Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition

Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page i — #1 Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page ii — #2 Elliso...

Author: D. Hank Ellison

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Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page i — #1

Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page ii — #2

Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page iii — #3

Ellison: “1434_c000” — 2007/7/4 — 20:25 — page iv — #4

Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Explanatory Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Section I 1

Nerve Agents

Organophosphorus Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 G-Series Nerve Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 V-Series Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 GV-Series Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Novichok-Series Nerve Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.5 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3.1 G-Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3.2 V-Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3.3 GV-Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3.4 Novichok Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4.3 Solids (Nonaerosol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1.3 Binary Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1.4 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9

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Contents 1.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6.1.1 G-Series Nerve Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6.1.2 V-Series Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.1.3 GV-Series Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.1.4 Novichok Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6.1.5 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6.1.6 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6.1.7 Solids, Dusty Agents, or Particulate Aerosols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.3.2 Liquids/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.8 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

2

Carbamate Nerve Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.1 Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.2 Solids/Solutions (Nonaerosol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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105 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 107 107

Contents

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2.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2.1 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2.2 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3.2 Solutions or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3.1 Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3.2 Solutions/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section II 3

Vesicant/Urticant Agents

Sulfur and Nitrogen Vesicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3.1 Sulfur Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3.2 Nitrogen Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4.3 Solids (Nonaerosol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 112 139

141 143 143 144 144 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 146

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4

Contents 3.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.4 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3.4 Solids, Dusty Agents, or Particulate Aerosols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4.2 Priority 2 (Majority of Cases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

146 146 147 147 147 147 147 148 148 148 148 148 149 149 149 150 150 150 150 150 150 151 152 152 153 153 153 153 153 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 155 187

Arsenic Vesicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

191 191 191 191 191 192 192 192 192 192 192 192

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Contents

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4.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.4 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.3.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4.2 Priority 2 (Majority of Cases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 205

Urticants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

207 207 207 207 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 209

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x

Contents 5.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4.2 Priority 2 (Majority of Cases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section III 6

Toxic Agents

Bicyclophosphate Convulsants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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209 209 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 211 211 211 212 212 212 213 213 213 213 213 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 214 217

219 221 221 221 221 221 222 222 222 222 222 222 222 222 222

Contents

7

xi

6.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.3.2 Solutions or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223 223 223 223 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 225 225 225 225 226 226 226 226 226 226 227 229

COX Inhibiting Blood Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.4.1 Vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.4.2 Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.3 Binary/Reactive Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.4 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.5 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231 231 231 231 231 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 234 235 235 235

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Contents 7.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition (for Cyanides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235 235 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 237 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 238 238 238 238 238 239 239 245

Arsine Blood Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

247 247 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 250 250

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8.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.3 Reactive Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

250 250 250 250 250 251 251 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 253

Carbon Monoxide Blood Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.4.2 Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1.3 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

255 255 255 255 255 255 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 257 257 257 257 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 259 259

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Contents 9.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.3.3 Liquids or Solutions (Metal Carbonyls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.3.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

259 259 259 259 259 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 261 261 263

Pulmonary Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1.3 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

265 265 265 265 265 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 267 267 267 267 267 267 268 268 268 268 268 268 269 269 269 269 269 269 269

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10.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.3.1 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.3.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

269 270 270 270 270 271 271 271 271 271 271 271 271 271 272 282

Toxic Industrial Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.1 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.2 Liquids/Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.3 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.4 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

285 285 285 285 285 286 286 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 288 288 288 288 289 289 289 289 289 290 374

Section IV 12

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Incapacitation and Riot Control Agents

Incapacitating Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Contents 12.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.4.1 Vapors/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.4.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.4.3 Solids (Nonaerosol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.3.3 Liquids/Solutions or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.4.1 Priority 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.4.2 Priority 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.4.3 Priority 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.4.4 Priority 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

380 380 380 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 382 382 382 382 382 382 383 383 383 383 383 383 383 383 384 384 384 384 384 385 385 385 385 385 386 386 386 386 386 386 387 402

Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

403 403 403 403 403 404 404

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13.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.3.2 Solids/Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

404 404 404 404 404 404 405 405 405 405 405 405 406 406 406 406 406 406 407 407 407 407 407 407 408 408 408 409 409 409 409 409 409 409 410 410 425

Vomiting/Sternatory Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.4.1 Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

427 427 427 427 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428 428

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Contents 14.3.1.4 Mixtures with Other Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.3.2 Solutions or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

429 429 429 429 429 429 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 431 431 431 431 431 431 432 432 432 432 433 433 433 433 433 437

Malodorants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1.2 Munition Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

439 439 439 439 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 441 441 441 441 441 441 441

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15.4.5 Hazardous Decomposition Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.5.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.5.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.3.2 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.3.1 Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.3.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section V 16

Biological Agents

Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2.1 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2.2 Pathways and Routes of Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2.3 General Exposure Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2.4 Latency Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.1 Physical Appearance/Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.3 Persistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 Additional Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4.1 Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4.2 Livestock/Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4.3 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4.4 Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.1 Evacuation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.2 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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442 442 442 442 442 442 442 442 442 443 443 443 443 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 457

459 461 461 461 461 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 463 463 463 463 463 463 463 464 464 464 464 464 464

xx

Contents 16.5.3 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.3.2 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6.1 CDC Case Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6.2 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6.3 Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6.4 Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6.5 Casualty Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

465 465 465 465 466 466 466 466 466 467 467 488

17

Bacterial Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.1 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.1.2 Working with Infected Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2.3 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2.4 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2.5 Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

493 493 494 494 494 495 496 496 496 496 496 496 497 522

18

Viral Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.1 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.1.1 Working with Infected Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2.3 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2.4 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2.5 Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

527 527 528 528 529 530 530 530 530 531 531 531 589

19

Rickettsial Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.1 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.1.2 Working with Infected Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.2 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.2.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.2.3 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

593 593 594 594 594 594 594 594 595 595

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xxi

19.2.2.4 Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 19.3 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 20

Fungal Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1 Personal Protective Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1.2 Working with Infected Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2 Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2.3 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2.4 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2.5 Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 Fatality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section VI 21

Additional Information

603 603 604 604 604 604 604 604 604 605 605 605 605 613

615

Alphanumeric Indices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

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Preface The ﬁrst edition of this handbook was written primarily as an aid to ﬁrst responders and meant to help bridge the gap between what was known about responding to industrial hazardous materials and responding to military chemical and biological agents. At the time it was written, it was one of only a few readily available resources that addressed the topic. This is no longer the case. There are numerous books that have been written on virtually every aspect of a potential response; some are specialized and directed toward a speciﬁc audience while others are written for the average citizen. However, the world of military agents goes well beyond the “dirty thirty” that are usually discussed and there are still only a limited number of references that provide rapid access to technical data on a wider range of agents. On the basis of this assessment of the current literature and on comments received on the ﬁrst edition of this book, this volume has been written to focus on these details. With this new information, additional classes of agents have been added. Where it provided clarity, multiple classes have been consolidated into a single class. The information in existing classes has been updated and expanded. There is a signiﬁcant increase in the number of agents described, as well as in the number of components, precursors, and decomposition products. There is more information on health effects and on the chemical, physical, and biological properties of these materials. As in the ﬁrst edition, all materials listed in this handbook have been used on the battleﬁeld, stockpiled as weapons, received signiﬁcant interest by research programs, used or threatened to be used by terrorists, or have been assessed by qualiﬁed law enforcement and response organizations as agents of signiﬁcant concern. To assure accuracy, all data have been cross-checked over the widest variety of military, scientiﬁc, and medical sources available. Finally, in presenting this broad spectrum, I do not offer an evaluation of the efﬁcacy or viability of the agent classes or any of the individual agents. I have included agents classiﬁed by the military as obsolete along with those that are still considered a major threat. It is important to remember that while an agent may have been a failure on the battleﬁeld, it could still be a very successful weapon in the hands of a terrorist.

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Acknowledgments I would like to once again thank Pam Ellison, DVM, for her assistance on the biological sections of this book. She was a wealth of information on both the technical and practical aspects of response to biological agents. She spent a great deal of time challenging my ideas, providing guidance, and correcting my drafts. Without her, the quality and content of this handbook would have suffered greatly. There are numerous others out there who have provided comments, insights, and suggestions, both on the ﬁrst edition and on the manuscript for this one. I appreciate them all. I have tried to address each of them, and incorporated changes that I believe have improved this edition. Any failures or omissions are mine and not due to a lack of vigilance or effort on the part of others. Finally, I would like to thank my wife and children for their patience as I worked on this project. They have endured not only my mental absences during family events, but also my attempts to sneak off and get back on the computer. This second edition took far longer than I had anticipated and they have suffered the brunt of it.

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Author D. Hank Ellison served in the United States Army as a chemical ofﬁcer and has worked for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as both a remedial project manager and federal on-scene coordinator under the Superfund Program. He currently is president of Cerberus & Associates, Inc., a consulting ﬁrm that specializes in response to technological disasters. As a private consultant, Ellison has responded to hazardous material incidents involving highly poisonous materials, chemical ﬁres, water reactive substances, and shock-sensitive materials throughout the state of Michigan. He has provided chemical and biological counterterrorism training to members of EMS units, hazmat teams, police SWAT teams, and bomb squads. During the anthrax events of 2001, he helped state and local governments as well as Fortune 500 companies to develop and implement response plans for biological threats. He currently advises clients on issues of hazardous materials, and related safety and security concerns. In addition, he is a member of the Department of Health and Human Services DMORT-WMD emergency response team, which has the primary mission for recovery and decontamination of fatalities contaminated with radiological, biological, or chemical materials. Ellison earned a master of science in chemistry from the University of California, Irvine. His graduate research involved methods to synthesize poisons extracted from Colombian poison dart frogs. He has a bachelor of science in chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and Federation of American Scientists. In addition to his works on weapons of mass destruction, he is the author of a chapter on the hazardous properties of materials in the sixth edition of the Handbook on Hazardous Materials Management, a textbook published in 2002 by the Institute of Hazardous Materials Management.

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Explanatory Notes In this handbook, information about the agents is divided into classes based on the common military groupings of chemical (i.e., nerve, vesicant, blood, pulmonary, incapacitating, and riot control), biological (i.e., bacterial, viral, rickettsial, and fungal), and toxin agents. In instances where the divisions are too broad to allow appropriate identiﬁcation of the chemical or physiological properties of the individual agents, additional classes (e.g., organophosphorus nerve agents and carbamate nerve agents) are provided. There are also classes for nontraditional agents that do not ﬁt neatly into one of the common military groupings (e.g., convulsants), and for industrial materials that could be used as improvised agents. Classes are identiﬁed by a number that corresponds to the ﬁrst 20 chapters in this handbook (i.e., C01–C20). Classes contain general information about that speciﬁc group of agents. Although this book covers most of the major classes of chemical, biological, and toxin agents, it does not deal with antiplant chemicals, antimaterial agents, bioregulators or modulators, or incendiary and smoke agents. At the end of each class is detailed technical information about individual agents, components, or decomposition products within that class. Each of these individual materials is assigned a handbook number to allow for rapid identiﬁcation and cross-referencing throughout the book. The ﬁrst three characters identify the agent class (e.g., C01). The letter following the hyphen (e.g. C01-A) indicates that the material is primarily an agent (A), component or precursor of that class of agents (C), or is a signiﬁcant decomposition product or impurity of that class of agents (D). The three digits that follow the letter indicate the speciﬁc agent in the order that it appears in the class (e.g., C01-A001). Chapter 21 contains four indices to allow easy access to speciﬁc agents in this handbook. These indices are the Alphabetical Index of names, the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers index, the International Classiﬁcation of Diseases (ICD-10) numbers index, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) agent numbers index. These indices contain synonyms and identifying numbers for the agents in this handbook that are cross-referenced to the individual agents via the handbook number. Information in classes for chemical agents and toxins is in the following general format: General information Toxicology (effects, pathways and routes of exposure, general exposure hazards, latency period) Characteristics (physical appearance/odor, stability, persistency, environmental fate) Additional hazards (exposure, livestock/pets, ﬁre, reactivity, hazardous decomposition products) Protection (evacuation recommendations, personal protective requirements, decontamination) Medical [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), case deﬁnition, differential diagnosis, signs and symptoms, mass-casualty triage recommendations, casualty management, fatality management]

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xxx

Explanatory Notes

Information in classes for biological (i.e., pathogen) agents is in the following general format: General information Response (personal protective requirements, decontamination, fatality management) Information on the individual chemical agents is in the following general format: Handbook number Name and reference numbers (CAS, RTECS, UN, ERG) Formula Description of the agent Additional information including mixtures with other agents, industrial uses, threat, or treaty listing Exposure hazards Properties AEGLs status and exposure values Information on the individual toxins is in the following general format: Handbook number Name and reference numbers (CAS, RTECS) Formula and molecular weight (if known) Description of the toxin and source Routes of exposure and signs and symptoms Additional information including medicinal uses, threat, or treaty listing Exposure hazards Information on the individual pathogens is in the following general format: Handbook number Name, disease, and ICD-10 Description of the disease including natural transmission, natural reservoir, and a biosafety level if established Additional information including threat or treaty listing The disease as it appears in people including the CDC case deﬁnition, communicability, normal routes of exposure, infectious dose, secondary hazards, incubation period, signs and symptoms, suggested alternatives for differential diagnosis, and the untreated mortality rate The disease as it appears in animals including agricultural target species, communicability, normal routes of exposure, secondary hazards, incubation period, signs and symptoms, suggested alternatives for differential diagnosis, and the untreated mortality rate The disease as it appears in plants including agricultural target species, normal routes of exposure, secondary hazards, and signs

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Abbreviations used in identifying individual agent are listed below. CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service registry number. It is unique for each chemical without inherent meaning that and is assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of the American Chemical Society. It allows for efﬁcient searching of computerized databases. ICD-10: Tenth revision of the International Statistical Classiﬁcation of Diseases and Related Health Problems. It is the international standard diagnostic classiﬁcation for all general epidemiological and many health management purposes. RTECS: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances number is a unique and unchanging number used to cross-reference the RTECS database, which is a compendium of data extracted from the open scientiﬁc literature. Six types of toxicity data are included in each ﬁle: (1) primary irritation, (2) mutagenic effects, (3) reproductive effects, (4) tumorigenic effects, (5) acute toxicity, and (6) other multiple dose toxicity. UN: United Nations identiﬁcation number used in transportation of hazardous materials. ERG: 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook number. As in the Guidebook, the letter “P” following the guide number indicates that the material has a signiﬁcant risk of violent polymerization if not properly stabilized. Unless otherwise indicated, exposure hazards are for a “standard” man (i.e., a male weighing 70 kg/154 lbs) with a respiratory tidal volume of 15 L/min (i.e., involved in light activity). If a different breathing rate is used, then it is indicated in parentheses. If temperature is a factor, then the critical values are indicated. The military typically classiﬁes moderate temperatures as 65–85◦ F. Temperatures above 85◦ F are classiﬁed as hot. For any given parameters, a dash (i.e., —) means that the value is unavailable because it has not been determined or has not been published. Conversion Factor: Ratio of parts per million to milligrams per cubic meter at 77◦ F. LCt50 : Is an expression of the dose of vapor or aerosolized agent necessary to kill half of the exposed population. These values are expressed as milligram-minute per cubic meter (mg-min/m3 ). The lethal concentration (LC50 ) is determined by dividing the LCt50 by the duration of exposure in minutes. Values are for inhalation (Inh) and percutaneous (Per) exposures. These dose–response values are not universally valid over all exposure periods. For inhalation of agent, time parameters are generally 2–8 min. For percutaneous absorption of agent, time parameters are generally 30 min to 6 h. Typically, a lethal concentration in parts per million (ppm) for a set exposure time is included in parentheses following the mg-min/m3 value. LC50 : Concentration of vapor or aerosolized agent necessary to kill half of the exposed population. Used when a speciﬁc set of exposure conditions (i.e., concentration and duration of exposure) are known but a generalized dose–response (LCt50 ) is not available. LD50 : Amount of liquid or solid material required to kill half of the exposed population. Values are for ingestion (Ing), percutaneous (Per) exposures, and subcutaneous injection (Sub). These values are expressed as total grams per individual.

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Explanatory Notes

Miosis: Concentration in parts per million (ppm) required to induce signiﬁcant constriction of the pupil of the eye following a 2-min exposure to the agent. ICt50 : Is an expression of the dose of vapor or aerosolized agent necessary to incapacitate half of the exposed population. These values are expressed as milligram-minute per cubic meter (mg-min/m3 ). The incapacitating concentration (IC50 ) is determined by dividing the ICt50 by the duration of exposure in minutes. Values are for inhalation (Inh) and percutaneous (Per) exposures; and in the case of vesicants, damage to the skin (Skin) and eyes (Eyes). These dose– response values are not universally valid over all exposure periods. For inhalation of agent, time parameters are generally 2–8 min. For percutaneous absorption of agent, as well as damage to the skin and eyes, time parameters are generally 2 min to 6 h. Typically, an incapacitating concentration in parts per million (ppm) for a set exposure time is included in parentheses following the mg-min/m3 value. Irritation values for eyes, skin, and respiratory system. These values are expressed as a concentration (ppm for gases, mg/m3 for aerosols) for a 2-min exposure. “Intolerable” concentrations cited in the literature are also noted. Vomiting: Inhaled concentration of vapor or aerosolized agent necessary to induce signiﬁcant nausea and vomiting in half of the exposed population. These values are expressed as a concentration (ppm for gases, mg/m3 for aerosols) for a 2-min exposure. MEG: Military exposure guidelines for deployed personnel. Levels reported in this handbook are for 1-h exposures and consider three health endpoints. Minimal (Min): Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce mild, transient, reversible effects but should not impair military operational performance. Signiﬁcant (Sig): Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce irreversible, permanent, or serious health effects, and could degrade military operational performance and even incapacitate some individuals. Severe (Sev): Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce life-threatening or lethal effects in some individuals. WPL AEL: Worker Population Airborne Exposure Limits developed for the military by the CDC. They are based on a time-weighted average exposure over an 8-h period and 40-h work week. OSHA PEL: Federal Permissible Exposure Limits based on a time-weighted average exposure over an 8-h period and 40-h work week. A [Skin] notation indicates that percutaneous absorption of the material is a potential hazard and may contribute to the overall exposure. ACGIH TLV: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists recommended Threshold Limit Values based on a time-weighted average exposure over an 8-h period and 40-h work week. A [Skin] notation indicates that percutaneous absorption of the material is a potential hazard and may contribute to the overall exposure. AIHA WEEL: American Industrial Hygiene Association recommended Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels based on a time-weighted average exposure over an 8-h period and 40-h work week. STEL: Short-Term Exposure Limits based on a time-weighted average exposure of 15 min (unless otherwise noted). A [Skin] notation indicates that percutaneous absorption of the material is a potential hazard and may contribute to the overall exposure.

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Ceiling: Exposure limit that speciﬁes the concentration of vapor, dust, or aerosol that should not be exceeded at any time during the workday. In some instances, a time limit for exposure to the ceiling value is established and is indicated in parentheses. A [Skin] notation indicates that percutaneous absorption of the material is a potential hazard and may contribute to the overall exposure. IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health levels indicate that exposure to the listed concentrations of airborne contaminants is likely to cause death, immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects, or prevent escape from the contaminated environment in a short period of time, typically 30 min or less. These values constitute a hazardous materials emergency in the workplace and require the use of a supplier air respirator (e.g., SCBA). Unless otherwise indicated, chemical and physical properties are for the pure or production quality material. Properties of mixed, binary, thickened, or dusty agents, even those in solutions, will have physical and chemical properties that vary from the listed values. These variations will depend on the proportion of agent to other materials (e.g., solvents, thickener, etc.) and the properties of these other materials. If available, data on mixtures or modiﬁed agents (e.g., salts) are included. For any given parameters, a dash (i.e., —) means that the value is unavailable because it has not been determined or has not been published. MW : Molecular or formula weight of the material. D: Density of the solid or liquid material at 68◦ F. If the density is reported for another temperature, it is indicated in parentheses following the density. Liqueﬁed gases are also indicated. MP: Melting point of the material in degrees Fahrenheit. A designation of “decomposes” indicates that the agent will thermally decompose before it reaches its melting point. BP: Boiling point of the material in degrees Fahrenheit at standard pressure (760 mmHg). If a reduced pressure is reported, it is indicated in parentheses following the boiling point. The designation “decomposes” indicates that the agent will thermally decompose before it reaches its boiling point. The designation “sublimes” indicates that the material goes directly from a solid to a gas without melting. Vsc: Dynamic viscosity of the material in centistokes (cS). Obtained when the absolute viscosity, expressed as centipoise, is divided by the speciﬁc gravity of the material. VP: Vapor pressure of the material in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) at 68◦ F. If another temperature is used, it is indicated in parentheses following the vapor pressure. VD: Relative vapor density of the gaseous agent as compared to air. Unless otherwise indicated, these values are calculated based on the standard reference weight of air (i.e., 29). Vlt: Volatility is the mass of agent in a unit of air that is saturated with the agent vapor. The volatility of an agent varies with temperature and it is often used to estimate the tendency of a chemical to vaporize or give off fumes. It can be calculated using the following formula:

Mp Vlt = 16, 040 , K

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xxxiv

Explanatory Notes where Vlt is the volatility of the agent in mg/m3 , M is the gram molecular weight of the agent, p is the vapor pressure of the agent in mmHg at the ambient temperature, and K is the ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin. Volatility is also sometimes used to estimate the persistency of an agent. However, it does not account for the migration (diffusion) of that vapor out of the area to allow more agent to evaporate. A better estimate of persistency is relative persistency (RP).

H2 O: Solubility of the agent in water. Solubilities are generally given in percentages, indicating the weight of agent that will dissolve in the complementary amount of water. When quantitative solubility data are not available, qualitative terms (e.g., negligible, slight) are used to provide an intuitive evaluation of agent solubility. The designation “miscible” indicates that the agent is soluble in water in all proportions. The designation “insoluble” indicates that no appreciable amount of the agent will dissolve in water. The designation “decomposes” indicates that the agent reacts with water and will decompose into other materials which may or may not be hazardous. If known, the rate of decomposition is indicated. Sol: List of common organic solvents in which the material has appreciable solubility. FlP: Flashpoint of the material. The ﬂashpoint is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which the liquid phase gives off enough vapor to ﬂash when exposed to an ignition source. LEL: Lower explosive limit in air, expressed as a percentage by volume. UEL: Upper explosive limit in air, expressed as a percentage by volume. RP: Relative persistency is a mathematical comparison of the evaporation and diffusion rates of water at 68◦ F to the evaporation and diffusion rates of the agent. The value represents an estimate of the ratio of the time required for a liquid or solid agent to dissipate as compared to the amount of time required for an equal amount of liquid water to dissipate. A value of “1” indicates that puddle of the agent and a similar puddle of water will evaporate at about the same rate. The greater the value, the greater the proportional amount of time required for the agent to evaporate. For example, a value of “2” would mean that it would take about twice as long for the puddle of agent to evaporate as compared to a similar puddle of water. Relative persistency is calculated by the following formula: 1/2 4.34 K RP = , p M where RP is the relative persistency of the agent, p is the vapor pressure of the agent in mmHg at the temperature K, M is the gram molecular weight of the agent, and K is the ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin. The relative persistency value does not account for additional factors that could impact the stability and persistence of a given agent, such as decomposition due to reaction with other chemicals in the environment (e.g., water). IP: Ionization potential is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a molecule of chemical vapor. The resultant ion is a charged particle that is detectable by various instrumentation such as photo ionization or ﬂame ionization detectors. AEGL: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels describe the risk from single, nonrepetitive exposures to airborne chemicals in a once-in-a-lifetime event. They represent

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threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposure periods ranging from 10 min to 8 h. In this handbook, only values for 1, 4, and 8 h are denoted. Values that have not been developed or not recommended are annotated as “Not Developed.” AEGLs appear in three categories. The AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration above which the general population could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic nonsensory effects. Effects are not disabling; they are transient and reversible. The AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration above which the general population could experience irreversible or other serious, longlasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. The AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration above which the general population could experience life-threatening health effects or death. The status indicates where the chemical is in the review process and includes Draft, Proposed, Interim, and Final. For more information, see the United State Environmental Protection Agency website at http://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/ index.htm.

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Section I

Nerve Agents

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1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agents

1.1

General Information

There are four major series of organophosphorus nerve agents.

1.1.1

G-Series Nerve Agents

These agents are alkyl phosphonoﬂuoridates, alkyl phosphoramidocyanidates, and alkyl phosphonoﬂuoridothiates. They are second generation chemical warfare agents. The original agents in this series—tabun (C01-A001), sarin (C01-A002), and soman (C01A003)—were developed by German scientists during the 1930s. Both tabun and sarin were stockpiled by Nazi Germany during World War II but were never used. Since the end of World War II, modern weapons researchers have evaluated numerous other variations of the basic phosphonoﬂuoridate and phosphoramidocyanidate structures. Although Gseries agents have been stockpiled by most countries that have pursued a chemical weapons program, they have been used only a limited number of times on the battleﬁeld. They have also been used by terrorists as a mass casualty agent. The majority of G-series agents are listed in Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) as long as they are within the following limitations: O-Alkyl (less than or equal to C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl) phosphonoﬂuoridates, or O-Alkyl (less than or equal to C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl) phosphoramidocyanidates.

1.1.2

V-Series Nerve Agents

These agents are alkyl S-2-dialkylaminoethyl alkylphosphonothiolates, dialkyl S-2dialkylaminoethyl phosphorothiolates, and alkyl S-2-dialkylaminoethyl alkylphosphonoselenoates. They are third generation chemical warfare agents. The ﬁrst of these agents— Amiton (C01-A013)—was developed and patented in Britain in the early 1950s by Imperial Chemicals Industries Limited as a pesticide. Since that time, modern weapons researchers have evaluated numerous other variations of the basic phosphorothiolate structure. Researchers have also developed quaternary amine salts of agents to enhance their ability to penetrate into neuromuscular junctions. Although stockpiled by a number of countries, 3

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

V-series agents have never been used on the battleﬁeld. They have been used in a very limited way by terrorists to assassinate individuals. A majority of V-series agents are listed in Schedule 1 of the CWC as long as they are within the following limitations: O-Alkyl (H or less than or equal to C10, including cycloalkyl) S-2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr) phosphonothiolate and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts. Amiton (C01-A013) is listed under Schedule 2 of the CWC.

1.1.3

GV-Series Nerve Agents

These agents are alkyl phosphoramidoﬂuoridates. They are fourth generation chemical warfare agents that were developed by the United States in the 1970s. GV-series agents were designed to possess the key advantages of the higher volatility of G-series agents and the high percutaneous toxicity of V-series agents. Researchers have also developed quaternary amine salts of agents to enhance their ability to penetrate into neuromuscular junctions. Based on available information, GV-series agents have only been used for research purposes. GV-series agents are not speciﬁcally listed in the CWC, nor are they covered by the language of the general deﬁnitions. However, because of their toxicity and lack of commercial application, they would be prohibited based on the Guidelines for Schedules of Chemicals. 1.1.4

Novichok-Series Nerve Agents

These agents are carbonimidic phosphorohalides. They are fourth generation chemical warfare agents that were developed by the former Soviet Union. Research on novichok agents began in the 1960s and continued through the early 1990s under the Foliant program. Minimal information about these agents or this research program has been published in the unclassiﬁed literature. Although production of several thousand tons for testing purposes has been reported, there is no information to indicate that these agents were ever stockpiled in the Soviet arsenal. They have never been used on the battleﬁeld. Novichok agents are not speciﬁcally listed in the CWC, or are they covered by the language of the general deﬁnitions in the Schedules. However, because of their toxicity and lack of commercial application, they would be prohibited based on the Guidelines for Schedules of Chemicals. 1.1.5

Comments

With the exception of the novichok series, organophosphorus nerve agents are relatively easy to synthesize and disperse. Novichok agents are moderately difﬁcult to synthesize. For information on some of the chemicals used to manufacture nerve agents, see the Component Section (C01-C) following information on the individual agents in this chapter. Overall, nerve agents are easy to deliver. Although no speciﬁc information is available on dispersing novichok agents, they should perform similar to other organophosphorus nerve agents. In addition to the agents detailed in this handbook, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) identiﬁes in its Declaration Handbook 2002 for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction numerous other G-series and V-series organophosphorus nerve agents. However, no information is available in the unclassiﬁed literature concerning the physical, chemical, or toxicological properties of these additional agents.

