmhgx? dxfb]jsf] k"hf, cf/fwgf / bz{g u/L cfkm"nfO{ wGo 7fGb5g\ . klZrdL kf6fsf] s}nfz kj{tsf] km]bLdf a;fxf u'kmf ;dLkdf xf6–ahf/ / d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . glhs} /x]sf] kfgLsf] wf/fdf bz{gfyL{ eQmhgx?n] :gfg ub{5g\ / ToxL kljq hn nu]/ eujfg\ >L xn]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ r9fpFb5g\ . s}nfz kj{tsf] km]bLNffO{ cfgf] pb\ud:yn agfpg] kfgLsf] o; ;|f]tnfO{ dxfb]j vf]nf elgG5 . xn]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ r9fOPsf] hnwf/f ;d]t cfkm"df ;dflxt u/]/ klZrdtkm{af6 snsn aUb} of] dxfb]j vf]nf ;Ktsf]zLsf] ;xfos gbL b'wsf]zLdf ldl;P/ ;d'b|sf] ofqftkm{ nfu]sf] 5 . jfnfrt'b{zL, lzj/flq -vf]6fª u'7Lsf tkm{af6 Ps nfv a]nkftL r9fOG5_, /fdgjdL / tLhsf] lbgdf ljzfn d]nf nfUg] /x:odo xn];L u'kmfsf] k|fs[lts dgdf]xstf / ljlrqtfsf] j0f{g o; k+lQmsf n]vsn] tLy{sfJo …xn];LÚ -@)$!_ df o;/L u/]sf] 5 M 5g\ htftt} b]jtf h:tf e's'Ss p7]sf 6';f / 7f];f, y'lSsnf 7fpF ldnfO{ v'6]sf kx/faf6 emf]lng] lrNnf gfu\j]nL kmfN;fn] ns]{sf n'sf{, ;'Dn]sf d':nf, t]l5{nf nfFqmfn] ;'/]nL v]Nb} / a6fl/“b} nx/f xlNnFb} cGt/u'kmf /x:osyf slxn] n]lvof] r–rxlsnf] ?kf}nf wKk clxn] b]lvof] chj s:tf] Û uhj s:tf] Û n6\7f / vDafsf] kfPsf] Kof/ ddtfh:tf] hggL cDafsf] x]/]/ bË k/]sf dfG5] nf} To;} 6f]lnP :tlDet eO{ ;a}sf dg u'kmfd} 3f]lnP .

dxfb]j:yfgsf] 7Ls klZrdkl§ a;fxf b'nf] eGg] csf]{ ljlrqsf] u'kmf 5 . o;sf] nDafO nueu @@) km'6, rf}8fO %) km'6 / k|jz ] åf/ !@ km'6 /x]sf] 5 . of] u'kmfsf] @@) km'6 leq k/ k'uk] l5 u'kmf uf]nfsf/ eO{ Ejfª km'6s ] f] 5, ToxfFaf6 cfsfz 5\ofË b]lvG5 . s}nfzb]lvsf] ulx/fO @%) ld6/ hlt xf]nf . oxfF cfOk'uk] l5 …b"w b]pm dfO{Ú eGb} eQmhgx? xft yfk]/ b"w dfUg] ub{5g\ . elgG5,

20 à xn];L

wdf{Tdfsf xftdf b"w / kfkLsf xftdf kfgL kg]{ ub{5 . kfk–k'0osf] lg0ff{os ag]sf] o; u'kmfdf d]nfsf] a]nf xhf/f}“ tLy{ofqLx? uLt ufP/, h'jf/L v]n/] /dfOnf] dgfpF5g\ . /;/+u rnfpF5g\ . d'vdf j;fxf / j[sf;'/ -eidf;'/_ sf d"lt{ 5g\ . af}4dfuL{ nfdfx? o; u'kmfdf klg ;fwgf ug]{ ub{5g\ . e}/j u'kmf dxfb]j:yfgsf] k"j{kl§ kb{5 . oxfFsf] eL/ / kx/fdf cgf}7f lsl;dsf d"lt{x? b]lvG5g\ . oxfFsf] en / kfgL a;fxf u'kmfdf lg:sg] ub{5 . klxn]klxn] xL/f h:t} wkSs aNg] xn];L u'kmfsf] pTklQ kf}/fl0fs cfVofgcg';f/ j[sf;'/ -eidf;'/_ sf] nv]6\ofOaf6 ePsf] xf] . j[sf;'/ gfds b}Ton] u/]sf] s7f]/ tk:ofaf6 k|;Gg ePsf dxfb]jn] …j/bfg dfuÚ eGbf b}Ton] …d]/f] xft h;sf] 6fpsf]df kb{5, To;sf] tTsfn} e:d xf];\Ú eGg] j/bfg dfUof] . lzjn] …tyf:t'Ú eg] . b}Todf kfka'l4 knfof] / j/sf] ;Totf hfFRg] lgx'Fdf lzjhLs} 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ e:d u/L kfj{tLnfO{ xTofpg] ;'/ u¥of] . lzjhLnfO{ Hofg hf]ufpg xDd]xDd] k¥of] . kfj{tLnfO{ lnO{ ;fF9] r9]/ lzjn] s'n]nd 7f]s] . /fIf; nv]6\t} uof], lk5f ub}{ /Xof] . cflv/ xn];Ldf cfO{ a;fxf b'nf] agfO{ dxfb]j e"ldut eP, /fIf; klg kl;xfNof] . dxfb]j Tof] b'nf] kmf]/]/ csf]{ cem ulx/f] u'kmf agfO{ s'gfdf uP/ n's], /fIf; cndlnof] . To;}a]nf a}s'07jf;L lji0f'n] Tof] 36gf rfn kfP/ cfO{ df]lxgL ?k wf/0f u/L /fIf;nfO{ dVv kfb}{ eg], æx] b}To/fh Û Tof] cw{ËL lzjn] lbPsf] j/bfg nfUb}– nfUb}g . bIfk|hfkltsf] >fkaf6 dxfb]jdf ca j/bfg lbg] To:tf] zlQm 5}g, pgL zlQmxLg e};s]sf 5g\ . gkTofP cfgf] 6fpsf]df xft /fvL k/LIff u/ t .Æ df]lxgL o'jtLsf] ?k–;f}Gbo{df nl¶P/ df]lxt /fIf;n] ljZjf; u/L cfgf] yfKnf]df xft /fVgf;fy pm 89]/ eid eof] . eidf;'/sf] hLjgsyf xn];Lsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f aGof] . csf]{ kf6f]af6 x]bf{ ;dli6df u'kmf / xn];L u'kmfsf] pTklQsf ;DaGwdf sf}lzsL ;flxTo k|lti7fgåf/f k|sflzt q}dfl;s …sf}lzsLÚ -@)%^ h]7–;fpg_ klqsfdf 5flkPsf] …xn];L dxfb]pyfg u'kmf M pTklQ / cfljisf/sf] lj1fg;Ddt s}ÃgÚ eGg] n]vdf ;g\ !(*& df cd]l/sfaf6 k|sflzt k|l;4 n]vs Leokum Arkady sf] Tell me why gfds k':tssf] ;d]t xjfnf lbFb} 8f= sljtf/fd >]i7 n]Vg'x'G5, æof] Pp6f k|fs[lts u'kmf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ca of] ;fwf/0f k|fs[lts u'kmf dfq /x]sf] 5}g . jiff}{+sf] hgcf:yfn] o;nfO{ c? k|fs[lts u'kmfeGbf

xn];L à 21

dfly p7fPsf] 5 . u'kmfeGbf klg of] b]j:yn ag]sf] 5 . h;/L of] k|lti7flkt eof] cfh To;/L g} lnOG5 / o;sf] pTklQ ;Too'udf eof] elgG5 jf ;[li6;Fu} eof] eGg] atfOG5 .Æ3 xn];L u'kmfsf] pTklQ syf h:t} xn];L u'kmfsf] k|flKt syf klg cToGt /f]rs 5 . cl3 jg}jgn] 9flsPsf] 8/nfUbf] o; :yfgdf ;'/f lzsf/L dfq k|j]z ug{ ;Sy] . xfnsf] dxfb]j:yfg uflj; j8f gDa/ & df kg]{ u}/Lu"7 ufpFsf jfl;Gbf cg'dfgtM 5}6f}+ ztfAbLeGbf cl3sf jfUj+zL eGg] lzsf/L /fO{ s]xL ;fyLsf ;fy lzsf/L s's'/ lnP/ lzsf/ ug{ hËndf k:tf Pslbg ljlrqsf] d[u e]l6of] . lzsf/Lx? kl5 nfu] . w]/} k/ k'u]kl5 d[un] kmfn xfGof], s's'/n] klg ;fy lbP/ d[usf] l;sf] u¥of] t/ lzsf/Lx?n] eg] kmfn xfGg ;s]gg\ . s's'/ s/fPsf] …Sofª–SofªÚ cfjfh ;'Gbf;'Gb} klg /ft k/]sfn] 3/ kmls{P / ef]lnkN6 n7f/f], 8f]/L / xftxltof/ cflb cfjZos ;fdfg lnO{ jfUj+zL /fO{ ToxfF k'u] . sDd/df 8f]/L afFw]/ kx/fdf 7f]lSsFb} tn em/] . u'kmf wkSs} an]sf] lyof] . lx/f h:t} 6Ns]sf] lyof] . htftt} pHofn} pHofnf] lyof] . Tof] b]v/] pgL 5Ss k/] . ToxfF d[u / s's'/ lyPgg\ . dxfb]jsf] Hof]ltln{Ë b]lvof], >4fk"j{s bz{g u/]/ /fO{ kmls{P . lj:tf/lj:tf/ u'kmfdf hfg] af6f] aGof] . dxfb]jsf] k|l;l4 oqtq ;j{q km}lnof] . k"hfcfhf rNof] . oxfFg]/ hf]l8xfNg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] vf]6fª lhNnfs} /fjf nfdL8fF8fdf lrp/Laf; ufpF hfg] af6fdf /x]sf] n'uf w'g] 9'+uf elgg] kfvfsf] c6Jo eL/df klg xn];Ls} cfsf/k|sf/l;t 7\ofDd} ldNg] t/ ;fgf] k|fs[lts cf]8f/sf] vf]kfdf s]xL jif{ cl3 dfqf ;'Gb/ lzjlnË ePsf] dxfb]j km]nf k/]sf] 5 . xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] pTklQ / k|flKt ljifos /f]rs syf ;'lg;s]kl5 …xn];LÚ / …xn]Zj/Ú zAbsf] Jo'TklQ 7Dofpg] lh1f;fn] xfdLnfO{ 3R3RofpF5 . oL zAbsf] Jo'TklQsf af/]df klg xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . xfd|f] cWoogn] eG5– dxfb]jsf] pTklQ;DaGwL kf}/fl0fs cfVofg;Fu oL b'j} zAbsf] 3lgi7 / k|ToIf ;DaGw 5 . kf}/fl0fs cfVofgdf eujfg\ lji0f'n] ;j{k|yd k"hf–cf/fwgf ul/Psf O{Zj/ cyf{t\ dxfb]j x'gfn] lji0f' / dxfb]j b'j}nfO{ a'emfpg] b'O{ …xl/Ú / …O{Zj/Ú sf] ;+of]hgaf6 …x/LZj/Ú zAbsf] lgdf{0f eof] . …/Ú / …nÚ j0f{sf] ce]b pRrf/0f 3 n]vsn] 8f= sljtf/fd >]i7sf] n]vaf6 nfdf] p4/0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] t/ oxfF d"n n]v g} k|sfzg ul/Pkl5 ;a} p4/0f lbg' cfjZos gxf]nf eg]/ yf]/} c+z dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 –;Dkfbs .

22 à xn];L

x'gfn] …x/LZj/Ú nfO{ …xnLZj/Ú klg elgg yfNof] / dxfb]j g} xnLZj/ dxfb]j elgg yfn] . sfnfGt/df cke|+z eP/ xnLZj/ zAb g} xn]Zj/ aGg uof] / 7fpFsf] gfd klg xn];L /xg uof] -xl/±O{Zj/ Ö x/LZj/–xnLZj/–xn]Zj/– xn];L_ . To;}u/L csf]{ kf}/fl0fs dfGotf cg';f/ xn -an/fd_±O{Zj/sf] ;+of]hgaf6 klg xn];L / xn]Zj/ zAb Jo'TkGg ePsf] k|tLt x'G5 . Pp6f pNn]v ug}{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] oxfF @)#& ;fndf nfdf ªfjfª 5f]lkmn Uof]5f]sf] ;lqmotfdf xn];L df/f6Lsf u'Daf gfds Ps u'Daf ag]sf] 5 . of] u'Daf dxfb]j:yfg k|j]z ug]{ k|j]zåf/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] 5 . k|j]zåf/ / u'DafaLrsf] b"/L $ lkm6 klg 5}g . xn];L u'kmf lxGb"–z}j / af}4dfuL{x? b'j}4sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| xf], cf/fwgf :yn xf] / cfWoflTds–wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] Bf]ts klg xf] . oxfF tLg} wdf{jnDaLdf ;defj ;lxi0f'tf /x]sf] 5 . af}4 u'Daf / lzjfno b'j} >4]o / k'hgLo :yn x'g\ . t/, Psn] csf{dfly afwf–Jojwfg eg] sbflk k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . u'Daf / dlGb/ k|j]zåf/aLrsf] ;fF3'/f]kgn] dlGb/ k|j]z ug]{ tLy{ofqL bz{gfyL{x?nfO{ Hofb} ;s; k/]sf] 5 . of] c;lhnf]kg x6fpg / u'DafnfO{ klg cem Jojl:yt, cem ;Ddflgt / cem k"hgLo t'Nofpg xn];L dxfb]j:yfg u'?of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] th'{df u/]sf] xn];L dxfb]j:yfg u'?of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hUufdf ag]sf xn];L df/f6Lsf u'Daf nufot cGo c;fGble{s / cg'ko'Qm 3/x? lj:yflkt ug]{ ;/sf/L lg0f{o e};s] klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog eg] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] zf]ef clej[l4sf] nflu klg of] af}4 u'Daf cGoq s'g} pko'Qm :yfgdf oyflz3| ;f/]/ u'Dafsf] dxgLo ul/df a[l4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . d"t{, cd"t{ b'j} snfsf] snfTdstf k|blz{t ug]{ /x:osf] vfgL cfZro{hgs kfjg tLy{ xn];L u'kmfsf] k|frLgtfsf ;DaGwdf nfdf] bz{g–k/Dk/f g} ;fIfL ag]sf] 5 . xn];L dxfb]jsf] klxnf] k"hf ;Too'udf eujfg\ lji0f'n] u/], åfk/o'udf an/fdn] u/] / slno'udf rflx“ tLy{ofqfsf] qmddf ;j{k|yd ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf] xfªn] slnut jif{ @@$& df xn]Zj/ dxfb]j bz{g u/]sf] / s]xL hldg u'7L r9fPsf] pNn]v kfOG5 . eg] kNnf] ls/ftlt/ a;fOF ;g{ nfUbf kNnf] ls/ftsf k|yd ls/ftL /fhf n]lnd xfªn] slnut jif{ @@(% df 4 xn];L clxn] lqwfld{s s]Gb| -ls/ft, af}4, lxGb'_sf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . cem h}gd'lg eb|afx' / :y"neb|n] klg xn];L u'kmfdf tk:of u/]sf] gofF tYo hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 .

xn];L à 23

xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g u/]sf] / pgsf efO dfemls/ftsf k|yd ls/ftL /fhf vfD;f] xfªn] klg cfgf Oi6b]j dfgL xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g u/L k"hf/Lsf] k|jGw;d]t u/fPsf] s'/f @)!! ;fn r}q !% ut] k|sflzt ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDa"åf/f lnlvt …;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf;Ú -k[i7 *%–*^_ df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . clxn] @)%^ ;fndf slnut jif{ %!)) rln/x]sf] 5 . ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf] xfªn] bz{g u/]sf] jif{ @@$& slnut jif{ %!)) df 36fpFbf @*%# jif{ afFsL /xG5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5, cfheGbf @*%# jif{ k"j{ g} xn];L dxfb]j:yfg k|l;l4sf] lz/df lyof], kljq tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf ljVoft lyof] . To;}n] ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf] xfªn] Tof] cgsG6f/ /x:odo xn];L u'kmfdf uP/ bz{g u/] . cfheGbf @%*# jif{ klxn] ls/ftL /fhf xn];L uP/ bz{g u/]sf] k|fKt k|df0fsf cfwf/df xfdL nv sf6\g ;S5f}+– o; l:ylt;Dd, of] k|l;l4;Dd cfOk'Ug klg g};lu{s k|s[ltsf] ue{df n'u]sf] xn];L u'kmfnfO{ kfFr–;ft ;o jif{ cjZo nfu]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o; dfg]df xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] slnsfnsf] bz{g k/Dk/fsf] Oltxf; cfheGbf $))) jif{ cufl8 g} sf]l/Psf] x'Fbf] xf] . xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] P]ltxfl;s bz{g–k/Dk/fdf kl5Nnf] sfndf u'kmf kQf nufpg] jfUj+zL /fO{ kl5 xLgofgL ;Dk|bfosf k|dv ' cfrfo{ cf7f}+ ztfAbLsf dxfu'? kß;Dejn] cd/ hLjgsf] nflu xn];Lsf] bz{g u/L oxL“ tk:of u/], cd/Tj k|fKt u/] eg] lj=;=+ !*$# df >L % /0faxfb'/ zfxn] u'7Lsf] jGbf]j:t ldnfP . /fi6«gfos >L % jL/]Gb| tyf >L % j8fdxf/fgL P]Zjo{af6 @)#( ;fn k'; @% ut]sf lbg xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g, k"hf–cf/fwgf ul/aS:of] . e'6fgL /fhf lhUd] l;+u] jfªr'sn] @)$$ ;fn sflQs !* ut] / tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] xn];Lsf] ofqf / bz{g ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . wfld{s ofqfsf] qmddf ;Gtlz/f]dl0f 8f= hut\u? ' z+s/frfo{, >L ho]Gb| ;/:jtL tyf pxfFsf pQ/flwsf/L afn:jfdL hut\u? ' z+s/frfo{ >L z+s/ ljho]Gb| ;/:jtLn] @)%$ ;fn a}zfv % ut]sf lbg xn];L uO{ b]jflwb]j xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] k"hf– cf/fwgf, cr{gf / bz{g ug'e{ of] . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] @)%$ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] k|ltlglw;efsf tTsfnLg ;efd'v /fdrGb| kf}8n ] n] 5 @)%% ;fn sflt{s @% ut] xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g ug'e{ of] . 5

@)%% ;fnotf klg y'k|} uGodfGo / Vofltk|fKt JolQmx?n] xn];Lsf] e|d0f tyf bz{g ul/;s]sf 5g\ -x]g'{xf];\ kl/lzi6_ .

24 à xn];L

g]kfn, ef/t, rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat / e'6fgL tLy{ofqLx?sf ;fy} cGo b]zsf tLy{ofqL / ko{6sx? jif]{gL xhf/f}+–xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf cfpg] cfgGbbfos xn];L b]j:yn–tLy{:ynsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs ko{6sLo dxTjnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf; / ;+/If0f ug{ xn];L If]q ljsf; ;ldlt u7g6 eO;s]sf] 5 . ===7 ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ ;s] xn];L ko{6g If]q ;d]t ag]/ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{gsf] dfWod klg aGg ;S5 . xn];L u'kmfsf] cb\e"t k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ k|s[lts} Gofgf] sfvdf dfq n'6k'6 x'g glbO{ lzIff dGqfno, o'jf v]ns'b dGqfno, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / u'7L ;+:yfg cflb ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx? xn];L If]qsf] ljsf;–;'wf/, dd{t–;Def/df bQlrQ eO{ nfluk/]df xn];Lsf] >Lj[l4 x'g] lyof], cfsif{0f emg\ a9\g] lyof] . To;}n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ u/L xn];Lsf] rdTsf/nfO{ k|s[ltsf] cg'kd pkxf/sf ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]/ xn];Lsf] ljsf; cleofg rnfOg]5, g]kfnsf] k|s[lt / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ul/g]5 eGg] ck]Iff ug'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] . k|:t't n]v /]jfdl0f kf]v/]nåf/f k|sflzt …kf]v/]nsf] Oltxf;Ú -@)%&_ af6 lnOPsf] xf] . – ;Dkfbs

6 o;nfO{ clxn] xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] 5 . 7 n]vs /fw]Zofd e§/fO{n] @)%& ;fndf of] n]v n]Vbf nfdL8fF8fdf xjfOhxfh cjt/0f x'GYof] t/ xn];Ldf ;8s k'u]sf] lyPg, ljh'nL lyPg, xf]6n–hnx? lyPgg\, t/ clxn] @)&! ;fndf oL ;a} s'/f 5g\ . To;}n] kf7sx?nfO{ e|d gk/f];\ eg]/ oxfFaf6 n]vsf] s]xL c+z x6fOPsf] 5 –;Dkfbs .

xn];L à 25

af}4 / df/fltsf u'kmf

ljZjsf] ^ dxfg\ tLy{:yndWo] Ps df/fltsfdf qLs'ngfy, cldtfo'; a'4 / cjnf]lst]Zj/ cflb clws a'4 af]lw;Tjn] kbfk{0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ljz]iftM cfrfo{ kß;Dejn] cfo'ljBfsf] l;l4 k|fKt ug'{ePsf] kljq :yfg xf] df/fltsf u'kmf . of] u'kmf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] vf]6fª lhNnf dxfb]j:yfg uflj;df k5{ . cf7f}+ ztfAbLlt/ ltAatL /fhf l7;f]ª b]pr]gsf] ;dosfndf ;fDo] ljxf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ltAatL dGqLx? df/fltsf x'Fb} g]kfn cyf{t\ xfnsf] sf7df8f}+ cfPsf lyP / df/fltsf x'Fb} kmls{Psf lyP . o;kl5 ltAataf6 wd{u'?x? bz{gsf] lglDt cfpg] u/]sf] ls+jbGtL 5 . kl5Nnf]k6s k/dk"Ho b'bHof]df l/Gkf]If]n] u'? kß;Dejsf] jf0fLcg';f/ df/fltsf eg]/ k|dfl0ft u'g{ePsf] xf] .

df/fltsf / kß;Dej–dGb/fjb]jL bf];|f] a'4n] ;'k|Voft cf]l8ofgsf u'? kß;Dej / dGb/fjb]jLn] kljq tLy{:Yfn xn];Ldf cd/ cfo'ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf ug'{x'Fbf cldtfo'; a'4sf] ;fIfft\ bz{g kfpg'ePsfn] hGd, h/f, Jolw, d'To'b]lv ljd'Qm eP/ pQd ah|sfo k|fKt u/L d/0fd'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof] . oxL eP/ o; tLy{:ynnfO{ d/0f ljd'Qm :yfg cyf{t\ df/fltsf elgPsf] xf] . df/fltsf u'kmf ;d'b| ;txaf6 #@)) lkm6 prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . u'kmfaf/] y'k|} k|frLg af}4 u|Gyx?df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . t/, u'? kß;Dejsf] hLjgL;Fu ;DalGwt …sfyfª ;fªlnªÚ df df/fltsfaf/] ljz]if j0f{g 5 . pQm k':tsdf

26 à xn];L

atfOPcg';f/ u'? kß;Dejn] …ca d u'XodGqsf] dfWodaf6 cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf u/L ef/t tyf cf]l8ofgsf ;d:t ;Tjk|f0fLx?nfO{ wd{df cfj4 u/fpF5'Ú egL ;f]Rg'eof] . u'XodGqsf] ;fwgf ug{ nIf0fo'Qm ;+lugL cfjZos ePsf] xF'bf ;fxf]/ k|b]zdf hfg'eof] . ;fxf]/ ;d|f6 cfz{w/sL 5f]/L dGb/fjb]jLnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ l/jf]tfnfsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt blIf0ftkm{ kmls{Psf] ;w}+ k'ikj[li6 x'g], OGb]|0fLx?n] nk]l6Psf] clg rGbgsf] h+un ePsf] w'kn] ;'ulGwt cfo{qLs'ngfyn] clwi7fg ug'{ePsf] e"ld df/fltsf hfg'eof] . gfy a'4 cldtfo';sf] d08nf agfP/ tLg dlxgf;Dd ;fwgf cEof; u/]kl5 pxfFx?n] a'4 cldtfo';sf] ;fIfft\ bz{g kfpg'eof] . a'4 cldtfo';n] bL3{hLjgsf] cd[tn] el/Psf] snz b'j}hgfsf] lz/df /fVb} cd[tkfg u/fpg'eof] . kl/0ffd:j?k b'j}hgf hGd / d[To' gx'g] ah| z/L/df kl/0ft x'g'eof] . a'4 cldtfo';n] u'? kß;DejnfO{ 8fs xou|Lj / dGb/fjnfO{ ah|jf/fxLdf clwli7t ug'{eof] . u'? kß;Dej / dGb/fjb]jLn] cfo'ljBfw/sf] l;l4 k|fKt ug'e{ Pkl5 b'jh } gf a'4 wd{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;fxf]/ /fHodf hfg'eof] . ;fxf]/af;Lx? ;zª\lst x'bF } eGg yfn], æoL aflx/af6 cfPsf s'g} WofgL x'g\ h;n] klxn] /fhs'df/L nu]/ /fhkl/jf/nfO{ la6'nf] kf/] . logn] km]l/ /fHodf pTkft\ dRrfpg ;S5g\ . lognfO{ tx nufpg'k5{ .Æ pgLx?n] rGbgsf] sf7 / t]n hDdf kf/] . u'? kß;Dej / dGb/fjnfO{ kqm]/ ufpFsf] aLrdf bfp/fdfly /fv]/ hnfP . ;fw/0ftof tLg lbgleq dflg; hnfPsf] cfuf] lgEg] uYof]{ t/ pxfFx?nfO{ hnfPsf] :yfgdf gf} lbg;Dd w'jfF cfO/Xof] . dflg;x? cfZro{rlst eP/ x]g{ cfP . lrtfaf6 cfuf] emg\ bGsg yfNof] . cfuf]sf] nk]6fn] ;f/f /fhb/af/ hn]/ Wj:t eof] . hDdf ul/Psf] t]n tfndf kl/0ft eof] . tfnsf] aLrdf sdnsf] km"n pTkGg eof] . km"ndfly u'? kß;Dej / dGb/fjb]jL cfgGb;Fu al;/x]sf] b]lvof] . /fhf / cGo ;a}hgf cfZro{rlst x'bF } kfk k|folZrt ub}{ u'?sf] k|z; + f u/] . ToxL ;dob]lv jxfFnfO{ u'? kß;Dej eg]/ z'e gfds/0f ul/of] .

klxnf] tLy{åf/ df/fltsfdf hLg lqs'ngfy dGh'>L, cfo{cjnf]lst]Zj/ / ah|kf0fLåf/f clwli7t 5'§f5'§} tLg kj{t 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo{cjnf]lst]Zj/åf/f clwli7t kj{tdf zflGt tyf /f}b|sf b'O{ tLy{åf/ 5g\ . klxnf] zflGt tLy{åf/ cfrfo{ kß;Dej bDktLn] cd/ cfo'ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf u/L gfy cletfo' a'4sf] ;fIfft\ bz{g

xn];L à 27

tyf cfo' cleif]s k|fKt u/]/ cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] l;l4 k|fKt ug'{ePsf] kljq :yfg xf] . u'?sf] jGbgf …n]x'b'GdfÚ df atfOPcg';f/ df/fltsf u'kmfdf cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf ubf{ gfy cldtfo';n] clwi7fg ug'{ePkl5 kß;Dej / dGb/fjb]jL hGd–d[To'/lxt ah|sfodf kl/0ft x'g'eof] . o;}u/L k/dk"Ho Hof6n l/Gkf]If]sf] …tLy{ :t'ltÚ df atfOPcg';f/ of] u'kmfdf afXo ?kdf dxfb]j lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5, leqL ?kdf rqm;+j/sf] dxn 5, u'Xo ?kdf cd/ cfo'sf] e'jg tyf clt u'Xo ?kdf cslgi7 wd{wft'sf] e'jg 5 . k/dk"Ho 7'lNzu ah|w/sf] tLy{ :t'ltdf klg df/fltsf u'kmfaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . :t'ltdf atfOPcg';f/ df/fltsfsf] @$ kljq tLy{e"ld;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 . df/fltsfsf] aLrdf k|fs[lts cfo' u'kmf /x]sf] 5 . u'kmfleq / aflx/ /Tgdl0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] r§fg 5 . u'kmfsf] leqL cfsfzdf lqljw cfo'b]jx? cldtfo';, Zj]ttf/f, ljhlogL / u'? kß;Dejsf z/L/sf lrGx :ki6 b]lvG5 . ah| cfo'sf] ;fwgf ug{ pko'Qm ePsf] x'Fbf u'kmfsf] d'v k"j{lt/ kmls{Psf] 5 . /, cfo'sf] ;d'b\kfb /fd|/L x'g] nIf0f :j?k tLy{sf] åf/ cw{ rGb|–;"o{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

bf];|f] tLy{åf/ u'? kß;Dej / dGb/fjb]jLn] cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf ug'k{ j" { cfo'sf] ;fwgfdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] d[To'df/ cflb bdg ug{ / afwf–cj/f]wx? zf]wg ug{ ah|lsnf / xou|Ljsf] ;fwgf ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . pxfFx?n] To;avt cGo df/x? klg bdg ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . To;}sf/0f o; u'kmf …df/bdg u'kmfÚ gfdn] k|rlnt x'g uPsf] xf] . o;af/] lglwk|bz{s b]jL bf]hs {] f] lglwdf o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M d kB ;Dejn] df/bdg u'kmfdf afwf zf]wg ug{ ah|lsnfsf] ;fwgf u/]+ d[To' ljd'Qm tLy{:ynsf] nf]xf kj{tsf] vf]+rdf df/fltsf u'kmfdf cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf u/L hGd / d[To' gx'g] z/L/ k|fKt u/]+ a'9f]kg gx'g] z/L/ k|fKt u/]+

28 à xn];L To;}ul/, d / dGb/fjb]jLn] cd/ cfo' ljBfw/sf] ;fwgf ug]{ ;dodf d[To' ljd'Qm tLy{:ynsf] df/bdg u'kmfdf afwf zf]wgsf lglDt ah|lsnfsf] ;fwgf ubf{ oxL hGddf g} cd/ /l:d b]x k|fKt eof] .

o;}ul/ u'?sf] tLy{ lgb]{lzsfdf bf];|f] tLy{åf/nfO{ …ci7 x]?s u'kmfÚ elgPsf] 5 . u'? kß;Dejn] o; u'kmfdf ci7 x]?ssf] cEof; ug'{ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ci7 x]?s u'kmf elgPsf] xf] . cGttM cg]sg df/x? jzdf /fVg'ePsf sf/0f of] /f}b| u'kmf xf] .

-8'KIf'_ ;fwgf hn df/fltsfsf] dflyNnf] / tNnf] b'j} u'kmfdf u'? bDktLåf/f clwli7t cd[t hn /x]sf] 5 . hnsf] /; lkpgfn] lgs6 eljiosf] ;Dk"0f{ afwf–cj/f]w zf]wg x'g] tyf cGtdf u'? bDktLsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ ;f}efUo k|fKt x'g5 ] . u'?sf] tLy{ lgb]l{ zsfdf o;/L atfOPsf] 5– ædf/fltsf u'kmfleq kß;Dejsf] ;fwgf hn /x]sf] 5 . To; hnsf] yf]kf d'vdf kgf{n] dfq} klg c;Ld kfkx? z'4 eP/ hfg]5 .Æ

cfo'snz cfo' u'kmfleq ;ft–cf7 v'8\lsnf dfly plSn;s]kl5 k|fs[lts cfo'snzsf] bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 . of] cfo'snz u'? bDktLnfO{ gfy cldtfo';n] k|ToIf cleif]s k|bfg ug'{ePsf] cfo'snz xf] . o;sf] k|fy{gf u/] ;Dk"0f{ dgf]sfdgf k"/f x'g] k/dk"Ho Hof6fn l/Gkf]If]sf] tLy{ :t'ltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cfo'snzaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/L df/fltsf tLy{lgb]{lzsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

dxfb]j:yfg–$, vf]6fªdf /x]sf] df/fltsf lIfd] tfSt]g Iff]lnª u'Dafåf/f ;g\ @)!# df k|sflzt …b 6fOD; ckm\ df/fltsf M ODdf]6{n 8«dla6Ú -cd/Wjlg_ k':tsaf6 of] n]v ;fdfGo eflifs ;Dkfbg;lxt k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . – ;Dkfbs

xn];L à 29

vf]lSrlnkf, xn];L / ;fs]nf uf]kfn ls/ftL

ls/ftLx? o; e"ldsf cflbd lgjf;L x'g\ . b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df ls/ftLx?sf] pRrQd of]ubfg /xLcfPsf]tkm{ Oltxf; df}g 5}g . log} cflbd lgjf;L ls/ftLsf j+zsf Ps zfvfnfO{ vDa" hfltsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . vDa" / lnDa" bfh'efO x'g\ eGg] oyfy{ ;j{JofkL 5 . lnDa"x? ;'Aaf ePh:t} vDa"x? /fO{, ;'g'jf/ sxlng k'u] . /fi6«sf] ax';+:s[ltdWo] vDa"x?n] k/Dk/fsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ul/NofPsf] e"ld cyf{t\ s[lifkj{ g} ;fs]nf l;nL xf] . ljljw gfdn] lrlgg] ;fs]nf l;nLsf] dxTj dft[e"ldk|ltsf] ;]jfefjdf ;dlk{t 5 / log} vDa" zfvfsf ls/ftLx?sf] dxfg\ rf8 xf] . vDa" hfltsf] d'b'd ljZjf;cg';f/ ;'lDgdf–kf?xfªsf] ;Gtfg vDa'xfª xn];L u'kmfdf a;f]af; uy]{ . tfjfdf–v]jfdf gfd u/]sf pgsf r]nLx? tfg a'Gg] snfdf vlKk; lyP . Pslbg tL r]nLx?n] dfOtL / dfOtL3/ crfgs 5f]8\g'k¥of] . lbbLx? j]kQf ePsf]df b'Mlvt vDa'xfªn] nfdf] ;do PSn} latfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . vDa'xfª df5f dfg]{ sfd uy]{ . o;} qmddf jfOn'ªd\ f gfd u/]sL ;'Gb/Ll;t pgsf] e]6 eof] . jfOn'ªd\ fn] vDa'xfª ;dIf ljjfxsf] k|:tfj /flvg\ . t/, lbbLx? 3/ gcfP;Dd ljjfx ug{ g;Sg] s'/f vDa'xfªn] cl3 ;f/] . cfkm"nfO{ 3/df k'¥ofPsf] v08df lbbLx? vf]Hg ;3fpg] s'/fsf] cfZjf;g jfOn'ªd\ fn] lbOg\ . o;df vDa'xfªsf] ;xdlt ePkl5 pgLx? b'jh } gf xn];L u'kmftkm{ nfu] .

30 à xn];L

3/df k'u]kl5 jfOn'ª\dfn] Pp6f efn]nfO{ h+untkm{ k7fOg\ . Tof] s'v'/fsf] efn] tfjfdfglhs k'Uof] / rsf]{ :j/df af:g yfNof] . efn]sf] rsf]{ cfjfhn] tfjfdfnfO{ lbSs t'Nofof] . crfSnL g} ePkl5 tfjfdfn] efn]nfO{ nv]6\g yflng\ . hlt nv]6\of] plt g} efn]n] bf}8Fb} la;fpFb} pxL cfjfhdf af:g] u¥of] . tfjfdfn] efn] nv]l6/lxg\ . o;} qmddf efn] / tfjfdf vDa'xfªsf] 3/df k'u] . o;/L w]/} jif{kZrft\ r]nL–dfOltsf] e]6df pgLx?n] w'dwfd v';L dgfP . /, ca vDa'xfª / jfOn'ª\dfaLr ljjfxsf] ;'/;f/ sl;of] . ljjfx ;df/f]xdf v'l;ofnL dgfpg tfjfdfn] pTs[i6 lsl;dsf] gfr b]vfOg\ . o;nfO{ pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{n] tfl/km u/] . tfjfdfåf/f k|blz{t oxL gfr g} ;fs]nf l;nL xf] elgG5 . vDa'xfª lzsf/ v]Nby] . Pslbg pgn] kf;f]df kf/]sf] 9's/' 3/df lnP/ cfP . vfg x'g] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePkl5 pgLx?n] 9's/' sf] df;' u|x0f u/] . t/, 9's/' sf] k]6df /x]sf] kf]sf rflx“ 3'/g] df ldNsfOlbPsf lyP . s]xL ;dokZrft\ 3'/g] df yl/yl/sf la?jfx? pd|g yfn] . Hofb} /x/nfUbf] ag]sfn] oL la?jfx?nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg] lgwf] eof] . kmNb} emb}{ pld|bF } u/]sf oL la?jfx?n] tLg jif{;Dddf 7"n} :jfF/f] 9fSg k'Uof] . ca of] la?jfsf] kmn vfg'k5{ eGg] s'/f jfOn'ªd\ fn] /fVbf st} lj/fdL kf] kg]{ xf] ls egL vDa'xfªn] z+sf JoQm u/] . t/, of] vfP/ 9's/' d/]g . 9's/' vfP/ xfdL d/]gf}+ eg] of] vfP/ xfdLnfO{ s]xL g/fd|f] x'g] 5}g . t;y{ vfg}k5{ egL jfOn'ªd\ fn] lhl2 sl;g\ . o;kl5 pgLx?n] Tof] kmn vfP . 9's/' sf] k]6df wfg, sf]bf], tf]/L cflb cGgx? ;l~rt lyP . ToxL g} vDa'xfªsf] 3'/g] df To:t/L pd|g / kmNg k'us ] f] lyof] . /, ToxL cGg g} vDa" hfltsf cflbd k'vf{n] k|ydk6s ef]hg u/]sf] lyof] eGg] dflgG5 . cGgsf] ef]hgn] pgLx?nfO{ Hofb} lj/fdL kf¥of] . k]6 b'v]/ ynf k/]sf vDa'xfªn] vfg gx'g] s'/f vfPsf] x'gfn] o:tf] b'Mv eof] eGg] s'/f /fv] . ptf jfOn'ª\dfn] csf]{ sf/0f cl3 ;fl/g\ . xfd|f] cu]gfdf lkt[x? a;]sf 5g\ . lkt[nfO{ gr9fOsg xfdLn] cGg vfof}+ . o;} x'gfn] xfdLnfO{ b'Mv eof] . t;y{ capk|fGt lkt[ -k'vf{_nfO{ r9fP/ dfq o:tf] cGg vfg'k5{ eGg] ljrf/ jfOn'ª\dfn] /flvg\ . vDa'xfªnfO{ klg of] ljrf/ :jLsfo{ eof] . csf]{ ;fn cGg kmn]/ kfSof] . p7fP/ vfg] a]nf eof] . jfOn'ª\dfn] cGgsf] hfF8 ksfOg\ . tof/ ag]sf] hfF8 lr08f]df e/]/ vDa'xfªnfO{ lah'jf agL

xn];L à 31

lkt[x?nfO{ gofF afnLsf] cGg r9fpg] ljlwljwfg ug{ jfOn'ª\dfn] cfu|x ul/g\ . s;/L lah'jf aGg] xf] yfxfkQf gePsf vDa'xfª s/df k/L xftdf lr08f] lnP/ cu]gfsf] l8ndf d'Gb'd kmnfSg yfn] . d+l;/] k"l0f{dfsf] lbg o;/L lkt[ kmnfSbfkmnfSb} vDa'xfªnfO{ crfgs sDk 5'6\of] . cf;gaf6 j]udf bu'/]/ pgL cfFugsf] l8ndf k'u] . ToxL :yfgdf pgn] lr08f]sf] hfF8 5ls{g yfn] . lg3f/ 5ls{Psf] :yfgdf Pp6f lvl/nf] k/]sf] 9'+uf lglSnof] . 9'+ufdf vDa'xfªn] lg3f/ 5ls{/x] . o;/L lg3f/ 5s{+bf 9'+ufaf6 jfkm pqGYof], ljzfn cfsf/df afbn ag]/ cfsfz 9fSYof] / cfsfzdf eoª\s/ cfjfhx? uh{Gy] . ToxL 9'+ufjl/kl/ vDa'xfª / jfOn'ªdf ;ft lbg ;ft /ft gfr] . o;df tfjfdfs} l;nL l6lkPsf] lyof] . o;/L afnL p7fpg] ;do d+l;/] k"l0f{df / afnL nufPsf] ;do j}zfv] k"l0f{dfdf u/L jif{df b'O{k6s eJotfsf ;fy dgfOg] ;fs]nf l;nL ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] s[lif kj{sf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . cfhko{Gt gfrsf] tfndf vf]l/of kmF8fgL ug]{, ljhg 5g]{, uf]8d]n ug]{, afnL nufpg] / yGSofpg] kl/kf6L k|ToIftM l;nLdf b;f{Og] ul/G5 . o;y{ o;sf] ;'?jft vDa" hfltsf k'vf{n] s[lif o'udf k|j]z ub}{ /xFbf ePsf] xf] eGg] a'em\g sl7g kb}{g . olb ;fs]nf k'hf/Lsf] d[To' eP5 eg] csf]{ k'hf/L vf]Hg'kg]{ s'g} n07f 5}g . ha dflg;x? dfª\lvd -k"hf:yn_ df lglZrt ltlydf ;/;fdu|L lnP/ k'Ub5g\ ta ;dfhsf] s'g} Ps JolQm sDkfodfg aGb} d'Gb'd kmnfSb} k'hf/Lsf] :yfg u|x0f ug{ k'Ub5 . ToxL k'hf/Ln] p;sf] hLjge/ ;fs]nf k"hfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ub{5 . p;sf] d[To'kZrft\ oxL /Llt bf]xf]l/G5 . of] jf:tljstf vDa" ;dfhsf] oyfy{ xf] . ;fs]jf, ;fSn], ;fv]jf ;d]t elgg] ;fs]nf l;nLsf lzv/ dfgj vDa'xfªnfO{ vf]lSrlnKkf, sf]lStzfnf / x]rfs'KkfÙ jfOn'ª\dfnfO{ gflun'ª\df / tfjfdf–v]jfdfnfO{ nf]lhd]–v]jfd], nf];v]p tyf hfpdf–lVnp gfdn] ;d]t k'sfl/G5 . log} rf/ JolQmTjx?sf] hLjgdf 36]sf 36gfx? hf]l8Psf] vDa" cfVofgdf cfwfl/t ;fs]nf l;nL g} vDa" zfvfsf ls/ftx?sf] d'Vo rf8 xf] . ha ;fs]nfsf] ;do cfpg yfN5 ta kl/jf/df gofF sk8fsf] k}/g ylkg', cfk:tdf z'esfdgfsf] ;f6f;f6 ug{', dfGohgx?sf] z'e cflzjf{b clg

32 à xn];L

nfnfafnfx?sf] ;'vdo eljiosf] sfdgf ug'{sf ;fy} o'jfo'jtL cfk;df dfof ;f6f;f6 ;d]t ug]{ u5{g\ . ;fs]nf kj{sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts kIf xf] of] . o;cltl/Qm 9f]n–em\ofD6fsf] u'~hgn] ufpF3/nfO{ plQs} /d0fLo If]qx?df ablnlbPsf] x'G5 eg] qmdzM of] u'~hg PsLs[t aGb} lglZrt ltlysf] lglZrt :yfgdf s]lGb|t x'g k'Ub5 . of] ;do ufpF3/sf sf]xL klg JolQm ggflr/xg d'l:sn 5 . k"hf:yndf Jofks hg;d"xsf ;fy k+lQmj4 eP/ ;fd"lxs ?kdf lgolGqt tl/sfn] gflrg] of] a]hf]8 lsl;dsf] gfr g} l;nL xf] h;nfO{ ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d"xdf ;aeGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd gflrg] ;+;f/sf] clåtLo l;nLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o; l;nLdf 9f]n–em\ofD6fsf] tfn, gfRg]x?sf] xftv'§f cf} z/L/sf] sfo{k4lt cToGt ;fjwfgLk"j{s / Ps};fy /xg'k5{ .

uf]kfn ls/ftLåf/f lnlvt k|:t't n]v ls/ftLx?sf] ;fs]nf l;nLsf] pTklQaf/] Jojl:yt cjwf/0ff;lxt n]lvPsf] klxnf] n]v xf] . uf]/vfkq b}lgs -@)%! h]7 @* zlgaf/_ df k|sflzt of] n]v n]vssf] cg'dltdf s]xL kIfx? kl/dfh{g;lxt k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 –;Dkfbs .

xn];L à 33

ls/ft ;Eotfsf lzv/ JolQmTjx?

tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' rt'/eQm /fO{

kl/ro ls/ft ;d'bfodf tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk'sf] syf cToGt nf]slk|o 5 . of] k|fu\–P]ltxfl;s sfnsf] 36gf ljj/0f ePsf] x'gfn] ltly–ldltsf] :ki6 pNn]v ug{ g;lsP klg dxfef/t sfneGbf cufl8 kf?xfª -kf?xf]_+ / gfOdf -;'lDgdf_ sf] sfneGbf k5fl8sf] dflgG5 . of] sYo xf]O] g tYo xf] . t/, oy]i6 vf]h– cg';Gwfgsf] cefjdf o;nfO{ syfs} ?kdf ;'lg“b} cfPsf] 5 . of] To:tf] syf xf] h;sf ;f/ / u'0fx? cfh ls/ftsf] dfq xf]Og ;f/fsf] ls+jbGtL tyf nf]sJojxf/ aGg uPsf] 5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ syfeGbf k|fu\–P]ltxfl;s j[QfGt eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o; j[QfGtsf tLg JolQmTjx? ls/ft ;d'bfosf cflbd k'vf{ / ;Lksf gfos dfq xf]Ogg\, ls/ft ;Eotfs} lzv/ gf/L / k'?if x'g\ .

tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk'sf] hLjg j[QfGt ls/ftx?sf] cflbd k'vf{ kf?xfª, gfod -;'lDgdf_ kl5 kfkf kft];'ª / dfdf lblnb'dsf] j+zfjnL pNn]v u5{g\ . s;}n] kf?xfªkl5 x]Ds'Da'ª, lghkl5 kfkf kft];'ª / dfdf lblnb'dsf] j+zfjnL atfPsf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ bflvnL ofl/tf / d'vnL ofl/tf klg elgGYof] . ;do laTb} hfg] qmddf dfdf lblnb'dsf] ue{af6 b'O{ 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/fsf] hGd eof] . ltgLx?sf] gfd

34 à xn];L

qmdzM h]7Lsf] tf]df, sfG5Lsf] v]df / 5f]/fsf] ;Dr' /flvof] . log} ;Dr'n] 7"nf] ls/ft ;f+:s[lts sd{ …5dbdÚ jf …vbd\Ú u/]sf] x'gfn] kl5 vlSrlnk' egL sxlnP . of] pgsf] lkt[sfo{ u/]jfktsf] pkflw lyof] -:j= wg?k /fO{_ . pgLx? ;fg} 5Fbf dftflktfsf] b]xfGt ePsfn] pgLx? 7"nf] larNnLdf k/] . tf]df, v]dfsf] /fd|f] a'l41fg cfO;s]sf] lyPg . vlSrlnk' t emg\ ;fg} lyP . oL 6'x'/fx?n] hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu 7"nf] ;+s6 ef]Ug'k¥of] . 3/df lk7f]sf] aGbf]a:t gePsfn] tf]df, v]dfn] efOnfO{ af]s]/ glhssf] a:tLlt/ rxfg{ nfu] . Toltv]/ …5]j]d\Ú gfdsf] cGg lyof] /] . ToxL cGg vfP/ 5f]l8Psf vfg]s'/f a6'n]/ hLjg lgjf{x ug{ nfu] . t/, ;w}+ hfg yfn]kl5 ufpFn]x?n] l5Ml5M b'/b'/ ug{ nfu] . cfOGbf To;/L 3/3/df gcfcf];\ eg]/ ufpFn]x? e]nf eO{ Ps d'7L klg ;fdn g5f]8\g" eGg] pbL{ hf/L eof] . t/, Pp6L a'9Lsf] sfgn] /fd|f] e/ gkfPsf] x'gfn] pgn] rflx“ Ps dfgf ;fdn 5f]8\g" eg]sf] ;'lgl5g\ . ;bfem}“ tf]df, v]df efOnfO{ af]s]/ ;fdn a6'Nb} hfFbf ;+of]ujz alx/L a'9Lsf] hfFtf]df k'u]5g\ . To;lbg cln w]/} ;fdn kfPsfn] v';L x'Fb} 3/df cfP/ vf]n] ksfpg nfu] . lbbL rflx“ 3/ ;f]xf]/k6f/ ug{ nflug\ . efO rflx“ cfh t c3fpFhL vfg kfOg] eof] eg]/ v';Ln] gfRg, pk|mg nfUof] . plk|mFbfplk|mFb} ljr/fsf] v'§f nfdf] bfp/fdf clNemP/ vf]n]sf] efg g} 3f]lK6g k'Uof] . efg 3f]lK6Pkl5 tf]df, v]dfnfO{ ;fÃ} l/; p7\of] . To;}n] efOnfO{ lk6\g;Dd lk6] . efO sfKrL sfKrL ?g yfNof] . lbbLx? klg ?g yfn] . efO rflx“ ?Fbf?Fb} ylst eP/ lgbfof] . ev{/ lgbfPsf] efOnfO{ tf]df, v]dfn] p7fpg vf]h] t/ w]/} lbgsf] ef]sf] / ysfgn] efO p7\g ;s]g . t;y{ efO d/]5 elg7fg]/ 3/ 5f]8L cGt} hfg] ;'/ u/] . hfg'cl3 pgLx?n] Pp6f lrxfg vg] . ToxfF lr08f]sf] 6fpsf] / sfnf]kftLsf] lemqmfsf] hLp agfO{ k'Tnf agfP/ ;'tfP . efOsf] 6fpsf]df Pp6f sb{ /fv] eg] v'§fdf Pp6f s]/fsf] af]6 klg /f]lklbP . -s]xL ;docl3 b'dL /fO{ ;d'bfodf dflg; d/]kl5 klxnf]k6s lkt[df af]nfpFbf s]/fsf] 3/L sf6]/ d"bf{h:t} n8fO asf]{n] 5f]lkGYof] ._ To;kl5 b'j} lbbL–alxgL k'Tnfdfly pk|mL–pk|mL gfRg yfn] . pk|mfOn] lr08f] km'6\bf efOsf] 6fpsf] km'6\of], lemqmf eflrFbf s/ª efFlrof] eGg] 7fg] . pgLx? efOnfO{ PSn} 5f]8]/ ToxfFaf6 lx“8] . lx“8\b} 8'Nb} hfFbf pgLx? hfoh'd Pj+ t'jfr'ª k'u] . ToxfF s]xL ;do;Dd a;] t/ u'hf/fsf] ;xf/f gePsf] x'gfn]

xn];L à 35

cGt} hfg] lgZro u/] . lbbL n]s hfpFm elGyg\, alxgL rflx“ a]+;L hfpFm elGyg\ . b'O{hgfsf] ;Nnfx gldn]sfn] b'j} cfcfg} af6f] nfUg] lg0f{o u/] . hfoh'daf6 lx“8\g'cl3 pgLx?n] eljiojf0fLsf] nflu t'Sof/L k'df -afa/L km"n_ sf] la?jf /f]k] . ls/ft nf]s ljZjf;cg';f/ hfoh'daf6 lx“8\bf kG5Lsf] h'gL wf/0f u/] . lbbL xª\u|fof] eOg\, alxgL wg]z eOg\ . alxgL rflx“ clns r~rn] ePsLn] s] s;f] xf]nf egL c?nfO{ glh:Sofpg" x} eg]/ lbbLn] ;DemfOa'emfO cfcfgf] af6f] nflug\ . ***

wg]z ?k wf/0f u/]sL v]df dw]; a]+;Lsf] kmfF6df :jtGq 9ª\un] 8'Ng yflng\ . k|fs[lts x/fe/fdf pgsf] hLjg cfgGb;fy laTg nfUof] . :jR5 xfjfkfgL / jftfj/0fn] :jf:Yodf k"0f{ nfe eof] . Tof] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/df /Dbf/Dbf pgn] lbbLsf] ctL{ klg e';'Ss} lal;{Og\ . t;y{ cfgf] dfdf kf]Kkf] -nf6sf];]/f]_ nfO{ lh:Sofpg yflng\ . nf6sf];]/f] l;kfn' snfsf/ lyof] . 8f]sf], bfDnf], gfDnf], y'G;], 3'd, gfª\nf] cflb a'Gg' pgsf] sfd lyof] . sfddf pgsf] ;fÃ} Psfu|tf lyof] . Ps 7fpFdf 3f]lK6P/ sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 3f]lK6Psf] 3f]lK6Ps} x'GYof] . Tof] b]v]/ v]dfnfO{ xfF;f] p7\Yof] . pgL nf6f]sf];]/f]nfO{ o;/L luHofpFlyg\, æP uf]Hofª\u|f], 3f]K6], 8]9] .Æ of] ;'g]/ nf6f]sf];]/f] rflx“ l/;n] r'/ x'GYof] . o;f] rndnfpg vf]Hof] eg] wg]z km'/{ p8]/ cs}{ ?vdf k'luxflNyg\ / km]l/ eGg yflNyg\, æcGwf], alx/f] .Æ k6sk6s wg]z?kL v]dfaf6 lh:SofOdfUg' kbf{ p;nfO{ ;lxg;Sg' e};s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] Pslbg nf6sf];]/f]n] kmsfOkmsfO v]dfnfO{ cfgf] jzdf kf¥of] / vfg]s'/fsf] nf]e b]vfP/ d'v cfF ug{ nufof] . v]dfn] klg nf]edf k/L d'v cfF ul/g\ . Tolt g} a]nf nf6sf];]/f]n] v]dfsf] d'6'–sn]hf] lems]/ vfOlbof] . v]dfsf] hLjglnnf ;dfKt eof] . nf6sf];]/f]n] lj:tf/} l;Ë} z/L/ vfOl;Wofof] . ***

otf n]sfnL :jR5 xfjfkfgL / jftfj/0fdf xª\uf| of]?kL tf]dfsf] hLjg klg cfgGb;fy laTg nfUof] . w]/} Ct'x? o;/L g} lat] . Pslbg pgnfO{ stf–stf alxgLsf] ofb cfof] . To;}n] alxgLsf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf egL a'‰g hfoh'd uOg\ . ToxfF alxgLsf] km"n rflx“ d/]sf] lyof] . ;fDkfª /fO{ ;d'bfodf of] km"n

36 à xn];L

/f]ks ] f] 8fF8f …km"n la;f}gfÚ xf] eGg] egfO{ 5 . pQm …km"n la;f}gfÚ g]kf{ / vfdL{sf] ;+uddf k5{ . t;y{ alxgL of] ;+;f/df 5}gg\ eGg] a'lemg\ . s] s;f] eof] egL pgL ;a}nfO{ ;f]Wg yflng\ t/ s;}n] k|:6 hfgsf/L glbPkl5 cGTodf dfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg uOg\ . dfdfn] klg ;'?df t yfxf 5}g egL 6f/] . t/ klg dfdfs} s}lkmot 5 eG7fgL /f]Os/fO u/L ;f]Wg yfn]kl5 aNn ;fFrf] aft v'Nof] . æToxfF k/ d]/f] zf}r ] Æ\ , nf6f]sf];/] f]n] o;f] eg]kl5 tf]df ToxL+ ug]{ 7fpFdf uP/ x]/ clg yfxf kfpF5; x]g{ k'lug\ . alxgL ;fFRr} g} dfdfsf] lzsf/ ePsL /lx5g\ . ToxfF xf8vf]/ y'lk|Psf] lyof] . v]dfsf] x8\8Lsf] k|tLs eUgfjz]if t'jfr'ªdf pknAw 5 -x]g; {' \ xn];L tl:a/ v08_ . tf]dfn] ltg} xf8vf]/nfO{ Pp6f sf7sf] cf/Ldf p7fP/ v/fgL– kfgL;Fu df]n/] dh]qf]n] 5f]lkg\ . o;/L 5f]kk] l5 alxgLsf] zf]sdf w]/} lbg;Dd l/l;o -ehg–lst{g_ ufPkl5 crfgs Ps lbg alxgL kl;g}kl;gf eP/ pl7g\ -ls/ftLx?n] lslgdf / hfF8 agfpg] sfObf o;}af6 l;s]sf x'g\ eGg] egfO 5_ . alxgLn] elgg\, æd t w]/} lgbfP5' lbbL .Æ o;/L b'O{ lbbLalxgLsf] k'gld{ng eof] . pgLx? k+5L?kL hLjg kl/Tofu u/L k'gM dfgj hLjgdf cjt/0f eP . ca hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu s'g} g s'g} k]zf ckgfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf lyof] . t;y{ pgLx? ljleGg 7fpF 8'Nb} cGTodf hfoh'ddf g} k'u] . oxfF pgLx?n] klxnf]rf]l6 3/]n' pBf]usf] ?kdf tfg a'Gg -skf;af6 vfF8L a'Gg]_ yfngL u/] . ls/ftx? cfw'lgs sk8f a'gfOsf] ;[li6 oxL hfoh'ddf tf]df, v]dfaf6 ePsf] ljZjf; u5{g\ . otf ef]sn] nvt/fg k/]sf] efO vlSrlnk' lgb|faf6 Ao'Flemof] . p;sf] klxnf] gh/ s]/fsf] af]6df k¥of] . crDd dfg]/ h'?Ss p7]/ otfptf x]g{ nfUof] . lbbLx? lyPgg\ . vf]n]sf] efF8f] nl8/x]sf] lyof] . dgdf eSsfgf] 5'6]/ cfof] . a]:;/L /f]Os/fO lbbLx?nfO{ af]nfof] t/ lbbLx? cfPgg\ . otfptf 56k6 ubf{ub}{ Pp6f vf8ndf gh/ k¥of] . ToxfF cfkm" h:t} ;Ssndf Pp6f k'Tnf nl8/x]sf] lyof] . oL ;a} s'/fx? b]v]/ p;nfO{ cgf}7f] nfUof] . pm k'gM cfkm" ;'t]s} 7fpFdf cfof] . ToxfF Pp6f sb{ lyof] . ToxL sb{ l6k]/ s]/fsf] af]6nfO{ tfSb} eGg nfUof], æP s]/f Û k;fpF5;\ ls sfl6lbpmF <Æ s]/f ;fFRr} k;fof] . km]l/ eGof], ækfS5;\ ls sfl6lbpFm <Æ k'gM s]/f kfSof] . s]/f vfP/ ef]ssf] lgbfg u¥of] .

xn];L à 37

w]/} lbg laTof] . lbbLx? cfPgg\ . PSnf] hLjg latfpg k/]sfn] si6s/ / lgof;|f] klg TolQs} lyof] . hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf p;n] lzsf/L wGbf ;'? u¥of] . kf;f] agfpg l;Sof] . kf;f]df tfFa] 9's/' -9's/' sf] Ps hft_ kf¥of] . ufF8df e6df;, wfg, sf]bf] cflb /x]5 . p;n] To;nfO{ 3'¥ofglt/ ofFlslbof] . kl5 ;do cfPkl5 knfP/ nxnx afnL nfUof] . p;n] k'gM 5¥of], cGgx? a9fof] . Pj+/Ltn] vlSrlnk' s[ifs eof] . cGg w]/} kmnfpg yfn]kl5 vfBfGgsf] efj x6\of] . p;sf] pd]/ / a}“; klg r9\b} uof] . gofF pkfox? vf]Hg] pT;'stf a9]/ cfof] . cNnf]sf] nf]sf]tfaf6 gfDnf], bfDnf], hfn a'Gg l;Sof] . hfn tof/ ePkl5 df5f dfg{ yfNof] . Pslbgsf] 36gf xf], ;bfem}“ pm vf]nfdf df5f dfg{ uPsf] lyof] . hfn xfGbf df5f x}g Pp6f 9'ª\uf k¥of] . To;nfO{ ofFlslbof] . hltk6s hfn xfg] klg pxL 9'Ëf k/]sfn] xf/ dfg]/ 6f9f6f9f k'Ug] u/L 3'OFSofpg yfNof] . t}klg 9'Ëf hfndf c8\lsg 5f8]g . t;y{ cGTodf nf]xf]/f] 9'Ëf agfpg] ljrf/ u/L km'n'{ª -df5f /fVg] rf]ofsf] hfaL_ df /fVof] . lbg 9lNs;s]sf sf/0f cfhsf] df5f oxL 9'Ëf eof] eG7fgL 3/ kmSof]{ / cu]gfdflysf] 5]d -;fgf] rf]snf]+uL_ df /fVof] . clxn];Dd b'dL /fO{ ;d'bfodf o:tf] rf]snf]+uL -rf]ofsf] ;fgf} y}nf]_ /fVg] rng 5 . ef]lnkN6b]lv af]Sg} g;Sg] u/L df5f dfg{ ;kmn eof] . v'';Lsf] ;Ldf /x]g . To;}n] rfF8} 3/ kmSof]{ . 3/ cfOk'Ubf eft, ltx'g, kfgL ;a} tof/L lyof] . pm cfZro{df k¥of] / ;f]Wg nfUof], æd]/f] 3/df eft ksfpg] sf] xf] <Æ k/af6 Pp6L a'9Ln] hjfkm lbOg\, æd x}, d .Æ vlSrlnk' v';L x'Fb} a'9LnfO{ af]nfP/ ;Fu} eftefG;f u/] . p;n] ;f}xfb{tfk"j{s ;f]Wof], æd]/f] nflu oqf] si6 lsg p7fpg'eof] ah" <Æ a'9Ln] elgg\, æltd|f] PSnf]kg b]v]/ ;lsg;sL st{Jo lgefPsf] gfgL .Æ vlSrlnk' cToGt cfef/L eof] . Pj+qmdn] lbgx? laTb} uP . t/, a'l9ofnfO{ eg] Toltsf lbg cfkm"n] 9fF6]sf]df leqleq} c;lhnf] dx;'; e}/x]sf] lyof] . ;ª\utn] rf]/ klg ;fw' x'G5 eg] h:tf] vlSrlnk'sf] z'4 ;ª\utn] a'l9ofsf] klg dg ablnof] . Pslbg a'9Ln] g} vlSrlnk';Fu cfkm"n] 9fF6]sf] e]b vf]lng\ . Tolt dffq xf]Og eft ksfpg] sf] /x]5 ljrf/ u/ egL a'9Ln] pkfo klg atfOlbOg\ . -oxfFg]/ cfP/ rflDnª /

38 à xn];L

b'dLx?df s'/f cln km/s k/]sf] 5 . b'dLsf k'vf{x?n] rflx“ b'O6f a'9L lyO{ / Pp6Ln] 9fF6]sf], csf]{n] rfn kfPsL x'gfn] p;}n] Tof] s'/f vlSrlnk'nfO{ e]b vf]lnlbO{ eg]sf 5g\_ . h]xf];\ eft ksfpg] sf] /x]5 t egL kQf nufpg vlSrlnk' df5f dfg{ uPh:tf] u/L aflx/ l;s'jfsf] s'gfdf gfª\nf]n] 5f]k]/ a:of] . s]xL If0fdf r]snf]+uLaf6 ToxL nf]xf]/f] 9'ª\uf km'q'Ss em¥of] / t'?Gt ;'Gb/ gf/Lsf] ?k wf/0f ul/g\ . r'Nxf] lnkkf]t u/]/ vfg ksfpgsf nflu ;fdn lgkmGg gfª\nf] vf]Hb} aflx/ cfOg\ . gfª\nf] prfNb} ubf{ Tolt g} avt vlSrlnk'n] RofKk bflxg] xft ;dfP/ eGof], æltdL sf] xf} <Æ tL ;'Gb/ gf/Ln] xft 5f]8\g cfu|x ub}{ d oxfFaf6 uOhfG5' eGg yflng\ . vlSrlnk'n] xft g5f]8L af/Daf/ p;sf] kl/ro dfUg yfNof] . :d/0f /xf];\, clxn] gofF a]x'nL leœofpFbf aflx/af6 a]x'nfn] a]x'nLsf] bflxg] xft ;dfO{ ;F3f/leq plePsL cfdfnfO{ lbg'k5{ / cfdfn] gofF a]x'nLnfO{ tfg]/ leq x'lN5g\ . cGTodf ltgn] elgg\, æd gfu]n'd\ -gfusGof_ x'F . ltdLn] dnfO{ sof}+rf]l6 kmfn]sf 5f} . d]/f] 6fpsf] km'6]sf] 5, xftv'§f efFlrPsf] 5, d k"/} 3fOt] ePsL 5' .Æ pgL /f]Os/fO ug{ nflug\ . vlSrlnk'n] cfkm"n] glrg]sfn] e'n x'g uPsf] atfpFb} laGtL / k|lt1f u¥of], æcfOGbf dfofdf c6n /xg]5' .Æ b'j}sf] lxQlrQ ldNof] . pgLx? bfDkTo hLjgdf cfj4 eO{ ;'v;onsf ;fy /xg nfu] . w]/} lbg e};s]sf] lyof] . 3/Jojxf/df s'g} sdL lyPg . v]tL–ls;fg ;a} ;xh ?kdf rln/x]sf] lyof] . pgLx?sf] cfTdfdf Pp6f c;n s'/fn] af; u¥of] . Tof] lyof]– dfgj hLjgnfO{ s;/L ;';+:s[t agfpg], s:tf] wd{sd{ ug]{ h;n] ubf{ aGw'Tjsf] efjgf k}bf xf];\ . o;sf] nflu pgLx?n] lg/fsf/ zlQmdf xf]Og ef}lts hut tyf k|s[ltk|]dk|lt cfgf] ljrf/ / sfo{ ;dlk{t u/] . cfgf] sLlt{ / gfd b/;Gtfgn] ta dfq lnO/xG5g\ h;n] c;n sd{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] lrGtg u/L 5dbd -ls/ft wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltcg';f/ tLgb]lv ;ft lbg;Dd ul/g] dxfg\ sfo{ h;df ug]{n] gfd / pkflw kfpF5_ cfof]hgf ug]{ ;Nnfx u/] . of] To; o'usf] k|yd dxTjk"0f{ sd{ lyof] . o;} sd{af6 e"ldk"hfsf] klg cf/De ePsf] xf] hf] cfh;Dd klg ls/ftLx?n] ub}{ NofPsf 5g\ . of] 5dbd 5'jd±bfdsf] ;+o'Qm ?k xf] . 5'jdsf] cy{ ;'Fu'/ / bfdsf] cy{ ck{0f ug]{ kljq df;' eGg] x'G5 . ctM lkt[nfO{ gofF cGg;lxt ;'Fu'/sf] df;' r9fpg] ;+:s[lt eGg] a'lemG5 . of] u/]jfkt stf{n] pkflw kfpF5 . 5dbdsf] nflu

xn];L à 39

hfF8/S;L, ;'Fu'/, cb'jf, df]wfd -r/fsf] df;'_, s'v'/f, lr08f], efnf, elsDnf, 9f]n, ‰ofD6f, wfdL, dl;dbL -wfdLn] /Ltcg';f/ gfRgsf] nflu Joj:yf u/]sf dlxnfx?_ h:tf ;a} s'/fx? hDdf eof] . sfd yfNg] lgwf] klg eof] . t/ klg Pp6} s'/fsf] cefj /Xof]– lbbLx? tf]df–v]dfsf] pkl:ylt . r]nL ge} of] sfo{ gpqg] ePsfn] pgLx?sf] vf]hL clgjfo{ lyof] . pgLx? sxfF 5g\, hLljt 5g\ of dl/;s], s'g} 6'ª\uf] lyPg . vf]hLsf nflu pgLx?n] l56f] bf}8g ;Sg] plkofFnfO{ k7fP . plkofF pk|mFb} k'uL tf]df, v]dfsf] lhpdf 6f]Sg nfUof] . pgLx?n] plkofFnfO{ kqm]/ 6fpsf] lsrL ofFlslbP . To;}n] plkofFsf] 6fpsf] RofK6f] x'G5 eG5g\ . plkofFn] km'6]sf] 6fpsf] b'af]n] afFw]/ tf]df, v]df ljlht} 5g\ eGg] va/ vlSrlnk'nfO{ k'¥ofpg ;kmn eof] . To;kl5 afv|fnfO{ vf]Hg k7fP . afv|f kms]{/ gcfPsfn] cljZjf;L dfg]/ aflx/ x§f u/] . To;}n] ls/ftn] afv|f vfFb}gg\ eGg] egfO 5 -:juL{o eLdnl;+x d'/xsf] egfO_ . o;kl5 ;'Fu'/nfO{ k7fP . ;'Fu'/nfO{ klg tf]df, v]dfn] kqm]/ y'lglbP . cGtdf s'v'/fsf] efn] k7fP . efn] hfoh'd k'u]/ af:g yfNof], æs'v'/L sfF ;Dr' vlSrlnk' .Æ d/]sf] efOsf] gfd lnP/ efn] af;]sf] ;'g]/ …of] t cef; ;'Gg'k¥of]Ú egL Pshgfn] tfgsf] jfO;'d -nf}/L_ / csL{n] y'/L lnP/ efn]nfO{ em§L xfGg yfn] . t/, k/k/ efUb} efn] ToxL gfd lnP/ af:Yof] . Pj+qmdn] tf]df, v]df em§L xfGb} uP, efn] rflx“ Pp6f kv]6f v;fpFb} af:b} efUb} uof] . cGTodf pgLx? cfg} efOsf] 3/df k'u] . pgLx? efOsf] 3/df hfg nfh dfg] . efn]sf] kv]6f l6Kb} sDd/df l;pl/“b} uP . cGTodf /ft} kfs]sf] elsDnfsf] af]6 cfFugdf ufl8lbPkl5 aNn cldnf]sf] nf]edf lha|f]df kfgL sf9\b} em'QL u/]/ vfg nfu] . r]nLx?n] cfFug 6]s]kl5 ljlw k"/f eof] / w'dwfd;Fu pNnf;do jftfj/0fdf 5dbd ;DkGg eof] . o;} sd{df ;Dr'sf] gfd vlSrlnk' eg]/ /flvlbP . nfdf] ;do;Dd lj5f]l8Psf r]nL–dfOltsf] /dfOnf] e]63f6 eof] . v'zLofnLdf lba'ldl;nL -lzsf/L l;nL_, rf;'d l;nL -cGg l;nL_, l;s]dfs] l;nL -;Lk;fk l;nL_, gfuL l;nL, tfof l;nL cflb gfr] . 9f]n–‰ofD6f lgdf{0f u/] . hfg] a]nfdf cfgf lhpsf KjfFvx? lrgf]sf] ?kdf dfOltsf] lz/df l;pl/P/ labf lnP . cfh wfdLn] lz/df nufpg] r/fsf] KjfFv o;}sf] k|tLs xf] eG5g\ . of] syf dfq xf]Og ufyf klg xf], sNkgf xf]Og oyfy{ xf] . k'vf{x?af6 cleJoQm of] s'/fnfO{ s;Ldf 3f]6\g' cfhsf lhDd]jf/ ljåfg\x?sf] st{Jox'g]5 .

40 à xn];L

…hfoh'dÚ sf] cjl:ylt / tf]df–v]dfsf] 3/]n' pBf]u vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dxfb]j:yfg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t kg]{ dny'Dsf 8fF8fnfO{ ls/ft Oltxf; tyf wd{–;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df …hfoh'dÚ elgG5 . s;}n] tfofr'ª eG5g\ . lbQm]n ;b/d'sfdaf6 sl/a % 306fsf] af6f] lx“8]kl5 cvf}{n] ahf/ x'Fb} hfoh'd k'luG5 . 6f9}af6 ;'Gb/ / cUnf] b]lvg] of] 8fF8f sl/a kfFr xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . u'/fF; / s6';sf ?vx?n] zf]efodfg hfoh'd 8fF8faf6 /fd|f b[Zox? rf/}tkm{ b]Vg kfOG5 . ko{6sLo / wfld{s b[li6n] klg of] If]q sd dxTjsf] 5}g . t/, Oltxf; n]vg / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] b[Zoaf6 ljns'n 6f9f /x]sf] of] hfoh'd yfxf gkfpg]nfO{ v'kf{sf] la+8 / yfxf kfpg]nfO{ >Lv08 xf] . Tof] ToxL 7fpF xf] hxfF ls/ft ;Eotfsf hgs Pj+ k'vf{ r]nLåo tf]df / v]dfn] k|ydk6s 3/]n' pBf]u :Yffkgf u/L vfF8L / cNnf]sf] sk8f a'Gg ;'? u/]sf lyP . olb tkfO{+ xn];L u'kmf hfFbf hfoh'd 3'd3fd ug{ clnslt ;do vlr{g'eof] eg] Ps 7fpFdf eUgfjz]ifsf] ?kdf tfg a'Gg] 7fpF / csf]{ 7fpFdf wfuf]sf Ko'/Lx? /fVg] 9'ª\ufsf] vf]lkN6f kfpg'x'g]5 . ToxL 7fpFdf tf]df, v]df ufO{j:t' r/fpFb} tfg a'Gg] / wfuf] sfTg] uy]{ . of] w]/}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] ls w]/} kl5;Dd tfgsf 9'Ëf / sf7x? 78\ofOPsf lyP . ToxfF tfg a'Gbf a:g] 7fpF lyof] . ;Lk l;Sg rfxg] dlxnfx?n] o;} 7fpFdf wfuf] r9fP/ ;Lksf 1fgx? dfUy] . of] n]vsn] afns x'Fb} sl/a #* jif{cl3 xn];L ahf/ hfg] qmddf sf7 / 9'Ëfsf] vDafdf wfuf]sf nKsfx? em'lG8Psf] :ki6 b]v]sf] lyof] . t/, @)%% ;fndf ToxfF k'Ubf s]xL lyPg . 9'Ëfsf] kvf{n dfq elTsPsf] cj:yfdf lyof] . clxn] ToxfF ?vx? klg 5}gg\ . clxn] o;sf] ;+/If0fdf ls/ft /fO{ ;d'bfo nflu;s]sf] 5 . pgLx?n] o;sf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts :jfldTj lng' lgZro g} v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . tfofr'ª hfoh'd cflbd ls/ft lbbLalxgL tf]df / v]dfsf] l;ls/L dfls/L -;Lk a'gfO_ ug]{ 3/ xf] . pgLx?nfO{ ;Lksf] ;|i6f dfgL r9fOg] wfuf]sf] sf];]nLn] s] hgfpF5 eg] oL dlxnfx? To; o'usf dxfg\ snfsf/ / lzNksf/ lyP . pgLx?sf] snf / ;Lk cfh ljsl;t eP/ gfgfyl/sf /ËLlj/ËL sk8fx? pTkfbg x'g ;'? eof] . t;y{ pgLx?nfO{ …;Lksf /fgL, ;Lksf gflosfÚ dflgG5 . cfh;Dd kfOPsf g]kfnsf ;fdflhs syf tyf j[QfGtx?df

xn];L à 41

To:tf] s'g} ;Lksf] af/]df ;'lgPsf] 5}g, hf] ls/ft dlxnf tf]df / v]dfsf] af/]df af/Daf/ ;'lg“b} cfOPsf] 5 . lxGb" wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltdf gf/Lx?sf] rrf{ k|foMh;f] k|ltj|tf gf/L, r/0fsL bf;L, ejfgLsf] ?kdf ef]u u|x0f ug]{ eg]/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/, ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf ;Lk;Fu cfj4 ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs hLjgdf xfdLn] b]v]ef]u]s} 5f}+ ls ls/ft dlxnfx?n] klxn]b]lv g} vfF8L, l56, 6f]kL, emfn] ?dfn, nf]tL, ofª\uf, s'rL, k};f /fVg] nf]tL, ;'Qf, emf]nf, ofS;'d -wfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ emf]nf_, l;nb'd|L, /f8L, uNkmg cflb a'Gb} cfPsf x'g\ . cfh klg k|foM ls/ft dlxnfx?sf] xftdf wfuf] / sfF6f em'lG8/x]s} b]lvG5 . gofF j:t'n] k'/fgf]sf] 7fpF lnFb} hfg] qmddf /x] klg lxhf]cfh klg xn];L If]qdf sf]sf]6L / vfF8L sk8fsf] k|rng 5 . o;nfO{ lgZro g} P]ltxfl;s gf/L tf]df / v]dfs} k|ToIf k|efj xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' M JolQm Ps, sfd / gfd cg]s tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' tLghgf kfkf kft];'ª / dfdf lblnb'dsf 5f]/f5f]/L x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf ls/ft /fO{x?df Psdt 5 . t/ tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk'sf] gfd eg] cnu efiff, kl/j]z / ef}uf]lns l:yltsf] sf/0fn] km/s b]lvG5 . o;cg';f/ b'dL, ;fDkfª / sf]o'n] tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk' eG5g\Ù rflDnªn] tf]ofdf, lvofdf, vf]lrlnKkf eG5g\Ù afGtfjfn] 6fafdf, lvofdf, x]Rrfs'Kkf eG5g\ eg] vflnªn] u|fd], nf:d] / vlSrlnKkf egL gfd lnG5g\ . s'g}s'g} b'dLx?n] tf]df / v]dfnfO{ u|d' / nh' klg eg]sf] kfOG5 .

xn];L u'kmfdf vf]lSrlnkf k'vf{x?n] xfdLnfO{ eGb} cfPcg';f/ /}5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ cOn]sf] -clxn]sf]_ ;Nn] uflj;sf] lrlrª\ufdf a:Yof] . avf{df;df pgLx? a;]sf] 3/ k}/f] -klx/f]_ nfu]5 . k}/f]n] aufPkl5 pgx? -pgLx?_ Tof] xn];Lsf] tnkl§sf] u'kmfdf cfP/ a;]5g\ . 3/ gagfP;Dd To; u'kmfdf cfP/ /}5fs'n] a;]sf] xf] . – lht/fh /fO{ dxfb]j:yfg uflj;, j8f gDa/ ^, sflQs] .

42 à xn];L

x/]syl/ ls/ftx?n] ljleGg gfdn] ;Daf]wg u/] tfklg tL tLg}hgf JolQmx? ls/ft ;Eotfsf lzv/ JolQmTjx? x'g\ . pgLx?n] cfhsf dfgjn] k|of]u ul/cfPsf ;fdu|Lx? / dflgcfPsf /Lltl/jfhx?sf] hu a;fpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . w]/} ls/ftx?n] cfgf] j+zfjnLdf pgLx?sf] gfd ;xif{ pNn]v u5{g\ . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ oL JolQmTjx? s'g} syfsf sfNklgs kfq geP/ jf:tljs / l;h{gzLn JolQmTjx? lyP eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fdflhs Joj:yf / k/Dk/fsf] sf/0fn] pgLx? ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf dof{bf k'?if / gf/Lsf] ?kdf u0fgf x'G5g\ . ls/ft ;d'bfosf] pTyfgdf of] 7"nf] b]g lyof] .

xn];L u'kmf vlSrlnk'sf] 3/ cfh xn];L u'kmfnfO{ lxGb"n] dxfb]j–kfj{tLsf] u'kmf dfg]sf 5g\ eg] af}4 ;Dk|bfon] cfgf u'Daf 7fg]sf 5g\ . t/, ls/ft k'vf{x? rflx“ o;nfO{ vlSrlnk'sf] 3/ egL atfpF5g\ . lzj / kf?xfª ls/ft s'g rflx“ h]i7 x'g\ eGg] ;jfn klg 5nkmnsf] ljifo xf] . ls+jbGtLcg';f/ lzjn] s'g} ;dodf ls/ftsf] ?k wf/0f u/]sf sf/0f lzjeGbf ls/ft kf?xfª h]7f] 7xl/G5g\ . lsgeg], lzjn] ls/ftsf] ?k wf/0f ug'{ eg]sf] p;sf] ;b\u'0f / lrGtgsf] cg'ofoL aGg' xf] . To;}n] cfh lzjsf] cg'ofoLsf] ?kdf hf]uLÙ a'4sf] cg'ofoLsf] ?kdf eGt]Ù k|e' oz'dl;xsf] cg'ofoLsf] ?kdf kf]k / kf:6/x?Ù kf?xfª, vlSrlnk'sf] cg'ofoLsf] ?kdf ls/ft wfdLx? b]lvG5g\ . To;/L g} lzjn] ls/ftsf] ?k wf/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf lzjeGbf ls/ft cufl8sf b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] g} lzjnfO{ ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] ?kdf k'lhg] rng cfPsf] xf] . ca ;jfn 5, of] u'kmfsf clwg ;j{k|yd s;n] u¥of] < cfWoflTds bz{gn] of] u'kmfsf] ;[li6 g} /fIf;af6 aRg lzjn] u/]sf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . t/, ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgn] o; u'kmfsf] ;[li6 s'g} Hjfnfd'vLsf] sf/0f ePsf] dfg]sf] 5 . jt{dfgdf To;sf ?k, /Ë, cfs[lt / r§fgx?nfO{ x]bf{ of] Hjfnfd'vLeGbf c? s]xL xf]Og eGg] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ljikmf]6 slxn] eof] eGg] k|df0f geP klg kfkf kft];'ª, dfdf lblnb'd tyf vlSrlnk' sfneGbf cufl8 ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . To;}n] g} w]/} kl5 vlSrlnk'n] of] u'kmfnfO{ cfgf] 3/ agfP . o;/L ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgaf6 x]bf{ of] u'kmfsf] clwg ls/ft k'vf{ vlSrlnk'n] g} ;j{k|yd u/]sf] b]lvG5 / To:t} ls+jbGtL klg aGb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

xn];L à 43

pgsf o:tf ls+jbGtL / syfs}/gx?df xn];L u'kmfb]lv ;fNkf;Dd k'Ug] dfu{jl/kl/ kg]{ nf}/]yfg, ;fDkm]n' -lrlnd'9'Ëf_, ;fNkf, ;'lnr'd kj{t, Ov'{jf, lrv{'jf / t/fO{ kmfF6df y?–afh' -;Kt/L_, dfd]xfª -df]/ª_ / ;fOsfg]psf -lqk'/f ef/t_ ;Ddsf If]qx? af/Daf/ vlSrlnk';Fu hf]l8P/ JofVof eO/xg] :yfgx? x'g\ . tL If]qsf dxTjaf/] ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf lah'jf, gflu/] wfdL -r'nfsf] k"hfdf gfu u'? dfg]/ rNg] wfdL_ / tfof -hfGg];'Gg]_ k'vf{x?n] cfgf] enx -wfld{s d'Gb'dsf] af6f]_ v]b\g] jf k5\ofpg] dfu{ xf] egL atfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} 7fpFx? vlSrlnk'n] e|d0f u/]sf lyP . ls/ft wfdLx?n] vfKs/ -wfdL pkrf/, lrGtf_ ubf{ / dg]{nfO{ cflTds af6f] b]vfpFbf;d]t oxL af6f] klxNofpg] u5{g\ . oL ;a} s'/fx?af6 s] yfxf nfU5 eg] vlSrlnk' cfgf] 3/ xn];L u'kmfnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L slxn] n]ssf] e|d0f ug{ ;fNkf / ;'lnrf]ª;Dd k'Uy] eg] slxn] a]+;Lsf] e|d0f ug{ lqk'/f -ef/t_ ;Dd k'Uy] . k'vf{x?sf] egfOdf lxdfndf a:g] ef]6]b]lv lnP/ dWokxf8df a:g] /fO{, lnDa", ;'g'jf/ / t/fO{df a:g] yf?, lwdfn / bg'jf/x? ;a} ls/ftL g} x'g\ . lxhf]cfh gofF cg';Gwfgljb\x?n] lh/]n, xfo', gfuf / r]kfªx? klg ls/ft g} x'g\ eGg yfn]sf 5g\ .

tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk' M ls/ft j+zsf] cfwf/ :tDe ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk'nfO{ ls/ft j+zsf] k|jt{s jf cfwf/:tDe dfg]sf] 5 . o;;DaGwL ljleGg ls+jbGtLx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;dWo] s]xL ls+jbGtLx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M tf]dfsf] j+z ef]6] / tfdfª x'g\ eg] v]dfsf] j+zh yf?, bg'jf/, lwdfn x'g\ . o;cg';f/ tf]df, v]df hfoh'daf6 lx“8]kl5 n]s hfg] tf]dfaf6 ef]6] / tfdfªÙ a]+;L hfg] v]dfaf6 yf?, bg'jf/ / lwdfnsf] j+zh km}lnPsf] xf] . à wg?k ;Td /fO{ -;Kt]Zj/_ sf] egfO . tf]df, v]dfsf] j+zfjnL ljZn]if0f ubf{ kf?xfª / gfOdfsf] ;Gtfg kft];'ª lyP . lghsf] ;Gtfg rfKrf -af3_, akf{÷df]S;' -efn'_ / xF5f -dflg;_ lyP . xF5fsf] ;Gtfg vlSrlnk' g} xn];L u'kmfdf a:y] . à an/fd ;/r' /fO{ -vfdL{_ sf] egfO .

44 à xn];L ef]hk'/sf afGtfjf x+If]0f kf5fsf k'vf{x?sf] egfOdf kf?xfªsf] 5f]/f x]Ds'Da'ª lyP . lghsf] 5f]/f kft];'ª lyP / lghsf] ;Gtfg tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' x'g\ . à /0faxfb'/ x+If]0f /fO{ -ef]hk'/_ sf] egfO . csf]{ ls+jbGtLcg';f/ vlSrlnk' / gfusGof l;lqmdfsf] ;Gtfg ;fNkf / l/la|df x'g\ . ;fNkf / l/la|df bfh'–alxgL ljjfx ug{ gx'g] ePsfn] ;fNkf n]s uO{ ag]n -aFb]n_ eP/ a:of] . ag]n afnLdf rg{ embf{ l/la|dfn] kf;f]df kf/L dfl/g\ . k'gM l/la|dfn] ag]nnfO{ dg'iodf cjt/0f u/fO{ h'gL km]l/Pkl5 ljjfx u/] . pgLx?af6 hGd]sf] tLg ;Gtfgx?df h]7f d'sfDa' h;af6 ef]6], tfdfª / u'?ª hlGdPÙ dfOnf xs{a'ª h;af6 /fO{, lnDa" / ;'g'jf/ hlGdPÙ sfG5f l/An5faf6 yf?, bg'jf/ / lwdfn hlGdP . à bnaxfb'/ rfdn'ª /fO{sf] egfO . To:t} vlSrlnk'nfO{ lrgfpg] csf]{ j+zfjnL s]xL jif{cufl8 k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . To;df ;'lDgdf–kf?xfªsf ;Gtfg dgf]ofªxfª, of]of]ªxfª / yf]of]ªxfª x'g\ . of]of]ªxfªsf] ;Gtfg vDa'xfª lyP . lghsf ;Gtfg vlSrlnk x'g\ . lghsf ;Gtfg Ao?ªxfª / gfufxfª x'g\ . Ao?ªxfªsf] ;Gtfg of]Sg]xfª x'g\ . lghsf] ;Gtfg rfkm]xfª, dukfxfª -du/_, :oª?sxfª -u'?ª, ysfnL_, tfªjfxfª -tfdfª, ltAaltog_ / yfªbfxfª -yf?_ x'g\ . /, rfDkm]xfªsf 5f]/f on'ªxfª -onDa/_ x'g\ . à s[i0f rflDnªåf/f k|:t't vDa'xfª j+zfjnL, vDa'jfg a'n]l6g–! -vDa'jfg cfjfh_ .

pk/f]Qm k|;Ën] s] hgfpF5 eg] tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk' ls/ftLx?sf k'vf{ x'g\ . pg}sf] ;Gtfgsf] ?kdf lxdfndf a:g] ef]6] / tfdfª ePÙ kxf8df a:g] /fO{, ofSvf, lnDa" / ;'gj' f/ ePÙ t/fO{df a:g] yf?, lwdfn, bg'jf/ cflb eP . pgL nueu &%) jif{ afFrs ] f] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . pgL hxfF–hxfF ofq'sf] ?kdf e|d0f u/] ToxfF–ToxfF cfgf] ;[li6 km}nfP . To;}n] ls/ft hfltdf s]xL /Lltljlw / rngdf km/s k/] tfklg ;f+:s[lts xftxltof/ efnf, wg'sfF8, ;fª\uLlts ;fdu|Lx? 9f]n, ‰ofD6f, eF" -cgf{sf] l;ª_, uxgfdf d'ufsf] bfgf, KjfFnf] / j:qx?df ;dfgtf kfOG5 . t;y{

xn];L à 45

ls/ftx?sf] ;|i6f / nf]s /Lltl/jfhsf] hgssf] x}l;otn] pgLx?nfO{ To; o'usf] ;Eotf, r]tgfsf] ;Gb]zjfxssf] ?kdf lrlgG5 .

5dbd M vlSrlnk'sf] k|yd ;fdflhs–wfld{s sd{ lxGb" sd{sf08df ;Ktfx k'/f0f nufP h:t} ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf vlSrlnk'n] g} ;j{k|yd 5dbdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . k'vf{x?sf] egfOdf pgL cfkm}+ j]hf]8 wfdL lyP / o;} 5dbdaf6 pgsf] k'dfg' -km"ngfd / ljz]if0f_ vlSrlnk' eg]/ /flvof] . oxL k/Dk/f ls/ftx?df /Xof] / clxn];Dd k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df gflu/]n] 3/sf] r'Nxf]af6 ljlwjt\ enx -k"vf{sf] af6f], ljz]if u/L vf]nf–bxsf] af6f]_ cf/De u/]/ vlSrlnk'n] e|d0f u/]sf ;a} 7fpFx?sf] ofqf k"/f u/L cGTodf r'Nxf]df g} cfP/ ;dfKt x'G5 . of] sfo{ ug{sf] nflu >Ldfg\, >LdtL b'j} hLljt x'g'k5{, of t tkf;] /x]sf] gf/L jf k'?if x'g'k5{ . cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?df hu/ km'n]sf] ;'Fu'/, /fFuf], s'v/f, df]wfd -l5lnkf r/fsf] df;'_, !^ kfyL sf]bf], !^ £ofDkf hfF8, !^ j6f lrG8f], !^ j6f s'v'/f rflxG5 . vlSrlnk'n] rflx“ elsDnfsf] ?v /f]k]sf] k|;Ë dfly g} pNn]v e};s]sf] 5 . gflu/]sf] ;fydf !^ alxgL d:o'd] -l;nL gfRg] gf/L kfq_ / tfof k'vf{x? /xg'k5{ . ljlwcg';f/ wfdLn] cfgf] enx klxNofO{ gfR5 eg] d:o'd]x?n] rflx“ l/l;o -wfld{s uLt, ehg_ ufpFb} 9f]n, ‰ofD6f / e"F -cgf{sf] l;ª_ sf] cfjfhdf ljleGg l;nLx?df gfRb5g\ . lkmGtf–lkmGtf -r/0f–r/0f_ cg';f/ slxn] 3/leq r'Nxf]nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L gflrG5 / slxn] cfFugsf] Ol;lndnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L gflrG5 . ljjfx sd{eGbf of] a9L vrf{n' x'G5 . tyflk 5dbd ug'{sf] p2]Zo xf]– k'df g' -km"n gfd / ljz]if0f of pkfwL lbg'_ nufpg', ls/ft :jwd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ arfO/fVg', ls/ft sd{wd{ ubf{ k'dfg'nfO{ :d/0f ug'{, cfo' a9fpg', e"ld dftfnfO{ ;]jf ug'{, lkt[b]jnfO{ v'zL kfg'{, cGgafnL k|of]udf lgod a;fpg', b/;GtfgnfO{ ;'vL t'Nofpg', ;a}nfO{ Pp6} d"NodfGotfdf cfa4 ug'{ cflb . o;/L Ps o'udf vlSrlnk'n] cf/De u/]sf] 5dbdsf] k|rngaf6 o:tf] k'df g' jf g'ª\s' -k'vf}{nL gfd_ nufpg]x? w]/} ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . of] k'df g' k'vf{x?af6 sy]/ nufOG5 . of] k|rng b'dL ls/ftx?df /Ts' xbL / /ª\sf;'tkm{ pgLx?sf] k'vf{ tf]lbKk' / tf]lbKd' tyf ;Td kf5fdf lgu'xfªsf]

46 à xn];L

;dob]lv k'df g' nufPsf] clen]v kfOPsf] 5 . b'dL kf5fx?df o;cl3 s] slt k'df g' nufOPsf lyP, Tof] vf]hsf] ljifo xf] . o;/L k'df g' nufpg] k|rngaf6 s] yfxf kfOG5 eg] vlSrlnk' ls/ft Oltxf;df wd{, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf gfos x'g\ . pgsf] of] b]g ;Dk"0f{ ls/ftx?nfO{ Ps;"qdf cfj4 ug]{ d"ndGq ag]sf] 5 . pgsf] oxL dxfg\ sd{n] ubf{ cfh klg pgnfO{ ;a}n] cflbd k'?ifsf] ?kdf dflg/x]sf 5g\ .

;fs]nf / tf]df, v]df vlSrlnk' M Pp6} l;Ssfsf] b'O{ kf6f cfh h'g ?kdf ls/ft /fO{x?n] ;uf}/j a}zfv] k"l0f{dfdf k"hf u5{g\, of] k"hf ug]{ k/Dk/f g} vlSrlnk'af6 k|f/De ePsf] xf] . cGg vfFbf la;~rf] x'g] ePsfn] lkt[nfO{ r9fO{ vfg] gfu]n'd -jfOn'ª\df_;Fusf] ;Nnfx ePaf6 g} pQm kljq sd{df r]nL rflxPsfn] vf]hL ul/of] / t'jfr'ªaf6 tf]df, v]dfnfO{ vlSrlnk'sf] ufpF lrlrª\ufdf k'¥ofPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . t;y{ ;fs]nf / vlSrlnk'aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . of] k"hfdf e"ld jf k|s[ltsf] k"hf ul/G5 . k|s[ltsf ;]js ls/ftx?n] ug]{ e"ldk"HffnfO{ g} e'd]k"hf, ;fs]nf jf ;fv]n cflb elgG5 . e" eGgfn] hldgnfO{ a'lemG5 . k"hf ug]{ :yfgnfO{ ;fwf/0f efiffdf e"d]yfg elgG5 eg] efn] k;f{pg], b]vfpg], gfRg], la;fpFg] 7fpF jf b]p:ynnfO{ ls/ft efiffdf Oª\v'nL elgG5 . of] Oª\vn ' Ldf e"ld jf e"ds ] f] ?kdf gfu a:5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . t;y{ To;df gfusf] k|tLssf] ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ b]j9'Ëfx? /flvPsf x'G5g\ . ltg} gfu?kL e"ldb]jnfO{ cfgf] ;|i6f, kfns / ;Def/stf{ 7fgL ;'uF /' , s'v/' f, rf]vf] /S;L, hfF8, w'k, cb'jf / rfdnn] k"Hff u5{g\ . vlSrlnk'sf] hLjg j[QfGtcg';f/ ls/ftLx? gfusf efGhf x'g\ eg] vlSrlnk' rflx“ :jo+ HjfOF x'g\ . t;y{ pgn] cfgf] ;;'/fnL e"ld jf gfunfO{ k"hf u/]sf x'g\ . o:t} k/Dk/f pgsf ;Gtfgx?n] klg ub}{ NofPsfn] ls/ftLx?sf] dfemdf ;fs]nfn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg kfPsf] xf] . of] ;fs]nf ls/ft snf, ;Lk / ;EotfnfO{ emNsfpg] l;nL -clego_x? l6k]/ gflrG5 . oL l;nLx? Psflt/ lzsf/L / s[lif hLjgnfO{ emNsfpg]vfnsf 5g\ eg] csf]l{ t/ ;Lk / snfsf] ljsf;nfO{ emNsfpg]vfnsf 5g\ . lzsf/L hLjgsf] clego ug]{ qmddf wg'sfF8, efnf / cGo xltof/x? v]nfO{ lzsf/ ug],{ vfg],

xn];L à 47

s[lif hLjgsf] clego, cGgafnLsf] 5/kfp, uf]8d]n, s6gL–d/gL, p7fpg], c;f{Ng], s'6g\ l] k6\g,] lgkmg–gfkmg, vfgf agfpg], lkt[bj] / e"ldnfO{ r9fpg], cfkm" vfg], c?nfO{ lbg], dgf]/~hg ug]{ l;nLx? ul/G5 . o;}u/L ;Lk / snfsf] clego ubf{ skf; 5g],{ uf]8g\ ,] p7fpg]bl] v lnP/ n'uf a'Gg], l;pg], cfkm"n] nufpg], c?nfO{ nufOlbg], sfOFof] 7s]gf{ lvKg], agfpg], s]z sf]g{] /fd|f] x'g,] gfRg], xif{ pNnf; ug]{ OToflb l;nLx? ul/G5 . of] Pp6f 7"nf] g[Tosnf klg xf] . jf:tjdf cfhsf] nf]sgfrb]lv l8:sf] 8fG;;Ddsf] ;|ft] eg]sf] ;fs]nf gfr g} xf] . oL ;a} l;nLx? ug{sf] tfTko{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk'n] cf/Dedf ef]Ug'k/]sf] b'Mv–sxfgL / To;af6 d'lQm kfpg u/]sf] pBf]u;Fu ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . pgLx?nfO{ ltg} Joj;fo Pj+ ;Lk / snfn] To; o'udf dxTjk"0f{ dfgjsf] ?kdf :yflkt u¥of] . ToxL snf / ;Lk cfpFbf k':tfx?n] cg'z/0f u/] . dfgj sd{af6 dfq dxfg\ aG5 eGg] kf7 oL r]nL–dfOltsf] lrGtg / sd{af6 lgM;[t x'G5 . t;y{ cfh klg ls/ftx?n] ;fs]nf g5f]8g\ s ' f] k5fl8 log} ts{x? /x]sf 5g\ . lkt[kv ' f{x? v';L x'g,\ cGgsf] ;fxf ghfcf];,\ cfo' a9f];,\ kfgL k/L k|sl[ t pj{/ xf];\ eGg] sfdgfsf] ;fy ;DkGg ul/g] of] ;fs]nf k"hf / o;sf] gfr cfhsn cGo hfltx?df klg dgf]/~hgsf] ;fwg aGg uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs Pstf / eft[TjnfO{ hf]8 lbg] ;fs]nf k"hfsf dxTjk"0f{ Oª\vn ' Lx?df vf]6fª g]kf{sf] gf} ku/Lsf] ;femf Oª\vn ' L, ef]hk'/ lbNkfsf] Oª\vn ' L, vf]6fª vfdL{sf] Oª\vn ' L, /t]kf / ufGkfn] :yfkgf u/]sf] dfSkfsf] Oª\vn ' L, ;;sf{sf] Oª\vn ' L, kfy]sfsf] Oª\vn ' L kb{5g\ . o;afx]s cGo sltko Oª\vn ' Lx? ufpFufpFdf y'k}| :yflkt 5g\ . oL ;a} tfoflbgsf Oª\vn ' Lx? x'g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ Oª\v'nLx?sf] :yfkgf / To;sf] k"hfdf gflrg] gfrn] ls/ft ;Eotfsf] laGb'nfO{ emNsfO/x]sf] 5 . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] s[lif o'usf] cf/lDes laGb' g} tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk'sf] hLjgufyfaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 .

;Lk / snfsf gfos M tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk' cfZostf g} cljisf/sf] hggL xf] eGg] s'/f oL cflbd r]nL–dfOltsf] hLjg j[QfGtaf6 yfxf nfU5 . oL ;Lk / snfx?sf] 1fg pgLx?n] r/fr'?ËL / hgfj/af6 k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ . gfDnf], bfDnf], 8f]sf], gfª\nf] cflbsf] cfljisf/ r/fr'?ËLn] nufpg] u'8F sf] cg'z/0f lyof] . oL tLg}hgf JolQmTjx? cfkm"df u'0f / ;Lkn] ;DkGg x'gd' f snf / ;Lks} ;fwgf lyof] . oL tLghgfnfO{ Pscsf{;uF

48 à xn];L

cnu u/]/ cWoog ubf{ ck"0f{ x'g hfG5 . t;y{ tf]df, v]df hxfF x'G5g\ ToxfF vlSrlnk' ;Fu;Fu} hf]l8g cfpF5 . /, hxfF vlSrlnk'sf] ufyf cfpF5 ToxfF tf]df, v]df klg ;Fu} ldl;g cfpF5g\ . dfgf},+ pgLx? cflb, dWo / cGTo ldn]sf] l;ª\uf] Joj:Yff x'g\ . tf]df, v]dfn] Psflt/ ;Lk / pBf]usf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]l{ t/ vlSrlnk'n] ;fdflhs rfnrng / Jojxf/nfO{ :yflkt ub}{ s[lif o'unfO{ hGdfPsf] b]lvG5 . s[lifsf] nflu vGg], hf]Tg], lxNofpg] geOgx'g] ;fdu|Lx? x'g\ . oL ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;[li6 g} vlSrlnk'sf] Joj;foaf6 ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] x'g ;S5 sd08n' / af3sf] 5fnf cf]8g\ ] JolQmx?af6 tfgsf] h'jf / /fzL k|of]u u/L sk8f a'lgof] eGg] j[QfGt st} klg ;'Ggdf gcfPsf] xf] . a? of] sd{ rflx“ xftdf lr08f] af]Sg]x?n] g} u/] . cfh tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk'sf] ;Lk / snfsf] hudf sof}+ dxnx? alg;s]sf 5g\ . t;y{ hxfF–hxfF ;Lk / snfx? kmN5g\ km'N5g\ ToxfFToxfF pgLx? k'us ] f x'G5g\ . r/fr'?ËLnfO{ yfKg] kf;f] cfh ljsl;t eP/ zq'sf] ;fwgf ug{ wh{gsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . cd]l/sLx?nfO{ dfg{ leotgfdL u'l/Nnfx?n] yfk]sf] wh{g xf];\ of g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLx?n] ?s'd / /f]Nkfsf] hª\ndf yfk]sf] kf;f] xf];,\ vlSrlnk's} kf;f]sf] ljsl;t ?k x'g\ . To;}u/L /fhf–dfxf/fhfx?n] nufpg] >Lk]rx? vlSrlnk'sf] l;nL ug]{ gflu/] wfdLx?n] nufpg] km]6f / l;nb'dL| sf] ljsl;t ?k xf] eg] s/]G6n] rNg] cfhsf] efOa|6] / sfOFof]sf] Oltxf; kf?xfªn] gfOdfnfO{ sf];n ] L k7fOlbPsf] sfOFof] 7s]gf{;uF hf]l8g k'U5 .

;fdflhs k/Dk/fsf ;|i6f M tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' ;fdflhs k/Dk/fsf] ;|i6fsf] ?kdf klg oL JolQmTjx? k"Ho 5g\ . of] s'/f ls/ftx?n] ug]{ ljjfx k/Dk/f x]bf{ 5n{Ë x'G5 . s]6L leq\ofpg 3/leq x'Ng] a]nfdf s]6f]n] s]6Lsf] bflxg] xft kqm]/ ;F3f/5]pdf plePsL cfgL cfdfnfO{ lbg'k5{ . /, cfdfn] 3/leq b'nxL tflG5g\ . of] k|rng vlSrlnk'n] gfu]n'dnfO{ klqmPkl5 j}jflxs aGwgdf afFlwPsf] k|;Ë;Fu hf]l8g k'U5 . o;}u/L a]x'nLsf] 3/df hGtL NofPkl5 a]x'nfsf] tkm{af6 NofPsf] kfgkm"n s]6Lsf] 3/df k|:t't ubf{ …kf?xfª–gfod / kfkf kft];'ª, dfdf lblnb'dsf] 5f]/f vlSrlnk' r]Nk' -HjfOF_ gfu]n'dsf] ljjfxb]lv g} ul/NofPsf] /Llt xfdL NofpF5f}+ xh'/ afaf ÛÚ egL Hofb} gd| eP/ aS;fpgL km;f{pgL ul/G5 . o;sf]

xn];L à 49

k|ltpQ/df p;/L g} …afaf Û xh'/x?sf] kfgkm"n vfg' xfdLnfO{ z/d nfU5, kfk nfU5 t/ klg vlSrlnk', r]Nk', gfu]n'dsf] kfnfb]lv rlncfPsf] rng x'gfn] tkfO{+x?sf] kfgkm"n ;'Kt'n'nfO{ b]vfpF5f}+Ú egL wfdL / k'vf{x?n] /Lltljlw u5{g\ . olt /Lltljlw u/]/ HjfOFn] ;f;"nfO{ 9f]u]kl5 ;a}sf] ;a};Fu 9f]ue]6 rN5 . k'/fgf] ;fOgf] l5lgG5 / gofF ;fOgf] hf]l8G5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs dof{bf, Pstf / ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf clea[l4 x'G5 . of] k/Dk/fsf] ;|i6f klg ls/ft ls+jbGtLn] vlSrlnk'nfO{ g} dfg]sf] 5 . To:t} jif{df Psk6s ul/g] GjfuL xf];\ jf a]nfa]nfdf ul/g] 5f];{' -r'Nxf]nfO{ ;'Fu'/sf] df;' r9fP/ ul/g] ;Ddfg_, gfu', ltwfddf k|of]u ul/g] gofF cb'jf, /S;L, gofF rfdn cflbn] pxL k'/ftg k/Dk/fnfO{ g} ;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 .

gf/L ;dfgtfsf] k|tLs M tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk' tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk'sf] hLjg j[QfGtn] gf/Lk|ltsf] efjnfO{ klg ;Ddfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . gf/L ;dfhsf] cleGg c+u x'g\, pgLx?df klg w}o{, ;fx; / 1fgsf] e08f/ x'G5 eg] k|df0f tf]df, v]dfsf] hLjg rl/qn] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . vlSrlnk' cfkm" cGgkftsf wgL, ;'Gb/L >LdtL / hldgsf] dflns eP/ klg 5dbd h:tf] ;fdflhs sd{k|lt ;f}lvg x'g\ . o;df r]nLsf] pkl:yltnfO{ clgjfo{ 7fGg' ;dfhdf gf/Lsf] dxTjnfO{ l:jsfg'{ xf] .

6'ª\uf] tf]df, v]df, vlSrlnk'sf] hLjgufyfaf6 jt{dfg ;dfhn] w]/} s'/fx? u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . 3/ufpFdf cem} klg dflg;x? k/b]z nfUbf 3/df /flvPsf] km"nnfO{ ;fOtkfgLn] 5s]{/ lx“8]kl5 ;f] ;fOtkfgL st} ;'/lIft /flvG5 . km"n cf]Olnof] eg] k/b]zLnfO{ ;~rf] 5}g, eml/n} 5 eg] cf/fd 5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/G5 . jf:tjdf of] k|rng ;a}eGbf klxn] tf]df, v]df hfoh'daf6 5'6]/ n]s / a]+;L hfg] qmddf eljiojf0fLsf] nflu km"n /f]k]sf] ;Gbe{;Fu hf]l8G5 . alxgL hLljt 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f lbbLn] km"n d/]sf] b]v]af6 yfxf kfPsL lyOg\ . cfh ;+;f/df sltko l;4fGt, jfb, /Lltl/jfh / k|yfx? hlGdP, x'ls{P / sltko sfd gnfUg] eO{ dl/;s]sf 5g\ . t/ ls/ft wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltdf

50 à xn];L

tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk'n] :yflkt u/]sf] /Lltljlw d"No / dfGotfx? Psdfly csf]{ ylkP/ ljzfn / kl/:s[t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . cfh;Dddf tL k/Dk/fx? gx/fpg'Ù ;fs]nf k"hfsf] lj:tf/ x'g'Ù cNnf], vfF8L / sf]sf]6Lsf] a'gfOdf pgL / gfOng ylkg'Ù cflbjf;Lx?n] cfgf] efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt cGo wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] a'nGb cfjfh lnO{ :jcl:tTj vf]Hg' o:t} pbfx/0fx? x'g\ h'g dfGotf log} cflbd gf/L / k'?ifn] cf/De u/]sf lyP . ls/ft wd{ / ;+:s[ltn] Jo"x/rgf, e]bgLlt, if8\oGq, 5nsk6, o'4, df/sf6 h:tf ;jfnx?eGbf k/ dfgj s;/L ;Eo / ;';+:s[t x'g] < ;fdflhs Pstf / ;lxi0f'tf s;/L Nofpg] < ufF;, af;, skf; / ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf s;/L ug]{ < oL ;jfnx?tkm{ dfq pGd'v /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . To; o'udf afnssf] ?kdf hGd]sf] ls/ft wfld{s d"No / dfGotfx? cfh xfd|f] nflu l;/fgL ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ljZjn] ls/ft ;Eotf eg]/ lrGg'k5{ . ls/ft ;Eotf d];f]kf]6fldof, lrlgof, ld>, o'gfgL h:tf ljZjsf rlr{t ;Eotfx?eGbf klg h]7f] ;Eotf xf] . t/, j}1flgs zf]w–vf]hsf] cefjn] tf]df, v]df / vlSrlnk' nf]ssyfsf s'g} sfNklgs kfq x'g\ eGg] klg k/]sf] 5 . tyflk …k'/fgf] kft em5{, gofF kft knfpF5Ú (old tress may die but genesis do not fade away) eGg] c+u|]hL pvfgnfO{ l:jsfg]{ xf] eg] k'gM eGg'k5{– ls/ft k'vf{x?n] ;'? u/]sf] s[lif Joj:yf, ;fdflhs /Lltlylt, k/Dk/f, rfnrng, Jojxf/, ;Lk / snfdf g} xfd|f] jt{dfg cWofo cl8Psf] x'gfn] oL cflbd gf/L / k'?if ;Eotfsf] lzv/ JolQmTjsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/ ;Ddflgt eO/xg]5g\ . g]kfnL nf]s;+:s[ltcg';f/ ufpF3/df ufOg] Znf]sdf ls/ft /fO{sf] ;Lk, snf / /Lltl/jfhnfO{ ;d]6\g] lgDg Znf]sx?n] klg pk/f]Qm s'/fx?s} k'li6 u5{–

s;n] a'g]sf] 8fnL / 5kgL, s;n] a'g]sf] lkmkL < s;n] afFw]sf] /fO{aGwL ku/L, s;n] afFw]sf] lylt < /fO{n] a'g]sf] 8fnL / 5kgL, /fO{n] a'g]sf] lkmkL /fO{n] afFw]sf] /fO{aGwL ku/L, /fO{n] afFw]sf] lylt . b'dL ls/ft /fO{ kmlG;lsdsf] cw{jflif{s eflifs klqsf …Ol;lndÚ -jif{ @, c+s @, @)%&_ df k|sflzt of] n]v kl/lzi6afx]s ;fdfGo eflifs ;Dkfbg;lxt k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . – ;Dkfbs

xn];L à 51

ls/ft nf]ssyf

tFjfdf, lvofdf, /5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ u8'ndfg /fO{

of] wtL{df kflt;'ª / 8fsxFdf lyP . pgLx? hf]8L afFlwPkl5 tFjfdf, lvofdf b'O{hgf 5f]/Lx? / /5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ 5f]/f hGdfP . t/, kflt;'ª ->Ldfg\_ sf] b]xfGt eof] . kflt;'ª d/]kl5 p;sf] kl/jf/n] b'Mv kfP . ef]sltvf{ nfUbf cfdf -8fsxFdf_ n] ;Nnfsf] vf]6f] NofP/ lbFbf Tof] klg £o" h:t} ld7f] eof] . zq'x?n] logLx? t ef]sn] dg{ nfu]sf xf]nfg\ eGg] ;f]r]sf lyP t/ pgLx?n] t £o' kf] vfFb} u/]sf] b]v] . clg t zq'x?n] ;Nnfsf] vf]6f]df lr/fOtf] nufOlbP . 8fsxFdfn] ;Nnfsf] vf]6f] NofP/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ lbOg\ . t/, Tof] lttf] eof] . eg]kl5 cfdfn] klg rfVbf t ;fFRr} lttf] eof] . pgLx?n] zq'n] lr/fOtf] nufOuPsf] yfxf kfP . To;kl5 d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ vfg]s'/f] s] lbg' ta eg]/ Pslbg g'g vf]Hg 6f9f ef]6lt/ hfG5' eGg] ;f]r]/ v/fgL kf]SofP/ ´'G8\ofpFb} elgg\, æof] ´'G8\ofPsf] grnfpg" . d 8'Ng' uP/ vfg]s'/f] NofPkl5 vfpFnf .Æ aRrfx?nfO{ olt eg]/ 8fsxFdf ef]6lt/ g'g vf]Hg uOg\ . zq'x?n] 8fsxFdfnfO{ w]/} lbg b]v]gg\ . pgLx?n] aRrfx?nfO{ ;f]w], æltdLx?sL cfdf cfhef]ln b]lvFb}gg\, stf uOg\ <Æ aRrfx?n] eg], æxfd|L cfdf vfg]s'/f g'g vf]Hg' ef]6lt/ uPsL 5 .Æ zq'x?n] 8fsxFdf lkmg]{ af6f]df kg]{ vf]nfsf] ;fF3' d'lgaf6 aGr/f]n] sf6]/ nkm]/ -w/fk_ agfO/fv] . 8fsxFdf ef]6lt/af6 g'g af]s]/ ;fF3' tb}{ ubf{ ;fF3' efFlRrP/ nl8´/]sf sf/0f vf]nfn] aufOnUof] .

52 à xn];L

w]/} lbg;Dd klg cfdf gcfPkl5 aRrfx? ef]sn] dg{ nfu] . tFjfdf, lvofdf cln 7"nf lyP . pgLx?sf] efO ;fg} lyof] . tFjfdf, lvofdf b'j}n] ´'lG8Psf] kf]sf 3f]Rbf t ToxfF vfg]s'/f s]xL lyPg, v/fgL kf] kf]lsPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 tFjfdf, lvofdfsf] efO /f]of]÷s/fof] . ef]sn] Kofs–KofStL kbf{ efOsf] dfof nfu]/ vfg]s'/f vf]Hg ufpF6f]nlt/ uP . Tof] yfxf kfP/ zq'x?n] ufpF6f]ndf eg]5g\, æotflt/ tFjfdf, lvofdfn] vfg]s'/f vf]lhlx“8\5g\ . ltdLx?n] cf]VnL, d':nL /fd|f] n'sfpg" x} .Æ t/ Pshgf a'9LdfG5]n] pN6f] cf]VnLdf …Ps dfgf rfdn 5f]8L hfpm x}Ú eg]h:tf] ;'lg5g\ / Psdfgf rfdn nufP/ 5fl8uOg\ . tFjfdf lvofdfn] vfg]s'/f] vf]Hb} hfFbf a"9LdfG5]sf] 3/sf] cf]VnLdf rfdn e]6]/ v';L x'Fb} NofP . cu]gfdf cfuf] km's]/ xfF8Ldf eft a;fpFbf efO /5fs'n] v';L eP/ cu]gfjl/kl/ ub}{ …lbbL tFof /fd|f], lbbL lvof /fd|f]Ú plk|mlx“8\bf cu'N7f] s'lNrP/÷km]lNbP/ …vr]lnkfÚ eof] . oxL sf/0f /5fs'n]nfO{ vf]lSrlnkf elgG5 . /, xfF8Ldf pDnFb} u/]sf] eft 3f]K6\ofOk7fof] . lbbLx?n] æslt b'Mvn] vf]h]/ NofPsf] rfdn kf]vfOk7fO;\Æ eGb} b'j} lbbLn] s'6]kl5 efO ?g yfNof] . ?Fbf?Fbf u/]/ cu]gf5]pdf lgbfof] . tFjfdf, lvofdfn] km]l/ vfg]s'/f vf]h]/ NofpFbf;Dd klg efO ef]sn] j]xf];h:t} eP/ lgbfO/fv]sf] lyof] . pgLx?n] ;D´]– …xfdLn] efOnfO{ s'6]sf lyof}+, dl/uP5 .Ú s] ug]{, s;f] ug]{ x'Fb} oxL+ ;tut ug{] eg]/ lbbLx?n] hflvdfsf] kft NofP . kftn] 5f]k]/ dflyaf6 v'§fn] s'NrFbf s¥ofss¥ofs u/]/ aHof] . pgLx?n] ;f]r] ls efOsf] x8\8L, xftv'§f efFlrof] . pgLx?n] sb{ / Ps sf];f jgs]/f efOsf] l;/fgLdf /flvlbP . efOsf] d[To'n] lj/Qm eP/ pgLx?n] Tof] ynf] 5f]8\g] lgwf] u/] . kl5 e]63f6 ug]{ :yfg rflx“ t'jfr'ª -dnfr'ª÷dnfy'Dsf_ nfO{ agfpg] eP . -t'jfr'ª 8fF8f vf]6fªsf] dxfb]j:yfg uflj;df k5{, hxfF xn];L u'kmfaf6 Ps 306f psfnf] lx“8]/ k'luG5 ._ pgLx?n] hf] cufl8 cfpF5, oxL 8fF8fdf kv{g] ;Nnfx u/] . tFjfdfn] alxgLnfO{ elgg\, æxfd|f] dfjnL ;fkmKt] g/fd|f] afgLa]xf]/fsf] 5, p;nfO{ glh:Sofpg" . lh:sfO;\ eg] tFnfO{ df5{ x} .Æ b'O{ lbbLalxgL 5'l§P . tFjfdf t/fO{lt/ eml/g\ . lvofdf lxdfnlt/ nflug\ . lbbL tFjfdfn] ;r]t u/fpFb} eg]sf] s'/f la;]{/ Pslbg lvofdfn] dfjnL ;fkmKt]nfO{ lh:sfOg\, æltdL t dfjnL ;fÃ} ;fgf] 5f} . d d'v cfF u/]/ p3fbf{ d]/f] d'vdf k:of} eg] d ltdLnfO{ lglnlbG5' .Æ lvofdfn] o;f] eg]/ af/Daf/ lh:SofO/lxg\ . Pslbg ;fkmKt]n] unt dg;'jfn] eGof], ænf} t lvofdf]p, cfF

xn];L à 53

u/]/ d'v p3f/ .Æ lvofdfn] d'v p3f/]/ cfF ul/g\ . ;fkmKt] p8]/ d'vleq k;]/ 3fF6Ldf clN´of] . leq klg k;]g, aflx/ klg lg:s]g . o;/L ;fkmKt]n] lvofdfnfO{ df/]/ s]nfOvfof] . x8\8Ls'8\8L ToxL+ y'kfl/uof] . w]/} ;do lat]kl5 tFjfdf dnfy'Dsfdf cfP/ tfg algg\, al;g\ . t/, alxgLsf] slt af6f] x]bf{ klg cfOgg\ . cfgf] tfg a'Gg] 7fpFdf klg lyOgg\ . pgsf] dgdf lr;f] k:of] / lalxgLsf] vf]hL ul/lx“l8g\ . t/, kQf nufpg ;lsgg\ . cflht eP/ dfjnL ;fkmKt]nfO{ e]6]/ ;f]lwg\, æxf]Og, dfjnL d]/L alxgLsf] a'l4 lyPg df¥of} ls s;f] <Æ ;fkmKt]n] eGof], æltd|L alxgLn] dnfO{ af/Daf/ lh:SofP/ …ltdL ;fÃ} ;fgf 5f} dfpnL, cfpm d]/f] d'vleq k;, d lglnlbG5'Ú elg/lxg\ . clt ePkl5 lvofdfn] d'v cfF ubf{ p8L k:bf d 3fF6Ldf clN´PF / pgL dl/g\ . k/ x8\8Ls'8\8Lx? y'lk|Psf] 5 .Æ tFjfdfn] x8\8Ls'8\8L vf]hL NofP/ /ftf] n]bf]df 8'afO/lxg\ . otf tFjfdfn] tfg a'Gg yflng\ ptf lvofdfsf] x8\8Ls'8\8L /ftf] n]bf]df lj:tf/} af}l/“b} uof] . /, tFjfdfn] a'Gb} u/]sf] tfg kf] a'Gg yflng\ . t/, tFjfdfn] x]l5{g\, b]lVbgg\ . gb]v]kl5 d]/L alxgL afFRb}5] eg]/ tfgglhs} gfª\nf]leq 5lnP/ al;/lxg\ . lvofdfn] cfP/ tfg a'Gg yfn]kl5 tFjfdfn] RofKk} ;dfltg\ . lvofdfsf] ;ftf] uP/ elgg\, æx}g, lbbL d t lgbfO kf] uP5' .Æ tFjfdfn] elgg\, æcF t]/f] a/fh', xfd|f] dfjnL ;fkmKt]nfO{ glh:sf x} eg]y]“ dflgg;\ . p;n] tFnfO{ df/]/ vfPsf] lyof] . s]sf] lgbfO uO;\ <Æ To;kl5 b'j}hgf Ps} 7fpF eP/ a:g yfn] . otf w]/a} /] kl5 /5fs'n] lgb|faf6 Ao'´ F bf lbbLx? lyPgg\ . jl/kl/ lrxfO x]bf{ l;/fgL5]pdf Ps sf];f jgs]/f / sb{ b]Vof] . sb{n] tf5]/ vfFbf s]/fsf] u]8f e]§fof] . Tof] u]8f e'OdF f /f]k/] klv{/Xof] / sb{n] otfplt kfb}{ eGof], ærfF8f] pd|L, a9\ s]/f kmkm5f .Æ Psb'O{ lbgkl5 s]/f pld|of] . km]l/ sb{ pHofpFb} eGof], ærfF8} a9\ s]/f kmkm5f .Æ s]/f a9\b} uof], /5fs'n] To;} g} eGb} uof] . s]/f k;fof], To;} g} eGof] . s]/f l5lkFb} uP/ kfSg yfNof] . s]/f kfs]kl5 af]6d} k;]/ PsPs ] ] s]/f vfFb} sf];f efFRb} vfFb} ug{ yfNof] . Ps lbg rfv|lwDdf a'9Ln] /5fs'nn u/]sf] b]v/] dflug\ . t/, /5fs'nn ] ] lbPg . kmsfpFbf–kmsfpFbf ubf{ Ps lbg Ps sf];f 5'6o\ fP/ lbof] . /5fs'ns ] f] s]z nfdf] lyof] . kfk dgn] rfv|lwDdfn] elgg\, æd e]l6\bgF, t]/f] skfndf afFw/] b] g .Æ /5fs'nn ] ] skfndf afFw/] s]/f lbof] t/ rfv|lwDdf a'9Ln] ;dft]/ tflg´fl/g\ .