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Organophosphorus Nerve Agents

1.2

5

Toxicology

1.2.1

Effects

Nerve agents are the most toxic of formerly stockpiled man-made chemical warfare agents. These compounds are similar to, but much more deadly than, agricultural organophosphate pesticides. Nerve agents disrupt the function of the nervous system by interfering with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Serious effects are on skeletal muscles and the central nervous system. Nerve agents also affect glands that discharge secretions to the outside of the body causing discharge of mucous, saliva, sweat, and gastrointestinal ﬂuids. Exposure to solids, liquids, or vapors from these agents is hazardous and can result in death within minutes of exposure.

1.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Nerve agents are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, exposure of the skin and eye to either liquid or vapor, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). Thickened agents primarily pose a hazard through skin absorption. Dusty agents are primarily an inhalation hazard although percutaneous absorption is possible especially if there is contact with bulk agent. 1.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Organophosphorus nerve agents do not have good warning properties. They have little or no odor, and, other than causing miosis, the vapors do not irritate the eyes. Contact with liquid agent neither irritates the skin nor causes cutaneous injuries. Exposure to GV-series agents produces fewer, milder, and more transient physiological symptoms than seen with either the G-series or V-series agents. The rate of detoxiﬁcation of organophosphorus nerve agents by the body is very low. Exposures are essentially cumulative. 1.2.3.1 G-Series Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of G-series agents are as low as 2 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid G-series agents are as low as 0.17 grams per individual. Miosis from exposure of the eyes to G-series agent vapors occurs after exposures to as little as 0.01 ppm for 2 minutes. 1.2.3.2

V-Series

Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of V-series agents are as low as 0.69 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid V-series agents are as low as 0.005 grams per individual. Miosis from exposure of the eyes to V-series agent vapors occurs after exposures to as little as 0.005 ppm for 2 minutes.

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

1.2.3.3

GV-Series

Human toxicity data for these nerve agents have not been published or have not been established. 1.2.3.4 Novichok Series Human toxicity data for the Novichok series nerve agents have not been published or have not been established. However, available information indicates that under optimum conditions novichok agents are 5–10 times more toxic than nerve agent VX (C01-A016). 1.2.4

Latency Period

1.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) Depending on the concentration of agent vapor, the effects begin to appear from 30 seconds to 2 minutes after initial exposure. 1.2.4.2

Liquids

Typically, there is a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the sudden onset of symptoms. This latency can range from 1 minutes to 18 hours. Some factors affecting the length of time before the onset of symptoms are the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin (e.g., organic solvents such as gasoline or alcohols), and addition of additives designed to enhance the rate of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Another key factor affecting the rate of percutaneous penetration by the agent is the part of the body that is exposed. It takes the agent longer to penetrate thicker and tougher skin. The regions of the body that allow the fastest percutaneous penetration are the groin, head, and neck. The least susceptible body regions are the hands, feet, front of the knee, and outside of the elbow. 1.2.4.3 Solids (Nonaerosol) Typically, there is a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the sudden onset of symptoms. This latency can range from 1 minutes to 18 hours and is affected by such factors as the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, and the area of the body exposed (see Liquids). Moist, sweaty areas of the body are more susceptible to percutaneous penetration by solid nerve agents.

1.3 1.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

1.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless with a consistency ranging from water to motor oil. Salts are colorless to white crystalline solids. Neither solids nor liquids have any signiﬁcant odor when pure. 1.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically yellow to brown liquids or solids. As the agent ages and decomposes it continues to discolor until it may appear black. Production impurities and

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decomposition products in these agents may give them an odor. Odors for G-series agents have been described as fruity, camphor-like, or similar to bitter almonds. Odors for V-series agents have been described as resembling rotten ﬁsh or smelling of sulfur. Odors for all agents may become more pronounced during storage. 1.3.1.3 Binary Agents Binary versions of all series of organophosphorus nerve agents have been developed. A binary agent consists of two components, either solids or liquids, that form a standard nerve agent when they are mixed. Since the agent is formed just prior to or as a result of deployment, the product formed by mixing the components is crude and will consist of the agent, the individual components, and any by-products formed during the reaction. The color, odor, and consistency of the resulting agent will vary depending on the quality of the components and the degree of mixing. The components, by-products of the reaction or solvents used to facilitate mixing the components may have their own toxic properties and could present additional hazards. They may also change the rate that the binary nerve agent volatilizes or penetrates the skin. Residual components may react with common materials, such as alcohols, to produce other nerve agents. For data on binary components, see the Component Section (C01-C) following information on the individual agents. 1.3.1.4 Modiﬁed Agents Solvents have been added to nerve agents to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,Ndimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of nerve agent in the solution. Conversely, nerve agents have also been thickened with various substances to enhance deployment, increase their persistency, and increase the risk of percutaneous exposure. Thickeners include polyalkyl methacrylates (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, plexiglas, alloprene, polychlorinated isoprene, nitrocellulose, as well as bleached montan and lignite waxes. Military thickener K125 is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, and butyl polymethacrylates. When thickened, agents become sticky with a consistency similar to honey. Typically, not enough thickener is added to signiﬁcantly affect either the color or odor of the agent. Nerve agents have also been converted to a “dusty” form by adsorbing the liquid agent onto a solid carrier. Dusty carriers include aerogel, talc, alumina, silica gel, diatomite, kaolinite, fuller’s earth, and pumice. Dusty agents appear as ﬁnely ground, free-ﬂowing powders with individual particles in the range of 10 µm or less and are dispersed as a particulate cloud. Particles in this range can penetrate clothing and breathable protective gear, such as U.S. military mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) garments. Dusty agents pose both an inhalation and contact hazard. Color and other physical properties of dusty agents will depend on the characteristics of the carrier. Odors may vary from the unmodiﬁed agent. 1.3.2

Stability

Crude G-series agents are relatively stable at low to moderate temperatures. Stability increases with purity and distilled materials can be stored even under tropical conditions. The presence of moisture facilitates decomposition of agents during storage. Stabilizers

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may be added to remove moisture and to react with acidic decomposition products. Stabilizers are typically diisopropylcarbodiimide or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, but can also be tributylamine or dibutylchloramine. For additional information on these stabilizers, see the Component Section (C01-C) following information on the individual agents in this chapter. Agents can be stored in glass or steel containers. Aluminum is acceptable if the agent has been stabilized. Crude V-series agents are relatively stable at low to moderate temperatures. Stability increases with purity, and distilled materials can be stored even under tropical conditions. Agents undergo gradual deterioration during storage that is autocatalytic and accelerated by moisture or impurities normal to agent production. Stabilizers may be added to remove moisture and to react with acidic decomposition products. Stabilizers are carbodiimides such as diisopropylcarbodiimide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. For additional information on these stabilizers, see the Component Section (C01-C) following information on the individual agents in this chapter. Agents can be stored in aluminum, glass, or steel containers. Agents can deteriorate in the presence of silver found in some solders or brazes, and in the presence of rust. Liquid GV-series agents are not as stable as either G-series or V-series agents and tend to decompose during storage. Puriﬁed salts are stable over extended periods. Agents can be stored in glass containers. Information on the stability of novichok agents has not been published. 1.3.3

Persistency

Depending on the properties of the speciﬁc agent, unmodiﬁed G-series agents are classiﬁed as either nonpersistent or moderately persistent by the military. Evaporation rates range from near that of water down to that of light machine oil. Unmodiﬁed V-series agents are classiﬁed as persistent by the military. Evaporation rates range from near that of light machine oil down to that of motor oil. Depending on the properties of the speciﬁc agent, unmodiﬁed GV-series agents are classiﬁed as either moderately persistent or persistent by the military. Evaporation rates range from near that of light machine oil down to that of motor oil. Information on the persistency of novichok agents has not been published. Addition of solvents, thickeners, or conversion to a dusty form may alter the persistency of these agents. Thickened agents will persist signiﬁcantly longer after dispersal than unmodiﬁed agents. Dusty agents can be very persistent depending on the carrier employed and can be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds. Salts of agents have negligible vapor pressure and will not evaporate. Depending on the size of the individual particles and on any encapsulation or coatings applied to the particles, they can be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds. 1.3.4

Environmental Fate

Organophosphorus nerve agent vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Porous material, including painted surfaces, will absorb both liquid and gaseous agent. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. Clothing may emit trapped agent vapor for up to 30 minutes after contact with a vapor cloud. With the exception of sarin (C01-A002), which is miscible with water, most of these agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. V-series agents are unusual in that they tend to be more soluble in cold water than in hot water. However, the solubility of any agent

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may be modiﬁed (either increased or decreased) by solvents, components, or impurities. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed liquid agents are slightly greater than that of water. Nerve agents are soluble in most organic solvents including gasoline, alcohols, and oils. V-series and GV-series agents are also soluble in mild aqueous acidic solutions. Salts of organophosphorus nerve agents are water soluble.

1.4 1.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

Individuals who have had previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin, such as alcohols, gasoline, or paint thinners, may be more susceptible to percutaneous penetration of liquid agents. In these situations, the rate of percutaneous penetration of the agent is greatly increased resulting in a decrease in the survival time that would otherwise be expected. All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to liquid or solid agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat from animals that have suffered only mild to moderate effects from exposure to nerve agents should be safe to consume. Milk should be discarded for the ﬁrst 7 days postexposure and then should be safe to consume. Meat, milk, and animal products, including hides, from animals severely affected or killed by nerve agents should be destroyed. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume. In addition to a direct contact hazard, some G-series agents can translocate from roots to other areas (e.g., leaves, fruits, etc.) of some plants and may pose an ingestion hazard. 1.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water, or a 0.5% household bleach solution (see Section 1.5). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. Leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient nerve agent to produce mild to moderate effects for several weeks post release, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions. G-series nerve agents that have translocated to the leaves or fruit of plants may pose an extended ingestion hazard.

1.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before it is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. With the exception of sarin, most G-series agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. However, because of their extreme toxicity, runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will still

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pose a signiﬁcant threat. Some of the decomposition products resulting from hydrolysis or combustion of nerve agents are water soluble and highly toxic (see Section 1.4.5). Other potential decomposition products include toxic and/or corrosive gases. 1.4.4

Reactivity

Most organophosphorus nerve agents decompose slowly in water. Raising the pH of an aqueous solution of these agents signiﬁcantly increases the rate of decomposition. Reaction with dry bleach may produce toxic gases. 1.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

For information on individual impurities and decomposition products, see the Decomposition Products and Impurities section (C01-D) at the end of this chapter. 1.4.5.1 Hydrolysis G-series nerve agents: Agents produce hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF) or hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when hydrolyzed. Some may produce hydrogen chloride (HCl). V-series nerve agents: Extremely toxic decomposition products, including S-[2dialkylaminoethyl] alkylphosphonothioic acids and alkyl pyrophosphonates, may be produced by hydrolysis. GV-series nerve agents: Agents produce HF when hydrolyzed. Additional products, depending on the pH, include amines and complex organophosphates that should be considered to be extremely toxic. Novichok agents: Agents produce HF, HCl, or HCN when hydrolyzed. They may also produce highly toxic oximes. 1.4.5.2 Combustion G-series nerve agents: Volatile decomposition products may include HF, HCl, HCN, sulfur oxides (SOx ), phosphorous oxides (POx ), as well as potentially toxic organophosphates. In addition, toxic phosphate residue may remain. V-series nerve agents: Volatile decomposition products may include SOx , NOx , POx , as well as potentially toxic organophosphates. In addition, toxic phosphate residue may remain. GV-series nerve agents: Volatile decomposition products may include HF, NOx , POx , as well as potentially toxic organophosphates. In addition, toxic phosphate residue may remain. Novichok agents: Volatile decomposition products may include HF, HCl, HCN, POx as well as potentially toxic organophosphates. In addition, toxic phosphate residue may remain.

1.5 1.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and

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Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For organophosphorus nerve agents, these recommendations are based on a release scenario involving either a spray or explosively generated mist of nerve agent that quickly settles to the ground and soaks in to a depth of no more than 0.25 millimeters. A secondary cloud will then be generated by evaporation of this deposited material. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release of nerve agent is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 2 kilograms (approximately 2.0 liters) of liquid agent and a large release involves 100 kilograms (approximately 26 gallons) of liquid agent.

GA (Tabun) C01-A001 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) GB (Sarin) C01-A002 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) GD (Soman) C01-A003 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) GF (Cyclosarin) C01-A004 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) VX C01-A016 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms)

1.5.2

Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

100 500

0.2 1.0

0.4 1.9

500 3000

1.0 7+

2.1 7+

300 2500

0.5 4.2

1.1 6.5

100 800

0.2 1.4

0.4 3.2

100 200

0.1 0.4

0.1 0.6

Personal Protective Requirements

1.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide very limited skin protection against nerve agent vapors. Contact with liquids, solids, and solutions should be avoided. In the event entry is made into an environment contaminated with nerve agent vapor, responders are at a signiﬁcantly greater risk of exposure and resultant adverse effects. Using the 3/30 Rule, operations in structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear should only be undertaken if there are known living victims and vapor concentrations have peaked. Entries must be limited to 30 minutes. If there are no known living victims, then entries must be limited to 3 minutes. Even operating within these constraints, up to 50% of the ﬁreﬁghters who enter a contaminated area wearing only structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear may experience mild to moderate effects. In addition, since exposures to nerve agents are essentially cumulative, all responders who enter the hot zone without appropriate chemical protective clothing are at increased risk during the remainder of the emergency.

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1.5.2.2

Respiratory Protection

Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation since nerve agents can degrade the materials used to make some respirators. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 1.5.2.3

Chemical Protective Clothing

Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against the series of nerve agent that has been released. However, there is currently no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against either GV-series or novichok agents. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade or binary agents. In addition to the risk of percutaneous migration of agent following dermal exposure to liquid agents, nerve agent vapors can also penetrate the skin and produce a toxic effect. However, these concentrations are signiﬁcantly greater than concentrations that will produce similar effects if inhaled. If the concentration of vapor exceeds the level necessary to produce effects through dermal exposure, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble.

1.6 1.6.1

Decontamination General

1.6.1.1 G-Series Nerve Agents These agents are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions). Use an aqueous caustic solution (minimum of 10% by weight sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) or use undiluted household bleach. However, hydrolysis of G-series agents produces acidic by-products; so a large excess of base will be needed to ensure complete destruction of the agents. Due to the extreme volume required, household bleach is not an efﬁcient means of decontaminating large quantities of these agents. Avoid using highly concentrated caustic solutions because agents can become insoluble. Any agent that does not dissolve in the aqueous caustic solution will not be hydrolyzed. An agent will also be insoluble if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent or if it is thickened such that it forms a protective layer at the agent/water interface. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. It is also important to ensure that the pH of the ﬁnal waste solution remains basic. If the pH is below 7, ﬂuoride ions can react with methylphosphonate diesters, a common impurity in these agents, to regenerate the nerve agent. Solid hypochlorites [e.g., high test hypochlorite (HTH), super tropical bleach (STB), and Dutch powder] are also effective in destroying G-series agents. Reaction with hypochlorites, including household bleach, may produce toxic gases such as chlorine.

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Reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available Reactive Skin Decontaminant Lotion (RSDL), are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying nerve agents. Basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide and an alcohol) also rapidly detoxify G-series agents. Some chloroisocyanurates, similar to those found in the Canadian Aqueous System for Chemical-Biological Agent Decontamination (CASCAD), are effective at detoxifying G-series agents. 1.6.1.2

V-Series Nerve Agents

It is difﬁcult to detoxify V-series agents with aqueous caustic solutions alone due to their limited solubility at high pH. Solubility of an agent can be further reduced if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent or if it has been thickened such that it forms a protective layer at the agent/water interface. In addition, V-series agents can react with aqueous caustic to produce stable and highly toxic S-[2-dialkylaminoethyl] alkylphosphonothiolates as by-products. These alkylphosphonothiolates have toxicities near those of the original agents. They are persistent and resist further hydrolysis. For additional information on these hazardous decomposition products, see the Decomposition Products and Impurities Section (C01-D) at the end of this chapter. To prevent the formation of these alkylphosphonothiolates, the reaction must be heated in excess of 180◦ F. Anhydrous solutions of caustic in alcohol are effective for destroying V-series agents without the production of alkylphosphonothiolates. Household bleach is not an efﬁcient means of decontaminating large quantities of Vseries agents. In addition to limited solubility in commercial bleach due to the high pH, a minimum 10-fold excess of active chlorine to nerve agent is required to ensure destruction of the agent. V-series agents react vigorously with caustics producing heat and off-gassing. Under these conditions, the amount of vapor given off by unreacted agent can increase signiﬁcantly. V-series agents can be destroyed by aqueous solutions of strong oxidizing agents. If a weak oxidizer or if an insufﬁcient amount of a strong oxidizer is used, then toxic by-products will remain. However, they cannot be rendered nontoxic by oxidation without the presence of water. Basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide, and an alcohol) also rapidly detoxify V-series agents. An effective decontamination solution for V-series agents is prepared by mixing aqueous HTH slurry (10% by weight HTH) with alcohol in the ratio of 9:1. The solution should be prepared just before use. Use a large excess of neutralizing solution to ensure agent destruction. The reaction will produce heat and a signiﬁcant amount of gas. Allow the neutralizing agent to remain in contact with the agent for a minimum of 1 hours. Adjust the pH of the expended neutralizing solution to 12.5 or more using a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available RSDL, are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying nerve agents. Some chloroisocyanurates, similar to those found in the CASCAD, are effective at detoxifying V-series agents and so is oxone, a peroxymonosulfate triple salt. 1.6.1.3

GV-Series Nerve Agents

These agents are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions). Use an aqueous caustic solution (minimum of 10% by weight sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) containing 20% alcohol or use undiluted household bleach. However, hydrolysis of GV-series agents produces acidic by-products; therefore, a large excess of base will be needed to ensure

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complete destruction of the agents. Due to the extreme volume required, household bleach is not an efﬁcient means of decontaminating large quantities of these agents. Avoid using highly concentrated caustic solutions because agents can become insoluble. Any agent that does not dissolve in the aqueous caustic solution will not be hydrolyzed. An agent will also be insoluble if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. Solid hypochlorites (e.g., HTH, STB, and Dutch powder) are also effective in destroying GV-series agents. Reaction with hypochlorites, including household bleach, may produce toxic gases such as chlorine. Although speciﬁc data have not been published in the unclassiﬁed literature, preliminary studies indicate that reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available RSDL, are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying GV-series nerve agents. Basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide, and an alcohol) also rapidly detoxify GV-series agents. 1.6.1.4 Novichok Agents Information on decontaminating novichok agents has not been published. However, on the basis of similarities to other organophosphates, it is likely that these agents will be destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions). Use an aqueous caustic solution (minimum of 10% by weight sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) or use undiluted household bleach. Hydrolysis of novichok agents will produce acidic by-products; therefore, a large excess of base will be needed to ensure complete destruction of the agents. Due to the extreme volume required, household bleach is not an efﬁcient means of decontaminating large quantities of these agents. Solid hypochlorites (e.g., HTH, STB, and Dutch powder) should also be effective in destroying novichok series nerve agents. Reaction with hypochlorites, including household bleach, may produce toxic gases such as chlorine. Although speciﬁc data have not been published in the unclassiﬁed literature, preliminary studies indicate that reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available RSDL, are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying novichok series nerve agents. Also, based on similarities to other organophosphates, basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide, and an alcohol) should rapidly detoxify novichok agents. 1.6.1.5 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to nerve agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If condensation is present, decontaminate with copious amounts of a decontamination solution as described in Section 1.6.1. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because the nerve agent that has been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard.

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Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the nerve agent from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, talc, and so on. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to nerve agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Alternatively, a household bleach solution can be used instead of soap and water. The bleach solution should be no more than one part household bleach in nine parts water (i.e., 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) to avoid damaging the skin. Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be absorbed by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with a decontamination solution as described in Section 1.6.1. Decontaminate the area and the exterior of the container with copious amounts of the neutralizing agent. Allow it to stand for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because the nerve agent that has been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. 1.6.1.7 Solids, Dusty Agents, or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to nerve agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the contaminated area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with a decontamination solution described in Section 1.6.1. Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of the neutralizing agent. Allow it to stand for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and containerize the rinseate.

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1.7 1.7.1

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

1) A case in which nerve agents are detected in the urine. Decreased plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels based on a speciﬁc commercial laboratory reference range might indicate a nerve agent or organophosphate exposure; however, the normal range levels for cholinesterase are wide, which makes interpretation of levels difﬁcult without a baseline measurement or repeat measurements over time. 2) Detection of organophosphates in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 1.7.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to nerve agents: carbamate and organophosphate pesticides; alkaloids such as nicotine or coniine; ingestion of mushrooms containing muscarine; and medicinals such as carbamates, cholinomimetic compounds, and neuromuscular blocking drugs. 1.7.3

Signs and Symptoms

1.7.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols Pinpointing of pupils (miosis) and extreme nasal discharge (rhinorrhea) may be the ﬁrst indications of exposure. Miosis usually indicates exposure to vapors or aerosols unless the individual has had liquid agent in or around their eyes. The casualty may also experience difﬁculty in breathing with a feeling of shortness of breath or tightness of the chest. In cases of exposure to high-vapor concentrations, the gastrointestinal tract may be affected producing vomiting, urination, or defecation. Inhalation of lethal amounts of nerve agent can cause loss of consciousness and convulsions in as little as 30 seconds, followed by cessation of breathing and ﬂaccid paralysis after several more minutes. In contrast to either the G-series or V-series agents, the observable signs and symptoms of exposure to the GV-series agents are more insidious and tend to be very mild and transient. Even convulsions occurring just prior to death are usually milder than with G-series or V-series agents. 1.7.3.2 Liquids/Solids General signs and symptoms of small to moderate exposure include localized sweating, nausea, vomiting, involuntary urination/defecation, and a feeling of weakness. The casualty may also experience difﬁculty in breathing with a feeling of shortness of breath or tightness of the chest. Vomiting and uncontrolled urination/defecation generally indicates an exposure to liquid or solid agent and not just agent vapors. Miosis usually does not occur unless the individual has had agent in or around their eyes. Exposure to a large amount of agent causes copious secretions, loss of consciousness, convulsions progressing into ﬂaccid paralysis, and cessation of breathing. In contrast to either the G-series or V-series agents, the observable signs and symptoms of exposure to the GV-series agents are more insidious and tend to be very mild and transient. Even convulsions occurring just prior to death are usually milder. In addition,

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the progression of typical signs and symptoms of exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting substances may be atypical. 1.7.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

1.7.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty with symptoms in two or more organ systems (not including miosis or rhinorrhea), who has a heartbeat and a palpable blood pressure. The casualty may or may not be conscious and/or breathing. 1.7.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with known exposure to liquid agent but no apparent signs or symptoms, or a casualty who is recovering from a severe exposure after receiving treatment. 1.7.4.3 Priority 3 A casualty who is walking and talking, although miosis and/or rhinorrhea may be present. 1.7.4.4

Priority 4

A casualty who is not breathing and does not have a heartbeat or palpable blood pressure. 1.7.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all nerve agents have been removed. If nerve agents have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. However, do not delay treatment if thorough decontamination cannot be undertaken immediately. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Ventilate the patient. There may be an increase in airway resistance due to constriction of the airway and the presence of secretions. If breathing is difﬁcult, administer oxygen. As soon as possible administer of atropine alone or in combination with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAMCl) or other appropriate oxime. Diazepam may be required to prevent or control severe convulsions. If diazepam is not administered within 40-minutes postexposure, then its effectiveness at controlling seizures is minimal. Over time, the nerve agent enzyme complex undergoes an irreversible biochemical decomposition known as aging. After aging occurs, the nerve agent molecule can no longer be removed from the enzyme by treatment with an oxime. The rate of aging is dependent on the chemical structure of the speciﬁc nerve agent and ranges from several minutes to several days. Soman (C01-A003) ages in about 2 minutes, making treatment for exposure to this particular agent difﬁcult. The former Soviet Union is reported to have developed other agents that age rapidly, but the speciﬁc agents have not been identiﬁed in unclassiﬁed literature.

1.8

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. Although it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable

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containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Nerve agents that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for every gallon of household bleach) ensuring the solution is introduced into the ears, nostrils, mouth, and any wounds. This concentration of bleach will not affect remains but will neutralize organophosphorus nerve agents. Higher concentrations of bleach can harm remains. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. The bleach solution should remain on the cadaver for a minimum of 5 minutes. Wash with soap and water. Ensure that all the bleach solution is removed before embalming as it will react with embalming ﬂuid. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Screen the remains for agent vapors and residual liquid at the conclusion of the decontamination process. If the remains must be stored before embalming, then place them inside body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. If double body bags are used, seal the inner bag with duct tape, rinse, then place in the second bag. After embalming is complete, place the remains in body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks, and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Standard burials are acceptable when contamination levels are low enough to allow bodies to be handled without wearing additional protective equipment. Cremation may be required if remains cannot be completely decontaminated. Although organophosphorus nerve agents are destroyed after 15 minutes at the operating temperature of a commercial crematorium (i.e., above 1000◦ F), the initial heating phase may volatilize some of the agents and allow vapors to escape.

C01-A G-SERIES AGENTS C01-A001 Tabun (Agent GA) CAS: 77-81-6; 93957-09-6 (Isomer); 93957-08-5 (Isomer) RTECS: TB4550000 O N

P

O CN

C5 H1 1N2 O2 P Colorless to brown liquid that is odorless when pure; impurities may give a faintly fruity or bitter almonds odor. Undergoes considerable decomposition when explosively disseminated. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.63 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 70 mg-min/m3 (5 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 15,000 mg-min/m3 (2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD5 0: 1 g

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19

Miosis: 0.03 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.00042 ppm; Sig: 0.0053 ppm; Sev: 0.039 ppm WPL AEL: 0.000005 ppm STEL: 0.000015 ppm IDLH: 0.015 ppm Properties: MW : 162.1 VP: 0.037 mmHg VD: 5.6 (calculated) D: 1.073 g/mL (77◦ F) Vlt: 49 ppm MP: −58◦ F BP: 473◦ F H2 O: 7.2% Vsc: 2.18 cS (77◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.0004 ppm 4 h, 0.0002 ppm 8 h, 0.0002 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.005 ppm 4 h, 0.003 ppm 8 h, 0.002 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.04 ppm 4 h, 0.02 ppm 8 h, 0.02 ppm

FlP: 172◦ F LEL: – UEL: – RP: 210 IP: < 10.6 eV

C01-A002 Sarin (Agent GB) CAS: 107-44-8; 6171-94-4 (Isomer) RTECS: TA8400000 O O

P F

C4 H10 FO2 P Colorless liquid that is odorless when pure. Also reported stockpiled as a mixture with Cyclosarin (C01-A004). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.73 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 35 mg-min/m3 (3 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 12,000 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.7 g Miosis: 0.03 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.00048 ppm; Sig: 0.0060 ppm; Sev: 0.022 ppm WPL AEL: 0.000005 ppm STEL: 0.00002 ppm IDLH: 0.02 ppm Properties: MW : 140.1 D: 1.102 g/mL MP: −69◦ F BP: 316◦ F Vsc: 1.28 cS (77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.0005 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.006 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.02 ppm

VP: 2.9 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: 2800 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Most organic solvents 4 h, 0.0002 ppm 4 h, 0.003 ppm 4 h, 0.01 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 3 IP: ∼10.6 eV

8 h, 0.0002 ppm 8 h, 0.002 ppm 8 h, 0.009 ppm

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C01-A003 Soman (Agent GD) CAS: 96-64-0; 22956-47-4 (Isomer); 255842-00-3 (Isomer); 255841-99-7 (Isomer); 89254-466 (Isomer); 89254-45-5 (Isomer); 66429-60-5 (Isomer); 66429-59-2 (Isomer); 24753-16-0 (Isomer); 24753-15-9 (Isomer); 22956-48-5 (Isomer) RTECS: TA8750000 O O

P F

C7 H16 FO2 P Colorless to brown liquid that is relatively odorless when pure; impurities may give a fruity or camphor odor. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.45 mg/m3 at 77◦ F This agent “ages” rapidly. LCt50(Inh) : 35 mg-min/m3 (2.3 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 3000 mg-min/m3 (0.2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 0.35 g Miosis: 0.01 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.00018 ppm; Sig: 0.0022 ppm; Sev: 0.017 ppm WPL AEL: 0.000004 ppm STEL: 0.000007 ppm IDLH: 0.007 ppm Properties: MW : 182.2 D: 1.022 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −44◦ F BP: 388◦ F Vsc: 3.10 cS (77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.0002 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.002 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.02 ppm

VP: 0.40 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.2 (calculated) Vlt: 520 ppm (calculated) H2 O: 2.1% Sol: Hydrocarbons; Alcohols 4 h, 0.00009 ppm 4 h, 0.001 ppm 4 h, 0.009 ppm

FlP: 250◦ F LEL: – UEL: – RP: 19 (77◦ F) IP: <10.6 eV

8 h, 0.00007 ppm 8 h, 0.0009 ppm 8 h, 0.007 ppm

C01-A004 Cyclosarin (Agent GF) CAS: 329-99-7; 111422-21-0 (Isomer); 111422-20-9 (Isomer) RTECS: — O O

P F

C7 H14 FO2 P Clear, colorless liquid that is odorless. Also reported stockpiled as a mixture with Sarin (C01-A002).