54 à xn];L

/, /5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ nfO{ s]/f;Fu} af]s]/ ha/h:t 3/ nlug\ . rfv|lwDdfsL 5f]/L /gfEofFdf÷´'dfsfrfdf lyO{ . 5f]/LnfO{ elgg\, æd}n] of] /5fs'n] ;dft]/ NofPsf] 5' . o;nfO{ ld7f]–ld7f] vfgf lbP/ alnof] agfpm . df]6f] ePkl5 Psb'O{ lbgdf sfl6vfg'k5{ . d t]/f] dfjnLnfO{ lgDtf] ug{ hfG5' . tF o;nfO{ sf6]/ leqfF; / lnË b}nf]dfly ´'G8\ofO/fv\ . v'g 8'F8df hdfO/fv\ .Æ rfv|lwDdfn] 5f]/LnfO{ eg]sf] ;a} s'/f /5fs'n]n] ;'lg/x]sf] lyof] . Pslbg rfv|lwDdf dfOltx?nfO{ lgDtf] ug{ uO{ . /gfEofFdfn] /5fs'n]sf] skfn sf]l/lbO{ . h'd|fsf] lnvf r]K6\ofOlbO{ . h'd|f dfl/lbO{ . /, /5fs'n]sf] skfn dg k/fpFb} ;f]lwg\, æs;/L t]/f] skfn olt nfdf] ePsf] /5fs'n]p <Æ /5fs'n]n] oxL df}sfdf km;fpg] u/L hjfkm lbFb} eGof], ælbbLx?n] cf]VnLdf 6fpsf] pFwf]d'G6f] kf/]/ pDn]sf] t]nn] vGofOlbPsfn] d]/f] s]kfn o:tf] /fd|f] ePsf] xf] .Æ /gEofFdfnfO{ klg /5fs'n]s} h:tf] skfn agfpg /x/ hfUof] . /, elgg\, æTo;f] xf] eg] d]/f] skfn klg To:t} agfOb]pm g .Æ /5fs'n]n] x'G5 eGb} 7"nf] efF8fdf t]n ttfP/ /gfEofFdfnfO{ cf]vnLdf 6fpsf] pFwf]d'G6f] agfP/ l5/fpg nufP/ rfsb]lv pDn]sf] t]nn] vgfOlbof] / d':nLn] s'l6df¥of] . /5fs'nn ] ] rfv|lwDdfn] eg]h:t} /gfEofFdfsf] sfF;fla;f -leqfF;_ / lnª\u lgsfn]/ 9f]sfdfly ´'G8\ofOlbof] . v'g 8'8F df hdfO/fVof] . df;' ksfO/fVof] . /, cfkm" rflx“ /gfEofFdfsf] sk8f nufP/ 5f]/Lh:t} eP/ klv{a:of] . rfv|lwDdf dfOltx?nfO{ lgDtf] lbP/ cfOg\ . pgn] 5f]/LnfO{ ;f]lwg\, æd}n] eg]h:tf] ul/;\ <Æ /5fs'nn ] ] /gfEofFdfsf] h:tf] :j/ kf/]/ eGof], æxh'/, ;a} tof/ kf/]sf] 5' . 9f]sfdfly sfF;fla;fx? ´'G8\ofPsf] 5' . 8'8F df v'g hdfPsf] 5' .Æ rfv|lwDdfn] ´'lG8Psf] sfF;fla;fx? vfO{, 8'8F sf] v'g lkO{ . /utn] dft]kl5 3'Kn'Ss ;'Tb} elgg\, æt]/f dfjnLx? e/} cfpF5g\ . /fd|f] vfg lbg" .Æ rfv|lwDdf d:t;Fu lgbfOg\ . /5fs'n]n] rfv|lwDdf lgbfPsf] 7fpFjl/kl/ l;:g' / sfF8f /flvlbof] . l;/fgLg]/ xFl;of /flvlbof] . /5fs'n]n] rfv|lwDdf sltv]/ p7\5 eg]/ cGg, c08f, cf/L, vk]6f -ds} e'6\g]_, v/fgL kf]SofP/ klv{/Xof] . rfv|lwDdf lgb|faf6 p7]/ o;f] jlt{/klt{/ rNbf l;:g'n] lrNof], sfF8fn] 3f]Rof] . cfFVff vf]Ng vf]Hof] t/ vf]6f]n] 6flnPsf] lyof] . rfv|lwDdfn] ctflnFb} elgg\, æxf]Og dnfO{ s]n] lrNof] < s]n] 3f]Rof] < d]/f] cfFvf s]n] 6flnof] <Æ /5fs'n]n] xtkt eGof], æToxfF KjfFv 5, To;n] cfFvf k'5 rfv|lwDdf]pm .Æ /5fs'n]n] rfv|lwDdfnfO{ lvHofpFb}

xn];L à 55

eGof], æcfg} 5f]/Lsf] df;' vfg], v'g lkpg] a'9L Û cfg} 5f]/Lsf] df;' vfg], v'g lkpg] a'9L ÛÆ cfg} 5f]/L kf] df/]/ VjfPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 rfv|lwDdf l/;n] cfuf] eO{ . /, …tFnfO{ x} tÚ eGb} /5fs'n]nfO{ v]b\g yflng\ . /5fs'n] cl3 kf]SofPsf s'/fx? af]s]/ cl3cl3 bf}l8of] . rfv|lwDdfn] k5fl8af6 v]b\b} ha glhs cfpFlyg\ /5fs'n]n] af]ls/x]sf] cGg 5l/lbGYof] . …x}g, o;n] t d]/f] cGg kf] af]s]5Ú eGb} km]l/ k5\ofpFbf /5fs'n]n] xfF8L ofFlslbof] . xfF8L km'6]/ le/, kx/f aGof] . rfv|lwDdfn] ;f]lWyg\, æx}g /5fs'n]pm, of] kx/faf6 s;/L ´l/;\ <Æ /5fs'n] eGYof], æ3f]K6f] k/]/ n8L ´/]“ To;/L em/ a'9L .Æ rfv|lwDdf a8f] d'l:snn] eL/kx/f sf6]/ ha e]6\g nflUyg\, /5fs'n]n] v/fgL 5l/lbof] . Tof] v/fgL s'lx/f] eof] . rfv|lwDdf ToxL“ cNdlnGyL . aNntNn s'lx/f] l5rf]n]/ e]6\g nfUbf /5fs'n]n] af6f]df c08f ofFlslbof] . c08f km'6]/ sf];L aGof] . /5fs'n] sf];Lkfl/ eof], rfv|lwDdf sf]zLjfl/ eof] . rfv|lwDdf x}/fg x'Fb} ;f]lWyg\, æx}g /5fs'n]p, s;/L kfl/ tl/;\ <Æ /5fs'n]n] eGof], æd Aofª\kf6] sldnfdfly r9]/ cfPF . ltdL klg To;} u/ a'9L .Æ rfv|lwDdf Aofª\kf6] sldnfdfly r9]/ x]lnFbf sf]zLn] aufOnUof] . /5fs'n] dfjnL k'Uof] . rfv|lwDdfnfO{ klg sf]zLn] aufpFb} /5fs'n]sf dfjlnx?n] df5f dfb}{ u/]sf] 7fpFdf k'¥ofof] . pgLx?n] rfv|lwDdfnfO{ sf]zLaf6 lgsfn] . /5fs'n] / rfv|lwDdfsf] km]l/ e]6 eof] . /5fs'n]n] dfjnLx?nfO{ rfv|lwDdfsf af/]df ;a} s'/f atfO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ klg /5fs'n]sf dfjnLx?n] rfv|lwDdfnfO{ ;f]w], æxf]Og ltdL a'9LdfG5]nfO{ s;/L sf]zLn] aufof] <Æ rfv|lwDdfn] egL, æd]/f] of] xfn agfpg] /5fs'n] xf] .Æ dfjnLx?n] km]l/ ;f]w], æca 3/ hfFbf ltdL ls /5fs'n]nfO{ 3f]8fdfly r9fP/ k7fpg" <Æ rfv|lwDdfn] egL, ædnfO{ 3f]8fdfly, /5fs'n]nfO{ l3;fb}{ nfg'k5{ .Æ dfjnLx?n] /5fs'n]nfO{ 3f]8fdfly / rfv|wLDdfnfO{ l3;fb}{–l3;fb}{ NofP . 3/ cfOk'u]kl5 rfv|lwDdfnfO{ ;f]w], æltdL a'9LnfO{ ls /5fs'n]nfO{ ld7f] lbg" <Æ rfv|lwDdfn] elgg\, ædnfO{ ld7f] b]pm, o;nfO{ gld7f] b]pm .Æ dfjnLx?n] rfv|lwDdfnfO{ gld7f] lbP, /5fs'n]nfO{ ld7f]–ld7f] vfg]s'/f lbP . Psb'O{ lbg ToxfF a;]kl5 dfjnLx?n] eg], æca ltdLx? cfcfgf] a:g] 7fpFlt/ hfpm . eg, s;n] 3f]8f–xfQL nfG5f} < s;n] af3–efn' nfG5f} <Æ rfv|lwDdfn] elgg\, æd 3f]8f–xfQL nfG5', /5fs'n]n] af3–efn' .Æ

56 à xn];L

/5fs'n]sf dfjnLx?n] rfv|lwDdfnfO{ af3–efn'sf] s]z kf]SofOlbP/ eg], æof] hËndf nu]/ km'sfpg" . oxfF ;a} ug]{–vfg] 5 .Æ hËndf k'u]kl5 kf]sf km'sfpFbf t af3–efn'n] pgnfO{ df/]/ vfOlbP . /5fs'n]nfO{ 3f]8f–xfQLsf] s]z / ul/vfg] ;Dk"0f{ kf]SofOlbP/ dfjnLx?n] eg], æof] ltdLn] 7"nf] rp/df nu]/ km'sfpg" . oxfF ug]{–vfg] ;a} 5 .Æ /5fs'n]n] 7"nf] rp/df kf]sf km'sfpFbf 3f]8f, xfQL, ug]{ 7fpF, vfg]s'/f], 3/hd tof/ eof] . /, ToxL rp/df a:g yfNof] . Pslbg p;n] pkrf/ lrGtf a;fof] / lax] u/]/ hf]8L afFWg dg u¥of] . lax]df lbbLx?nfO{ klg af]nfpg p;nfO{ /x/ eof] . lbbLx? tFjfdf, lvjfdfnfO{ af]nfpg p;n] ;a}eGbf klxnf plkofFnfO{ k7fof] . tFjfdf, lvofdf ePsf] 7fpFdf k'u]/ plkofFn] va/sf] ?kdf 6f]Sbf ´;Ë eP/ …x}g sf] s] eG5 < dfOtL :j/, afa' :j/ kf] ;'gfpF5Ú eg]/ plkofFnfO{ gªn] r]K6\ofOdf/] . plkofF gkmls{Pkl5 efn]nfO{ af]nfpg k7fof] . efn] tFjfdf, lvofdf ePsf] 7fpFdf k'u]/ …sSs/] sF vlrnL lrnLÚ eg]/ af:of] . efn] af;]sf] ;'g]/ …x}g xfd|f] dfOtL :j/, afa' :j/ kf] ;'gfpF5, dfOtL 5 ls s;f] <Ú eGb} 9'Ëfn] xfg]/ v]b\b} nfFbf tFjfdf, lvofdf /5fs'n]n] ljjfx hf]8L afFw]sf] 7fpFdf k'u] . …x}g xfd|f] dfOtL lhpFb} /x]5 t, dfOtLsf] lax] /x]5, ljgfsf];]nL s;/L efOsf] lax]df cfpg'Ú eg]/ ;/d dfg]/ ?vdfly a;] . /5fs'n]n] lbbLx?nfO{ af]nfpFbf klg ;/dn] tn ´/]gg\ . clg /5fs'n]n] a'l4 nufpFb} afQ'ª uf8]/ lbbLx? tFjfdf, lvofdfnfO{ dg kg]{ elsDnf] ´'G8\ofOlbP . pgLx?sf] d'v /;fof] . ;df{pFb} e'OFdf ´/]/ elsDnf] vfPkl5 pgLx? v'l;ofnLdf l;nL gfRg yfn] . Tof] l;nL tFjfdf, lvofdf l;nL eof] . ljjfx ;DkGg ePkl5 /5fs'n]n] r]nLx?nfO{ lz/ pEofpgL v'/ nufOlbof] -To;} a]nfb]lv dfOtLn] r]nLnfO{ lz/ pEofpgL /fVg' yfn]sf] xf] ._ tFjfdf lvofdfn] v'/ lnP . s]xL glnO cfPsf sf/0f pgLx?n] PsPsj6f KjfFv pv]n]/ /Lteft ;3fpgL u/] . clg tFjfdf / lvofdf gfRb}–gfRb} t'jfr'ª -dnfr'ª÷dnfy'Dsf_ lt/ nfu] . /5fs'n] klg vr]lnkf gfr gfRb} 3/ kmSof]{ . oxL af6f]n], oxL 8f]/f]n] e]6]/ z'esfo{df 5f]/Lr]nLx?nfO{ lz/ pEofpgL ug'{kg]{ a'9fkfsfx? atfpF5g\ .

xn];L à 57

xn];Ldf h}gd'lg eb|afx' / :y"neb| 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{

h}gd'lg eb|afx'sf] g]kfndf k|j]z ;gftg j}lbs lxGb" wd{leq kg]{ cf]+sf/ kl/jf/dWo] h}g ;Dk|bfosf rf}aL;f}+ tLy{°/ eujfg\ dxfjL/sf] cfljef{j:yn klg To; a]nfsf] ldlynf k|b]z g]kfnleq} kYof]{ . To;df lgDglnlvt e"uf]nn] dxfjL/sf] hGde"ld g]kfnleq} lyof] eGg] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 . efuL/yL uËfb]lv pQ/, lxdfnob]lv blIf0f, u08sL gbLb]lv k"j{ / sf]zL gbLb]lv klZrd To;a]nf ldlynf sxnfpFYof] eg] o; e"uf]nn] eujfg\ a'4sf] dfq} xf]Og clkt' eujfg\ dxfjL/sf] hGd klg g]kfn}df ePsf] b]vfpF5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ef/tsf] ljxf/ k|fGtsf] a;f8 dxfjL/sf] hGd:yn kb{5 . o;} k|;Ëdf h}g u|Gyx?sf] cWoog ubf{ h}g ;Dk|bfosf k|l;4 cfrfo{ eb|afx' pQ/ ef/tdf clgsfn kbf{ s]xL h}gd'lgx?nfO{ ;fy lnP/ g]kfn k;]sf lyP . clxn] klg n]vf]6 vf]h]/ k|fdfl0fs ?kn] h}g cfrfo{ eb|afx' g]kfndf sxfF sxfF a;]sf lyP < kQf nufpg' / uj]if0ff ug'{ z]if} /x] tfklg k"j{ g]kfnsf xn];L tLy{:yfgdf w]/} jif{;Dd eb|afx' tk:of/t /x] eGg] hg>'lt / nf]sf]lQm cfh klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . oBlk h}g cfrfo{ eb|afx'n] g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] s'/f clxn] xf]Og, lgs} k'/fgf] Oltxf; xf] . lj=;+= sf] cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf af}4frfo{ kß;Dej cfhsf] vf]6fª lhNnfsf] xn];L u'kmfdf tk:of/t lyP eg] lj=;+= #&( k"j{ h}gfrfo{ eb|afx' xn];L u'kmfdf tk:of/t lyP . vf]6fªsf] Oltxf;

58 à xn];L

Tolt k'/fgf] ePsf] l;4 5 . tL dxfk'?ifx?n] klg aflx/af6 cfP/ g]kfnnfO{ tkf]e"ld agfOlbP . of] ;f}efUosf] s'/f xf] .

æg]kfnjt0fLP o e2afx':;fdL cR5lt rf]2;k'00fL . tl;+ ;w]0f kTyljtf] ;+3fªcf] lbl¶jfb+ jfPlxlQ . utf] . lgj]lbt+ ;+sHh+ t+ .Æ oL h}g u|Gyx?sf] k|df0fn] eb|afx' g]kfndf rGb|uK' t df}os { f] ;dodf k|jz ] u/]sf] k|df0f kfOG5 . t/, s]jn olt dfq} xf]Og h}g wd{sf rf}aL; tLy{ªs \ /x?df pGgfO;f}+ tLy{ªs \ / eujfg\ dNnLgfy / PSsfO;f}“ gdLgfysf] hGd klg g]kfnsf] kfjge"ld ldlynfk'/L hgsk'/df ePsf] h}g u|Gyx?df :ki6 pNn]v kfOG5 . eb|afx' b'O6f lyP . Ps kf6nLk'qsf zf;s dxf/fh rGb|u'Ktsf u'? eb|afx' lyP . k|yd eb|afx' tyf låtLo eb|afx' b'j}sf sfn lg0f{odf h}g Oltxf;sf/x?df g} dt}Sotf gb]lvP klg >'ts]jnL eb|afx' g]kfnsf] kxf8sf] xn];L dxfb]j u'kmfdf tk:of ug{ cfPsf] Oltxf; h}g u|Gyx?df plNnlvt k|df0fx?sf ;fy g]kfnsf k'/fgf a'9fkfsfx?sf] d'vaf6 k/Dk/fut ls+jbGtL cfh klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . ls+jbGtL To;} ag]sf] x'bF g} . To;sf] ;To jf:tljs d"nfwf/ geO{ ls+jbGtL hlGdg] s'/} 5}g . ls+jbGtLn] ha klg hGd lnG5 t/ To;sf] afpcfdf x'gk} 5{ . To:tf] cgs06f/ ckl7t g]kfnsf] kxf8L e]udf h}gLx?;Fu ;Dks{ gePsf] 7fpFdf ToxfFsf a'9fkfsfx?n] eb|afx'sf] ls+jbGtL s;/L ;'/lIft /fv] xf]nfg\ t < o; ls+jbGtLdf ls+jbGtL hGdfpg] s]xL d"nfwf/ x'gk} 5{ . of] s:t} s6' cg'ej ug]{ c1fgL d'vn { ] klg :jLsf/ ug]{ s'/f xf] . t/ ToxfFsf a'9fkfsfx?n] eb|afx'sf] ls+jbGtLdf ;'Gb} NofPsf] k/Dk/fut ;b}{ cfPsf] s'/fdf s]xL tndfly j/k/ x'g;S5 / ePsf] klg xf]nf . t/ ;To s'/f s] 5 eg] h}g Oltxf;df w]/} 7fpFdf eb|afx' g]kfndf tk:of ug{ cfPsf] k|;Ë pNn]v 5 eg] g]kfndf xn];Lj/k/ tndflysf a'9fx?af6 ;'lg“b} cfPsf] ls+jbGtL ;j{yf em'7f] x'g ;Qm}g . clkt' To;n] h}g Oltxf;nfO{ eb|afx'sf] af/]df kl/k'i6 kf/]sf] 5 . t/ ls+jbGtLdf …h}gÚ cyjf …h}gfrfo{Ú zAb eg] hf]l8Psf] x'bF g} . Tof] ls+jbGtL af]Ng]x?n] h}gfrfo{ eb|afx' lyP eGg] s'/f hfGb}gg\ eg] kß;Dej ;ftf}+ ztfAbLsf] eP klg af}4frfo{ lyP eg]/ hfGb}gg\ . t/, eb|afx's} h:tf] kß;Dejsf] klg ls+jbGtL eGg] u5{g\ . tL a'9fx?nfO{ s'g sfnsf lyP eb|afx' < / s'g sfnsf lyP kß;Dej < tL klg yfxf 5}g . t/, c7f;L

xn];L à 59

jif{sf nfld8fF8f lrp/Laf; ufpF lgjf;L tLy{l;+ y'nª ' /fO{n] …plxn]plxn] xn];Lsf] u'kmfdf eb|afx'n] tk u/]sf] s'/f xfd|f afpafh]n] eGg] uy]{ . To:tf] k'/fgf] u'kmf xf]Ú eg]sf lyP . Ps rrf{df l8NnLz]/ /fO{n] …plxn] xn];Lsf] u'kmfdf eb|afx' cfP/ tk u/]sf s'/f a'9fx?n] eGy]Ú eg]/ ;'gfpg'xG' Yof] . l8NnLz]/ /fO{ kl5 dGqL klg { gfsf] d'vsf] dfq} xf]Og . plxn]plxn] eGg] ePsf lyP . t/, of] ls+jbGtL b'Oh zAbaf6 a'9f / a'9L b'j} ;d"xn] k|;Ë p7\bf eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L >'ts]jnL eb|afx'sf] tk:ynL xn];L dxfb]j /Xof] / h}g tLy{ªs \ /x?df dNnLgfy, gdLgfy / dxfjL/x?sf] hGd:ynL g]kfn xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;Gb]x ug'{ kb}g{ . t/, o;sf] vf]h eg] olt g} xf]Og . cem cufl8 a9fpg] cfjZostf 5 .

g]kfndf cfo{ :y"neb|sf] cf7 jif{;Dd cWoog :y"neb| d]wfjL tyf Ps >'ltw/ lyP . logL cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf cgGo / d]wfjL lk|o lzio dflgG5g\ . h}g wd{sf k|efjs cfrfo{x?df eb|afx'kl5 :y"neb|s} gfd cfpF5 . :y"neb|sf ;fy rf/ ;o pgfG;o h}g d'lgx? cfrfo{ eb|afx';Fu h}g l;4fGtsf] b[li6jfb cWoog ug{nfO{ g]kfndf k;]sf lyP . of] :yfg clxn];Dd ls+jbGtLsf] cg';f/ kQf nfu]sf] ;u/dfyf c~rn vf]6fª lhNnfsf] lbQm]n ;b/d'sfdb]lv rf/ 306f 6f9f tk:of ub}{ u/]sf] a]nf :y"neb| h}g d'lgx?sf] ;fy xn];L k'u]sf lyP . To;a]nf cfrfo{ eb|afx' dfq ;Dk"0f{ h}g l;4fGtsf 1ftf afFr]sf lyP . To;}n] h}gd'lg ;+3sf cu|0fL eP/ g]kfndf cfOk'u]sf lyP . To;a]nf h}g d'lgx?n] klg g]kfns} kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfgf] leIff6g / sfnIf]k ub}{ cWoog u/] xf]nfg\ . t/, b[li6jfbsf] cWoog ubf{ sl7g k¥of] xf]nf / ;a} h}g d'lgx?n] cWoog ug{ 5f]8] . dfq Ps :y"neb| cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf ;fydf /x]/ s7Lg tk:ofsf] ;fy cWoog u/] . To; cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf Ps lbg k;Ëjz cfrfo{ eb|afx'n] :y"neb|nfO{ leIff;DaGwL k|Zg u/] . :y"neb|n] pQ/ lbP, æhLjg;DaGwL k|Zg xf] leIff . t/, d]/f] k|Zg 5 h}g l;4fGtsf] k/Dk/fut l;4fGt 6'6\g' x'Fb}g . tkfO{+n] yf]/} k9fpg'x'G5 . To;}n] ;a} h}g d'lgx? knfog e};s] . d rflx“ knfogjfbL xf]Og . j:t'l:yltdf b[9tfk"j{s tkfO{+sf] kf; h}g ;Dk|bfosf] ;d:t cË pkfË k9\gsf] nflu cfPsf] x'F .Æ of] s'/f :y"neb|n] cfgf u'? cfrfo{ eb|afx'nfO{ ;'gfP . eb|afx'n] eGg'eof], æjT; Û lzio Û d]/f] ;fwgfsfn ;DkGg x'g]jfnf 5 . To;}n] w]/} ;do d}n]

60 à xn];L

ltdLnfO{ cWofkg ug{df lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/, ca leIffdf hfFbf ltdLnfO{ Ps kf7 k9fpF5' . kms]{/ cfpFbf csf]{ kf7 k9fpF5' / /fqL lj>fdsf] ;doeGbf k"j{ klg Ps kf7 k9fpF5' . ltdLnfO{ b}lgs d tLgrf/ lkl/o8;Dd k9fpF5' .Æ :y"neb| k|;Gg eP/ cWoog ug{ nfu] . cfrfo{ eb|afx'n] klg cfkm"n] k|lt1f u/]cg';f/} k9fpg'eof] . o;k|sf/ g]kfnsf] vf]6fª xn];Ldf cfrfo{ eb|afx' dxfk|f0f Wofgsf] ;fwgf ug{ slxn] k'u]sf lyP < vf]6fª xn];Ldf < of] ;do ls6fg ug{ t ;lsFb}g . t/, :y"neb| g]kfndf cWoog ug{ k:g'eGbf rf/ jif{ klxn] g} cfrfo{ eb|afx' g]kfn kl;;s]sf lyP . lsgeg], s'g} klg ;fwgf ug]{ ;fwssf] lgod afà jif{sf] x'G5 . cfrfo{ eb|afx' cfhsf] vf]6fª lhNnf xn];L dxfb]jdf afà jif{ ;fwgf/t eP/ a;]sf] a'lemG5 . cfrfo{ eb|afx' xn];L k'u]/ ;fwgf/t ePsf] rf/ jif{kl5 kfFr ;o h}g d'lgx? xn];L k'u]sf lyP . tL h}g cWoog ug{ g;s]/ otfplt nfUbf Ps dfq :y"neb| cWoog/t /x]kl5 cfrfo{ eb|afx'n] :y"neb|nfO{ cf7 jif{;Dd g]kfnsf] xn];L u'kmfdf g} h}g b[li6jfb k9fPsf] s'/f Oltxf;sf] a'Fbf / kfgfx?, ls+jbGtL / h}g u|Gy …ltTyf]uflnoÚ cflb u|Gyaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . :y"neb|n] cf7 jif{;Dd xn];Ldf a;]/ cfrfo{ eb|afx';Fu cWoog ul/;s]kl5 tyf cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf] Wofgsfn ;DkGg e};s]kl5 cfrfo{ eb|afx' kf6nLk'q kms]{sf lyP . g]kfndf a:bf :y"neb|sf] cWoog qmd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] lyof] . :y"neb|n] …bf] j:t'sd bz k"j{sf] afFrgfÚ u|x0f ul/;s]sf lyP . h}g u|Gy …ltTyf]uflnoÚ clg …kOGgfÚ sf] cg';f/ cfo{ :y"neb|n] …bzk"j{Ú k"0f{ ul/;s]sf lyP . P3f/f}+ k"j{sf] cWoog rln/fv]sf] lyof] . To;}a]nf cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf] Wofg ;fwgfsf sfn ;DkGg eof] / pgL kf6nLk'q kms]{ . kf6nLk'q eg]sf] cfhsf] k6gf xf] . o;/L h}gd'lg cfrfo{ eb|afx' xn];Ldf afà jif{ tk:of u/]/ a;]sf lyP eg] lg/Gt/ cf7 jif{;Dd cfo{ :y"neb|n] klg g]kfnsf] xn];Ldf cWoog u/]/ latfP . kf6nLk'q kmls{+bf eg] b'j} u'?–lzio ;Fu} kms]{sf lyP . kf6nLk'q kms]{kl5 afFsL /x]sf kf7 :y"neb|n] ef/tdf k"/f u/] xf]nfg\ . cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf] u'?sf] gfd cfrfo{ ozf]eb| lyof] eg] eb|afx'sf oz:jL lzio cfo{ :y"neb| g} eP . of] Oltxf; lj=;+= k"j{ tLg ;o pgf;L -lj=;+= #&( k"j{_ sf] xf] . of] n]v ls/ft]Zj/ k|sfzg -:ju{k'/L, /lj, kfFry/_ åf/f lj=;+= @)^@ ;fndf k|sflzt …ldNs]sf lemNsfÚ af6 k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . –;Dkfbs

xn];L à 61

uGtJo xn];L

62 à xn];L

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;ª\3Lo xn];L emns ;'j]bL

æv} t a'6h'Qf, sltGh]n wfpF5f} bfO w/fg–wg's'6f <Æ kxf8] g]kfnL ls;fgsf] ;bfjxf/ …An'hÚ h:tf zAb, no / :j/sf] of] lgs} nf]slk|o uLtsf uLtsf/ e"kfn /fO{ cfgf s'd cln p7fpFb} / 5flt cln km'nfpFb} cfP/ xfdL;Fu ldl;Psf lyP . vf]s' l5Gtfªlt/sf ls;fgx?sf ;'Gtnf ef/L v]k]/ hLljsf ug'{kg]{ b'MvnfO{ laDa agfP/ /rgf ul/Psf] of] uLt g]kfnL efjgfsf] laDa klg aGof] . pg} /fO{nfO{ o;k6s c? s]xL uLtaf6 klg k/v ug]{ cj;/ ldNof]– æ;'g}sf] s]z wf]PF ;'gsf];Ldf, b'w}sf] d'xf/ wf]PF b'wsf];Ldf, t/ b'O{ lsgf/´}+ lwt vf]n]/ leqL dg w'g] xf] s'g sf]zLdf <Æ ;nnn au]sf] ;fgf] vf]N;Lsf] cfjfhh:tf] of] uLtdf pgn] kxf8L afnfsf] dgleq v} s]–s] b]v]/ ;'gsf];L / b'wsf];Lsf uLt /rgf u/], pg} hfg"g\ . ut h]7 dlxgfsf] klxnf]] ;ftf ;'gsf];L lsgf/sf] ofqfdf lg:s]sf xfdLnfO{ eg] g]kfnsf ckf/ ;Defjgf / jt{dfgdf dflg;x?n] a]xf]/]sf cTof;nfUbf b'Mv b]Vbf ;'gsf];Ln] s]z / b'wsf];Ln] d'xf/ kvfNg'sf] ;f6f] xfd|f ;'v kvfn]/ b'Mv dfq 5f8]/ uPh:tf] nfUof] . g]]kfnyf]saf6 ;'gsf];Lsf] bflxg] lsgf/}lsgf/} ag]sf] ag]kf–l;Gw'nL ;8s k5\ofpFb} cufl8 a9]/ dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ –;+=_ x'Fb} vf]6fªsf] xn];L k'Ubf nfU5– l;ª\u} g]kfn lgdf{0f cleofgdf 5 . d'xfgdf avf{ nfu]/ wldlnFb} uPsf] sf];Lsf] kfl/kl§ b]lvg] sfe|], /fd]5fk / cf]vn9'ª\ufsf

64 à xn];L

v8]/Ln] p/f7nfUbf kfvf–leQfsf a:tLx? lgofNbf, cfgf sfvx?df s'g} 7"nf 6f/ of kmfF6x?sf nflu 7fpF g5f8]sf] sf];L / To;sf] pkof]uxLg hnk|jfx x]bf{ pbf;pbf; x'g] dg . Tof] pbf; dg klg kfvf lrb}{ s'gfsfKrf tfs]/ cufl8 a9]sf ;8sx? b]v]/ eg] cfzfjfbL aG5 . ev{/ lj:tf/ x'Fb} u/]sf] ;8s, To;df sfd ul//x]sf hfkfgLb]lv g]kfnL 6f]nLsf >ldsx?, d]l;g of cf}hf/x?, sRrL af6f]df ;fgf7"nf ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpFb} dflg; / ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ul//x]sf oftfoftsf ;fwgx? b]Vbf nfU5 of] e]u klg PsflGtstfaf6 d'Qm x'Fb} ljZju|fddf hf]l8g xtf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ca vf]6fª dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ –;+=_ n] dWoefud} lrl/Psf] dfq 5}g a? b]zsf cGo efu;Fu lgjf{w hf]l8g] pkqmddf 5 . oxfFsf 8fF8fkfvfx? ev{/ vlgPsf gfua]nL af6fx?n] a]l/Psf b]lvG5g\ . d"Nof°g dfl;ssf sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs ef]uL/fh rflDnªsf cltly ag]/ xfdL b'l5{d uflj;df /x]sf] pgsf] 3/ k'u]sf lyof}+ . ?vf]h:tf] kfvf] . kftnf] /fO{ ufpF . tntn ;'gsf];L;Dd km}lnPsf] a:tL / v]t kfvf] . o;}df ljsf;sf pbfQ ;kgf ;Fufn]/ a;]sf d]xgtL ls;fgx? . o;}nfO{ ljsf; u/]/ s]xL u/f}+ eGg] ;kgf kfn]/ ;lqmo /x]sf o'jfx? . ufpFk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]wn] lylrP/ xf]nf cfg} !) nfv ?k}ofF vr]{/ !# lsdL ;8s1 lj:tf/df g]t[Tj u/]sf, k"j{la|l6; uf]vf{ sf7df8f}+jf;L hgs /fO{sf] hf]z . oL ;a}n] g]kfnsf] km]l/“bf] sfFr'nLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]´}+ nfUYof] .

pQ/flwsf/ljxLg k];fdf b'l5{d uflj;s} k;nx? ldn]/ cf]vn9'ª\ufnfO{ k"j{lt/ km}lnPsf]

5fk8fF8f j/e~Hofª2 . s]xL xf]6n–nhx? / ;fgf–7"nf ykSs a;]´}+ . k/k/ blIf0flt/ ;'gsf];L / otf pQ/ lrofpFb} cf]n]{sf cfFvfnfO{ zLtn lbg] b'wsf];L . klZrdaf6 ;fgf] ahf/sf] Pp6f 3/df e]l6P /fdaxfb'/ kl/of/ . r:df

1 of] ;8ssf] gfds/0f xn];L If]qsf ls/ft zf;s xf]n];'ª / d'Vo cfly{s ;xof]uL hgs/fh /fO{ -b'l5{d uflj;, j8f gDa/ $, xfn M nlntk'/_ sf] gfdaf6 …xf]n];'ª– hgs/fh /fO{ dfu{Ú ul/Psf] 5 . 2 5fk8fF8f j/e~HofªnfO{ clxn] …xf]n];'ª–hgs/fh /fO{ dfu{Ú lgdf{0fsf nflu pNn]Vo cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{ePsf bnZj/ /fO{ -b'l5{d uflj;, j8f gDa/ $, xfn M sf7df8f}+, afn'jf6f/_ sf] gfdaf6 …bnZj/ /fO{ rf]sÚ gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

xn];L à 65

nufPsf cfFvfn] 8fF8Ldflyaf6 af6f]df lrofpFb} n'uf l;pg] sn v6v66666 ub}{ k'/fgf z}nLsf sd]h–;'?jfn l;pFb} u/]sf . æca otflt/ o:tf] sk8f l;pg] d} dfq t 5' . a"9f] eof] dl/xfN5 ls eg]/ d]/f] xftaf6 Ps}k6s rf/ hf]/ l;nfP/ /fVg] klg 5g\ . ptf ljb]z hfg]n] ;d]t l;nfOdfU5g\Æ, xDd– wDdsf] Hofgsf oL %& jif]{sf] dgdf cfgf] k];fk|lt uj{ / ;dfhdf cfpFbf] kl/jt{gsf k|ltsf] ;r]t cjnf]sg b'j} ofqf/t 5g\ . dnfO{ pgsf] ljut / lghfTdstflt/ k|j]z ug{ dg nfUof] . æpglGt; ;fndf Pp6L;Fu dfuL lax] ePsf] lyof] . pm;Fu /f;f]af;f] ePg . aQL; ;fndf csf]{ lax] u/]+ . p;n] kfFrj6L 5f]/L 5f]/L kfO{ . 5f]/f gePkl5 @)$% ;fndf p;}n] cfgL eb}gL dfu]/ NofOlbO{ . clxn] rf/ 5f]/f 5g\ h;dWo]sf] ;fOFnf] r}+ h]7Lkl§sf] xf] .Æ pgsf kfFr}hgf HjfOFx? ljb]zdf sfd u5{g\ . b'O{j6f 5f]/f klg lab]l;Psf 5g\ . 3/df clxn] b; sIff k9\b} u/]sf] ;a}eGbf sfG5f] dfq} 5 . tLgj6} 5f]/fsf] lax] klg eO;Sof] . æb'O6LnfO{ clxn];Dd ldnfP/} /fVof5' xh'/,Æ ltgn] xfF;]/} eg] . Pp6f cgf}7f] s] eg] lognfO{ cfgf] lax]b]lv 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] hGd;Ddsf ltlyldlt / af/ ;a} s07:y /x]5 . lognfO{ clncln /fhgLltdf klg rf;f] 5 . k~rfotsf] cflv/L r'gfjdf Pshgf k'/fgf] / cln bdgsf/L k~rsf lj/f]wdf tTsfnLg dfn]sf] pDd]bjf/ ag]/ j8f ;b:o lht]sf] cg'ej klg logn] ;Fufn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . æd]/f afh] klg sk8f l;pg'x'GYof] . af klg . plt a]nf xftn] l;pg] rng . afnL3/] k|yf . af 5Fb} xft]sn lslgof] . d}n] s]xL ;do s6f/L3 lt/ uP/ sk8f l;nfpg l;s]/ kms]{+ / $) jif{{eGbf a9L eof] oxL sk8f l;P/ a;]sf] 5' . ca clxn] ;a} nfvfkfvf nfu] . dnfO{ klg ca l;pg 5f]8\gf];\ elg/xG5g\ . dnfO{ clxn];Dd oxL k];fn] kfNof] . ;lsGh]n g5f]8\g] ljrf/df 5' ;/ Û klxn]klxn] afnL3/] k|yf lyof] . clxn] Hofnfdf l;pF5' . ca d d/]kl5 eg] d]/f] 3/df s;}n] of] k];f wfGnfh:tf] 5}gÆ, oL /fdaxfb'/ g]kfndf ;fdGtjfbL ;dfhsf] ktg / k'FhLjfbL ljsf; k|lqmofsf] tLj| cfqmd0fsf Pshgf ;fIfLh:tf nfU5g\ . 3 pbok'/ lhNnfsf] r'/] v08df kg]{ ahf/ xf] s6f/L . o;nfO{ vf]6fª, cf]vn9'+uf, ;f]n'v'Da'nufotsf lhNnfsf :yfgLo hgtfsf] d'Vo ahf/ dflgG5 .

66 à xn];L

u9Lsf] kL8f / o'jfx?sf] pT;fx /fdaxfb'/sf] snsf] v6v6nfO{ 5f8]/ xfdL s]xL k"j{sf] y'Dsf]lt/ uof}+ h'g g]kfndf ls/ft /fli6«otfsf] lhpFbf] Oltxf;sf ?kdf Pp6f lsNnf of u9Lsf] eUgfjz]if ag]/ a;]sf] 5 . e"kfn /fO{n] t k'vf{sf] /ut au]sf] kljq:yn eg]/ 9f]uL klg xfn] . xfdLn] klg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf s]xL 5f]lkg nfu]sf kf6f–kn]6fx? p3f/]/ x]g]{ r]i6f u¥of}+ . ;fydf /}yfg] o'jfx? ef]uL/fh, s}nfz / tfdgx? lyP, pkGof;sf/ o'u kf7s / pHHjn k|;fO{ klg . lgs6 ljutsf] Oltxf; of g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ gofF kl/efiff lbg cfgfsfgL ug]{ of nfdf] ;do;Dd ;Qfn] :yflkt u/]sf] ljrf/sf] k|e'Tjaf6 :jtGq x'g grfxg]x?n] Psk6s o;} u9Ldf k'u]/ x]/] clxn]sf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] d'2fnfO{ ;xh lgsf; lbg ;xof]u x'Fbf] xf] h:tf] nfUof] . xfdLn] oxL rrf{ ug]{ cj;/ agfof}+ o;nfO{ . otfsf o'jf / ;dfh;]jLx?sf] hf]z s]jn ;8s lgdf{0fdf dfq klg 5}g . ltgLx? t otf sf7df8f}+nfO{ bk]l6/x]sf] gZnr]tsf cfj]unfO{ klg af]s]sf juL{o pTkL8gsf ljkIfdf klg ;lqmo ag]sf hf]bfxfx? klg nfUy] . rflDnªefifL /fO{sf] ynf] eP/ klg la:tf/} efiff x/fpnf, otfptfaf6 lyRb} cfPsf] cfuGt's wd{ -km}nFbf rr{x?sf] pkl:ylt;d]t_ n] r'gf}tL b]nf eg]/ ;r]t /x]sf . cfgf /}yfg] ;+:s[lt hf]ufpFb}, k'vf{n] gª\u|f lvofP/ vg]sf vf]l/ofdf ltgsf kl;gf vf]Hb}, ls/ft /fO{x?sf k'Vof}{nL xf]n};'ª /fhf / pgsf ;Gtfgn] Pp6f kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf lgdf{0f u/]sf b'u{x?, ToxfF au]sf /utsf 6f6f / k/fhokZrft\ x/fpg nfu]sf] cfg} Oltxf;sf] pTvgg / arfpdf klg nfu]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L g} ltgnfO{ qmdzM ufpF l/TofpFb} ;x/ of dxfgu/lt/ cf]Ol/Psf cfgf bf}+t/LnfO{ klg kmsf{pg] u/L ufpFsf] d'xf/ km]g]{ wf]sf] klg /x]5 . xn];LnfO{ Pp6f wfld{s ko{6sLo :yn agfpg tL nfluk/]sf . dnfO{ otfsf o'jf b]Vbf g]kfnsf] eljiok|lt lg/fz x'g]x?nfO{ xn];L;Dd uP/ o'jfsf] 9's9'sL Psk6s 5fldx]g{ ;Nnfx kf] lbg dg nfUof] . tLg lsdLsf] b"/Ldf b'O{j6f dflj, b'O6f pRr dflj x'Fb} aLP8;Ddsf] k9fO x'g] sn]h / ltgdf dgUu] ljBfyL{ . km}nFb} u/]sf] wfld{s ko{6gsf] cfly{s k|efj . g]kfnsf] eljiosf] Pp6f lrqh:tf] nfUof] .

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wfld{s–;f+:s[lts Pstfsf] ;+ud of] xn];L klg uhasf] ;f+:s[lts ;+ud /x]5 . Oltxf;sf s]xL ;+of]ux?n] xf]n];'ªaf6 xn];L ag]sf] of] u'kmfnfO{ af}4dfuL{x?, ls/ftx? / lxGb"x?n] plQs} ;Ddfg / cf:yfsf] s]Gb| agfPsf] /x]5 . xf]n];'ª /fhf, h;sf gflt– kgfltnfO{ uf]vf{nL kmf}hn] x/fP/ otf cfgf] zf;g lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof], sf gfddf /x]sf] xn];L u'kmf -dxfb]j_ rlr{t /x]5g\ . af}4 wd{sf k|l;4 u'? kb\d;Dej o; :yfgdf cfP/ s]xL dlxgf;Dd a;]sf] / tk:of u/]sf] Oltxf; /x]5 . To;}n] u'kmf -dxfb]j_ sf] glhs} Pp6f k'/fgf] u'Daf 5 . af}4 wd{sf s]xL kljq :ynx?df o;sf] klg gfd lng}kg]{ /x]5 . j/k/ la:tf/} af}4 wd{sf kljq dGqx?sf Wjhf / ktfsf kmx/fpFb} u/]sf . ls/ftx?sf cflbk'vf{ tofdf / lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf] ynf]4 klg o;}glhs kbf]{/x]5 . xn];L u'kmf t ls/ft k'vf{ vf]lSrlnkf -/}5fs'n]_ n] a;]sf] ynf] . Pp6} u'kmfdf ls/ft, af}4 / lxGb"x?n] cfcfgf k'vf{ / b]jtfsf gfddf k"hfcr{gf, w'kbLk / gfrufg ug]{ uhasf] ;lxi0f'tf /x]5 . xfdLn] vf]lh/x]sf] ;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] lrqh:tf] . o;} :yfgnfO{ clxn]sf gfufx?n] klg cfgf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] dfGbf /x]5g\ . gfufx?n] k|of]u ug]{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] dfnf -k'lNnsdfnf cyf{t\ jfl5dfnf –;+=_ oxfFsf lrxfgx?df kfOPsfn] s]xL jif{klxn] lgs} lrxfgx? plwlgPsf /x]5g\ .

jfdkGyL /fhgLltsf] b'MvfGt lrq e]l6g t otf vDa'jfgsf nflu ;+ul7t eP/ kl5 dfcf]jfbL ePsf, cfgf juL{o kL8fn] :s'n] hLjg k"/f gx'Fb} dfcf]jfbL ;]gfk|lt cfslif{t eP/ o'4df efu lnPsf, z/L/df uf]nLsf vt / 5/f{sf cjz]if, cg'xf/df c´} g]kfn abNg] ;kgf af]s]sf n8fs'x? klg e]l6P . hLjg g} jfd cfGbf]ngdf nufP/ klg s]xL xft gnfu]sf] cj;fb 5f]k]/ xfF:b} Oltxf;sf lvof nfUg nfu]sf ;kgfsf nflu latfOPsf If0f …;]o/Ú ug{ x/bd tof/ u0f]z /fO{ klg e]l6P, e]l6P g/]Gb| /fO{ klg . t/, xfdLnfO{ eg] /Tg /fO{sf] hLjgb[li6n] sfon kf¥of] . plxn] k~rfotsfndf jfdkGyL /fhgLltdf nfu]/ dfn]–Pdfn]sf] lhNnf:t/Lo g]tf, 4 tofdf, lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf] ynf] dflgg] t'jfr'ª–hfoh'd 8fF8f xn];L u'kmfb]lv k"j{–pQ/ Ps 3G6f psfnf] lx“8]kl5 k'luG5 .

68 à xn];L

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;b:o ag]sf oL /fO{ dfcf]jfbLx?sf] k|efjdf cfP/ hg;/sf/ k|d'v klg ag]sf /x]5g\ vf]6fªsf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgj/k/ g} lognfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] qmflGtnfO{ wf]sf lbof] eGg] ljZjf; eP5 / dfcf]jfbL Tofu]5g\ . nuQ} dft[sf ofbj ;d"xdf ;fd]n eP/ ;z:q ;+3if{sf] tof/Lsf nflu xltof/ ;+snglt/ nfu]5g\ . dfS;{jfbL cfGbf]ngdf #% jif{ nfu]/ yfs]kl5 dfS;{jfbsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf oL g]tfsf s'/f ;'Gbf g]kfnL sDo'lg:6x?sf cgGt b'Mv b]v]/ ;':s]/f xfNg dg nfUof] . ;Fu} g]kfndf sxL“ g sxL“ dfcf]jfbL of h] jfbL eP klg …jfdkGyLÚ ´'sfjsf] /fhgLltsf] eljio /x]sf] cg'dfg klg o;af6 nufpg ;lsGYof] . xn];Llt/sf] b'O{lbg] a;fOn] dnfO{ g]kfnsf yk 7fpF 3'Dg] ef]s dfq a9fOlbof] .

emns ;'j]bLsf] of] n]v sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf @)&) c;f/ !% df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo hg;xeflutf / hgs/fh /fO{sf] d'Vo cfly{s ;xof]udf k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ -dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{_ cGt/ut vf]6fª lhNnfsf] b'l5{d uflj;sf] …bnZj/ /fO{ rf]sÚ -5fk8fF8f j/e~Hofª_ b]lv ;'gsf];L;Dd !# lsnf]ld6/ ;8ssf] 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfdsf] lznfGof; lj=;+= @)^( ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . …xf]n];'ª–hgs/fh /fO{ dfu{Ú gfd lbOPsf] ;8ssf] pb\3f6gsf cj;/df h]7 @)&) df n]vsx?sf] Pp6f ;d"x xn];L k'u]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df n]lvPsf] of] n]vn] xn];LnfO{ a'em\g dbt ug]{ ePsfn] k|:6tfsf nflu s]xL ;"rgf tyf tYox? yk36 tyf ;RofP/ k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] –;Dkfbs .

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wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] kf7zfnf cd[t efbufpFn]

;lxi0f' 5g\ g]kfnL . hxfF dlGb/, ToxfF r}To . lzj;Fu} kß;Dej . ldn]/ a;]sf lxGb" / af}4dfuL{ . xn];L t emg\ lqwfld{s ;+ud . h;n] lxGb", af}4dfuL{ / ls/ftLx?nfO{ Pp6f ;"qdf afFw]sf] 5 . lxGb"sf eujfg\ lzj, af}4dfuL{sf u'? kß;Dej / ls/ftL k'vf{ /}5fs'n];Fu hf]l8Psf] xn];L . dxfb]j:yfg–$, vf]6fªsf] e"ld . wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] gd'gf kf7zfnf . dgf]sfdgf k"/f x'g] ljZjf;df a;]{gL xhf/f}+ tLyf{n' ToxfF k'U5g\ . k"hfkf7 u5{g\ . Wofgdf a:5g\ . ef}uf]lns ljs6tfn] s]xL jif{cl3;Dd ;lhnf] lyPg xn];L ofqf . cr]n sf7df8f}}+af6 xn];L;Dd} uf8L rN5g\ . ag]kf–alb{af; ;8ssf] v'sf]{6 v08af6 dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ l5nf]r]/ 3'dL{ x'Fb} . xfdL klg @)&) kmfu'g @) ut] Tof] k'0oe"ld k'Uof}+ . âââ

xn];Laf/] ;fg}df ;'g]sf] lyPF . w]/} kl5 yfxf kfOof] . xn];L lqwfld{s s]Gb| kf] /x]5 . ;fyLx? /~hg /fhe08f/L, uf]kfn >]i7 / d xn];L a;kfs{ k'Uof}“ . sf7df8f}+af6 lhk r9]/ ToxfF k'Ug !) 306f nfUof] .

70 à xn];L

b"/Lsf lx;fan] sf7df8f}+b]lv kf]v/feGbf clnslt dfq} a9L /x]5 xn];L . sf7df8f}+–xn];L @!^ lsdL . rfjlxnaf6 ljxfg % ah] 5'6]sf] 6f6f ;'df]n] xfdLnfO{ xn];Ldf cf]/fNbf lbpF;f] # ah]sf] lyof] . af6f] st}st}} sRrL 5 . kSsL ag]kl5 &–* 3G6fdf k'Ug ;lsPnf Û sfd x'Fb}5 . of]hgfcg';f/ ;8s kSsL x'g] ;do tLg jif{ . To;kl5 xn];Ldf tLyf{n'sf] eL8 y]lug;Sg' x'G5 . xfdL u'kmf x]g{ xtfl/of}“ . a;kfs{ ahf/ l5rf]Nof}“ . 3f]8]6f] bfofF–afofF ;;fgf u]:6 xfp; . k;naflx/ gfª\nfdf v';f{gL / abfd . xn];Lsf] sf];]nL . ;/f;/ u'kmftkm{ df]l8of}“ . u'kmf k|j]zåf/df u0f]z dlGb/ / df/fltsf u'Daf5]pdf w'kaQL k;nx? . k'hf/L vnssf uf]kfn lu/Ln] xfdLnfO{ u'kmf 3'dfP . xn];Lsf] If]qkmn @^ /f]kgL . xn];L If]qdf d'Vo b'O{ 7"nf u'kmf 5g\ . xn]Zj/ / a;fxf gfpFsf . xfdL klxnf xn]Zj/ l5¥of}“ . r§fg] kx/fdf ch+usf] u'kmf . l;F9Laf6 cf]n]{/ hfg'kg]{ . u'kmfsf] Ps 5]pdf af}4dfuL{ k"hfkf7 ul//x]sf . csf]{ 5]pdf lxGb" . h'Qf km'sfn]// leq k:of}“ . lu/Ln] xfdLnfO{ xn]Zj/ dxfb]j d"lt{ lrgfP . r'g9'+ufn] ag]sf] lzjlnª\u . xfdL;Fu km"n–cIftf s]xL lyPg . xft hf]8\of}“ . eujfg\nfO{ dgkm"n r9fof}“ . ToxfF y'k|} k|fs[lts d"lt{ 5g\ . u0f]z, s'df/ / kfj{tLsf . cUnf d"lt{ åf/kfnsf . Pp6f ;fgf] / 7"nf] d"lt{ b]vfpFb} lu/Ln] eg], …5f]/f gx'g]x? oxfF 9f]U5g\ .Ú ;Gtfg]Zj/ eGg] yfxf kfpg]lalQs} /~hg bfOn] 9'+ufdf 9f]u] . …nf}, tkfO{+n] 5f]/} kfpg'x'G5Ú, uf]kfn bfO / d}n] lh:sfof}“ . 5f]/f kfPkl5 xn]Zj/ cfpg]sf] ;+Vof 7"nf] ePsf] lu/Ln] ;'gfP . xn];L bz{gn] b'Mvaf6 d'lQm ldNg], kbf]Gglt x'g], v8]/Laf6 alrg], ;Gtfg nfe x'g] / lg/f]uL x'g] hgljZjf; 5 . u'kmfdf xfdLn] rd]/fsf cfjfh ;'Gof}+ . zfGt u'kmf . aflxl/g dg dfg]g . kmf]6f lvlr/x]sf] lyPF . s;}n] dnfO{ sf]6\ofof], …xfd|f] klg lvlrlbg';\ g .Ú o;f] kms]{sf] t jf;'b]j sfsL{ /x]5g\\ . xfdL cfPs} lhksf ofq' . l;Gw'nLsf] lalthf]/ uflj;, xs{k'/sf afl;Gbf . sf7df8f}+sf ;fgf Jofkf/L . pgsf] ;d"xdf

xn];L à 71

% hgf lyP . ;a}sf] tl:a/ lvlrlbPF . …o;/L df]6/df cfpg kfOPnf h:tf] nfu]s} lyPgÚ, sfsL{ km'?ª\u ag], …afpafh]nfO{ xn];L bz{g u/]/ kms{g ^ lbg nfUYof] .Ú ToxfF ljb]zL klg e]l6P . tfOjfgL gful/s . af}4dfuL{ . pgLx? wd{åf/, hGdåf/ k:g yfn] . wdf{Tdf dfq} l55{g\ /] Û uf]kfn bfO ;lhn} l5/] . xfdLn] k|of;} u/]gf}“ . hltn] k|of; u/], sf]xL c8\s]gg\ . ;a} wdf{Tdf Û lhpsf] …Pª\unÚ ldnfP df]6f x'g\ of b'Anf ;lhn} l55{g\ . u'kmfdf l;F9L r9]kl5 kfj{tLsf] d"lt{ ePg]/ k'luG5 . dxfb]jeGbf kfj{tL df]6L Û kfj{tLnfO{ af}4dfuL{ cfo'snz dfG5g\ eg] xn]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ wd{kfn -u'kmf/Ifs_ sf ?kdf k'H5g\ . d"lt{ ltg} x'g\ t/ wd{lkR5] km/s gfpF . xfdL xn]Zj/ u'kmfaf6 aflxl/of}“ . To;sf] ;o ld6/ klZrddf a;fxf u'kmf 5 . xn]Zj/eGbf nfdf] / ljzfn . d'vd} a;fxf . leQfdf km'Sbf z+vWjlg lglSnG5 . cfdf;Fu aQLsf] Jofkf/df a;]sL z'idf kl/of/n] 9'+ufdf km'lsg\, b'?:t} z+vsf] cfjfh lglSnof] . leQfel/ yl/yl/sf cfs[lt . u'? kß;Dej / lzj;Fu ;DalGwt . ufO{sf y'g . sdnsf] km"n, u0f]z, s'df/ cflb . ToxfF dflyaf6 8f]/Ldf tn emg]{ …¥oflKnªÚ v]Ng ldN5 . xn]Zj/df lgMz'Ns k|j]z kfOG5 . a;fxfdf cl3lNt/sf] ah|kf0fL / pQ/kl§sf] d~h'>L kj{t . tL 8fF8f af}4 dGq;lxtsf Wjhfktfsfn] lemlnldnL 5g\ . u'kmfdf lzj/flq, /fdgjdL, afnfrt'b{zL, tLh, pef}nL / pwf}nLdf d]nf nfU5 . xfdL u'kmf 3'd]/ af;sf] vf]hLdf nfUof}“ . xn];Ldf kfgLsf] b'Mv 5 . sf7df8f}+df ;+:s[lt k9fpg] k|fWofks xl/ >]i7n] /f]on xf]6ndf a:g" eg]sf lyP . xn];Ls} 7"nf] xf]6n /f]on …KofsÚ eO;s]5 . xfdL ;f}/e lu/Lsf] 8'ª\b]nf] l/;f]6{df a:of}“ . zf}rfno hl8t sf]7fsf] !@ ;o ?k}ofF lt/]/ . dWodvfnsf xf]6n÷nh 5g\ . xn];L dxfb]j dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf pkfWoIf s'nbLk lu/Lsf cg';f/ % ;ohgf Ps}k6s /ft latfpg ;S5g\ . s]xL wd{zfnf klg 5g\ .

72 à xn];L

xn];Lsf] Voflt ;+;f/e/ a9\bf] 5 . tLyf{n' a9\b} hfFbf xf]6n, /]:6'/fFh:tf k"jf{wf/ ylkFb} hfG5g\ . xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] syf /f]rs 5 . plxNo} a[sf;'/n] …d}n] h;sf] 6fpsfdf xft /fV5' Tof] e:d xf];\Ú eGg] j/bfg dfUof] . dxfb]jn] tyf:t' elglbP . j/bfg kfPkl5 a[sf;'/n] dxfb]jnfO{ g} e:d ug{ vf]Hof] . dxfb]j efUbfefUb} xn];L cfOk'u] . u'kmfdf n's] . a;fxf u'kmfsf] d'vdf eujfg\ lji0f' kfj{tLsf] ?k wf/0f u/L a;] . /fIf;nfO{ kfj{tLn] elgg\, …dxfb]jnfO{ d}n] ToflulbPF . ca ltdL;Fu lax] u5{' .Ú a[sf;'/ dVv k¥of] . pgn] ufFhf / efª lbOg\ . ufFhf / v';Ln] dft]kl5 b'j} gfRg yfn] . kfj{tLn] elgg\, …d gfRbf h]h] u5{', ltdL klg To;} ug"{ .Ú pgL cfg} v'§faf6 dfly–dfly 5'Fb} gflrg\ . /, 6fpsfdf xft /flvg\ . a[sf;'/n] To;} u¥of] . ha p;n] 6fpsf]df xft /fVof], cfkm}+ e:d eof] . Tolt a]n}b]lv xn];L u'kmfdf dxfb]jsf] af; ePsf] dfGotf 5 . ls/ftL xn];LnfO{ lkt[sf ?kdf k'H5g\ . xn];L hfFbf df]afOndf Pskl5 csf]{ …Dof;]hÚ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . s[liflj1 dbg /fO{n] lxGb", a'4 / ls/ftLsf hfgsf/x?sf] gDa/ k7fP . k|ToIf e]6 eOg;s]sf / km];a'sn] h'/fPsf ldq dbg bfOnfO{ wGojfb . ls/ftsf] syf a'‰g xfdL kqsf/ l6ag /fO{sf] :6];g/L k;n k'Uof}“ . l6agsf cg';f/ ls/ftLsf cflbk'vf{ /}5fs'n] xn];L u'kmfdf a;]sf lyP . /}5fs'n]sf ljleGg gfd 5g\ . vf]lSrlnkf, x]T5fs'Kkf cflb . u'kmf cfpg'cl3 pgL t'jfr'ª 8fF8fdf a:y] . xn];Laf6 pQ/–k"j{ lbQm]n hfg] lbzfdf b'O{ 306f lx“8fOdf t'jfr'ª k'luG5 . /}5fs'n]sf b'O{ lbbL lyP tofdf / lvofdf . Pslbg lu7f–Eofs'/ vfPkl5 /}5fs'n] dfTof] . p7\b} p7]g . lbbLx?n] ;Dem] efO d¥of] . pgLx? lj/lQmP . tofdf t/fO{ nflug\ eg] lvofdf lxdfnlt/ . ha /}5fs'n] Ao'FlemP . lbbLx? gb]Vbf lj/lQmP . cf]/fnf] em/] . xn];L u'kmf cfOk'u] . ToxL“ a:g yfn] . 7"nf] ePkl5 pgn] lbbLsf] vf]hL u/] . Pp6f efn] s'v'/fnfO{ n]sdf k7fP . aflx/af6 kms]{/ lblbalxgL t'jfr'ªdf skf; v]tL u/L a;]5g\ . sk8f a'Gg yfn]5g\ .

xn];L à 73

efn];Fu} pgLx? u'kmf cfP . dfOtL / r]nLsf] k'gld{ng eof] . Tof] v'l;ofnLdf pgLx?n] d'Gb'd ufpFb} 9f]n–‰ofD6f ahfP/ ;fs]nf l;nL gfr] . ToxL ;dob]lv ;fs]nf gfRg ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . pef}nL / pwf}nLdf cf]vn9'+uf, ;f]n', ef]hk'/, pbok'/ / vf]6fªsf ls/ftL xn];Ldf gfR5g\ . ljxfg vfgf vfOj/L xfdL t'jfr'ª psflnof}“ . 3dfOnf] lbgdf k/k/ lxdfn b]lvP . 8fF8fdf tfg9'u+ f . tofdf / lvofdfn] sk8f a'gs ] f] 9'u+ f . /f]rs nfUof] . xn];L k|lti7fgn] u'kmf glhs} ls/ft ;+u|xfno agfpFb} 5 . ;+u|xfnocufl8 ls/ftL /fhf onDa/sf] d"lt{ /fVg] of]hgf ;'gfP l6agn] . /fd|f] va/ ;'Gbf v'zL nfUof] . l6ag xn];L ufO8 a's n]Vb} 5g\ . To;n] ofq'nfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg]5 . xn];L tLy{af/] hfgsf/L lbg] ;"rgf s]Gb| agfpg klg l9nfO ug'{ x'Fb}g . u'kmf cfOk'Ug]nfO{ t'jfr'ª psfNg ;s] b'O{ /ft ;lhn} xn];L If]qdf latfpF5g\ . ;fdfGotM lxGb" xn];Ldf Ps /ft a;]/ kms{G5g\ . Wofgdf a:g]x? rflx“ nfdf] ;do a:5g\ . âââ

lqwfld{s ;+ud ePsfn] xn];Lsf] dxTj a9L 5 . wdf{jnDaL ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . xfdL ldn]/ cfPsf 5f}+ . df/fltsf u'Dafsf k|d'v jfªr's z]kf{ eG5g\, …xfdLaLr ljjfb 5}g . cfcfg} 9+un] k"Hffkf7 u5f}{+ .Ú xn];L tLy{ k/Dk/f ;To o'ub]lv ;'? ePsf] /fw]Zofd e§/fO{sf] tLy{sfJo …xn];LÚ df pNn]v 5 . ;To o'udf lji0f'n] xn];L bz{g u/]sf lyP . lxGb", af}4dfuL{, ls/ftsf u'? xn];L 3'ld;s]sf 5g\ . ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf]xfª, n]lndxfª, vfD;f]xfª, af}4 u'? kß;Dej, e'6fgL /fhf lhUd] l;ª] jfª\r's / lxGb"sf z+s/frfo{ ho]Gb| ;/:JftL, :jfdL /fdfgGb lu/L, ldr}{of afafnufotn] xn];L bz{g u/]sf lyP . ;fFRr} xn];Ln] dg rf]5{ . d km]l/ ToxfF hfg]5' kl/jf/sf ;fydf . xn];LnfO{ kl5Nnf] ;f+:s[lts / ef}lts ljsf;;lxt a'‰g ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] k|:t't n]v gful/s b}lgs -!% r}q @)&)_ af6 ;fef/ u/L k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . –;Dkfbs

74 à xn];L

lq;f+:s[lts s]Gb| xn];L lgd{ns'df/ cfrfo{

g]kfndf k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ :Yfn cg]s 5g\ . ;Dkbf k|z:t eP klg ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{gtkm{ rflx“bf] sfd x'g;s]sf] 5}g eg] k|rf/k|;f/;d]t sd x'g'n] hgfsif{0f pln{Psf] kfOFb}g . uf}/jzfnL ;Dkbf:yndWo] xn];L klg Ps xf] . xn];LnfO{ k|fs[lts u'kmf, k|frLg dlGb/, clåtLo, rlvnf ls+jbGtL / ulj{nf] Oltxf;n] a]hf]8sf] agfPsf 5g\ .

xn];L gfds/0f xn];L gfds/0f ;DaGwdf cg]s ls+jbGtL /x]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;+lIfKtdf oxfF pNn]v ug'{ kSs} c;fGble{s xf]cf]Og . á …xf]n; ] ª ' Ú gfds /fhfn] a;fPsf] ynf] x'bF f o;sf] gfd xn];L /xg k'us ] f] xf] . á oxfF ;tLb]jLsf] /x ktg ePsfn] xn];L elgPsf] xf] . á åfk/sfnLg s[i0fsf bfh' an/fdn] xnf] hf]Tb} hfFbf oxfF xnf] c8\lsPsfn] xn];L gfd rn]sf] xf] . á oxfF …xn];f]Ú elgg] r/f] a:Yof], ToxL r/fsf] gfddf xn];L gfds/0f ePsf] xf] .

xn];L à 75

á xl/±O{Zj/–x/LZj/ zAb cke|+z eO{ xn];L ag]sf] xf] . xl/ cyf{t\ lji0f' eujfg\n] e:df;'/nfO{ cGTo u/fO{ dxfb]jnfO{ ;3fPsf x'gfn] x/LZj/ elg“b} sfnfGt/df xn];L eGg yflnPsf] xf] . xn];Lsf k|fs[lts u'kmf oxfFsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . lxGb", af}4 tyf ls/ftLhgsf lglDt of] ynf] dxfg\ tLy{ xf] . pNn]Vo tLg u'kmf 5g\– xn];L u'kmf, a;fxf u'kmf / e}/j u'kmf . u'kmfleq lrqljlrqsf k|fs[lts 56f 5g\ . a;fxf u'kmfdf /x]sf] k}tfnfsf] lrXg cgf}7f] 5 . a;fxf u'kmfd} ePsf] z+v klg sd dxTjsf] 5}g . dxfb]j u'kmfleq /x]sf] kfj{tLyfg, ufO{sf] y'g, kfkåf/, wd{åf/, ue{åf/, sd{åf/ ljlzi6 5g\ eg] ;Gtfg dfUg] 7fpF jf ;Gtfg]Zj/ b]jtf klg pNn]Vo 5g\ . oxfF lgM;Gtfgn] ;Gtfg dfUg] k/Dk/f 5 . ;fFu'/f b]lvg] ljleGg åf/af6 l5/]/ kNnf]kl§ lg:sg] k4lt cfkm}“df cgf}7f] t 5 g} ;fy} /f]rs klg 5 . åf/af6 wdf{Tdf dfq} l5g]{, kfkL gl5g]{ ?l9ut ljrf/ klg oxfF g/x]sf] xf]Og t/ 6fpsf] l5g]{ hf];'s}n] åf/df tnkl§ t]l;{P/ k|of; u/] kf/ x'g ufÃf] 5}g . dxfb]j u'kmfsf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ :yn xn];L dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ xf] . oxfF k|fs[lts lzjlnË 5 . To;sf] 7Ls dflykl§ uf}y'g 5, hxfFaf6 yf]kfyf]kf b'w -hn_ emg]{ u5{ . ;of}“ eQmhg c6fpg] o; u'kmfdf rd]/f] / k/]jfn] /f}gs a9fPsf 5g\ .

lq;f+:s[lts s]Gb| xn];L af}4 wdf{jnDaLsf lglDt klg >4fsf] s]Gb| xf] / kß;Dej tyf dGb/fjb]jLn] oxfFsf] u'kmfdf ;fwgf l;4 u/]sf] atfOG5 . cf7f}“ ztfAbLsf kß;Dej clxn]sf] kfls:tfgl:yt :jft k|fGtsf] /fhs'ndf hlGdPsf] dflgG5 eg] ;fxf]/ ;d|f6 cfz{w/sL ;'k'qL dGb/fjb]jL pgs} wd{kTgL x'g\ . ltAatdf af}4 wd{ :yfkgf ug]{ >]o pgnfO{ 5 . ltAatL /fhfsf] lgDtf]df ToxfF k'uL kß;Dejn] af}4wd{sf] lj:tf/ u/]sf x'g\ . xn];Ldf cldtfo'; a'4sf] bz{g kfO{ hGd–d[To'sf] aGwgaf6 d'lQm tyf cd/Tj k|fKt u/]sf kß;Dej sf7df8f}+ cfPsf] aofg;d]t kfOG5 . u'? kß;Dejn] Wofgdfu{df afwf t]:of{pg] …df/fÚ dfly ljho xfl;n u/]sf sf/0f dxfb]j u'kmf af}4 wdf{jnDaLaLr df/fltsf gfdn] k|l;4 5 . k|frLgsfndf d~h'>L, cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/ tyf jh|kfl0fn] ;d]t oxfF ;fwgf u/]sf] syg 5 .