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21

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 35 mg-min/m3 (2 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 3000 mg-min/m3 (0.2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 0.35 g Miosis: 0.03 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.00020 ppm; Sig: 0.0024 ppm; Sev: 0.018 ppm WPL AEL: 0.000004 ppm STEL: 0.000007 ppm IDLH: 0.007 ppm Properties: MW : 180.2 D: 1.133 g/mL MP: 10◦ F BP: 462◦ F Vsc: 4.27 cS (77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.0002 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.002 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.02 ppm

VP: 0.044 mmHg VD: 6.2 (calculated) Vlt: 59 ppm H2 O: 3.7% Sol: Most organic solvents 4 h, 0.0001 ppm 4 h, 0.001 ppm 4 h, 0.01 ppm

FlP: 201◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 110 IP: <10.6 eV

8 h, 0.00007 ppm 8 h, 0.0009 ppm 8 h, 0.007 ppm

C01-A005 Ethyl sarin (Agent GE) CAS: 1189-87-3 RTECS:— O O

P F

C5 H12 FO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately 90% as toxic as Sarin (C01-A002). Properties: MW : 154.1 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 5.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 165◦ F (16 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-A006 O-Cyclohexyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridothiate (Agent EA 2223) CAS: 4241-34-3 RTECS: —

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S O

P F

C7 H14 FOPS Water-white to yellow liquid that is odorless. This agent will hydrolyze to produce Cyclosarin (C01-A004). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F This agent is refractory to treatment. LCt50(Inh) : 100 mg-min/m3 (6 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LD50 : 0.18 g Properties: MW : 196.2 D: 1.12 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –16◦ F BP: 441◦ F Vsc: 3.53 cS (77◦ F)

FlP: 234◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 60 IP: —

FlP: 234◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 60 IP: —

C01-A007 2-Methylcyclohexyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridate (Agent EA 1356 or Agent EA 3534) CAS: 85473-32-1; 193090-56-1 (Isomer); 193090-30-1 (Isomer) RTECS: — O O

P F

C8 H16 FO2 P Water-white to light straw colored liquid that is odorless. There are two conﬁgurational isomers of this agent that have been studied. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F This agent is refractory to treatment. LCt50(Inh) : 70 mg-min/m3 (4 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LD50 : 0.17 g Properties: MW : 194.2 D: 1.1 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 15◦ F BP: 455◦ F Vsc: 4.78 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.055 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: 64 ppm H2 O: 1% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 130 IP: —

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23

C01-A008 Isopropyl dimethylamidocyanidophosphate (Agent EA 4352) CAS: 63815-55-4 RTECS: — O N

O

P

CN

C6 H13 N2 O2 P Odorless liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.21 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be as toxic as Sarin (C01-A002). Properties: MW : 176.2 VP: 0.055 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — ◦ D: 1.0425 g/mL (77 F) VD: 6.1 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: 76 ppm UEL: — BP: 453◦ F H2 O: — RP: 130 Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-A009 Methyl ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate CAS: 665-03-2 RTECS: — O P

O F

C3 H8 FO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 126.1 D: — MP: — BP: 117◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C01-A010 Ethyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridate CAS: 673-97-2 RTECS: — O O

P F

C3 H8 FO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 126.1 D: — MP: — BP: 127◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A011 Ethyl ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate CAS: 650-20-4 RTECS: — O P

O F

C4 H10 FO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.73 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 140.1 D: — MP: — BP: 115◦ F (9 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A012 Fluorotabun CAS: 358-29-2 RTECS: —

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25 O O

P

N

F

C4 H11 FNO2 P Speciﬁc information is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be less than half as toxic as Tabun (C01-A001). Properties: MW : 155.1 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 5.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 167◦ F (18 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: —

V-SERIES AGENTS

C01-A013 Amiton (Agent VG) CAS: 78-53-5; 3734-96-1 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt); 3734-97-2 (Oxalate salt) RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

O

C10 H24 NO3 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 269.3 D: — MP: — BP: 230◦ F (0.2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (176◦ F) VD: 9.3 (calculated) Vlt: 11 ppm H2 O: “Highly soluble” Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 730 (176◦ F) IP: —

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Oxalate salt MW : 359.4 MP: 190◦ F

p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 441.5 MP: 205◦ F

C01-A014 O-Ethyl S-(2-diethylaminoethyl) methyl-phosphonothiolate (Agent VM) CAS: 21770-86-5; 107059-49-4 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt) RTECS: — O P

O

S

N

C9 H22 NO2 PS Water-white to dark-yellow oily liquid that is odorless. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.79 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 50 mg-min/m3 (3 ppm for a 2-min exposure). This value is for resting individuals. Properties: MW : 239.3 VP: 0.0021 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: 457◦ F ◦ VD: 8.3 (calculated) LEL: — D: 1.0312 g/mL (77 F) MP: −58◦ F Vlt: 2.9 ppm UEL: — BP: “Near 560◦ F” H2 O: Miscible RP: 3100 Sol: Most organic solvents; IP: <10.6 eV Vsc: 5.67 cS (77◦ F) Dilute mineral acids p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 411.5 MP: 147◦ F C01-A015 O-Isobutyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (Agent VR) CAS: 159939-87-4 RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

C11 H26 NO2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor.

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V-Series Nerve Agents C01-A Properties: MW : 267.4 D: 1.003 g/mL MP: — BP: 187◦ F (0.001 mmHg) Vsc: —

27

VP: 0.00062 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: 0.81 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 9900 IP: —

C01-A016 O-Ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (Agent VX) CAS: 50782-69-9; 65167-63-7 (Isomer); 65167-64-8 (Isomer) RTECS: TB1090000 O O

P

S

N

C11 H26 NO2 PS Colorless oily liquid that is odorless. Similar in appearance to motor oil. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 15 mg-min/m3 (0.7 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 150 mg-min/m3 (0.5 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 0.005 g Miosis: 0.005 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.000016 ppm; Sig: 0.00027 ppm; Sev: 0.00091 ppm WPL AEL: 0.00000008 ppm STEL: 0.0000009 ppm IDLH: 0.0003 ppm Properties: MW : 267.4 D: 1.0083 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –38.2◦ F MP: <–60◦ F with impurities BP: Decomposes Vsc: 9.96 cS (77◦ F)

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.000016 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.00027 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.00091 ppm

VP: 0.0007 mmHg VP: 0.00004 mmHg (32◦ F) VD: 9.2 (calculated) Vlt: 1.2 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 3% (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible (<49◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents; Dilute mineral acids 4 h, 0.0000091 ppm 4 h, 0.00014 ppm 4 h, 0.00048 ppm

FlP: 318◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 8800 IP: <10.6 eV

8 h, 0.0000065 ppm 8 h, 0.000095 ppm 8 h, 0.00035 ppm

C01-A017 O-Ethyl S-2-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (Agent Vx) CAS: 20820-80-8 RTECS: —

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P

S

N

C7 H18 NO2 PS Amber colored oily liquid that is odorless. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.64 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 211.3 D: 1.062 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 490◦ F (approx.) Vsc: —

VP: 0.0042 mmHg VD: 7.3 (calculated) Vlt: 5.6 ppm H2 O: “Slight” H2 O: Miscible (“Cooler temperatures”) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1600 IP: <10.6 eV

C01-A018 O-Cyclopentyl S-(2-diethylaminoethly) methylphosphonothiolate (Agent EA 3148) CAS: 93240-66-5 RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

C12 H26 NO2 PS Colorless to pale yellow liquid that is odorless. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.43 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 279.4 D: 1.05 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 232◦ F (0.05 mmHg) Vsc: 1.96 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.0004 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 9.6 (calculated) Vlt: 0.5 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: “Low” Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: >500◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 15,000 IP: —

C01-A019 O-Cyclopentyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (Agent EA 3317) CAS: 85473-33-2; 102490-57-3 (Isomer); 102490-59-5 (Isomer) RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

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29

C14 H30 NO2 PS Odorless liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 307.4 D: 1.02 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 235◦ F (0.08 mmHg) Vsc: 35.1 cS

VP: 0.00014 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 11 (calculated) Vlt: 0.2 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 41,000 IP: —

C01-A020 O-Cyclohexyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate CAS: 71293-89-5 RTECS: — O O

P

N

S

C13 H28 NO2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.00 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 293.4 D: 0.9451 g/mL MP: — BP: 194◦ F (0.3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A021 O-Ethyl S-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothiolate CAS: 98543-25-0; 110422-92-9 (Oxalate salt) RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

C8 H20 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.21 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 225.3 D: — MP: — BP: 167◦ F (0.005 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Oxalate Salt MW : 315.3 MP: 226◦ F C01-A022 O-Isopropyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate CAS: 91134-95-1 RTECS: — O O P

N

S

C10 H24 NO2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.36 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 253.3 D: — MP: — BP: 250◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A023 O-Ethyl S-[2-(piperidylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothiolate CAS: 108753-95-3; 109100-20-1 (Oxalate salt) RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

C11 H24 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported.

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31

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.85 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 265.4 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 9.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 230◦ F (0.006 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — Oxalate salt MW : 355.4 MP: 264◦ F C01-A024 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] isopropylphosphonothiolate CAS: 99991-06-7; 101884-85-9 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt) RTECS: — O O

P

N

S

C11 H26 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 267.4 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 9.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 180◦ F (0.0007 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 439.6 MP: 241◦ F C01-A025 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] propylphosphonothiolate CAS: 99991-07-8; 101884-86-0 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt) RTECS: — O O

P

S

N

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C11 H26 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 267.4 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 9.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 212◦ F (0.015 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 439.6 MP: 232◦ F C01-A026 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] butylphosphonothiolate CAS: 100454-47-5; 102180-38-1 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt) RTECS: — O S

P

N

O

C12 H28 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.51 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 281.4 D: — MP: — BP: 194◦ F (0.0025 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 9.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 453.6 MP: 226◦ F C01-A027 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] hexylphosphonothiolate CAS: 102444-87-1; 109644-82-8 (Oxalate Salt); 102444-88-2 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt) RTECS: —

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GV-Series Nerve Agents C01-A

33 O P

N

S O

C14 H32 NO2 PS Oily liquid. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.66 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this agent is a powerful cholinesterase inhibitor. Properties: MW : 309.5 D: — MP: — BP: 244◦ F (0.003 mmHg) Vsc: — Oxalate salt MW : 399.5 MP: 185◦ F

VP: — VD: 11 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

p-Toluenesulfonate salt MW : 481.7 MP: 149◦ F GV-SERIES AGENTS

C01-A028 2-Dimethylaminoethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent GP) CAS: 141102-74-1 RTECS: — O N

O

P

N

F

C6 H16 FN2 O2 P Colorless liquid to white semisolid depending on purity. Salts are odorless white solids. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.15 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly less toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 198.2 VP: 0.049 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — ◦ VD: 6.8 (calculated) LEL: — D: 1.15 g/mL (77 F) MP: –166◦ F Vlt: 64 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — ◦ BP: 102 F (0.015 mmHg) H2 O: “Very soluble” RP: 150 (77◦ F) Vsc: — Sol: — IP: —

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Methyl Iodide Quaternary Amine salt MW : 340.1 MP: 223◦ F (decomposes) C01-A029 3-Quinuclidyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent EA 5488) CAS: — RTECS: —

O N N

O

P F

C9 H18 FN2 O2 P Liquid. Other descriptive information has not been published. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.66 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be less than one half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 236.3 D: — MP: — BP: 581◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.0044 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 8.2 (calculated) Vlt: 5.8 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1500 IP: —

C01-A030 2-Dimethylaminoethyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent GV1) CAS: 141102-75-2 RTECS: — O N N

P

O F

C8 H20 FN2 O2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.25 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be less than one half as toxic as VX (C01-A016).

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35

Properties: MW : 226.2 D: 1.072 g/mL MP: –140◦ F BP: 134◦ F (0.049 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A031 2-Diethylaminoethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent GV2) CAS: 141102-77-4 RTECS: — O N

O

P

N

F

C8 H20 FN2 O2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.25 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-tenth as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 226.2 VP: — FlP: — D: 1.046 g/mL VD: 7.8 (calculated) LEL: — MP: –119◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: — RP: — BP: 127◦ F (0.002 mmHg) Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-A032 2-Diethylaminoethyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent GV3) CAS: 141102-78-5 RTECS: — O N

P

O

N

F

C10 H24 FN2 O2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-twentieth as toxic as VX (C01-A016).

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Properties: MW : 254.3 D: 1.018 g/mL MP: –132◦ F BP: 133◦ F (0.0008 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A033 3-Dimethylamionpropyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent EA 5414) CAS: 158847-17-7 RTECS: — O N

O

P

N

F

C7 H18 FN2 O2 P Liquid. Other descriptive information has not been published. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.68 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-ﬁfth as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 212.2 VP: 0.014 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — D: 1.037 g/mL VD: 7.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: –116◦ F Vlt: 24 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — ◦ BP: 435 F H2 O: — RP: 100 Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-A034 2-Dimethylaminopropyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate (Agent GV5) CAS: 158847-18-8 RTECS: — O N

O

P

N

F

C9 H22 FN2 O2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.83 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be less than one-twentieth as toxic as VX (C01-A016).

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Novichok Nerve Agents C01-A

37

Properties: MW : 240.3 D: 1.019 g/mL MP: –122◦ F BP: 136◦ F (0.034 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

NOVICHOK AGENTS

C01-A035 [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 17642-31-8 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P F

Cl

C2 H3 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.59 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 209.9 D: 1.488 g/mL MP: — BP: 135◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: 600 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A036 [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 17642-26-1 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

F

O F

C2 H3 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 193.5 D: 1.51 g/mL MP: — BP: 158◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: 2000 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A037 [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 18016-10-9 RTECS: — O

F N

O

P

O F

F

C2 H3 F3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.24 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 177.0 D: 1.424 g/mL MP: — BP: 136◦ F (20 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.1 (calculated) Vlt: 10,000 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A038 2,2-Diﬂuoro-N-[(ﬂuoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride CAS: 17642-29-4 RTECS: — O

F N O2N

O

P

O F

F F

C 3 H 3 F4 N2 O 5 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.39 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 254.0 D: 1.639 g/mL MP: —

VP: — VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: 900 ppm (calculated)

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: —

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Novichok Nerve Agents C01-A BP: 169◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

39 H2 O: — Sol: —

RP: — IP: —

C01-A039 [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 17642-32-9 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

O

P F

Cl

C3 H5 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 224.0 D: 1.366 g/mL MP: — BP: 189◦ F (4 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.7 (calculated) Vlt: 200 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A040 [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 17642-27-2 RTECS: — O Cl N F

O

P

O

F

C3 H5 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 207.5 D: 1.45 g/mL MP: — BP: 167◦ F (4 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: 1000 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A041 [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 17642-28-3 RTECS: —

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F N

O

P

O

F

F

C3 H5 F3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.81 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 191.0 D: — MP: — BP: 129◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.6 (calculated) Vlt: 4000 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A042 N-[(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride CAS: 17642-30-7 RTECS: — O F N O2N

P

O

O F

F F

C 4 H 5 F 4 N2 O5 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.96 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 268.1 D: 1.506 g/mL MP: — BP: 178◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 9.2 (calculated) Vlt: 200 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A043 [[(2-Chloroethoxy)ﬂuorohydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 26102-97-6 RTECS: — O

Cl N F

O

P

O

Cl

F

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Novichok Nerve Agents C01-A

41

C3 H4 Cl2 F2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.90 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 241.9 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.3 (calculated) Vlt: 60 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A044 [[(2-Chloro-1-methylethoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 26102-98-7 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

O

P

Cl

F

F

C4 H6 Cl2 F2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.47 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 256.0 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: 40 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A045 [[(2-Chloro-1-methylpropoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 26102-99-8 RTECS: — O

Cl N F

O

P

O

Cl

F

C5 H8 Cl2 F2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.04 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 270.0 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 9.3 (calculated) Vlt: 20 ppm (calculated) H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C COMPONENTS AND PRECURSORS C01-A046 Methylphosphonic dichloride (DC) CAS: 676-97-1 RTECS: — UN: 9206 ERG: 137 O P

CI Cl

CH3 Cl2 OP Clear solid or liquid with a pungent, stinging, disagreeable odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. May cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Inhalation toxicity similar to hydrogen chloride and hydrogen ﬂuoride. May cause second or third degree burns upon short contact with skin surfaces. Oral ingestion may result in tissue destruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Decreased blood cholinesterase levels have been reported in animals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. It may appear as a mixture with Methylphosphonic diﬂuoride (C01-C047), known as Didi, that is used as a constituent for binary G-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F WPL AEL: 0.006 ppm Properties: MW : 132.9 D: 1.64 g/mL (79◦ F) MP: 88◦ F BP: 331◦ F BP: 127◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 10 mmHg (122◦ F) VD: 4.6 (calculated) Vlt: 12,000 ppm (122◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: 300◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.95 (122◦ F) IP: —

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Components and Precursors C01-C

43

C01-A047 Methylphosphonic diﬂuoride (DF) CAS: 676-99-3 RTECS:T01840700 O P

F F

CH3 F2 OP Liquid with a pungent, acid-like odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. May cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Inhalation toxicity similar to hydrogen chloride and hydrogen ﬂuoride. May cause second or third degree burns upon short contact with skin surfaces. Oral ingestion may result in tissue destruction of the gastrointestinal tract. High overexposure may inhibit cholinesterase. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a constituent in GB2, which is the binary version of Sarin (C01-A002). It is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity in unitary sarin. It may appear as a mixture with Methylphosphonic dichloride (C01-C046), known as Didi, that is also used as a constituent for binary G-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 100.1 D: 1.359 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –35◦ F BP: 212◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 36 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 36,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.28 IP: —

C01-A048 Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) CAS: 1445-75-6 RTECS: SZ9090000 O O

P

O

C7 H17 O3 P Colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC.

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This material is a precursor for Sarin (C01-A002) and is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity (up to 20% ) in sarin. If ﬂuoride ion is present and the pH falls below 7, sarin will be formed. This material has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 180.2 D: 0.976 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 345◦ F BP: 250◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.17 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.2 (calculated) Vlt: 220 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 1.6% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 44 IP: —

C01-A049 Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCDI) CAS: 538-75-0 RTECS: FF2160000 N

N

C13 H22 N2 Colorless to white crystalline solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Causes severe eye irritation, skin irritation, nausea, headache, and vomiting. Inhalation is irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. May cause sensitization by skin contact. This material is on the FBI threat list. This material is a stabilizer for G-series and V-series nerve agents, usually within the range of 2–10% by weight. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 206.3 D: — MP: 93◦ F BP: 316◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Methylene chloride

FlP: 235◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A050 Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIPC) CAS: 693-13-0 RTECS: FF2175000

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Components and Precursors C01-C

45

N

N

C7 H14 N2 Clear, colorless to yellow to faint brown liquid with a foul odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Causes severe eye irritation that can progress to severe corneal edema. Temporary blindness has been reported. Causes skin irritation, nausea, headache, and vomiting. Inhalation is irritating to the mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract. May cause sensitization by skin contact. Used industrially as an activating reagent in solid-phase synthesis. This material is on the FBI threat list. This material is a stabilizer for G-series and V-series nerve agents, usually within the range of 2–10% by weight. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 126.2 D: 0.815 g/mL MP: — BP: 296◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 91◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: eV

VP: — VD: 4.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

C01-A051 Methanephosphonic acid (MPA) CAS: 993-13-5 RTECS: — O P

OH OH

CH5 O3 P White solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for organic synthesis and in the manufacture of lubricant additives and for treating textiles. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents and is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity resulting from hydrolysis of G-series nerve agents. This material has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.93 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 96.0 D: — MP: 221◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: 0.000002 mmHg VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: >100% Sol: Ethanol; Ether

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A052 Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) CAS: 756-79-6 RTECS: SZ9120000 O P

O O

C3 H9 O3 PS Description of the agent including appearance including odor and colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Used industrially as a ﬁre retardant, gasoline additive, antifoam agent, plasticizer, plastic stabilizer, textile conditioner, antistatic agent, and hydraulic ﬂuid additive. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for G-series nerve agents and has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.08 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 124.1 VP: 0.61 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — D: 1.1589 g/mL VD: 4.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: 800 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — ◦ BP: 360 F H2 O: Soluble RP: — BP: 145◦ F (10 mmHg) Sol: Alcohol; Ether IP: — Vsc: — C01-A053 Sulfur (NE) CAS: 7704-34-9 RTECS: WS4250000 UN: 1350 ERG: 133 S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S8 Fine, pale yellow, amorphous, or microcrystalline powder. May come as sublimed, washed, or precipitated. Pure sulfur exists in two stable crystalline forms and at least two amorphous

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47

(liquid) forms. The rhombic form is the principle material used in binary V-series agents. Pure sulfur is odorless but traces of hydrocarbon impurities may impart an oily and/or rotten egg odor to commercial material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in manufacturing drugs and pharmaceuticals, medicated cosmetics and shampoos, sulfuric acid, carbon disulﬁde, sulfur dioxide, phosphorus pentasulﬁde, sulﬁtes, insecticides, plastics, enamels, metal–glass cements, dyes, detergents, gunpowder, pyrotechnics, explosives, matches, and phosphatic fertilizers. Used in petroleum reﬁning, vulcanizing rubber, photographic ﬁlm, cement sealant, binder and asphalt extender in road paving, for bleaching dried fruits, wood pulp, straw, wool, silk, felt, and linen. Used as a medication, fungicide, acaricide, and as an electrical insulator. This material is a constituent in VX2, which is the binary version of VX (C01-A016). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Rhombic Sulfur Properties: MW : 256.5 VP: 0.00000395 mmHg (87◦ F) 3 D: 2.07 g/cm VD: — MP: 235◦ F Vlt: 0.01 ppm (87◦ F) BP: 832◦ F H2 O: Insoluble Vsc: — Sol: Carbon disulﬁde; Aromatic hydrocarbons

FlP: 405◦ F LEL: 35 g/m3 UEL: 1,400 g/m3 RP: 680,000 IP: —

C01-A054 Dimethylpolysulﬁde (NM) CAS: 73062-48-3 RTECS: — S

S

S S

S

C2 H 6 S5 Liquid with a very noxious odor. This material poses a “considerable risk” from inhalation of high concentrations. This material is a constituent in VX2, which is the binary version of VX (C01-A016). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.79 mg/m3 at 77◦ F (based on average molecular weight) Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 190.4 (average) VP: — FlP: 221◦ F ◦ D: 1.3895 g/mL (77 F) VD: 6.6 (calculated) LEL: — MP: –40◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Insoluble RP: “Very persistent” BP: 243◦ F Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-A055 Isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl amine mixture (OPA) CAS: — RTECS: —

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Mixture Clear liquid with an odor that is a mixture of alcohol and ammonia. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Inhalation of the agent may cause irritation of the lower respiratory tract, coughing, difﬁculty in breathing and, in high concentration, loss of consciousness. It causes severe irritation in contact with the skin and eyes. If ingested it causes nausea, salivation, and severe irritation of the mouth and stomach. A similar mixture is used industrially in processing cutting oils. This material is a constituent in GB2, which is the binary version of Sarin (C01-A002). Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : Mixture D: 0.7443 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: <–126◦ F BP: 140◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 197 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: —

FlP: 15◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A056 O-Ethyl 2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite (QL) CAS: 57856-11-8 RTECS: —

N

P O

O

C11 H26 NO2 P Viscous liquid with a strong ﬁshy odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Hydrolysis product TR is formed when there is only a limited amount of water present. It is highly reactive and toxic. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a constituent in VX2, which is the binary version of VX (C01-A016). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.62 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 235.3 D: 0.908 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 450◦ F Vsc: 2.237 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 8.1 (calculated) Vlt: 13 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

Hydrolysis product TR: MW : — VP: 11 mmHg MP: — VD: — BP: 248◦ F Vlt: —

FlP: 192◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 660 IP: —

FlP: 82◦ F Autoignition temperature: 104◦ F

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49

C01-A057 Methylphosphinyl dichloride (SW) CAS: 676-83-5 RTECS: — Cl P Cl

CH3 Cl2 P Clear colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Spontaneously ﬂammable in air at or slightly above normal temperature. Used industrially for organic synthesis. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is used to synthesize precursors for all series of nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.78 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 116.9 D: 1.2941 g/mL MP: — BP: 176◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 118◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 9.85 eV

VP: — VD: 4.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

C01-A058 Methylphosphonothioic dichloride (SWS) CAS: 676-98-2 RTECS: TB2100000 S Cl

P Cl

CH3 Cl2 PS Speciﬁc information is not available for this agent. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is used to synthesize precursors to V-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 149.0 D: 1.422 g/mL MP: — BP: 111◦ F (9 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C01-A059 Tributylamine (TBA) CAS: 102-82-9 RTECS: YA0350000

N

C12 H27 N Pale yellow hygroscopic liquid with an ammonia odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, CNS stimulation, skin irritation, sensitization. Causes severe eye and skin burns. May cause severe tearing, conjunctivitis, and corneal edema. Inhalation may cause difﬁculties ranging from coughing and nausea to accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Used industrially as a solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic ﬂuids, polymerization catalyst, insecticide, emulsifying agent, and as a chemical intermediate. This material is a stabilizer for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 185.4 D: 0.7782 g/mL MP: –94◦ F BP: 422◦ F BP: 244◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: 1.7 cS (77◦ F) Vsc: 0.91 cS (60◦ F)

VP: 0.0934 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.4 (calculated) Vlt: 120 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.014% (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.004% (64◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 187◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 79 IP: —

C01-A060 Isopropylphosphonic diﬂuoride CAS: 677-42-9 RTECS: — O P

F F

C3 H7 F2 OP Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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51

May cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Inhalation toxicity similar to HCl and HF. May cause second or third degree burns upon short contact with skin surfaces. Oral ingestion may result in tissue destruction of the gastrointestinal tract. High overexposure may inhibit cholinesterase. This material is on Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a binary constituent in G-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.24 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 128.1 D: 1.1748 g/mL MP: — BP: 234◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A061 Ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid CAS: 18005-40-8; 22307-81-9 (Sodium salt); 73790-51-9 (Dicyclohexylamine salt) RTECS: — O P

O SH

C3 H9 O2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. Various salts (solids) have been reported. Used industrially for organic synthesis and the manufacturing of pesticides. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a binary constituent in V-series nerve agents. It is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity from hydrolysis of V-series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.73 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 140.1 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.043 mmHg VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: 58 ppm H2 O: 0.11% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200 IP: —

C01-A062 Diethylphosphoramidic diﬂuoride CAS: 359-94-4 RTECS: —

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O N

P

F F

C4 H10 F2 NOP Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for agent material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. May cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Inhalation toxicity similar to HCl and HF. May cause second or third degree burns upon short contact with skin surfaces. Oral ingestion may result in tissue destruction of the gastrointestinal tract. High overexposure may inhibit cholinesterase. This material is a binary constituent in G-series and GV-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.43 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 157.1 D: — MP: — BP: 113◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A063 Potassium ﬂuoride CAS: 7789-23-3 RTECS: TT0700000 UN: 1812 ERG: 154 KF Colorless to white hygroscopic crystals that are odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a cleaning agent, disinfecting agent, insecticide, to etch glass, and as a welding ﬂux. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for G-series and GV-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 58.1 D: 2.48 g/cm3

VP: — VD: —

FlP: None LEL: None

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Components and Precursors C01-C MP: 1576◦ F BP: 2741◦ F Vsc: —

Vlt: — H2 O: 92.3% (64◦ F) Sol: —

53 UEL: None RP: — IP: —

C01-A064 Sodium ﬂuoride CAS: 7681-49-4 RTECS: WB0350000 UN: 1690 ERG: 154 NaF Colorless to white hygroscopic crystals that are odorless. Pesticide grade is often dyed blue. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a fungicide, rodenticide, ﬂuoridation agent in drinking water, a toothpaste ingredient, a glass frosting agent, an agent in ore ﬂotation, a stainless steel pickling agent, a component of bitreous enamels, in removal of HF from exhaust gases, in the manufacture of coated paper, for disinfecting fermentation apparatus in breweries and distilleries, in electroplating, as a component of glues and adhesives, a component of wood preservatives, as a “sour” in laundering cloth, and as a ﬂux in the manufacture of rimmed steel, aluminum, and magnesium. Used medically as an anticoagulant for blood. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for G-series and GV-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards OSHA PEL: 2.5 mg/m3 as ﬂuoride IDLH: 250 mg/m3 as ﬂuoride Properties: MW : 42.0 VP: — D: 2.78 g/cm3 VD: — Vlt: — MP: 1819◦ F BP: 3099◦ F H2 O: 4% Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: —

C01-A065 Potassium biﬂuoride CAS: 7789-29-9 RTECS: TS6650000 UN: 1811 ERG: 154 KHF2 White to light gray hygroscopic crystals that are odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as welding ﬂux, wood preservative, and in the ceramic industry. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for G-series and GV-series nerve agents.

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Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 78.1 D: 2.37 g/cm3 MP: 460◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 39% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A066 Sodium biﬂuoride CAS: 1333-83-1 RTECS: WB0350010 UN: 2439 ERG: 154 NaHF2 Colorless to white crystalline powder. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for etching glass, as an antiseptic and disinfectant, as a leather bleach, in the production of tin plate, for rust removal, as a welding ﬂux, as a neutralizer in laundry rinsing operations, and as a cleaner for stone and brick building faces. Used to preserve zoological and anatomical specimens. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for G-series and GV-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 62.0 D: 2.08 g/cm3 MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A067 Ammonium biﬂuoride CAS: 1341-49-7 RTECS: BQ9200000 UN: 1727 ERG: 154 (NH4 )HF2 White deliquescent crystalline solid that is odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a fungicide, in the manufacture magnesium ﬂuoride, ceramics and in the production of ﬂuorine, used industrially in electroplating and treating metals, in oil

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55

well acidizing, as a “sour” in laundering cloth, for brightening aluminum, etching glass, processing of beryllium, for cleaning and sterilizing beer, dairy, and other food equipment. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for G-series and GV-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 57.0 D: 1.50 g/cm3 MP: 258◦ F BP: 463◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 41.5% (77◦ F) Sol: Slightly in Ethanol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A068 Phosphorous trichloride CAS: 7719-12RTECS: TH3675000 UN: 1809 ERG: 137 PCl3 Colorless to yellow, fuming liquid with an irritating, pungent, acrid odor like hydrochloric acid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the manufacture of phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphites, organophosphorus pesticides, surfactants, gasoline additives, plasticizers, dyestuffs; used as a chlorinating agent and catalyst. Used to prepare rubber surfaces for electrodeposition of metal. Used as an ingredient of textile ﬁnishing agents. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list, Australia Group Export Control list, and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents and a chlorinating agent for sulfur and nitrogen vesicants. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 1 g (estimate) MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: —; Sev: 0.87 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.5 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.2 ppm ACGIH STEL: 0.5 ppm NIOSH STEL: 0.5 ppm IDLH: 25 ppm Properties: MW : 137.4 D: 1.574 g/mL (70◦ F) MP: –170◦ F BP: 169◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 100 mmHg (70◦ F) VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: 130,000 ppm (70◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Benzene; Chloroform; Ether

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.085 IP: 9.91 eV

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Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.62 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 5.6 ppm

4 h, 0.39 ppm 4 h, 1.3 ppm 4 h, 3.5 ppm

8 h, 0.26 ppm 8 h, 0.83 ppm 8 h, 1.8 ppm

C01-A069 Phosphorous pentachloride CAS: 10026-13-8 RTECS: TB6125000 UN: 1806 ERG: 137 PCl5 White to pale yellow, crystalline solid with a pungent, unpleasant odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chlorinating agent, dehydrating agent, catalyst, in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and in aluminum metallurgy. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents and a chlorinating agent for sulfur and nitrogen vesicants. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.52 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.12 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.10 ppm IDLH: 8.2 ppm Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have approximately the same toxicity as Phosgene (C10-A003). Properties: MW : 208.2 D: 3.60 g/cm3 MP: 324◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: 0.012 mmHg VP: 1 mmHg (132◦ F) VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: 16 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Carbon disulﬁde; Carbon tetrachloride

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 574 IP: —

C01-A070 Phosphorous oxychloride CAS: 10025-87-3 RTECS: TH4897000 UN: 1810 ERG: 137 POCl3 Clear, colorless to yellow, oily fuming liquid with a pungent, musty odor that is disagreeable and lingering. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. May ignite combustible materials.

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Used industrially for the manufacture of organophosphorus compounds (Insecticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, defoliants) as well as esters for plasticizers, gasoline additives, and hydraulic ﬂuids; used in industry as a chlorinating agent, catalyst, dopant for semiconductor grade silicon, ﬁre retarding agent, and solvent in cryoscopy. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list, Australia Group Export Control list, and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents and a chlorinating agent for sulfur and nitrogen vesicants. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.27 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: —; Sev: 0.85 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm NIOSH STEL: 0.5 ppm Properties: MW : 153.3 D: 1.645 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 34◦ F BP: 222◦ F Vsc: — Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: Not Developed AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.85 ppm

VP: 40 mmHg (81◦ F) VD: 5.3 (calculated) Vlt: 52,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

4 h, 0.54 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.21 IP: —

8 h, 0.27 ppm

C01-A071 Phosphorus pentasulﬁde CAS: 1314-80-3 RTECS: TH4375000 UN: 1340 ERG: 139 P4 S10 Greenish-gray to yellow, deliquescent crystalline solid, with an odor of rotten eggs due to the formation of hydrogen sulﬁde. Olfactory fatigue may occur at high concentrations. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Phosphorus pentasulﬁde autoignites at 287◦ F. It may spontaneously ignite in the presence of moisture. Used industrially for manufacture of pyrotechnics, safety matches, lubricating oil additive, pesticides, and in organic synthesis. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 18.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 1 mg/m3 ACGIH TLV: 1 mg/m3

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ACGIH STEL: 3 mg/m3 NIOSH STEL: 3 mg/m3 IDLH: 250 mg/m3 Properties: MW : 444.6 D: 2.090 g/cm3 MP: 550◦ F BP: 957◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 1 mmHg (572◦ F) VD: 15 (calculated) Vlt: Negligible H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Carbon disulﬁde; aqueous bases

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-A072 Dimethyl phosphite CAS: 868-85-9 RTECS: SZ7710000 OH P O

O

C2 H7 O3 P Mobile, colorless liquid with a “mild” odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a lubricant additive, ﬂame retardant in textiles, to manufacture adhesives, and as a chemical intermediate. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. This material has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.50 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 110.1 D: 1.1941 g/mL MP: — BP: 338◦ F BP: 162◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 3.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Soluble” Sol: Most Organic solvents

FlP: 85◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C073 Trimethyl phosphite CAS: 121-45-9 RTECS: TH1400000 UN: 2329 ERG: 130 O P O

O

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59

C3 H9 O 3 P Colorless liquid with a distinctive, pungent, irritating, oily odor that smells like pyridine at higher concentrations. The odor is detectable at 0.1 ppb. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides and phosphosilicate glass. Used as a gasoline additive, catalyst, and as a ﬁreprooﬁng agent in the production of textiles and ﬂame-retardant polymers for polyurethane foams. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.08 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm Properties: MW : 124.1 D: 1.0520 g/mL MP: –108◦ F BP: 232◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 24 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: 32,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Hydrocarbons; Ethanol; Ether; Acetone

FlP: 130◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.38 IP: —

C01-C074 Diethyl phosphite CAS: 762-04-9 RTECS: TG7875000 OH P O

O

C4 H11 O3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a textile ﬁnishing agent, antioxidant, paint solvent, additive for adhesives, additive for extreme pressure lubricant; chemical intermediate for organic phosphorus compounds. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. This material has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.65 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 138.1 D: 1.073 g/mL MP: —

VP: — VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: —

FlP: 180◦ F LEL: — UEL: —

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BP: 160◦ F (10 mmHg) BP: 122◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

H2 O: — Sol: —

RP: — IP: —

C01-C075 Triethyl phosphite CAS: 122-52-1 RTECS: TH1130000 UN: 2323 ERG: 130

O P O

O

C6 H15 O3 P Colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a plasticizer, vinyl stabilizer, grease additive, color inhibitor for resins, and as a chemical intermediate for insecticides. Used in agriculture to ripen sugarcane. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. This material has been used as a simulant for nerve agents in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.80 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 166.2 D: 0.9629 g/mL MP: — BP: 313◦ F BP: 144◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Insoluble” Sol: Ethanol; Ether

FlP: 130◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C076 Diethyl methylphosphonate CAS: 683-08-9 RTECS: SZ9085000 O P

O O

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61

C5 H13 O3 P Clear, colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in organic synthesis. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. It is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity and degradation product from hydrolysis of nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm =mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 152.1 D: 1.041 g/mL MP: — BP: 374◦ F BP: 165◦ F (10 mmHg) BP: 122◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 167◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C077 Diethyl ethylphosphonate CAS: 78-38-6 RTECS: SZ7925000 O P

O O

C6 H15 O3 P Colorless liquid with a sweet odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a solvent to extract heavy metals, a gasoline additive, antifoam agent, plasticizer, chelating agent, and as a textile conditioner and antistatic agent. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. It is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity and degradation product from hydrolysis of some nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.80 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 166.2 D: 1.0259 g/mL MP: — BP: 388◦ F BP: 162◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly” Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 221◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C078 Diethyl isopropylphosphonate CAS: 1538-69-8 RTECS: — O P

O O

C7 H17 O3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. It is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity and degradation product from hydrolysis of some nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 180.2 D: — MP: — BP: 138◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C079 Dibutyl methylphosphonate CAS: 2404-73-1 RTECS: — O O

P

O

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Components and Precursors C01-C

63

C9 H21 O3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.52 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 208.2 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.0106 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: 14 ppm H2 O: 0.8% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 660 IP: —

C01-C080 Ethyldichlorophospine CAS: 1498-40-4 RTECS: TB2465000 Cl P Cl

C2 H5 Cl2 P Colorless to yellow liquid with a strong disagreeable odor (stench). This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for organic synthesis. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.36 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 130.9 D: 1.26 g/mL MP: — BP: 239◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: 90◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C081 Ethylphosphonyl dichloride CAS: 1066-50-8 RTECS: TA1780000

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Cl Cl

C2 H5 Cl2 OP Clear colorless to light yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for organic synthesis. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list, Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for general nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 146.9 D: 1.3760 g/mL MP: — BP: 216◦ F (68 mmHg) BP: 160◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: >230◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C082 Propylphosphonic dichloride CAS: 4708-04-7 RTECS: — O P

Cl Cl

C3 H7 Cl2 OP Clear yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 161.0 D: 1.29 g/mL MP: — BP: 190◦ F (50 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: >230◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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65

C01-C083 2-Propanephosphonyl chloride CAS: 1498-46-0 RTECS: — O P

Cl Cl

C3 H7 Cl2 OP Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 161.0 D: 1.3 g/mL MP: — BP: 176◦ F (20 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C084 Dimethylamine CAS: 124-40-3; 506-59-2 (Hydrochloride Salt) RTECS: IP8750000 UN: 1032 ERG: 118 N

C2 H 7 N Colorless gas with an ammonia or ﬁsh like odor detectable at 0.53 ppm. Shipped as a liqueﬁed compressed gas. Various salts have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for manufacture of detergents, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Used as a gasoline additive and solvent. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for some G-series, GV-series, and V-series nerve agents and is also commonly found as a decomposition product/impurity resulting from hydrolysis of Tabun (C01-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.84 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 10 ppm

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ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm ACGIH STEL: 15 ppm IDLH: 500 ppm Properties: MW : 45.1 D: 0.67 g/mL (liq. gas, 44◦ F) MP: –134◦ F BP: 44◦ F Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 10 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 120 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 460 ppm

VP: 1300 mmHg VP: 1520 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 1.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 24% (140◦ F) Sol: Alcohols; Ether

4 h, 10 ppm 4 h, 74 ppm 4 h, 280 ppm

FlP: 20◦ F LEL: 2.8% UEL: 14.4% RP: 0.001 IP: 8.24 eV

8 h, 10 ppm 8 h, 59 ppm 8 h, 220 ppm

C01-C085 Dimethylaminoethyl chloride CAS: 107-99-3; 4584-46-7 (Hydrochloride salt); 69153-76-0 (Sulfate salt) RTECS: KQ9020000 Cl N

C4 H10 ClN Oil is unstable and decomposes on storage. Hydrochloride is colorless to light beige crystalline powder with a “characteristic” odor. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for some GV-series and V-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 107.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: — Hydrochloride salt MW : 144.1 MP: 397◦ F H2 O: 200%

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C086 Methyl t-butyl ketone CAS: 75-97-8 RTECS: EL7700000

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Components and Precursors C01-C

67 O

C6 H12 O Colorless liquid with an odor like peppermint or camphor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Used industrially for manufacture of fungicides and herbicides. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material can be reduced to pinacolyl alcohol (C01-C087), which is an intermediate for production of Soman (C01-A003). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 100.2 VP: 31.5 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: 63◦ F ◦ D: 0.7229 g/mL (77 F) VD: 3.5 (calculated) LEL: — MP: –63◦ F Vlt: 41,000 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: 2.44% (59◦ F) RP: 0.32 (77◦ F) BP: 223◦ F Vsc: 3.42 cS (–63◦ F) Sol: Alcohols; Ether; Acetone IP: 9.14 eV C01-C0087 Pinacolyl alcohol CAS: 464-07-3 RTECS: EL2276000 OH

C6 H14 O Clear, colorless liquid. Hazardous routes of exposure for this material have not been established. Used industrially for organic synthesis. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is an intermediate for production of Soman (C01-A003). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.81 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 102.2 D: 0.812 g/mL MP: 41◦ F BP: 246◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 8.81 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 12,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 2.43% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: 82◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.1 (77◦ F) IP: —

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C01-C088 Diethylaminoethanol CAS: 100-37-8 RTECS: KK5075000 UN: 2686 ERG: 132 OH

N

C6 H15 NO Colorless hygroscopic liquid with a nauseating odor similar to ammonia and detectable at 0.011–0.04 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the manufacture of emulsifying agents, ﬂocculants, soaps, textiles softeners, cosmetics, in pharmaceuticals and crop protection agents, in the preparation of chemicals for the paper and leather industries, and in the production of plastics. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for production of GV and V series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.79 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 10 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 100 ppm Properties: MW : 117.2 D: 0.8921 g/mL MP: –94◦ F BP: 325◦ F BP: 212◦ F (80 mmHg) BP: 131◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: 5.6 cS

VP: 1.4 mmHg VD: 4.0 (calculated) Vlt: 1900 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohols; Acetone; Ether; Benzene

FlP: 140◦ F LEL: 6.7% UEL: 11.7% RP: 6.6 IP: 8.58 eV

C01-C089 2-(Diisopropylamino)ethanol CAS: 96-80-0 RTECS: KK5950000

N OH

C8 H19 NO Clear colorless liquid with a nauseating odor similar to ammonia. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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Components and Precursors C01-C

69

Used industrially as a catalyst; emulsifying agent; and for manufacture of pharmaceuticals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is an intermediate for production of VX (C01-A016) and is also commonly found as a decomposition product resulting from hydrolysis of VX. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 145.2 D: 0.826 g/mL MP: — BP: 374◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 316◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 4.6 IP: —

VP: 1.8 mmHg VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: 2400 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

C01-C090 [(Dibromophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-26-5 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

Br Br

F

CBr2 ClFNO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 303.3 D: 2.2030 g/mL MP: — BP: 140◦ F (0.1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.03 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C091 [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 18262-24-3 RTECS: — O

F N

O

P

Cl Cl

F

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CCl2 F2 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 197.9 D: 1.6360 g/mL MP: — BP: 149◦ F (20 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.9 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C092 [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 18425-23-5 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

Cl Cl

F

CCl3 FNO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.77 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 214.4 D: 1.7080 g/mL MP: — BP: 142◦ F (6 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.2 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C093 [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 17642-35-2 RTECS: — O

Cl N Cl

O

P

Cl Cl

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Components and Precursors C01-C

71

CCl4 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 230.8 D: 1.7360 g/mL MP: — BP: 167◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.04 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C094 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-25-4 RTECS: — O

F N

F

O

P

Cl Cl

F NO2

C2 Cl2 F3 N2 O4 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.24 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 274.9 D: 1.7470 g/mL MP: — BP: 149◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.08 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C095 2-Chloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 111203-62-4 RTECS: —

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Cl N

P

O

Cl Cl

Cl

C2 H2 Cl4 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 244.8 D: — MP: — BP: 210◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C096 [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 17650-48-5 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

O Cl

F

C2 H3 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 209.9 D: 1.5790 g/mL MP: — BP: 203◦ F (6 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.5 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Components and Precursors C01-C

73

C01-C097 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 120932-13-0 RTECS: — O

Cl N

P

O

Cl Cl

C2 H3 Cl3 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.61 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 210.4 D: — MP: — BP: 160◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.1 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C098 [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 17642-33-0 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

O Cl

Cl

C2 H3 Cl3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 226.4 D: 1.5830 g/mL MP: — BP: 180◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.1 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C099 [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 18262-30-1 RTECS: — O

F N

O

P

O Cl

F

C2 H3 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published Properties: MW : 193.5 D: 1.5490 g/mL MP: — BP: 138◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 2 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C100 2,2-Dichloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114700-94-6 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

Cl

P Cl

Cl Cl

C2 HCl5 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents.

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Components and Precursors C01-C

75

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.42 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 279.3 D: — MP: — BP: 201◦ F (1.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.008 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C101 N-[(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-33-4 RTECS: — O F P

O

N

F

O Cl

F NO2

C3 H3 ClF3 N2 O5 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.06 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 270.5 D: 1.6270 g/mL MP: — BP: 189◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.2 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C102 [(Chloro-2-chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 23233-25-2 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

O

Cl

Cl F

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C3 H4 Cl3 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 258.4 D: 1.5980 g/mL MP: — BP: 163◦ F (0.01 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C103 [(Bromoethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 17642-25-0 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Br

F

C3 H5 BrClFNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 268.4 D: 1.6970 g/mL MP: — BP: 214◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.07 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C104 [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-27-6 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

P

O Cl

F

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Components and Precursors C01-C

77

C3 H5 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 224.0 D: 1.4490 g/mL MP: — BP: 170◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.2 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C105 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl chloride CAS: 121951-54-0 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

Cl Cl

C3 H5 Cl3 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 224.4 D: — MP: — BP: 153◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.04 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C106 2-Chloro-N-[(chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114700-91-3 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

O

P Cl

Cl

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C3 H5 Cl3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.83 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 240.4 VP: 0.03 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: — VD: 8.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 244◦ F (2 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C107 [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 18262-31-2 RTECS: — O

F N

O

P

O

Cl F

C3 H5 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 207.5 VP: 0.8 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: 1.4050 g/mL VD: 7.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 149◦ F (2 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C108 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-34-5 RTECS: — O F N

F

O

P

O Cl

F NO2

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Components and Precursors C01-C

79

C4 H5 ClF3 N2 O5 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.64 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 284.5 VP: 0.05 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: 1.5140 g/mL VD: 9.8 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 163◦ F (0.1 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C109 2,2-Dichloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114700-93-5 RTECS: — O

Cl O

N

P

O Cl

Cl Cl

C4 H6 Cl4 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.82 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 288.9 VP: 0.006 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: — VD: 10 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 234◦ F (1.5 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C110 [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-28-7 RTECS: — O Cl N F

O

P

O Cl

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C4 H7 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.73 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 238.0 D: 1.3690 g/mL MP: — BP: 147◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.09 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C111 [[Chloropropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 18262-29-8 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

F

C4 H7 Cl2 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.73 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 238.0 VP: 0.06 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: 1.3480 g/mL VD: 8.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 212◦ F (10 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C112 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl chloride CAS: 121951-56-2 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

Cl Cl

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Components and Precursors C01-C

81

C4 H7 Cl3 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.75 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 238.4 VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: — VD: 8.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 154◦ F (2 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C113 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl chloride CAS: 121951-55-1 RTECS: — O Cl N

P

O

Cl Cl

C4 H7 Cl3 NO2 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.75 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 238.4 VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: — VD: 8.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 180◦ F (3 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C114 [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 17642-34-1 RTECS: — O Cl N Cl

O

O

P Cl

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C4 H7 Cl3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 254.4 D: 1.40 g/mL MP: — BP: 194◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C115 2-Chloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114700-92-4 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

Cl

C4 H7 Cl3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 254.4 D: — MP: — BP: 253◦ F (1.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C116 [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic dichloride CAS: 37990-97-9 RTECS: —

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Components and Precursors C01-C

83 O

Cl N

O

P

O Cl

Cl

C4 H7 Cl3 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 254.4 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C117 [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 37990-84-4 RTECS: — O F N

O

O

P Cl

F

C4 H7 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.06 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 221.5 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.3 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C01-C118 [(Chloroisopropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic diﬂuoride CAS: 18262-32-3 RTECS: — O F N

O

O

P Cl

F

C4 H7 ClF2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.06 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 221.5 D: 1.3720 g/mL MP: — BP: 142◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.4 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C119 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114700-90-2 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

C4 H8 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.00 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 220.0 D: — MP: —

VP: 0.08 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 7.6 (calculated) Vlt: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: —

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Components and Precursors C01-C BP: 205◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

85

H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

RP: — IP: —

C01-C120 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 129003-90-3 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O

Cl

C5 H10 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 234.0 D: — MP: — BP: 221◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.03 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C121 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-16-8 RTECS: — O

Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C5 H10 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 234.0 D: — MP: — BP: 210◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.04 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C122 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-18-0 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C5 H10 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 234.0 D: — MP: — BP: 219◦ F (2.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.03 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C123 2-Chloro-N-[[chloro(2,2,3,3-tetraﬂuoropropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 114967-39-4 RTECS: — O

F

Cl N

O

F

O

P

F

Cl Cl

F

C5 H5 Cl3 F4 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents.

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Components and Precursors C01-C

87

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.92 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 340.4 D: — MP: — BP: 244◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.003 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 12 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C124 [[2-Chloro-1-methylpropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride CAS: 24946-19-8 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

Cl

O Cl

F

C5 H8 Cl3 FNO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 286.5 D: 1.4811 g/mL MP: — BP: 183◦ F (0.3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.004 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C125 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]propanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-20-4 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C6 H12 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 248.0 D: — MP: — BP: 207◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C126 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-17-9 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O

Cl

C6 H12 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 248.0 D: — MP: — BP: 226◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C127 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-19-1 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C6 H12 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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Components and Precursors C01-C

89

This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 248.0 D: — MP: — BP: 216◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.01 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C128 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-25-9 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C6 H12 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 248.0 D: — MP: — BP: 207◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.02 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C129 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-22-6 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

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C7 H14 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 262.1 D: — MP: — BP: 226◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.004 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C130 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]propanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-21-5 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C7 H14 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 262.1 VP: 0.006 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) FlP: — D: — VD: 9.0 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 228◦ F (2 mmHg) H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C01-C131 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]butanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-23-7 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

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Components and Precursors C01-C

91

C7 H14 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 262.1 D: — MP: — BP: 221◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.006 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C132 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-27-1 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

C7 H14 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 262.1 D: — MP: — BP: 214◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.008 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C133 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-26-0 RTECS: —

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents O Cl N

O

O

P Cl

C7 H14 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 262.1 D: — MP: — BP: 225◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.006 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-C134 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]butanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-24-8 RTECS: — O Cl N

O

P

O Cl

C8 H16 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.29 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 276.1 D: — MP: — BP: 226◦ F (1.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.002 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C01-D

93

C01-C135 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl chloride CAS: 128981-28-2 RTECS: — O Cl N

P

O

O Cl

C8 H16 Cl2 NO3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is a precursor for Novichok series agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.29 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 276.1 D: — MP: — BP: 228◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.003 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 9.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Sparingly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS AND IMPURITIES

C01-D136 Bis(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)sulﬁde ([DE2]S) CAS: 110501-56-9 RTECS: —

N

S

N

C16 H36 N2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of V-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 288.5 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.00000027 mmHg VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 0.00012% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D137 Bis[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] disulﬁde (Agent EA 4196) CAS: 65332-44-7 RTECS: —

N

S N

S

C16 H36 N2 S2 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of V-series nerve agents. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 320.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000000059 mmHg VD: 11 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 0.00095% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D138 Ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) CAS: 1832-53-7 RTECS: — O P

O OH

C3 H9 O3 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of VX (C01-A016) and Ethyl Sarin (C01-A005). Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C01-D Properties: MW : 124.1 D: — MP: — BP: 226◦ F (0.4 mmHg) Vsc: —

95

VP: 0.00036 mmHg VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 18% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D139 O,S-Diethyl methylphosphonothioate (Agent EA 5533) CAS: 2511-10-6 RTECS: — O O

P

S

C5 H13 O2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is commonly found as an impurity and degradation product from hydrolysis of VX (C01-A016). This material has been used as a simulant in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.88 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 168.2 D: — MP: 17◦ F BP: 445◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.081 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.8 (calculated) Vlt: 100 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 1.55% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D140 N,N’-Dicyclohexylurea CAS: 2387-23-7 RTECS: — O

N

N

C13 H24 N2 O White crystalline powder. This material is commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of VX stabilizer Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (C01-C049). Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 224.3 D: 1.34 g/cm3 MP: 448◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D141 N-Chloroisopropylamine CAS: 26245-56-7 RTECS: — N

Cl

C3 H8 ClN Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from the reaction of VX (C01-A016) with hypochlorites. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 93.6 D: 1.019 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 99◦ F (100 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D142 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate CAS: 598-02-7 RTECS: TC0665000 O O

P

O OH

C4 H11 O4 P Clear, colorless liquid. This material is commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of Tabun (C01A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C01-D Properties: MW : 154.1 D: 1.29 g/mL MP: 43◦ F BP: 397◦ F BP: 212◦ F (0.1 mmHg) Vsc: —

97

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: 196◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D143 Diisopropylamine CAS: 108-18-9; 819-79-4 (Hydrochloride Salt); 30321-74-5 (Hydrobromide Salt); 6143-52-8 (Nitrate Salt); 65087-26-5 (Sulfate Salt) RTECS: IM4025000 UN: 1158 ERG: 132 N

C6 H15 N Colorless liquid with an odor like ammonia or ﬁsh. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Concentrations between 25 and 50 ppm can cause vision disturbances (e.g., colored haloes to be seen around lights). Used industrially for organic synthesis; as an antifoam agent, as a stabilizer for mesityl oxide; and as a chemical intermediate for detergents; dyes; pesticides; and pharmaceuticals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This is commonly found as an impurity in VX (C01-A016) and from decomposition of VX with hypochlorite. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 5 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 200 ppm Properties: MW : 101.2 D: 0.7169 g/mL MP: –78◦ F BP: 183◦ F Vsc: 0.558 cS (77◦ F) Sol: Acetone; Benzene; Ether; Ethanol

VP: 70 mmHg VP: 79.4 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 100,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible

FlP: 30◦ F LEL: 1.1% UEL: 7.1% RP: 0.13 IP: 7.73 eV

C01-D144 Triethyl phosphate CAS: 78-40-0 RTECS: —

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P O O

C6 H15 O4 P Clear, colorless liquid with a mild odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for organophosphorus insecticides, as a catalyst in the production of acetic anhydride by the ketene process; and used in industry as a plasticizer, ﬁre-retarding agent, antifoaming agent, and desensitizing agent for peroxides. This material is commonly found as degradation product of Tabun (C01-A001). This material has been used as a simulant in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.45 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 182.2 D: 1.0689 g/mL D: 1.0725 g/mL (66◦ F) MP: –70◦ F BP: 419◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.39 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: 510 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 50% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 240◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 19 IP: ∼10 eV

C01-D145 N,N-Diisopropylethylamine CAS: 7087-68-5 RTECS: —

N

C8 H19 N Clear colorless to yellow liquid with an amine odor. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as a reagent in organic chemistry. This material is commonly found as an impurity and degradation product in VX (C01A016). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.28 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C01-D Properties: MW : 129.2 D: 0.782 g/mL MP: –51◦ F BP: 261◦ F Vsc: —

99

VP: 31 mmHg (100◦ F) VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: 39,000 ppm (100◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: —

FlP: 43◦ F LEL: 3% UEL: 17% RP: 0.30 IP: —

C01-D146 Hydrogen S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (Agent EA 2192) CAS: 73207-98-4 RTECS: — O P

N

S OH

C9 H22 NO2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. This material is on Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of VX (C01-A016), a V-series nerve agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.79 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have nearly the same toxicity as the parent compound. Properties: MW : 239.3 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D147 Hydrogen S-2-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate CAS: 34256-71-8 RTECS: — O P

S

N

OH

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C5 H14 NO2 PS This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is on Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of VX (C01-A017), a V-series nerve agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have nearly the same toxicity as the parent compound. Properties: MW : 183.2 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C01-D148 Hydrogen S-2-dimethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate CAS: — RTECS: — O P

S OH

N

C6 H16 NO2 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. This material is on Schedule 1 of the CWC. This material is a degradation product from hydrolysis of ethyl S-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothiolate (C01-A021), a V-series nerve agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.07 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have nearly the same toxicity as the parent compound. Properties: MW : 197.2 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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References

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References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate ToxFAQs.” August 1999. ———. “Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine ToxFAQs.” September 2003. ———. Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev Edn. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———. “Nerve Agents (GA, GB, GD, VX) ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1998. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2003. Bajgar, J., J. Fusek, V. Hrdina, J. Patocka, and J. Vachek (Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Prague, Czech Republic). “Acute toxicities of 2-dialkylaminoalkyl-(dialyklamido)-ﬂuorophosphates.” Physiological Research 41 (1992): 399–402. Brown, D.F., A.J. Policastro, W.E. Dunn, R.A. Carhart, M.A. Lazaro, W.A. Freeman, and M. Krumpolc. Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1. October 2000. Buckles, L.C. and S.M. Lewis. “S-(2-Diisopropylamino-ethyl)O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate Stabilized with Soluble Carbodiimides,” United States Patent 4012464, September 24, 1965. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates.” March 15, 2005. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for GF.” 2000. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for Sarin.” 2000. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for Soman.” 2000. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for Tabun.” 2000. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for VX.” 2000. ———. “Facts About Sarin.” March 7, 2003. ———. “Facts About Soman.” March 7, 2003. ———. “Facts About Tabun.” March 7, 2003. ———. “Facts About VX.” March 7, 2003. Cohen, L., P.B. Coulter, and B.M. Zeffert. “Thickened Phosphorus Esters,” United States Patent 3868446, February 25, 1975. Compton, J.A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Cooper, G.H., I.W. Lawston, R.L. Rickard, and T.D. Inch. “Structure-Activity Relations in 2,6,7Trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes and Related Compounds.” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 (1978): 207–212. Eckhaus, S.R., J.C. Davis, Jr., B.M. Zeffert, and T.R. Moore. “Preparation of Alkylphosphonothiolates,” United States Patent 3911059, October 7, 1975. Edgewood Research Development, and Engineering Center, Department of the Army. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lethal Nerve Agent (GA). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised February 28, 1996. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lethal Nerve Agent (GB). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised February 21, 2004. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lethal Nerve Agent (GD). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised February 28, 1996. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lethal Nerve Agent (GF). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1994. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lethal Nerve Agent (VX). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised December 21, 2004. Epstein, J., K.E. Levy, and H.O. Michel. “Production of Toxic Organophosphorus Compounds,” United States Patent 3903210, September 2, 1975.