76 à xn];L

a;fxf u'kmf tyf dxfb]j u'kmfdf /x]sf k|fs[lts cfs[ltnfO{ lxGb" wdf{jnDaL hxfF u0f]z, b]jL, s'df/, gfu, a|Xdf cflbsf gfddf k'H5g\ eg] ToxL af}4 wdf{jnDaLn] cldtfo';, kß;Dej, wd{kfnf, Zj]ttf/f, cfo'snz cflb dfgL >4f k|s6 u5{g\ . dxfb]j u'kmfsf] aflx/ …df/fltsf lIfd]b tfUt]g Iff]lnª uf]GkfÚ 5 . oxfF uf}tda'4, cjnf]lst]Zj/ tyf kß;Dejsf d"lt{ 5g\ . lxGb" wdf{jnDaLsf cg';f/ xn];L ;[li6sf] piffsfnb]lv kljq tLy{:yn xf] . oxfF b]jL, b]jtf;d]t cfO{ dxfb]jsf] k"hfcfhf tyf tk:of uy]{ . u'kmfx? dxfb]jsf syf;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . kf}/fl0fs k|;+u sf]6\ofpFb} elgG5– eujfg\ dxfb]jsf] s7f]/ tk:of u/L s;}sf] lz/df xft /fVbf Tof] JolQm hn]/ e:d x'g] j/bfg kfPsf] e:df;'/n] kfj{tLnfO{ cfgf] agfpg vf]h]5 . e:df;'/sf] 8/n] dxfb]j kfj{tLNffO{ lnO{ o;} u'kmfdf n'Sg a:bf s]xL ;dokl5 Tof] klg cfOk'u]5 . kNnf]kl§ n's]sf dxfb]jnfO{ To;sf] ;"rgf lbg eujfg\ lji0f'n] agfPsf] z+v cem} /x]sf] hgljZjf; 5 . a;fxf u'kmfsf] leQ]Kjfndf km'Sbf z+vh:t} cfjfh cfpg] ePsfn] hf]sf]xL rlst x'g] u5{g\ . a;fxf u'kmfaf6 kfj{tL;lxt dxfb]j efu]sf] elgg] 7fpF 7Ls dflykl§ 5, hxfFaf6 cfsfz Xjfª\u b]lvG5 . e:df;'/sf] 8/n] kNNff] u'kmfdf k'u]/ dflyNnf] vf]kfdf kfj{tL /fvL dxfb]j tnlt/ a;]sf] egfO 5 . a;fxf u'kmfdf b]lvg] k}tfnfh:tf] lrXgnfO{ dxfb]j efUbfv]l/sf] kb5fk dflgG5 . e:df;'/af6 kfj{tLnfO{ hf]ufpg lji0f'n] kfj{tLsf] df]lxgL ?k wf/0f u/]/ p;sf ;fd' gfRb} cg's/0f ug{ nufpFbf lz/df xft /fVg k'uL e:df;'/sf] cGTo x'gk'u]sf] egfO 5 . of] kf}/fl0fs syfsf] k|sf/fGt/ klg 5 . o;cg';f/ zs'lg b}Tosf] k'q j[sf;'/ g} e:df;'/ xf] . p;n] cfgf z/L/sf 6'qmf6'qmf xf]d ug{ yfn]sf] lyof] . ;ftf}+ lbg xf]dsf lglDt lz/;d]t sf6\g nfUbf dxfb]jn] k|;Gg eO{ j/bfg dfUg eg]5g\ . …h;sf] lz/df xft /fv"F Tof] v/fgL xf];\Ú eGg] j/bfg dfUgf;fy …tyf:t'Ú eg]sf dxfb]js} lz/df xft /fVg bf}l8Pkl5 dxfb]j lji0f' eujfg\nfO{ k'sfb{} xn];Ldf n'Sg k'u] . Clif?k wf/0f u/]/ lji0f'n] j[sf;'/nfO{ …To:tfn] lbPsf] j/bfg klg sxL+ ;fFrf] x'G5, Psrf]l6 hfFr]/ t x]/Ú eg]5g\ . cljj]sL j[sf;'/n] k/LIff lglDt cfg} lz/df xft /fVbf pm e:d eP5 .

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lxGb", af}4 ;+:s[lt;Fu} xn];L;Fu cleGg /fVg] csf]{ kIf xf] ls/ft ;+:s[lt . ls/ftLx? dxfb]jnfO{ kf?xfª -kf?xf]+_ sf ?kdf k'H5g\ . o; cy{df xn];LnfO{ lq;f+:s[lts s]Gb| jf lqj]0fLwfd eGg ;lsG5 . tLgj6} wd{, bz{g, k/Dk/f / ;b\efjsf] k|tLssf ?kdf xn];L lgZro g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf lglDt cd"No w/f]x/ xf] . xn];L ls/ftL s[lif;Eotfsf] d'xfg ynf] xf] . xn];Lsf] Oltxf;df /}5fs'n]sf] clj:d/0fLo of]ubfg 5 . ls/ftLsf] d"nk'vf{sf ?kdf ;Ddflgt /}5fs'n]sf /fO{x?sf] cnucnu efiffcg';f/ ljleGg gfd 5g\ M x]T5fs'Kkf, vf]lSrlnkf jf v'lrlnkf cflb . oL ljleGg gfdaf6 kl/lrt /}5fs'n] lzsf/L lyP . ToxfFaf6 d[u, aFb]n cflb hgfj/ tyf s¥ofªs'?ª, 9's'/ cflb r/f df/]/ a;fxf u'kmfdf NofO{ vfGy] . kz'sf cfGb|fe'F8L Psflt/ / csf]{lt/ s¥ofªs'?ª cflb k+IfLsf cfGb|e'F8L kmfNy] . r/fn] vfPsf] u|f]nf]lndf -ds}_ / lkmlnlndf -hf}_ r/fsf ufF8d} /x]5g\ . s]xL ;dokl5 tL pld|P . ds}sf af]6df 3f]uf nfu] . /}5fs'n]n] tL 3f]uf h]af -emf]nf_ df /fvL dnfy'DsL 8fF8fdf nu] . 8fF8faf6 9'+uf n8fOlbP . gofF df6f] lgl:sof] . ToxfF ds} 5bf{ h+unel/ eof] . of] vfFbf r/f d/]g eg] dfG5]n] klg vfg x'G5 eGg] r]tgf hfu]kl5 jiff}{+ vfg k'Ug] cGg nufpg / hDdf ug{ yfn] . r/fn] of] 1fg lbPsf] cyf{t\ r/f cGgbftf ePsf] x'gfn] pgs} ;Demgfdf ;fs]nf gfrdf r/fem+} gfrL ljz]if ;Ddfg k|s6 ul/G5 . ;fs]nf gfrdf vfl;of -lem+uf_ gfr, s'ª\s]/f -s¥ofªs'?ª_ gfr, 9's'/ gfr cflb pNn]Vo 5g\ . ;'?df /}5fs'n]n] a'S6f] -cf]9f/_ leq r/fk|lt s[t1tf k|s6 ub}{ gfr]sf] b]v]kl5 p;sf ;Gtltn] klg gfRg yfn]sf x'g\ . cGg 5g]{ a]nf pef}nL / afnL p7fpg] a]nf pwf}nLdf ;fs]nf gflrG5 . o;nfO{ ;fs]nf l;nL elgg] :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL tyf Joj;foL /Tgs'df/ /fO{af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L xf] of] . dnfy'DsL 8fF8fl:yt tfofr'ª hfoh'd ls/ftL ;Eotfsf] pb\ud:yn xf] . o; cy{df ljZjel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf ls/ftLhgsf nflu of] If]q ul/dfdoL 5 . /}5fs'n];Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ Ps k|;+ucg';f/ pgsf b'O{ lbbL lyP tofdf / lvofdf . Ps lbg lu¶f, Eofs'/ cflb sGbd'n vfFbf /}5fs'n] cr]t eP5g\ . efO d/]sf] eG7fg]/ tofdf t/fO{lt/ / lvofdf lxdfnlt/ nflu5g\ . xf]z v'n]kl5 /}5fs'n] PSnf] k/] / xn];L cfO{ a;]5g\ . s]xL jif{kl5 lbbL–alxgLn]

78 à xn];L

cfg} ynf] kmls{P/ t'jfr'ªdf skf; v]tL ub}{ sk8f a'Gg yfn]sf /x]5g\ . efn]n] tL b'j} lbbLnfO{ u'kmfdf NofP5 / ToxL v'lzofnLsf] ;Demgfdf pef}nL, pwf}nLdf ;fs]nf l;nL gfRg] rng rn]sf] xf] .

u'kmf km]nf lj=;+= !*%^ lt/sf] s'/f] xf] . afUj+zL /fO{ gfd u/]sf Ps lzsf/L lzsf/ v]Ng cfP . p;Fu b'O{ s's'/ klg lyP . d[u nv]6\b} hfFbf lzsf/L yfs]5 t/ s's'/ d[us} kl5 nfu]5 . w]/} a]/;Dd d[u, s's'/ s;}sf] kQf] ePg . vf]Hb} hfFbf u'kmf b]lvof] . dflyaf6 nx/f kqm]/ tn embf{ s's'/ d/]sf] b]lvof] eg] htftt} d"lt{ g} d"lt{ /x]5g\ . ;a}nfO{ af]nfP/ b]vfPkl5 xn];L u'kmfsf] k|rf/ x'Fb} uof] . o;nfO{ a]Un} 9+uaf6 ;'gfpg]x? klg 5g\ . ltgsf cg';f/ xn];Ldf 3gf h+un lyof] . ToxfF afUj+zL /fO{ gfd u/]sf] Ps lzsf/L s's'/;lxt lzsf/ v]Ng cfof] . p;n] tLgl;ª\u] d[u b]Vof] . d[u cl3–cl3, kl5–kl5 s's'/ clg lzsf/L afUj+zL bf}8g yfNof] . d[u cnk eof] . s's'/ klg cnk eof] . vf]Hb} hfFbf h+unaLrdf Psl5gdf lbgh:tf] rds, Psl5gdf /fth:tf] rds b]lvof] . afUj+zLn] ;ft–cf7hgf af]nfP/ ToxfF nUof] / z/L/df 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ dflyaf6 u'kmfleq em¥of] . ToxfF d/]sf] s's'/ / dxfb]j, ljleGg b]jLb]jtf, af3, efn', clh+u/ cflb b]lvP . tLgl;ª\u] d[u dxfb]j kf] /x]5g\ . pgn] cfgf] yfg b]vfpg d[u ag]sf] /x:o ;a}n] yfxf kfP .

k"hfcfhf lj=;+= !*^! ;fnlt/ /fhf lujf{0fo'4ljqmdnfO{ xftdf 3fp eP5 . Hof]ltifLnfO{ b]vfpFbf k"j{ # g+= cf]vn9'+uf -tTsfnLg_ lhNnfl:yt x/LZj/ eGg] 7fpFdf dxfb]j pTklQ ePsf] 5 . ToxfF u'7L /flvlbof] eg] 3fp lgsf] x'G5 elgPsfn] oxfF /fhf lujf{0fo'4ljqmdn] u'7L Joj:yf;lxt dlGb/ :yfkgf u/fPsf] egfO Joj;foL tyf k"j{afnk'hf/L k|sfzrGb| lu/Lsf] 5 . xn];L dxfb]jsf] dlGb/df lu/L k'hf/L 5g\ . !@ jif{ pd]/;Ddsf afn -s'df/_ k'hf/Ln] k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . lj=;+= !*^! b]lv oxfF lu/L k'hf/L /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf lglDt nfndf]x/, tfd|kq, v8\ulgzfgf cflb;d]t ul/Psf 5g\ . ;'?sf

xn];L à 79

k'hf/L dgf]x/ lu/L rl/sf]6, /fd]5fkaf6 NofOPsf lyP . dgf]x/kl5 an/fh lu/Lsf] kfnf] eP klg pgL gfafns ePsfn] !# lbg] bfh'efO vf]Hg /fd]5fk lx+8]sL an/fhsL lbbLsf] af6fdf /fhaf]n lu/L;Fu e]6 eO{ an/fhsf] pd]/ gk'u'Gh]n k"hf ug{ s'df/ vf]Hb} lx+8]sf] eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 …xfdL g} xf}+ bfh'efOÚ egL ljleGg dflg;;lxt /fhaf]n lu/L oxfF cfP / k"hf ug{ yfn] . k'hf/Ln] k"hfsf] Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ a]nfdf …dgf]x/ lu/Lsf ;Gtfg d PSnf] x'FÚ egL /fhaf]nn] u/fP . o;cg';f/ tfd|kq dgf]x/sf gfddf 5 eg] v8\ulgzfgf /fhaf]nsf gfddf 5 . dgf]x/sf ;Gtlt xn]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/sf d"nk'hf/L uf]kfn lu/Lsf] egfO xf] of] . oltv]/ d"nk'hf/L uf]kfn lu/L 5g\ eg] s'df/ k'hf/Ldf gfo]z lu/L / k|zfGt lu/L 5g\ . Psyl/ k'hf/L ;Gtfgsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf e]6L3f6L cflbaf/] d'2f;d]t xfn]sf 5g\ . /fd]5fk / cf]v9'+ufsf k'hf/L ;GtltaLrsf] åGå sfod /xg'nfO{ s'g} klg cy{df plrt dfGg ;lsFb}g .

b'/j:yf xn];L u'?of]hgf, xn];L ljsf; ;ldlt, xn];L dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cflb x'g'n] xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{gsf lbzfdf cu|;/tf /x]sf] efg u/fP klg oyfy{ To:tf] 5}g . xn];Lsf gfddf /flvPsf hUufsf] p7\tLk'7\tL gx'g' b'MvbfoL kIf xf] . u'?of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf 5}g / lgs} cl3sf] u'?of]hgfk|lt c;xdlt /fVg] klg w]/} 5g\ . dlGb/, wd{zfnf cflb agfpF5' eGg]nfO{ hUuf h'6fOlbg] l:ylt;d]t 5}g . dxTjk"0f{ ;Dkbf:yn j/k/ xf]6n, nh, 3/ cflb lgdf{0f x'g'n] ;d:of rsf{Psf 5g\ . 9n, ensf] plrt Joj:yf gx'Fbf e}/j u'kmf dfq} xf]Og, cGo u'kmf;d]t w/fkdf kg]{ 8/ 5 . u'?of]hgfnfO{ ;fdlos t'NofpFb} lglZrt dfkb08;lxt s7f]/ eO{ cl3 g;g]{ xf] eg] xn];Ln] ;/fKg] 5 .

sfsfs'n a:tL xn];Lsf] b'Mv eGg' sfsfs'n a:tL;/x /xg' xf] . kfgL cefj / ;/;kmfO sdL d"n ;d:of x'g\ . a;fxf u'kmf If]qsf] wf/f] glhs} cUnf], 7"nf] 6of+sL agfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u x'g;s] s]xL /fxt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . :jR5, :j:y, x/fe/f xn];L agfpg 7"n} r]tgf vfFrf] 5 . wd{zfnf geP;/x 5g\ . nh, xf]6n

80 à xn];L

sd 5}gg\ t/ z'Nscg'?k ;'ljwf 5}g . Psk6s cfpg]nfO{ k6s–k6s cfpg xf}:ofpg] / cln lbg l6sfpg] sf}zn xf]6n, nh Joj;foLn] l;Sg}k5{ . tLy{ofqfdf /dfpg rfxg]sf nflu xn];L guO{ g'xg] :yn xf] . rLg, ef/t, e'6fg cflb b]zaf6 >4fn' eQmhg cf]Ol/g] / klZrdf ko{6s;d]t k'Ug] xn];Ldf /fdgjdL, lzj/flq, afnfrt'b{zL, pef}nL, pwf}nL cflb kj{df ljz]if eL8 nfUg] u5{ . x/]s b[li6sf]0faf6 ljlzi6 xn];L gk'Ug] xf] eg] hLjgdf Pp6f l/Qmtfaf]w rflx“ kSs} x'g]5 . To;}n] af6fsf] cjlw;lxt sDtLdf tLg lbgsf] ;do lgsfnL xn];L ofqf lsg gug]{ < ;'gsf]zL, b'wsf]zL gbL5]psf] kxf8df cjl:yt xn];L ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] vf]6fª lhNnfdf k5{ . sf7df8f}+, rfalxnaf6 ;'df] 6f6f r9L !) 306fd} k'luG5 . sf7df8f}+af6 a; ;]jf;d]t 5 . ljdfgaf6 hfFbf nfld8fF8f, dgdfof /fO{ ljdfg:yn vfgL8fF8f -lbQm]n_ tyf yfdvs{ ljdfg:ynaf6 k'Ug ;lsg] eP klg glhssf] dflgg] nfld8fF8faf6} b'O{ 306fhlt a;ofqf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kSsL k'n algg;s]sfn] avf{df a]lnla|h lems]kl5 3'dL{df csf]{ ;jf/L km]/]/ xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}+af6 xn];L hfg]x? kms{+bf, 3'dL{, s6f/L, ldr}{of, alb{af;, kyn}of, x]6f}+8f x'Fb} kms{g ;lsG5 . o;/L ofqf ubf{ klg ;do / vr{ vf;} a9L nfUb}g .

xn];LnfO{ kl5Nnf] ;f+:s[lts / ef}lts ljsf;;lxt a'‰g ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] k|:t't n]v uf]/vfkq b}lgs -j}zfv !#, @)&!_ af6 ;fef/ u/L k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . –;Dkfbs

xn];L à 81

cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f

82 à xn];L

xn];L à 83

xn];Lsf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd 8f= xl/ >]i7

kl/ro sl/a b'O{ xhf/ jif{cl3b]lv dfgjLo cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] vf]6fª lhNnfsf] xn];L cToGt} rlr{t ax'wfld{s ;f+:s[lts :yn xf] . lxGb", af}4, ls/ft wd{, h}g wd{, hLjwd{ tyf :yfgLo ¿kdf k|rlnt c? cg]sf}+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fx? xn];L;Fu cfj4 b]lvg' o;sf] cfg} j}lzi6\o dflgG5 . dfgf}+, xn];L Ps ;"o{lk08 xf] / o;;Fu ufFl;Psf ljljw wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts cf:yfx? o;sf jl/kl/ 3'ld/xg] cg]sf}+ u|x–pku|xx? x'g\ . g]kfndf ax'wfld{s cf:yfsf] s]Gb|:ynsf ¿kdf ljsl;t c? klg w]/} 7fpFx? 5g\ . t/, g]kfnsf c;+Vo wfld{s–;f+:s[lts ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ Ps;fy ;dfg ¿kn] cfslif{t ug]{ s'g} ;femf ynf] 5 eg], Tof] xn];L dxfb]j:yfg dfq} xf] . xn];L / o;j/k/sf kxf8x?sf]] ef}ule{s ;+/rgf cfkm}+df lgs} cgf}7f] / cfZro{nfUbf] b]lvG5 . oxfFsf] ef}ule{s ;+/rgfn] dflg;df Ps lsl;dsf] a]Un} s't"xntf pTkGg u/fOlbG5 . s'g} au}+rfdf dflg;n] of]hgfa4 9Ën] km"nsf la?jfx? /f]k]em}+ k|s[lt cfkm}+n] oxfFsf kxf8x?df a8f] ;fjwfgLk"j{s r§fgsf la?jfx? /f]k]em}+ b]lvG5 . kxf8df pld|Psf r§fgx?sf] o; ce"tk"j{ b[Zo b]v]/ s'g} sljn] oL kxf8x?nfO{ …n'ª\6f] au}+rfÚ -/s uf8]{g_ eg]/ /flvlbPsf] gfd lgs} pko'Qm / cy{k"0f{ nfU5 . xn];Lj/k/sf kxf8sf cgs06f/ 7fpFx?df cg]sf}+ u'kmfx? kfOG5g\ . Wofg ;fwgfdf lnKt x'g rfxg] ;fwsx?sf nflu

84 à xn];L

tL u'kmfx?n] Pp6f a]Un} ;Ddf]xg pTkGg u/fOlbG5g\ . o; kª\lQmsf n]vsn] cWoog–e|d0fsf] qmddf ToxfFsf ljleGg u'kmfx?df WofgdUg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;fwsx? b]v]sf lyP . pgLx?;Fusf] cGtlqm{ofdf xn];Lsf tL u'kmfx?df k|j]z ubf{ Pp6f cgf}7f] r'DasLo cfsif{0fsf] cg'ej ePsf] ;'gfP .

;f+:s[lts cfofd xn];Lyfgsf] ljlzi6 Pjd\ ljlrq ;+/rgf cfkm}+df k|s[ltsf] cg'kd ;[hgf xf], h;nfO{ b]v]/ To; e]usf sNkgfzLn cfVofgsf/x?n] cToGt} s'zntfk"j{s k|frLg kf}/fl0fs syfsf 36gfx?;Fu o;sf] tfbfTDo u/fPsf 5g\ . lxGb"x? eG5g\, lzj dxfb]jn] a[sf;"/ /fIf;nfO{ lbPsf] j/bfg k|To'Tkfbs eP/ cfg} ljgfz x'g nfUbf j;fxf u'kmfleqsf] cfsfzlt/sf] efu kmf]/]/ efUb} csf]{ u'kmfdf n'Sg k'u]sf lyP . dxfb]j n's]sf] ToxL u'kmfdf k|fs[lts lzjlnË tyf kfj{tL elgPsf] r§fgsf] cfs[lt cflb /x]sf 5g\, hf] cfh xn];Lsf] d'Vo kljq:yn cyf{t\ ue{u[xsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . j;fxfyfgsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ub}{ dxfb]j:yfgdf cfOk'u]kl5 tL 7fpFsf] ;+/rgfn] ;fdfGo dflg;nfO{ lhNofOlbG5 / pgLx?sf] dgdf kf}/fl0fs syfdf jl0f{t 36gfk|lt ;xh ljZjf; pTkGg u/fOlbG5 . pgLx? xn];LnfO{ Ps kf}/fl0fs gf6\ozfnfem}+ 7fG5g\ hxfF lzj dxfb]j, kfj{tL, a[sf;"/ / lji0f' k|s6 eP/ cfgf] nLnf b]vfPsf lyP . To; e]usf k|frLg cflbjf;L ls/ft ;d'bfo ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ cfgf] k'Vof}{nL b]jtf dfG5g\ . o; cy{df :jfefljs ¿kn] xn];L dxfb]j;Fu ls/ftLx?sf] cToGt} lgs6Qd ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ls/ftLx? xn];LnfO{ lkt[sf ¿kdf klg k'H5g\ . ls/ftLsf cflbk'vf{ /}5fs'n], hf] vf]lSrlnkf, x]T5fs'Kkfsf gfdn] klg lrlgG5, k|frLgsfndf s'g}a]nf xn];L u'kmfdf a:g cfOk'u]sf lyP . ls/ftL nf]scfVofgdf cGt/lglxt ;+s]tx?nfO{ s]nfpFbf ls/ftLx? To; e]udf u'kmf ;+:s[ltsf ;"qwf/ b]lvG5g\ . ljZjsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ cf/lDes dfgjn] u'kmfleq} ;j{k|yd ;+:s[ltsf] ljhf/f]k0f u/]sf lyP . Tof] u'kmfo'usf] s'/f lyof] . ljZjsf cg]sf}+ :yfgx?df u'kmfo'usf] cl:tTj km]nf k/]sf 5g\, hxfF cf/lDes dflg;sf cfZro{nfUbf ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfksf k|df0fx? klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . k|fu\P]ltxfl;s sfndf s[lifhGo ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g'cl3 g]kfnsf sltko :yfgx?df klg u'kmf

xn];L à 85

;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|fs[lts k|lts"ntf, lx+;|s hgfj/af6 ;'/Iff cflb sf/0fn] g]kfnsf cf/lDes dfgjn] nfdf] ;do;Dd u'kmfnfO{ g} cfgf] lgjf;:yfg agfPsf lyP . g]kfnsf pQ/L lxdfnL If]qdf To:tf cg]sf}+ k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t u'kmfx? km]nf k/]sf 5g\, hxfF tTsflng dfgj ;+:s[ltsf cfZro{nfUbf cjz]ifx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ¿kn] lgld{t xn];L u'kmfdf klg :yfgLo ls/ft ;d'bfosf] cflbk'vf{n] cfgf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgsf] ;'?cft u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|r'/ 5 . ls/ftLsf k'vf{x?n] ;DejtM xfnsf] j;fxfyfg elgg] u'kmfnfO{ cfgf] af;:yfg agfPsf lyP . ;}of}+ dflg;x? c6fpg ;Sg] j;fxfyfgsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf, cjl:ylt, glhs} kfgLsf] d'xfg tyf jl/kl/ To;a]nfsf] 3gf hËn / ToxfF k|fKt x'g] lzsf/sf] k|r'/tf cflb sf/0fn] xfnsf] j;fxfyfgdf ls/ftLsf k'vf{x?n] nfdf] ;do JotLt u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|jn b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ xn];L u'kmf ls/ft ;Eotfsf] k|:yfgljGb' ePsf]n] ls/ftLx?sf] a]Un} efjgfTds ;DaGw /xg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . xn];L glhs} /x]sf] t'jfr'ª 8fF8fdf s[lifhGo ls/ftL ;Eotfsf ;+s]tx? klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . To; :yfgdf k|frLg df6fsf efF8f, ljz]if k|sf/sf] aNg] 9'+uf tyf tfg a'Gg] ;fdu|L …y'/LÚ kfOPsf] bfjL ul/Psf] 5 . u'kmf lgjf;L dfgjn] x'sf{Psf] lzsf/hGo ;+:s[ltkl5 ljsl;t csf]{ ;+:s[lt s[lifhGo ;+:s[lt lyof] . s[lifhGo ;+:s[ltn] s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf :yfoL a;f]af;sf] ;'?cft tyf To;cg's"nsf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx?df dflg;nfO{ cfa4 u/]sf] lyof] . lzsf/hGo ;+:s[ltsf] k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf xn];Ljl/kl/ c;+Vo u'kmfx? /xg' tyf xn];Lglhs} s[lifhGo ;+:s[ltsf k|df0fx? kfOg'n] ls/ft ;dfh / ;+:s[lt lgdf{0fsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf] cWoogdf xn];L If]qsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] s'/f oxfF pNn]vgLo 5 . Aff}4 k/Dk/fdf k|rlnt xn];L;Fu ;DalGwt cfVofgx? klg lgs} rfvnfUbf 5g\ . xn];LnfO{ ltAatL af}4dfuL{x? …df/fltsfÚ u'kmfsf] ¿kdf hfGb5g\ . !@cf}+ ztfAbLotfsf ltAatL ;|f]tx?df df/fltsf u'kmfsf af/]df s]xL ;Gbe{x? pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cg]sf}+ af}4 nfdfx?sf] cys k|oTg / vf]hLkZrft\ xn];Ldf kljq df/fltsf u'kmf km]nf k/]sf cfVofgx? kfOG5g\ . af}4 wd{sf k|Voft u'? kß;Dejn] d/0f ljd'lQm k|fKt u/]sf] 7fpF xn];L–df/fltsf xf]

86 à xn];L

eGg] s'/fdf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ulx/f] ljZjf; /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kß;Dej jt{dfg kfls:tfgdf kg]{ tTsflng :jft\ pkTosf -pl8\8ofg_ df O{zfsf] cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf hGd]sf lyP . jh|ofgL tflGqs cfrfo{sf ¿kdf pgsf] ljåtf To;a]nf g} lgs} rrf{sf] lzv/df lyof] . :jft\ pkTosfdf clxn] klg 7fpF7fpFdf af}4 :t"ksf v08x/x? kfOG5g\ . logL ;g\ &$& df g]kfn x'Fb} ltAat uPsf] / ToxfF pgn] af}4 wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP . kß;Dejn] ltAat hfg'cl3 sf7df8f}+ kmlk{ªsf] Clift/ u'kmfdf ;fwgf u/]sf lyP . u'? l/Dkf]r]sf] gfdaf6 ;'kl/lrt logL lgª\dfkf ;Dk|bfosf ;+:yfks lyP . g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf /x]sf *% k|ltzt u'Dafx? lgª\dfkf ;Dk|bfo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\, tL u'Dafx?df zfSod'lg a'4sf] d"lt{eGbf 7"nf] / cUnf] kß;Dejsf] d"lt{ /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . elgG5, kß;Dej cfgL kTgL -8flsgL_ dGwf/jf;Fu xn];L–df/fltsf u'kmfdf cfP/ d/0f ljd'lQmsf] s7f]/ Wofg ;fwgfdf a;]sf lyP . pgsf] Wofgdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg cfPsf df/ -/fIf;_ x?af6 aRg j;fxf u'kmfsf] 5fgf kmf]/]/ pgL klg dxfb]jem}+ csf]{ u'kmfdf WofgdUg ePsf] ls+jbGtL kfOG5 . tLg dlxgfsf] Wofg ;fwgfkZrft\ kß;Dejn] cldtfo'z a'4sf] bz{g kfP . pgsf] Wofg ;fwgfaf6 k|efljt eP/ cldtfo'z a'4 :jo+ k|s6 e} pgL / dGwf/jfsf] lz/df cd/Tjsf] cd[t/; l;~rg u/] . kß;Dejn] dxfl;l4 tyf cd/Tj k|fKt u/]sf] 7fpF ePsf] sf/0f af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?sf lglDt xn];L–df/fltsf kljq k'0oe"ldsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . af}4 wdf{jnDaLx? xn];L dxfb]jnfO{ wd{kfn dfG5g\ eg] kfj{tLnfO{ cfo'snz dfG5g\ . xn];L u'kmf /x]sf] kj{t / To;j/k/sf cGo b'O{ kj{tx?nfO{ af}4dfuL{x?n] cfo{cjnf]lst]Zj/, jh|kfl0f / d~h'>L kj{t eg]/ gfds/0f u/]sf 5g\ . tL kj{tx? af}4 wd{sf oL k"hgLo JolQmTjx?af6 cflzif k|fKt u/]sf] kljq :ynsf ¿kdf /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ -ldlNsPsf lemNsfx?_ sf cg';f/ h}g wd{sf cfrfo{ eb|afx'nfO{ klg xn];L dxfb]j:yfgn] cfslif{t u/]sf] lyof] . pQ/ ef/tdf clgsfn k/]sf] ;dodf eb|afx' cfgf s]xL h}g cg'ofoLx?nfO{ lnP/ ljqmd ;Djt\ #&( sf] cf;kf; jf To;eGbf s]xL klxn] xn];Ldf cfPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o; 7fpFsf] dlxdf ;'g]/ eb|afx' xn];Ldf :jo+ pkl:yt e} w]/} jif{ oxfF tk:of/t\ ePsf lyP . o;/L cfrfo{ eb|afx'sf] pkl:yltaf6 xn];L;Fu

xn];L à 87

h}g wd{sf] gftf ufFl;bf xn];Lsf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd cem km/flsnf] x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . lxGb", jf}4, ls/ft wd{, h}g wd{, hLj wd{, emfFqmL k/Dk/f cflb cg]sf}+ cf:yf / ljZjf;x?sf] ;+ud:yn ag]sf] xn];L dxfb]jsf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd olt km/flsnf] 5, o;n] g]kfnL ;fdfhsf] ;f+:s[lts dgf]/rgfsf] ax'cfoflds cWoog / ljZn]if0fsf lglDt k|z:t ;fdu|Lx? h'6fOlbg ;S5 .

ef}ule{s ;+/rgf xn];L u'kmf ef}ule{s cWoogsf] lglDt /fd|f] kf7zfnf klg xf] . u'kmfsf] r§fg] ;+/rgf, r'g9'+ufsf] agfj6 / To;df cfpg] kl/jt{g, jiff{t\sf] kfgL / hldgdf kfOg] sfaf]{lgs Pl;8sf] ;+of]hg, To:tf Pl;8o'Qm kfgLsf] k|efjdf r'g9'+u] kxf8df aGg hfg] u'kmf / cg]sf}+ cfs[ltsf 9'+ufx?sf af/]df Pp6} :yndf a;]/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{ e"ue{zf:qsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ xn];Ln] kof{Kt ;fdu|L k|bfg u5{ . e"ue{ lj1fgsf cg';f/ xn];L u'kmf lxdfno kj{tsf] p7fgsf] qmddf r'g9'+ufsf] sdnf] r§fgaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . r'g9'+ufdf jiff{t\sf] kfgLdf x'g] sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] sf6]/ ;lhn} vfN8f] agfpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] ToxL ef}ule{s k|fs[lts k|lqmofcg'¿k u'kmfsf] jt{dfg :j¿k / To;leq ljljw cfsf/k|sf/sf cfs[lt / ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} 7fpFsf] r'g9'+u] kxf8 sfaf]{lgs Pl;8o'Qm kfgLsf] ;+;u{df cfPkl5 To;n] lg/Gt/sf] nfdf] k|lqmofaf6 kxf8nfO{ lvofP/ wf]b|f] agfpF5 / ToxfF sfnqmddf cfZro{nfUbf u'kmfx? aG5g\ . xn];L u'kmf klg e"ue{ lj1fgsf] oxL lgodcg';f/ lgdf{0f ePsf] s'/fdf clws ;Totf b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf cGo ljleGg efux?df klg o:tf u'kmfx? kfOPsf 5g\, h;nfO{ dflg;x? b}jL rdTsf/sf ¿kdf k'Hg] u5{g\ .

kl/jt{gsf] k|jfx g]kfnh:tf] ax'wfld{s tyf ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sdf ;a} wd{–;Dk|bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] cfslif{t ul//x]sf] xn];L dxfb]jyfgsf] ax'cfoflds cWoogtkm{ ljut s]xL jif{b]lv :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljåfg\x?sf] ?rL a9\b} u}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'sdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 ljleGg hflt tyf hghfltsf

88 à xn];L

dflg;x?df a9\b} uPsf] ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] sf/0f k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|rlnt sltko ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx?sf ;DaGwdf gofF 9+uaf6 j}rfl/s ax; ;'? ePsf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;nfO{ j:t'jfbL 9+un] JofVof, ljZn]if0f / k'gn]{vg ug]{ cfjfhx? ;txdf k|s6 e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf ;jfnx?df klg gofF cjwf/0ffx? cfO/x]sf 5g\ . xn];L, hf] ;f+:s[lts ;lxi0f'tfsf] k|tLs dflgG5, cfhsf log} ax; / tLj| kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfsf] cWoog ubf{ o;sf] efj–w/ftndf z}j, af}4 tyf cGo :yfgLo wfld{s k/Dk/fsf aLrdf ljsl;t cfg} k|sf/sf] lgs6tf b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 . kz'kltgfynfO{ jif{sf] Psk6s a'4 cjtf/sf] ¿kdf k'Hg] k/Dk/f, kßkfl0f jf]lw;TjnfO{ dT:o]Gb|gfysf] ¿kdf / kß;DejnfO{ z}j dtsf] uf]/vgfysf ¿kdf k'Hg] k/Dk/fn] z}j / af}4 wd{aLrsf] ;f+:s[lts ;xro{ / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] pbf/jfbL dgf]/rgftkm{ ;+s]t u5{g\ . c? d'n'sdf h:tf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts åGåsf hl6ntfx? xfdLsxfF b]vf gkg'{sf] Pp6f sf/0f of] klg xf] . t/, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjsf] cfj/0fdf lxhf]sf s]Gb|Ls[t ;fdGtL /fHoJoj:yfn] yf]k/]sf] nfdf] ;dosf] ;f+:s[lts lje]b klg xfd|f] ;Gbe{sf] Pp6f oyfy{ xf] . ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ Pp6f gofF / Gofok"0f{ w/ftndf pEofpg] cfhsf k|oTgx? To;}sf] k|ltlaDag xf], k|ltkmn xf] . xn];Lsf ;Gbe{df ljut s]xL jif{b]lv ToxfF pl7/x]sf ;f+:s[lts ax; tyf ljrf/–ljdz{x? lgs} cy{k"0f{ 5g\ . xn];Ldf s'g} Ps wd{sf] Psflwsf/sf lj/f]wdf cfjfhx? p7]sf 5g\ . xn];Ldf b]vfk/]sf] of] ax; cfh pln{/x]sf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] /fli6«o ax;s} k|ltR5fof xf] . tL ax; / cfjfhx? xn];LnfO{ ;fFrf] cy{df ax'wfld{s agfpg]tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . xn];L s'g} Ps wd{sf] Psnf}6L geP/ ;a} wd{sf] ;femf ynf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotftkm{ pGd'v o:tf ljrf/x? ;sf/fTds 5g\ . kmn:j?k xn];Ldf s]xL tflTjs kl/jt{gx? b]vf kb}{5g\ . xn];Lsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg, cfly{s sf/f]af/ / xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;du| ljsf;df ;a} wd{ / hfthfltsf] ;xeflutf x'Fb} hfg' ToxL kl/jt{gsf] k|ltkmn xf] . o;/L xn];Ldf ax';f+:s[lts ;xeflutf a[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf To;n] lgM;Gb]x ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . xn];Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf xn];L;Fu cfa4 ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts

xn];L à 89

;d'bfox?sf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn sfg'gL ¿kn] cem} ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;n] d"t{¿k lnPkl5 xn];LnfO{ ;a} wd{sf] ;femf ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cem ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;a}sf] ;xeflutfaf6 lg:sg] ljrf/, Pstfa4 ;fd"lxs k|oTg / ;/sf/sf] 7f]; k|lta4tfn] dfq} xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf ;du| xn];L If]qsf] ljsf;df tflTjs kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 .

lgisif{ ax';f+:s[lts cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /x]sf] xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gdf ug'{kg]{ sfdx? w]/} 5g\ . cNksflng tyf bL3{sflng sfo{of]hgf agfP/ To;sf] 7f]; sfof{Gjogdf hfg' cfjZos 5 . ef}ule{s cWoogaf6 o;sf] jt{dfg ;+/rgfsf] jf:tljs l:ylt kQf nufO{ ;'/Iffsf pkfox? cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . o;sf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{ arfpg dlGb/j/k/ lglZrt If]q lgwf{/0f u/L ToxfF /x]sf c;fGble{s ;+/rgf x6fO{ au}+rf, kf]v/L, Wofgs]Gb|, wd{zfnf, Jojl:yt zf}rfno, ;fj{hlgs v'Nnf :yn, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, kfgL e08f/0f tyf ljt/0f s]Gb| cflb cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ hfFbf ;du| dlGb/ kl/;/sf] cfsif{0f / ;f}Gbo{df cem a[l4 x'g hfG5 . o;n] tLy{ofqLx?sf] a;fO;d]t ;'ljwfhgs x'g] / xn];Ldf pgLx?sf] a;fO nlDaFbf cfGtl/s ko{6g km:6fpg d2t k'U5 . xn];Ldf ko{6gsf k|z:t ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf cltl/Qm P]ltxfl;s, kof{j/0fLo, ;fxl;s kbofqf, ¥ofl6ª, u|fdL0f tyf hghftLo ko{6gsf lglDt cfjZos k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f ug{ ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1– ljz]if1x?åf/f a[xt\ u'?of]hgf tof/ kfg{ nufO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;af6 xn];L h:tf] Ps cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f dfq geP/ xn];L If]qsf cfd hg;d'bfosf] cfly{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df ;d]t cg's"n kl/jt{g cfpg]5 . xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f / To; If]qsf] ;du| ljsf; x'Fbf b]zljb]zsf ko{6sx?sf] cfudgdf a[l4 x'g u} xn];Lsf] dfq geP/ cGttf]uTjf d'n'ss} cfly{s pGgltdf ;d]t o;n] b"/ufdL k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . k|:t't n]v …;fs{ sNr/n u|fG6Ú cGt/utsf] cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

90 à xn];L

cGtjf{tf{

xn];L ;f+:s[lts ;xcl:tTjsf] s]Gb| 8f= k|]d vqL

lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;+:s[lt ljefu / l;gf; (CNAS) sf k|dv ' sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfnL;Sg'ePsf 8f= k|d] vqL g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf uDeL/ cWo]tf x'gx' G' 5 . tkfO{+ / 8f= xl/axfb'/ >]i7 ldn]/ xn];Laf/] cg';Gwfg ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . o;af/] yf]/} atfOlbg';\ g . blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?sf] ;+u7g ;fs{cGtu{t ;fs{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| 5 . ljut tLg jif{b]lv o;n] ;fs{ b]zsf ef}lts–cef}lts tyf d"t{–cd"t{ b'j}yl/ ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g, snf, cyf{t\ ;Dkbfx?sf] ljljw kIfaf6 cWoog u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 . o; jif{b]lv o;df g]kfnnfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df xfdLn] xn];Lsf] cWoog ul//x]sf xf}+ . xfdLn] clxn];Dd u/]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0faf/] >Ln+sfdf d}n] ev{/} Ps …k]k/Ú klg k|:t't u/]+ . of] s]Gb|af6 cg';Gwfg k"0f{ ePkl5 …sNr/Ú -;+:s[lt_ gfdsf] k':tsdf xn];L;DaGwL xfdL b'O{hgfn] tof/ u/]sf] cg';GwgfTds n]v k|sfzg x'G5 . >Ln+sfdf d}n] xn];Lsf] ko{6sLo k|j4{gaf/]df klg yf]/} s'/f /fv]sf] 5' . pgLx?n] xn];L;DaGwL yk sfd ug{ jf u/fpg ;S5g\ . tkfO{+x?n] xn];LnfO{ g} lsg cWoogsf] ljifosf ?kdf /f]Hg'eof] <

xn];L à 91

xn];Laf/] d}n] ;fg}b]lv ;'Gb} cfPsf] lyPF . xn];L u'kmf / dxfb]jsf] ;DaGw s] xf] t < d}n] of] ljifo x]g{ rfx]+ . l;Gw'3fF6Lb]lv lxdfno;Dd g} dxfb]jsf] ;DaGw 5 . ;+:s[ltdf n]lvPsf w]/} kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx? lxdfnodf a;]/ klg n]lvP, tLdWo] slt u|Gy lzj;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . bf];|f] s'/f, z}jwd{sf] cflb:j?k lzjsf] cjwf/0ff j}lbs lxGb"x?sf] cjwf/0ff xf]Og, of] l;Gw'3fF6L ;Eotfb]lv g} ljsf; ePsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;}n] lzjsf] gfddf ljsl;t j]beGbf cl3sf] wd{ xf] z}j . ;du| ls/ft hfltnfO{ ;d]6\g] ;Dk|bfo z}j wd{ g} xf] . z}j pkf;gf lxGb"x?n] kl5 u|x0f u/]sf x'g\ . sf7df8f}+b]lv k"jL{ kxf8x?df hxfF ls/ftx? a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ ToxfF lzjfnox? ag]sf 5g\ . o;n] dnfO{ xn];Lsf] cWoog ug{ cfslif{t u¥of] . t/ xn];LnfO{ t lxGb", af}4, ls/ft ;a}n] plQs} dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ lg < d klg ToxL eGg vf]Hb} 5' . ef]ln b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFbf xn];L ls/ft /fHocGt/ut kg]5 { . To:tf] cj:yfdf xn];L;Fu hf]l8g] u}/ls/ftx?sf] cf:yfnfO{

92 à xn];L

klg ;Fu;Fu} lx“8g\ ;Sg], ;a} ;Fu; } uF } c6fpg ;Sg] x'gk' 5{ . bf];f| ] s'/f== xh'/ eGg';\ g . bf];|f] s'/f s] eg] xn];Ldf hftLo ;+u|xfno x'g'k5{ eGg] d]/f] ;f]r xf] . Do'lhod lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfnaflx/sf d]/f ;fyLx?sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . t];|f] s'/f, rlr{t xn];Lsf] u'kmf s:tf] xf]nf eGg] sf}t'xnn] klg xn];L;DaGwL cWoog ug{ k|]l/t eOPsf] xf] . rf}yf] s'/f, 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{sf] …ldNs]sf lemNsfÚ k':tssf cg';f/ t h}g wd{u'? eb|jfx'n] klg xn];Ldf nfdf] ;do tk:of u/]sf /x]5g\ . pgL s;/L ToxfF k'u] < o:tf y'k|} s'/fn] ubf{ xfdLn] xn];LnfO{ g} cWoogsf nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf xf}+ . d tkfO{+nfO{ k'gM Psk6s lzj / z}j ;Dk|bfolt/ g} 8f]¥ofpF5' . lzj t l;Gw'3fF6Lsf] ;Eotfsf lgdf{0fstf{ b|lj8x?sf] ;f+:s[lts gfos xf]Ogg\ / < s;/L ls/ftsf] eof] < l;Gw'3fF6Lsf] pTvgg ubf{ gGbL -;fF9]_ / lqz'n;Fu} lzjsf] d"lt{ km]nf k¥of] . cfheGbf nueu kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3sf] Tof] d"lt{nfO{ …k|f]6f]–lzjÚ dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfndf kfOPsf lzjx? klg cf;g a;]/ tk:of u/]sf] l;Gw'3fF6Lsf] …k|f]6f]– lzjÚ h:t} b]lvG5 . lqz'n lnP/ ;fw'sf] e]ifdf lzjsf] pkf;gf ug]{ ls/ftx? t clxn] klg e]l6G5g\ . ls/ftx?sf] clxn] ls/ft wd{ ljsl;t x'Fb}5 t/ pgLx? d"ntM lzjsf pkf;s x'g\ . lzj pkf;gf lxGb"x?af6 ls/ftx?n] xf]Og ls/ftx?af6 lxGb"x?n] kl5 u|x0f u/]sf x'g\ . ;'?df n]lvPsf] j]bdf xf]Og kl5 kl/isf/ ul/Psf j]bx?df dfq lzjsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . lzj / pgsf zlQmaf/] ljljw k'/f0fx? n]lvP . o;/L w]/} kl5 lxGb"x?n] lzjnfO{ lxGb"x?sf] klg agfP . cem kl5 t lzjsf cg]s ?kx?sf] rrf{ ug{ yflnof] . ls/ftx?df t j]beGbf cnUu} lzj / kfj{tLnfO{ cfgf] k'vf{sf] ?kdf d'b'dx?df eGg] k/Dk/f clxn] klg 5Fb} 5 . lxGb"x?n] j]b, k'/f0fdf lzjnfO{ ;d]6]/ y'k|} ;Dk|bfox?sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . z}j ;Dk|bfo sflZd/lt/ km}lnof], blIf0f ef/tlt/ km}lnof], u+ufsf]

xn];L à 93

d}bfglt/ km}lnof] . g]kfnsf] lxdfnolt/ k'Uof] . g]kfndf lzjsf] Ps :j?knfO{ kz'kltsf ?kdf dfg]/ ;a} kz'k|f0fLsf] dflns elgof] . lzj ljz'4 d+un / zflGtsf k|tLs x'g\ t/ tflGqs ;Dk|bfodf pgnfO{ e}/jsf ?kdf dflgof] . lzj / b]jLx?sf aLrdf ;DaGw b]vfOof] . /fIf;x? gfz ug{ b]jLx?n] pu|?k wf/0f ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] lzjn] klg e}/jsf ?kdf kz'jln / ef]u vfg] agfOof] . lxGb"x?n] lzjsf o:tf cg]s ?kx?sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ . lzjfnox?df d+un :j?k dfGb} lzjnfO{ ef]u r9fOFb}g . o;/L ls/ft / u}/ls/ftsf aLrdf lzj cnucnu ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . lzj k|fu\P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf b]jtf x'g\ . ls/ftx? hxfFhxfF k'u], ToxfFToxfF lzj ;Dk|bfo k'u]sf] 5 . t/ l;Gw'3fF6Lsf] ;Eotf t ls/ftx?sf] xf]Og lg < b|lj8x?sf] ;Eotf xf] . clg s;/L lzj ls/ftLx?sf] eP t < ls/ft ;Eotf eg]sf] Pl;ofel/ g} km}lnPsf] ;Eotf / hflt xf] . g]kfnsf ls/ftx? t To;leqsf d+uf]n pkhflt dfq x'g\ . ca km]l/ xn];Llt/ kmsf}{+ . klxnf]k6s xn];L k'u]kl5 tkfO{+n] s:tf] cg'e"lt ug'{eof] < d t s] eG5' eg] ls/ftLx?n] cfgf pwf}nL–pef}nL h:tf kj{x? ToxL+ dgfpg'k5{ . xn];Ldf ls/ft k'hf/L /fVg'k5{ . ls/ft d'b'dcg';f/ xn];Ldf ls/ftx?sf hGd, ljjfx h:tf ;+:sf/x? ubf{ emg\ /fd|f] . lxGb" / af}4x?n] t cfcfgf] ljZjf;cg';f/ ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx? ;~rfng ul//x]s} /x]5g\ . t/, Psn] csf]{;Fu ;do h'Wg] u/L rflx“ oL sfo{x? ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;dGjo u/]/ sfd x'g'k5{ . xn];Lsf] dxTj o;}df /x]sf] 5 . t/, xn];Ldf ef}lts cltqmd0f cTolws eO;s]sf] /x]5 . of] unt 5, o;nfO{ /f]Sg'k5{ . xn];L klxn] h:tf] lyof], To:t} k|fs[lts :j?kdf Nofpg' ef}uf]lns, jftfj/0fLo / ko{6sLo lx;fan] klg cfjZos 5 . xn];Ldf cfWoflTds dgf]/d jftfj/0f x'g ;Sof] eg] dfq ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t / w]/} lbg latfpg] agfpg ;Dej x'G5 .

94 à xn];L

clg ko{6gsf] k|ltkmn klg ;a}aLr ljt/0f x'g] l:ylt x'g'k¥of] lg x}g < pkfo s] xf]nf < ko{6sx?sf nflu jfBjfbs eg]/ lrlgg] blntx?sf] afhfufhfsf] k|:t'lt Pp6f cfsif{0f x'g ;S5 . afx'g–If]qLx?sf] afng, ehg h:tf gfrufgx? k:sg ;lsg] ;f+:s[lts j:t' x'g\ . To:t} ls/ftx?sf] df}lns gfr, uLt / snfx?n] ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t gug]{ s'/} ePg . o;f] ug]{ xf] eg] Psflt/ ko{6sx?sf] a;fO dgf]/d / nfdf] x'G5 eg] ko{6sx?n] ug]{ vr{ ;d'bfosf] kx'rF df k'U5 . csf]l{ t/, o:tf d"t–{ cd"t{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+j4{g / ljsf; klg x'G5 . o;afx]s y'k}| cfsif{s :yfgLo …6'l/hd\ k|f8] S6x?Ú lbg ;lsG5 . d'bd' sf kf7x? ufP/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . d}n] >Ln+sfdf Pp6f cg';Gwfgsf] k|:t'lt ;'g+] …:6f]/L 6]lnªÚ . a'9fkfsfx? dHhfn] cfgf k'/fgf cg'ejx? ;'gfpF5g\ . To;sf] /]s8{ ul/G5 . of] t Oltxf; xf], ;Dkbf xf] ;d'bfosf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ls/ftL d'bd' lj1 ;d"x, ls/ftL ;+uLtlj1 ;d"x cyjf ehg–afnglj1 ;d"x cflb u7g u/]/ ;+:s[lt Ao'tF fpg ;lsG5 . lsgeg], ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'gsf nflu klxnf ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'gk' 5{ . :yfgLo hghLjg, /xg;xg, hftLo klx/g, afhfufhf, vfgfsf kl/sf/x? ko{6sLo cfsif{0f x'g\ . cyjf xn];Laf6 lx“8]/ 6\ofDs] hfg], lx“8]/ lh/L hfg], lx“8]/ cGo :yfglt/ hfg] kbofqf k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf c? 7fpFaf6 xn];L kbofqfdf cfpg] x'g ;S5 . Do'lhodsf] s'/f klg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . xf], xn];Lsf] ko{6sLo ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df d]/f] bf];|f] s'/f Do'lhod lgdf{0f xf] . ls/ftL klx/g, uxgf, s[lifcf}hf/, l9sL–hfFtf], sk8f a'Gg] tfg, wg'sfF8, hfF8–/S;L agfpg k|of]u ul/g] efF8fs'F8f, bxL–dxL kfg]{ 7]sL h:tf bh{gf}+ s'/fx? Do'lhoddf /fVg ;lsG5 . xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltn] ;fgf] Pp6f Do'lhod t agfPsf] /x]5 t/ To;nfO{ ko{6sLo :j?k lbg' cfjZos 5 . :yfgLo jg:klt, hLjhGt'x?sf tl:a/x? /fVg ;lsG5 . o;cltl/Qm :yfgLo pTkfbgx? ko{6sx?nfO{ a]Rg ;lsG5 . afF; / sf7sf yl/yl/ ;fdu|Lx? pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5, cNnf]sf] sk8f a'Gg ;lsG5 .

xn];L à 95

pwf}nL, pef}nLdf xn];L k"/} ls/ftLdo x'g'k¥of]Ù a'4k"l0f{dfdf k"/} af}4do xg'k¥of]Ù /fdgjdL, afnfrt'bzL{ cflbdf lxGb"do x'g'k¥of] . /, Psn] csf]{ wd{–;+:s[ltk|lt ;lqmo ;xof]u ug'{k¥of] . cyf{t\, pwf}nL–pef}nLdf u}/ls/ftx? ;xefuL x'g], a'4hoGtLdf lxGb" / ls/ftx? ;xefuL x'g], /fdgjdL, afnfrt'bzL{df ls/ft / af}4dfuL{x? ;xefuL x'g] . xn];Lsf] df}lns cfsif{0f of] x'g]5 . xn];Lsf] ko{6sLo ljsf;af/] tkfO{+sf uHha ;f]r / of]hgf /x]5g\ . xn];LnfO{ ko{6sLo cfsif{0fdf abNg o:tf w]/} s'/fx? ug}{k5{ . d t s] klg eG5' eg] Do'lhoddf b]Vg] s'/fx? dfq eP/ x'Fb}g . ToxfF s;}n] d'b'd k9]sf], ufPsf], d'b'd ufpFb} wfdLn] ;+:sf/ u/]sf] h:tf b'n{e s'/fx? klg ;'Gg, x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . oL b'n{e ;Dkbfx? x'g\ . To:t} ehg, afngx? ufPsf >Jo–b[Zox? klg x]g{ kfOof];\ . clg kf] xn];Lsf] ofqf ;fFRr} cfgGbdo x'g]5 t . ko{6gafx]s xn];L;Fu ;]gx?sf] zf;gcGt/ut :jfoQ zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf ls/ft …lr6]gÚ -sljnf k|d'v_ xf]n];'ªsf] gfd hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . Oltxf;sf o:tf kfqx?nfO{ s;/L xn];Lsf] ko{6g;Fu hf]8\g ;lsPnf < >Ln+sf uPsf avt dnfO{ xn];Lsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL yk sfd ug{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . xfdL xn];L / xf]n];'ªsf] Oltxf; klg vf]hlag ub}{ 5f}+ . xn];Lsf] rrf{ ubf{ xf]n];'ªsf] Oltxf;nfO{ klg …xfOnfO6Ú ug'{k5{ eGg] kIfdf 5f}+ . xf]n];'ª Pp6f Oltxf; x'g\ eg] ltgsf] vf]hL x'g'k5{ . jf:tjdf ;xL xn];L s'g xf], o;n] slt If]q cf]u6]sf] 5, k'/fgf] xn];L xfnsf] u'kmfl;t s;/L hf]l8g k'Uof] h:tf s'/fsf] vf]hL u/]kl5 Oltxf; k"0f{ x'g ;S5 eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff xf] . o;df tkfO{+x? h:tf ls/ft o'jf ljåfg\ ;fyLx?sf] rf;f] / ;xof]usf] vfFrf] 5 . d]/f s'/f ;'Gg'eof] wGojfb Û

96 à xn];L

lqwfld{s cf:yfs]Gb| xn];L 8f= wgk|;fb ;'j]bL

ljifo ;Gbe{ g]kfnsf k|l;4 tLy{:ynx?dWo] xn];L wfd klg Ps xf] . xn];L wfd k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q, ;u/dfyf c~rn -k|:tfljt ls/ft /fHocGtu{t_, vf]6fª lhNnf, dxfb]j:yfg uflj;df cjl:yt 5 . k|Voft tLy{:yn xn];L wfd lxGb", af}4 / ls/ftsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| xf] . xn];L vf]6fª lhNnf ;b/d'sfd lbQm]nb]lv !! sf]; klZrddf k5{ . o; wfdn] ^* /f]kgLeGbf a9L If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df /x]sf] ;fgf] y'DsL / y'DsLsf] rf/}lt/ e~Hofª eP/ /x]sf] xn];L wfd ;d'b| ;txb]lv #!))–$&#^ lkm6sf] prfOdf *^˚ #%' k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv *^˚ $)' k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd / @&˚ !)' pQ/L cIff+zb]lv @&˚ !$' pQ/L cIff+z;Dd /x]sf] 5 . xn];L k'Ugsf nflu dWo kxf8L -k'iknfn_ nf]sdfu{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm dfu{ xf] . sf7df8f}+af6 ag]kf, ag]kfaf6 ljkL /fhdfu{ x'Fb} v'sf]{6 / v'sf]{6af6 k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ x'Fb} 3'dL{, ho/fd3f6 x'Fb} Ps} lbgdf xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5 . sf7fdf8f}“af6 xn];L;Ddsf] ;8ssf] b"/L sl/a @@) lsnf]ld6/ 5 . t/fO{af6 xn];L hfg' kbf{ l;/fxsf] ldr}{ofaf6 s6f/L, 3'dL{ x'Fb} cfpg ;lsG5 . k"jL{ t/fO{af6 cfpFbf w/fg, wgs'6f, lxn], n]u'jf, ef]hk'/, lbQm]n x'Fb} xn];L;Ddsf] ;8s oftfoft pknAw 5 . sf7df8f}+ jf lj/f6gu/af6 nfld8fF8f;Dd Kn]gdf uP/ nfld8fF8faf6 cvf}{n], lah'n], t'jfr'ª -ls/ftLx?sf cflbk'vf{ tf]ofdf–

xn];L à 97

lvofdfsf pTklQynf]_ x'Fb} xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5 . o; cfn]vdf xn];L wfdsf ljljw kIfdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

gfds/0f xn];Lsf] gfds/0f / o;sf] pTklQsf af/]df ljleGg egfO, c8\sn / ls+jbGtL /x]sf 5g\ . Psyl/n] xn];Lsf] pTklQ;Fu kf}/fl0fs cfVofgdf /x]sf] j[sf;'/sf] syf hf]8\g] u/]sf 5g\ . j[sf;'/ gfdsf] /fIf;n] lzjhLsf] s7f]/ tk:of u¥of] . p;sf] tk:ofn] lzjhL k|;Gg eP/ …j/ dfuÚ eGbf j[sf;'/n] …h;sf] 6fpsfdf d]/f] xft /fV5' p;sf] d[To' xf];\Ú eg]/ j/bfg dfUof] . lzjhLn] …tyf:t'Ú eg]/ j/bfg lbP . j/bfg kfpg];fy /fIf;n] lzjhL;Fu} /x]sL kfj{tL b]Vof] / pgsf] ¿kdf df]lxt eO{ kfj{tL kfpgsf nflu lzjs} 6fpsfdf xft /fVg vf]Hof] . lzjhL efUg yfn], /fIf; k5\ofpg yfNof] . o; qmddf lzjhL xfnsf] xn];Ldf k'u] . /fIf;nfO{ e'mSofpgsf nflu pgL kx/f kmf]/]/ leq k;]/ s]xL a]/ n's] . To;kl5 /fIf;nfO{ em'Sofpg kx/f] kmf]/]/ cfsf;lt/ nfu] h:tf] u/L aflx/ lg:s] / csf]{ 7fpFaf6 kx/f kmf]/]/ hldgd'lg n's] . o;/L clxn]sf] a;fxf u'kmf lzjn] agfPsf] klxnf] u'kmf xf] / lzjhL n's]sf] u'kmf rflx“ dxfb]j u'kmf xf] . o; egfOcg';f/ lzjhLn] xn];Ldf hldgd'lg u'kmf agfO n's]sf a]nf eujfg\ lji0f'n] df]lxgLsf] ¿k wf/0f u/L j[sf;'/ /fIf;nfO{ e]6] . pgn] lzjhLn] lbPsf] j/bfg ;To gx'g] eGb} gkTofP cfg} 6fpsfdf xft /fvL x]g{ ;Nnfx lbP . df]xgL ¿kL lji0f'sf] egfOdf kTof/ u/L j[sf;'/n] cfg} 6fpsfdf xft nufof] / eid eof] . eid ePsfn] p;sf] gfd eidf;'/ egL k|l;4 x'g k'Uof] . /fIf; eid ePkl5 eujfg\ lji0f' To;sf] va/ lbg egL lzjhL n's]sf] 7fpFdf uP/ lzjhLsf] bz{g u/] . o;k|sf/ lji0f' cyf{t\ xl/ / lzj cyf{t\ O{Zj/sf] e]6 ePsf] 7fpF ePsfn] o; 7fpFsf] gfd xl/Zj/ /xg uPsf] xf] -g]kfn, @)$) M ##!–##@_ . s[i0fsf bfh' an/fd 3'Db} o; 7fpFdf cfOk'u] . pgnfO{ o; 7fpFdf lzjhLsf] dlGb/ agfpg] OR5f nfUof] / pgn] cfgf] c:q xnf]n] u'kmf agfO lzjhLsf] dlGb/ agfP . xnf]af6 agfPsfn] o;sf] gfd xn]Zj/ dxfb]j /xg uof] / sfnfGt/df eflifs cke|+z eO{ xn];L gfd /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . To;f] t o; If]qdf xn];f] r/fx? k|z:t kfOg] x'gfn] o; 7fpFsf]

98 à xn];L

gfd xn];L /xg uPsf] xf] -/fO{, @)%* M @$_ eGg] cg'dfg 5 . s;}s;}n] ;tLb]jLsf] cª\u ktg eP/ zlQmkL7 / dxfb]jsf] pTklQ x'g] :j:yfgL j|tsyfcg';f/sf] ;tLb]jLsf] bflxg] s'x'gf] ktg ePsf 7fpFdf x/]Zj/ dxfb]j pTkGg ePsf] syfnfO{ klg xn];L;Fu hf]8]sf] kfOG5 -t/ :j:yfgL syfdf ;tLb]jLsf] bflxg] s'x'gf ktg ePsf] 7fpF /fhu[x pNn]v 5_ eg] s;}s;}n] ;tLb]jLsf] x/ ktg ePsfn] o;sf] gfd xn];L /x]sf] xf] klg eG5g\ . t/, o;df zlQmkL7sf ¿kdf b]jLsf] ljz]if cf/fwgf ug]{ rng eg] 5}g . ef]uL/fh rflDnªsf] kl5Nnf] vf]hcg';f/ clxn]sf] xn];L If]qdf xf]n];'ª gfdsf rflDnª /fO{ hfltsf /fhf lyP . pgL ;]g/fhfaf6 nfxf5fk k|fKt u/L To; If]qsf k|yd sljnf ls/ftL /fhf ePsf lyP . xf]n];'ªsf] b/af/ xfnsf] b'l5{d uflj;sf] xfQL9'ª\u]–lvDn]df lyof] / Tof] b/af/ If]qnfO{ xn];L elgGYof] . kl5 ToxL xn];L gfd dxfb]j:yfg ePsf] If]qljz]ifdf s]lGb|t x'g k'Uof] -rflDnª, @)^* M !))–!)#_ . xn];Lsf] gfds/0fsf ljleGg cg'dfgdWo] ef]uL/fh rflDnªsf] kl5Nnf] vf]h tYok/s b]lvG5 .

P]ltxfl;stf xn];Lsf ljifodf s]xL P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ klg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lnDa" / 9'ª\u]n -@)$& M ^(–*@_ cg';f/ sf7df8f}+sf ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf]xfªn] slnut jif{ @@$& df xn];Lsf] k"hf u/L s]xL hldg u'7Lsf] r9fPsf lyP . kNnf] ls/ftsf klxnf] /fhf n]lndxfª slnut jif{ @@(% df cfgf] /fhwfgL ag]kfdf c;'/lIft dx;'; u/L kNnf] ls/fttkm{ nfUbf xn];Ldf k'u]/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g ugf{sf ;fy} b'O{ lbg;Dd ToxL“ a;]sf lyP . o;sf] ^ jif{kl5 n]lndxfªsf efO vfD;f]xfª klg ag]]kfaf6 lj:yflkt eO{ ar]v'r]sf ;]gfnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ dfemls/ftsf] d'snL b]/k' eGg] 7fpFdf cfP/ vDo's–os gfdsf] lsNnf agfO{ /fHo ug{ yfn] . pgn] b'ws'08, hfnkf e"d] M lhdL b]jtf / xn];L;d]tsf lqb]jnfO{ Oi6b]j dfg]sf lyP . clxn] -@)&)_ slnut ;Dat\ %!!$ xf] / dflysf egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] cfheGbf sl/a @*^& jif{ -%!!$–@@$&_ cufl8 g} xn];Lsf] cl:tTj lyof] eGg] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . zª\vf]xfª, n]lndxfª, vfD;f]xfª cflb;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;Gbe{sf] P]ltxfl;s k'li6 x'g eg] ;s]sf] 5}g . o;af/]df yk cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

xn];L à 99

xn];L wfd /x]sf] 7fpFdf 3gf hª\un lyof] . Oltxf;sf] nfdf] sfnv08df of] :yfg hª\unsf aLrdf n's]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo a'9fkfsfsf w]/} cufl8 xn];L u}/Lu'7sf afUa+;L /fO{ cfgf] s's'/ / s]xL ;fyL lnP/ l;sf/ v]Nb} xn];L dxfb]j u'kmfsf 5]pdf k'u]5g\ . Tof] cgs06f/ hª\undf Pp6f ;'Gb/ d[u b]vfk/]5 . afUa+;Lsf] s's'/n] Tof] d[unfO{ nv]6\g nfu]5 . afUa+;L klg s's'/sf kl5 bf}l8Fb} uP5g\ . hfFbfhfFbf d[u / s's'/ b'j} hldgleq x/fP5g\ . s's'/ e's]sf] cfjfh rflx“ ;'lgg] t/ s's'/ rflx“ gb]lvg] eP5 . /ft klg kg{ nfu]sfn] afUa+;L 3/ kms]{5g\ . ef]lnkN6 afUa+;L /fO{ s]xL ;fyLx?;d]t eP/ k'gM ToxL 7fpFdf cfP5g\ . s's'/sf kfOnfsf] 8f]a kQf nufpFb} / emf8L kmfF8\b} hfFbf hldgd'lg Pp6f 8/nfUbf] u'kmf km]nf k/]5 . afUa+;Ln] h] t knf{ eg]/ ;fyLx?sf ;xof]udf 8f]/Lsf] ;xfotfn] u'kmfleq xfDkmfn]5g\ . u'kmfleq k'Ubf t lemlnldnL pHofnf] /x]5 . u'kmfsf] j/k/ x]bf{ t lzj–kfj{tL cfgf k|dyu0f;lxt cfgGbn] a;]sf] b]v]5g\ / lzj–kfj{tLnfO{ k|0ffd u/L u'kmf aflx/ cfP5g\ . To;kl5 To; u'kmfsf] k|rf/k|;f/ eP5 . y'k|f] dflg;x? e]nf eP/ u'kmfleq l5g]{ af6f] agfO{ leq uP5g\ . leq hfFbf lzj–kfj{tL cGtWof{g ePsf t/ pgLx?sf d"lt{ eg] e]6]5g\ . o;kl5 ToxfF k"hf cf/fwgf ug]{ sfdsf] z'ef/De ePsf] eGg] ls+jbGtL /x]sf] 5 . afUa+;Ln] u'kmf kQf nufPsf] ;do lj=;+= !*%^ lt/ eGg] klg pNn]v kfOG5 -cfrfo{, @)&) M u_ . t/, cf]d ;'j]bL -@)^% M !&_ sf cg';f/ xn];L P];]n'vs{sf lj/hdfg /fO{n] lj=;+= !^^$ df dxfb]jnfO{ r9fPsf] clen]v;lxtsf] 3G6f pknAw 5 . 1fgdl0f g]kfn -@)$) M ###–##$_ sf cg';f/ /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfxn] lj=;+= !*$& df vf]6fªsf dgf]/y cfrfo{nfO{ n]vs ] f] xn];Ldf nfv aQL afNg egL c/fPsf] kq / lj=;+= !*%$ df rf}tfl/of z]/axfb'/ zfxn] pg} dgf]/y cfrfo{nfO{ xn];Ldf tfdfsf] a}7s r9fpg c/fPsf] kq pknAw 5g\ . o;af6 cfheGbf sl/a $ ;o jif{cl3b]lv eg] xn];Lsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . To;f] t k'/ftTj ljefun] u/]sf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ &–* ;o jif{cl3b]lv g} xn];L dxfb]jsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 -/fO{, @)%* M @*_ .

ls/ftLsf Oi6sf ?kdf xn];L ls/ft ls+jbGtLcg';f/ ls/ftx?sf cflbk'vf{ tofdf–lvofdf -tf]ofdf–lvofdf, tf]df–v]dfh:tf gfd klg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5_ / vf]lSrlnk' -x]R5fs'Kkf,

100 à xn];L

x]G5fs'jf, /5s'n], /5s'Kkf, vrlnkf, /}5s'n], vf]lSrlnk', vf]Sr]nL, vf]lrlnkf_ sf] 3/ xn];L u'kmfdf lyof] . tf]ofdf, lvofdf xn];Lb]lv pQ/–k"j{df cjl:yt t'jfr'ª÷dnfr'ª -dnfy'Dsf]_ df tfg a'g]/ a:y] . o:t}df tofdf–lvofdfn] 3/ 5f8]/ hfg'k¥of] / efO vf]lSrlnk' PSn} eP . w]/} jif{kl5 efO vf]lSrlnk'sf] lax] gfu]n'ª;Fu eof] / Tof] lax]df crfgs tofdf, lvofdf cfOk'lug\ / o; v';Ldf pgn] pTs[i6 gfr b]vfOg\ . ;+;f/sf k|f0fL / dfgj hLjgsf lqmofsnfksf] clego u/L b]vfOPsf] Tof] …;fs]nf l;nLÚ sf gfdn] k|rlnt ePsf] dflgG5 . tf]ofdf, lvofdf, vf]lSrlnk' / gfu]n'ª ls/ftL ;Eotfsf cu'jf eP . pgLx?n] g} ;j{k|yd cGg kQf nufP / Tof] cGg ;j{k|yd lkt[nfO{ r9fP/ dfq vfg] k/Dk/fsf] ;'?jft u/] . vf]lSrlnk'n] lkt[x?sf] k'sf/ ug]{ qmddf …d'Gb'dÚ hlGdof] / …d'Gb'dÚ kmnfSb} cfFugdf vGg yfNbf Pp6f 9'ª\uf] km]nf k¥of] . Tof] 9'ª\uf] v'jfn'ª -efiffcg';f/ gfd km/s x'g;S5_ xn];L u'kmfdf cjl:yt 5 elgG5 -ls/ftL, O{= @))* M (*–!))_ . o;}n] xn];L ls/ftx?sf] Oi6 b]jsf ?kdf dflg“b} cfPsf] 5 eg] tf]ofdf, lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf 7fpF t'jfr'ª–hfoh'dsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu u'?of]hgf agfO sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . xn];LnfO{ ls/ftLx?n] k'vf{x?n] a;f]af; u/]sf] kljq u'kmf / e"ldsf ¿kdf lng] / k"hf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

af}4wd{sf] k|l;4 tLy{:yn M xn];L xn];L lxGb" / ls/ftsf ;fy} af}4 wdf{jnDaLsf] k|l;4 tLy{:ynsf ¿kdf klg /x]sf] 5 . cf7f}“ ztfAbLsf k|l;4 af}4 leIf', lxgofgL ;Dk|bfosf k|d'v cfrfo{ u'? l/Dkf]5]{ -kb\d;Dej_ n] xn];Ldf cfO{ tk:of u/]sf lyP . pgn] ljleGg 7fpFdf tk:of ubf{ klg l;l4 gkfPkl5 O{= &$% b]lv &$^ ;Dd xn];Ldf cfP/ tk:of ubf{ l;l4 / cd/Tj k|fKt u/]sf lyP -e§/fO{, @)%& M &$ …sÚ _ . cf]d ;'j]bL -@)^% M !%–!^_ n] l`dfl/G5]g ofNdf]sf] xn];L u'kmfsf] lgb]{lzsf / xn];L Goflou u|Gysf] ;Gbe{ lbP/ gfnGb dxfljBfnosf u'? Pj+ tflGqs af}4wd{, of]ufrf/ dtsf k|fWofks, bz{g / ts{zf:qsf 1ftf kb\d;Dej -;g\ &!&–&&%_ n] cfgL cwf{ª\lugL /fhs'df/L dGb/fj b]jL g]kfndf cfO{ ;g\ &$#–&$& sf cjlwdf g]kfnsf] ljleGg If]qdf /x]a;]sf / o;aLrsf tLg dlxgf eg] pgLx? xn];Ldf a;L tk:of u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

xn];L à 101

xn];Ldf df/fl6sf gfdsf] u'Daf -@)#&_ 8fjfª 5f]lkmn Uof5f]sf] ;lqmotfdf ag]sf] 5 . e'6fgsf tTsfnLg /fhf lhUd] l;+u] jfª\r'ssf afa'cfdfn] xn];L;Fu ;Gtfgsf nflu j/bfg dfu]sf / jfª\r'ssf] hGd ePsf] eGg] ljZjf;df e'6fgL /fhf jfª\r'sn] @)$$ sflt{s !* ut] xn];L bz{g u/]sf] elgG5 . xn];Lsf] bz{gsf nflu e'6fg, rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, adf{, tfOjfg, yfONofG8 cflb b]zaf6 xhf/f}“ ;ª\Vofdf af}4dfuL{ >4fn'x? cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

k|s[ltsf] cg'kd l;h{gf xn];L xn];L wfddf crDdsf # j6f u'kmf 5g\ . k"j{kl§ /x]sf] u''kmf e}/j u'kmf, klZrdkl§sf] a;fxf u'kmf / aLrsf] d'Vo u'kmf dxfb]j u'kmf xf] . klZrdsf] u'kmf k|j]zåf/af6 sl/a @%) lkm6 leq uPkl5 cfsf; b]lvg] u/L 7'nf] Ejfª k/]sf] 5 . ToxL Ejfªaf6 lzjhL aflx/ lg:s]/ dxfb]j u'kmfsf] l;h{gf u/L eidf;'/nfO{ 5SofP/ n's]sf] eGg] ls+jbGtL /x]sf] 5 . a;fxf u'kmfsf] leQfdf ufO{sf y'gsf cfs[lt 5g\ / ltgaf6 kfgLsf yf]kf r'lx/x]sf x'G5g\ . eQmhgx? ToxfF cGh'nL yfk]/ dxfb]j;Fu b'w dfU5g\ . dxfb]j u'kmfsf] lzjlnª\udf eQmhgn] r9fPsf] kfgL / b'w ;]lkP/ a;fxyfgsf tL y'gfs[ltaf6 r'x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . dxfb]j u'kmf, a;fxf u'kmf / e}/j u'kmf tLgj6} u'kmfleq k/]jf / rd]/fx? k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . u'kmfsf] 5fgf] / leQfdf ljleGg cfs[ltsf lznfx? /x]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ ljleGg b]jtfsf ?kdf k"hf–cr{gf ul/G5 . dxfb]j u'kmf ;fgf] kxf8L 6fs'/f -k/Dkl/t gfdsf] s}nf;sf] lzv/_ af6 hldgd'lg 7"nf] vfN8f] ag]/ tof/ ePsf] crDdsf] u'kmf xf] . u'kmfleq k'Ugsf nflu !!) j6f l;F9L emg'{k5{ . o;/L l;F9L x'Fb} u'kmf l5g]{ Ps};fy *–!) hgf lx“8\g ldNg] km/flsnf] af6f] /x]sf] 5 . of] af6f]sf] 5]pdf kmnfdsf] /]lnª nufOPsfn] u'kmfleq k:g ;lhnf] 5 eg] u'kmfsf] k|j]zåf/af6} u'kmfleq aflnPsf lemlnldnL aQL b]lvg] ePsfn] klg dxfb]j u'kmf cfsif{s / dgdf]xs b]lvG5 . of] u'kmfsf] k|j]zåf/b]lv sl/a #)) lkm6 tn uPkl5 ;Dd k/]sf] 7fpFdf lzjlnª\u / ljleGg b]jLb]jtf / kfkåf/, wd{åf/, hGdåf/, :ju{åf/, sd{åf/ h:tf åf/x? /x]sf 5g\ . u'kmfsf] blIf0f leQf]df cnUu} ;fgf] u'kmf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ uf}/f–kfj{tf yfg dfgL ToxfF /x]sf] k|fs[lts d"lt{nfO{ kfj{tLsf ?kdf k"hf ul/G5 . u'kmfleq /x]sf] v}/f] /ªsf] @ lkm6 cUnf] lznfnfO{ lzjlnª\u

102 à xn];L

dfgL k"hf–cr{gf ul/G5 . o;sf] cf;kf;df /x]sf k|fs[lts lznfx?nfO{ u0f]z, s'df/, a|Xdf cflb b]jtfsf d"lt{x? dfg]/ k"hfcr{gf ug]{ ul/G5 . lzjlnª\usf cf;kf;df wd{åf/, kfkåf/ / hGdåf/ h:tf åf/ /x]sf 5g\ . wd{åf/ M dxfb]j u'kmfleq lzjlnª\uaf6 sl/a ! ld6/ 6f9f pQ/tkm{ l9sLsf] vDaf h:tf sl/a ( lkm6 cUnf / $ lkm6 Aof; ePsf @ j6f lznfsf aLrdf ;fgf] Kjfn /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ wd{åf/ elgG5 . o; åf/af6 wdf{Tdfx? / cfkm"n] u/]sf kfksf] :d/0f u/L lzjhL;Fu Ifdfofrgf ug]{x? dfq l5g{ ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . eQmhgx? o; åf/af6 l5g]{ ub{5g\ . kfkåf/ M dxfb]j u'kmfleq lzjlnª\uaf6 @) lkm6 hlt 6f9f k"j{tkm{ kx/fsf] leQfdf lznflgld{t r]K6f] cfsf/sf] crDdsf] åf/ /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ kfkåf/ elgG5 . o; åf/af6 l5g{ ;s]df kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . hGdåf/ M dxfb]j u'kmfleq lzjlnª\uaf6 !@ lkm6 blIf0ftk{m hldgd'lg Pp6f åf/ /x]sf] 5 . o; åf/sf] k:g] 9fpFdf @ lkm6 hlt / lg:sg] 7fpFdf * OGrsf] d'v /x]sf] 5 . of] åf/af6 l5g{sf nflu 3f]K6f] ;'t]/ l3l;|g'k5{ . o;nfO{ hGdåf/ elgG5 . o; åf/af6 l5g{ ;s]df klg kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

u'7L Joj:yf lj=;+= !*^! h]7 !) ut] /fhf uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmdn] xn];L dxfb]jsf u'l7of/ k'hf/L dgf]x/ lu/Lsf gfddf u'7L;DaGwL nfndf]x/ lbPsf] kfOG5 -;'j]bL, @)^% M !&_ . xn];Lsf gfddf hDdf vf]6fªdf !^) d'/L v]t / yk kfvf] hUufsf] u'7L Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L xn];Lsf] gfddf ;'g;/Lsf] g'gL ufpFdf !** lj3f, y8xl/ ufpFdf !*^ lj3f / a;latf{df !!# ;d]t u/L $*& eGbf a9L lj3f hldg u'7Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf] s'/f u'7L nut tyf txlan sfof{no eb|sfnLsf] nut k+lhsf g+= (*& / dxfb]jsf] u'7L nutaf6 hfgsf/L kfOG5 t/ oL hUufsf] ef]urng ePsf] 5}g -/fO{, @)%* M $@–$#_ . o;/L g} t/fO{sf] sfnfaGh/fnufotsf 7fpFdf klg xn];Lsf] hUuf /x]sf] lyof] . To;afkt xn];Lsf k'hf/Ln] /sd kfpg] u/]sf lyP t/ @))& ;fnb]lv g} To;sf] cfDbfgL kfpg 5fl8Psf] 5 . sfnfaGh/df ^^% lj3f hldg @))* sf]

xn];L à 103

gfkLaf6 df]/ª u'7L ;+:yfgn] cfgf] clwgdf /fvL To;sf] cfDbfgL lk08]Zj/ d7 w/fg / /fdw'gLdf pkof]u ug]{ ul/Psf] eGg] ;"rgf klg kfOG5 -/fO{, @)%* M $@–$#_ . xn];Lsf gfddf dxfb]ja]“;Ldf /x]sf] v]taf6 @) d'/L wfg k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 / u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 jflif{s ¿kdf s]xL ¿k}ofF k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5, Tof] kof{Kt b]lvFb}g . sltko 7fpFsf xn];L u'7Lsf hUufhldg ldlrPsf 5g\ / ltgsf]] :ki6 tYofª\s kfOFb}g . eQmhgaf6 p7]sf] cfDbfgLsf] lx;falstfa 5}g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;/sf/L txaf6 xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt gfdsf] ;ldlt u7g u/L xn];Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu s]xL sfd yflnPsf] kfOG5 . t/, Tof] kof{Kt b]lvFb}g .

kj{, k"hf / d]nfx? xn];L dlGb/sf] k"hfsf nflu :yfgLo lu/L y/sf k'hf/L /fVg] rng /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= !*^! df /fhf lujf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxaf6 dgf]x/ lu/L / pgsf ;GtfgnfO{ o; dlGb/sf] k'hf/L aGg egL nfndf]x/ k|fKt ePkl5 of] k/Dk/f sfod ePsf] xf] . kl5 /fhaf]n lu/Lsf # ;Gtfg ePkl5 @))^ ;fndf v8\ulg;fgfaf6 kfnf] afFlwPsf] kfOG5 . o;df lzjlnª\unufotsf b]jLb]jtfsf] k"hfsf nflu !$ jif{eGbf d'lgsf s'df/ lu/L kl/jf/sf] s]6f] k'hf/L x'g'kg]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . xn];Ldf lgTo k"hf / kj{ k"hf u/L @ k|sf/sf k"hf x'g] ub{5g\ . lgTok"hf laxfg / a]ns ' f x'g] ub{5 . laxfgsf] k"hfdf ufO{sf] b'w, w'k, aQL, ltn, hf}, rGbg, cIftf cflb k"hf ;fdu|L / a]ns ' f ufO{sf] b'wafx]ssf k"hf ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/G5 . k"hfsf cj;/df k'hf/Lsf] ;d"x k~r}afhf, z+v, 3G6, 8d? ahfpFb} dxfb]j u'kmfdf k|jz ] ug]{ ub{5g\ . xn];Ldf /fdgjdL, afnfrt'bzL{, lzj/flq / lthdf d]nf nfU5 . kj{kh " fdf dxfb]jnfO{ klx¥ofpg] rng 5 . k|To]s k"l0f{dfdf !! cfj[lQ ?b|Lkf7, lzj/flqdf !$ a|Xd0fåf/f n3'?b|L / # ;'t] ! nfv aQL / ! nfv a]nkq r9fpg], a}zfv k"l0f{df e08f/f nufpg] h:tf rng /x]sf 5g\ . b}lgs gu/f ahfpg] gurL{sf] b/aGbL Joj:yf ePsf] ;d]t kfOG5 . xn];Ldf /fdgjdLdf 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . !% lbg;Dd nfUg] /fdgjdL d]nfdf 6f9f6f9faf6 eQmhgx? cfpF5g\ . lzj/flq, lth / afnfrt'bzL{df klg #–$

104 à xn];L

lbg d]nf nfUb5 . o:tf d]nf / cGo lbgdf klg >4fn'x? bz{g ug{, ?b|L, n3', dxfn3', a|tdg, ljjfx h:tf sfo{ ug{ cfpF5g\ . afnfrt'bzL{df ;taLh 5g]{ rng 5 . lthdf >4fn' dlxnfx?sf] le8 x'g] ub{5 . lzj/flqdf af}4dfuL{sf] 3'OFrf] nfUb5 . xn];Ldf nfvaQL afNg], nfv a]nkq r9fpg], 3G6, lqz"n r9fpg] h:tf efsn ub{5g\ . xn];Ldf aln lbg] k/Dk/f 5}g . oxfF aln lgif]w 5 . xn];L dxfb]jnfO{ lxGb", af}4 / ls/ft tLg} ;d'bfosf dflg;x? k"hf ub{5g\ eg] dxfb]j u'kmfsf] k|j]zåf/sf] k"j{kl§ /x]sf] df/fl6sf u'Dafdf aQL afNg], k"hf, cr{gf ug]{ sfddf lxGb"dfuL{x? klg ;xefuL ePsf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf k"hf / efsnaf6 OR5fl;l4 x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . klxn]klxn] xn];L d]nfaf6 ltgsf afa'cfdfn] yfxf gkfpg] u/L 5f]/f5f]/L ;f6\g];d]t ul/GYof] eGg] a'9fkfsfsf] egfO 5 .

nf]s;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb|sf ?kdf xn];L xn];L d]nfx?df /ftel/ ehg, afn'g / o'jfo'jtLx? bf]x/L, h'xf/L uLt ufpF5g\ . xn];L d]nfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] d]nfdf ufOg] nf]suLt klg xf] . xn];L d]nfdf ufOg] nf]suLt clg ehg, afn'g, xfskf/] cflbn] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L If]qsf] nf]s;flxTo tyf nf]s;+:s[lt gd'gf x]g{, ;'Gg kfOG5 . xn];L d]nfdf ;ft lbg ;ft /ft bf]xf]/L -h'jf8L_ ufpg] ul/GYof] elgG5 . geGb} /fte/ bf]xf]/L ufpg], dfof k|Llt ;f6\g] rng cBflk rng 5Fb}5 . o;af6 xn];LnfO{ k"jL{ kxf8sf] nf]s;flxTo / nf]s;+:s[ltsf] cWoog s]Gb|sf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf ko{6sLo s]Gb|sf ?kdf xn];L xn];L d]nfx?df sf7df8f}+, s6f/L, ef]hk'/, ?Dhf6f/, nfxfg, lbQm]n, cf]vn9'ª\uf, ;f]n' cflb 7fpFsf Jofkf/Lx? a]kf/sf nflu cfpF5g\ . vf]6fª lhNnfdf ;8s oftfoft gk'Ubf;Dd o; If]qsf dflg;x? xn];L d]nfaf6 jif{ lbgsf nflu kmnfd, g'g, dl§t]n h:tf ;fdfg lsGg] ub{y] . clxn] klg o:tf d]nfdf /fd|} a]kf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

xn];L à 105

xn];Lsf] d'Vo lzjlnª\u /x]sf] u'kmf kxf8sf] y'DsLsf] lzv/df /x]sf] 5, h'g lzv/nfO{ s}nf; elgG5 . o; y'DsLsf] rf/}lt/ e~Hofªx? 5g\ . oL e~Hofª / s}nf;af6 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf nufotsf ;'Gb/ lxdz[ª\vnfx?, b'wsf];L tyf ;'gsf];L -k~rsf];L_ gbL au]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 eg] vf]6fªsf] pQ/L–klZrdL If]q, pbok'/sf] pQ/L If]q / cf]vn9'ª\uf / ;f]n'sf clwsf+z e"efu b]lvG5 . xn];L dxfb]j u'kmfsf] lz/ s}nf;df j;Gt Ct'df /ftfDo eP/ u'/fF; km'Nb5g\ . xn];L lxGb", af}4 / ls/ftsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ / wfld{s cf:yf s]Gb|sf sf/0f xn];L cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6gsf] pko'Qm If]q aGg] b]lvG5 . of] If]q h}ljs ljljwtfsf] If]q klg ePsf] / e"ue{zf:qLo cWoogsf nflu klg o;sf] dxTj /x]sfn] of] If]q wfld{s / ;f}Gbo{k|]dLsf nflu dfq xf]Og hLjlj1fg tyf e"ue{zf:qLo cWo]tfsf nflu klg pko'Qm uGtJo x'g] b]lvG5 . xn];L cf;kf;sf] If]q ls/ft ;Eotfsf] cflbd ynf] klg ePsfn] ;dfhzf:qLo tyf dfgjzf:qLo cWoogsf nflu klg pko'Qm b]lvG5 . xn];L If]q;lxt vf]6fª lhNnf / o;sf l5d]sL ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'ª\uf, ;f]n'v'Da', ;ª\v'jf;ef lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ls/ftL ;d'bfosf @% eGbf a9L efiff /x]sfn] eflifs cWoog nflu klg of] If]q pko'Qm uGtJo x'g] b]lvG5 . xn];LnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfg]/ ko{6gsf nflu pko'Qm of]hgf agfpg ;s]df xn];L g]kfnsf ko{6sLo If]qx?dWo]sf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]q aGg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . nfld8fF8faf6 dnfr'ª -dnfy'DsL_ x'Fb} xn];L;Dd s]a'nsf/ rNg ;S5 . Eo' 6fj/ agfP/ ;u/dfyf nufotsf lxdfnsf ;'Gb/ b[Zosf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . xn];Laf6 cvf}{n], df}/], g'gynf, d'8], ¿kfsf]6, lbQm]n, g]kf{ yfKnf], /ldt] x'Fb} 6]Ds];Ddsf] ko{6sLo dfu{ agfpg l;sG5 . o; qmddf t'jfr'ª– hfoh'd, cvf}{n] nf}/]–7f]sf/], ;'Ts]/L 9'ª\uf], df}/] b]jL, ¿kfsf]6sL b]jL / lbQm]nsf dxfb]j / b]jL, ;fK;'wfk / 6]Ds] b]jL;d]tsf wfdx?nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;Dj4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ug{ ;s] of] If]q ko{6ssf nflu cToGt} ;'Gb/ uGtJo aGg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{ xn];L k"jL{ kxf8sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo If]q xf] . xn];Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/, ko{6g Joj;foL, wfld{s tyf

106 à xn];L

;fdflhs ;ª\3÷;+:yf ;a}n] rf;f]k"j{s sfd ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . xn];L u'7LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{, xn];Lsf af/]df k':ts, >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L k|sflzt u/L o;sf] dxTjsf af/]df b]zljb]zdf k|rf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . dWo kxf8L -k'iknfn_ /fhdfu{sf] :t/f]Gglt x'g ;s] dfq klg xn];Lsf] ljsf;df 7'nf] ;xof]u ldNg] b]lvG5 . nfld8fF8f Po/kf]6{nfO{ sfnf]kq] ug{ ;s] klg xn];Lsf] uGtJo ;xh aGg] 5 . xn];Lglhs} Jojl:ytvfnsf] x]lnKof8 agfpg' cfjZos 5 . xn];Ldf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] vfFrf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . cltqmd0f u/L agfPsf 3/ x6fpg'kg]{, j/k/sf] a:tL Jojl:yt agfpg'kg]{, u'Daf / dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ Ps} 7fpFdf ePsfn] clns le8ef8 x'g] u/]sf]] 5, o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] cem /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo ofq'x?sf nflu ;:tf xf]6n / ljb]zL ko{6ssf nflu dxFuf t/ Jojl:yt xf]6nx?sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt h:tf ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts etL{s]Gb|sf ¿kdf geP/ sfdofjL agfpg cfjZos 5 . xn];Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu agfOPsf u'?of]hgfx? sfuhdf ;Lldt g/fvL sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{;"rL cfrfo{, lgd{ns'df/ . @)&! . k"j{sf] kz'klt xn];L . uf]/vfkq b}lgs, zlgjf/ -j}zfv !#_ . ls/ftL, uf]kfn . O{= @))* . ;j{xf/f g]t[Tjsf] ;jfn . sf7df8f}+ M sf];L k|sfzg . lu/L, /Tgs'df/ . @)$^ . xn]Zj/ dxfb]j Ps kl/ro . vf]6fª, jif{ !, cª\s !, . rflDnª, ef]uL/fh . @)^* . b'O6f xn];L . /fjf;fjf cg';Gwfg hg{n, k[= !))–!)$ . g]kfn, 1fgdl0f . @)$) . g]kfn lg?Qm . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f– k|lti7fg .

xn];L à 107

e§/fO{, /fw]Zofd . @)%& . cfZro{hgs u'kmf xn];L . kf]v/]nsf] Oltxf; -;Dkf= /]jfdl0f kf]v/]n_ . sf7df8f}+ M /]jfdl0f kf]v/]n . /fO{, zfGtf . @)%* . vf]6fª lhNnf xn];Ll:yt >L xn]Zj/ dxfb]j Ps cWoog . ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/, g]kfnL Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt tyf k'/ftTj s]Gb|Lo ljefu . lnDa", k|]daxfb'/ dfaf]xfª / e'k]Gb|gfy zdf{ 9'ª\u]n . @)$& . ;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf; . bf];|f] ;+:s/0f . Ujf/sf] kf6g M ls/ft k|sfzg tyf clen]v s]Gb| . >]i7, sljtf/fd . @)%^ . xn];L dxfb]pyfg u'kmf M pTklQ / cfljisf/sf] lj1fg;Ddt s}Ãg . sf}lzsL, q}dfl;s . ;'j]bL …cf]h:jLÚ cf]dk|;fb . @)^% . n}s'klZrdsf nf]s;+:s[lt tyf ls/ft ;Eotf . vf]6fª M kl/hg ;'j]bL . ;'j]bL …>ldsÚ, wgk|;fb . @)^^ . vf]6fª lhNnf M ljut / jt{dfg . sf7df8f}+ M /fjf;fjf k|fl1s ;dfh . ;'j]bL, wgk|;fb . @)&) . xn];L wfd M lxGb", af}4 / ls/ftsf] cf:yf s]Gb| . /fjf;fjf, vf]6fª ;flxTo snf dxf]T;j, @)&) :dfl/sf, k[= ^^–&# .

108 à xn];L

xn];L dxfb]pyfg u'kmf

pTklQ / cfljisf/sf] lj1fg;Ddt s}/g 8f= sljtf/fd >]i7

ut s]xL jif{otf g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf gofF–gofF u'kmfx? kQf nfu]sf va/x? 5flkFb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL u'kmfx?df kfOPsf ljleGg :j?ksf r§fgL cfs[ltx?nfO{ ljleGg b]jLb]ptfsf d"t{?k dfgL eQmhgx?af6 k"hfcfhf ePsf, cnf}lss syf hf]l8Psf / cem eQmx?sf] w'O/f]n] d]nf g} nfu]sf h:tf 36gfx? o;}sf ;Gbe{df ;fy;fy} 5fkfdf cfO/x] . u'kmf / u'kmfleq kfOg] ljleGg :j?ksf r§fgL cfs[ltx?nfO{ k'Hg] / syf hf]8\g] k/Dk/f lxdjt\v08df gofF xf]Og . xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv o; v08df of] x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] / To;a]nf k'lhPsf u'kmf / d"lt{x? cfh;Dd klg hf]/h'n'd;fy k'lhG5g\ / dflgG5g\ . km/s olQ xf], cfh ldl8ofn] hf]/ kqm]sf] 5 / o;n] a]Un} 9Ën] k|rf/ kfO/x]sf] 5 . d}n] oxfF rrf{ ug{ rfx]sf] x'F, k"jL{ g]kfnsf] vf]6fª lhNnfsf] xn];L dxfb]pyfgsf] u'kmfsf] . of] u'kmf slxn] kQf nfUof], ;do olsg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . t/, w]/} klxn]b]lv g} o;nfO{ wfld{s dxQfsf ;fy hgdfg;n] Ps k|d'v tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf k'Hb} cfPsf] 5 . o; 7fpFdf w]/}lt/af6 tLy{ ug{ ofq'x? cfpF5g\ . oxfF dxflzj/flq, afnfrt'b{zL / /fdgjdL u/L jif{df tLgkN6 7"nf–7"nf d]nf nfUb5g\ . cGo ;fgf rf8kj{sf] t lx;fa} 5}g . /fdgjdLdf !^ lbg;Dd d]nf nfUb5 / ;aeGbf w]/} ofq'x? o;} cj;/df cfpF5g\ . o; cj;/df ef/tb]lv klg ofq'x? cfpF5g\ . lzj/fqLdf ljz]if ef]6] hfltx? cfpF5g\ /

xn];L à 109

cfgf] 9Ën] k"hf u5{g\ . jfnfrt'b{zLsf] d]nf ztjLh 5g{sf] nflu nfUb5 / oxfF w]/} 6f9f6f9fb]lv eQmhgx? cfpF5g\ .

u'kmfsf] ef}uf]lns :j?k / pTklQ k|;Ë dxfb]pyfgsf] u'kmf Pp6f r§fgsf] y'Dsf] k/]sf] 8fF8fdf cjl:yt 5 . o; y'Dsf]nfO{ s}nfzkj{t eGg] ul/G5 . of] y'Dsf]sf] kl/lw em08} Ps lsnf]ld6/ hlt 5 / prfO @)) lkm6 hlt 5 . of] y'Dsf]df csf]{ Pp6f 7"nf] u'kmf 5 . o;nfO{ j;fxyfg eg]/ gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'j} u'kmfx? dxfb]pn] e:df;'/af6 aRgsf] nflu vg]sf x'g\ eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . elgG5, PskN6 e:df;'/n] dxfb]psf] 3g3f]/ tk:of u/]5g\ / dxfb]p v'zL eO{ j/bfg dfu eGbf pgn] …h;sf] yfKnf]df d xft /fV5', Tof] r'0f{ xf];\Ú eGg] j/bfg dfu]5g\ . dxfb]pn] klg t'?Gt} tyf:t' egL j/bfg lbP5g\ . e:df;'/n] of] j/bfg ;2] xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ hfFRg dxfb]ps} yfKnf]df xft /fVg vf]h]5g\ . dxfb]p 8/n] qfxLdfd eP/ efu]5g\ . e:df;'/n] klg 5f]8]g5g\ . dxfb]p xn];Lsf] r§fg} kmf]8]/ hldgleq k;]5g\ / åf/df cfgf] jfxg j;fxfnfO{ kfn] /fv]5g\ . j;fxfn] o'4 u/]/ e:df;'/nfO{ lgs}a]/ cNdNofP5g\ . ToltGh]n;Dddf dxfb]p kxf8 l5rf]n]/ cfsfzdf lg:s]5g\ / glhs} hldg 5]8L kftfndf 3';]/ n's]5g\ . o;/L ToxfF j;fxfyfg / dxfb]pyfg b'O{j6f u'kmf ag]sf] k|;+u cfpF5 . dxfb]p kftfnsf] u'kmfdf n's]kl5 lji0f'n] df]xgL ?k lnP/ g[To ub}{ /fIf;nfO{ e'nfpg cfP5g\ . Pp6L ?kjtL cfOdfO{ b]v]kl5 e:df;'/n] dxfb]pnfO{ e'n]5g\ / pgs} h:tf] gfr gfRg] gSsn ubf{ cfg} 6fpsf]df xft /fVg k'uL pgL eid eP5g\ . eid eP/ /x]sf] xf8vf]/ egL cfh klg Rofl:d6f/sf] af]h]9f8 eGg] ufpFdf ePsf] sfnfsfnf r§fgnfO{ oxfFsf cflbjf;Lx? b]vfpg] ub{5g\ . u'kmf;Fu pknAw syf o:t} 5 . h'g u'kmfsf] d'vdf j;fxfnfO{ /fvL dxfb]p cfsfzdf lg:s] elgPsf] 5, Tof] jf/kf/ l5rf]lnPsf] u'kmfnfO{ j;fxfyfg elgG5 . of] u'kmfsf] d'vdf cfh klg Pp6f chËsf] r§fg 5 / o;}nfO{ j;fxf k'Hg] ul/G5 .

110 à xn];L

j;fxyfgsf] u'kmf s}nfzkj{t elgg] y'Dsf]sf] km]blt/af6 5]l8P/ hfFb} emG8} !%) lkm6df k'u]kl5 c+u|]hL cIf/sf] Pn (L) h:tf] () l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf 7f8} p7]/ l5rf]Nb} cfsfzdf lgl:sPsf] 5 . o;sf] t];f]{ nDafO @@) / 7f8f] d'v sl/a () lkm6 hlt cUnf] 5 . of] u'kmfsf] d'vaf6 Ps}rf]l6 *–!) hgf ;lhn} k:g ;lsG5 . o;sf] ue{ emG8} $% lkm6 rf}8f 5 . cfsfzlt/sf] d'v a];L rf}8f 5 . o;sf] s'gfsfKrfaf6 kfgL /;fPsf 5g\ . Ps 7fpFdf leQfdf ufO{sf y'gx?h:tf] r'g9'Ëfsf kUnFb} u/]sf h:tf r'Rrf cfs[ltx? b]lvG5g\ . To;af6 r'gldl>t rf}n]gL /+usf] kfgL tKsg] ub{5 . eQmhgx? ToxfF …b"w b]pm dfO{Ú eGb} b'w yfKb5g\ . egfO 5, efUodfgLsf] xftdf b'w r'lxG5 . geGb} s]xLsf xftdf rf}n]gL h:tf] r'gkfgL xftdf v:g] klg ub{5 . wd{eL? eQmhg o;nfO{ sfdw]g' b"w eG5g\ eg] ef}ltsjfbLx? ptf dxfb]pyfgdf dxfb]pnfO{ r9fPsf] b"w /;fP/ otf r'lxPsf] xf] egL c8\sn sf6\b5g\ . dxfb]pyfgsf] u'kmf j;fxfyfgsf] u'kmfsf] cfsfzkl§sf] d'vglhs g} pQ/kl§ vfN8] cfsf/df cjl:yt 5 . o;sf] &)–*) lkm6 tn ;txdf d}bfg k/]sf] efu 5 . ToxfF g} aLrdf r'g9'Ëfaf6 ag]sf] Pp6f k|fs[lts rf];] cfs[lt 5 h;nfO{ o'uf}“b]lv dxfb]p egL k'Hg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] 7Ls dfly u'kmfsf] l;lnªdf r'g9'Ëf clUnFb} u/]sf] h:tf] 3f]K6] r'Rrfx?nfO{ sfdw]g'sf] y'g / kfgLnfO{ pg}sf b'w dxfb]pnfO{ :gfg u/fpg v;]sf] xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL / hgljZjf; 5 . d"lt{jl/kl/sf] efu d}bfg k/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ klxn] aflx/af6 df6f] NofO{ k'/]/ agfOPsf] x'g;S5 . o; d}bfgL efudf Ps}rf]l6 aL;f}+ ?b|Lx? ug{ ;lsG5 . u'kmfsf] ;tx;Dd cf]n{gsf] nflu s[lqd !)@ v'8\lsnfx? agfOPsf 5g\ hf] e¥ofªhlQs} 7f8f] sf]0fdf 5 . u'kmfsf l;lnª / leQfx?df r§fg klUnP/ em/]sf h:tf w]/} cfs[ltx? 5g\ . sxL+ d"lt{x?h:tf ag]sf 5g\ . sxL+ dflyaf6 r'lxPsf efunfO{ tnaf6 r'lnPsf rf];f]n] 5f]P/ b'nfx? ag]sf 5g\ . tL d"lt{x?h:tf cfs[ltx?nfO{ dxfb]psf kl/jf/ ;Ktlif{, gGbL, e[ËL / t]lQ;sf]l6 b]ptfx? eg]/ k'Hg] ul/G5 eg] b'nfx?nfO{ kfkåf/, wd{åf/, hGdåf/, 3f]K6]åf/ cflb eg]/ k'Hg] / l5g]{ ul/G5 . To:tf åf/af6 wdf{Tdfx? dfq l5g{ ;S5g\ / kfkLx? c8\sG5g\ eGg] wfld{s ljZjf; 5 . c8\sg]x?n] cfgf] kfksf] af/]df cf]sn]kl5 dfq 5'6\5g\ eGg] egfO 5 .

xn];L à 111

of] Pp6f k|fs[lts u'kmf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ca of] ;fwf/0f k|fs[lts u'kmf dfq /x]sf] 5}g . jif{sf] hgcf:yfn] o;nfO{ c? k|fs[lts u'kmfeGbf dfly p7fPsf] 5 . u'kmfeGbf klg of] b]j:yn ef}lts lx;fadf ;To o'udf eof] elgG5 jf ;[li6;Fu} eof] eGg] atfOG5 . ef}lts lx;fadf ;To o'u s;nfO{ eGg] < To:t} ;[li6 s;nfO{ eGg] < olb k[YjLsf] pTklQsfnnfO{ g} cfWoflTds ;To o'u jf ;[li6 eGg] xf] eg] of] u'kmfsf] pTklQsfn ToxL xf] eGg' o'lQm;+ut g} xf]nf . ef}lts lx;fadf sd;]sd hnfDo If]qaf6 lxdfno kj{tsf] psf; x'g nfu]b]lv g} of] u'kmfsf] lgdf{0f x'gnfUof] eGg' s'g} cTo'lQm x'g] 5}g . Tof] o;sf/0fn] klg ls of] u'kmf lxdfno If]qd} cjl:yt 5 / r'g9'Ëfsf] sdnf] r§fgn] of] ag]sf] 5, h;nfO{ sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] lj:tf/} lvofP/ xhf/f}+ jif{sf] cGt/fndf o:tf] :j?k;Ddsf] u'kmf agfof] . u'kmf o'usf] s'/f] a]Un} lyof] . To; avt u'kmf / u'kmfleq k|fKt yl/yl/ cgf}7f cfs[ltx?nfO{ tTsfnLg hgdfg;n] a'em]gg\ . a'‰g ;Sg] s'/f] klg lyPg . k|s[ltsf x/]s cb\e"t /x:onfO{ pgLx?n] cnf}lss zlQmx?sf] s/gfdf ;Demg] ub{y] . pg};Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ ub{y] . u'kmf / u'kmfleq kfOg] yl/yl/sf cfs[ltx?nfO{ klg pgLx?n] To;/L g} x]/] / cYof{P . /fd|f / cfsif{s u'kmfx?nfO{ b]jLb]ptfsf af;:yfg / sxfnLnfUbf] cFw]/f] / vt/fk"0f{ wf]b]| u'kmfx?nfO{ e"tk|]tsf] af;:yfg egL 7DofP . ToxL k/Dk/f cfh;Dd klg ;Gtfg b/;Gtfg x:tfGtl/t x'Fb} cfof] / cfh cvaf/x?sf] sf}t'xntfsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . lj1fg / k|ljlwn] cfh o:tf u'kmfx?sf] /x:onfO{ pbfË kf/]sf] 5 . u'kmfx? of t Hjfnfd'vLsf] qm]6/af6 aGb5g\ of wfFhf kmf6]/ aGb5g\ of gbL jf kfgLsf 5fnx?n] sf6]/ aGb5g\ . xn];Lsf] u'kmfsf] af/]df s]xL e"uf]nsf ljBfyL{x?n] Hjfnfd'vLsf] qm]6/sf] ?kdf lrgfpg sf]l;; gu/]sf] rflx“ xf]Og . r§fgx? kUn]/ ag]sf h:tf cfs[ltx?nfO{ b]v]/ pgLx?n] To;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . t/, r§fgx?sf] k|s[lt x]bf{ o;nfO{ Hjfnfd'vLsf] qm]6/ eGg lsl~rt ldNb}g . qm]6/x?df s8fvfn], cfUg]o r§fg (ignious rock) x'G5g\ . t/, oxfF r'g9'Ëf (jie stone) 5g\ . To;afx]s lxdfno kj{tsf] z[+vnfdf Hjfnfd'vL ePsf] s'/f] st} slxNo} klg :yflkt ePsf] 5}g . ctM

112 à xn];L

o;nfO{ Hjfnfd'vLsf] qm]6/ eGg] k|fSsNkgfnfO{ oxfF g} cGt u/fF} . r'g9'Ëfdf aiff{t\sf] kfgLdf x'g] sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] sf6]/ ;lhn} vfN8f] agfpg] tYonfO{ oxfF k|f;lËs u/fpg slQ klg cK7]/f] 5}g . of] tYonfO{ cjut u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls of] Hjfnfd'vLsf] qm]6/ xf]Og jiff{t\sf] kfgLn] o'uf}+;Dd sf6]/ / vf]n]/ ag]sf] u'kmf xf] . d"ntM r'g9'Ëf Pp6f sdnf]vfnsf] r§fg xf] / e"ue{zf:qLx?sf cg';f/ o;nfO{ kfgLdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] lvofpg ;S5 . o:tf] sfaf]{lgs Pl;8sf] pTkfbg jiff{df emg]{ kfgLsf yf]kfx?n] xfjfaf6 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lnPkl5 b|'tt/ ultdf x'G5 . hldgdf aUbf kfgLn] df6f]af6 c? sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lnP/ Tof] Pl;8 emg\ zlQmzfnL aGb5 . r'g9'Ëf ePsf] If]qdf aUg] kfgLsf] wf/;Fu ePsf] sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] r§fgnfO{ lg/Gt/ lvofP/ kxf8df wf]b|f] agfpF5 / xhf/f}+ jif{;Dd Psgf;n] lvofpFbf kxf8x?df cfh e]l6Psf h:tf rfvnfUbf u'kmfx? aG5g\ . e"ue{j]Qfx?n] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ ls k[YjLdf sl/a ^ s/f]8 jif{b]lv sfaf]{lgs Pl;8 aGg nfUof] / To;} ;dob]lv r'g9'Ëf lvOP/ u'kmfx? aGg ;'? u/]sf 5g\ (Leokum 1887) . o;} ;Gbe{df u'kmfleq b]lvg] ljleGg cfs[ltx?af/] klg lg/fs/0f ul/xfnf}+ . oL cfs[ltx? r§fg klUnO{ tn y'lk|P/ ag]sf h:tf b]lvG5g\ . e"ue{lj1fgsf] efiffdf r'g9'Ëfsf o:tf cfs[ltx?nfO{ :6]n]S6fO6 (stelectite) / :6]n]UdfO6 (stelecmite) elgG5 . cyf{t\ dflyaf6 em/]sfnfO{ :6]n]S6fO6 / tn y'lk|P/ r'ln/x]sfnfO{ :6]n]UdfO6 elgG5 . :6]n]UdfO6 g} b]jLb]ptfsf d"t{?k dflgg] cfs[ltx? x'g\ . :6]n]S6fO6nfO{ eg] ltg} slyt b]jLb]jtfnfO{ kfgL r9fpg l;lh{t ;fwg jf sfdw]g'sf] :tgsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;f] lsgeg] tL :6]n]S6fO6sf r'Rrf]af6 lg/Gt/ r'gldl>t rf}n]gL /Ësf] kfgL r'lx/x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf oL b'j} :6]n]S6fO6 / :6]n]UdfO6 ltg} yf]kfyf]kf u/L aGg] r'gldl>t kfgLsf sf/0fn] ag]sf x'g\ . dfly eg] em}+ sfaf]{lgs Pl;8n] sf6]/ aufpFb} NofPsf r'gsf s0fx?dfly r'Rrf] c8\lsP/ :6]n]S6fO6 aGb5 / To;af6 yf]kfsf ;fydf au]/ emg]{ s0fx?n] tn :6]n]UdfO6 aGb5 . oL ;a} cfs[ltx? aGg x/]snfO{ s0fs0f u/L xhf/f}+ jif{ nfu]sf] x'G5 . lxdfnL If]qdf k|z:t r'g9'Ëf kxf8x? 5g\ / To;}n] oxfF nfvf}+ u'kmfx? 5g\ . xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv o:tf u'kmfx? xfd|f k'vf{x?n] e]6\b} cfP / pg} u'kmfx?;Fu

xn];L à 113

tfbfTDo ub}{ cg]sg kf}/fl0fs ufyfx? /Rb} cfP . kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx?df o:tf w]/} syfx? 5g\ h;df lxdfnosf u'kmfx?sf k|;Ëx? cfpF5g\ . To;f] dfq xf]Og kl5Nnf sfnx?df ;d]t u'kmfx?sf] af/]df kf}/fl0fs syf hf]8]/ cYof{pg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} xn];Lsf] u'kmfnfO{ dxfb]p / e:df;'/sf] kf}/fl0fs syf hf]l8of] . lxdfnosf sGb/fx?df o:tf u'kmfx? nfvf}+ 5g\ . eljiodf xhf/f}+xhf/ jif{;Dd gofFgofF u'kmfx? e]l6Fb} hfg]5g\ / gofFgofF syfx? ltgdf hf]l8Fb} hfg]5g\ . o;df s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f] x'g]5}g . Pp6f rf;f] eg] cjZo} x'g]5 ls lj1fg / k|ljlwn] 9f]sfd} 3R3rfPsf] cj:yfdf cem 3/leq} /]l8of], l6eL, 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n cflb j}1flgs ;fwg / k|ljlw x'g] xfd|f] ;dfhn] o'uf}“ klxn]sf ck'i6\o ;f]rx?nfO{ slxn];Dd lg/Gtl/t ub}{ nfg] xf] / slxn];Dd u'kmfx?sf /x:onfO{ ToxL cy{df cfFvf lrDn]/ k'Hb} hfg] xf] lgZro g} rf;f]sf] ljifo 5 .

u'kmfsf] cfljisf/ k|;Ë xn];L u'kmfsf] cfljisf/af/] s'g} lnlvt clen]v jf u|Gyx? 5}gg\ . t/, u}/Lu'7sf jfUj+zL eGg] Ps /fO{n] of] u'kmf km]nf kf/]sf x'g\ eGg] ls+jbGtL eg] ;'Gg cfPsf] 5 . elgG5, jfUj+zLn] cfgf s's'/x?;lxt lzsf/ v]Ng hfFbf d[u efu]/ emf8Ldf kmfn xfn]sf] / To;}nfO{ k5\ofpg uPsf] s's'/ kms{g g;s]kl5 s] eP5 egL kQf nufpg vf]Hbf of] ulx/f] u'kmf km]nf k/]sf] lyof] . s's'/ lng pgL c? ufpFn]x?sf] ;xof]uaf6 tn u'kmfdf pq] . ToxfF g} pgn] dxfb]pnufot pgsf kl/jf/ / t]QL;sf]6L b]jtfs} d"lt{x? wkwkL aln/x]sf] b]v] . jfUj+zLnufot pgsf ;fyLx?n] ta of] u'kmf / dxfb]pd"lt{sf] k|flKtaf/]df xlNnvNnL u/] / 6f9fb]lv eQmhgx? cfP/ k"hfcfhf rnfP . o;sf] cfljisf/ ;do eg] jfUj+zL /fO{sf] ;do kQf nufpg ;s]df lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsg] lyof] . of] u'kmf k|ydk6s jfUj+zLn] e]6]sf x'g\ eGg] t nf]sf]lQmn] eGb5 t/ Tof] ;do slxn] lyof] eGg] o;af6 :ki6 x'Fb}g . jfUj+zL Pp6f Oltxf;k'?if gePsf]n] pgsf] af/]df st} pNn]v kfOGg . /fw]Zofd e§/fO{n] ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/sf] k':ts …;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf;Ú sf] xjfnf lbFb} eGg'ePsf] 5 ls ;j{k|yd ;fD;f]xfªn] slnut jif{ @@$& / kl5 csf]{ /fhf vfD;f]xfª @@ (% df hldg r9fP/ xn]Zj/ dxfb]psf] lgTo k"hfsf] u'7L :yfkgf u/]sf lyP

114 à xn];L

-g]kfn @)$)_ . kl5 dNn /fhf / zfxj+zL /fhfx?n] klg yk hUufx? k|bfg u/] . t/, oL ;asf k|fdfl0fs sfuh jf clen]v eg] kfOGg . ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] clen]v eg]s} lj=;+= !*$# sf] /0faxfb'/ zfxn] /fv]sf] u'7L Joj:yfsf] tfd|kq 5 -e§/fO{ @)%$_ . ;fD;f]xfª / vfD;f]xfªsf] ;do slnut jif{sf] lx;fadf @*%# / @*)% jif{ k'/fgf] x'G5 . olt k'/fgf] Oltxf; cflwsfl/s ?kdf g]kfndf n]Vg ;lsPsf] 5}g . oL /fhfx? Oltxf;k'?if ePsf] k|df0f gkfOPsfn] ;do lgSof}{n ug}{ ;lsg] s'/f] ePg . s'g} j+zfjnLdf ls/ft /fhfx?sf] gfdfjnL kfOPdf / logsf gfd klg j+zj[Ifdf kfOPdf k':tfut lx;faaf6 cGbfhL ;do lgsfNg ;lsGYof] xf]nf . tyflk nf]ssyfs} cfwf/df dfq ;do cfFSg ldNg] s'/f xf]Og lsgeg] bGTo k/Dk/fdf cltzof]lQmsf] nflu s'g} ;Ldf g} 5}g . /fw]Zofd e§/fO{n] g} To;} If]qsf ;f+;b n3'wg /fO{sf] egfOnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ ;ftf}“ ztfAbLdf af}4u'? kb\d;Dej -l/Dkf]5]{_ n] oxL xn];L u'kmfdf tk:of u/L l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f cfgf] n]vdf eGg'ePsf] 5 (Regmi, Medieval Nepal) . pxfFx? b'j}sf] ls6fg ltAataf6 cfpg'ePsf u'? 8'8'hf]d l/Gkf]r]sf] ls6fgdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . s]xL $) jif{cl3 8'8'hf]dn] xn];L dxfb]pyfgsf] u'kmf e|d0f ubf{ af}4u|Gydf jl0f{t u'? kß;Dej -l/Dkf]5]{_ n] l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] df/fltsf u'kmfsf] j0f{g xn];L u'kmf;Fu 7\ofSs} ldNg uPsf]n] of] g} df/fltsf xf] eg]/ ls6fg ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . o; ls6fgnfO{ ;f]em} gsfg{ ;lsGg t/ ;f]em} l:jsfg{ klg kof{Kt k|df0fx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . df/fltsfsf] j0f{g s:tf] 5, To;nfO{{ j:t'ut cWoog u/L ;f]xLcg'?ksf] ldnfg u/L x]g{ h?/L 5 . wd{eL? k'?ifx?sf] egfO dfq kof{Kt xF'b}g . pTsif{df u'?x?sf] /x]sf b]j:ynnfO{ c? b]jtfx?;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ / kl5 To;}sf u'0fufgsf syf ;[hgf ul/g] s'/f sxL“ klg gofF s'/f xf]Og . pTsif{df /x]sf /fd, s[i0f, a'4 / olt;Dd ls Oltxf; k'?ifx?nfO{ ;d]t lji0f' / lzjsf cjtf/ dfGg] k/Dk/f o;} e"v08df sfod ePsf] s'/f la;{Gg x'Gg . jfUj+zL /fO{sf] ;donfO{ /fw]Zofd e§/fO{n] 5}6f}“ ztfAbL eg]/ …vf]6fª lhNnfsf] xn];L / xn]Zj/ dxfb]pÚ eGg] n]vdf cfFSg'ePsf] 5 . jfUj+zL sf] lyof] / s] pgsf] ;do 5}6f}+ ztfAbL g} xf] t < eGg] 7f]; s'/f To; n]vaf6 :ki6 x'Fb}g

xn];L à 115

/ To:tf] Oltxf;df ePsf] klg st} pNn]v 5}g . To;}n] o;sf] cfwf/df dfq of] u'kmf k|flKt 5}6f}+ ztfAbLdf ePsf] xf] eGg ;lsGg . xn];L eGg] zAb xn]Zj/ eGg] zAbsf] Jo'TkGg xf] eGg] wf/0ffsf ;fy eGg] ul/G5 ls åfk/o'udf an/fdn] xnf] uf8]/ u'kmf agfO{ dxfb]psf] lnË :yfkgf u/]sf x'gfn] o;nfO{ xn]Zj/ elgPsf] xf] . o;sf] k|;+u klg g]kfndf pknAw k'/f0fx?df st} kfOGg . g]kfndf k|fKt j/fxk'/f0f -!^&# lj=;+=_, lxdjt\v08 -:sGbk'/f0fsf] g]kfndxfTDo, g]kfn ;Djt\ &)#_ / ?b|fIff/0odxfTDodf ljhk'/ -w/fg_ sf bGtsfnL, j/fxIf]qsf j/fxyfg, sflGtk'/sf u'Xo]Zj/L, Zn]idfGts jg, kz'klt, ls/ft]Zj/ cflbsf] pNn]v x'Fbf xn];L dxfb]pyfg jf xn]Zj/sf] pNn]v k|;Ë sxL“ klg kfOFb}g . o;sf] ;+s]t oxL xf] ls xn];L dxfb]pyfgsf] pTsif{ !&cf}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{df eO;s]sf] lyPg . a? o;f] klg x'g ;S5 ls of] u'kmf w]/} klxn] g} kQf nfu]/ k'lhFb} lyof] eg] klg g]kfnsf k'/f0fx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g] u/L o;sf] pTsif{ lyPg . Pp6f pNn]vgLo s'/f oxL 5 ls of] u'kmf dfemls/ftleq /fO{x?sf] If]qdf kb{5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, of] u'kmf klxn] kQf nfpg] JolQm klg /fO{ hflts} JolQm lyP eGg] k|df0f ls+jbGtLn] lbg vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df oxL eGg kg]{ s'/f cfpF5 ls /fO{x?sf] b]jsf]6Ldf dxfb]p eGg] b]ptf g} lyPg . t/, pgLx?sf kf?xfª -kf?xf]+_ eGg] b]jtfnfO{ g} lxGb"x?;Fusf] ;T;Ëkl5 dxfb]p;Fu tfbfTDo u/fOPsf] lyof] . of] u'kmfnfO{ kf?xfª -kf?xf]+_ sf] af;:yfg gagfO{ dxfb]psf] :yfg eGg'sf] cy{ kf?xfª -kf?xf]+_ nfO{ dxfb]p egL tfbfTDo ul/;s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf of] u'kmf e]l6Psf] xf] eGg] Pp6f alnof] k|fSsNkgf cufl8 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . Tof] ;do slxn] lyof] t eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm j}1flgs k/LIf0faf6 kQf nfUg] s'/f d]/f] c7f]6 5 . Tof] j}1flgs k/LIf0f eg]sf] sfa{g k/LIf0f xf] / To;nfO{ u'kmfdf dxfb]pnfO{ r9fOPsf lqz'n tyf o'uf}+b]lv w'gLx?af6 p7]sf w'jfFx?af6 leQfdf ag]sf] sfa{gnfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 . pNn]vgLo of] 5 ls dxfb]pyfgsf] Ps5]pdf hDdf ul/Psf] nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;fgf7"nf lqz'nx? o;sf] alnof] ;|f]t x'g;S5g\ . lqz'nx?df eQmx?sf gfd jf ;Djt\ kfOg] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . To;}n] ;a}eGbf

116 à xn];L

d'lglt/ k/]sf] lqz'nx?af6 Tof] k|f/lDes ;dosf] 1ft x'g] g} 5 . olb ;Djt\ s'FlbPsf 5}gg\ eg] klg ltg} lqz'nsf sfa{g k/LIf0f Pp6f alnof] ljsNk 5Fb} 5 . ;fy;fy} dxfb]pyfgdf w'gL x'g] s'/f t klxnf] cfjZostf g} xf] . u'kmf k|fKt x'g];fy / o;nfO{ dxfb]pyfgsf] ?kdf lng]lalQs} ToxfF w'gLx? aNg nfu] / w'kw'jfF/ klg x'g nfu] g} . o;}sf] sfa{gkqnfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ klg ;do lgSof}{nsf] cs}{ ljsNk ;|f]t xfdL ;dIf 5 . k|:t't n]v r]tgfy wdnf / cGoåf/f ;Dkflbt …sf}lzsLÚ q}dfl;s -k"0ff{° !, jif{ !, c+s !, @)%^ h]7–;fpg_ af6 ;fef/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] .