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“Final Recommendations for Protecting Human Health From Potential Adverse Effects of Exposure to Agents GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), and VX.” Federal Register 68, No. 196 (October 9, 2003): 58348–58351. Fusek, J. and J. Bajgar. “Antidotal Treatment of Intoxication with New Nerve Agent GV.” In Proceedings of the CB Medical Treatment Symposium: an Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Requirements for Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment. Edgewood, MD: Battelle Memorial Institute, 1994, 6.6–6.8. Ghosh, R. “New Basic Esters of Thiophosphonic Acids and Salts Thereof,” Great Britain Patent 797603, July 12, 1958. Gordon, J.J., R.H. Inns, M.K. Johnson, L. Leadbeater, M.P. Maidment, D.G. Upshall, G.H. Cooper, and R.L. Rickard. “The Delayed Neuropathic Effects of Nerve Agents and Some Other Organophosphorus Compounds.” Archives of Toxicology 52 (1983): 71–82. International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Division of Occupational Health, Safety and Medicine. Position on the U.S. Army Soldier & Biological Chemical Command’s (SBCCOM), Withdrawn “3/30 Rule” and the New Guide: “The Risk Assessment of Using Fireﬁghter Protective Ensemble with Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Rescue Operations During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident.” February 13, 2004. Koblin, A. “Persistent Incapacitating Chemical Warfare Composition and Its Use,” United States Patent 4708869, November 24, 1987. Kruglyak, Yu.L., S.I. Malekin, and I.V. Martynov. “Phosphorylated Oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-Halophospholanes with Dichloroﬂuoronitrosomethane.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 42 (1972): 811–814 (In Russian). Lyashenko, Yu.E. and V.B. Sokolov. “Reactions of O-(Alkylchloroformoimino)trichloromethylphosphoranes With S-Nucleophiles.” Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements 69 (1992): 153–161. Malekin, S.I., V.I. Yakutin, M.A. Sokal’skii, Yu.L. Kruglyak, and I.V. Martynov. “Mechanism of the Reaction of α-Chloronitrosoalkanes with Phosphorus (III) Compounds.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 42 (1972): 807–811 (In Russian). Marrs, T.C., R.L. Maynard, and F.R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Martynov, I.V., A.N. Ivanov, T.A. Epishina, and V.B. Sokolov. “Reaction of 1,1-Dichloro-1nitrosoalkanes with Phosphorus (III) Chlorides.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 9 (1988): 2128–2132 (In Russian). ———. “Reaction of Phosphorus Trichloride with 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-nitrosoethane in Sulfur Dioxide.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 9 (1986): 2158 (In Russian). ———. “Reaction of Polychloronitrosoethanes with Phosphorous Acid Derivatives.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 5 (1987): 1086–1089 (In Russian). Martynov, I.V., Yu.L. Kruglyak, and S.I. Malekin. “Carbonyl Halide Oxime β-Chloroalkyl Fluorophosphates,” Soviet Patent 241433, April 18, 1969 (In Russian). Martynov, I.V., Yu.L. Kruglyak, and N.F. Privezentseva. “Phosphorylated Oximes. I. Reaction of Halodialkyl Phosphites with α-Chloroﬂuoronitroso Alkanes.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 37 (1967): 1125–1130 (In Russian). ———. “Phosphorylated Oximes. II. Reaction of Halodialkyl Phosphites with α-Chloronitro Alkanes.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 37 (1967): 1130–1132 (In Russian). ———. “Reaction of Alkyl Phosphites with α-Halonitroso and α-Halonitro Compounds.” Edited by Kabachnik, M.I. Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Vses. Konf., 3rd (1972), Meeting Date 1965, 273-9. Publisher: "Nauka", Moscow, USSR (In Russian). Martynov, I.V., Yu.L. Kruglyak, G.A. Leibovskaya, Z.I. Khromova, and O.G. Strukov. “Phosphorylated Oximes. IV. Reactions of 1,3,2-Dioxaphospholanes and 1,3,2-Oxathiaphospholanes with α-Halonitrosoalkanes.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 39 (1969): 996–999 (In Russian). Matousek, J. “On New Potential Supertoxic Lethal Organophosphorous Chemical Warfare Agents with Intermediary Volatility.” In Proceedings of the CB Medical Treatment Symposium: an Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Requirements for Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment. Edgewood, MD: Battelle Memorial Institute, 1994, pp. 5.3–5.5.

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———. “On Some New Trends in the Development of Potential Chemical Warfare Agents.” In Proceedings of the CB Medical Treatment Symposium: an Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Requirements for Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment. Edgewood, Maryland: Battelle Memorial Institute, 1994, p. 5.6. Mioduszewski, R.J., S.A. Reutter, L.L. Miller, E.J. Olajos, and S.A. Thomson. Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria, Edgewood Arsenal Report No. ERDEC-TR-489. April 1998; with Erratum Sheet dated April 17, 2000. Munro, N.B., S.S. Talmage, G.D. Grifﬁn, L.C. Waters, A.P. Watson, J.F. King, and V. Hauschild. “The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 933–974. National Institute of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/). 2005. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. “Emergency Response Card for Sarin.” Interim Document March 20, 2003. ———. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Research Council. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Interim Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment Selection for Emergency Responders: Nerve Agents, August 30, 2004 (http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ emergencypreparedness/cbrnmatrix/nerve.html). 2005. Privezentseva, N.F., F.N. Chelobov, Yu.L. Kruglyak, and I.V. Martynov. “Phosphorylated Oximes. XI. Oxime Tertrachlorophosphoranes.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 42 (1972): 305–307 (In Russian). Rautio, M. “An International Interlaboratory Round-Robin Test for Chemical Warfare Agents.” KemiaKemi 18 (1991): 19–21 (In Finnish). Rohrbaugh, D.K., D.I. Rossman, W.P. Ashman, J.J. DeFrank, H.D. Durst, V.K. Rastogi, and S. Munavalli. “GC-MS Characterization and Synthesis of VX Simulants. Part 2. Ethyl S-(3-Methylbutyl) Methylphosphonothiolate and its Analogs” in Proceedings of the ERDEC Scientiﬁc Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States, November 17–20, 1998. Edited by Dorothy A. Berg. Springﬁeld, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1999: 439–447. Sartori, M.F. “New Developments in the Chemistry of War Gases.” Chemical Reviews 48 (1951): 225–257. Schegk, E., H. Schloer, and G. Schrade. “Phosphonic Acid Esters,” United States Patent 3014943, December 26, 1961. Sidell, F.R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, F.R., E.T. Takafuji, and D.R. Franz, ed. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, D.W. ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Sokolov, V.B., T.A. Epishina, and I.V. Martynov. “Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of zinc.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 7 (1988): 1691 (In Russian). Sokolov, V.B., A.N. Ivanov, T.A. Epishina, and I.V. Martynov. “Interaction of 2,2,3,3-Tetraﬂuoropropyl Dichlorophosphite with 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-nitrosoethane.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 6 (1987): 1422– 1423 (In Russian). ———. “Reaction of Dichloromethylphosphine with 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes.” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 57 (1987): 1659–1660 (In Russian). Sokolov, V.B., A.N. Ivanov, T.V. Goreva, T.A. Epishina, and I.V. Martynov. “O-(Alkylchloroformimino)O-alkylphosphoric Acid Chlorides.” Seriya Khimicheskaya 5 (1990): 1122–1125 (In Russian). Somani, S.M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, S.M. and J.A. Romano, Jr., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.

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Smith, A., P. Heckelman, and M.J. Oneil, ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th Edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Trapp, R. The Detoxiﬁcation and Natural Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents. Volume 3 of SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985. United States Air Force. Development of Candidate Chemical Simulant List: The Evaluation of Candidate Chemical Simulants Which May Be Used in Chemically Hazardous Operations, Technical Report AFAMRL-TR-82-87, Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1982. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume II, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd Edn. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Army Soldiers and Biological Chemical Command. Risk Assessment of Using Fireﬁghter Protective Ensemble and Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Rescue Operations During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident. August 2003. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. (http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm). March 2004. Wagner, G.W. and Y.-C. Yang. “Universal Decontaminating Solution for Chemical Warfare Agents,” United States Patent 6245957, June 12, 2001. ———. “Rapid Nucleophilic/Oxidative Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41 (2002): 1925–1928. Wardrop, A.W.H. and C. Stratford. “Improvements in the Manufacture of Organic Phosphorus Compounds Containing Sulfur,” Great Britain Patent 1346410, February 13, 1974. Watson, A., D. Opresko, and V. Hauschild. Evaluation of Chemical Warfare Agent Percutaneous Vapor Toxicity: Derivation of Toxicity Guidelines for Assessing Chemical Protective Ensembles, ORNL/TM2003/180. July 2003. Watson, A.P. and N.B. Munro. Reentry Planning: The Technical Basis for Offsite Recovery Following Warfare Agent Contamination, ORNL-6628. April 1990. Wiener, S.W. and R.S. Hoffman. “Nerve Agents: a Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 19 (2004): 22–37. Williams, K.E. Detailed Facts About Nerve Agent GA. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Nerve Agent GB. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Nerve Agent GD. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Nerve Agent VX. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. Wise, D. Cassidy’s Run: The Secret Spy War Over Nerve Gas. New York: Random House, 2000. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html). 2004. ———. Public Health Response to Biological And Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Yang, Y.-C. “Chemical Reactions for Neutralizing Chemical Warfare Agents.” Chemistry & Industry (May 1, 1995): 334–337. Yang, Y.-C., J.A. Baker, and J.R. Ward. “Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents.” Chemical Reviews 92 (1992): 1729–1743. Yaws, C.L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th Edn. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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2 Carbamate Nerve Agents

2.1

General Information

This class of agents is not covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Because of the toxicity of the agents and lack of commercial application, carbamate nerve agents would be prohibited based on the Guidelines for Schedules of Chemicals. These materials are fourth generation chemical warfare agents. They contain one or more quaternary amine centers that increase the ability of the agent to penetrate into neuromuscular junctions. They are relatively simple to synthesize although the starting materials are not commonly available. Because they produce negligible vapor, they are somewhat difﬁcult to deliver in a manner that will produce immediate casualties. Although the United States began investigating carbamates as warfare agents in the late 1950s, there is no information to indicate that these agents have ever been used other than for research purposes.

2.2 2.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Nerve agents are the most toxic of formerly stockpiled man-made chemical warfare agents. These compounds are similar to, but much more deadly than, agricultural carbamate pesticides. Nerve agents disrupt the function of the nervous system by interfering with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Serious effects are on skeletal muscles and the central nervous system. Nerve agents also affect glands that discharge secretions to the outside of the body causing discharge of mucous, saliva, sweat, and gastrointestinal ﬂuids. Exposure to solids, solutions, or aerosols from these agents is hazardous and can result in death within minutes of exposure.

2.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Nerve agents are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, exposure of the skin and eye, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). 105

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents General Exposure Hazards

Carbamate nerve agents do not have good warning properties. They have no odor, and, other than causing miosis, aerosols do not irritate the eyes. Contact neither irritates the skin nor causes cutaneous injuries. Human toxicity data for the carbamate nerve agents has not been published or has not been established. These agents are rapidly detoxiﬁed or eliminated from the body and there is little or no cumulative toxicity. Some agents are refractory to treatment. 2.2.4

Latency Period

2.2.4.1 Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) Depending on the concentration of agent aerosols, the effects begin to appear 30 seconds to 2 minutes after initial exposure. 2.2.4.2 Solids/Solutions (Nonaerosol) Typically, there is a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the sudden onset of symptoms. This latency can range from 1 minutes to 18 hours and is affected by factors such as the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, and previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin (e.g., organic solvents such as gasoline or alcohols). Moist, sweaty areas of the body are more susceptible to percutaneous penetration by solid nerve agents. Another key factor is the part of the body that is exposed to the agent. It takes more time for the agent to penetrate areas of the body that are covered by thicker and tougher skin. The regions of the body that allow the fastest percutaneous penetration are the groin, head, and neck. The least susceptible body regions are the hands, feet, front of the knee, and outside of the elbow.

2.3 2.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

2.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically white, to pale yellow crystalline solids. Some are hygroscopic or deliquescent. They have little or no odor. 2.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents Carbamate nerve agents have been dissolved in both water and organic solvents to facilitate handling, enhance dispersal, or increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will be dependent on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used. 2.3.2

Stability

Dry carbamate nerve agents are stable over a wide range of temperatures. Stabilizers are not required. Agents can be stored in glass, steel, stainless steel, or aluminum containers. Agents in solution are much more susceptible to hydrolysis and decomposition.

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107

Persistency

For military purposes, unmodiﬁed carbamate nerve agents are classiﬁed as extremely persistent. Agents have negligible vapor pressure and they will not evaporate. Depending on the size of the individual particles and on any encapsulation or coatings applied to the particles, they can be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds.

2.3.4

Environmental Fate

Carbamate nerve agents are nonvolatile and do not pose a vapor hazard. Although these agents may be dissolved in volatile solvents, evaporation of the solvent does not increase the evaporation of the agent itself. Porous material, including painted surfaces, may absorb solutions of agents. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, the agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing a contact hazard. Although these nerve agents are water soluble, agent solubility may be modiﬁed (either increased or decreased) by solvents. These agents are also soluble in some polar organic solvents such as alcohols and acetonitrile.

2.4 2.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

Individuals who have had previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin, such as alcohols, gasoline, or paint thinners, may be more susceptible to percutaneous exposure from dermal contact with these agents. In these situations, the rate of percutaneous penetration of the agent is greatly increased resulting in a decrease in the survival time that would otherwise be expected. All foodstuffs in the area of release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent aerosols solid agents may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to solid agents or solutions of agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat from animals that have suffered only mild to moderate effects from exposure to nerve agents should be safe to consume. Milk should be discarded for the ﬁrst 7 days postexposure and then should be safe to consume. Meat, milk, and animal products, including hides, from animals severely affected or killed by nerve agents should be destroyed. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains exposed to carbamate nerve agents should be quarantined until tested.

2.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 2.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to the agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. Carbamate nerve agents are very persistent and forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient agent to produce severe effects

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for several weeks postrelease, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions. 2.4.2.1 Fire Heat from a ﬁre will destroy carbamate nerve agents before generating any signiﬁcant concentration of agent vapor. However, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can spread the agent. Carbamates are water-soluble and runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will pose a signiﬁcant threat. Some of the potential decomposition products include toxic or corrosive gases or both. 2.4.2.2 Reactivity Carbamate nerve agents are stable in water. However, at high-pH they are rapidly destroyed.

2.4.3

Hazardous Decomposition Products

2.4.3.1

Hydrolysis

Agents produce dimethylamine [(CH3 )2 NH], carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and complex organic compounds. 2.4.3.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), CO2 , aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides (NOx ).

2.5 2.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for carbamate nerve agents released in mass casualty situations.

2.5.2

Personal Protective Requirements

2.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. However, since carbamate nerve agents have negligible vapor pressure, they do not pose a vapor hazard. The primary risk of exposure is through contact with aerosolized agents, solids, or solutions of agents. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide some skin protection against nerve agent aerosols. Contact with solids and solutions should be avoided. Even though carbamate nerve agents are rapidly detoxiﬁed or eliminated from the body, exposures may have a cumulative effect in the short-term, placing all responders who entered the hot zone without appropriate chemical protective clothing at increased risk during the remainder of the emergency.

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Respiratory Protection

Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for carbamate nerve agents. Therefore, any potential exposure to aerosols of these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 2.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against carbamate nerve agents. Evaluation of fabrics used to prevent exposure to carbamate pesticides may provide guidance on selection of appropriate protective clothing. Because these agents do not produce any signiﬁcant concentration of vapor, the primary risk of exposure is through inhalation of aerosols or by the percutaneous migration of agents following dermal exposure to solid agents or solutions containing these agents. However, aerosolized agents can also penetrate the skin and produce a toxic effect. If there is any possibility of contact with aerosolized agent, then responders should consider wearing a Level A protective ensemble.

2.5.3 2.5.3.1

Decontamination General

Carbamate nerve agents are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions). Use an aqueous caustic solution (minimum of 10% by weight sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) or use undiluted household bleach. Basic peroxides also rapidly detoxify carbamate nerve agents. 2.5.3.2 Solutions or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the nerve agent from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to nerve agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material

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into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with an aqueous caustic solution or undiluted household bleach (see Section 2.5.3.1). Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because the nerve agent that has been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface and pose a contact hazard. 2.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to nerve agents, then irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with an aqueous caustic solution or undiluted household bleach (see Section 2.5.3.1). Wash the area with copious amounts of the soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate.

2.6 2.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not published a speciﬁc case deﬁnition for intoxication by carbamates. However, the case deﬁnition for nerve agents and organophosphates states 1) A case in which nerve agents are detected in the urine. Decreased plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels based on a speciﬁc commercial laboratory reference range might indicate a nerve agent or organophosphate exposure; however, the normal range levels for cholinesterase are wide, which makes interpretation of levels difﬁcult without a baseline measurement or repeat measurements over time. 2) Detection of organophosphates in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.

2.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to nerve agents: carbamate and organophosphate pesticides; alkaloids such as nicotine or coniine; ingestion of mushrooms containing muscarine; and

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medicinals such as carbamates, cholinomimetic compounds, and neuromuscular blocking drugs.

2.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

2.6.3.1 Aerosols Pinpointing of pupils (miosis) and extreme nasal discharge (rhinorrhea) may be the ﬁrst indications of exposure. The casualty may also experience difﬁculty in breathing with a feeling of shortness of breath or tightness of the chest. In cases of exposure to high aerosol concentrations, the gastrointestinal tract may be affected, resulting in vomiting, urination, or defecation. Inhalation of lethal amounts of nerve agent can cause loss of consciousness and convulsions in as little as 30 seconds, followed by cessation of breathing and ﬂaccid paralysis after several more minutes. 2.6.3.2 Solutions/Solids Localized sweating, nausea, vomiting, involuntary urination/defecation, and a feeling of weakness are signs of small to moderate nerve agent exposure. Miosis usually does not occur unless the individuals have had agent in or around their eyes. Exposure to a large amount of agent causes copious secretions, loss of consciousness, convulsions progressing into ﬂaccid paralysis, and cessation of breathing.

2.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

2.6.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty with symptoms in two or more organ systems (not including miosis or rhinorrhea), who has a heartbeat and a palpable blood pressure. The casualty may or may not be conscious and/or breathing. 2.6.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with a known expossure to a solid agent or solution but no apparent signs or symptoms, or a casualty who is recovering from a severe exposure after receiving treatment. 2.6.4.3 Priority 3 A casualty who is walking and talking, although miosis and/or rhinorrhea may be present. 2.6.4.4 Priority 4 A casualty who is not breathing and does not have a heartbeat or palpable blood pressure.

2.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all nerve agents have been removed. If nerve agents have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. However, do not delay treatment if thorough decontamination cannot be undertaken immediately. Although these agents do not produce any signiﬁcant vapor, aerosolization of residual dusts on casualties could cause impacts to medical responders. Once the casualty has been

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decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Ventilate the patient. There may be an increase in airway resistance due to constriction of the airway and the presence of secretions. If breathing is difﬁcult, administer oxygen. As soon as possible administer atropine. Severely poisoned individuals may exhibit tolerance to atropine and require large doses. Oximes such as pralidoxime chloride (2-PAMCl) do not signiﬁcantly increase the effectiveness of atropine and in some cases may be contraindicated. Diazepam may be required to prevent or control severe convulsions or both. If diazepam is not administered within 40 minutes postexposure, then its effectiveness at controlling seizures is minimal. These agents are rapidly detoxiﬁed or eliminated from the body and aging of these agents is not an issue.

2.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. While it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Carbamate nerve agents that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with copious amounts of soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C02-A AGENTS C02-A001 1,10-Bis[methyl-2-(3-dimethyl-carbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]decane dimethobromide (Agent EA 3887) CAS: 110913-97-8 RTECS: — N

O

O O Br− N

N+

Br−

O

N

N+ N

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113

C32 H54 N6 O4 · Br2 White odorless solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards This agent is refractory to treatment. Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately twice as toxic as VX (C01-A016). The iodine salt is slightly more toxic than VX. Properties: MW : 746.7 D: 1.4 g/cm3 MP: Decomposes BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Soluble” Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: ‘Extremely persistent” IP: —

Iodide salt MW : 840.6 MP: 320◦ F C02-A002 1,6-Bis[methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]hexane dimethobromide (Agent EA 3948) CAS: 110913-93-4 RTECS: —

O

N O O Br− N+

Br−

O

N

N+

N

N

C28 H46 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 690.5 D: — MP: 293–297◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

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C02-A003 1-(N ,N-Dimethylamino)-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-2-pyridylmethyl)N-methylamino]decane dimethobromide (Agent EA 3966) CAS: 110913-86-5 RTECS: —

N

O O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

C24 H46 N4 O2 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 582.5 D:— MP: Decomposes BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A004 1,8-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]octane (Agent EA 3990) CAS: 110913-95-6 RTECS: —

O

dimethobromide

N O O Br− N+

N

Br−

O

N

N+ N

C30 H50 N6 O4 · Br2 White, odorless crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately three times more toxic than VX (C01-A016).

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Carbamate Nerve Agents C02-A Properties: MW : 718.7 D: 1.33 g/cm3 MP: Decomposes BP: — Vsc: —

115

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 82% (77◦ F) Sol: Alcohols; Acetic acid; Chloroform

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: “Extremely persistent” IP: —

C02-A005 1,5-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]pentane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4026) CAS: 110913-92-3 RTECS: — O

N

N O

O O

N+

N+

N

N Br−

Br−

C27 H44 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-ﬁfth as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 676.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: 370–381◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols IP: — C02-A006 1,4-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]butane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4038) CAS: 110913-91-2 RTECS: — O

N O O Br− N+

N

Br−

O

N

N+ N

C26 H42 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported.

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Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately 200 times less toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 662.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D:— VD: — LEL: — MP: 338–347◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols IP: — C02-A007 1,3-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]propane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4048) CAS: 110913-90-1 RTECS: — N

N

O O

O O

N+

N+

N

N Br−

Br−

C25 H40 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to have minimal toxicity. Properties: MW : 648.4 VP: Negligible FlP: — D:— VD: — LEL: — MP: 388◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol:— IP: — C02-A008 1,9-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]nonane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4056) CAS: 110913-96-7 RTECS: — N

N

O

O O

O N+

N+

N

N Br−

Br−

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C31 H52 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately three times more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 732.6 D: — MP: 212–221◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A009 1,11-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]undecane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4057) CAS: 110913-98-9 RTECS: —

N

N

O

O O

O N+

N+

N

N Br−

Br−

C33 H56 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 760.7 D: — MP: 266–270◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

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C02-A010 1,7-Bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]heptane dimethobromide (Agent EA 4181) CAS: 110913-94-5 RTECS: —

O

N

N

O O

O N+

N+ N

N Br−

Br−

C29 H48 N6 O4 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 704.5 D: — MP: 320–325◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A011 1-(4-Dimethylaminophenoxy)-2-(3-dimethylamino-5-dimethylcarbamoxyphenoxy)ethane dimethiodide CAS: 57169-76-3 RTECS: — I− N+ O N

O O

O I− N+

C23 H35 N3 O4 · I2 Pale yellow crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016).

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Properties: MW : 671.4 D: — MP: 266◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A012 1-(3-Dimethylaminophenoxy)-3-(3-dimethylamino-5-dimethylcarbamoxyphenoxy)propane dimethiodide CAS: 57168-28-2 RTECS: — I−

I− N+

N+

O N

O

O

O

C24 H37 N3 O4 · I2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 685.4 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 360◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: — IP: — Vsc: — C02-A013 Decamethylene-(3-hydroxyquinuclidinium bromide) [(2-dimethylcarbamoxy-ethyl)dimethylammonium bromide] CAS: 58619-61-7 RTECS: — Br−

O N+ N

O

Br− N+

OH

C24 H49 N3 O3 · Br2 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately 50 times less toxic than VX (C01-A016).