;Gbe{;"rL g]kfn, 1fgdl0f . @)$) . g]kfn lg?Qm . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg . e§/fO{, /fw]Zofd . @)%$ . vf]6fª lhNnfsf] xn];L / xn]Zj/ dxfb]p . /fli6«o rf8kj{ . tLy{:yfg tyf ko{6sLo If]q . Leokum, Arkady (1887), Tell me why?, Hamly publishing: USA. Regmi, Dr. D.R., Medieval Nepal (Part I).

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ls/ft /fhf / xn];L ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDa" e"k]Gb|gfy zdf{

;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDa" / e"k]Gb|gfy zdf{åf/f lnlvt …;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf;Ú -!% r}t @)!!_ sf cg';f/ tLy{ofqfsf] qmddf ls/ftL /fhf zª\vf]xfªn] slnut @@$& df cyf{t\ clxn] @)^! ;fn -lj=;+= @)^! df slnutfAb %!)% rln/x]sf] 5_ eGbf @*%* jif{ klxn] xn];Ldf xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g u/L s]xL hldg u'7Lsf ?kdf r9fPsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– æ;ª\vf]xfª ls/ft /fhfsf kfnfdf sfzLk'/Laf6 cfo{dtsf Ps a|Xdrf/L g]kfn lty{ofqf ug{ cfPsf lyP . ltg} a|Xdrf/L;Fu ;ª\vf]xfª /fhfn] ;T;Ë u/L cfo{wd{ lnO{ cfo{gLltg';f/ sfosd{x? ub}{ nuL tLy{ofqf rf/wd ug]{ sNkgf ul/ slno'u @@$& jif{ut dfu{zLif{ d}gfsf] z'SnkIf k~rdL ltlydf ofqf/De ;fOt nL ltg} a|Xdrf/Lsf ;fy b/af/af6 k|:yfg ul/ ;fFuf e~Hofª k"j{tkm{sf] af6f] nL k'0ojtL >Lv08lul/sf] af6f] x'Fb} /f];Lvf]nf] ;'gsf];L b'wsf];L kf/ e} eidf;'/ bfgjnfO{ clu dxfb]jn] jbf{g lb+bf pN6f] cfkm"df cfOnfuL eidf;'/sf xftaf6 aRg] pkfo s]xL gx'Fbf s}nfzk'/Lb]lv e"d08ndf em/L lzjzlQmn] kftfn e'jg agfO{ lzjkfj{tL c? u0f a[if;lxt kftfn e'jgleq clu s'g} sfn n'ls u'Kt e} /x]sf] 7fpFdf lzjkfj{tL j[if c? lzju0f lrGx;lxt /x]sf] dgf]x/ u'kmfsf lzj lrGx zLnf dx]Zj/ dxfb]j gfd /x]sf] :yfg xn];Ldf k'uL xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf]

118 à xn];L klxnf tLy{ b]jzLnf bz{g u/L xn]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ s]xL hldg u'7L r9fO{ ToxfFaf6 c3f]n 8fF8fsf] af6f] u/L ;'gsf]zL, c?0f, tdf]/ ;Ëd ePsf] lqj]0fLdf k'uL :gfg u/L lqj]0fL ;Ktsf}zLsf kf/ e} jf]sfxf vf]nf blIf0f efu ;Ktsf}zLsf k"j{ ;dLk lsgf/fdf g} cl3 s'g} o'udf lji0f' gf/fo0f s'g} sfo{l;4sf nflu j/fx ?k wf/0f u/L j/fx ?k TofuL a}s'07wfd hfg' x'Fbf j/fx ?k lznf e}/x]sf] j/fx ?k zLnfsf] bz{g u/L ToxfFaf6 ;ktsf}zLsf lsgf/k"j{ emnf{ª emLln{ª kj{t psfnf] r9L ;"o{s'08df :gfg u/L df]/ª /fhwfgL ljhok'/df k'uL cl3 z'e;]gn] :Yflkt u/]sf lk08]Zj/ dxfb]j / bGtsfnL eujtLsf] bz{g u/L s]xL lbg df]/ª /fhwfgLdf /xL df]/ª /fHo zf;s rnfpg] ;]Daf]S;f ;]G5];]g /fo /fhf dGqLx?sf] sfdsfh /fHosf] kl/aGw hg;'wf/ ;'ljwf x'g] ;a} s'/fsf] aGbf]a:t u/L j/fxIf]qb]jnfO{ df]/ªsf] s]xL hdLg / pkNnf] sIf kxf8 bfgfuf5 nfUg ;Sg] hdLg cxfn] a'8L df]/ªsf] hdLg;d]t s]xL u'7L r9fO{ ;f] j/fxIf]adf cfpg] hfq' tk:jL of]uLx?sf] lgldQ ;Tksf}lzsfsf] rqf3f6df ;Lbf ef]hgsf lgldQ s]xL df]/ªsf] hdLg u'7 r9fO{ ljhok'/ /fhwfgLaf6 blIf0f /:tf nL cl3 lji0f' cF; /fdrGb| cof]Wofaf6 jgjf; j|t nL 3'Dbf s]xL lbg /lx w'lg:yn agfPsf /fdw'gLdf k'uL /fdw'gLsf] bz{g u/L To; /fdw'lgdf ;fw' tk:jLx?sf] ef]hgsf nflu u'7L r9fO{ /fdw'lgaf6 6S;f]u~h df]/ª /fHodf lsNnfdf hfg] /f:tf nL 6S;f]u~hdf k'uL Ps /ft;Dd d'sfd u/L ToxfFaf6 uËf;fu/sf] /:tf nL ;ª\vf]xfª ls/ft /fhf rf/wfdsf] ofqfdf k|:yfg u/]Æ -k[i7 *%–*^_ .

o;}u/L ;f]xL k':tsdf slnut @@(% df kNnf] ls/ftlt/ a;fOF ;g{ nfUbf /fhf n]lnd xfª -kNnf] ls/ftsf k|yd /fhf_ n] xn]Zj/ dxfb]j /x]sf] u'kmfleq k;L bz{g u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5– æ/fhf n]lnd xfª /fhfn] cfgf] /fHodf ;fd]n ePsf ls/fFt s'n ;]gf of]st'Daf zfvf cf7 kxl/of, nx?ª, ofª\km" ;d]t kfFr zfvfsf ls/ft s'n lsjnfx? cfgf ;fydf lnO{ slnut @@ (% jif{ df3 dxLgf z'SnkIf z'qmaf/ z'ed'x"t{ ;fOt kf/L ag]kf /fhwfgLaf6 k"j{d'v eO{ c?0fk"j{sf] cfgf] ls/ft /fHotkm{ k|:yfg u/] . o;/L ls/ft s'n sljnf lx“8]sf] b]Vbf sldnfx? a;fOF ;bf{

xn];L à 119 km'n aRrf d'vn] Roflk s'g} lx“8\g] / s'g} ;bf{/ eO{ vfnL lx“8] h:tf] tfFtsf tfFt nfuL ag]kfsf] /fhwfgL 5f]8L k"j{ /:tf nL /f];L vf]nf ;'gsf];L kf/ e} xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] leq u'kmfsf] bz{g u/L tfFlx /fhf lnlnd xfª / ls/ft ;]gf s'n sljnf b'O{ lbg;+d lj>fd u/]Æ -k[i7 (*_ .

o:t} /fhf n]lnd xfªsf efO /fhf vfD;f];f] xfª -dfem ls/ftsf k|yd /fhf_ n] klg b'ws'08, hfnkfb]jL / xn];Lsf xn]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{ Oi6b]jtf dfgL slnut @#)! df lgTok"hfsf] k|aGw u/L kj{df jlnk"hf / ofqf;d]t rnfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] …;+lIft g]kfn Oltxf;Ú k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf] 5– æag]kfdf /fHo v8f u/L /fh u/]sf] ^ jif{df g} ;'g'jf/, xfo', r]kfª, ls/ft s'n sljnf ;a}nfO{ g]kfn vfN6fsf lnR5jLj+zsf /fhfn] d'lvofnL kbflwsf/ lbG5' elg nf]e b]vfpFbf lnlR5jL j+zL /fhfsf kIf nfuL ls/ft /fhf vfD;f];f] xfªsf] afuL eO{ lnR5jL j+zL /fhftkm{ ePsf lyP . t;y{ vfD;f];f]xfª ls/ft /fhf / of]St'Daf ;]Daf]s;f ls/ft ;]gfn] dfq ag]kf /fhwfgLdf /xL /fhzf;g rnfpg g;sL /fhf vfD;f];f] xfªn] ;]Daf]s;f ls/ft ;'g'jf/, xfo', r]kfª zfvfsf ls/ft s'nafx]s of]St'Daf zfvfsf ;]Daf]s;f ls/ft s'nsljnf / cfkmg' s'n sljnf;lxt ag]kf /fhwfgLaf6 p7fO{ ag]kfb]lv k"j{ cfg} /fhwfgLdf ;/L a:gnfO{ ag]kfaf6 k"j{sf] af6f] nfuL cl3 bfh'n] eg]sf] s'/f gdfGbf kl5 wf]sf vfg' k/L kZrftfk lnFb} k"j{d'v eO{ /f];Lvf]nf, ;'gsf];L kf/ ls/ftL5fk x'Fb} lnv'vf]nf t/L lks]nfdfh'/f x'Fb} a]lg ;f]n' gbL kf/ eO{ b'ws'08 k'uL :gfg u/L ToxfFaf6 lnv'vf]nf kf/ jf}nflbd afË] kfgLaf6 av'vf]nf t/L hfln+kf]v/Ldf k'uL :gfg u/L hfnkfb]jLsf] bz{g k"hf u/L d'/f/Lk'/ d'snL eGg] 7fpFdf k'uL lbjfnk'/sf b]/]k' eGg] hUufdf ;]tL e'd] eGg] b]jtfsf] :yfgdf alnk"hf u/L s]xL sfn txL lj>fd ubf{ eP . æs]xL lbg To; 7fpFdf /xFbf tlx a:g] ljrf/ u/L ;f] d'/f/Lk'/sf] b'ws'08 hfnkf ;]lt e'd] lhdL b]jtf ! xn]l;sf] xn]Zj/ cyf{t\ dxfb]j ;d]t O{ # b]jtfnfO{ Oi6b]jtf egL ltgsf] k'hflbsf] k|aGw u/fO d'/f/Lk'/sf] gfd d'sln /fvL ;f] d'snL b]/]k'sf] gfd lbjfnk'/

120 à xn];L /fvL ifDa's of]s cyf{t\ u9 lsNnf agfO{ vfD;f];f] xfªn] /fHo u/L pQm tLg b]jtfnfO{ Oi6b]jtf dfgL lgTo w'k aQL kj{df alnk"hf / ofqf;d]t rnfpg] u/] . æcBflk xfnts b'ws'08 hfnkfb]jL ;dLk hfln+kf]v/Ldf Cliftk{l0f k"l0f{dfdf / >L xn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] ;dLk xn];Ldf afnfrt'b{zL lzj/fqLdf / cfiff9 d}gfdf ;]tL e"d] b]jtfsf] b]/]k'/df k"hf / ofqf cfhts nfuL cfPsf] 5Æ -k[i7 !))–!)!_ .

xn];L;Fu ;DalGwt ;'Aaf k|]daxfb'/ dfjf]xfª lnDa" / e"k]Gb|gfy zdf{åf/f lnlvt …;+lIfKt g]kfn Oltxf;Ú k':tssf oL c+zx? /fw]Zofd e§/fO{åf/f /lrPsf] …xn];L tLy{sfJoÚ -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f, @)^!_ sf] kl/lzi6af6 ;fef/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .

xn];L à 121

ls/ft / xn];L ef]uL/fh rflDnª

xn];L cfsif{s ;f+:s[lts uGtJo xf] . cgf}7f] k|fs[lts u'kmfsf sf/0f dfq xf]Og wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] cAan gd'gf x'gn ' ] klg xn];Lsf] cfsif{0f al9/x]sf] xf] . o;;Fu} xn];Lsf] P]ltxfl;s / k|fu\Pl] txfl;s kf6f] klg lj:tf/} v'Nb} uO/x]sf] 5 . k|fu\Pl] txfl;s cfFvfaf6 x]bf{ xn];L If]qdf kfOg] u'kmfx? lzsf/L o'usf ls/ftx?sf af;:yn x'g\ . ls/ftx? cfgf k'vf{x? tofdf, lvofdf / /}5fs'n] log} u'kmfx?df a:y] eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ . csf]{lt/ sDtLdf $)) jif{otfsf] 1ft Oltxf;n] xn];LnfO{ :yfgLo /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . ;]gx?sf] zf;gsfndf xn];L Pp6f y'd lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]/vf /fHo lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf k/flht x'g k'u]sf] xn];Lu9Lsf] eUgfjz]if b'l5{d uflj;sf] /fjfr'ª 8fF8fdf cem} x]g{ ;lsG5 . of] n]vdf k|fu\P]ltxfl;sb]lv P]ltxfl;s sfn;Dd ls/ftx?sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] xn];Laf/] yf]/} v'n:t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|fu\Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df df}lvs k/Dk/faf6 Psb]lv csf]{ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] d'b'dnfO{ ls/ftx?sf] k|fu\Oltxf; cWoog ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . d'b'd -d'Gb'd, d'Gw'd_ ls/ftx?sf] df}lvs k/Dk/fsf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL b:tfj]h xf] . Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df rflx“ xn];Laf/] :yfgLo a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfOnfO{ cfwf/sf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . d}n] of] n]vdf lnlvt Oltxf;n] elg/x]sf] s'/f;Fu d'b'd / :yfgLo egfOnfO{ tfnd]n u/fpg] hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' . vf;u/Lsg xn];L Pp6f y'd ePsf sf/0f d}n] ls/ft / Oltxf;;Fusf] ls/ftx?sf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfemls/ft / y'dx?df s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5' .

122 à xn];L

d'b'd M g]kfn / ls/ft clxn] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8df 5l/Psf ls/ftx? d'b'dcg';f/ eGg] xf] eg] …lgofdfÚ af6 cfPsf x'g\ . o;af/] b'l5{d–$, r'dfv'sf g5'ª lzj/fh /fO{n] avfGg] d'b'dsf] l/l;of -l;nf]s_ o:tf] 5 M lgofdfaf6 wfdL cfpFbfv]l/ d cfpFbfv]l/ x] gfODdf Û d]/f 9f]n]x?nfO{ d]/f yfn]x?nfO{ /fd|/L x]/ljrf/ ul/b]pm x} /fd|/L vfg'lkpg' ul/b]pm x}1 k|fu\P]ltxfl;s sfndf ls/ftx? hxfFaf6 g]kfn cfP Tof] cflbd ynf] lgofdf s'g 7fpF xf], lj:t[t vf]hcg';Gwfg gu/Lsg eGg ;lsFb}g . t/, olt rflx“ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5– Tof] ef/tsf] u+ufsf] d}bfg klg x'g;S5 cyjf rLgsf] l;lGhofª k|fGtdf kg]{ lgof klg x'g ;S5 . ls/ftx? 7fpFsf] gfdk5fl8 …dfÚ hf]8\g] u5{g\ . h:tf] ls vf]6fª lhNnfs} b'l5{dsf] …;fNt]dfÚ / lbQm]nglhssf] ufpF …;f]NdfÚ nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o:tf 7fpFx? ;of}+ 5g\ . o;/L g} …lgofÚ ;Fu …dfÚ hf]l8P/ …lgofdfÚ ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

1

ls/ft /fO{ rflDnª vfDafltdåf/f ul7t …ls/ft d'b'd -bz{gzf:q_ cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{;ldltÚ n] lj=;+= @)^* ;fndf lzj/fh /fO{ -b'l5{d–$, vf]6fª_ af6 ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . dfly cg'jfb ul/Psf] d'b'dsf] …lgofdfÚ ;DaGwL cg'R5]b o:tf] 5– …lgofdfnf df]af];f]df, cfaf];f]df ofd}b'ªDkf gfODdf} Û cfs5f{/L, nfsfD/L Gof]nf] s'gf} vf]d}lbrf} rfKof}, b'ª\Kof} d}lbRof} .Ú

xn];L à 123

lgofdfaf6 ls/ftx? yf?x?sf] ynf] / j[lHh ;+32 x'Fb} cfPsf lyP . lzj/fh /fO{n] avfGg] d'b'dsf] l/l;of o:tf] 5 M

d -lgofdfaf6_ k§]/3f/L kmfF8\b} cfpFb} 5' sfFz3f/L kmfF8\b} cfpFb} 5' v'jfn'ª t/]/ cfpFb} 5' yf?x?sf] ynf]af6 cfpFb} 5' j[lHhx?sf] ynf]af6 cfpFb}5' To:t} vf]6fª, 5f]/Da'sf lqe'/fh /fO{n] avfGg] d'b'ddf klg o:tf] l/l;of 5 M

cO ˜˜˜ gfODdf, kf?xf]+x? xf] plb\b, jfa'xf]+x? xf] gfsL, lbnLxf]+x? xf] yf?, afhLxf]+x? xf] ;fKt] -zfSo <_, afhLxf]+x? xf] t/fO{sf yf?x? cfkm"eGbf blIf0flt/ a:g] ;dfh cyjf JolQmnfO{ …afhLÚ eGg] u5{g\ . k|frLg sfndf yf?x?sf] u0f/fHoeGbf blIf0fdf j[lHh ;+3 kb{Yof] . j[lHh ;+3;Fu yf?x?sf] zfSo u0f/fHosf] p:tf] ldNtL lyPg h;n] ubf{ 2 lzj/fh /fO{n] avfGg] d'b'dsf] rflDnª efiffdf l/l;of o:tf] 5 M …8'ª\af] nfd\ 8'ª\af] Sn]D;f 5fO kmf];f ;fof ;f]df ofd}b'ª vf]jfn'ª ofd}b'ª = =7f? xf]+ nfd\ afhL xf]+ nfd\ ofd}b'ª .Ú lqe'/fh /fO{n] avfGg] d'b'dsf] rflDnª efiffdf l/l;of o:tf] 5 M …cO ˜˜˜ gfODdf, kf?xf]+rL plb\b, jfa'xf]+rL gfsL, lbnLxf]+rL yf?, afhLxf]+rL ;fKt], afhLxf]+rL .Ú

124 à xn];L

pgLx? j[HhLx?nfO{ 3[0ffk"j{s afhL eGg] uy]{ -zdf{, @)^& M #%*_ . ls/ft /fO{x?n] rflx“ ltg} yf?x?af6 j[HhLx?nfO{ afhL eGg l;s]h:tf] nfU5 . d'b'ddf j[HhL ;+3nfO{ afhL -rflDnª_, ahL -;fDkfª_, afh' -sf]oL_ (Rai 2008) cflb ljleGg gfdn] k'sf/ ul/G5 . j[lHh ;+3 k|frLg ef/tsf !^ hgkbdWo] Pp6f k|d'v hgkb lyof] h'g u+uf gbLsf] pQ/ -jt{dfg pQ/L ljxf/_ df lyof] . duw/fh chftzq'n] O{=k"= $*% cf;kf;df cfgf] /fhtGqdf ufe]kl5 j[lHh ;+3Lo u0f/fHosf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] -cfrfo{ @)^) M &(_ . To:t} u/]/ j[lHh ;+3df cfj4 / j[lHh u0f/fHo;Fu} hf]l8Psf] csf]{ u0f/fHo lyof] zfSo . d'b'ddf rflx“ zfSo u0f/fHonfO{ …;fKt]Ú elgPsf] 5 . ls/ft d'b'ddf afhL / zfSo zf;sx?nfO{ k'sf/ ug'{sf] cy{ j[lHh ;+3sf] cl:tTj x'Fbf ls/ftx? u+ufsf] d}bfgaf6 g]kfnsf] kxf8lt/ plSng] qmd hf/L lyof] cyf{t\ nueu @% ;o jif{eGbf cl3;Dd of] qmd hf/L lyof] . cd]l/sL ;dfhj}1flgs n]lj; x]g/L df]u{gsf cg';f/ dfG5]x? d"nynf]af6 o;/L otfplt ;g]{ qmd cfxf/fsf ?kdf df5fsf] k|of]u / cfuf]sf] cfljisf/kl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] (Krader, 1974:97) . ls/ft -rflDnª /fO{_ x?df d[To;+:sf/ ubf{ df5f clgjfo{ -/fO{, @)^( M *@–*#, s_ dflgg' o;}sf] ;f+:s[lts cjz]if xf] . d'b'dcg';f/ ls/ftx? klg df5f cfxf/f / ofqfsf] ;'udtfsf nflu lgofdfaf6 u+ufaf6 ;Ktsf]zL x'Fb} b"wsf]zL, c?0f, tdf]/ gbL k5\ofpFb} kxf8lt/ pSn]sf x'g\ . ;'gsf]zL k5\ofpFb} hfg] ls/ftx? rflx“ g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ k'u] . ls/ftx? gbLIf]qnfO{ cfgf] b]z -ynf]_ dfg]/ gbL sf6]/ hfg]nfO{ ljb]z uPsf] dfG5g\ . ;'gsf]zL gbL sf6]/ g]kfn -sf7df8f}+ pkTosf_ hfg]x? ljb]lzPsf ls/ftx? x'g\ . ofDkm" ldGb'dcg';f/ vf]Sjf kKk / vfSjf df
xn];L à 125

ul/G5 . h:tf] ls vf]6fª, 5f]/Da'sf x:taxfb'/ /fO{n] avfg]sf] d'b'd M

x]˜˜˜ t;jf, avfkmf]kL, nf/]jfx? xf] gfsLxf]+x? xf] oFNnxf]+x? xf] == plxn] gflsxf]+x? xf], oFnjfx? xf] To:t} lqe'/fh /fO{n] avfg]sf] d'b'ddf rflx“ xf]+5f -/fhf_ hGd]–x's]{sf] 7fpFsf] ?kdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf -of]+nf]df_ nfO{ o;f] elgPsf] 5–

x] ˜˜˜ plxn] /fhf k}bf ePsf] of]+nf]dfdf rflDnª d'b'dcg';f/ g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ cfOk'Ug] JolQm xs{a'ªsf ;fOFnf 5f]/f ef]?ª -ef]?xfª_ lyP -/fO{ @)^( M &(, v_ . km]l/, lnDa" d'Gw'dcg';f/ rflx“ o'df -af]h'_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ls/ftLx? …g]kfnÚ vfN8f]df k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ -sfOFnf @)$* M %&_ . cyf{t\, d'b'dcg';f/ ls/ftx?sf km/skm/s aufnsf] g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ vfN8f] k|j]z ug]{ qmd nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] lyof] . To:t} gbLsf gfdx?n] klg ls/ftx?sf] g]kfn pkTosf k|j]zaf/] ;+s]t u5{ . ls/ftx? 7"nf gbLnfO{ sf];L jf s';L eG5g\– ;'gsf];L÷s';L, b"wsf];L÷s';L, ef]6]sf];L÷s';L, tfdfsf];L÷s';L .4 /, ls/ftx? k"j{af6 sf7df8f}+ k|j]z ubf{ k5\ofpg'kg]{ vf]nfsf] gfd klg oxL;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 /f];L . of]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] eg] …v'jfÚ / …v'Ú hf]l8Psf ;fgf gbL÷vf]nfx? ls/ft …x]˜˜˜ t;jf, avfkmf]kL, nf/]jfsf]p gfsLxf]+Rof]p oFNnxf]+Rof]pÚ == …cf;] Nof]gfd gflsxf]R+ of]p, oFnjfRof]pÚ To:t} lqe'/fh /fO{sf] d'b'ddf rflx“ xf]+5f -/fhfsf zfvf;Gtfg_ hGd]–x's]{sf] 7fpFsf] ?kdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf -of]+nf]df_ nfO{ o;f] elgPsf] 5– …x] ˜˜˜ cf;];f] xf]+5f k'vf of]+nf]dfbL .Ú 4 lht/fh /fO{ -dxfb]j:yfg–*, vf]6fª_ sf cg';f/ /fO{x? d'b'ddf …l5jf s';L, lwjf s';LÚ eg]/ ;fgf–7"nf gbLx?nfO{ k'sf/ ug]{ u5{g\ .

126 à xn];L

/fO{x? a;f]af; ul//x]sf] k"jL{ kxf8b]lv sf7df8f}+;Dd 5g\ . ;+v'jf;efdf ;fª\v'jf, nfª\v'jf, ltª\v'jf, lrª\v'jf 5g\Ù ef]hk'/df lkv'jf, Ov'{jf, lrv'{jf, cv'jf 5g\ / vf]6fªdf a'Ov'jf, lbv'jf, dv'jf, ds'jf 5g\ . cf]vn9'+uf lhNnfdf cfPkl5 rflx“ …v'jfÚ sf] …jfÚ nf]k eP/ …v'Ú dfq x'g k'u]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls k+v' . cf]vn9'+uf;Fu} l;dfgf hf]l8Psf lhNnfx?df klg o:tf vf]nfgfnfx? 5g\– ;f]v' -l;Gw'nL_, do+v' -pbok'/_ . To:t} u/]/ cf]vn9'+uf / /fd]5fksf] l;dfgfsf ?kdf au]sf] vf]nf 5 lnv' . g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ vfN8f]df cfPkl5 …v'Ú hf]l8Psf aNv', t]ª\v' -6]s'_, gv', ;fFv', hlKtv', x'l8v', nDv' (Malla, 1983:58) cflb gbLgfnf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+sf] klZrddf dn]v' 5 . Ps efiffaf6 csf]{ efiffn] zAb ;fk6L lnFbf cyjf ;f]xL efiff km/skm/s :yfgdf k|of]u x'Fbf cyjf ;dosf] cGt/fndf cIf/x? 36\b} hfg] kl/kf6L ljZjJofkL ?kdf b]lvG5 . b'O{ xhf/ jif{cl3 Nofl6gaf6 af:s efiffn] zAb ;fk6L lnFbf ballaena zAb lvOP/ balea; dominica zAb lvOP/ domeka / domine zAb lvOP/ done x'g k'u]sf] lyof] (Trask, 1996: 51) . o;/L g} …v'jfÚ zAb lvOP/ …v'Ú dfq afFsL /xg k'u]sf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ xf], ls/ft /fO{x? sf7df8f}+eGbf klxn] clxn] a;f]af; ul//x]sf g]kfnsf k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfx?df a;f]af; uy]{ . /, d'b'dcg';f/ klg ls/ftx?sf ljleGg aufn gbL k5\ofpFb} sf7df8f}+ -g]kfn pkTosf_ cfOk'u]sf lyP . csf]{ s'/f, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf vf]nfgfnfx?sf] gfds/0f ls/ft /fO{ efiffdf /xg'sf] cy{ g]kfn pkTosfdf pgLx?sf] k|efjzfnL pkl:ylt lyof] eGg] xf] . Oltxf;sf/ afa'/fd cfrfo{nufotsf cg';f/ klg g]kfn -sf7df8f}+ pkTosf_ df ls/ftsf y'k|} j+zn] zf;g u/]sf] lyof] h;dWo] g]kf/ j+zsf] zf;gsfndf o;sf] gfd g]kf/ /xg k'Uof] . /xFbfa:bf ToxL …g]kf/Ú af6 …g]kfnÚ zAb klg aGof] / …g]jf/Ú zAb klg aGof] -t'nfw/ / c?, @)^& M *_ . nlntk'/sf leIf' cd[tfgGbn] a]nfotL ljåfg\ a|fog xH;gnfO{ atfPcg';f/ klg …g]jf/ / g]jf/L zAb …kÚ cIf/ …jÚ tyf …nÚ cIf/ …/Ú df km]l/P/ eP/ ag]sf] xf]Ú (Hodgson, 1991: 51) cyf{t\ …g]kfnÚ zAbaf6 …g]jf/Ú ag]sf] xf] . ;ft ;fnk"j{;Dd klg …g]kfnÚ zAbn] l;ª\u} b]zeGbf klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ g} a9L a'emfpFYof] . ufpF3/af6 sf7df8f}+ cfpg'k¥of] eg] …g]kfn lx“8]sf]Ú elgGYof] . clxn] klg

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cln Jo+UofTds cy{df sf7df8f}+ cfpg'k¥of] eg] …d t g]kfn kf] lx“8]sf] xf]pÚ eGg]vfnsf] efiff k|of]u x'Fb} 5 . ls/ftx?sf] g]kfn cyf{t\ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf;Fu P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw 5 . Oltxf;sf/x? j+zfjnL / clen]vx?sf cfwf/df ls/ftx? c? zf;sx?af6 k/flht ePkl5 k"j{lt/ nfu]sf] atfpF5g\ . t/, d'b'dn] t sf7df8f}+ cfpg'k"j{ g} pgLx?sf] km}nfj6 clxn]sf] e"uf]ndf eO;]s]sf] atfpF5 . /, k/flht eO;s]kl5 ls/ftx? sf7df8f}+af6 k"j{lt/ nfu] eg] klg zf;s vnssf ls/ftx? dfq x'g ;S5, l;ª\u} ls/ft hgtf x'nsf x'n k"j{ nfu]/ a:tL a;fPsf] s'/f ;xL x'g ;Sb}g . a? ;To s'/f rflx“ s] eg] ls/ftx?sf] a:tL klxNo} k"j{df ePsf sf/0f c? zf;sx?af6 k/flht ePkl5 ls/ft zf;sx? k"j{lt/ nfu]sf x'g\ .

lnR5lj / ls/ft k|b]z g]kfnsf] Oltxf; cWoogdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] / xfn;Dd k|fKtdWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dflgPsf] j+zfjnL ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf] uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL xf] . o;df ls/ftx?af/] æoL jQL;hgf ls/ft /fhfx? eP, clxn] ls/ftx? tfdfsf]zL / c?0fsf] aLr efudf 5g\Æ -Pt] åflq+; ls/ft/fhfM, tfdHh{0fsf]zsL66fb\eaf o]M_ eg]/ lnR5ljx?n] x/fO;s]kl5 ls/ftx? k"j{lt/ nfu]sf] ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 -jh|frfo{ @)%# M @#_ . To:t} u/]/ uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLdf elgPsf] 5, æclg ;"o{j+zsf] k|efjn] g]kfndf ls/ft /fhfnfO{ lht]/ lnR5ljj+z rNof]Æ -cyM ;"o{jD;k|efjft\ g]kfn] ls-/ft_ /fhf lglHh{To .. lnR5ljj+z k|jQ{t]M .._ -zdf{ @)^& M !@_ . j+zfjnLdf elgPh:t} xfnsf] sf7df8f}+ -plxn]sf] g]kfn_ df ls/ftx?n] zf;g u/]sf] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] . ls/ftx? tfdfsf]zL / c?0fsf] aLrdf a:5g\ eGg] s'/f rflx“ cw;fFrf] dfq xf] lsgeg] c?0fptf klg lnDa" ls/ftx? a:5g\ . sf7df8f}+df zf;g;Qfaf6 lj:yflkt ePkl5 lgZro g} ls/ftx? k"j{lt/} nfu] . of] klg ;fFrf] xf] t/ ls/ftx?nfO{ lnR5ljx?n] xf]Og a? jdf{x?n] kf] x/fPsf x'g\ eGg] gofF tYo k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ dflnufpFdf ;+jt\ !)& -O{:jL ;g\ !*%_ n]lvPsf] hoadf{sf] ;flns e]l6Paf6 uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLn] eGb} cfPsf] s'/fdf k|Zg p7]sf] xf] .

128 à xn];L

t/ k|Zg of] xf] ls sf7df8f}+af6 lj:yflkt ePkl5 ls/ftx?n] k"j{df :yfgLo -k|fb]lzs_ /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ ls To;k"j{ klg lyof] < o;af/] uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL / cGo efiffj+zfjnLx? s]xL klg atfpFb}gg\ t/ dfgb]jsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] rfFu'gf/fo0f:yfgsf] rlr{t clen]vn] lnR5ljsfnsf] ;'?lt/} ls/ftx?sf] :yfgLo -k|fb]lzs_ /fHo lyof] eGg] b]vfpF5 . ;+jt\ #*^ -lj=;+= %@!_ sf] pQm clen]vdf dfgb]jn] …k"j{sf z7Úx?nfO{ sHofPsf] pNn]v 5 . clen]vdf elgPsf] 5, æd]/f a'afn] /fd|f cUnf df}nfx?n] k[lyjLnfO{ l;Fufg'{ePYof] . n8fOF?kL oqsf] cf8 lnP/ IfqLsf] wd{adf]lhd bLIff lnP/ d al;/x]sf] 5' . k/fqmd}n] zq'sf] gfz ug{ k"j{ lbzflt/ hfG5' . hf] /fhfx? d]/f] sfa"df a:g]5g\, ltgnfO{ yfDg]5' . æoL s'/f ;'Ggfn] kL/ x6]sL d'df -/fHojtL_ nfO{ /fhfn] 9f]u]/ eGg'eof], d'df Û z'4 tk:of u/]/ d a'afsf] cC0fL x'g ;lStgF . t/, pxfFsf kfpsf] ;]jf u/]/ ljlwk"j{s -pxfFaf6_ l;s]sf] xltof/sf] sfdn] cC0fL x'g]5' . ta cToGt v'zL ePsL d'dfaf6 cf1f kfP/ /fhf k"j{sf] af6f] nfUg'eof] . ToxfF k"jL{of ;07 /hf}6fx?n] ba]/ lz/ lgx'/fP . ltgsf >Lk]hsf dfnf e'OFdf v;] . x's"ddf tfd]n /xg] ltgLx?nfO{ ydf}tL u/L hu/ lkmFhfPsf] l;+x h:t} lg8/ eO{ /fhf klZrdlt/ nfUg'eof]Æ -jh|frfo{ @)%# M !^_ . dfgb]jn] xf]RofpFb} z7 elgPsf k"j{sf tL sf] lyP < o;af/] Oltxf;sf/ x?sf] nueu dt}Sotf 5 . wgjh| jh|frfo{n] uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLn] ls/ftx? k"j{lt/ nfu] eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ …k"j{sf z7x?Ú ls/ft lyP eg]sf 5g\ . t/ c? k|df0fx? gkfOP;Dd o;} eGg ;lsGg eg]/ yf]/} ;Gb]x k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . 1fgdl0f g]kfnn] rflx“ lglZrt} u/]/ tL z7x? ls/ft g} lyP eg]sf 5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æk|frLg sfndf g]kfnb"gs} /fhfsf cwLgdf ;d:t g]kfn ePsf] x'Fbf k"j{sf] ls/ft k|b]z klg o;}sf cGtu{t x'g' :jfefljs} lyof] . dfgb]j afns} 5Fbf pgsf lktf wd{b]jsf] d[To' ePsf] xF'bf k"j{sf ls/ft ;fdGtx? :jtGq x'g nfu]sf lyP . kl5 k"j{tkm{ r9fO u/L lj=;+= %@@ eGbf s]xL cl3 /fhf dfgb]jn] ToxfFsf hu/;]7 z7 ls/ftx?nfO{ cfgf] jzjtL{ t'NofPsf lyPÆ -g]kfn @)%% M @*(_ . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ clxn]sf] ls/ft k|b]zdf ls/ftx?sf] k|fb]lzs /fHo sDtLdf !%)) jif{cl3b]lv lyof] .

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;]g, k[YjLgf/fo0f / ls/ft y'd ;f]xf| }+ ztfAbLsf] clGtdlt/ klZrd g]kfnsf] kfNkf /fHodf d'sG' b ;]g /fhf eP . pgn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf lj=;=+ !%*@ df g]kfn -sf7df8f}_+ pkTosfdf cfqmd0f u/L ljho u/] . o;sf ;fy} pgn] ;du| k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kxf8, dw]; lht]/ l6i6f;Dd l;dfgf k'¥ofPsf lyP . t/, pgsf ;Gtfgx?n] of] /fHonfO{ c+zj08f u/]/ ljhok'/, rf}b08L / dsjfgk'/ tLg /fHodf ljefhg u/] . ljhok'/cGt/ut c?0fk"js { f] kNnf] ls/fFt -lnDa'jfg_ / df]/ª kYof]{ . rf}b08LcGt/ut kxf8df dfemls/ft cyf{t\ b'wsf]zLb]lv c?0f;Dd kYof]{ eg] dsjfgk'/cGt/ut cf]Nnf]ls/ft, r'/l] eqsf] b"g / dxfef/tsf] sf]zL;Ddsf] z[v + nf kYof]{ . t/, ;]g zf;sx?sf] /fhwfgL t/fO{df kg]{ ePsf sf/0f kxf8df /x]sf ls/ftx?n] ;]g zf;sx?sf] gfd dfq lnP/ :jtGq zf;g u/]sf lyP . t/, ls/ftx?sf y'k}| :yfgLo /fHox? lyP . tL slt lyP yk cg';Gwfg gu/L olt g} lyof] eGg ;lsFbg} . t/, s]xL rflx“ atfpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 . dsjfgk'/sf /fhf z'e ;]gn] cfgf] /fHo lj:tf/ u/]/ clxn]sf] vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dfly wfKnfªvs{ / tn ;fK;';Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP -g]kfn @)%% M @(!_ . ljho cleofgaf/] j0f{g ug]{ qmddf efiffj+zfjnLdf z'e ;]gn] …/fjf xn];LÚ ;lxt !& ufpF lht]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– æ;Djt\ &($ cflZjg d}Gxfdf ;]g/fhfx?sf] tqmf/ e} ldln z'e ;]g gfd /fhf cfO{ d2b dfUg cfp+bf nlntk§gsf /fhf k|d'v e} eQmk"/ sf+ltk'/ tgx"+sf /fhf ;fd]n e} k"j{lt/ xl/x/ ;]g /fhfsf df]/+udfly r9fO{ ul/ /fjf xn]l; !& cflb u|fd lhlt z'e ;]g /fhfsg bL kmls{ cfofÆ -k|frLg g]kfn @)@^ M ^_ . /fjf / xn];L b'O{ y'dx? x'g\, afFsL !& u|fdx? klg ls/ft /fO{x?sf :yfgLo y'dx? lyP ls eGg] cg'dfg x'G5 . lsgeg], k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf kfnfsf lr7Lkqx?df vf]6fªsf] /fjf / xn];L If]qdf kg]{ c? y'dx? ljho u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] dfemls/ft cfqmd0f ug{sf nflu ;bf{/ /fds[i0f s'Fj/ / ;bf{/ cd/l;+x yfkfnfO{ v6fPsf lyP . pgLx? PsPs sDkgL ;}lgs lnP/ ;'gsf]zL / b'wsf]zL k'u]kl5 xl/gGb pkfWofo / lqnf]rg pkfWofon] tof/ ul//fv]sf] 8'+uf t/]/ dfemls/ft k|j]z u/]sf lyP . /, Tof] lbg !*@( efb| !# ut] lyof] .

130 à xn];L

/fds[i0f s'Fj/ / cd/l;+x yfkf g]t[Tjsf] ;}lgsx?sf] klxnf] n8fOF /fjfvf]nf y'dsf rltd /fo -/fO{_ / kfdfvf]nf y'dsf c6n /fosf] g]t[Tjdf vDa" o'jfx?;Fu ePsf] lyof] . vDa"x?n] axfb'/Lk"j{s k|lt/f]w u/] klg wg'sfF8sf] tf]8 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gfx?sf] a'Gb'ssf cufl8 rNg ;s]g . /, lr;+v'b]lv /fjfvf]nf;Ddsf y'dx? k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;}lgsx?sf] sAhfdf uof] . To;kl5 pgLx?n] xn];L y'ddf cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . xn];L y'd ljho u/]kl5 dem'jf, s'n'd / lbª\nfdf cfqmd0f u/L ljho u/]sf lyP . o;/L uf]vf{nL ;}lgsx?n] ;'gsf]zLsf] pQ/df kg]{ dfemls/ft ljho xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] . /fds[i0f s'Fj/ / cd/l;+x yfkfnfO{ @)#) df3 ! k7fOPsf] kqdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] n]v]sf 5g\– ædem'jf= s'n'd dxflbUnf kf}jfdf cfofsf j}/LnfO{ sf6of}+= olt if:of o]lt 3fOtf eof e+g] n]ifL k7fofsf] jl9of= 38f @! jf?b / % xhf/ uf]ln c:tL c:tL k7fO{ lb`fYof}+= o; kfnf kgL 38f @) jf?b / ^*@% uf]nL tf]nf $% O:kft\ uf]6f &%) kTy/ ;o] ( sfuh k7fo]sf] jf8L lbg'Æ -cfrfo{ @)^! M $@*_ . ;'gsf]zLsf] blIf0fdf klg dfemls/ftsf] e"efu kb{Yof] . Tof] e"efu klg uf]vf{nLx?n] ljho u/] . t/, ToxfF s'gs'g y'dx? lyP eGg] s'/f rflx“ P]ltxfl;s sfuhkqx?af6 v'n]sf] kfFOb}g . pbok'/ u9Ldf cfqmd0f u/]sf] rflx“ kSsf xf] . c? y'dx?af/] :ynut vf]h–cWoog cfjZos 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] @)#) kmfu'g ( df n]v]sf] kqaf6 /fds[i0f s'Fj/sf] g]t[Tjdf ;'gsf]zL blIf0fsf] e"efu ljho ul/Psf] eg] :ki6 x'G5 . kqdf n]lvPsf] 5– æls/ft xfGo"+ $.% ;o sQn eof] eGof kqfy{jf6 hfx]/ eof]= jx't} jl9of u¥of}= ltdL b]ifL jx't} if';L eof= g]kfn dfbf{sf] ls/ft dfbf{sf] ldlxg]t c? ;bf{/eGbf ltdL d'io eof}= ltd|f]= ldlxg]tb]ifL if';L e} @@ hf]/ l;/f]kfp jS;L k7fofsf] 5 k}x| c? ;'jf ;bf{/nfO{ kgL k7fofsf] 5= gfpsf] sfut x]/L jf8Lb]p= j+b's gfn @% k7fofsf] 5 k'unf=Æ -cfrfo{ @)^! M $@*_ . dfemls/ft cfqmd0fsf nflu xl/gGb pkfWofon] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ s"6gLlts / cfly{s b'j} ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . pgn] u/]sf] cfly{s / s"6gLlts ;xof]usf] pRr k|z+;f ub}{ !*#) kmfu'g !% df cledfgl;+x a:Goft / kf/y e08f/Ln] kq n]v]sf lyP . ;f] kqdf xl/gGb kf]v/]nn] ;bf{/ /fds[i0f s'Fj/dfkm{t\ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] C0f /sdaf6 xn];L y'ddf kmf}hnfO{

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vr{ afFl8Psf] pNn]v 5 . kqsf] ;Da4 c+z o:tf] /x]sf] 5– æ:jl:t>L cledfgl;+x >L kf/y e+8f/L s:o kqd\—cfu] ifkf{sf xl/gGb kfWof kf]if¥ofns] k|0ffd ltldn] rf}8+l8sf cDjn} /fhf === === === sf uflbsf df6fsf] 8Nnf] / ef/f kmf}h k7fO{ jS;g' eof gf}nfif ls/ftsf d'n's db]z kfxf8 xft ul/ 9f]sfdf l5/fpg eGof j]xf]/fsf] clh{ r9fO{ k7fpbf g'jfsf]6 === === === sf xh'/df lj+lt kfbf{ jx't if';' x'g' e} df6fsf] 8Nnf]nL 5fdL cfOg\ elg 9's'6Ldf kf¥of] xfdL ef/f kmf}h if6fO x's'dln cfpbf b'bsf];L tGof{ sfdsf] rfhf] u/L kmf}h tfxf+ xn]l;df ef]bf} dlxgfdf kmf}hnfO{ ifr{ jf8bf >L;bf{/ /fds[i0f sj/n]ln cfofsf td|f k6gf ?k}`f #%%* ifr{ jf8L cDan} /fhf === === sf] /fh wfgL cfbL rf}b+8L cDjn eof] kl5 bkmf cfh;+d km}hnfO{ ifr{ jf8bf xfdLn] lnofsf td|f k6gf ?k}`f &$^^ clwsf/ kl5sf hdf ?k}`f !!)%! sf] gf}nfif ls/ftsf 8Nnf] clh{ r9fO{ ef/f kmf}g lemsfO{ k/jTof b'lgof pd/f ls/flt b]lif kmf]/L xfd|f dtdf NofO{ rf}b+8Lsf] d'ns kfxf8 db]z c+jn u/fofsf] td|f] rfsl/l/lemof]Æ -cfrfo{ @)^! M $@(_ . b'l5{d uflj; j8f gDa/ # sf () jif{ pd]/ kf/ ul/;s]sf s[kf;'/ /fO{nfO{ k'vf{x?n] ;'gfPcg';f/ xn];L y'ddf cfqmd0f ubf{ clxn]sf] dxfb]j:yfg u'kmfaf6 klZrdlt/ /x]sf] /fjfr'ª u9Ltkm{ sfnf] klx/g nufPsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gfx? emdd -n:s/}_ cfPsf lyP . Tof] o'4df y'k|} ls/ft /fO{x?sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . /fjfr'ª u9Ldf clxn] klg /utsf] vf]N;f] au]sf] 7fpF 5 elgG5 . To:t} u/]/ dxfb]j:yfg uflj; j8f gDa/ ^ sf /Tg /fO{ -bz{g_ sf cg';f/ pxfFsf] 3/df dfGb|f]hqf] g]kfnL sfuhdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gflj?4 /fjfr'ª u9Lsf /fhf EjfF/dnfO{ ;3fpg hfg] ufpFn]x?sf] gfdfjnL ptfl/Psf] lyof] . To;df sf] sf] d/], sf] sf] ;s'zn kmls{P eGg] klg ljj/0f lyof] . t/, pxfF cfkm" hgo'4df ;xefuL ePsf avt 3/df cfunfuL x'Fbf pQm sfuhft klg hn]/ gi6 ePsf] lyof] . ;]g / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf lr7Lkq tyf cGo clen]vx?df afx]s :ynut cWoogsf cfwf/df c? y'k|} y'dx? /x]sf] yfxf x'G5 . vf]6fª lhNnfs} ;Kt]Zj/ / aflS;nfsf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf] cUnf] 8fF8fdf b'O{j6f u9Lx? /x]sf 5g\ sf]lknf; / lrgfu9L . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfqmd0f ubf{ ToxfF lgu'xfª / /f]sf]af;Ln] zf;g uy]{ -/fO{ @)^@ M @&_ . To:t} /fjfvf]nf5]p 8'd|]df klg

132 à xn];L

csf]{ sf]6 -u9L_ /x]sf] 5 . ;fDkfª /fO{x? a;f]af; ug]{ vf]6fªs} vft{D5f ufpFsf] lz/df /ª\sfr' 8fF8f 5 hxfF 9fn, t/af/, v'F8f, aGb'ssf] lrq /x]sf] 5 . of] ;fDkfxfªn] zf;g ug]{ y'dsf] u9L dflgG5 -/fO{ @)^@ M @&_ . o:tf y'd tyf u9Lx? vf]6fª lhNnfsf vf]6fª, lba|'ª, r'Or'Ddf, /tG5f, Rof:dL, dfgk'/, vfDt]n nufot bh{gf}+ lyP . vf]6fªs} dem'jfu9L, ef]hk'/sf] xt'jfu9L, pbok'/u9L cflb rlr{t u9Lx? x'g\ . clxn] ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd /x]sf] 7fpFdf klxn] lvsfdf5f y'd lyof] -/fO{ @)^@ M @*_ . ;]gx?sf] rf}b08L /fHocGtu{t o:tf bh{gf}+ y'dx? lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] uf]/vf /fHo lj:tf/ cleofgsf qmddf k/flht eP;Fu} lj:d[t x'Fb} uO/x]sf o:tf y'dx?sf] :ynut vf]hcg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 .

xf]n};'ª / ;]g–dsjfg o'4 sfG5f 5f]/fn] kfNkf /fHosf] k"j{ ljho cleofgdf ;xof]u u/]sf sf/0f /fhf d's'Gb ;]gn] pgnfO{ ljlht k|b]z -cf]Nnf] ls/ft, dfem ls/ft, kNnf] ls/ft / t/fO{_ sf zf;s lgo'Qm u/]sf lyP . t/ afa';Fu ljb|f]x u/]/ pgL ljlht /fHox?sf] :jtGq /fhf ag] . pgLkl5 pgsf 5f]/f xl/x/ ;]g /fhf eP . pgsf 5f]/fx? 5qklt ;]g / z'e ;]gsf aLrdf /fHoflwsf/af/] snx ePkl5 rnfv z'e ;]gn] dsjfgk'/ /fHo v8f u/] / ;]g–dsjfg o'4 ePsf] lyof] . 7Ls To;}avt xn];L y'ddf xf]n};'ª /fhf lyP, hf] ;]g -ljhok'/_tkm{af6 dsjfglj?4 o'4df ;xefuL ePsf lyP . xf]n};'ª ;]g–dsjfg o'4df ;xefuL ePsf]af/] :yfgLo egfO o:tf] 5– ælk5fOd'9fO eG5 n9fOFdf hfg]nfO{ . :ofg–dsjfgsf] n9fOFdf hfg'eof] afh] xf]n};'ª . ===jxfF uP/ n8fOF u¥of] . t/, Toltv]/ oxfF -xn];L_ af6 dfq ufsf] xf]Og /5 lg . dfgk'/af6 klg ufsf] /5 . Rof:dLsf] klg ufsf] /5 . pef]vf]nfaf6 klg ufsf] /5 . k/ ;fK;'kfl/af6 klg ufsf] /5 . ===xf]n};'ª n9fOFdf Nxfdf] ;do a:g'ef] . ===tLg–rf/ jif{kl5 afh] cfpg'ef] .Æ rflDnª /fO{x?aLr k|rlnt d'b'd ;+sng ug]{ qmddf s'/fsfgL x'Fbf @)^* ;fn c;f]h–sfltsdf dxfb]j:yfg uflj; j8f gDa/ ^ sf lht/fh /fO{n] of] s'/f atfpg'ePsf] xf] . xf]n};'ªsf af/]df xn];L If]qsf hf]s;}n] klg xfd|f k'vf{ / zf;s x'g\ eg]/ atfpg] u5{g\ .

xn];L à 133

To;avt ljhok'/nfO{ :ofg -;]g_ /fHo eg]/ lrlgGYof] eg] dsjfgk'/nfO{ dsjfg elgGYof] . xf]n; } ª ' sf] kfnf;Dd ljhok'/ /fHo 6'lqmP/ rf}b08L alg;s]sf] lyPg . pgL ;]g -ljhok'/_ sf] tkm{af6 dsjfglj?4 o'4df ;xefuL x'g uPsf lyP . xf]n; } ª ' dfq xf]Og xn];L y'dsf] klZrd l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] Rof:dL y'd, dfgk'/ y'd, pef]vf]nsf] /fjf y'd -<_, ;fK;'vf]nfsf] vfDt]n -<_ y'dsf :yfgLo ls/ft /fhfx? klg ;]gsf] tkm{af6 o'4df ;xefuL ePsf lyP . z'e ;]gn] lj=;+= !&@* df ljhok'/ -;]g_ af6 6'qm\ofP/ dsjfgk'/ /fHo v8f u/]sf lyP . To;sf nflu pgL lj=;+= !&@& df nlntk'/ /fHosf /fhf >Llgjf; dNnsxfF ;xof]u dfUg cfPsf lyP -kGt @)$! M !#!_ . pgnfO{ kf6g, eQmk'/, sf7df8f}+, tgx'F, uf]/vf /fHon] ;d]t ;xof]u u/]kl5 z'e ;]g / ljhok'/ /fHosf aLrdf lj=;+= !&@* cfiff9df klxnf]k6s o'4 ePsf] lyof] -g]kfn @)%% M @(!_ . t/, kfFrkfFr /fHo Psflt/ ePkl5 dsjfgk'/sf] lsNnfaf6 ljhok'/ /fHo -:ofg /fHo_ sf ;]gfx? efUg afWo eP / z'e ;]g dsjfgk'/sf /fhf eP -kGt @)$! M !#!_ . ljhok'/ /fHon] nut} csf]{ jif{ lj=;+= !&@( df3 df dsjfgk'/dfly cfqmd0f u¥of] . l;Gw'nLdf ePsf] pQm n8fOFdf klg nlntk'/sf /fhfn] la;ª\v'sf v;x?nfO{ z'e ;]gnfO{ n8fOFdf ;3fpg k7fPsf sf/0f ljhok'/ -;]g_ k/flht ePsf] lyof] . efiffj+zfjnLdf ljhok'/sf] ;]g /fHonfO{ df]/+u /fHo egL pNn]v ub}{ o:tf] nlvPsf] 5– æ;+jt\ &(# df3 d}Gxf df]/+usf /fhf xl/x/ ;]g /fhf cfO{ l;w'nLdf r9fO ug{ cfpFbf dsfgk'/sf /fhf z'e ;]gn] yfxf kfO{ hfO{ w]/}nfO{ df/L w]/} j:t' n'6L lnof . nlntkQgsf /fhfn] la;ª\v'sf v;x?sg df]/+usf /fhfsg x6fpg k7fof . ltgLx?n] w]/} j:t' n'6L NofofÆ -kGt @)$! M !#*_ . lj=;+= !&#! eg] dsjfgk'/sf z'e ;]gn] pN6} ljhok'/ cGtu{t /x]sf] /fjf / xn];L u/L !& ufpFdf cfqmd0f u/L ljho u/]sf] s'/f dfly pNn]v e};s]sf] 5 . ljhok'/ cyf{t\ :ofg /fHosf] tkm{af6 dsjfglj?4 nuftf/ b'O{ jif{ b'O{j6f n8fOFdf ;xefuL ePs} sf/0f xf]n};'ª l9nf] u/L xn];L kmls{Psf lyP . / pgsf] lgwg Rof:dL y'dsf kNdfv'ª;Fusf] wg'sfF8 n8fOFdf ePsf] lyof] .

134 à xn];L

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / EjfF/dxf]+5f xf]n};'ªsf bz efO 5f]/fx? lyP xf]dlbdxf]+5f, dfof/fhfxf]+5f, lhtf/fhfxf]+5f, k'l/dxf]+5f, la/fhfxf]+5f, d'ª\nf]xf]+5f, nf]df]xf]+5f, gfd|fxf]+5f, ;}+bfxf]+5f / kft];'ªxf]+5f . To;dWo] clxn] lht/fhfxf]+5f afx]s gf} efOsf ;Gtfgx? xn];L If]qdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . tL gf} efOaf6 gf} kf5f ag]sf] 5 xf]dlbd5f, dfof/fhf5f, k'l/d5f, la/f5f, d'ª\nf]5f, nf]df]5f, gfd|f5f, ;}+bf5f / kft];'ª5f . :yfgLo lht/fh /fO{sf cg';f/ xf]n; } ª ' sf] lgwg xn];L y'dsf] l5d]sL Rof:dL y'dsf ls/ft /fhf kNdfv'ª;Fusf] o'4df ePsf] lyof] . xf]n; } ª ' sf] lgwgkl5 rf/ + f, dfof/fhfxf]5 + f, lhtf/fhfxf]5 + f / k'l/dxf]5 + faLr pQ/flwsf/L bfh'efO xf]dlbdxf]5 l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ ;ft lbg ePsf] nfKkf h'wfOdf lht/fhfn] lht]kl5 pgL zf;s r'lgPsf lyP . bfh'efO;Fusf] ;+3if{ / cfgf lktfsf] xTof ug]{ Rof:dL y'dsf /fhf kNdfv'ªnfO{ if8\oGqk"js { xTof u/]kl5 tn u}xf| df kg]{ b'l5{d uflj;sf] lvDn]af6 dfly /fjfr'ªdf ;f/]/ u9L agfP . pgn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] b'Oj{ 6f u9Lsf] eUgfjz]if cem} klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . lht/fhfkl5 pgsf 5f]/f dvdnxf]5 + f /fhf eP . dvdnxf]5 + fkl5 EjfF/dxf]5 + f /fhf eP . pg}sf] kfnfdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gfx?n] cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . ;f] cfqmd0f lj=;=+ !*#) ebf} dlxgfdf ePsf]

xn];L y'dsf zf;s xf]n};'ªsf] j+zj[If xf]d}v'ª xf]n};'ª kft];'ªxf]+5f

;}+bfxf]+5f

gfd|fxf]+5f

d'ª\nf]xf]+5f

nf]df]xf]+5f

bfl/dxf]+5f

la/fhfxf]+5f

k'l/dxf]+5f

EjfF/dxf]+5f

lhtf/fhfxf]+5f

dfof/fhfxf]+5f

xf]dlbdxf]+5f

dvdnxf]+5f

gf]6 M lj=;+= !*#) df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gfkltx? cledfgl;+x a:Goft / kf/y e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf xn];L y'ddf cfqmd0f x'Fbf EjfF/dxf]+5f :yfgLo zf;s lyP .

xn];L à 135

lyof] . lj=;=+ !*#) kmfu'g !% df cledfgl;+x a:Goft / kf/y e08f/Ln] vf]6fª, vfkf{sf xl/gGb kf]v/]nnfO{ n]vs ] f] kqdf …xn]l;df ef]bf} dlxgfdf kmf}hnfO{ ifr{Ú afF8s ] f] s'/f k/]sf] 5 h;n] of] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / EjfF/dxf]+5fsf ;]gfaLr ePsf] o'4df lht/fhfxf]+5fsf sltko ;Gtfg dfl/P, ar]sfx? klg efu] h;n] ubf{ clxn] xn];L If]qdf lht/fhfxf]+5fsf zfvf;Gtfg sf]xL klg 5}gg\ .

xf]n};'ª / xn];L xn];L y'dsf xf]n};'ª cfheGbf nueu #&# jif{cl3sf :yfgLo zf;s -/fhf_ lyP . pgL ;]g–dsjfgaLrsf] o'4df ;xefuL ePsf] jif{ lj=;+= !&@* nfO{ clxn] rln/x]sf] lj=;+= @)&! ;fnaf6 36fpFbf pgL cfheGbf #$# jif{cl3sf b]lvg cfpF5g\ . o'4df ;xefuL x'Fbf rf/ ;Gtfg eO;s]sf sf/0f xf]n};'ª #) jif{ pd]/sf t lyP g} xf]nf . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ xf]n};'ª #&# -#$#±#)_ jif{cl3sf /fhf lyP . xn];Laf/] klxnf] pNn]v efiffj+zfjnLdf z'e ;]g;Fu hf]l8P/ ePsf] 5 . efiffj+zfjnLcg';f/ dsjfgk'/sf /fhf z'e ;]gn] lj=;+= !&#! df ljhok'/cGtu{t kg]{ dfemls/ftsf] /fjf / xn];L;lxt !& ufpF lht]sf lyP . cyf{t\, #$) jif{cl3b]lv xn];Laf/] pNn]v x'g ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] (( jif{kl5 lj=;+= !*#) df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfsf P]ltxfl;s lr7Ldf xn];Lsf] pNn]v 5 . To;otf t xn];L /fd|};Fu wfld{s–;f+:s[lts ?kdf kl/lrt x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . t/ :yfgLo /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] xn];L lj:d[ltdf kg{ yfn]sf] cfef; x'Fb} 5 . clxn] xn];L eg]/ u'kmf / u'kmf /x]sf] If]qnfO{ a'em\g yflnPsf] 5 . tL;–rfnL; jif{cl3;Dd klg u'kmfnfO{ dxfb]pyfg eg]/ lrlgGYof] . xn];L eg]/ t xf]n};'ªn] a;f]af; u/]sf] b'l5{dsf] j8f gDa/ # / $ df kg]{ lvDn] / To;j/k/sf r'dfv', xfQL9'+u], e~Hofª nufotsf ufpFx?nfO{ lrlgGYof] . To;p;n] ls/ft /fhf xf]n};'ªsf] zf;gsf] s]Gb| ePs} sf/0f cke|+z x'Fb} xf]n};'ªaf6 xn];L gfd /xg uPsf] s'/f a9L tYok"0f{ b]lvg cfpF5 . :yfgLo a'9fkfsfx? clxn] klg xf]n};'ªsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] ufpFnfO{ g} xn];L elgGYof]

136 à xn];L

eg]/ atfO/x]sf 5g\ . lht/fh /fO{ eGg'x'G5, æcl3 lvDn] ePsf] 7fpFj/k/nfO{ af]tf]r'ª elgGYof] . clxn] x/fO;Sof] . af]tf]r'ªaf6} xn];L gfds/0f efsf] xf] . xn];L t To} xf]n};'ªaf6 ag]sf] xf] . xn];L eg]s} To} xf] lvDn] . xfdLn] ;Dd To} eGb} lyo'ª -lyof}+_ . clxn] r'dfv' dfq eGg yfNo'ª -yfNof}+_ . æclxn] rflx“ ;a}n] dfb]jyfgnfO{ g} xn];L eGg yfNof] . clg xfdLnfO{ klg o;}nfO{ xn];L eGg' s/ nfuL cfof] . xfdLnfO{ t kl5;Dd of] 7fª -7fpF_ nfO{ xn];L eGg nfh x'GYof] . xfdL oxfFaf6 r'dfv' hfFbf xn];L hfG5'sf] eGYof}+ . u'kmfdf hfFbf dfxfb]jyfg lx“8]sf] eGYof}+ . cyjf e~Hofª hfg], cyjf l/¶faf]6] hfg] xf] eGYof}+ .Æ xn];L ufpFaf/] b'l5{d uflj; j8f gDa/ #, r'dfv'–e~Hofªsf h+uaxfb'/ /fO{ -:juL{o_ n] @)^* ;fndf /f]rs s'/f ;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] clxn]sf] dxfb]pyfg u'kmfglhs}sf] ufpF dflyNnf] sflts]df ljjfx ug'{ePsf] lyof] . gofF HjfOFsf ?kdf ;;'/fnL hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . sf]xL dfG5] ;;'/fnL 3/df cfP5 / pxfFsL ;f;"nfO{ ;f]w]5, æpxfF gofF dfG5] sf] x'g'x'G5 <Æ ;f;"n] eGg'eP5, æxn];] 8fF8fsf] d]/f] HjfOF .Æ xn];L y'dcGtu{t clxn]sf dxfb]j:yfg, lwt'ª, cvf}{n], ;Nn], d+un6f/ / b'l5{d uflj;x? ky]{ . clxn] cfP/ k|fs[lts u'kmfsf sf/0f wfld{s klxrfgn] 9fSb} nu] klg :yfgLo /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf xn];Lsf] JolQmTj plQs} cfsif{s /x]sf] 5 . oxfF xf]n};'ªsf] 3/ ePsf] lvDn], pgsf] lrxfg, xf}n];'ª;Fu o'4 n8\g] kNdfv'ª dfl/Psf] lxKnf]vf, /fjfr'ª u9L, EjfF/dxf]+5fsf] xfQLsf] lrxfg, plxn] dfG5] a;]sf] a'lndf a'S6f] -cf]8f/_ / gfufhfltsf] elgg] ;of}+ jif{ k'/fgf lrxfgx?n] xn];L P]ltxfl;s / k|fu\P]ltxfl;s cWoogsf] ynf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;Gbe{u|Gy cfrfo{, afa'/fd . @)^) . k|frLgsfnsf] g]kfn . bf];f| ] ;+:s/0f -<_ . sf7df8f}+ M >Ls[i0f cfrfo{ . sfOFnf, j}/fuL . @)$* . lnDa" hfltdf sf]vk"hf . k|yd ;+:s/0f . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg .

xn];L à 137

t'nfw/, k|d] zflGt / c? . @)^& . g]jf/ hfltsf] lrgf/L . k|yd ;+:s/0f . nlntk'/ M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg / sf7df8f}+ M g]jfM b]o\ ba" . /fO{, rt'/eQm . @)^@ . ls/ft /fO{x?sf] s]xL wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s :ynx?sf] kl/ro / To;sf] ;+/If0f M Ps rrf{ . rfdlnª, jif{ @, c+s @–$, @)^@ sflt{s . ;Dkfbs b]jljqmd /fO{ . sf7df8f}+ M ls/ft /fO{ rfdlnª vfDafltd . /fO{, clwjQmf zflGts'df/L . s, @)^(, ;Dkf= . klxnf] ;[li6 / ;|i6f . klxnf] ;+:s/0f . sf7df8f}+ M pbok'/] rflDnª efiff n]vs ;+3 . /fO{, lht/fh . v, @)^( . …xs{aª ' sf ;Gtlt onDa/Ú . rflDnª cw{jflif{s hg{n, jif{ (, c+s !, j}zfv–c;f]h, @)^( . zdf{, hgsnfn . @)^& . xfd|f] ;dfh M Ps cWoog . rf}yf] ;+:s/0f . nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg . Hodgson, Brian H. (1991), Essays on the Language, Literature, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet, reprint, New Delhi, Asian Educational Services. Krader, Lawrence (ed. 1974). The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx: Studies of Morgan, Phear, Maine, Lubbok. International Instituut Voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam. Malla, K.P. (1983), River-Names of Nepal Valley: A Study in Cultural Annexation, Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1-2, Dec.-June, 1983, CNAS, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur. Rai, Taramani (2008), A Documentation of Koyee Language, submitted to the CDL, TU, Kirtipur. Trask, R.L. (1996), Historical Linguistics, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. Yamphu, Hom (2012), Yamphu Mindum: The Vanishing World, Readings of Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal, Sociological/Anthropological Society of Nepal.