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Properties: MW : 587.5 D: — MP: 286◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A014 1,8-Bis[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]octane-2,7-dione dibromide CAS: 77104-01-9 RTECS: — O

N

O

O

O

Br−

O N+

N

N+

N Br−

N

O

C30 H46 N6 O6 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately three times more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 746.5 D:— MP: 410◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A015 Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide) CAS: 110203-40-2 RTECS: — O N

O

N+ Br−

Br− N+ N

O O

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C32 H40 N4 O4 · Br2 Solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 704.5 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 250–257◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: — IP: — Vsc: — C02-A016 1,8-Bis[N -(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]octane-2,7-dione dibromide CAS: 110801-39-3 RTECS: — O

N

O

O

Br−

O

O

N

+

N

N+ Br−

O

C32 H48 N4 O6 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 744.6 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: 329–336◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A017 1,10-Bis[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,N -dimethylammonio]decane-2,9-dione dibromide CAS: 77103-99-2 RTECS: — N

O

O

O O

O

Br

N

+ N

+ N

N Br

O

N

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C32 H50 N6 O6 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately three times more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 774.6 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 336◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: — IP: — Vsc: — C02-A018 1,8-Bis[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)ethylamino]octane dimethobromide CAS: 113402-83-8 RTECS: — O

N O

N

O

Br− N+

O N+

N N

−

Br

C32 H54 N6 O4 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately twice as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 746.3 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 282◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — Vsc: — C02-A019 1,10-Bis[N -(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane-2,9-dione dibromide CAS: 110801-36-0 RTECS: — O

N

O

O

O

Br−

O N+

N

N+ Br−

O

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C34 H52 N4 O6 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 772.6 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 372–376◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — Vsc: — C02-A020 1,10-Bis[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N -ethyl-N -methylammonio]decane2,9-dione dibromide CAS: 77104-00-8 RTECS: — O

N

O

O

Br−

O N+

O

N

N+

N Br−

N

O

C34 H54 N6 O6 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately twice as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 802.7 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: Decomposes Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A021 1,8-Bis[(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)ethylamino]octane dimethobromide CAS: 117585-55-4 RTECS: — O

N O O

Br− N+

O

N

N+

Br−

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C34 H56 N4 O4 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 744.3 FlP: — VP: Negligible D: — LEL: — VD: — MP: 349◦ F UEL: — Vlt: — RP: Persistent BP: — H2 O: Soluble Sol:Acetonitrile IP: — Vsc: — C02-A022 1,10-Bis[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)ethylamino]decane dimethobromide CAS: 113402-82-7 RTECS: — O N

N

O

O

Br− N+

O N+

N N

Br−

C34 H58 N6 O4 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately twice as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 774.3 D:— MP: 343◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A023 1,10-Bis{N -[1-(2-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N ,N -dimethylammonio}decane2,9-dione tetraphenylboronate CAS: 110801-38-2 RTECS: — O

N O O O

(C6H5)4

N+ B− (C6H5)4

O

B−

N

N+ O

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C36 H56 N4 O6 · B2 C48 H40 Crystalline solid. Bromide salt is a hygroscopic white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01A016). Properties: MW : 1279.3 D: — MP: 180–183◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

Bromide Salt MW : 800.7 H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile C02-A024 Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl)methylamino]}-4,4 -biacetophenone dimethobromide CAS: 113402-23-6 RTECS: — O

O O

O

O N

N N+

N+ Br−

Br−

C38 H44 N4 O6 · Br2 Light yellow crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 812.2 D: — MP: 302◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

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C02-A025 1,10-Bis[(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)propylamino]decane dimethobromide CAS: 117569-53-6 RTECS: — N

O

O

O

O N+

N

N+ Br−

Br−

C38 H64 N4 O4 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 800.4 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: 180◦ F Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A026 Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)pyrrolidinio]}4,4 -biacetophenone dibromide CAS: 113402-25-8 RTECS: — O

O

O N+

N+

N

O

Br− N

N

Br− N

C42 H50 N6 O6 · Br2 Crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 893.3 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — Vlt: — MP: Decomposes UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols IP: —

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C02-A027 1-(4-Dimethylcarbamoxy-2-dimethylaminophenoxy)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenoxy)propane dimethiodide CAS: 58149-55-6 RTECS: — I− N+ O

O

O I− N+

O

N

C24 H37 N3 O4 · I2 Solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-ﬁfth as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 685.4 D: — MP: 349–360◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

Oxalate salt MW : 591.4 MP: 329◦ F C02-A028 1-(N ,N,N -Trimethylammonio)-8-[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)N,N -dimethylammonio]octane dibromide CAS: 77104-70-2 RTECS: — O

N O Br− N+

Br− N+

C23 H43 N3 O2 · Br2 Hygroscopic white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016).

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Properties: MW : 553.4 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A029 1-(N ,N,N -Trimethylammonio)-10-[N -(5-dimethylcarbamoxy)isoquinolinio]decane dibromide CAS: 77223-00-8 RTECS: — O N O Br−

Br−

N+

N+

C25 H41 N3 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately one-third as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 575.4 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A030 1-[N -(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio]-8-(N ,N ,N -trimethylammonio)octane dibromide CAS: 77111-74-1 RTECS: — O N

O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

C25 H43 N3 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported.

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Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 577.4 VP: Negligible FlP: — VD: — D: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A031 1-(N ,N-Dimethyl-N -cyanomethylammonio)-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 109973-92-4 RTECS: — O

N O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

CN

C25 H45 N5 O2 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 607.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A032 1-[N -(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,N -dimethylammonio]-10(N -carbamoxymethyl-N ,N-dimethylammonio)decane dibromide CAS: 78297-56-0 RTECS: — N

O O

N

Br− N+

Br− OH

N+ O

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C25 H46 N4 O4 · Br2 Deliquescent white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 626.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A033 1-(N ,N,N -Trimethylammonio)-10-[N -(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)N ,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-68-8 RTECS: — O

N O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

C25 H47 N3 O2 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 581.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A034 1-[N ,N-Dimethyl-N -(2-hydroxy)ethylammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-62-2 RTECS: — N

O O

N

Br− N+

Br− N+

OH

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C25 H48 N4 O3 · Br2 White crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately twice as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 612.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A035 1-Pyridinio-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77223-01-9 RTECS: — O

N O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

C26 H42 N4 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 602.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Pyridine IP: — C02-A036 1-(N -Methyl)pyrrolidinio-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N ,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 110344-83-7 RTECS: — N

O O

Br− N+

N

Br− N+

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C26 H48 N4 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 608.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A037 1-[N ,N-Dimethyl-N -(3-hydroxy)propylammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-63-3 RTECS: — N

O O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

OH

C26 H50 N4 O3 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 626.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A038 1-[N ,N-Di(2-hydroxy)ethyl-N -methylammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-64-4 RTECS: — N

O

OH O

N

Br− N+

Br− N+

OH

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C26 H50 N4 O4 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 642.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A039 1-(4-Aldoximino)pyridinio-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N ,N-dimethylammonio]decene dibromide CAS: 77223-02-0 RTECS: — N

O O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

N

OH

C27 H43 N5 O3 · Br2 Deliquescent crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 645.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — Vlt: — MP: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A040 1-[N -(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio]-10-(N ,N ,N -trimethylammonio)decane dibromide CAS: 77111-71-8 RTECS: — O

N

O

Br− N+

Br− N+

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C27 H47 N3 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 605.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A041 1-[N ,N-Dimethyl-N -(3-cyanopropyl)ammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 109973-93-5 RTECS: — N

O O

Br− N+

Br− N+

N

CN

C27 H49 N5 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 635.5 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A042 1-(3-Hydroxy)quinuclidinio-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 110344-82-6 RTECS: — O

N O

Br− N+

N

Br− OH N+

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C28 H50 N4 O3 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 650.5 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols IP: — C02-A043 1-[N ,N-Dimethyl-N -(2-acetoxy-2-methylethyl)ammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 110914-01-7 RTECS: — N

O O

Br− N+

Br− O

N+

N

O

C28 H52 N4 O4 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 668.6 VP: Negligible FlP: — VD: — D: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A044 1-[N -(3-Hydroxy-α-picolyl)-N ,N-dimethylammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-09-7 RTECS: — N

O O

Br− N+

N

Br−

OH N+ N

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C29 H49 N5 O3 · Br2 Deliquescent white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 675.6 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile IP: — C02-A045 1-(N ,N-Dimethyl-N -cyclohexylammonio)-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N ,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 109973-95-7 RTECS: — N

O O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

C29 H54 N4 O2 · Br2 White solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 650.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A046 1-[N ,N-Dimethyl-N -(2-butyroxyethyl)ammonio]-10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 110914-02-8 RTECS: — O

N O

Br− N+

N

Br− N+

O O

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C29 H54 N4 O4 · Br2 Hygroscopic white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 682.6 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: Soluble BP: — RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Acetonitrile; Chloroform IP: — C02-A047 1-(N ,N,N -Tributylammonio)-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 109973-94-6 RTECS: — O

N O

Br−

Br−

N+

N+

N

C33 H64 N4 O2 · Br2 Deliquescent white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be slightly more toxic than VX (C01-A016). Properties: VP: Negligible MW : 708.7 FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: Soluble RP: Persistent Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetonitrile; Chloroform IP: — C02-A048 1-[N -(4-Dimethylcarbamoxymethyl)benzyl-N ,N -dimethylammonio]10-[N -(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N ,N -dimethylammonio]decane dibromide CAS: 77104-59-7 RTECS: — O

N O

N

Br− N+

Br− N+ O

N O

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C34 H57 N5 O4 · Br2 Deliquescent white crystalline solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 759.7 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

C02-A049 1,10-Bis{[10-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)methylaminodecyl]methylamino}decane tetramethodbromide CAS: 110255-20-4 RTECS: —

Br−

O N+

O N

Br−

N+

N+ Br−

O O N

N+ Br−

C56 H106 N8 O4 · Br4 Hygroscopic white solid. Various other salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 1275.1 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Soluble Sol: Acetonitrile

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: Persistent IP: —

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References

139

References Sommer, Harold Z. “Method for Methylating and Quaternizing,” United States Patent 3,903,135, September 2, 1975. ———. “Carbamates,” United States Patent 3,919,289, November 11, 1975. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,692,530, September 8, 1987. Sommer, Harold Z., and John Krenzer. “Quaternary Carbamates,” United States Patent 3,901,937, August 26, 1975. Sommer, Harold Z., John Krenzer, Omer O. Owens, and Jacob I. Miller. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,677,204, June 30, 1987. Sommer, Harold Z., and Jacob I. Miller. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,675,411, June 23, 1987. ———. “Haloalkyl-carbamoxyalkyl Derivatives,” United States Patent 3,956,365, May 11, 1976. ———. “Hydroxyquinuclidine Derivatives,” United States Patent 3,919,241, November 11, 1975. Sommer, Harold Z., and Omer O. Owens. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,686,293, August 11, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent H443, March 1, 1988. Sommer, Harold Z., Omer O. Owens, and Jacob I. Miller. “Isoquinilinium Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,673,745, June 16, 1987. Sommer, Harold Z., and George E. Wicks, Jr. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,241,209, December 23, 1980. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,241,210, December 23, 1980. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,241,211, December 23, 1980. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,241,212, December 23, 1980. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,241,218, December 23, 1980. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,119, June 9, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,122, June 9, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,123, June 9, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,124, June 9, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,069, June 9, 1987. ———. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,677,205, June 3, 1987. ———. “Picolyl Unsymmetrical Bis-quaternary Carbamates,” United States Patent 4,246,415, January 20, 1981. ———. “Unsymmetrical Bis-quaternary Amino Acids,” United States Patent 4,246,418, January 20, 1981. ———. “Unsymmetrical Pyrrolino Benzyl Quaternary Compounds,” United States Patent 4,240,965, December 23, 1980. Sommer, Harold Z., George E. Wicks, Jr., and Omer O. Owens. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,246,416, January 20, 1981. ———. “Ketobenzylcarbamates,” United States Patent 4,677,222, June 30, 1987. Sommer, Harold Z., George E. Wicks, Jr., and Benjamin Witten. “Chemical Agents,” United States Patent 4,672,120, June 9, 1987. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume II, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974.

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Section II

Vesicant/Urticant Agents

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3 Sulfur and Nitrogen Vesicants

3.1

General Information

The agents in this class are beta-halogenated thioethers, beta-halogenated alkylamines, and alkylating sulfates. The thioether agents are listed in Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Only three beta-halogenated alkylamine agents, HN1 (C03A011), HN2 (C03-A012), and HN3 (C03-A013), are speciﬁcally listed in Schedule 1. However, because of the toxicity of the agents and limited commercial application, the remaining alkylamines would be prohibited based on the Guidelines for Schedules of Chemicals. Sulfur vesicants are ﬁrst generation chemical warfare agents employed in World War I. Mustard gas (dichloroethylsulﬁde) was discovered in 1822. It was ﬁrst employed by the Germans in 1917 at the third battle of Ypres and has been considered a major chemical agent ever since. Nitrogen vesicants are second generation chemical warfare agents developed just prior to World War II. In addition to their vesicant properties, nitrogen agents were studied as a means of poisoning an enemies’ water supply because dilute aqueous solutions will rapidly decompose and form neurotoxic products. Several of these agents, including HN3 (C03-A013), were stockpiled by Nazi Germany during World War II but were never used. Modern weapons researchers have isolated and evaluated numerous other variations of the basic thiol and amine structures. Both sulfur and nitrogen vesicants are easy to synthesize and disperse. For information on some of the chemicals used to manufacture vesicants, see the Component Section (C03-C) following information on the individual agents. In addition to the agents detailed in this handbook, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) identiﬁes in its Declaration Handbook 2002 for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction another ﬁve agents in this class. However, there is no information available in the unclassiﬁed literature concerning the physical, chemical, or toxicological properties of these additional agents. Sulfur vesicants have been stockpiled by all countries that have pursued a chemical weapons program and have been used numerous times on the battleﬁeld. In contrast, although nitrogen vesicants have been investigated by the United States and many other countries, concern over agent stability and a lack of a clear strategic, tactical, or production advantage over sulfur vesicants has prevented further stockpiling of these agents.

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3.2 3.2.1

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Toxicology Effects

Sulfur and nitrogen vesicants produce their toxic effects by forming a highly reactive intermediate cyclic structure that alkylates nucleophiles in the cell structure. This disrupts the normal function of the affected biochemical. Although the actual damage caused by these vesicants occur within minutes of exposure, most clinical effects have a latent period ranging from hours to days. Vesicants affect both exterior and interior parts of the body causing inﬂammation, blisters, and general destruction of tissues. They have a greater impact on moist areas of the body. Healed burns may be hypersensitive to mechanical trauma. Eyes are especially susceptible to vesicants. In addition to the immediate corrosive effects, the cornea of the eye can become inﬂamed (keratitis) after a latency of 6–10 years. This condition can progress to blindness. Corneal lesions may reoccur even after receiving a corneal transplantation. Inhalation of vesicants can cause lung membranes to swell and become ﬁlled with liquid (pulmonary edema). Death may result from lack of oxygen. Vesicants are also systemic agents and readily pass through the skin to affect susceptible tissue including those that produce blood. For this reason they are often described as radiomimetic poisons. In severe cases, systemic effects can include cardiovascular shock and multiorgan failure. Nitrogen vesicants can also cause central nervous system depression and cardiovascular shock. Both sulfur and nitrogen vesicants are carcinogenic. 3.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Vesicants are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, skin and eye exposure, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). Thickened agents primarily pose a hazard through skin absorption. Dusty agents are primarily an inhalation hazard but may also cause minor skin/eye impacts. Contact with bulk dusty vesicants can produce more classical blistering and system effects. 3.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Pure vesicants have little or no odor. However impurities can give them an easily detectable and identiﬁable smell. The odor of sulfur vesicants has been described as similar to garlic, horseradish, onions, or mustard. The odor of nitrogen vesicants has been described as ﬁshy, fruity, musty, or even soap-like. Agent vapors of both series cause eye irritation. However, there is no signiﬁcant difference in the concentration that will irritate the eyes and the one that will produce eye injury. Although impacts from exposure to vesicants occur almost at once, contact with vapors or the liquid agent neither irritates the skin nor produces visible dermal injuries until after a substantial latency period. In contrast, HL (C03-A010), sulfur mustard mixed with lewisite, produces immediate pain due to the arsenic mustard component. 3.2.3.1 Sulfur Series Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 11 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid are as low as 1.4 grams per individual.

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Incapacitating concentrations (ICt50 ) for dermal exposure to these agents at moderate temperatures (i.e., between 65 and 85◦ F) are as low as 2 ppm for a 30-minutes exposure. Temperatures above 85◦ F reduce the concentration necessary to produce similar effects. Eye irritation from exposure to agent vapors occurs at concentrations as low as 2 ppm after a 2-minutes exposure; an incapacitating concentration (ICt50 ) for exposure of the eyes is as low as 5 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. 3.2.3.2 Nitrogen Series Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 60 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid are as low as 1.4 grams per individual. Incapacitating concentrations (ICt50 ) for dermal exposure to these agents at moderate temperatures (i.e., between 65 and 85◦ F) are as low as 2 ppm for a 30-minutes exposure. Temperatures above 85◦ F reduce the concentration necessary to produce similar effects. Eye irritation from exposure to agent vapors occurs at concentrations as low as 2 ppm after a 2-minutes exposure; an incapacitating concentration (ICt50 ) for exposure of the eyes is as low as 4 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. The rate of detoxiﬁcation of vesicants by the body is very low. Exposures are essentially cumulative. 3.2.4

Latency Period

3.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) Eye irritation may become noticeable in a matter of minutes. Other signs and symptoms of exposure, including reddening of the skin (erythema), blistering (vesication), and accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), do not occur until after a substantial latency period. Mixtures such as HL (C03-A010) contain lewisite (C04-A002) and will produce an immediate burning sensation on contact with the skin or eyes. 3.2.4.2 Liquids Tissue damage occurs within minutes of exposure to vesicants, but clinical effects may not appear for up to 24 hours. Mixtures such as HL (C03-A010) contain lewisite (C04-A002) and will produce an immediate burning sensation on contact with the skin or eyes. Some agents are rapidly absorbed through the skin and extensive skin contamination may cause systemic damage. 3.2.4.3 Solids (Nonaerosol) Tissue damage occurs within minutes of exposure to vesicants, but clinical effects may not appear for up to 24 hours. Some agents are rapidly absorbed through the skin and extensive skin contamination may cause systemic damage. A key factor affecting the length of time before the onset of symptoms as well as the severity of the symptoms is the part of the body that is exposed to the agent. Apart from mucous membranes, the regions of the body that are the most sensitive to vesicants are warm, moist areas, and areas with thin skin such as the face, armpits, inside of the elbow, genitalia, neck, skin between the ﬁngers, and the nail beds. The least susceptible body regions are the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, front of the knee, and outside of the elbow.

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3.3

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Characteristics

3.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

3.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless oily liquids or solids. They have little or no odor. Salts of nitrogen vesicants are typically white odorless solids. High concentrations of vesicants can cause eye irritation. Because of the lewisite (C04-A002) component, HL (C03-A010) vapors cause immediate irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. 3.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically amber to dark brown liquids or solids. As the agent ages and decomposes, it continues to discolor until it may appear black. Production impurities and decomposition products in these agents may give them an odor. The odor of munition grade sulfur vesicants has been described as similar to garlic, horseradish, onions, or mustard; while the odor of munition grade nitrogen vesicants has been described as ﬁshy, fruity, or soapy. Odors may become more pronounced during storage. Nitrogen vesicant agents tend to form crystalline decomposition products that precipitate out of solution on prolonged storage. 3.3.1.3

Modiﬁed Agents

Solvents have been added to vesicants to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, Ndimethylpalmitamide, N, N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of vesicants in the solution. Conversely, vesicants have also been thickened with various substances to enhance deployment, increase their persistency, and increase the risk of percutaneous exposure. Thickeners include polyalkyl methacrylates (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), poly(vinyl acetate), polystyrene, plexiglas, alloprene, polychlorinated isoprene, nitrocellulose, as well as bleached montan and lignite waxes. Military thickener K125 is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, and butyl polymethacrylates. When thickened, agents become sticky with a consistency similar to honey. Typically, not enough thickener is added to affect either the color or odor of the agent. Vesicants have also been converted to a “dusty” form by adsorbing the liquid agent onto a solid carrier. Dusty carriers include aerogel, talc, alumina, silica gel, diatomite, kaolinite, fuller’s earth, and pumice. Dusty agents appear as ﬁnely ground, free-ﬂowing powders with individual particles in the range of 10 µm or less and are dispersed as a particulate cloud. Particles in this range can penetrate clothing and breathable protective gear, such as United States military mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) garments. Dusty agents pose both an inhalation and contact hazard. Color and other physical properties of dusty agents will depend upon the characteristics of the carrier. Odors may vary from the unmodiﬁed agent. 3.3.1.4

Mixtures with Other Agents

In addition to mixtures containing both sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, individual members of this class have been mixed with other agents such as lewisite (C04-A002) and

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bis(chloroethyl)ether to prevent them from freezing in the munition as well as to enhance their toxicity. Details on HL, the standardized sulfur mustard/lewisite mixture, are reported under listing C03-A010. 3.3.2

Stability

Crude sulfur vesicants are relatively stable and stability increases with purity. Distilled materials show very little decomposition on storage. Solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene have been added to enhance stability of crude material. Agents can be stored in glass or steel containers, although pressure may develop in steel containers. Sulfur vesicants rapidly corrode brass and cast iron, and permeate into ordinary rubber. Nitrogen vesicants are relatively unstable and tend to dimerize or polymerize on storage. Polymerization is accelerated by both heat (as low as 122◦ F) and light. Polymerization can be self-accelerating through production of heat and may even generate enough heat to cause an explosion. Polymerization is also accelerated by the presence of polar solvents. Stabilizers, such as carbon disulﬁde and triphenylcarbinol, may be added to inhibit polymerization. Stabilized agents can be stored in glass or steel containers. 3.3.3

Persistency

For military purposes, unmodiﬁed vesicants are classiﬁed as persistent. Under proper conditions, agents can remain hazardous in soil and even in water for several years. Limited solubility slows the hydrolysis of liquid agents. Some hydrolysis products are highly toxic and extremely persistent. Evaporation rates range from near that of light machine oil to that of heavy motor oil. Agents modiﬁed with thickeners last signiﬁcantly longer. Dusty agents can be very persistent depending on the carrier employed and can be reaerosolized after deployment by ground trafﬁc or strong winds. 3.3.4

Environmental Fate

Vesicant vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Porous material, including painted surfaces, will absorb both liquid and gaseous agent. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. Clothing may emit trapped agent vapor for up to 30 minutes after contact with a vapor cloud. Most of these agents are insoluble in water and this limited solubility slows their hydrolysis. On standing, however, aqueous solutions of nitrogen vesicants will decompose forming neurotoxic products. Hydrolysis of agents may be further reduced if they are thickened such that a protective layer forms at the agent/water interface. Conversely, agent solubility may be increased by solvents. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed liquid agents are much greater than that of water. These agents are soluble in most organic solvents including gasoline, oils, acetone, and alcohols.

3.4 3.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may

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be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to liquid or solid agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat, milk, and animal products, including hides, from animals affected or killed by vesicants should be destroyed or quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to use or consume.

3.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Although vesicants do not produce the same type of dermal damage in animals as they do in humans, they are still susceptible to the cytotoxic and systemic toxicities of these agents. Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water, or a 0.5% household bleach solution (see Section 3.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. Unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. Leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient vesicant agent to produce effects for several weeks post release, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions.

3.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before it is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Vesicants may react with steam or water during a ﬁre to produce toxic and/or corrosive vapors. In addition, nitrogen vesicants tend to polymerize during storage and the polymerization products may present an explosion hazard. HL (C03-A010) contains an arsenic component and combustion or hydrolysis will also produce toxic arsenical decomposition products.

3.4.4

Reactivity

Vesicants are incompatible with strong oxidizers, such as dry high-test hypochlorite (HTH) pool bleach, and will spontaneously ignite. Although these agents will decompose if dissolved in water, a lack of solubility inhibits this process. Nitrogen vesicants tend to polymerize on storage. Polymerization may generate enough heat to cause an explosion. In addition, polymerized components may present an explosion hazard.

3.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

For information on individual impurities and decomposition products, see the Decomposition Products and Impurities section (C03-D) at the end of this chapter. 3.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Vesicants produce acidic products including hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), or hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF), and ethanolamines, thioglycols, or thioethers when hydrolyzed. Arsenous oxide decomposition products from HL (C03-A010) are toxic and may also have vesicant properties. HL will also produce acetylene at higher pH.

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Combustion

Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, HF, and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) or sulfur oxides (SOx ). Decomposition vapors from nitrogen vesicants may form explosive mixtures in air. In addition, a corrosive and toxic residue may remain. HL (C03-A010) will also produce toxic arsenic oxides.

3.5 3.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For vesicants, these recommendations are based on a release scenario involving either a spray or explosively generated mist of vesicant that quickly settles to the ground and soaks into a depth of no more than 0.25 millimeters. A secondary cloud will then be generated by evaporation of this deposited material. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release of vesicant is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 2 kilograms (approximately 1.5 liters of liquid sulfur vesicant and 1.7 liters of liquid nitrogen vesicant) and a large release involves 100 kilograms (approximately 20 gallons of liquid sulfur vesicant and 23 gallons of liquid nitrogen vesicant). Because of uncertainties in deﬁning the composition of HL, a mixture of sulfur mustard HD (C03-A001) and lewisite (C04-A002), the evacuation recommendations were based strictly on the lewisite component. A small release of HL involves 2 kilograms (approximately 1.3 L of liquid agent) and a large release involves 100 kilograms (approximately 17 gallons of liquid agent).

HD (sulfur mustard) C03-A001 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) HN1 C03-A011 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) HN2 C03-A012 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) HN3 C03-A013 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) HL (mustard/lewisite mixture) C03-A010 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms)

Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

100 200

0.1 0.4

0.1 0.7

100 200

0.1 0.4

0.1 0.8

100 200

0.1 0.3

0.1 0.7

100 100

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.2

100 300

0.1 0.6

0.2 1.1

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3.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events and should never be used as the primary chemical protective garment to enter an area contaminated with vesicants. 3.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation since vesicants can be absorbed into or degrade the materials used to make some respirators. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 3.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against sulfur or nitrogen vesicant agents or both. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade or modiﬁed agents. Because of the extreme dermal hazard posed by vesicants, responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble whenever there is a potential for exposure to any solid or liquid agent, or to an elevated or unknown concentration of agent vapor.

3.5.3

Decontamination

3.5.3.1 General Sulfur vesicants: These agents are insoluble in water and form self-protecting decomposition products at the water/agent interface that prevent hydrolysis of the agent. These decomposition products are stable and some of them have toxic and/or vesicant properties. Solubility of an agent will be decreased further if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent or if it is thickened such that it forms a protective layer at the agent/water interface. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. Dissolved vesicants are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions), especially when used in combination with a strong oxidizing agent. For this reason, undiluted household bleach is an excellent agent for decontamination of these agents. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes. However, a large excess will be needed to ensure complete destruction of the agents. The lewisite component of HL (C03-A010) will react with basic solutions, including household bleach, to produce acetylene gas. Sulfur vesicants are easily oxidized. However, over oxidation produces the sulfone (e.g., C03-D050), which is nearly as powerful a vesicant as the parent compound. These sulfones are also less reactive than the parent compounds and much more slowly hydrolyzed. A

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slurry that is 10% by weight of either super tropical bleach (STB) or HTH in water is an effective agent for oxidizing sulfur vesicants. Never use dry STB or HTH since they will react violently with vesicants and may spontaneously ignite. Basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide, and an alcohol) also rapidly detoxify sulfur vesicants. Nonreactive, nonporous materials such as glass can be decontaminated with concentrated nitric acid. Reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available Reactive Skin Decontaminant Lotion (RSDL), are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying sulfur vesicants. Some chloroisocyanurates, similar to those found in the Canadian Aqueous System for Chemical-Biological Agent Decontamination (CASCAD), are effective at detoxifying sulfur vesicants, and so is oxone, a peroxymonosulfate triple salt. Nitrogen vesicants: These agents are essentially insoluble in water. They will decompose on standing in water but form neurotoxic products. Some of these toxic decomposition products can last for extended periods. Solubility of an agent will be decreased further if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent or if it is thickened such that it forms a protective layer at the agent/water interface. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. Dissolved vesicants are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions), especially when used in combination with a strong oxidizing agent. For this reason, undiluted household bleach is an excellent agent for decontamination of these agents. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes. However, a large excess will be needed to ensure complete destruction of the agents. Nitrogen vesicants are easily oxidized. However, incomplete oxidation produces the N-oxide, which is still highly toxic and relatively stable. A slurry that is 10% by weight of either STB or HTH in water is also an effective agent for oxidizing nitrogen vesicants. Never use dry STB or HTH since they will react violently with vesicants and may spontaneously ignite. Basic peroxides (e.g., a solution of baking soda, 30–50% hydrogen peroxide, and an alcohol) also rapidly detoxify nitrogen vesicants. Although speciﬁc data have not been published in the unclassiﬁed literature, preliminary studies indicate that reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available RSDL, are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying nitrogen vesicants. 3.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes after postexposure. However, decontamination after the initial 2 minutes should still be undertaken in order to prevent additional percutaneous absorption of the agent leading to systemic toxicity. Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes of exposure. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If condensation is present, decontaminate with copious amounts of undiluted household bleach (see Section 3.5.3.1). Allow it to stand for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces,

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may be required because vesicants that have been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. 3.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes postexposure. However, decontamination after the initial 2 minutes should still be undertaken in order to prevent additional percutaneous absorption of the agent leading to systemic toxicity. Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the vesicant from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, and/or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Alternatively, a household bleach solution can be used instead of soap and water. The bleach solution should be no more than one part household bleach in nine parts water (i.e., 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) to avoid damaging the skin. Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with undiluted household bleach or an HTH/water slurry (see Section 3.5.3.1). If HL (C03-A010) is involved, then ﬂammable acetylene gas will be generated during the neutralization process. Take appropriate actions to disperse the vapors. Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of the neutralizing agent. Ensure that it remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because vesicants that have been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. 3.5.3.4 Solids, Dusty Agents, or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes after postexposure. Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. If possible, dampen the agent with a water mist to help prevent aerosolization. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes.