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xf]n};'ª lht/fh /fO{

lbQm]n -dem'jf_ af6 dfn]s'ª kf5fsf] xf]d}v'ª xn];L cfsf] -cfPsf]_ /5 . pxfF -xf]d}v'ª_ sf] 5f]/f xf]n};'ª xf] . 8f]nL k};f sf6]/ rnfpg] xf]n};'ªx? g} t xf]nf . xf]n};'ªsf 5f]/fx? bz efO xf] . xf]n; } ª ' v;]kl5 pd]/ k'us ] f] rf/ efO 5f]/fx? xf]dlbdxf]5 + f, dfof/fhfxf]5 + f, lht/fhfxf]5 + f / k'l/dxf]5 + f ;a}n] …d /fhf x'G5'Ú eg]/ afem]5 . sf] /fhf x'g] t eg]/ s'/fsfgL ubf{xlF' b …ca hfpmF / h'wª ' -h'wf}_+ , sf] lhltG5 To} /fhf x'gk' 5{Ú eg]/ ;Nnfx eP5 . …n x'G5Ú eg]/ dfly /fjfr'ª -b'l5{d uflj;df kg]{ sf]68fF8f_ sf] 7"nf] 6f/df Ps ;ftf nfKkf n8]5 . n8\bfx'lF b lht/fhfn] lhTof] 5 -lht]5_ . clg t pm /fhf eof] . lht/fhf hDd};uF h'em]/ /fhf eO;s]kl5 c? bfh'efO Psflt/ eof], pm PSn} eof] . h'em]/ lht]kl5 t ;Kk}n] -;a}n_] k'Hg] s'/f klg Tolt cfPg . clg tn lvDn] -b'l5{d uflj; j8f g+= # / $ sf] aLrdf kg]{ :yfg_ af6 ;/]/ ;a}eGbf dfly /fjfr'ªdf uP/ a:g'k¥of] . lht/fhfsf] 5f]/f dvdn / bfl/d b'O{ efO lyof] c/] . h]7} rflx“nfO{ /fhf agfof] xf]nf . dvdnxf]+5f /fhf eof] . dvdnkl5 p;sf] 5f]/f EjfF/dxf]+5f /fhf eof] . EjfF/d /fhf e}/fv]sf] a]nfdf k[yLgf/f0f -k[YjLgf/fo0f_ zfxn] ptf g]kfn lhTb} cfP/ otflt/ klg ;Kk} xf/faf/f ul/k7fof] . Toltv]/ v]lbGg] EjfF/d xf] . lht/fhfsf] gflt . pgx? -pgLx?_ k"j{lt/ efu]/ ufsf] -uPsf]_ /] . xfdL oxfF gf} efOsf] ;Gtfg 5f}+, lht/fhfsf] ;Gtfg 5}gf -5}g_ . pgx? clxn] c?0f kf6fdf 5 c/] eGg] d}n] ;'Gofsf] 5 -;'g]sf] 5'_ .

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;]g–dsjfg o'4df xf]n};'ª xf]n};'ªsf] hxfg ah' nfkm] kf5fsf] /5 . xfd|f] dfpnf] nfkm]5fx? x'g'x'GYof] /5 . t/, laxf geOsg n;k; eP/ hlGdPsf] /5 h]7f 5f]/f xf]dlbdxf]+5f . xf]n};'ªn] ah' lax] u/]/ hGtL;Fu xn];L NofpFb} ubf{ af6}df afnv hGd]/ sf]qmf]df af]s]/ Nofsf] c/] . xf]dlbdxf]+5fsf zfvf;Gtfgx? clxn] xf]dlbd5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . xfd|f] afh]x?sf] gfp -gfd_ rflx“ dfpnf] sf]Skf–sf]s' -afh]–ah'_ x?n] nufOb]sf] /}5 . klxn] g} k]6 af]s]sf] sf/0fn] …xfd|f] 5f]/LHjfOF ldN5 ls ldNb}g < 5f]/LnfO{ HjfOF -xf]n};'ª_ n] kmfN5 ls <Ú eg]/ dfpnf] sf]Skf– sf]s'x?nfO{ 7"nf] lk/ nflu/fv]sf] /5 . clg t kl5 5f]/f hGd]5 . …n 5f]/L–HjfOFsf] dfof a:of], n dfof/fhfxf]+5fÚ eg]/ gfd /flvlbP5 . p;sf] zfvf;Gtfgx? cfhsn dfG;'ª\5f, d'ª\l;D5f kf5fdf afFl8Psf] 5 . xf]n};'ª / ah'af6 km]l/ klg 5f]/f g} hGd]5 . …n ca 5f]/Ln] lhTof]Ú eg]/ lht/fhfxf]+5f gfd /fv]5 . km]l/ 5f]/} hGd]5 . …P n ca tLg efO k"/f ef], n k'l/dxf]+5fÚ eg]/ gfd /flvlbP5 . p;sf zfvf;Gtfgx? clxn] k'l/d5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . km]l/ 5f]/} hGd]5 . …n jL/jL/ 5f]/fx? hlGdPÚ eg]/ lj/f]+xf]5f gfd /flvlbP5 . p;sf zfvf;Gtfgx? la/fhf5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . km]l/ klg 5f]/f g} hGd]5 clg …nf} pDnf]+ pDnf]+ ªf], ;faf ªf] lt/f yf]nf]Ú -nf} pDnf]+ pDnf]+ g}, 5f]/f g} eof] t_ eg]/ nf]df]xf]+5f gfd /flvlbP5 . p;sf zfvf;Gtfgx? nf]df]5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . clg d'ª\nf]xf]+5f hlGdof] t/ gf}/fg} -Gjf/fg g}_ gu/L afh] lx“8]5 . lk5fOd'9fO eG5 n9fOF -n8fOF_ df hfg]nfO{ . :ofg–dsjfg -;]g–dsjfg_ sf] n9fOFdf hfg'eof] afh] -xf]n};'ª_ . hfFbfx'Flb Sof eg]5 eg] …cf]sf]kfdf] lsRkf kf6F . cf;f] ltv'Onf] ªf] ;] . kf;]t] . cf]sf] pDkf 6f]sfd}b\of], d'Nofxf /}5 . cf;f] cf]sf] d'nf]xf]+5fÚ eg]/ gfp nfUof] . -ca o;sf] afa' kmls{+b}g . ca tn} d5{ . df5{ . o;n] afa' 6f]Sg] ef], d'Nofxf /5 . ca of] d'nf]xf]+5f ._ p;sf zfvf;Gtfgx? d'ª\nf]5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . jxfF uP/ n8fOF u¥of] . t/, Toltv]/ oxfF -xn];L_ af6 dfq ufsf] -uPsf]_ xf]Og /5 lg . dfgk'/af6 klg ufsf] /5 . Rof:dLsf] klg ufsf] /5 . pef]vf]nfaf6

140 à xn];L

klg ufsf] /5 . k/ ;fK;'kfl/af6 klg ufsf] /5 . xfdLn] afO;]rf}aL;] xs kfsf] /5 . ;fgf] xs kfsf] /5 . :ofgsf] -;]gsf]_ 6s rnfpg'kg]{ /5 . xfd|f] -xn];L y'dsf]_ ;fFwlsnf] ;'gsf];L pQ/, n'e' / /fa'vf]nf k"j{, b'wsf];L blvg, dnfy'DsL–nfxfr'ª klZrd xf] . lwt'ªsf] kGy] ufpF ptf vfdt]nu9Llt/ k5{ . :ofgn] xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] nfndf]x/ olt l;dfgfsf] /5 . xf]n};'ª n9fOFdf Nxfdf] -nfdf]_ ;do a:g'ef] . ah' s:tf] lyof] 5 -lyP5_ eg] nf]Ug]ljgf a:g' g;Sg] /}5 . k}nf -klxnf_ otfaf6 xf]n};'ªn] dfUbfdfUb} klg lbPg5 . clg tf -t_ af]h'n] e'F8L af]lsxfn]5 . To;f] ePkl5 otfaf6 xf]n};'ª emfk|f sf6\g' uP5 . xf]n};'ªn] …s] eg]/ ltdx?n] -ltdLx?n]_ dnfO{ 5f]/Lr]nL lbFbf}gf -lbFb}gf}_Ú eGbf …o:tf] o:tf] k/]sf] x'gfn] xfdLn] glbPsf]Ú eg]/ ah'n] k]6 af]s]sf] ;a} s'/f atfPkl5 …P Nofpm, Tof] xfd|} xf]Ú eg]5 . …P, n n To;f] ef t x'G5 lgÚ eg]/ ah' lbPsf] /5 . clg t kl5 hGtL uP/ NofpFbf ah'sf] af6}df gfgL klg e}uf] 5 -eOuP5_ . xf]dlbdxf]+5f o;/L hGd]sf] /5 . afh] ptf n9fOF -n8fOF_ df ufkl5 -uPkl5_ tf 3/df uf]7fnf lyof] c/] . c?n] klg ah'nfO{ …cf o;sf] nf]Ug] dl/;Sof], cfpFb}gfÚ eGbf] /5 . cfa -ca_ Toltv]/ lr7Lrk]6f klg x'Gy]g . clg t ah' klg 9'Ss};Fu To} uf]7fnf;Fu a;]5 . tLg–rf/ jif{kl5 afh] cfpg'ef] . afh] cfpFbfv]l/ vf]O dflyNnf] af6f] cfsf] -cfPsf]_ eGg] ;'g]sf] xf] . afh] 3/ cfpFbf dem]gL;Fu a;]5 . afh]n] dem]gLnfO{ k]6 af]sfP/ cfP5 . afh] cfOk'uk] l5 ah' t uf]7fnf;Fu a;]sf] s'/f ;'Gg'ef] . uf]7fnf efuL uf] 5 -efuL uP5_ . uf]7fnf klg ls/ftL g} lyof] . Toltv]/ 5]qLafx'gx? oxfF xn];Ldf al;;s]sf] lyPg . Toltv]/ t gfs–r'N7f] ug]{ rng lyof] c/] . gfs–r'N7f] eg]sf] gfs sfl6lbg], r'N7f] sfl6lbg] rng /5 . afh]n] af6}df ah' uf]7fnf;Fu a;]sf] s'/f ;'g5 ] / 3/ cfpgf;fy …ca tFnfO{ sf6\5Ú' eg]5 . sf6\g' cfF6b\ f t ah'n] eg]5, …tkfO{+ lyof}gf -lyPgf}_ . d]/f] an k'ug] f -k'ug] _ . d o:t} ePF . rf]VofpgL e8}gL -eb}gL_ NofOlbG5', dnfO{ gsf6 .Ú afh]n] eg]5, …xf] <Ú ah'n] eg]5, …xf] . dnfO{ sf6]/ s] u5f}{ < oqf] 5f]/f5f]/L 5, ljkQf x'G5 .Ú afh]n] eg]5, …To;f] eP n' ef]ln 3fdsf] em'Nsf]df e8}gL NofOb] t .Ú ah' dfOt dem'jf uP/ …o;f] o;f] eof], nf} e8}gL b]pmÚ eg]5 . ptfaf6 klg …n x'G5Ú eg]/

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lbP5 . afh]nfO{ eb}gL NofOlbg'ef] ah'n] . km]l/ kl5 dem]gL klg lhDdf nufpg NofP5 . dem]gLaf6 hGd]sf] 5f]/f …cf]sf] gfd\nfdf lt/fsf]Ú -of] 3fdaf6 hGd]sf]_ eg]/ gfd|fxf]5 + f gfd /fv]5 . p;sf] zfvf;Gtfgx? gfd|f5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . ptf eb}gLaf6 klg 5f]/f hlGdof] . …n e8}gLjf klg ;}b+ o\ Ú' -nf} eb}gLn] klg psf:of] + f eof] gfd . p;sf zfvf;Gtfgx? ;}b+ f5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . km]l/ x}_ eg]/ ;}b+ fxf]5 ' xf]5 + f cs}{ 5f]/f hGd]kl5 …ªf]df ªf] kft]sfÚ -nf} ;fx|} g} hGdfP x}_ eg]/ kft];ª gfd /Xof] . p;sf] zfvf;Gtfgx? kft];ª ' 5f eg]/ lrlgG5 . xf]n};'ªn] 5f]/fx?nfO{ …tF oxfF a;\, tF oxfF a;\Ú eg]/ ufpF c+z nfOlbP5 . gf} efO ;Gtfgaf6 gf} ufpF eof] . clxn] klg emG8} To:t} To:t} u/]/ g} kf5fkf5fsf] cnu cnu ufª -ufpF_ agfP/ a;]sf] 5 .

xf]n};'ª / kNdfv'ªsf] n8fOF lvDn] xf]n};'ªsf] a:g] 7fpF xf] . cfhef]ln afFemf] 5 lg jfnvft]Ddf eGg], xf]n};'ª a;]sf] 38]/L To} xf] . p;sf] lrxfg To} lvDn]glhs ;fsL{8fF8fdf 5 . cl3 lvDn] ePsf] 7fpFj/k/nfO{ af]tf]r'ª eGYof] . clxn] gfd x/fO;Sof] . xn];L eg]sf] To} lvDn] / af]tf]r'ª xf] . xfdLn] To} eGb} lyo'ª -lyof}+_ . clxn] r'dfv' dfq eGg yfNof}+ . xn];L ufª -ufpF_ sf] gfd To} xf]n];'ªaf6 ag]sf] xf] . clxn] rflx“ ;a}n] dfb]pyfg -dxfb]j:yfg u'kmf_ nfO{ g} xn];L eGg yfNof] . clg xfdLnfO{ klg o;}nfO{ xn];L eGg' s/ nfuL cfof] . xfdLnfO{ t kl5;Dd of] dfb]pyfgnfO{ xn];L eGg nfh x'GYof] . xfdL oxfFaf6 r'dfv' hfFbf …xn];L hfG5'sf]Ú eGYo'ª -eGYof}+_ . u'kmfdf hfFbf dfb]pyfg lx“8]sf] eGYo'ª . cyjf e~Hofª hfg], cyjf l/¶faf]6] hfg] xf] eGYo'ª . xf]n};'ªn] afnL nufP/ Psbd bubu agfPsf] /5 . cGgkfgL w]/} t'NofpFYof] 5 . lvDn]b]lv xf8'ª\u] -xfQL9'+u]_ x'Fb} x'Dnfu}/L;Dd v]tLkftL uYof]{ 5 . ;fd} nfpg] a'9f] Toltv]/ cfP5 . xf]n};'ªsf] v]tLkftL x]¥of] . rfl/vf -ul/vfg] 7fpF_ x? x]¥of] . /, …xf]n};'ª xf]+k'Ovf a'ObnL rfd|f] af]vfÚ -xf]n};'ª k}bf ePsf] 7fpFsf] df6f] /fd|f]_ /x]5 . xf]n};'ª xf]+n]tf x'x' -al9/x]sf], aln/x]sf]_, 1fg klg efsf], hg klg efsf], wg klg efsf], cGgkfgL klg efsf] eP/ …xf]n};'ª xf]+n]tf a'Obf]nL rfd|f]kfÚ eof] ;fd} . xf]n};'ªsf bz efO 5f]/fsf ;Gtfgx?sf] ;fd} o} Pp6f xf] .

142 à xn];L

xfd|f] xn];Ldf xf]n};'ª /fhf x'Fbf ptf Rof:dLsf] kNdfv'ª /fhf lyof] c/] . kNdfv'ªn] dflb{g'efsf] xf]n};'ªnfO{ . xf]n};'ª a'9fn] dg]{ a]nfdf cln 5'Rrf] u/]5 . …d;Fu olt 5 jf0fx?Ú eg]/ otfaf6 xf]n};'ªn] xfFs lbof] 5 -lbP5_ . ptf Rof:dLaf6 kNdfv'ª cfof] 5 -cfP5_ / n8fOF x'Fbf xf]n};'ªnfO{ dflb{of] 5 -dfl/lbP5_ . xf]n};'ª a'9fn] dg]{ a]nfdf 5f]/fx?nfO{ eg]5, …dnfO{ Tof] 8fF8fdf nu]/ /fv .Ú Tof] 8fF8f eg]sf] clxn]sf] r'dfv'sf] ;fsL{8fF8f xf] . xf]n};'ªsf] ToxfF lrxfg lyof] . kl5 ss;n] eTsfof] c/] . jfl5dfnf vf]Hg]x?n] eTsfP5 . Tof] xfdLn] hTg -htg_ u/]/ /fVg'kYof]{, Tof] xfd|f] lstfa xf] . xf]n};'ªn] 5f]/fx?nfO{ eg]5, …/ftL x]/, d]/f] lrxfgdf jQL aNof] eg] ToNnfO{ -kNdfv'ªnfO{_ dfg{ ;S5f} . ltdx?n] -ltdLx?n]_ km]l/ n8fOF u/]/ d]/f] zq'nfO{ df/ . ;fwg u/ . jQL an]g eg] grnfpm x} .Ú 5f]/fx?n] …x'G5Ú eg]5 . lrxfgdf /ftL jQL an]sf] b]v]5 . xf]n};'ªsf] 5f]/fx?sf] cln pd]/ cfPkl5 p;nfO{ -kNdfv'ªnfO{_ …xfd|f] afp df¥of} ef klg ltdLnfO{ g} /fhf dfG5'ª -dfG5f}+_Ú eg]/ em'SofP/ af]nfP/ NofP5 . kNdfv'ª cfof] . xf]n};'ªsf] b'O{ efO 5f]/fx? rflx“ cfF6L lyof] c/] . s;}n] 3/df cndNofO /fVof] 5 -/fv]5_, s;}n] dfly vl;gL e~Hofª -b'l5{d, 5fk8fF8f_ df b'O{lt/ ;]pnf uf8]/ dfG5]sf] :j?k agfof] c/] . pgx? kNdfv'ª Rof:dLlt/ kmls{+bf h'g k'Tnf x]5{ pt}af6 jf0f xfGg] bfp u/]/ l7Ss k/]/ b'O{lt/ a;]5 . vl;gL e~Hofªdf k'u]/ k'Tnf b]v]kl5 s;n] s] u/]5 eg]/ kNdfv'ªn] x]/]sf] a]nf jf0fn] xflgxfn]5 . p;nfO{ To;/L a'l4df v;fP/ df/]sf] x'gfn] vl;gL e~Hofª gfd /Xofsf] -/x]sf]_ xf] . kNdfv'ª jf0f nfu]kl5 efu]5 . p;nfO{ v]b]5 . kNdfv'ªnfO{ v]b]/ df/]sf] 7fpFnfO{ clxn] lxKnf]vf eG5 . b'l5{dsf] jf8\ gDa/ $ sf] tn u0f]z6f/ 5]plt/ k5{ . klxnf t Rof:dL / xn];L y'dsf] l;dfgf ;f]/f]r'ªdf lyof] . kNdfv'ªnfO{ df/]kl5 Rof:dLsf] l;dfgf ldr]/ doª\v'df k'¥ofP5 . doª\v'df :s'nb]lv klt{/ 5]pdf 7"nf] afhf h:tf] 9'+uf cem} klg 5 . kNdfv'ªnfO{ df/]kl5 xn];L / Rof:dLsf] l;dfgf /fv]sf] 9'+uf xf] Tof] . lht/fh /fO{;Fu @)^* b]lv @)&) ;fnsf aLrdf ljleGg ;Gbe{df k6sk6s s'/fsfgL ul/Psf] lyof] . of] n]v ;f]xL s'/fsfgLx?nfO{ ptf/ u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] .

xn];L à 143

ultljlw

144 à xn];L

xn];L à 145

xn];L tLy{:yn

kfFr sfo{ / tLg ;'emfj tfdg /fO{

;/sf/L :t/af6 xn];L ljsf;sf] k|of; cfheGbf #@ jif{cl3 lj=;+= @)#( ;fnaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . To;avt …xn];L If]q u'?of]hgf th'{df ;ldltÚ u7g ePsf] lyof] . u'?of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf u'kmfjl/kl/sf hUufx? clwu|x0f ul/Psf] / Ifltk"lt{ klg lbO;s]sf] lyof] . t/, ljljw sf/0fn] Tof] u'?of]hgf To;eGbf cl3 a9\g ;s]g . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 xn];Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu Jojl:yt ;'?jft lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf …xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)%#Ú hf/L ePkl5 ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)%$ h]7 ^ df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;f] -u7g_ cfb]zsf] bkmf #-!_ df elgPsf] 5, æxn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ljsf; ug{ xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt gfdsf] Pp6f ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 .Æ To;otf !^ jif{sf aLrdf ljleGg ;/sf/n] ljleGg JolQmsf] g]t[Tjdf xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes r/0fsf sltko ;ldltx?n] xn];Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg sfd ug]{ cfwf/ lgdf{0fd} ;do JotLt ePsf] oyfy{ 5 . sltko ;ldlt sfo{;Dkfbgsf lx;fan] ljjflbt klg /x] . oxL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cg'ejsf] k[i7e"lddf sfo{/t ;ldltn] s]xL ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . x'g t of] ;ldltn] u/]sf sfo{x?af/] n]Vbf xfdLdfly …s'dfn]n] cfgf] efF8fsf] k|z+;f cfkm}+ u5{Ú eGg] plQm rl/tfy{ ug{ vf]h]sf] eGg] jrg klg cfOnfUnf .

146 à xn];L

olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]tsf afah'b xfdLn] u/]sf sfo{x? ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / 5nkmnsf] ljifo ag"g\ / yk ;'emfjx? k|fKt xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] d'Vo ;/f]sf/ xf] . ;du| ;b:ox?sf] ;lqmotfdf of] sfo{/t ;ldltn] gLltut tyf ;}4flGts dxTjsf ;fy} ef}lts ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf s]xL sfo{x? u/]sf] 5 . sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] x}l;otdf ;ldltn] u/]sf pNn]Vo sfo{x?af/] d ;+If]kdf a'Fbfut ?kdf k|sfz kfg]{ 5' .

klxnf] sfo{ of] ;ldltn] u/]sf] ;j{yf dxTjsf] sfo{ eg]sf] xn];L u'kmfnfO{ ls/ft, lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ;femf tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf pb\3fl6t ug{' xf] . ;fdfGotM …k"j{sf] kz'kltgfyÚ eg]/ lxGb" wfld{s tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf dfq cYof{OFb} cfPsf]df plQs} dxTjsf ;fy xn];LnfO{ tLy{ tyf k'vf{sf] kljq af;:yn dfGg] af}4 / ls/ftx?sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf cf3ft gk'uf];\ eg]/ xn];LnfO{ lqwfld{s tLy{:yns} ?kdf lrgfpg'k5{ eGg] a'emfOdf xfdL k'u]sf xf}+ . ;dfhdf ldn]/ a:g ;Sg] xfdLn] ;f+:s[lts ?kdf klg t p;/L g} ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . Ps wd{–;+:s[ltn] csf]{ wd{–;+:s[ltk|lt p;/L g} ;Ddfg k|s6 ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . xfdLn] xn];L tLy{nfO{ o; ?kdf k]z ug{ rfx]sf 5f}+ . af}4 / lxGb"x?n] t xn];L tLy{df cfcfg} tl/sfn] ;f+:s[lts sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf lyP . hxfF;Dd ls/ftx?sf] s'/f 5, lj=;+= !*^! ;Dd k'vf{x?sf] af;:ynsf ?kdf :d/0f ub}{ xn];L u'kmfdf k"hfcfhf / dfgvflt/ ug]{ sfo{ ls/ftx?n] ub}{ cfPsf lyP . To;avt dy'/ / sy'/ gfdsf ls/ft k'vf{x? k'hf/L lyP . o;af/] dxfb]j:yfg–^, sflts]sf lht/fh /fO{ eGg'x'G5, æjfUj+zLsf 5f]/f dy'/ lyP, dy'/sf 5f]/f sy'/ lyP . dy'/ / sy'/sf] kfnf;Dd xn];LnfO{ dfGg], k"hfcfhf ug]{ sfd ls/ftLx?n] g} uy]{ .Æ t/, lujf{0fo'4ljqmd zfxn] lj=;+= !*^! df dgf]x/ lu/Lsf gfddf tfd|kq hf/L ub}{ …;Gof;LÚ k'hf/L lgo'Qm u/]b]lv of] k/Dk/f 6'6]sf] lyof] . ls/ftx?sf] u'd]sf] cfTd;Ddfg k'gM:yflkt ub}{ xn];L tLy{k|lt ckgTj / k|ToIf :jfldTjaf]w ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ pef}nL / pwf}nLdf xn];L u'kmfdf ;fs]nf gfRg] k|rng k'gM ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . plxn] k|fu\P]ltxfl;s sfndf ls/ft k'vf{x? tofdf, lvofdf / /}5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf_ n] oxL xn];L u'kmfdf af; a;]sf lyP, oxL xn];Ldf

xn];L à 147

;fs]nf gfr]sf lyP eGg] hgljZjf; 5 . xn];LnfO{ lqwfld{s tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf k'gM:yflkt ug]{ xfd|f] k|of;sf] ;j{q :jfut x'g'n] xfdLn] u/]sf] sfo{ ;xL /x]5 eg]/ uj{af]w u/]sf 5f}+ .

bf];|f] sfo{ xn];L u'kmfnfO{ lqwfld{s tLy{:ynsf ?kdf lrgfpg k|rf/k|;f/ tyf k|sfzgsf] sfo{n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] yfngL www. halesi.gov.np j]a;fO6 lgdf{0faf6 ul/Psf] xf] . To:t} u/]/ v;, rflDnª / c+u|]hL efiffdf k|sfzg ul/Psf] xn];L;DaGwL …a|f];/Ú n] klg plQs} dbt u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg kqklqsfx?df xn];Laf/] ;z'Ns k|rf/–k|;f/ ul/Psf] 5 . tkfO{+x?sf] xftdf k'u]sf] of] …xn];LÚ k':ts / ;ldltn] xfn;fn} lgdf{0f u/]sf] …uGtJo xn];LÚ 8s'd]G6«L To;}sf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . xn];Lsf :yfgLo hgtf tyf b]z–ljb]zaf6 kfNg'x'g] tLyf{n'–z'e]R5'sx?sf] ;xof]u gePsf] eP xfdLn] ;'? u/]sf] sfo{ sbflk olt :jLsfo{ / olt rfF8f] Jofks aGg] lyPg .

t];|f] sfo{ cfh;Dd xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfg} sfof{no ejg ag]sf] lyPg . Jojl:yt ejg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s] klg sDtLdf Pstn] sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . xfnnfO{ ;f] ejgsf] Pp6f sf]7f sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu / afFsL sf]7fx? ;+ux| fnosf ?kdf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;+ux| fno kof{Kt t 5}g t/ c;n sfdsf] yfngLsf lx;fan] o;sf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . o;df clxn] ls/ft, lxGb" / af}4;Fu ;DalGwt ;f+:s[lts ;fdu|Lx? k|bz{gdf /flvPsf 5g\ . ejgsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf ls/ftL;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s–;f+:s[lts ;fdu|L, Pp6f sf]7fdf af}4dfuL{x?;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L / Pp6f sf]7fdf lxGb";uF ;DalGwt ;fdu|L tyf dxfb]jsf] u/uxgf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . lgs6 eljiod} lj:tf/ u/]/ cfsif{s, cTofw'lgs / eJo ;ª\ux| fno ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ;ldltn] kxnsbdL lnO/x]sf] 5 .

rf}yf] sfo{ dlGb/sf] hUuf cltqmd0f /f]Sg xn];L dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltn] k'/ftTj ljefudfkm{t\ kxnsbdL lnPsf] lyof] .

148 à xn];L

k'/ftTj ljefun] r}t @)^* df cltqmd0f /f]Sg cfb]z klg lbO;s]sf] 5 . To:t} u/]/ :yfgLo k|zf;g / lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no, vf]6fªaf6 klg hUuf cltqmd0f /f]Sg cfb]z ePsf] 5 . gfkL zfvf, vf]6fªsf k|d'v g} pkl:yt eP/ xn];L dlGb/sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, vf]6fªn] klg o;df ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;+3;+:yf / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] pkl:yltdf ;fj{hlgs d'r'Nsf;d]t tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

kfFrf}+ sfo{ dlGb/af6 ;ª\slnt rGbf tyf e]6L3f6L /sdsf] lx;falstfa kf/bzL{ agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu rGbf afs;df xn];Ll:yt k|x/L rf}sL, xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt / xn];L dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] PsPsj6f u/L tLgj6f tfnfrfeL nufP/ aGb ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . dlxgfsf] clGtd lbg lx;fa u/]/ sf]iffWoIfdfkm{t\ dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] vftfdf ;f] e]6L3f6L tyf rGbf /sd hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 h'g /sd dlGb/ lh0ff]{åf/ / ;+/If0f sfo{df vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . dlGb/sf] ;/;kmfO ug]{ sd{rf/L b'O{ / dlGb/sf] k'hf/L Ps, afnk'hf/L b'O{ / gu/f -k~r] afhf_ ahfpg] l6dnfO{ cfjZos /sd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . lgoldt a:g] ;Gof;L, hf]uLnfO{ vfgf / af;sf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . cfkt\ljkt\df k/]sfx?nfO{ ;ldltsf tkm{af6 cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

tLg ;'emfj k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ -dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{_ ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 xn];L tLy{:yn cfpg] ko{6s tyf tLyf{n'x?sf] 3'OFrf] a9]sf] 5 . of] tLg}yl/ wdf{jnDaLx?sf nflu v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . o;n] :yfgLo hgtfx?sf] cfo / hLjg:t/df j[l4 t ul//x]sf] 5 t/ of] nfenfO{ ;du| xn];L If]qsf hgtfsf aLrdf s;/L k'¥ofpg] < xn];Lsf] ko{6gaf6 x'g] nfenfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Dd s;/L k'¥ofpg] < ;a} ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx?sf] kx'Frdf s;/L k'¥ofpg] < of] ablnFbf] ;don] ;f]lw/x]sf] cx+ k|Zg xf] . o;sf nflu tLgj6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x? ug'{k5{ eGg] xfd|f] a'emfO 5 .

xn];L à 149

Ps, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs–k|fu\P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] ;du| xn];L If]qnfO{ j[xQ/ u'?of]hgfleq ;d]6\g' cfjZos 5 . u'kmfjl/kl/nfO{ dfq Wofgdf /fvL agfOPsf] u'?of]hgfnfO{ j[xQ/ gagfO gofF cfjZostf / rfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ c;Dej 5 . b'O{, ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd klg xn];LnfO{ lxGb" tLy{:yns} ?kdf dfq lrlg/x]sf] 5 . …xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)%#Ú n] oxL s'/f atfO/x]sf] 5 . t/, ca ;ldlt u7g ubf{ ls/ft, lxGb" / af}4 tLg}yl/ wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ;dfg / ;Ddfghgs k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 . /, Pp6f dfq wd{ / ;f+:s[lts ljZjf;sf] dfq emlNsg] ;ldltsf] gfd …xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltÚ nfO{ ;femf cy{ lbg] …xn];L If]q ljsf; ;ldltÚ df kl/0ft ug'{k5{ eGg] cfjfhnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug}{k5{ . tLg, xn];L P]ltxfl;s, k|fu\P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs lx;fan] klg plQs} cfsif{s If]q xf] . oL s'/fx?k|lt Gofo u/]/ dfq xn];L If]qsf] ;fFrf] cy{df ljsf; x'g ;S5 .

150 à xn];L

xn];L à 151

tl:a/df xn];L

152 à xn];L

k|l;4 tLy{:yn xn];L g]kfnsf] vf]6fª lhNnfdf k5{ .

xn];L à 153

154 à xn];L

k|l;4 tLy{:yn xn];L vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dxfb]j:yfg uflj;df k5{ .

xn];L à 155

xn];L u'kmf /x]sf] hª\un / a:tL

156 à xn];L

of] u'kmfnfO{ lxGb"x?n] dxfb]j u'kmf, af}4dfuL{x?n] df/fltsf u'kmf / ls/ftx?n] xn];L u'kmf eG5g\ .

lzjlnË -lxGb"_

xn];L à 157

sfnLgfu -lxGb"_

;]tLgfu -lxGb"_

klx/gdf lzjlnË -lxGb"_

lxGb" k'hf/L uf]kfn lu/L

158 à xn];L

o;nfO{ lxGb"x? kfj{tL / af}4dfuL{x? cfo'snz eG5g\ .

sd{åf/ -lxGb"_

wd{åf/

xn];L à 159

lxGb" ljlwcg';f/ dxfb]j u'kmfdf k"hf ul/“b}

hldgaf6 p7]sf] lznf

af}4dfuL{åf/f xn];Ldf 6fFluPsf] Wjhfktfsf

160 à xn];L

o; u'kmfnfO{ lxGb"x?n] a;fxf u'kmf, af}4dfuL{x?n] df/bdg u'kmf / ls/ftx?n] vf]lSrlnkf a'S6f] eG5g\ .

a;fxf u'kmfsf] z+v -lxGb"_

xn];L à 161

lxGb"x?n] eGg] a;fxf u'kmf, af}4dfuL{x?n] eGg] df/bdg u'kmf / ls/ftx?n] eGg] vf]lSrlnkf a'S6f]sf] cfsfzkl§sf] efu

162 à xn];L

xn];L u'kmfsf] rf/}lt/ agfOPsf] l;F9L

a;fxf u'kmf÷df/bdg u'kmf÷vf]lSrlnkf a'S6f]sf] km]bdf /x]sf] wf/f

xn];L à 163

ub'{ª u'kmf -lxGb"_, kß;Dejn] Wofg u/]sf] u'kmf

164 à xn];L

e}/j u'kmf -lxGb"_

b'ª\b]nf] u'kmf -lxGb"_

xn];L à 165

xn];L u'kmfsf] d'vdf /x]sf] af}4 u'Daf / r}To

df/fltsf u'kmfdf Wofg ul//x]sf af}4dfuL{

166 à xn];L

x]lnsK6/ rf6{/ u/]/ xn];L k'U5g\ ko{6sx?

xn];L à 167

Kof/fUnfOl8ªdfkm{t\ klg xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5

168 à xn];L

t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fdf b]lvPsf] ;"of]{bo . ls/ft /fO{x?sf] ljZjf; cg';f/ oxfF tofdf, lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf lyP .

t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fdf ;fs]nfdf tofdf, lvofdf k|lt >4f JoQm ug{ / ;fs]nf gfRg e]nf ePsf ls/ft /fO{x?

xn];L à 169

tofdf, lvofdfn] tfg a'g]sf] 9'+ufdf tfg a'Gg hfgf}+ eg]/ vfF8L sk8f a'Gg k|ofu ul/g] tfgsf ;fdfg -bf]vfd_x? r9fOFb}

t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fdf ;fs]nf k'Hb} g5'ª avtaxfb'/ /fO{

170 à xn];L

t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fdf ;fs]nf gfRb} ls/ft /fO{x? . x/]s pwf}nL / pef}nLdf ls/ft /fO{x? cfkm\gf k"vf{x? tofdf, lvofdf / vf]lSrlnkfk|lt >4f JoQm ug{ ;fs]nf gfRg] u5{g\ .

g5'ª avtaxfb'/ /fO{n] t'jfr'ª hfoh'd 8fF8fdf lgsfn]sf] ;fs]jfn'ª

xn];L à 171

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172 à xn];L

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/fjfr'ª u9L, b'l5{d–xn];L -!, @_ xf]n; } ª ' sf $ efO 5f]/fx? pQ/flwsf/sf] nflu nfKkf h'ws ] f] /fjfr'ª 8fF8f -#_

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xn];L à 173

MAHENDRA HIGHWAY (TERAI)

MID-HILL HIGHWAY

MIRCHAIYA

GHURMI (UDAYAPUR)

HALESI (KHOTANG)

MAHENDRA HIGHWAY (TERAI)

MID-HILL HIGHWAY

xn];L ofqfsf b'O{ nf]sdfu{ M dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ / t/fO{sf] k"j–{ klZrd /fhdfu{ . t/fO{sf] ldr}o{ faf6 s6f/L x'bF } ;'gsf]zL / b'wsf]zLsf] ;+ud:yn 3'dL{af6 dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ x'bF } xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5 .

174 à xn];L

xn];L xjfO dfu{ M sf7df8f}+ / lj/f6gu/af6 nfld8fF8f / dgdfof /fO{ vfgL8fF8f Po/kf]6d{ f cf]n/{] dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{af6 xn];L k'Ug ;lsG5 .

xn];L à 175

xn];L hndfu{ M ef]6s ] f]zL, tfdfsf]zL, b'wsf]zL x'bF } ;'gsf]zL eP/ 3'dL{af6 dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ x'bF } xn];L hfg ;lsG5 . pbok'/ / vf]6fª lhNnfsf] l;dfgf atf;]3f6af6 xf]n; ] ª ' –hgs/fh dfu{ x'bF } klg xn];L hfg ;lsG5 .

176 à xn];L

xn];L à 177

kl/lzi6

178 à xn];L

xn];L à 179

kl/lzi6 !

xn];L M Oltxf; / sfo{of]hgf xn];L cgf}7f] k|fs[lts u'kmf dfq xf]Og P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts :yn klg xf] . ko{6sLo ;Defjgfsf lx;fan] o;sf] /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o dxTj /x]sf] 5 . oxfF b]zljb]zaf6 d"ntM ls/ft, af}4dfuL{ / lxGb"x? bz{g tyf e|d0fsf lgldQ cfpg] u5{g\ . xn];L;DaGwL pgLx?sf] cfcfgf] P]ltxfl;s bfjL /x]sf] 5 . /, of] ;femf tLy{:yn klg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf xn];L lgdf{0ffwLg gofF g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ;xcl:tTjsf] pbfx/0fLo ;f+:s[lts :yn xf] .

xn];Lsf] P]ltxfl;stf á P]ltxfl;s pNn]v, ls/ft d'b'd / nf]ssyfx?sf ;fy} y'k|} tYox?sf cg';f/ xn];L If]qdf xhf/f}+xhf/ jif{ -k|fu\P]ltxfl;s sfn_b]lv ls/ftLx? a;f]af; ub}{cfPsf x'g\ . k|frLg d'b'dL efiffdf xn];L u'kmfnfO{ …v'jfn'ªÚ elgG5 . ls/ftLx?nfO{ s[lif ;Eotfdf k|j]z u/fpg] k'vf{x? …tofdf, lvofdf / /}5fs'n] -vf]lSrlnkf÷x]T5fs'Kkf_Ú n] tfg a'g]sf] dflgg] xn];L If]qsf] t'jfr'ª -hfoh'd_ 8fF8fdf ev{/} df6fsf] efF8f, ljz]if k|sf/sf] aNg] 9'ª\uf / tfg a'Gg] ;fdu|L y'/L e]l6Paf6 klg of] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . á xn];L If]qdf clxn] gfufx?sf k'/fgf lrxfg / lrxfgx?df k'lNnsdfnfx? e]l6G5g\ . pgLx? 7"nf] clgsfn nfu]/ To; 7fpFaf6 a;fOF ;/]sf] egfO k|rlnt 5 . ;ftf}+ ztfAbLsf lrlgof ofqL Xj]g ;fªn] cfgf] ofqfj0f{gdf 7"nf] v8]/L nfu]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;DejtM o;jl/kl/ tL gfuf ls/ftLx?n] of] ynf] 5f8]sf] x'g ;S5 .

180 à xn];L

á kl5Nnf] Oltxf;cg';f/ xn];L If]qsf k|yd sljnf zf;s xf]n];'ª lyP . pgn] ;]gx?af6 …nfxf5fkÚ k|fKt u/L :yfgLo zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . ;]g / dsjfgaLrsf] o'4df xf]n];'ª xf]+5f ;]gx?sf] tkm{af6 ljqmd ;Djt\ !&@* / !&@( df ePsf] o'4df ;xefuL ePsf lyP . pgsf] b/af/sf] eUgfjz]if xn];L If]qdf kg]{ xfnsf] b'l5{d uflj; -k'/fgf] xn];L_sf] j8f gDa/ # df kg]{ xfQL9'ª\u] ufpFsf] …lvDn]Údf 5 . pg} xf]n];'ªsf] gfdaf6 cke|+z x'Fb} xn];L gfd /xg uPsf] xf] . pgs} gflt EjfF/fdnfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;]gfn] cfqmd0f u/L k/flht u/]sf lyP h;sf] b/af/sf] eUgfjz]if clxn] klg b'l5{d uflj;sf] /fjfr'ª -sf]68fF8f_ df 5 . á af}4dfuL{x?sf cg';f/ cf7f}+ ztfAbLsf af}4u'? kb\d;Dejn] k|yd ltAatL /fhf ly|;ªsf] kfnf -;g\ &$@–&(&_ df ltAat hfg] qmddf xn];L u'kmfdf Wofg u/]sf lyP . u'kmfnfO{ b]v]/ crDd dfGb} pgLx?n] …xn]:of]Ú eg] . ltAatL efiffdf cfZro{hgs s'/fnfO{ a'emfpg xn]:of] elgG5 . a}4dtcg';f/ o;}af6 xn];L gfd /xg uPsf] xf] . á lxGb"x? rflx“ tk:ofaf6 v';L eP/ dxfb]jn] eidf;'/nfO{ h;sf] 6fpsf]df 5f]P klg eid x'g] j/ lbPsf] syf xn];L;Fu hf]8\g] u5{g\ . pgLx? …xn];LÚsf] gfd …xl/±O{Zj/Úaf6 …xl/Zj/–xnLZj/–xn]Zj/Ú x'Fb} xn];L ePsf] dfG5g\ . pgLx? xn];LnfO{ …k"j{sf] kz'kltÚ dfG5g\ . /fhf lujf{0fo'4ljqmd zfxsf] kfnfdf xn];L dxfb]jsf gfddf latf{ lbOPsf] / lu/Lx?nfO{ k'hf/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .

xn];Lsf] ko{6sLo Oltxf; á dNn /fhf dfgb]jn] ls/ftLx?sf] /fHodfly cfqmd0f ug{ k"jL{ cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf] s'/f Oltxf;df cfpF5 . rfFu'gf/fo0f:yfgsf] ;Djt\ #*^ sf] clen]vcg';f/ dfgb]j :jod\n] o;sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP . pgL / pgsf ;]gfx?n] xn];Laf/] yfxf kfPsf lyP ls eGg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . of] s'/f ;fFrf] 7xl/P dfgb]j xn];L cfpg] /fhgLlts ko{6s x'g ;S5g\ . á af}4dfuL{x?sf] dtcg';f/ xn];L cfpg] klxnf] ko{6s af}4u'? kb\d;Dej x'g\ .

xn];L à 181

á k"jL{ cleofgsf qmddf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kmf}hsf nflu /fds[i0f s'Fj/nfO{ vf]6fª vfkf{sf xl/gGb kf]v/]nn] #,%*% ?k}ofF vr{ xn];Ld} lbPsf lyP . oxL ;]gfn] xn];Ldf /x]sf] ls/ft sljnf /fhf EjfF/dnfO{ k/flht u/]sf lyP . lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx? o;kl5 g} xn];L u'kmf;Fu kl/lrt ePsf x'g\ . á nfdfu'? 7'N;L /]Dkf]r], k]df jfª\r' / ;fª;fª /]Dk'r]x? rfnL; jif{otf xn];L -xn];LnfO{ ltAatL efiffdf df/fltsf elgG5_df cfP/ Wofg u/]sf] tyf pgLx?n] k':ts cflb n]v]/ k|rf/k|;f/ u/]kl5 b]zljb]zaf6 Jofks ?kdf af}4dfuL{x? cfpg yfn]sf x'g\ . clxn] e'6fgL, ef/tLo -l;lSsdL_, lrlgof -ltAatL, tfOjfgL, xªsª_, yfONofG8, cd]l/sL, hfkfgL, sf]l/ofnL, o'/f]k]nL af}4dfuL{x? xn];L -df/fltsf_ cfpF5g\ . á xn];L cfpg] /fi6«k|d'vx?df g]kfnsf jL/]Gb| zfx, /fdj/0f ofbj / e'6fgsf lhUd] l;Ud] jfª\r's /x]sf 5g\ . á xn];Ldf lxGb"x? jif{el/df /fdgjdL -j}zfv_, lzj/fqL -kmfu'g_, afnfrt'b{zL -d+l;/_, af]nad -;fpg_, PsfbzL -sflt{s_, lth -ebf}_df bz{g ug{ b]zljb]zaf6 cfpg] u5{g\ . ljz]ifu/L af]nad d]nfdf ef/taf6 cfpg] tLy{ofqLx?n] u+uf gbLsf] hn xn];Ldf r9fpg] u5{g\ . lzj/fqLdf eg] af}4dfuL{x? klg u'? l/Dkf]r]sf] :d[ltdf k"hf ug{ cfpF5g\ . á ls/ftLx? pef}nL -j}zfv k"l0f{df_ / pwf}nL -d+l;/ k"l0f{df_df xn];Ldf bz{g ug{ cfpg] tyf ;fs]nf gfRg] u5{g\ . ls/ftLx? xn];Ls} t'jfr''ª÷hfoh'd 8fF8fdf hDdf eP/ pwf}nL / pef}nL kj{ dgfpg] u5{g\ .

cfufdL sfo{of]hgf Oltxf;df xf]n];'ªn] zf;g u/]sf] ;du| If]qnfO{ xn];L elgGYof] . o;cGtu{t xfnsf Rof:dL6f/, l8s'jf, a8x/], b'l5{d, lwt'ª, ;Nn], cvf}{n], d+un6f/ / xn];L dxfb]j:yfg uflj; ky]{ . xn];LnfO{ o; ?kdf lrgfpFb} To;cg';f/ u'?of]hgf, ljsf;of]hgf tyf ko{6sLo of]hgfx? agfP/ Oltxf;k|lt ;Ddfg ug{, Oltxf;df ePsf] uNtL ;Rofpg / h?/L 5 . xn];Lsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;du| xn];L If]qsf hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofP/ dfq o;k|lt hgtfsf] :jfldTj sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . xn];L;DaGwL lgDg sfo{of]hgf agfOPsf] 5–

182 à xn];L

s_ tTsfnsf] sfo{of]hgf á dlGb/ kl/;/sf] k|f/lDes ;+/If0fsf] sfd ug]{ . á vfg]kfgL, ;fj{hlgs 6\jfOn]6, afy?d cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . á wd{zfnfx?sf] dd{t;Def/ tyf plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ . á xn];L dlGb/ kl/;/df jftfj/0fLo ;f}Gbo{ sfod tyf j[l4 ug{] . á xf]6]n, nh, a}+s, ;'/Iff, ;~rf/, oftfoft, :jf:Yo ;]jf cflbsf] ljsf;df yk kxn tyf k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . á xn];L u'kmf ;+/If0f, ljsf; / :jfldTjsf nflu hgr]tgf j[l4 ug]{ . á xn];L u'kmf;DaGwL k|rf/k|;f/ Jofks agfpg j]e;fO6 tyf 8s'dG] 6«L lgdf{0f ug],{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]÷{ u/fpg], zf]wd"ns n]v/rgf tyf k':tsx? k|sfzg ug]÷{ u/fpg], ko{6s ufO8a's tof/ kfg]{ . á :yfgLo hgtfx?sf] /fo;'emfjcg';f/ plrt :yfgdf xn];L Do'lhod lgdf{0f ug{ k|f/lDes cWoog / sfd yfngL ug]{ . á xn];L ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ . v_ dWosflng tyf bL3{sflng sfo{of]hgf á xn];L u'kmf;Fu cGt/;DalGwt x'g] u/L P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf :yfgx? lvDn] -k'/fgf] xn];L_, sf]68fF8fsf] ls/ft b/af/sf] eUgfjz]if -b'l5{d_, ef]Dh'8fF8f -Rofl:d6f/_, nfxfr'ª8fF8f -lwt'ª_, t'jfr'ª÷hfoh'd8fF8f -xn];L_, cvf}{n] u'kmf / xhf/f}+ jif{klxn]sf gfufx?sf] lrxfg;Dd ;8s ;~hfn lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ ug]{Ù ;+/If0f ug]{Ù pTvgg tyf cWoog– cg';Gwfg ug]{Ù ef}lts ;'ljwfx? k'¥ofpg] . o;/L u'kmf x]g{ tyf bz{g ug{ cfpg] ko{6sx?sf] a;fO kmnbfoL / nDAofpg ;lsG5 . ;du| xn];L If]qsf hgtf o;af6 cfly{s ?kdf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . P]ltxfl;s vf]hstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . á t/fO{sf] kmfF6 / ;u/dfyf;lxtsf] lxdz[ª\vnf Ps;fy b]Vg ;lsg] t'jfr'ª÷hfoh'd / ef]Dh'8fF8f tyf P]ltxfl;s sf]68fF8fdf Eo'6fj/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

xn];L à 183

á ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L xn];L u'kmfsf] lj:t[t ef}ule{s cWoog ug]{ . á af}4dfuL{x? nufotsf nflu Wofg:yn agfpg] . á lj:t[t of]hgf;lxt xn];L Do'lhod lgdf{0f ug]{ . á xn];L rqmky lgdf{0f ug]{ . á k'iknfn nf]sdfu{ -dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{_ cGtu{t xn];L ;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:t[t j}1flgs of]hgf agfpg] . á xn];L u'kmf / ;du| P]ltxfl;s If]qj/k/ kfs{x? lgdf{0f ug]{ . á sf]68fF8f -b'l5{d_df xjfOd}bfg -Pc/kf]6{_ lgdf{0f ug]{ . á t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfnL If]qaf6 xn];L;Dd j}slNks kbdfu{ lgdf{0f ug]{ . á xn];L cfpg hndfu{ -;'gsf]zL, ef]6]sf]zL, tfdfsf]zL, b"wsf]zLnufotsf gbLx?af6_ df …¥ofl6ªÚ cflb ;~rfng ug]{ . á ;u/dfyf–tfoh'ª–j/fxIf]q–xn];L hf]8\g] s]a'nsf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ . xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltåf/f lj=;+= @)&) df v;, rflDnª / cª\u|]hL efiffdf k|sflzt a|f];/n] xn];LnfO{ lqwfld{s s]Gb|sf] ?kdf kl/lrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] . ;f] a|f];/sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] sf/0f tLg} efiffsf ;fdu|Lx? oxfF k'gM k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . –;Dkfbs

184 à xn];L

kl/lzi6 @

xn];L M P]6flbd x]df d'Ddfvfd xn];LnO{ Odf]rfPsf] x}sfdf a'S6f] dQ} P]gf P]6flbd l/n'ª akrfl/s' k'lg l/lªP . Oxf]kfdL d'df rfk'd] gfvf] cf]sf] xn];Ldf] g'ª af]vfdf VofavfdfbfgL Dx}kfsf] lt/] . cf]bf Oaf]vf v}kf af]vfgfsf s]ef ;'ª ls/ft, af}4 x]df jflnkf l/n'ªlrdf] vf]dfx]df Oxf]kf ldtfP . xn];L lbdrL v'lrdf] v'rLv'lrdf] P]6flbd lxª]sf] ldl/ª]ªf;] . x]df, cf]sf] emf/fkfdf] gfdfo'ª\vf k'lg cf]bf lx+;f tfsf] lxª] . pD5'ªf] xn];L d'dfb'ª jfk] g]kfndf] emf/fkfdf] sfDjfvf]df vf]“vflbd l/n'ª e';'ª lxª] .

xn];Ldf] P]6flbd á ls/ft d'b'd x]df 6'ª\df ToflQlrdf] s]efs]ef pD5'ªf]sf] lbDrLgfsf xn];L rfl/s' akbf w'd|fgfDf b'ª -P]6fb'ª_gfsf O;'ª\l;rL o'ª;f ldtfsf] lx“ª] . P6f d'b'dL Onfbf xn];L a'S6f]nO{ …v'jfn'ªÚ n'lbd] . O;'ªrLnO{ rfv'O{ d'kf Nof]:of]sf] d'dfnO{ kf;'ªrL …tofdfÚ …lvofdfÚ x]df …/}5fs'n]Ú -vf]lSrlnkf÷x]T5fs'Kkf _jf bf] kfafsf] 5]lbd]sf] xn];L rfl/s'df] 6'jfr'ª -hfofh'ª_ r'ªbf cf]:kfnf] af]vfdf] 5}6] pD5'ª5flgsf] n]6]sf] n'ª6f] x]df bf]jfkf qmf];'ª y'/L Tof]s'Dgfsf cf]sf] lbd pD5'ªf]sf] lxª] . á xn];L rfl/s'bf cfN;] 6'OldvfDkfdf] a';Lsf] /]Ddf x]df /]DdfrLbf jf5'OdfnfrL Tof]s'd] . v'rL Dx}kf lbvf? lt/fgf] Tof]sf] rfl/s'gfsf ldv|'K;fgf] ldK;fsf] lbd lxª] . ;'sf?ª gfd|fbf lrgLof Oxf]kfdL Xj]g ;fªjf v'df] Oxf]df lbdbf s]efnf] jf kf6'Ogsf] lv|Jb\o'sf] lxª] . cf]sf] rfl/s' XofgL cf]VofgL Tof]sf] 6'OldvfDkf O;'ªrLjf 6'ªdf kfl5tfsf] ldl/ª] .

xn];L à 185

á bf];Lsf] P6flbd ;f]ªf] ?ªdfkf xn];L rfl/s'bf a';Lsf] xf]kfdL xf]n];'ª lxªfsf] . v'df] ldgfrLgfsf nfxf5fk kft]sf xdf Tof]bfgLsf] xf]kfdL kfcf]Nbfªf;fsf] lx“ªfsf] . ;]g x]df dsjfgdf] ?e'ª;f]bf xf]n];'ª xf]5f ;]grLdf] gfsf b'ª !&@* x]df !&@( bf lt/fsf] ?e'ª;f]bf ldtfsf] ldl/ª] . v'df] xf]kflvDdf] xf]6fsf]rL xn];L rfl/s'bf cf]:kfsf] b'l5{d 6'ªdf -a';Lsf] xn];L_bfsf] 6'ªdflvd l;ddf] xflQ9ª\u] 6'ªdfdf] …lvDn]Úbf lxª] . Tof]sf] xf]n];'ªdf] g'ªgfsf lKn;f aflgsfkf xn];L g'ª lt/fsf] . v'df] ªf] rf]lbd DjfF/fdnO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxdf] ldgfjf ?e'ª;f] kfdfgf] kfÃf]sfsf] ldl/ª] . v'df] xf]kflvDdf] xf]6fsf] lvDrL cfN;]nf] b'l5{d kf]d]{vf 6'ªdfdf] sf]68fF8fbf r'ªbf lxª] . á af}4nfdlrjf ldl/ª] ;f]ªf] g'sf?ª gfd|fgfdbf af}4 rOkfdL kb\d;Dejjf a';L ltAatL xf]kf ly|;ªdf] b'ª - ;g\ &$@–&(&_bf ltAat k'ªdf b'ªbf xn];L a'S6f]bf gfdfdf] d'Odflbd d'sf] . a'S6f]nO{ Tof]s'kf pDdf]rf;f v'lrjf …xn]:of]Ú kfNbf . ltAatLnfbf ODdf]rfdf lbdnO{ …xn]:of]Ú ldl/ª] . af}4rLdf] lbd;f]ªf] cf]sf]gfsf xn];L g'ª lxªfsf] ldl/ª] . á jflnkfrLjf ldl/ª] ;f]sf] ;fªkfrLdf] lbdgfsf Ro'dfgfsf dxfb]j eidf;'/nO{ 6fVnf]bf gNb\o'kf :ofvft]sf] tofF Ob\o'sf] Toflt xn];Lbf lxª] . vlrjf …xn];LÚdf] g'ª …xl/+O{Zj/Úgfsf …xl/Zj/+xnLZj/+xn]Zj/Ú t';f{ xn];L lt/fsf] . v'lrjf xn];LnO{ …k"j{sf] xn];LÚ kn'b] . uLjf{0fo'4ljqmd zfxjf xn];Ldf] g'ªbf latf{ Ob\o' xdf lu/L ;'ªrLnO{ Ro'kf d' .

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186 à xn];L

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xn];L à 187

kl/lzi6 #

Halesi: History and Action plan

Halesi is not only a unique natural cave but also a historical cultural place. Its fame has spread around the globe. Thus, it has potential of developing into a tourist destination. Specially, the Kirats, the Buddhist and the Hindu pilgrims visit here from national and international arena as well. They have their own respective historical claim regarding Halesi. It is their common pilgrimage. In fact, it is an example of mutual social coexistence of ‘New Nepal’.

Historicity of Halesi •

Kirat Mundhum, folk stories and other historical documents date back the Kirati civilization in Halesi to the pre-historic time. The ancient Mudumi word for Halesi is ‘Khuwalung’. The Kirati ancestors Toyama, Khiyama and Raichhakule (Khokchilipa/Hechchhakupa) are supposed to have transformed their civilization into agricultural era. In Tuwachung hill, people have found ancient remnants of archeological importance like pottery, igniting stone and weaver. This justifies the aforementioned claim that Kirat civilization in Halesi really ancient.

•

Naga's ancient graves with Pulik garland have recently been found in the site. It is said that a great famine drove them away from Halesi. The great Chinese traveler of seventh century Hwen Sang has mentioned about it in his travelogue. Naga Kirats might have abandoned the around the same time.

188 à xn];L •

According to the latest history of Halesi, the King Holesung was the first tribal chieftain/ruler of Halesi area. He was entrusted as a subordinated ruler by the Sen dynesty. Holesung Honchha had participated on behalf of Sen dynesty in a battle between Sen and Makwan in 1728 and 1729 AD. The remnants of his palace are still in Khimle of Durchim VDC. The nomenclature Halesi might have been derived from the King Holesung. King Prithvi Narayan Shaha defeated Bhwanram, the grandson of Holesung, making it a part of greater Nepal. The residue of His palace is in Kothdada of Durchhim VDC.

•

According to the Buddhists, the 8th Monk Padmasambhaw had meditated in Halesi while he was en route to Tibbet during reign of Tibetan king Thrisang (AD.742-797). Mesmerized by the sublimity of the cave he exclaimed the word 'Halesu!' In Tibetan language it means something that is amazing. According to the Buddhists, this is how the name Halesi is derived.

•

Hindus coin the word Halesi with the myth of Mahadev and Bhasmasur. According to the myth Bhasmasur was blessed by Mahadev with the power to kill anyone just by placing his hand over the head. This myth too is related to Halesi. They believe that Halesi comes from Hari+Ishwor. Halesi is called 'Eastern Pashupati'. During the time of the King Grirwana Bikram Shah, Halesi Mahadev was given 'Birta' and later on Giris were appointed as a head priest in Halesi.

The History of Tourism in Halesi •

Malla king Manadev had commenced eastern adventure to take over the Kirats. According to the Changunarayan's inscription of 386 AD, King Mandev himself had led the platoon. This indicates Mandev and his troop might have learnt about the Halesi cave. If this comes to be true, Mandev could be political tourist to step in here.

•

According to the Buddhist belief, the first tourist of Halesi is Monk Padmasambhava.

xn];L à 189 •

Harinanda Pokhrel of Khotang had handed 3,585 to Ram Krishna Kuwar in Halesi for King Prithvi Narayan Shah's eastern unification campaign. The Kirat king Bhwanram was defeated by the troop of Ram Krishna in Halesi. Thereafter, Hindus came to know about Halesi.