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Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioners, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agents using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with undiluted household bleach or the HTH/water slurry (see Section 3.5.3.1). Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of the neutralizing agent. Insure that it remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and containerize the rinseate.

3.6 3.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

A case in which a vesicant is detected in biologic samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.

3.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to vesicant agents: chemical burns from contact with strong acids or bases; barbiturates, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon monoxide; reactions to drugs producing Stevens–Johnson syndrome and/or toxic epidermal necrolysis; autoimmune diseases such as bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris; and staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome.

3.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

3.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols Feeling of irritation and grittiness in the eyes are generally the ﬁrst indications of exposure. These symptoms usually occur 30 minutes to 3 hours postexposure and, depending on the amount of agent involved, progress to soreness with a bloodshot appearance. These symptoms can be followed by swelling, pain, tearing, involuntary blinking (blepharospasm), and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Eye symptoms may be accompanied by an increase in nasal secretion, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, and hoarseness. Individuals who have been exposed to a large amount of agent may experience nausea, retching, and vomiting. There is an asymptomatic latent period, usually 4–24 hours before skin impacts appear. With minimal exposure, skin impacts may be limited to reddening of the skin (erythema). Otherwise, it progresses to large blisters typically ﬁlled with a clear yellow ﬂuid. Blisters do not contain active vesicant agent. These blisters usually break leaving the skin open to secondary infection. Blistering from a vapor-only exposure is generally comparable to a ﬁrst-degree or second-degree burn. The skin may darken on and around the burned area.

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If HL (C03-A010) is involved, then exposure of the eyes to even small amounts of vapor will produce immediate tearing, pain, and involuntary blinking (blepharospasm). Eye symptoms are rapidly followed by coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. Exposure of the skin to HL produces an immediate burning sensation. Reddening of the skin (erythema) may appear in as short a time as 5 minutes although full progression to blisters may not develop for up to 18 hours. 3.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids There is an asymptomatic latent period, usually 4–24 hours before skin impacts appear. With minimal exposure, skin impacts may be limited to reddening of the skin (erythema). Otherwise, erythema progresses to large blisters typically ﬁlled with a clear yellow ﬂuid or further to lesions with a central zone of localized death of cells or tissues (necrosis) and peripheral blisters. Blisters do not contain active vesicant agent. Blisters are easy to break leaving the skin open to secondary infection. Blistering from a liquid exposure can produce deep damage comparable to a third-degree burn. The skin may darken on and around the burned area. If HL (C03-A010) is involved, then exposure of the skin will produce an immediate burning sensation, which may be quickly followed by reddening of the skin (erythema). In addition to other latent effects, casualties exposed to HL may also develop signs of systemic arsenic toxicity including diarrhea, damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and the brain. 3.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

3.6.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty with mild to moderate pulmonary effects less than 6 hours postexposure, or a casualty with moderately severe or severe pulmonary signs and symptoms after 6 hours postexposure. 3.6.4.2

Priority 2 (Majority of Cases)

A casualty with skin lesions covering between 5 and 50% of the body surface area (BSA), or a casualty with mild to moderate pulmonary effects after 6 hours postexposure, or a casualty with eye injuries. 3.6.4.3 Priority 3 A casualty with skin lesions covering less than 5% of the BSA, or a casualty with eye irritation or reddening, and/or slight upper respiratory complaints such as hacking cough or irritated throat 12 hours or more hours postexposure. 3.6.4.4 Priority 4 A casualty with skin lesions from liquid exposure to more than 50% of the BSA, or a casualty with severe pulmonary effects less than 6 hours postexposure. 3.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the vesicants have been removed. Rapid decontamination of any exposure is essential. If vesicants have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask.

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There is no antidote for exposure to these agents. Treatment consists of symptomatic management of lesions. If a casualty is known to have inhaled vesicant vapors but does not display any signs or symptoms of an impacted airway, it may still be appropriate to intubate the casualty since laryngeal spasms or edema may make it difﬁcult or impossible later. Eye lesions should be treated by saline irrigation and coating the follicular margins with petroleum jelly to prevent sticking. If HL (C03-A010) is involved, a BAL (British-anti-Lewisite, dimercaprol) solution or ophthalmic ointment may be beneﬁcial if administered promptly. It may also decrease the severity of skin and eye lesions if applied topically within minutes after decontamination is complete (i.e., within 2–5 minutes postexposure). Asymptomatic individuals suspected of exposure to vesicants should be kept under observation for at least 8 hours. Burns from liquid exposure to over 50% of the body surface suggest that the individual has absorbed twice a lethal dose of vesicant and the prognosis for survival of the individual is poor.

3.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. While it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Vesicants that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for every gallon of household bleach) ensuring the solution is introduced into the ears, nostrils, mouth, and any wounds. This concentration of bleach will not affect remains but will neutralize vesicant agents. Higher concentrations of bleach can harm remains. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. The bleach solution should remain on the cadaver for a minimum of 5 minutes. Wash with soap and water. Ensure that all the bleach solution is removed prior to embalming as it will react with embalming ﬂuid. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Screen the remains for agent vapors and residual liquid at the conclusion of the decontamination process. If the remains must be stored before embalming, then place them inside body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. If double body bags are used, seal the inner bag with duct tape, rinse, and then place in the second bag. After embalming is complete, place the remains in body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Standard burials are acceptable when contamination levels are low enough to allow bodies to be handled without wearing additional protective equipment. Cremation may be required if remains cannot be completely decontaminated. Although vesicant agents are destroyed at the operating temperature of a commercial crematorium (i.e., above 1000◦ F), the initial heating phase may volatilize some of the agents and allow vapors to escape. Additionally, if HL (C03-A010) is involved then combustion will produce toxic and and potentially volatile arsenic oxides.

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C03-A SULFUR VESICANTS C03-A001 Mustard gas (Agent HD) CAS: 505-60-2 RTECS: WQ090000 S Cl

Cl

C4 H8 SCl2 Oily, colorless to amber to dark brown liquid. Yellow solid below 58◦ F. Pure material is odorless; otherwise has an odor similar to garlic or horseradish that is detectable at approximately 0.1 ppm. Also reported as a mixture with Sesquimustard (C03-A002); O-Mustard (C03-A003); Lewisite (C04-A002); HN1 (C03-A011); HN3 (C03-A013); Phenyldichloroarsine (C04-A005). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.51 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (80 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : < 85◦ F: 10,000 mg-min/m3 (50 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : > 85◦ F: 5000 mg-min/m3 (30 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50(Skin) : < 85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (3 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : >85◦ F: 200 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (6 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 2 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.01 ppm; Sig: 0.02 ppm; Sev: 0.32 ppm WPL AEL: 0.00006 ppm STEL: 0.0005 ppm IDLH: 0.11 ppm Properties: MW : 159.1 D: 1.27 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 58◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: 3.95 cS (77◦ F) Solid D: 1.33 g/cm3 (50◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.010 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.020 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.320 ppm

VP: 0.11 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.5 (calculated) Vlt: 141 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.068% (77◦ F) Sol: Hydrocarbons; Acetone; Alcohols

FlP: 221◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 73 IP: <9 eV

Thickened Vsc: 1000–1200 cS 4 h, 0.003 ppm 4 h, 0.004 ppm 4 h, 0.080 ppm

8 h, 0.001 ppm 8 h, 0.002 ppm 8 h, 0.040 ppm

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C03-A002 Sesquimustard (Agent Q) CAS: 3563-36-8 RTECS: — S

Cl

Cl

S

C6 H12 Cl2 S2 Pale amber solid. Pure material has little or no odor; otherwise has an odor similar to garlic or horseradish. Also found as an impurity in Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.97 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 200 mg-min/m3 (11 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : 300 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure) These values are from older sources (ca. 1956). Reevaluation and updates of toxicity values for similar agents suggest Q may be more toxic than the values reported here. Properties: MW : 219.2 D: 1.272 g/cm3 (77◦ F) MP: 133◦ F BP: Decomposes BP: 358◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.000035 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.6 (calculated) Vlt: 0.5 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.0025% Sol: Hydrocarbons; Acetone; Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200,000 IP: —

C03-A003 O-Mustard (Agent T) CAS: 63918-89-8 RTECS: WQ3250000 S

S Cl

O

Cl

C8 H16 Cl2 OS2 Yellow liquid. Pure material has little or no odor; otherwise has an odor similar to garlic or horseradish. Also reported as a mixture Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). In addition, it is also found as a natural aging impurity in sulfur mustard. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.77 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ICt50(Skin) : 400 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure). This value is from older sources (ca. 1956). Reevaluation and updates of toxicity values for similar agents suggest T may be more toxic than the values reported here.

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Properties: MW : 263.3 D: 1.236 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 49◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: 14.7 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.00003 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 9.1 (calculated) Vlt: 0.04 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 100,000 IP: —

C03-A004 Mustard/sesquimustard mixture (Agent HQ) CAS: — RTECS: — S Cl

Cl

+ Cl

S Cl

S

Oily, colorless to amber to dark brown liquid. Pure material is odorless; otherwise has an odor similar to garlic or horseradish. Typical mixture is 75% Sulfur mustard (C03-A001) and 25% Sesquimustard (C03-A002). Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, the agents in this mixture are extremely powerful vesicants and highly toxic by inhalation. Properties: MW : Mixture D: — MP: — BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: 0.09 mmHg (77◦ F) (calculated) VD: 6.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Hydrocarbons; Acetone; Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200,000 IP: —

C03-A005 Sulfur mustard/O-mustard mixture (Agent HT) CAS: 172672-28-5 RTECS: — S Cl

Cl

+ S

S Cl

O

Cl

Clear, yellow to brown highly viscous liquid. Pure material is odorless; otherwise has an odor similar to garlic or horseradish. Odor is less pronounced than with Sulfur mustard alone. Typical mixture is 60% Sulfur mustard (C03-A001) and 40% O-Mustard (C03-A003).

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Exposure Hazards LCt50(Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (60 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : 10,000 mg-min/m3 (40 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50(Skin) : <85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : >85◦ : 200 mg-min/m3 (0.9 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (5 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 2 ppm for a 2-min exposure Properties: MW : Mixture D: 1.269 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 32◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: 0.077 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slight” Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 228◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A006 Dibromoethyl sulﬁde (Bromlost) CAS: 7617-64-3 RTECS: — Br

S

Br

C4 H8 Br2 S Solid. More susceptible to hydrolysis than Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 248.0 D: 2.05 g/cm3 MP: 70◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: 39 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A007 2,2’-Diﬂuorodiethyl sulﬁde (Fluorlost) CAS: 373-25-1 RTECS: — S F

F

C4 H8 F2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 126.2 D: — MP: — BP: 203◦ F (30 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A008 2-Chloroethyl-chloromethylsulﬁde CAS: 2625-76-5 RTECS: — Cl

S Cl

C3 H6 Cl2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.93 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 145.1 D: — MP: — BP: 165◦ F (18 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: <9 eV

C03-A009 Dimethyl sulfate (D-Stoff) CAS: 77-78-1 RTECS: WS8225000 UN: 1595 ERG: 156 O O

S

O

O

C2 H6 O4 S Colorless, oily liquid with a faint odor like onions. Vapors rapidly react with moisture in the air to produce methanol and sulfuric acid. Also reported as a mixture with Chlorosulfonic acid; Methyl chlorosulfonate (C10-A009). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50 (Inh) : 500 mg/m3 (97 ppm) for a 10-min exposure

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Eye Irritation: 1 ppm; exposure duration unavailable MEG(1 h) Min: 0.3 ppm; Sig: 1 ppm; Sev: 7 ppm OSHA PEL: 1 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 7 ppm Properties: MW : 126.1 D: 1.3322 g/mL MP: −25◦ F BP: Decomposes BP: 169◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.024 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.12 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 1.6 ppm

VP: 0.1 mmHg VP: 0.677 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: 890 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 3%; decomposes above 64◦ F Sol: Ethanol; Ether; Acetone; Aromatic hydrocarbons 4 h, 0.012 ppm 4 h, 0.061 ppm 4 h, 0.82 ppm

FlP: 182◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 88 IP: —

8 h, 0.0087 ppm 8 h, 0.043 ppm 8 h, 0.58 ppm

C03-A010 Mustard Lewisite mixture (Agent HL) CAS: 378791-32-3 RTECS: — S

Cl

Cl

+

Cl As

Cl

Cl

Oily, colorless to brownish liquid with an odor like garlic. Mixture consists of 37 to 50% Sulfur mustard (C03-A001) and +63 to 50% Lewisite (C04-A002). The eutectic mixture is 37% Sulfur mustard and 63% lewisite. Exposure Hazards Provisional exposure values have been published for this mixture. However, they are based solely on, and are identical to, the Sulfur mustard component (see C03-A001). These updates have not been formally adopted as of 2005. Properties for eutectic mixture: MW : Mixture D: — MP: −14◦ F BP: <374◦ F Vsc: 1.6 cS (calculated)

VP: 0.25 mmHg VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 30 IP: —

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C03-A011 Nitrogen mustard 1 (Agent HN1) CAS: 538-07-8 RTECS: YE1225000

N Cl

Cl

C8 H13 Cl2 N Oily, colorless to amber liquid with a faint ﬁshy or musty odor. Salts are odorless white solids. Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.96 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50 (Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (72 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50 (Per) : <85◦ F: 10,000 mg-min/m3 (48 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LCt50 (Per) : >85◦ F: 5000 mg-min/m3 (24 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50 (Skin) : <85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (2.4 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50 (Skin) : >85◦ F: 200 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50 (Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (5.4 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 3.5 ppm for a 2-min exposure Skin Irritation: 0.2 ppm for a 2-min exposure Properties: MW : 170.1 D: 1.086 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −30◦ F BP: Decomposes BP: 191◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.0031 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.053 ppm

VP: 0.244 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: 320 ppm H2 O: 0.4% Sol: Most organic solvents

4 h, 0.00080 ppm 4 h, 0.013 ppm

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 32 IP: —

8 h, 0.00040 ppm 8 h, 0.0068 ppm

C03-A012 Nitrogen mustard 2 (Agent HN2) CAS: 51-75-2; 55-86-7 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: IA1750000 N Cl

Cl

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163

C5 H11 Cl2 N Colorless to dark liquid that has a fruity odor in high concentrations. The odor has been described as “soapy” in low concentrations. Salts are white solids. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.38 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (78 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : <85◦ F: 10,000 mg-min/m3 (52 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : >85◦ F: 5,000 mg-min/m3 (26 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50(Skin) : <85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (2.6 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : >85◦ F: 200 mg-min/m3 (1 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (5.9 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 2 ppm for a 2-min exposure Properties: MW : 156.1 D: 1.118 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –94◦ F BP: Decomposes BP: 167◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.416 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.4 (calculated) Vlt: 550 ppm H2 O: 1.3% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 19 IP: —

Hydrochloride Salt MW : 192.6 H2 O: “Very soluble” MP: 228◦ F Sol: Ethanol Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.0034 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.058 ppm

4 h, 0.00088 ppm 4 h, 0.015 ppm

8 h, 0.00044 ppm 8 h, 0.0074 ppm

C03-A013 Nitrogen mustard 3 (Agent HN3) CAS: 555-77-1; 817-09-4 (Hydrochloride salt); 6138-32-5 (Picrate salt) RTECS: YE2625000 Cl

Cl

N

Cl

C6 H12 Cl3 N Colorless to dark liquid that is odorless when pure. Salts are white solids. Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.36 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (60 ppm for a 2-min exposure)

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LCt50(Per) : <85◦ F: 10,000 mg-min/m3 (40 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : >85◦ F: 5000 mg-min/m3 (20 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50(Skin) : <85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : >85◦ F: 200 mg-min/m3 (0.8 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (4.4 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 1.5 ppm for a 2-min exposure Properties: MW : 204.5 D: 1.235 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 25◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: 5.9 cS (77◦ F) Hydrochloride salt MW : 241.0 MP: 266◦ F

VP: 0.0109 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.1 (calculated) Vlt: 14 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.008% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 650 IP: —

Picrate salt MW : 321.6 MP: 278◦ F

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.0026 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.044 ppm

4 h, 0.00067 ppm 4 h, 0.011 ppm

8 h, 0.00033 ppm 8 h, 0.0056 ppm

C03-A014 2,2’-Diﬂuoro-N-methyldiethylamine CAS: 352-26-1; 6089-42-5 (Hydrobromide Salt); 1598-80-7 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: —

F

N

F

C5 H11 F2 N Colorless liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.03 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 123.1 D: — MP: — BP: 253◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

Hydrobromide salt MW : 204.0 MP: 216◦ F

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 159.6 MP: 208◦ F

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C03-A015 2-Chloroethyl methyl 1-chloroacetamide CAS: 858817-94-4 RTECS: — N Cl

Cl O

C5 H9 Cl2 NO Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.95 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 170.0 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 5.9 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 230◦ F (0.8 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C03-A016 2,2’,2”-Tribromo-triethylamine CAS: 36647-05-9; 36647-06-0 (Hydrobromide salt) RTECS: — Br

Br

N

Br

C6 H12 Br3 N Solid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.82 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 337.9 D: — MP: 86◦ F BP: 293◦ F (0.05 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 12 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Hydrobromide salt MW : 418.8 MP: 307◦ F

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C03-A017 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-ﬂuoroethylamine CAS: 370-66-1 RTECS: — F

N Cl

Cl

C6 H12 Cl2 FN Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 188.1 D: — MP: — BP: 239◦ F (13 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A018 Bis(2-ﬂuoroethyl) 2-chloroethylamine CAS: 370-67-2; 445-59-0 (Picrate salt) RTECS: — Cl

F

N

F

C6 H12 ClF2 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 171.6 D: — MP: — BP: 203◦ F (19 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Picrate Salt MW : 400.7 MP: 250◦ F C03-A019 2,2’,2”-Triﬂuoro-triethylamine CAS: 370-68-3 RTECS: — F

F

N

F

C6 H12 F3 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.35 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 155.2 D: — MP: — BP: 163◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A020 2-Chloropropyl 2-chloroethyl methylamine CAS: 139881-58-6; 859060-27-8 (Picrate salt) RTECS: — N Cl

Cl

C6 H13 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.96 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 170.1 D: — MP: — BP: 201◦ F (21 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Picrate salt MW : 399.2 MP: 252◦ F C03-A021 3-Chloropropyl 2-chloroethyl methylamine CAS: 89980-59-6 RTECS: — N

Cl

Cl

C6 H13 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.96 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 170.1 VP: — FlP: — D: — VD: 5.9 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 219◦ F (23 mmHg) H2 O: — RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — Picrate salt MW : 399.2 MP: 167◦ F C03-A022 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 1-propene amine CAS: 63905-36-2 RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C7 H13 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1ppm = 7.45mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 182.1 D: — MP: — BP: 176◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C03-A023 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 3-chloropropylamine CAS: 61134-73-4; 100608-14-8 (Picrate salt) RTECS: — Cl

N

Cl

Cl

C7 H14 Cl3 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 218.6 D: — MP: — BP: 241◦ F (1.3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Picrate salt MW : 447.7 MP: 199◦ F C03-A024 Bis(2-chloroethyl) isopropylamine CAS: 619-34-1 RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C7 H15 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 184.1 D: — MP: — BP: 194◦ F (8 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Hydrochloride salt MW : 255.1 MP: 421◦ F C03-A025 Bis(2-chloroethyl) propylamine CAS: 621-68-1; 38521-66-3 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C7 H15 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 184.1 D: 1.059 g/mL (74◦ F) MP: — BP: 205◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 220.6 MP: 221◦ F C03-A026 Bis(2-chloropropyl) methylamine CAS: 52802-03-6 RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C7 H15 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Nitrogen Vesicants C03-A Properties: MW : 184.1 D: — MP: — BP: 243◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

171

VP: — VD: 6.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A027 Bis(2-chloropropyl) chloroethylamine CAS: 854873-81-7; 854873-82-8 (Picrate salt) RTECS: — Cl

N Cl

Cl

C8 H16 Cl3 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.51 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 232.6 D: — MP: — BP: 243◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Picrate salt MW : 461.7 MP: 244◦ F C03-A028 Bis(2-chloroethyl) t-butylamine CAS: 10125-86-7 RTECS: —

Cl

N

Cl

C8 H17 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 198.1 D: 1.048 g/mL (72◦ F) MP: — BP: 160◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A029 Bis(2-chloroethyl) s-butylamine CAS: 777799-85-6; 195210-51-6 (Isomer); 195210-50-5 (Isomer) RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C8 H17 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 198.1 D: 1.046 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 212◦ F (7.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A030 Bis(2-chloroethyl) isobutylamine CAS: 87289-70-1 RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C8 H17 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent.

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173

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 198.1 D: 1.033 g/mL (68◦ F) MP: — BP: 174◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-A031 Bis(2-chloroethyl) butylamine CAS: 42520-97-8; 55112-89-5 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: —

N Cl

Cl

C8 H17 Cl2 N Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 198.1 D: 1.0365 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 241◦ F (13 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 234.6 MP: 203◦ F

C03-C COMPONENTS AND PRECURSORS C03-C032 Thiodiglycol (TDG) CAS: 111-48-8 RTECS: KM2975000 HO

S

OH

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C4 H10 O2 S Colorless to light yellow liquid with a foul odor. This material produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an antioxidant, lubricant additive, printing-ink solvent, accelerator in the synthesis of rubber, and in the manufacture of plastics and pesticides. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for Sulfur mustard (C03-A001) and is also commonly found as an impurity and degradation product formed during its hydrolysis. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.00 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 122.2 D: 1.18 g/mL MP: 14◦ F BP: 542◦ F (decomposes) BP: 329◦ F (14 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.00002 mmHg VP: 0.00323 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: 0.03 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Acetone; Alcohols; Chloroform

FlP: 320◦ F LEL: 1.2% UEL: 5.2% RP: 500,000 IP: —

C03-C033 Sulfur monochloride CAS: 10025-67-9 RTECS: WS4300000 UN: 1828 ERG: 137 Cl

S

S

Cl

S2 Cl2 Light-amber to yellow-red, oily fuming liquid with a suffocating, pungent, and nauseating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is noncorrosive to carbon steel and iron when dry. However, when wet it will attack steel, cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys, and many nickel based materials. Used industrially for gold extraction and wood treatment; and to manufacture insecticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for sulfur based vesicants. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.52 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 2 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have a considerably greater acute toxicity than HCl gas (C11-A063).

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Components and Precursors C03-C

175

OSHA PEL: 1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm IDLH: 5 ppm Properties: MW : 135.0 D: 1.68 g/mL MP: –107◦ F BP: 276◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 6.8 mmHg VD: 4.7 (calculated) Vlt: 9100 ppm H2 O: Decomposes violently Sol: Oils; Ether

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.53 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 6.4 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 15 ppm

4 h, 0.33 ppm 4 h, 4.0 ppm 4 h, 9.6 ppm

FlP: 266◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.3 IP: 9.40 eV

8 h, 0.17 ppm 8 h, 2.0 ppm 8 h, 4.8 ppm

C03-C034 Sulfur dichloride CAS: 10545-99-0 RTECS: — SCl2 Fuming dark red to reddish-brown liquid with a pungent odor like chlorine. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is noncorrosive to carbon steel and iron when dry. However, when wet it will attack steel, cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys, and many nickel based materials. Used industrially for vulcanizing oils and rubber, purifying sugar juices, as a chloridizing agent in metallurgy, and in the manufacture of insecticides. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for sulfur based vesicants. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.21 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have a considerably greater acute toxicity than HCl gas (C11-A063). Properties: MW : 103.0 D: 1.621 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: −108◦ F BP: 138◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: —

VP: 7.6 mmHg (−9◦ F) VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: 12,000 ppm (−9◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes violently Sol: Carbon tetrachloride; Benzene

FlP: 245◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.1 IP: —

C03-C035 Thionyl chloride CAS: 7719-09-7 RTECS: XM5150000

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UN: 1836 ERG: 137 O S Cl

Cl

SCl2 O Colorless to yellow to reddish fuming liquid with a pungent, suffocating odor like sulfur dioxide. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyes; and as a solvent in high energy density lithium batteries. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is used as a chlorinating agent for both nitrogen and sulfur based vesicants. Required in the manufacture of methylphosphonic dichloride (C01-C046). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.87 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm Properties: MW : 119.0 D: 1.638 g/mL D: 1.676 g/mL (32◦ F) MP: –156◦ F BP: 169◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 100 mmHg (70◦ F) VP: 119 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.1 (calculated) Vlt: 160,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes violently Sol: Benzene; Chloroform

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.78 IP: —

C03-C036 2-Chloroethanol CAS: 107-07-3 RTECS: KK0875000 UN: 1135 ERG: 131 Cl HO

C2 H5 ClO Colorless liquid with a sweet, pleasant odor similar to ether. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local eye impacts. It does not cause immediate irritation to warn of skin exposure. Used industrially as a solvent and cleaning agent; used to manufacture insecticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, thiodiethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol. Used in agriculture to treat sweet potatoes before planting. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for both nitrogen and sulfur based vesicants.

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177

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.29 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 5 ppm [Skin] ACGIH Ceiling: 1 ppm [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 7 ppm Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, the vapor of this material is more toxic than ethylene dichloride (C11-A041). Properties: MW : 80.5 D: 1.197 g/mL MP: –90◦ F BP: 262◦ F BP: 126◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: 2.87 cS

VP: 4.9 mmHg VP: 7.18 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.8 (calculated) Vlt: 6600 ppm H2 O: Miscible (decomposes) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 140◦ F LEL: 4.9% UEL: 15.9% RP: 2.2 IP: 10.90 eV

C03-C037 Sodium sulﬁde CAS: 1313-82-2 RTECS: — UN: 1385 ERG: 135 Na2 S Clear white to yellow-pink deliquescent crystals with an odor like rotten eggs due to formation of hydrogen sulﬁde. Commercial material may be yellow or brick-red lumps or ﬂakes. It is unstable and discolors upon exposure to air. It undergoes autoxidation to form polysulfur, thiosulfate, and sulfate. It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form sodium carbonate. Moist sodium sulﬁde is spontaneously ﬂammable upon drying in air. This material is hazardous through ingestion and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for dehairing hides, wool pulling, ore ﬂotation, metal reﬁning, engraving, cotton printing, in the manufacture of paper, pharmaceuticals, rubber, and sulfur dyes. It is used in production of heavy water for nuclear reactors. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor for sulfur based vesicants. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 78.0 D: 1.856 g/cm3 (57◦ F) MP: 2156◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 18.6% Sol: Alcohols

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C03-C038 Methyldiethanolamine CAS: 105-59-9 RTECS: KL7525000

N OH

HO

C5 H13 NO2 Clear, colorless to light-yellow liquid with an odor like ammonia. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for HN2 (C03-A012). It is also commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of HN2. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.88 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 119.2 D: 1.038 g/mL MP: −6◦ F BP: 477◦ F BP: 239◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: 97.3 cS

VP: 0.019 mmHg (104◦ F) VD: (calculated) Vlt: 24 ppm (104◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: —

FlP: 259◦ F LEL: 0.9% UEL: 8.4% RP: 4.1 IP: —

C03-C039 Ethyldiethanolamine CAS: 139-87-7 RTECS: KK9800000

N HO

OH

C6 H15 NO2 Clear, colorless to light-yellow liquid with an odor like ammonia. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for HN1 (C03-A011). It is also commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of HN1.