•

Lama Monk Thulsee Rinmpoche, Pema Wanchu and Sansan Rinmpouches mediated forty years ago in Halesi (in Tibetean language Halesi is called Maratika). Later their literature about Halesi caught attention of people all over the country and abroad as well. Gradually the Buddhists from around the globe made their way to Halesi. Nowdays Buddhist pilgrims from Bhutan, India (Sikkim), China (Tibet, Taiwan, Hongkong), Thailand, America, Japan, Korea, Europe come for pilgrimage in Halesi.

•

Nepal's king Birendra Shah, president Rambaran Yadav and Bhutan's king Jigme Singye Wangchuk are the head of state who have visited Halesi.

•

During the festivals of Ramnawami, Shivaratri, Balachaturdasi, Bolbam, Ekadasi and Teej Hindus from all over the nation are flocked here. In 'Bol bam' fare, Indian Hindus come with ‘Ganga Jal’ to offer Halesi Mahadev. In Shivarartri, the Buddhists come to visit Halesi and pray in the memory of Guru Rimpoche Monk.

•

The Kiratis visit Halesi and perform the 'Sakela' dance during the festival of 'Ubhauli and Udhauli'. They gather in Tuwachung/Jayagum hill to pray.

Future Plans a) Current Action Plan •

The whole are ruled by Holesung was called Halesi in history. At present, Chyasmitar, Dikuwa, Badahare, Durchhim, Dhitung, Salle, Arkhaule, Mangaltar and Halesi Mahadevasthan VDCs cover the area. We should rewrite the history in the same vein with the formulation of master plan, and other development projects. This helps correct

190 à xn];L the course of history and evoke respect for it. The formulated action plans for Halesi are listed below: •

To initiate the preliminary work of temple premise conservation and protection.

•

To manage clean drinking water, public toilet and bathrooms.

•

To Create and develop the greenery as well as beautiful sceneries around the Halesi temple.

•

To encourage the hotel, lodge, bank, communication, transportation, health-post and security services.

•

To create awareness among people for conservation, development and ownership of the Halesi cave.

•

To create website, make documentary, publish news, research articles, books, tourist-guide book for the publicity of Halesi.

•

To commence preliminary study for the construction of museum in accordance with the advices from the stakeholders and locals.

b) The Midterm and Long Term Action plan •

To construct and expand road transportation linking Halesi cave with historical places like khimle (Old Halesi), The Kotdanda's Kirat palace (Durchhim), Bhumjudanda (Chyasmitar), Lahachundanda (Dhitung), Tuwachung/ Jayajungdannda (Halesi); to excavate the archeological sites; to make physical facilities avail easily. It helps increase the comfort of the tourists thereby extending their days in the site. The residents of Halesi will be highly benefited by this. This will also help attracting the researchers.

•

To make a view-tower in Bhamjudanda, Kothdanda and Tuwachung/Jayajungdannda so that the entire tarai and mountain landscapes could be seen.

•

To make a detailed geographical survey in cooperation with the concerned authority.

xn];L à 191 •

To make the meditation places for the Buddhists.

•

To create Halesi museum.

•

To make ring-road around Halesi.

•

To make detailed and scientific Halesi urbanization plan under Pushpa Lal Lok Marga

•

To make airport at Kotdand(Durchhim).

•

To open an alternative foot track linking tarai, hills and the himalayn region.

•

To start rafting in Shunkoshi, Bhotekoshi, Tamakoshi, Dudhkoshi rivers.

•

To start a cable car service that joins Sagarmatha, Tayachung, Barahachetra to Halesi. This brochure was published by Halesi Mahadevsthan Development Comittee on 2012 A.D.

192 à xn];L

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;ldltn] sd{rf/Lsf] tnj ljt/0f ug{ tyf cdfgtaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg;d]t ;ldltsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ k]ZsL lbg] u/]sf] kfOof] . k]ZsL lb+bf sfdsf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{ gu/]sf] / ;f]em} ljqm]tfnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ /sd glbO{ kbflwsf/Ldfkm{t\ k]ZsL pknAw u/fO{ vr{ n]Vg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . h;sf] sf/0f ;ldltdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf] sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfo–Joo ljj/0fdf a}+s afFsL egL b]vfPsf] ?= %,%@,*!$.– sf] a}+s :6]6d]G6 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu k]z x'g cfPg .

gfd y/ sfo{sf/L lg= >L /f]hg /fO{ p=;=c= >L lzj a:g]t

km5\of}{6sf] ljj/0f /sd

cfly{s jif{ M @)^*.)^(

o; ;ldltn] k]z u/];Ddsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^*.)^( sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt >]:tfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f :jLs[t of]hgfcg';f/ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf Joxf]/f pk/ ldlt @)&).%.@@ df ;Da4 kIf;Fu 5nkmn u/L sfod ul/Psf Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M k]ZsL sf/f]af/ M cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod &$-!_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] ;/sf/L sfdfsfhsf] lgldQ k]ZsL lng'kbf{ s'g sfdsf] lgldQ s] slt /sd rflxg] xf] To;sf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:Yff 5 . t/, ;ldltsf lgDg JolQmn] pNn]lvt lgodsf] kfngf gu/L ;ldltsf] lg0f{o a]u/ lgDg ldltdf ?= (),))).– 7f8f] r]s sf6L vr{ n]v]sf] /sdnfO{ ;ldltn] k]ZsL sfod u/L lx;fa ldnfg dfq u/]sf] 5 . pQm /sd ;DalGwt JolQmsf] lhDdfdf (),))).– /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;ldltn] cfjZos sf/jfxL u/L lghx?af6 ;'b;lxt c;'n x'g'kg]{ ?= –

ah]6 pkzLif{s M ljleGg

198 à xn];L

xn];L à 199

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no Office of the Aititor General ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og lgb]{zgfno

Phone: 4262381 4262415 4262417 4262958 A.G. Fax: 977-1-4268309 Fax: 977-1-4262798 Post Box: 13328

aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

Babar Mahal, Kathmandu NEPAL

k=;++ @)^(÷)&) r=g+= !^

ldlt M @)^(====================== ljifo M n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg .

>L cWoIfHo" xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt, xn];L, vf]6fª . To; ;ldltsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^*.)^( sf] sf/f]af/sf] cfly{s ljj/0f tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt k]z eP;Ddsf] n]vfsf] k/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L tof/ ul/Psf] kfgf ^ -5_ sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg o;} ;fy 5 . k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt Aoxf]/fsf ;DaGwdf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !(-!_ adf]lhd #% lbgleq c;'n km5\of}6 ePsf] k|df0f jf a]?h' sfod ug{ gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP k|df0f;lxtsf] hjfkm k7fpg x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' . ;dodf km5\of}{6sf] k|df0f jf hjfkm k|fKt gePdf ;+nUg Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s -clGtd_ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g] Joxf]/f;d]t lgb]{zfg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fpFb5' .

ejbLo af]wfy{ >L ;lrjHo", ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ M k|ltj]bg ;+nUg 5 .

;Ltf/fd l;Ub]n lgb]{zs ldlt M @)^(.%.@&

utsf] df}Hbft

#,)!,#@#.– !,&&,%*%.–

cf=j=

@)^^.)^& @)^&.)^*

ljlgof]hgtkm{

cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] l:ylt

of] jif{sf] cfDbfgL *,(*,#^).– !$,)&,))).– !!,((,**#.– !%,*$,%*%.–

hDdf cfDbfgL

sfof{no / :Yffg M xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt, xn];L, vf]6fª cfly{s jif{ M @)^^.)^& / @)^&.)^*

!),@@,)(*.– !),@%,^$#.–

vr{

!,&&,%*%.– %,%*,($@.–

ah]6 afFsL

k]ZsL afFsL

sfof{no k|d'v M cWoIf >L kml6ss'df/ >]i7 sf=lg= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L /f]hg /fO{ n]vf k|d'v M n]vfkfn >L tf/fgfy cfrfo{

n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

200 à xn];L

xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, xn];L dxfb]j:yfg;Fu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :Yfnx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g Pj+ k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{Ù tfd|kq, lznfv]n, kf08'lnlk, d'lb|t ;fdu|Lsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ tyf xn];L dxfb]j:yfg If]qdf ko{6g Joj;fosf] ljsf; Pj+ k|j4{gsf] nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f >[hgf ug]{ h:tf ljljw sfo{x? ug{sf] nflu xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%# cg';f/ of] ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

ah]6 jflif{s g+= gfd M xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt, xn];L, vf]6fª cfly{s jif{ M @)^^.)^&, @)^&.)^* -jSof}tf_ ef}=g+= / km5\of}{6sf] /sd l;=g+= ljj/0f /sd ldlt ljj/0f != k[i7e"ldM vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dxfbj]:yfg uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= $ df xn];L dxfb]j:yfg /x]sf] 5 . k"j{sf] kz'kltgfysf gfdn] k|l;4 xn];L dxfb]jsf] bz{gfy{ g]kfnsf] ljleGg :yfgaf6 / ef/t tyf e'6fgaf6 ;d]t jif]{gL 7'nf] ;+Vofdf lxGb', af}4 / ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx? cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . oL tLg} wdf{jnDaLx?sf] cf:yfsf s]Gb| ag]sf] xn];L dxfb]jnfO{ lqj]0fLsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf ;d]t lng] u/]sf] 5 . oxfF lj=;+= !*$# sf] tfd|kq / lj=;+= !(#( df Ps eQm ->4fn'_ n] dxfb]j:yfgdf r9fPsf] 306;d]t e]l6Psf] 5 . oxfF Ps 7'nf] k|fs[lts u'kmf /x]sf] 5 . of] u'kmf hldgsf] ;txb]lv sl/a #)) lkm6;Dd tn uPsf] 5 . u'kmfsf] tNnf] ;txdf Ps5]pdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts lznfnfO{ xn];L dxfb]jsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf k"hf ul/G5 . oL dxfb]jnfO{ tfdfsf] rt'd'{vL lzjln+ux?n] 9fs]/ /flvPsf] 5 . u'kmfleq kfj{tL:yfg klg /x]sf] 5 / ;f] u'kmfsf] s]xL tn csf]{ u'kmfleq a;fxf:yfg /x]sf] 5 . kf}/fl0fs ls+jbGtLcg';f/ jsf;'/ -eidfk'/_ af6 aRg dxfb]j o; u'kmfdf n'Sg'ePsf] lyof] . af}4 wd{cg';f/ u'? kß;Dejn] oxfF tk:of u/]sf lyP . To:t} u/L ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx?sf] wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf; klg oxfF hf]l8Psf] 5 .

n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

xn];L à 201

@=

;ldltn] pko'{Qmfg';f/ /sd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf]df ;ldltsf] cfo ljj/0fdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg k|fKt /sd dfq cfDbfgL hgfPsf] kfOof] . cGo >f]taf6 /sd k|fKt u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'Fbf cGo s'g} >f]taf6 /sd k|fKt gu/]sf] hjfkm k|fKt eof] . ;ldltn] ljleGg lgsfox?;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt u/L cfDbfgLsf >f]tx? klxrfg u/L cfDbfgLsf] >f]t a[l4 gu/]sf] sf/0f dxfb]j:yfg / jl/kl/sf] If]q ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df c;/ kg]{ hf]lvd b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] dxfb]j:yfg If]q Ps wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo If]q klg /x]sf] / afnfrt'b{zL, lzj/fqL, /fdgjdL h:tf kj{sf] cj;/df Ps dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd d]nf nfUg] u/]sf]n] ;f] dxTjk"0f{ kj{sf cj;/df ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L xf6ahf/ -d]nf_ af6 cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sg]df To;tkm{ ;ldltn] Wofg lbPsf] kfOPg . u7g cfb]zdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ dlGb/df r9fPsf] /sddWo] ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L lglZrt /sd sf]ifdf hDdf ug'{kg]{df u/]sf] b]lvPg . ctM ;ldltn] pko'Qm Joj:yfcg';f/ /sd ;+sng u/L :jcfh{gaf6 dxfb]j:yfg ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ljsf; sfo{df vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfn] rGbf jf ;xfotf :j?k k|bfg u/]sf] /sd cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yf, ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;xfotf :j?k k|bfg u/]sf] /sd ;ldltn] pknAw u/fPsf] s'g} ;]jf jfkt k|fKt x'g] /sd ;ldltnfO{ ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf cGo lgsfox?af6 k|fKt /sd -r_ xn];L dxfb]jsf] dlGb/df eQmhgx?af6 r9fOsf] /sddWo] ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] /sd -5_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd

-s_ -v_ -u_ -3_ -ª_

;ldltsf] cfgf] cfDbfgL gePsf] M xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%# sf] bkmf *-!_ df ;ldltsf] Pp6f 5'§} sf]if x'g] / ;f] sf]ifdf b]xfocg';f/sf /sd /xg] Joj:yf 5 M

202 à xn];L

$=

#=

ef}=g+= / ldlt ^–)^&.@.% -rfn'_ !)–)^&.@.!) -rfn'_ &–)^*.#.@% -rfn'_

jfkt kfl/>lds -tnj_ a}7s eQf kfl/>lds -tna_

s§f ePsf] s/ /sd !*%).– @@*).– @%*$.– ^&!$.–

pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ u/fPsf] sfo{ M ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod (&-^_ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfon] x/]s ls:tfsf] sfdsf] k|ljlws d"Nof+sg lan, e/kfO{ / vr{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ cGo sfuhft To:tf] ;ldlt jf ;d'bfosf] a}7saf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 eg] pklgod -&_ df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfon] cfkm"n] k|To]s ls:tfdf u/]sf vr{sf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fF; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;ldltn] b]xfo cg';f/sf] sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ u/fO{ vr{ u/]sf]df b]xfo cg';f/ ePsf] b]lvof] M

@)^&.)^*

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^&

s/s§L /sd bflvnf gu/]sf] M b]xfocg';f/ sd{rf/L / kbflwsf/LnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ / kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ a}7s eQf e'QmfgL ubf{ cfos/ P]g @)%* cg';f/ s§f ePsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ / a}7s eQf s/ ;DalGwt /fh:j vftfdf bflvnf ug'{kg]{df eQf tyf kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lb+bf s/ s§f u/]/ lbPsf] t/ uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ / a}+s gubL lstfadf s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ bfloTj;d]t >[hgf gu/L s/ /sd bflvnf u/]sf] kfOPg . s§f ePsf] pQm s/ jfktsf] /sd a/fa/ a}+s df}Hbft;d]t a9L gb]lvPsf]n] pQm s/ /sd c;'n u/L ;DalGwt /fh:j vftfdf bflnvf ul/g' kb{5 . ^&!$.–

xn];L à 203

%=

!)–)^*.!.@^

@)^&.)^*

sfdsf] ljj/0f e'QmfgL vr{ /sd dxfb]j:yfg dlGb/ kl/;/df tf/sf] &,(@,%(*.– 3]/faf/ ug]{ -ut]sf] k]=km=;=_ j;fxf u'kmfd'lg rkL{ lgdf{0f sfo{ !,$@,*@$.– k|fljlws d"Nof+sg k]z eP tfklg

;ldltn] sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, ljt/0f ug{ sfof{no ;fdfg tyf d]l;g/L cf}hf/ tyf kmlg{r/ vl/b ug{ / lgdf{0f ;fdu|L vl/b tyf lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L /

k]ZsL sf/f]jf/ M cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod &$-!_ df ;/sf/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] lgldQ k]ZsL lng'kbf{ s'g sfdsf] lgldQ s] slt /sd rflxg] xf] To;sf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . lgod &^-!_ df k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd sfof{non] g]kfnleq jf ljb]zaf6 dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;f]em} ;DalGwt ljqm]tfnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 eg] lgod && df s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{no dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;]jf pknAw ug{ jf lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfnfO{ k]ZsL lb+bf o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd a}+s Uof/]G6L lng'kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 .

pko'{Qmfg';f/ b'j} sfo{sf] k|fljlws d"Nof+sg k]z eP tfklg vr{ ;DalGwt pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg u/fPsf] tyf vr{sf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fF; u/]sf] k|df0f k]z x'g cfPg . ;fy} tf/af/ 3]/f sfo{sf] vr{sf lan e/kfO{ k]z gePsf] sf/0f jf:tljs ?kdf slt vr{ ePsf] lyof], Plsg ug]{ cfwf/ ePg . ctM lgoddf Joj:yf ePcg';f/sf vr{sf lan e/kfO{ k]z ug{ nufpg'kb{5 / vr{ cg'df]bg u/fO{ vr{sf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

ef}=g+= / ldlt %–)^^.!@.%

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^&

204 à xn];L

^=

@)^&.)^*

@)^^.)^&

cfly{s jif{

^#–#–%() @)^*.!.@^

@)^*.#.@&

@)^*.@.@

ah]6 uPsf] pkzLif{s k]ZsLldlt g+= ^#–#–%() @)^^.%.@$ ^#–$–%() @)^&.#.#) ^#–$–%() @)^&.!!.!& @)^*.!.@# /fO{ lu/L /fO{ lu/L

uf]kfn >]i7 lzj

*(,(*!.– ^),))).– (*,))).– ^),))).–

k]ZsL afFsL /sd

*$,&^^.–

!,)),))).–

u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]j u'kmf dd{t %&,%)).–

tnj ljt/0f ug]{ vfg]kfgL of]hgf vfg]kfgL of]hgf l;d]G6 vl/b cltly u[x

sfdsf] ljj/0f

dxfb]j dlGb/ kl/;/df rkL{ lgdf{0f tnj, eQf, sfof{no sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /f]hg /fO{ ;fdfg cflbdf ug{ ug]{

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /f]hg sfof{no ;xof]uL sdn sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /f]hg sfof{no ;xof]uL sdn pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cWoIf uf]kfn >]i7

k]ZsL lng]sf] gfd

k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gePsf] M lgDg JolQmx?nfO{ uPsf] k]ZsL /sd n]vfk/LIf0f cjlw @)^(.$.#@ ;Dd klg km5\of}{6 u/]sf] k|df0f k]z gePsf]n] cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod &( %%)@$&÷– adf]lhd c;'n km5\of}{6 x'g'kg]{ .

pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ k]ZsL lbPsf] kfOof] . k]ZsL lbFbf sfdsf] ljj/0f pNn]v gu/]sf] / ;f]em} ljqm]tfnfO{ e'QmfgL glbO{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ k]ZsL lbO{ sfo{ u/fPsf] sf/0f cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L JolQm, kmd{ jf ;+:yfx?nfO{ k]ZsL lb+bf a}+s Uof/]G6L glnPsf] sf/0f k]ZsL /sd ;b'kof]udf c;/ kg{ hfg] b]lvG5 . ctM k]ZsL glbO{ gx'g] kl/l:ylt >[hgf ePdf dfq sf/0f v'nfO{ lgoddf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ k]ZsL lbg] Joj:yf x''g'kb{5 .

xn];L à 205

cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod #%, #^ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;DalGwt ah]6 lzif{sleq kg]{ /sd lglZrt ;Ldf;Dd vr{ ug{ clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] cfb]z lbg'kg]{df cf=j= @)^^.)^& df tnj lzif{ssf] nflu dGqfnon] ?= @,)),&$#.– ah]6 lgsf;f lbPsf]df ;ldltn] ?= @,(%,%@$.– vr{ u/L ?= ($,&*!.– lgsf;feGbf a9L vr{ u/]sf] lgod;+ut b]lvPg . ($,&*!.–

gub df}Hbft /x]sf] ?= #^,@%*.– s;sf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5, c;'n u/L ;ldltsf] vftfdf bflvnf ul/g'kb{5 .

(=

o; ;ldltsf] ljut b'O{ jif{ g} lhG;L lg/LIf0f u/] u/fPsf] kfOPg eg] lhG;Lsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg dGqfnodf k7fPsf] ;d]t kfOPg . ctM lgoddf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ lhG;L lg/LIf0f u/L jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ ;fy} lhG;L ;fdfgx? cWofjlws u/L lxgfldgf / xfgL gf]S;fgL gx'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

lhG;L lg/LIf0f gu/]sf] / k|ltj]bg k]z gu/]sf] M cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod %) df sfof{no k|d'vn] Ps jif{df sDtLdf Psk6s cfkm}+n] lhG;L dfn;fdfgsf] lg/LIf0f u/L jf To:tf] dfn;fdfg lhDdf lng] sd{rf/Lafx]s cGo sd{rf/L jf k|fljlwsåf/f lg/LIf0f ug{ nufO{ To;sf] k|ltj]bg lnlvt ?kdf n]vL jf lnO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 . To:t} u/L lgod %#-!_ df cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq lhG;Lsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu / sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf PsPs k|lt k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:Yff 5 .

*=

&=

206 à xn];L

xn];L à 207

kl/lzi6 %

xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%# g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt @)%$ h]7 ^ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf # n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfosf] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . != ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De -!_ o; cfb]zsf] gfd …xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)%#Ú /x]sf] 5 . -@_ of] cfb]z t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 @=

kl/efiff

ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; cfb]zdf, -s_ …;ldltÚ eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt ;Demg'k5{ . -v_ …xn];L dxb]j:yfgÚ eGgfn] vf]6fª lhNnfcGtu{t xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] cf]u6]sf ;a} j8fx?sf] If]q ;Demg'k5{ . -u_ …cWoIfÚ eGgfn] ;ldltsf] cWoIf ;Demg'k5{ . -3_ …;b:oÚ eGgfn] ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:o–;lrj ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . -ª_ …sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsÚ eGgfn] bkmf ^ adf]lhd lgo'Qm sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;Demg' k5{ .

208 à xn];L

-r_ …tf]lsPsf]Ú jf …tf]lsP adf]lhdÚ eGgfn] o; cfb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg'k5{ . #=

xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g

-!_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ljsf; ug{ xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt gfdsf] Pp6f ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltdf b]xfosf ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm cWoIf -v_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfg If]qsf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg lbg] tyf rf;f] /fVg] JolQmx?dWo]af6 >L % sf] ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf kfFrhgf JolQmx? ;b:o -u_ vf]6fª lhNnfaf6 ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;b:ox? ;b:o -3_ ;efklt, vf]6fª lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ;b:o -ª_ k|dv ' lhNnf clwsf/L, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, vf]6fª ;b:o -r_ cWoIf, xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt ;b:o -5_ ;DalGwt Onfsf ;b:o, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, vf]6fª ;b:o -h_ k|ltlglw, o'jf v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno ;b:o -em_ k|d'v, dfnkf]t sfof{no vf]6fª ;b:o -`_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;b:o–;lrj -#_ cWoIf tyf dgf]lgt ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx? k'gM dgf]lgt x'g ;Sg]5g\ . -$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?df cfjZos yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 . -%_ ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ cGo :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL JolQmx?nfO{ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ?kdf efu lng cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . $= ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M

xn];L à 209

-s_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg] . -v_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljb]zL ;/sf/, /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yf, lgsfo jf JolQm;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug]{ . -u_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfg;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :ynx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g Pj+ k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{, u/fpg] . -3_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] tfd|kq, lznfn]v, kf08'lnlk, d'lb|t ;fdu|Lsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ug]{ . -ª_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgdf z}lIfs ;+:yf, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, k'n, 9n, ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, s'nf]–s'n];f], af6f]3f6f], kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, wd{zfnf h:tf cfwf/e"t rLhx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ . -r_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgdf ko{6g Joj;fosf] ljsf; Pj+ k|j4{gsf] nflu cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ . -5_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf Pj+ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ug]{ . -h_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgdf ;do–;dodf z}lIfs tyf ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf ;ef, ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L jf k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . -em_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfg nufot lwt'ª, cvf}{n], Rofl:d6f/, a8x/], dËn6f/ h:tf :yfgx?df /x]sf d7, dlGb/, b]jfno, u'kmf, ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf j:t'x?sf] cg';Gwfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{, u/fpg] . -`_ xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] ul/dfnfO{ cf3ft k'¥ofpg]vfnsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;~rfngdf lgoGq0f tyf lgif]w ug]{ / -6_ o; cfb]z adf]lhd ;ldltsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu cfjZos cGo sfdx? ug]{, u/fpg] . %=

;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw

-!_ ;ldltsf] a}7s jif{sf] sDtLdf rf/k6s a:g]5 . -@_ ;ldltsf] a}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 / a}7s a:g] ;"rgf a}7s a:g'eGbf sDtLdf kGw| lbg cufj} ;b:ox?nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .

210 à xn];L

-#_ ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ug]{5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?n] cfkm"dWo]af6 5fg]sf] ;b:on] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 . -$_ ;ldltsf] s"n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox? pkl:yt ePdf ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg] 5 . -%_ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ax'dtsf] /fo dfGo x'g]5 / dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . -^_ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;b:o–;lrjn] k|dfl0ft ug]{5 . -&_ ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfkm}+n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . ^= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs -!_ ;ldltsf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsnfO{ lghsf] kbfjlw ;dfKt gx'Fb} kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ tyf ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . &= ;ldltsf sd{rf/L -!_ ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ ;ldltsf sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ ;ldltsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ tyf ;'ljwf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . *= ;ldltsf] sf]if -!_ ;ldltsf] Pp6f 5'§} sf]if x'g5 ] / ;f] sf]ifdf b]xfosf /sdx? /xg]5g\ M -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd . -v_ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfn] rGbf jf ;xfotf :j?k k|bfg u/]sf] /sd . -u_ cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yf, ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf Ph]G;Laf6 k|fKt /sd .

xn];L à 211

-@_ -#_ -$_ -%_

-3_ ;ldltn] pknAw u/fPsf] s'g} ;]jf jfkt k|Kt x'g] /sd . -ª_ ;ldltnfO{ ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf cGo lgsfox?af6 k|fKt /sd . -r_ xn];L dxfb]jsf] dlGb/df eQmhgx?åf/f r9fOPsf] /sddWo] ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] /sd . -5_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd . pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] /sd k|fKt ug'{cl3 ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 . ;ldltsf] sf]ifdf /xg] /sd g]kfn ===sf] s'g} a}+sdf vftf vf]nL hDdf ug'{ kg]{5 . ;ldltsf] gfdaf6 ul/g] ;a} vr{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifaf6 Aoxf]l/g]5 . ;ldltsf] vftf ;b:o–;lrj / cWoIf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;b:osf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6 ;~rfng x'g]5 .

(= n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0f -!_ ;ldltsf] cfo–Joosf] n]vf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{5 . -@_ ;ldltsf] n]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu jf ;f] ljefuaf6 /fv]sf] n]vf k/LIfsaf6 x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] ;ldltsf] cfo–Joosf] n]vf, tt\ ;DaGwL sfuhft / cGo gubL jf lhG;L h'g;'s} avt hfFRg jf hfFRg nufpg ;Sg]5 . !)= pk;ldlt jf sfo{6f]nL u7g ug{ ;Sg] -!_ ;ldltn] of] cfb]z jf o; cfb]zcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ sfd ug{, u/fpgsf] lgldQ cfjZostfg';f/ pk;ldlt jf sfo{6f]nL u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u7g x'g] pk;ldlt jf sfo{6f]nLx?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . !!= a}7s eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf M ;b:ox?n] tf]lsP adf]lhd a}7s eQf ;'ljwf kfpg]5g\ .

212 à xn];L

!@= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg M ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/dWo] s]xL jf ;a} clwsf/ cfjZostfg';f/ cWoIf, ;b:o, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs jf ;ldltsf] s'g} clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 . !#= g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ M ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ /fVbf o'jf, v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnodfkm{t\ /fVg' kg]{5 . !$= ;ldltsf] sfof{no M ;ldltsf] d'Vo sfof{no vf]6fª lhNnfsf] dxfb]j:yfg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf /xg]5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo :yfgdf klg ;Dks{ sfof{nox? /xg ;Sg]5 . !%= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M ;ldltn] o; cfb]zsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu cfjZos lgodx? agfpg ;Sg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq To:tf lgodx? nfu' x'g]5g\ .

xn];L à 213

kl/lzi6 ^

xn];L dxfb]j u'7L nut ;Djt\ @))^ ;fn >L % ;sf{/tkm{ u'7L nut hfFr c8f k'j{ # g+ O{nfsf >Lxn];L xn]Zj/ dfxfb]ju'7Lsf] cfDbfgL vr{ jfsL s;/ :d]tsf] nut lstfk– pk|f{t k'j{ # g+ O{nfsf >Lxn];L xn]Zj/ dfxfb]j u'7Lsf] nut lstfk v8f ug]{ gLsf;f eO{ >L % ;sf{/ u'7L j+bf]j:tn] hfx]/ u/]sf] /Lkf]7df a'embf o]; u'7Ljf/] ().^.@) sf tf]S;b/ adf]hL+ nut v8f ug{ x]/]df tfdfkq nutdf n]v]sf] !@) d'/L df6f]sf xs\df vf]nf] ePsfn] sfPdL huf gfkhfr x'bf df6f] .@!.!^.@ sfo]dL 7x/]sfn] ( ;fnsf nutsf] s'6sf] bfdf;fxLn] nfu]sf] s't wf+ .!).#.!. df]xLx?n] ;sf/ u/]sf] v]t d'/L .=.% sf] wf+ .!.&.* a'emfpg] u/L ;sf/ gu/]sf] / jfsL iff]nf .(*.#.^ sf xSdf a'em]df kgL iff]nf] a]dfif} e}/x]sf] cjfb eo]k5L hfx]/ u/L ;fjLs adf]hL+ tL/f] a'emfpg] u/L n]ifLk7fPsf] / c? $ sLNnfeLqsf] if]t .%@ sf] wfg &. = .& sf] ifnfx?df ( ;fnsf bfdf;fxLn] nfu]sf] wf+ @).!). = .( df]xLx?n] ;sf/ gu/]sfn] Dofb 6f;]df s;}n] ;sf/ gu/L Dofb u'h|]sf] / kfiff hufsf xSdf ;fn;fnsf] nutdf 3/b/ u/L n]ifLo]sf] 5tfkgL jLh hfrsf] nut adf]hL+ sfo]+ ug]{ u'7L j+bf]j:taf6 n]ifL cfPsfn] ;f] adf]hL+ sfo]+ ug'{ kg]{ b]ifLPsf] / !*^! ;fNsf] nfndf]x/df df]O{sf] huf:d]t b]ifLPsf] ;f] huf u'7Laf6 ef]u e} cfPsf] nutaf6 gb]ifLPsfn] Dofb 6f;bf ;f] nfndf]x/ ePsf] xf] tfkgL dgf]x/ uL/Ln] kgL ef]u gu/]sf] / cfu] dx+t /fhjn uL/Ln] ef]u gu/]sf] x'bf df]/+ O{nfsf a'em]df hfx]/ x'g]5

214 à xn];L

egL *#.(.& df ;hL{dLgsf] sfuh e} cfPsf] ;f] nfndf]x/sf $ sLNnfeLqsf] sfnfj+hf/ huf afemf] gb]ifLPsf] kL+8]Zj/d7 tfn'sjf6 cfjfb e} d7af6 c;'n tx;Ln e} cfPsf] / d7 hkmt e} dfn tfn's x'bf dfntfn's a+bf]j:t e} c;'n tx;Ln e} dfn bfifLn ePsf] hdLbf/ tfn's ^* ;fndf x'g cfPsf] egL df}h] j;j]6Lsf] Hdbf/ x/LjL/ ifqL5]qLsf] sf/L+bf Hdfbf/ jf}wdfg s6'jfnsf] / gf}dL ufpF j8x/Lsf HdLbf/ rGb|axfb'/ ifqL 5]qLsf] sf/L+bf Hdbf/ b]jnfn 9'+ufgf:d]tsf] hfx]/L k/]sf] / df]/+ d}g]h/Laf6 &) ;fndf Hdfga+bL adf]hL+sf] / ;fN;fNsf] xfn cfjfbL:d]t u/L HdLbf/x?;+u tx;Ln e} cfPsf] >]i6faf6 b]ifLPsf] of] ;fnb]ifL kL+8]Zj/, tfn's ePsf] e+g] :d]t ;gb ;jfnaf6 gb]ifLPsf] egL df}h] j;jLtf{sf] ljufxf !!#..@s$ sf] kf]t ?= ^()...# ! df}h] g'lgufpsf] jLufxf !**..%.! sf] s+ ?= (%&...@ ! df}h] j8x/Lsf] ljufxf !*^... = ... sf] s+ ?= (#(s.# sf] kmf6 if'nfO{ n]ifL k7fPsf] :d]t b]ifLg cfPsf] x'gfn] tkl;n adf]hL+ cfDbfgL sfo]+ ug]{ vr{sf xSdf ( ;fNsf nut :d]t b]ifLo]sf] 5tfkgL gLTokj{k'hfsf] PsL+ kmf6 if'nfO{ n]ifLPsf] gb]lvPsfn] dx+t a'emL if'nfO{ n]ifLlbP adf]hL+ gLTokj{k'hf vr{sf] b/j+bLsf xSdf cfo]:tf cg';f/ tkl;n adf]hL+ sfo]+ ug]{ e+g] :d]t o;} /Lkf]6sf j]xf]/faf6 b]ifLgfn] hfx]/ u/]sf 5f}+ gLsf;fsf xSdf /Lkf]6sf] tk;Ln adf]hL+ if]t d'/L @.*&.$.$ b'O{ if]t cf7 d'/L ;ftkf7L rf/ dfgf rf/ d'7Lsf] wfg %@.&.& . = .. jfpGgd'/L ;ft kfyL ;ft dfgf cfwfd'7L kfiffsf] jLh hf+r adf]hL+sf] df]? $!^.@( rf/ ;o] ;f]x| ?k}+of pg+tL; k};fdf ifr{ wf+ ##.!!.&.% t]tL;d'/L P3f/kfyL ;ft dfgf kfFrd'7L s6fO jfsL wfg !*.!%.&.%.. sf] b/ .( n] df]? $!.&& gubL g} $!^.@( :d]t Hdf df]? $%*.^ rf/;o] c7fpGg ?k}+`f ^ k};fdf vr{ df]? @)!.#^ b'O{ ;o] o]s ?k}+`f ;qL k};f sfo]+ u/L ;fnj;fnL b/j+bL nut v8f ug]{ / u'7Lsf xSdf aLgf s;'/n] emLsg dgf;Lj gk/]sfn] tk;Ln adf]hL+ cfDbfgL vr{ u/L b/j+bL adf]hL+ sf+ rnfO{ ;]if jfsL iffO{ eTs] lju|]sf] jgfO{ ;fj'b /flv vf]nf] nfu]sf] huf e/;s sf]l;;;fy lj/fO{ cjfb ug{ nufO{ cjfb ePsf jvt t'?Gt t'?+t o]; c8f dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L sfo]+ nutdf r9fpg nfpg' ;nfdL df]? !.o]s bn]{ @))% ;fnb]lv O{nfsf dfndf ;fnj;fn a'emfpg' egL dx+tsf gfpdf ;gb u/L ;nfdL c;'n u/L sf+ rnfP grnfPsf] hfr ug{ O{nfsf dfNdf n]ifL k7fpg] e+g] :d]t /Lkf]6 hLsL/ dgf;Lj} 7x/f~o"+ hf] dhL{ x's"d egL g]kfn kfxf8 /Lkf]6 gLS;f/L tf]sjf]nL hfx]/ u/]sf]df o:df

xn];L à 215

jfj' /fhjn uL/L @))% ;fn kf}if @( ut] /f]h ^ df d/]sf] osf3/;+u j;L ;f] d7 u'7Lsf] sfdrnfO{ cfofsf]n] d]/f gfpdf 5'6sf] ;gb u/Lkfp egL sfO{ jfg]Zj/ 8]/fu/L j:g] t'N;L uL/Ln] r9fO{ k7fPsf] jL+ltkqsf] j]xf]/f :d]t hfx]/ eof] . dx+t /fhjn d/]sf] xf] / gLhsf] t'N;L uL/L e+bf ghLs ;f] d7df xs k'ug] /fhjnsf osf3/sf] c? xsbf/ 5f]/f :d]t sf]xL 5}g eg] osf3/ sfd ug{ ;sg] eof jLltkqjfnf t'N;L uL/LnfO{ g} ;f] d7 yfdL bLg' c? ;b/ egL ;L/df tf]s ykL @))% ;fn r}q @( ut] /f]h @ df if8\g gL;fgf e} cfofd'tfjLs ;f] u'7Lsf] cfDbfgL vr{ jfsL s;/ :d]tsf] nut lstfk v8f u/L >L % ;sf{/tkm{ u'7L a+bf]j:tdf a'emfpg] if/Lbf/ bL3{dfg hf];L o]tvf d'ifLof d+unafxfb'/ >i]7 sLnfun adf]hL+ tkl;n––––––––––––––––––––––––

u'7L ;+:yfg, u'7L nut clen]v zfvf sfof{no eb|sfnL, sf7df8f}+df nut afFlwPsf] xn];L dxfb]j:yfgsf] u'7L;DaGwL clt dxTjk"0f{ of] clen]v /fw]Zofd e§/fO{sf] …xn];LÚ -@)^!, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_ tLy{sfJosf] kl/lzi6af6 lnOPsf] xf] –;Dkfbs .

216 à xn];L

kl/lzi6 &

xn];L e|d0f ug]{ dxÎjk"0f{ JolQmx? ljleGg ;dodf xn];L e|d0f tyf bz{g ug'{x'g] dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M qm=;= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@=

gfd ls/ft /fhf zª\vf]xfª n]lndxfª -kNnf] ls/ftsf k|yd ls/ft /fhf_ vfD;f]xfª -dfemls/ftsf k|yd ls/ft /fhf_ af}4u'? kß;Dej -u'? l/Dkf]5]{_ ldr}{of afaf >Lbfdf]b/fgGb a|Xdrf/L >Lsflnbf; afaf :j= >L % jL/]Gb|jL/ljqmd zfx tyf :j= >L % P]Zjo{/fHonIdL zfx 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ e'6fgL /fhf lhUd] l;ª\u] jfª\r's k|wfgdGqL >L z]/axfb'/ b]paf 8f= :jfdL /fdfgGb lu/L sf~rLsfdsf]l6kL7fwLZj/ hub\u'? z°/frfo{ >L ho]Gb| ;/:jtL tyf afn:jfdL hub\u'? z°/frfo{ >L z°/ ljho]Gb| ;/:jtL

jif{ slnut jif{ @@$& slnut jif{ @@(% slnut jif{ @#)! cf7f}+ ztfAbL lj=;+= !(^% lj=;+= @)#^ lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+=

@)#( @)$) @)$$ @)%@ @)%#

lj=;+= @)%$

xn];L à 217

!#= !$= !%= !^= !&=

k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;efd'v >L /fdrGb| kf}8]n >L % 1fg]Gb|jL/ljqmd zfxb]j /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj lvn/fh /]UdL -cWoIf, g]kfn ;/sf/_

lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+=

@)%$ @)%% @)^) @)&) @)&)

218 à xn];L

kl/lzi6 *

xn];L u'kmf e]6L3f6L /sd tyf lhG;L xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt / xn];L dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] xn];L u'kmf -dlGb/_ df eQmhgx?n] r9fPsf] e]6L3f6L /sd tyf ;'g–rfFbL lj=;+= @)^* ;fnb]lv ;fj{hlgs ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . xn];L u'kmfdf /flvPsf] rGbf afs;df ljsf; ;ldlt, Joj:ykg ;ldlt / k|x/L rf}sLsf] u/LtLgj6f tfnf nufOG5 . ;f] tfnf tLg} kIfsf] /f]xj/df vf]n]/ lx;falstfa ;fj{hlgs u/]/ /sd vftfdf hDdf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^* r}qb]lv @)&! h]7 ( ut];Dd eQmhgx?n] r9fPsf] /sd tyf ;'g–rfFbL o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5–

@)^*–@)^( !=

ldlt @)^*.!@.( b]lv rfFbL lqz'n yfg ;'gsf] lqz'n yfg

@%,*)).– bfg tyf e]6L afs; @ !

@= #=

ldlt @)^*.!@.@$ b]lv @( ut] ldlt @)^(.!.% b]lv !^ ut];Dd rfFbL lbof] yfg rfFbL lqz'n yfg ;'g 6Lsf ePsf] k};f yfg

@%,&)).– !*,*&@.– $ ! @

$= %=

ldlt ldlt rfFbL ldlt ldlt

!*,^@%.– !*,*^@.– @ *,!!#.– %,%&).–

^= &=

@)^(.!.@% ut] @)^(.!.#! ut] lqz'n yfg @)^(.@.! ut] @)^(.@.! ut]

xn];L à 219

*= (= !)= !!=

ldlt @)^(.@.! ldlt @)^(.@.@! ldlt @)^(.#.& ldlt @)^(.$.^ lzj dlGb/ e]6L prflj bfg e]6L afs;

#,!#!.– $,##%.– !,&^).– $,@&@.– @,!)).– %,*^).– x:tfIf/ uf]kfn lu/L Zofd kf}8]n tfdg /fO{

@)^( != @= #= $=

ldlt @)^(.$.^ b]lv !% ;Ddsf] hDdf e]6L /sd ?= @,))*.– dlGb/leqsf] -lzjln+u_ ?= !#,()#.– 9\ofs];lxt dlGb/aflx/sf] bfgk]l6sfsf] hDdf ?= ^,!*).– dlGb/sf] e]6L /sd 9\ofs] x:tfIf/ dlGb/ ;ldlt uf]kfn lu/L k|=k|= c;xL Zofd kf}8]n xn];L dxfb]j ljsf; ;ldlt tfdg /fO{

ldlt @)^(.$.!^ b]lv P] $.@( ut];Dd dlGb/leqsf] e]l63f6L P]P] aflx/sf] e]6L bfg afs; hDdf -cIf?kL rf}w xhf/ cf7 ;o c7xQ/_

?= !),)&*.– ?= $,*)).– ?= !$,*&*.–

x:tfIf/ dlGb/ ;ldlt uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n /sd a'em\g] ef]h/fh a:g]t

220 à xn];L

ldlt @)^(.%.! ut]b]lv P] %.#! ut];Dd d+lb/leqsf] e]l63f6L hDdf bfgafs; aflx/ dfqsf] hDdf -;ft xhf/ Ps ;o PstL;_ @ j6f 7"nf, $ j6f ;fgf a]nkq] rfFbLsf] lqz'n # yfg uh'/dfg lhDdf

?= @,#&).– ?= $,&$!.– ?= &,!#!.– yfg ^

x:tfIf/ uf]kfn lu/L /sd a'em\g] ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)^(.^.! ut]b]lv P] ^.!) ut];Ddsf] dlGb/df r9]sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -tLg xhf/ Ps ;o c;L_ rfFbLsf] lqz'n yfg

?= #,!*).– ! x:tfIf/ uf]kfn lu/L ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)^(.^.!! ut]b]lv P] ^.#) ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L / bfg afs; u/L hDdf -tLg xhf/ ;ft ;o aL;_

?= #,&@).– x:tfIf/ uf]kfn lu/L /ldnf a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

xn];L à 221

ldlt @)^(.&.! ut]b]lv P] &.!% ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L jfktsf] /sd -cIf?kL rf}w xhf/ Ps ;o krf;_ ldlt @)^(.&.! ut]b]lv bfgafs;dflysf] -cIf?kL Ps xhf/ Ps ;o aL;_ rfFbLsf] lbof] yfg ;'gsf] 6Lsf yfg

?= !$,!%).– ?= &,!@).– # !

x:tfIf/ /sd lhDdf /ldnf a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n uh'/dfg /fO{

ldlt @)^(.&.!^ ut]b]lv P] @# ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L /sd ?= !^,^(^.– -;f]x| xhf/ 5 ;o 5ofgAa]_ ldlt @)^(.&.!^ ut]bl] v P] @# ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; e]6L /sd ?= ^,%*).– -5 xhf/ kfFr ;o c;L_ rfFbLsf] lqz'n $ rfFbLsf] lbof] $ ;'gsf] 6Lsf ! rfFbLsf] 5ftf ! x:tfIf/ /sd a'em\g] /ldnf a:g]t uf]kfn lu/L Zofd kf}8]n

222 à xn];L

ldlt @)^(.*.@ ut]sf] ;'gsf] l6sf yfg ldlt @)^(.&.@^ ut]b]lv P] *.@ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6Ljfkt tnsf] r9]sf] /sd -cf7 xhf/ gf} ;o gAa]_ ldlt @)^(.&.@# ut]b]lv P] *.@ ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; dflysf] /sd -tLg xhf/ ;ft ;o 5};¶L dfq_ hDdf -afx| xhf/ ;ft ;o 5kGg_

! ?= *,(().–

?= #,&^^.– ?= !@,&%^.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n /sd a'em\g] ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)^(.*.@ ut]b]lv lzj dlGb/ e]6L3f6L ldlt @)^(.*.@ ut]b]lv P] * ut];Dd bfg -9\ofs] !()^.–_ ;d]t afs; e]6L /sd -Ps;¶L ;o dfq_ hDdf -afx| xhf/ gf} ;o ;QfO;_ 5'6]sf] kmf]6f]skLdf

?= ^,*@&.– ?= ^,!)).– ?= !@,(@&.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{

xn];L à 223

ldlt @)^(.*.( ut]b]lv P] *.!* ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L tnsf] 9\ofs];d]t -;q xhf/ Ps ;o k}+tL;_ P] @)^(.*.( ut]b]lv P] *.!* ut];Dd bfgafs; dflysf] -;ft xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf;L_ rfFbLsf] lbof] cWoIf lhDdf

?= !&,!#%.– ?= &,@*%.– !

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n /sd a'em\g] /ldnf a:g]t

ldlt @)^(.*.!( ut]b]lv P] *.@% ut];Ddsf] tnsf] lzj–kfj{tL e]6L3f6L -afx| xhf/ rf/ ;o gAa]_ ldlt @)^(.*.!( ut]b]lv P] @% ut];Ddsf] dflysf] bfgafs;sf] /sd -b'O{ xhf/ cf7 ;o tL;_ hDdf /sd rfFbLsf] lqz'n rfFbLsf] lbof] ;'gsf] 6Lsf cWoIf lhDdf

?= !@,$().–

?= @,*#).– ?= !@,$()±@*#) Ö !%,#@).– $ ! !

x:tfIf/ tfdg /fO{ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n

224 à xn];L

ldlt @)^(.*.@^ b]lv P] #) ;Dd afnfrt'b{zL d]nfsf] /sd -Ps nfv lqkGg xhf/ 5 ;o 5AaL;_ lzj, u0f]z dlGb/ / afs;sf] a;fxfyfg l6s6 / e]6L ahf/ d]nfsf] rfdn hDdf rfFbLsf] lqz'n rfFbLsf] l6sf ;'gsf] l6sf lqz'n yfg

?= !,%#,^@^.– ?= !,!!,)(^.– ?= #!,*#).– ?= !),&)).– ?= !,%#,^@^.– !! yfg 7"nf] ;fgf] ! yfg * yfg ! x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ tfdg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)^(.(.! ut]b]lv P] !* ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L /sd ?= !%,@@#.– -cIf?kL kGw| xhf/ b'O{ ;o t]O;_ ldlt @)^(.(.! b]lv P] !* ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; ?= *,&#*.– -cf7 xhf/ ;ft ;o c7\tL;_ hDdf !%,@@#±*,&#* Ö @#,(^!.– x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n /sd a'em\g] ef]h/fh a:g]t

xn];L à 225

ldlt @)^(.(.!* ut]b]lv P] (.@* ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] r9fPsf] e]6L /sd ?= !#,!!).– -cIf?kL t]x| xhf/ Ps ;o bz dfq_ P] (.!* ut]b]lv P] (.@* ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; e]6L ?= &,!%).– -;ft xhf/ Ps ;o krf;_ hDdf !#!!)±&!%) Ö @)@^).– rfFbLsf] a]nkq ! rfFbLsf] lqz'n ! cWoIf lhDdf x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ /sd a'em\g] tfdg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)^(.!).! ut]b]lv P] !).!# ut];Ddsf] /sd -rf}w xhf/ aL;_ d]lGb/sf] e]6L /sd ldlt @)^(.!).! ut]b]lv P] !).!# ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; /sd -rf/ xhf/ tLg ;o afO;_ ;'gsf] l6sf rfFbLsf] lbof]

?= !$,)@).–

?= $#@@.– ! !

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n ef]h/fh a:g]t

226 à xn];L

ldlt @)^(.!).!# ut]b]lv P] !).@^ ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; e]6L -rf/ xhf/ b'O{ ;o ;t/L_ ldlt @)^(.!).!# utb]lv P] !).@& ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L /sd -c7f/ xhf/ b'O{ ;o kRrL;_ hDdf dlGb/ e]6L / bfgafs; e]6L ?= -afO; xhf/ rf/ ;o kGrfgAa]_ ;'gsf] lqz'n yfg rfFbLsf] lbof] yfg rfFbLsf] lqz'n yfg

?= $,@&).–

?= !*,@@%.– @@,$(%.– ! # @

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t sfhL cfn]

ldlt @)^(.!).@^ ut]b]lv P] !!.!$ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L /sd ?= #*,(@*.– -c7tL; xhf/ gf} ;o c¶fO;_ ldlt @)^(.!).@^ b]lv P] !!.!$ ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; e]6L /sd ?= !^,*!&.– -;f]x| xhf/ cf7 ;o ;q_ hDdf ?= #*,(@*±!^,)!& Ö %!,&$%.– x:tfIf/ ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n uh'/dfg /fO{

xn];L à 227

ldlt @)^(.!!.!% ut]b]lv P] !!.@% ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L /sd -bz xhf/ Ps ;o krf;_ P] P] ldltsf] bfgafs;sf] e]6L -tLg xhf/ kfFr_

?= !),!%).– ?= #,))%.–

x:tfIf/ ef]h/fh a:g]t uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n

@)^( ;fnsf] lzj/fqL d]nfsf] cfDbfgL dlGb/ e]6Laf6 bfgafs;af6 ;xof]u /l;baf6 rfdnaf6 hDdf -Ps nfv afx| xhf/ tLg ;o P3f/_

?= ?= ?= ?= ?=

&^,#!*.– @!,!)).– !),%(#.– $,#)).– !,!@,#!!.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

228 à xn];L

@)^(–@)&) ldlt @)^(.!!.@* b]lv P] !@.^ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L /sd ?= @),%#).– -aL; xhf/ kfFr ;o tL;_ P] !!.@* b]lv !@.^ ut];Ddsf] bfgafs; ?= (,#%).– -gf} xhf/ tLg ;o krf;_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)^(.!@.& ut]b]lv P] !@.!% ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L -cIf?kL afO; xhf/ b'O{ ;o tL;_ P] ldltsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd -cf7 xhf/ kfFr ;o rfnL;_ hDdf rfFbLsf] lqz'n rfFbLsf] bfgf cWoIf lhDdf

?= @@,@#).– ?= *,%$).– ?= #),&&).– @ &

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ /ldnf a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

xn];L à 229

ldlt @)^(.!@.!% ut]b]lv P] !@.@! ut];Ddsf] e]6L -PstL; xhf/ ;ft ;o c¶fO;_ P] ldltsf] dfly bfgafs;sf] -afx| xhf/ rf/ ;o rfnL;_ hDdf e]6L -rjfnL; xhf/ Ps ;o c7;¶L_

?= #!,&@*.– ?= !@,$$).– ?= $$,!^*.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t sfhL cfn]

ldlt @)^(.!@.@! ut]b]lv P] !@.@( ut];Ddsf] e]6L -PsrfnL; xhf/ gf} ;o c;L_ P] bfgafs;sf] -kGw| xhf/ Ps ;o c7f/_ hDdf -;GtfpGg xhf/ cG7fgAa]_

?= $!,(*).– ?= !%,!!*.– ?= %&,)(*.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ -cWoIf_ ef]haxfb'/ a:g]t sfhL cfn]

230 à xn];L

ldlt @)^(.!@.@( ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!.@ ut];Ddsf] e]6L -aL; xhf/ b'O{ ;o_

?= @),@)).–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ -cWoIf_ /ldnf a:g]t sfhL cfn]

@)&) ldlt @)&).)!.)# ut]b]lv @)&).!.!! ut];Ddsf] lx;fa ljj/0f dlGb/ e]6LkftL !,#*,%^*.– bfgk]l6sf @),*)).– rfdn !),!)).– cGo l;nf (,*)).– a;fxf u'kmf ^,(@).– u0f]z dlGb/ $,^)).– afR5fafR5L ()).– j;fxf k|j]z z'Ns %*,#!(.– hDdf ?= @,$(,()&.– x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ -cWoIf_ Zofd kf}8]n ef]h/fh a:g]t

xn];L à 231

ldlt @)&).!.!! ut]b]lv P] !$ ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/ e]6L3f6L -;}+tL; xhf/ kfFr ;o_

?= #&,%)).– x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!.!$ ut]b]lv P] !.!* ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L /sd -;q xhf/ rf/ ;o k}+;¶L_ P] !.!! ut]bl] v !.!* ut];Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] -afx| xhf/ b'O{ ;o k}+;¶L_ u0f]z dlGb/sf] a;fxf u'kmfsf] hDdf

?= !&,$^%.– ?= !@,@^%.– ?= !,*)).– -c7f/ ;o dfq_ ?= %,)*%.– -kfFr xhf/ krf;L_ ?= #^,^)%.– -5QL; xhf/ 5 ;o kfFr_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t Zofd kf}8]n

ldlt @)&).!.!* ut]b]lv P] @% ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/ e]6L3f6L /sd P] ldltsf] bfgafs; e]6L rfdn a;fxf e]6L /sd hDdf @)&).!.@% P] ldltsf] 9\ofs] -gf} xhf/ cf7 ;o_

?= #&,!)).– -cIf?kL ;}+tL; xhf/ Ps ;o_ ?= &,!)).– -;ft xhf/ Ps ;o_ ?= !,%)).– -kGw| ;o_ ?= #),))).– -tL; xhf/_ &%,&)).– -krxQ/ xhf/ ;ft ;o_ #^ s]hLsf] #)) sf b/n] ?= (,*)).– x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n

232 à xn];L

ldlt @)&).!.@% ut]b]lv P] @ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L P] ldltsf] bfgafs;sf] P] ldltsf] j;fxf u'kmfsf] rfdnsf] P] ldltsf] ;xof]u /l;bsf]

?= ?= ?= ?= ?=

!*,)%^.– -c7f/ xhf/ 5kGg_ $,@*%.– -rf/ xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf;L_ $,!#).– -rf/ xhf/ Ps ;o tL;_ @,))).– -b'O{ xhf/_ ^(,@)!.– -pgG;t/L xhf/ b'O{ ;o Ps_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ Zofd kf}8]n /ldnf a:g]t

ldlt @)&).)@.)! ut]b]lv P] @.!@ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L

?= @^,%)).– -5AaL; xhf/ kfFr ;o_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ /ldnf a:g]t wgaxfb'/ a:g]t

ldlt @)&).@.! b]lv P] @.!# ;Dd bfgafs;sf]

?= (,*)).– -gf} xhf/ cf7 ;o_ x:tfIf/ n+sz]/ /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

xn];L à 233

ldlt @)&).@.!@ b]lv ldlt @)&).@.@# ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L ?= !@,))).– -afx| xhf/_ ldlt @)&).@.!# b]lv ldlt @)&).@.@# ut];Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] ?= !,$#).– -rf}w ;o tL;_ x:tfIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t uf]kfn lu/L

ldlt @)&).@.@# b]lv @)&).#.@( ut];Ddsf] dlGb/ e]6L3f6L ?= #,))).– -tLg xhf/_ 9\ofs] ?= !,!^%.– @)&).@.@# b]lv @)&).#.@( ut];Ddsf] bfgk]l6sfaf6 ?= !,))).– x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ OGb| k/fh'nL /ldnf a:g]t ldlt @)&).@.#) ut] 9\ofs]

?= ^,))).– -5 xhf/ dfq_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t

234 à xn];L

ldlt @)&).$.#! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).%.@$ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L afs;sf] /sd ?= ^,))).– -5 xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq_ P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Dd afs;sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= @,)#$.– -b'O{ xhf/ rf}+tL; ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t /ldnf a:g]t

ldlt @)&).%.@$ ut] b]lv ldlt @)&).^.!* ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L afs;sf] /sd ?= !,*%).– -Ps xhf/ cf7 ;o krf;_ dfq P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd ?= @,@%).– -b'O{ xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofF_ dfq ldlt @)&).$.!% ut] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L afs;af6 rf]/L ePsf] ?= !,$&%.– -Ps xhf/ rf/ ;o krxQ/_ ?k}ofF a/fdb ePsf]df k|=lg= wgaxfb'/ a:g]taf6 ldlt @)&).^.!* ut] ;ldltdf a'emfPsf] . x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ /ldnf a:g]t wgaxfb'/ a:g]t

xn];L à 235

ldlt @)&).^.!* ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).&.$ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] afs;sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -t]x| xhf/ 5 ;o_ dfq P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd -kfFr xhf/ 5 ;o aL; ?k}ofF_ dfq

?= !#,^)).–

?= %,^@).–

x:tfIf/ n+s /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t wgaxfb'/ a:g]t

ldlt @)&).&.$ b]lv ldlt @)&).&.!% ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd

?= !#,))).– -t]x| xhf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq ?= $,))).– -rf/ xhf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).&.!% ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).&.@( ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd

?= !),))).– -bz xhf/ ?kofF_ dfq ?= @,))$.– -b'O{ xhf/ rf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t /ldnf a:g]t

236 à xn];L

ldlt @)&).&.@( ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).*.!! ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] afs;sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= (,^)).– -gf} xhf/ 5 ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd ?= #,))).– -tLg xhf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t n+s /fO{ ldlt @)&).*.!! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).*.@) ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/nufot cGo 7fpFx?sf] e]6L3f6L tyf cGo /sd lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M lgDg lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L a;fxf u'kmf e]6L u0f]z dlGb/ e]6L bfg afs; a;fxf k|j]z /l;b lzj k'/f0f ;xof]u /l;b rfdnaf6 dlGb/ k|f+u0f ===dfnf hDdf

?= ?= ?= ?= ?= ?= ?= ?= ?=

**,)%%.– !!,()).– ^,%$%.– $,))).– $%,))).– $#,@#(.– *,!!).– *,@)).– @,!^,$@(.–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

xn];L à 237

ldlt @)&).*.@) b]lv P]P] @( ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/ e]6L3f6Laf6 9\ofs] l;Ssf P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Dd bfgk]l6sfaf6 rfFbLsf] lqz'n yfg ;'gsf] 6Lsf yfg

?= *,)%).– ?= #,*)).– ?= #,)&).– # !

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ /+lht ljs ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).*.@( ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).(.( ut];Dd lzj dlGb/ e]6L P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Dd bfgafs; e]6L

?= !),@().– -bz xhf/ b'O{ ;o gAa]_ ?= @,%$*.– -kRrL; ;o c7rfnL;_ x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ -sf]iffWoIf_ /ldnf a:g]t sfhL cfn] uf]kfn lu/L

ldlt @)&).(.( ut]b]lv P] ldlt @)&).(.@@ ut];Ddsf] lzjln+u e]6L ?= !^,$*%.– -;f]x| xhf/ rf/ ;o krf;L_ P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs; e]6L ?= $,)!!.– -rf/ xhf/ P3f/_ hDdf ?= @),$(^.– -jL; xhf/ rf/ ;o 5ofgAa]_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ -cWoIf_ ef]haxfb'/ a:g]t sfhL cfn] uf]kfn lu/L

238 à xn];L

ldlt @)&).(.@@ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!).@ ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= !%,$%).– -kGw| xhf/ rf/ ;o krf; ?k}ofF dfq_ x:tIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t xs{/fh /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!).@ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!).!! ut];Ddsf] dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= @(,))).– -pgGtL; xhf/ ?k}ofF_ ldlt @)&).(.@@ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!).!! ut];Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd ?= !!,))).– -P3f/ xhf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!).!! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!).!* ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -PsfpGg xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq

?= %!,%)).–

x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t /ldnf a:g]t

xn];L à 239

ldlt @)&).!).!* ut]b]lv ldlt lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ldlt @)&).!).!! ut]b]lv ldlt bfgafs;sf] /sd

@)&).!).@@ ut];Ddsf] ?= (,#)).– -gf} xhf/ tLg ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq @)&).!).@@ ut];Ddsf] ?= !),))).– -bz xhf/ ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t xs{/fh /fO{ ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!).@@ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!!.! ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -rf}w xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofF_ dfq P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd -5 xhf/ gf} ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq

?= !$,@%).–

?= ^,()).–

x:tfIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t xs{/fh /fO{

ldlt @)&).!!.! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!!.!! ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= #),))).– -tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq_ P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd ?= %,%)).– -kfFr xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

240 à xn];L

ldlt @)&).!!.!^ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!!.@& ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= #&,))).– -;}+tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq_ ldlt @)&).!!.!! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!!.@& ut];Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd ?= (,*%).– -gf} xhf/ cf7 ;o krf; ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t /ldnf a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!!.!! ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!!.!^ ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= $$,^%).– -rf}jfnL; xhf/ 5 ;o krf; ?k}ofF_ dfq x:tfIf/ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&).!!.@& ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!@.$ ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -c7tL; xhf/ tLg ;o ?k}ofF_ dfq P] P] ldltb]lv P] P] ldlt;Ddsf] bfgafs;sf] /sd -b'O{ xhf/ rf/ ;o ?k}ofF dfq_

?= #*,#)).– ?= @,$)).–

x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t /ldnf a:g]t

xn];L à 241

ldlt @)&).!@.$ ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!@.!% ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd ?= $@,!)).– -aofnL; xhf/ Ps ;o krf; ?k}ofF dfq_ x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

@)&! ldlt @)&!.!.!# ut]b]lv ldlt @)&).!.@# ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -rfnL; xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq_

?= $),))).–

x:tfIf/ xs{/fh /fO{ wgaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

ldlt @)&!.!.@# ut]b]lv ldlt @)&!.!.#) ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd -r}jL; xhf/ Ps ;o c;L dfq_

?= @$,!*).–

x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ eLdaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

242 à xn];L

ldlt @)&!.!@.#) b]lv ldlt @)&!.@.( ut];Ddsf] lzj dlGb/sf] e]6L3f6L /sd

?= #!,))).– -PstL; xhf/ dfq_ x:tfIf/ uh'/dfg /fO{ eLdaxfb'/ a:g]t ef]h/fh a:g]t

xn];L à 243

kl/lzi6 (

xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)^* ;fndf u7g u/]sf] xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M cWoIf ;b:ox?

M uf]kfn bfxfn M Dofyaxfb'/ /fO{ d+un kl/of/ /ldnf a:g]t

kb]g ;b:o M vf]6fª lhNnfaf6 ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;b:ox? ;efklt, vf]6fª lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, vf]6fª cWoIf, xn];L dxfb]j:yfg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt ;DalGwt Onfsf ;b:o, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, vf]6fª k|ltlglw, o'jf v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno k|d'v, dfnkf]t sfof{no vf]6fª ;b:o ;lrj M tfdg /fO{

244 à xn];L