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Components and Precursors C03-C

179

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 105.1 D: 1.014 g/mL MP: −58◦ F BP: 480◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 253◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-C040 Triethanolamine CAS: 102-71-6 RTECS: KL9275000 OH

N HO

OH

C6 H15 NO3 Colorless to pale yellow viscous hydroscopic liquid with a slight odor like ammonia. Turns brown on exposure to air and light. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a corrosion inhibitor for lubricants and in the manufacture of cosmetics, detergents, emulsiﬁers, and surfactants. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. This material is a precursor for HN3 (C03-A013). It is also commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of HN3. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.82 ppm Properties: MW : 149.2 D: 1.1242 g/mL D: 1.0985 g/mL (140◦ F) MP: 69◦ F BP: 636◦ F Vsc: 527 cS (77◦ F) Vsc: 60 cS (140◦ F)

VP: 0.00000359 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.1 (calculated) Vlt: 0.005 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohols; Acetone; Chloroform; Benzene

FlP: 374◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2,000,000 IP: —

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C03-D041 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane (Q-diol) CAS: 5244-34-8 RTECS: — OH

S S

HO

C6 H14 O2 S2 White crystalline solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is commonly found as a degradation product from hydrolysis of Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.46 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 182.3 D: — MP: 145◦ F BP: 338◦ F (0.5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C03-D042 Ethylene sulﬁde CAS: 420-12-2 RTECS: KX3500000 S

C2 H4 S Colorless liquid that gradually polymerizes. It may be stabilized with 0.5% butylmercaptan. Ethylene sulﬁde is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. This material is commonly found as an impurity in Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.46 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately six times as toxic as propylene oxide.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C03-D Properties: MW : 60.1 D: 1.0368 g/mL (32◦ F) MP: — BP: 131◦ F Vsc: —

181

VP: 375 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.1 (calculated) Vlt: 490,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Acetone; Chloroform

FlP: 50◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.035 IP: —

C03-D043 1,2-Ethanedithiol CAS: 540-63-6 RTECS: — SH HS

C2 H 6 S2 Liquid with a foul odor detectable at 31 ppb and easily noticeable at 5.6 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a metal-complexing agent. This material is a degradation product in Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.85 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 94.2 D: 1.123 g/mL (74◦ F) MP: –42◦ F BP: 295◦ F BP: 169◦ F (150 mmHg) BP: 145◦ F (46 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 5.61 mmHg (77◦ F) (estimate) VD: 3.3 (calculated) Vlt: 7500 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 1.1% (77◦ F) (estimate) Sol: Ethanol; Ether; Acetone; Benzene

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.8 IP: 9.35 eV

C03-D044 Divinyl sulfone CAS: 77-77-0 RTECS: KM7175000 O S O

C4 H6 O2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in synthesis of ﬁber-reactive dyestuffs. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001).

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.83 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, it can cause burns of the skin and eyes similar to those from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001), but it does not liberate chlorine or acid. Properties: MW : 118.2 VP: 0.09 mmHg FlP: — D: 1.177 g/mL (77◦ F) VD: 4.1 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 120 ppm UEL: — MP: −15◦ F BP: 226◦ F (15 mmHg) H2 O: 14% RP: 100 Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C03-D045 Vinyl sulfoxide CAS: 1115-15-7 RTECS: — O S

C4 H6 OS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 102.2 D: — MP: — BP: 115◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.92 mmHg VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 1200 ppm H2 O: 28% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 11 IP: —

C03-D046 Divinyl sulﬁde CAS: 627-51-0 RTECS: — S

C4 H6 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C03-D Properties: MW : 86.2 D: 0.9098 g/mL MP: — BP: 187◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 6.0 mmHg VD: 3.0 (calculated) Vlt: 8000 ppm H2 O: 0.25% Sol: —

183

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.8 IP: 8.25 eV

C03-D047 2-Chloroethyl vinylsulfone CAS: 7327-58-4 RTECS: — O S O

Cl

C4 H7 ClO2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.32 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 154.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.023 mmHg VD: 5.3 (calculated) Vlt: 31 ppm H2 O: 7.8% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 350 IP: —

C03-D048 2-Chloroethyl vinyl sulfoxide CAS: 40709-82-8 RTECS: — O S Cl

C4 H7 ClOS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.67 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 138.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.064 mmHg VD: 4.8 (calculated) Vlt: 86 ppm H2 O: 16% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 130 IP: —

C03-D049 2-Chloroethyl vinyl sulﬁde CAS: 81142-02-1 RTECS: — S Cl

C4 H7 ClS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 122.6 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 5.8 mmHg VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: 7800 ppm H2 O: 0.14% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.5 IP: —

C03-D050 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfone CAS: 471-03-4 RTECS: — Cl

O S O

Cl

C4 H8 Cl2 O2 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.82 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material is nearly as powerful a vesicant as the parent compound.

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Decomposition Products and Impurities C03-D Properties: MW : 191.1 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.96 mmHg VD: 6.6 (calculated) Vlt: 1300 ppm H2 O: 1.1% Sol: —

185

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 7.5 IP: —

C03-D051 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide CAS: 5819-08-9 RTECS: — O S Cl

Cl

C4 H8 Cl2 OS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is a degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, unlike the sulfone (C03-D050) this material is not a vesicant. Properties: MW : 175.1 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.65 mmHg VD: 6.0 (calculated) Vlt: 870 ppm H2 O: 9.3% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 12 IP: —

C03-D052 Bis(2-chloroethyl)trisulﬁde CAS: 19149-77-0 RTECS: KN3339000 S

S Cl

S

Cl

C4 H8 Cl2 S3 Clear, colorless hygroscopic liquid. This material is commonly found as an impurity in Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 223.2 D: 0.94 g/mL MP: −90◦ F BP: 324◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 135◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 3.9 IP: 9.8 eV

VP: 1.7 mmHg VP: 2.96 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.6 (calculated) Vlt: 2300 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: —

C03-D053 1,4-Oxathiane CAS: 15980-15-1 RTECS: RP4200000 O

S

C4 H8 OS Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid. This material is commonly found as an impurity in Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 104.2 D: 1.105 g/mL MP: 32◦ F BP: 297◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 3.9 mmHg VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: 5200 ppm H2 O: 16.7% Sol: —

FlP: 107◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2.5 IP: 8.8 eV

C03-D054 1,4-Dithiane CAS: 505-29-3 RTECS: — S

S

C4 H8 S2 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is commonly found as an impurity and degradation product from Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.92 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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References

187

Properties: MW : 120.2 D: — MP: — BP: 392◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.80 mmHg VD: 4.1 (calculated) Vlt: 1100 ppm H2 O: 0.30% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 11 IP: 8.8 eV

C03-D055 Diethanolamine CAS: 111-42-2 RTECS: KL2975000 N HO

OH

C4 H11 NO2 Viscous, syrupy liquid or crystalline deliquescent solid with a mild odor like ammonia. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in the manufacture of emulsiﬁers, dispersing agents, cutting oils, shampoos, cleaners, and polishes. Chemical intermediate for morpholine. This material is a degradation product from HN1 (C03-A011). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 20 g (estimate) ACGIH TLV: 0.47 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 105.1 D: 1.0966 g/cm3 MP: 82◦ F BP: 516◦ F Vsc: 320 cS (86◦ F) Vsc: 49 cS (140◦ F)

VP: 0.00014 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.7 (calculated) Vlt: 0.18 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohols

FlP: 342◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 700,000 IP: —

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Blister Agents Lewisite (L) and Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL) ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Blister Agents Sulfur Mustard Agent H/HD and Sulfur Mustard Agent HT ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. Edn. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———. “Mustard Gas ToxFAQs.” September 2001. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Mustard “Gas” (UPDATE). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Vesicant (Mustards, Dimethyl Sulfate, and Lewisite).” March 15, 2005.

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———. “Counter Terrorism Card for Mustard.” 2000. ———. “Facts About Sulfur Mustard.” February 25, 2003. ———. “Facts About Sulfur Mustard.” February 25, 2003. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Edgewood Research Development, and Engineering Center, Department of the Army. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent HL. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent HQ. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent HT. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent Q. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent T. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised May 1, 1996. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Distilled Mustard (HD). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised February 28, 1996. Fries, Amos A. and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. “Interim Recommendations for Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents H and HD (Sulfur Mustard).” Federal Register 69, No. 85 (May 3, 2004): 24164–24168. International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Division of Occupational Health, Safety and Medicine. Position on the U.S. Army Soldier & Biological Chemical Command’s (SBCCOM), Withdrawn “3/30 Rule” and the New Guide: “The Risk Assessment of Using Fireﬁghter Protective Ensemble with Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Rescue Operations During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident.” February 13, 2004. Jackson, Kirby E. “β,β-Dichloroethyl Sulﬁde (Mustard Gas).” Chemical Reviews 15 (1934): 425–462. Macy, Rudolph, Benjamin L. Harris, and John W. Eastes. “Vesicant,” United States Patent 2,604,428, July 22, 1952. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Munro, Nancy B., Sylvia S. Talmage, Guy D. Grifﬁn, Larry C. Waters, Annetta P. Watson, Joseph F. King, and Veronique Hauschild. “The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 933–974. National Institute of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/). 2005. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. “Emergency Response Card for Mustard.” June 28, 2004. ———. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Research Council. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997. Petrali, John P., Tracey A. Hamilton, Betty J. Benton, Dana R. Anderson, Wesley Holmes, Robert K. Kan, Christina P. Tompkins, and Radharaman Ray. “Dimethyl Sulfoxide Accelerates Mustard Gas-Induced Skin Pathology.” Journal of Medical CBR Defense 3 (2005) (www.jmedcbr.org). Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Trans. L.W. Marrison. London: J. and A. Churchill, Ltd., 1939. ———. “New Developments in the Chemistry of War Gases.” Chemical Reviews 48 (1951): 225–257. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995.

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Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, ed. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W. ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th Edn. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. Trapp, Ralf. The Detoxiﬁcation and Natural Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents. Volume 3 of SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th Edn. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd Edn. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. (http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm). March 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Wagner, George W. and Yu-Chu Yang. “Universal Decontaminating Solution For Chemical Warfare Agents,” United States Patent 6245957, June 12, 2001. ———. “Rapid Nucleophilic/Oxidative Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41 (2002): 1925–1928. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection Against It. Rev Edn. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Watson, Annetta, Dennis Opresko, and Veronique Hauschild. Evaluation of Chemical Warfare Agent Percutaneous Vapor Toxicity: Derivation of Toxicity Guidelines for Assessing Chemical Protective Ensembles, ORNL/TM-2003/180. July 2003. Watson, Annetta P. and Nancy B. Munro. Reentry Planning: The Technical Basis for Offsite Recovery Following Warfare Agent Contamination, ORNL-6628. April 1990. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Blister Agent Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Sulfur Mustard Agents H and HD. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Sulfur Mustard Agent HT. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html). 2004. ———. Public Health Response to Biological And Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Yang, Yu-Chu. “Chemical Reactions for Neutralizing Chemical Warfare Agents.” Chemistry & Industry (May 1, 1995): 334–337. Yang, Yu-Chu, James A. Baker, and J. Richard Ward. “Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents.” Chemical Reviews 92 (1992): 1729–1743.

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4 Arsenic Vesicants

4.1

General Information

The agents in this class are dihalo organoarsines. Other than lewisite (C04-A002), which is listed in Schedule 1, these materials are not covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Some of them have even seen limited commercial applications. The majority of these materials are ﬁrst generation chemical warfare agents employed in World War I. They are moderately difﬁcult to synthesize and can be difﬁcult to disperse effectively. For information on some of the chemicals used to manufacture arsenic vesicants, see the Component section (C04-C) following information on the individual agents. In addition to the agents detailed in this handbook, there are other arsenic vesicants that were employed during World War I on a limited basis. However, there is little or no published information concerning the physical, chemical, or toxicological properties of these additional agents. Toward the end of World War I, lewisite (C04-A002) was developed, produced, and weaponized but never used. Despite this, it has supplanted all other agents as the arsenic vesicant of choice and is the only one that was stockpiled in modern arsenals.

4.2 4.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Vesicants affect both exterior and interior parts of the body. Vesicants cause inﬂammation, blisters, and general destruction of tissues. These agents have a greater impact on moist areas of the body. Eyes are especially susceptible to vesicants and contact results in irritation, lacrimation, and involuntary blinking (blepharospasm). Inhalation of vesicants can cause lung membranes to swell and become ﬁlled with liquid (pulmonary edema). Death may result from lack of oxygen. Arsenic vesicants are also systemic agents and can pass through the skin to affect susceptible tissue including blood cells and the liver. Arsenic vesicants also act as vomiting/sternatory agents (see Chapter 15) and produce violent coughing, sneezing, and regurgitation. Some arsenic vesicants are carcinogenic. 4.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Vesicants are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, skin and eye exposure, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin 191

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by debris). Liquid agents are much more hazardous than their vapors. Thickened agents primarily pose a hazard through skin absorption. 4.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Arsenic vesicants cause instantaneous irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, which provides warning of their presence. Extended exposures cause violent coughing, sneezing, and regurgitation. The odor of arsenic vesicants varies with the individual compound and ranges from odorless to fruity to ﬂowery. Odors may not be discernable due to irritation. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 59 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid agents are as low as 1.4 grams per individual. Incapacitating concentrations (ICt50 ) for dermal exposure to these agents at moderate temperatures (i.e., between 65 and 85◦ F) are as low as 2 ppm for a 30-minutes exposure. Temperatures above 85◦ F reduce the concentration necessary to produce similar effects. Eye irritation from exposure to agent vapors occurs at concentrations as low as 0.9 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure; an incapacitating concentration (ICt50 ) for exposure of the eyes is as low as 4.4 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Permanent eye damage may occur at concentrations as low as 90 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. Although sublethal doses of some arsenic vesicants are rapidly detoxiﬁed by the body, many agents are not detoxiﬁed and exposures are cumulative. 4.2.4

Latency Period

4.2.4.1

Vapor/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts)

Inhalation of high concentrations may be fatal in as short a time as 10 minutes. Otherwise, arsenic vesicants produce immediate irritation of the eyes and involuntary blinking (blepharospasm), followed by lacrimation. Nasal irritation is coupled with coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. There is an immediate burning sensation when the agent comes into contact with the skin. Other signs and symptoms of exposure, including reddening of the skin (erythema), blistering (vesication), and accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), do not occur until after a substantial latency period. 4.2.4.2 Liquids Arsenic vesicants produce immediate pain. Tissue damage occurs within minutes of exposure but clinical effects may not appear for up to 24 hours. Some agents are rapidly absorbed through the skin. Extensive skin contamination may cause systemic damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous system, red blood cells, and the brain.

4.3 4.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

4.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless oily liquids. They have little or no odor. Vapors are extremely irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin.

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Munition Grade

Munition grade agents are typically yellow to dark brown liquids or solids. As the agent ages and decomposes, it continues to discolor until it may appear black. Production impurities and decomposition products in these agents may give them an odor. Odors range from fruity and biting, to ﬂowery and similar to geraniums. Odors may become more pronounced during storage. 4.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents Arsenic vesicants have been thickened with various substances to enhance deployment, increase their persistency, and increase the risk of percutaneous exposure. Thickeners include polyalkyl methacrylates (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), poly(vinyl acetate), polystyrene, plexiglas, alloprene, polychlorinated isoprene, nitrocellulose, as well as bleached montan and lignite waxes. Military thickener K125 is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, and butyl polymethacrylates. When thickened, agents become sticky with a consistency similar to honey. Typically, not enough thickener is added to affect either the color or odor of the agent. 4.3.1.4 Mixtures with Other Agents Lewisite (C04-A002) has been mixed with sulfur mustard (C03-A001) to prevent the sulfur mustard from freezing in the shell as well as to enhance its toxicity.

4.3.2

Stability

Arsenic vesicants are stable when pure and kept dry. Stabilizers are not required. Agents can be stored in glass or steel containers, although they may attack steel at elevated temperature or if moisture is present. Arsenic vesicants corrode aluminum and brass, and will attack some rubbers and plastics.

4.3.3

Persistency

For military purposes, unmodiﬁed arsenic vesicants are classiﬁed as persistent. However, agent vapors rapidly react with high humidity to lose most of their vesicant properties. Limited solubility slows the hydrolysis of liquid agents. Some hydrolysis products are highly toxic and extremely persistent (see Section 4.4.5). Evaporation rates range from near that of water down to that of light machine oil. Agents modiﬁed with thickeners last signiﬁcantly longer.

4.3.4

Environmental Fate

Arsenic vesicant vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Agent vapor is rapidly decomposed by moisture in the air. Porous material, including painted surfaces, will absorb both liquid and gaseous agent. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, the agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. Clothing may emit trapped agent vapor for up to 30 minutes after contact with a vapor cloud. Liquid agents that do dissolve in water are rapidly decomposed. However, most of these agents are insoluble in water and this limited solubility slows their hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of agents may be further reduced if they are thickened such that a protective layer forms at the agent/water interface. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed liquid agents are much

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greater than that of water. These agents are soluble in most organic solvents including gasoline, oils, acetone, and alcohols.

4.4 4.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to liquid agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat and milk from animals affected by arsenic vesicants should be destroyed.

4.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Although vesicants do not produce the same type of dermal damage in animals as they do in humans, they are still susceptible to the cytotoxic and systemic toxicities of these agents. Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water, or a 0.5% household bleach solution (see Section 4.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. Unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. Leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient vesicant agent, or toxic decomposition products, to produce effects for several weeks post release, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions.

4.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before it is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Combustion or hydrolysis of arsenic vesicants will produce volatile, toxic decomposition products (see Section 4.4.5).

4.4.4

Reactivity

Although these agents will decompose if dissolved in water, a lack of solubility inhibits this process. Vapors are decomposed rapidly by high humidity.

4.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

4.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Arsenic vesicants produce hydrogen chloride (HCl) or hydrogen bromide (HBr), and arsenous oxides or arsenic salts when hydrolyzed. Some arsenous oxide decomposition products are toxic and may also have vesicant properties. Some agents may produce acetylene at higher pHs.

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Combustion

Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, and arsenic oxides. In addition, a corrosive or toxic residue or both may remain.

4.5 4.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). These recommendations are based on different release mechanisms (direct aerosolization of liquid agents, a spray, or an explosively generated mist) as well as various quantities of materials depending on the agent used in the release. For lewisite (C04-A002), the release scenario involves either a spray or an explosively generated mist that quickly settles to the ground and soaks into a depth of no more than 0.25 mm. A secondary cloud will then be generated by evaporation of this deposited material. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release of vesicant is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release of lewisite involves 2 kilograms (approximately 1.1 liters) of liquid agent and a large release involves 100 kilograms (approximately 14 gallons) of liquid agent. For the less effective agents, such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl dichloroarsines, the release involves direct aerosolization of the liquid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. For these agents, a small release involves 30 kilograms (approximately 5 gallons) of liquid agent and a large release involves 500 kilograms (approximately 80 gallons) of liquid agent. Initial isolation (feet) ED (Ethyldichloroarsine) C04 − A001 Small device (30 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms) L (Lewisite) C04 − A002 Small device (2 kilograms) Large device (100 kilograms) MD (Methyldichloroarsine) C04 − A003 Small device (30 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms) PD (Phenyldichloroarsine) C04 − A004 Small device (30 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms) 4.5.2

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

100 400

0.2 0.8

0.5 1.6

100 300

0.1 0.6

0.2 1.1

100 400

0.2 0.8

0.5 2.2

100 100

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.2

Personal Protective Requirements

4.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events and should never be used as the primary chemical protective garment to enter an area contaminated with arsenic vesicants.

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Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation since vesicants can be absorbed into or degrade the materials used to make some respirators. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for arsenical vesicants. Therefore, any potential exposure to these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 4.5.2.3

Chemical Protective Clothing

Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against arsenic vesicant agents. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade or modiﬁed agents. Because of the extreme dermal hazard posed by arsenic vesicants, responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble whenever there is a potential for exposure to any liquid agent, or to an elevated or unknown concentration of agent vapor.

4.5.3

Decontamination

4.5.3.1 General Although the vesicant properties of arsenical agents can be eliminated during decontamination, arsenic is an element and cannot be destroyed. Residual arsenical compounds may still possess signiﬁcant toxicity if they enter the body through ingestion, or broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). Arsenic vesicants are rapidly hydrolyzed in water but a lack of solubility may slow the rate of reaction. Arsenic decomposition products are stable and some of them have toxic and/or vesicant properties that nearly equal the original agent. Solubility of an agent will be decreased further if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent or if it is thickened such that it forms a protective layer at the agent/water interface. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. These agents are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions), especially when used in combination with a strong oxidizing agent. For this reason, undiluted household bleach is an excellent agent for decontamination of these agents. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes. However, a large excess will be needed to ensure complete destruction of the agents. Lewisite (C04-A002) reacts with basic solutions, including household bleach, to produce acetylene gas. Steam is an effective method of destroying arsenic vesicants. However, care must be taken to limit the spread of the agent and to guard against production of the toxic and potentially vesicating hydrolysis products (see Section 4.4.5). Reactive oximes and their salts, such as potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate found in commercially available Reactive Skin Decontaminant Lotion (RSDL), are extremely effective at rapidly detoxifying arsenic vesicants.

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Vapors

Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes after exposure. Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If condensation is present, decontaminate with copious amounts of undiluted household bleach (see Section 4.5.3.1). Allow it to stand for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because vesicants that have been absorbed into these materials can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. 4.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes after exposure. Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the vesicant from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Alternatively, a household bleach solution can be used instead of soap and water. The bleach solution should be no more than one part household bleach in nine parts water (i.e., 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) to avoid damaging the skin. Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Allow the bleach solution to remain in contact with the agent for a minimum of 5 minutes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Before sealing the container, cover the contents with undiluted household bleach (see Section 4.5.3.1). If lewisite (C04-A002) is present, ﬂammable acetylene gas will be generated during the neutralization process. Take appropriate actions to disperse the vapors. Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of the neutralizing agent. Allow it to stand for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because vesicants that have been absorbed into these material can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard.

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Medical

4.6.1

CDC Case Deﬁnition

A case in which an arsenic vesicant is detected in biologic samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 4.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to vesicant agents: chemical burns from contact with strong acids or bases; barbiturates, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon monoxide; reactions to drugs producing Stevens–Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis or both; autoimmune diseases such as bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris; and staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome. 4.6.3 4.6.3.1

Signs and Symptoms Vapors/Aerosols

Exposure of the eyes to even small amounts of arsenic vesicant vapor produces immediate tearing, pain, and involuntary blinking (blepharospasm). Eye symptoms are rapidly followed by coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. Other upper respiratory signs vary with the amount of exposure and include scratchy throat, laryngitis, and a feeling of shortness of breath. High exposures may result in low blood pressure (hypotension). Exposure of the skin to arsenic vesicants produces an immediate burning sensation. Reddening of the skin (erythema) may appear in as short a time as 5 minutes although full progression to blisters may not develop for up to 18 hours. Although blisters tend to be deeper and more painful than produced by sulfur vesicants (Chapter 3), they heal more readily. 4.6.3.2 Liquids Arsenic vesicants produce an immediate burning sensation. Reddening of the skin (erythema) may appear in as short a time as 5 minutes although full progression to blisters may not develop for up to 18 hours. Although blisters tend to be deeper and more painful than produced by sulfur vesicants (Chapter 3), they heal more readily. These agents rapidly permeate through the skin. Extensive skin contamination can damage susceptible tissue including blood cells and the liver. Casualties may develop signs of systemic arsenic toxicity including diarrhea, damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous system, red blood cells, and the brain. 4.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

4.6.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty with mild to moderate pulmonary effects less than 6 hours postexposure, or a casualty with moderately severe or severe pulmonary signs and symptoms after 6 hours postexposure.

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Priority 2 (Majority of Cases)

A casualty with skin lesions covering between 5 and 50% of the body surface area (BSA), or a casualty with mild to moderate pulmonary effects after 6 hours postexposure, or a casualty with eye injuries. 4.6.4.3 Priority 3 A casualty with skin lesions covering less than 5% of the BSA, or a casualty with eye irritation or reddening, and/or slight upper respiratory complaints such as hacking cough or irritated throat 12 hours or more postexposure. 4.6.4.4 Priority 4 A casualty with skin lesions from liquid exposure to more than 50% of the BSA, or a casualty with severe pulmonary effects less than 6 hours postexposure. 4.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the vesicants have been removed. Rapid decontamination of any exposure is essential. If vesicants have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. BAL (British-antiLewisite, dimercaprol) solution or ophthalmic ointment may be beneﬁcial if administered promptly. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. If a casualty is known to have inhaled vesicant vapors but does not display any signs or symptoms of an impacted airway, it may still be appropriate to intubate the casualty since laryngeal spasms or edema may make it difﬁcult or impossible later. Reddening of the skin (erythema) and lesions are treated symptomatically. BAL is the standard treatment for poisoning by arsenic compounds and will alleviate some effects from exposure to arsenic vesicants. It may also decrease the severity of skin and eye lesions if applied topically within minutes after decontamination is complete (i.e., within 2–5 minutes postexposure). Additional chelating agents for the treatment of systemic arsenic toxicity include meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and 2,3-dimercapto-1propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Asymptomatic individuals suspected of exposure to vesicants should be kept under observation for at least 8 hours. Burns from liquid exposure to over 50% of the body surface suggest that the individual has received/absorbed more than a lethal dose and the prognosis is poor.

4.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. While it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Vesicants that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for

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every gallon of household bleach), ensuring that the solution is introduced into the ears, nostrils, mouth, and any wounds. This concentration of bleach will not affect remains but will neutralize arsenic vesicant agents. Higher concentrations of bleach can harm remains. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. The bleach solution should remain on the cadaver for a minimum of 5 minutes. Wash with soap and water. Ensure that the bleach solution is removed prior to embalming, as it will react with the embalming ﬂuid. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Screen the remains for agent vapors and residual liquid at the conclusion of the decontamination process. If the remains must be stored before embalming, then place them inside body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. If double body bags are used, seal the inner bag with duct tape, rinse, and then place it in the second bag. After embalming is complete, place the remains in body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Standard burials are acceptable when contamination levels are low enough to allow bodies to be handled without wearing additional protective equipment. Cremation may be required if remains cannot be completely decontaminated. Although arsenic vesicant agents are destroyed at the operating temperature of a commercial crematorium (i.e., above 1000◦ F), the initial heating phase may volatilize some of the agents and allow vapors to escape. Additionally, combustion will produce toxic and potentially volatile arsenic oxides.

C04-A AGENTS C04-A001 Ethyl dichloroarsine (Agent ED) CAS: 598-14-1 RTECS: CH3500000 As

Cl

Cl

C2 H5 AsCl2 Clear, colorless to yellowish, somewhat oily liquid that has a fruity but biting and irritating odor that is detectable at approximately 0.14 ppm. Vapor is irritating to both eyes and skin. Vapor concentrations that will produce blisters are hard to obtain in an open area. Predominately acts as a vomiting agent. Blistering is usually caused by contact with liquid agent. Also reported as a mixture with Bis(chloromethyl) ether (C10-A011). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.15 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50 (Inh) : 3000 mg-min/m3 (210 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50 (Inh) : 5–10 mg-min/m3 (0.4–0.7 ppm for a 2-min exposure)

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Arsenic Agents C04-A

201

These values are from older sources (ca. 1952) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 174.9 D: 1.742 g/mL (57◦ F) MP: –85◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.0041 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.012 ppm

VP: 2.29 mmHg VD: 6.0 (calculated) Vlt: 3060 ppm H2 O: “Slight” (slowly decomposes) Sol: Acetone; Alcohols; Hydrocarbons

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 4 IP: <10 eV

other levels Not Developed other levels Not Developed

C04-A002 Lewisite (Agent L) CAS: 541-25-3; 34461-56-8 (Isomer) RTECS: CH2975000 Cl

Cl As Cl

C2 H2 AsCl3 Colorless to brown oily liquid that is odorless when pure. Crude material may have a violet to purple color. Impurities give it an odor similar to geranium that is detectable at approximately 0.9 ppm. There are two conﬁgurational isomers of this agent that have been studied. Undergoes considerable decomposition when explosively disseminated. Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.48 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50 (Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 (59 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : < 85◦ F: 5,000–10,000 mg-min/m3 (20–40 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LCt50(Per) : > 85◦ F: 2500–5000 mg-min/m3 (10–20 ppm for a 30-min exposure) LD50 : 1.4 g ICt50(Skin) : < 85◦ F: 500 mg-min/m3 (2 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : > 85◦ F: 200 mg-min/m3 (0.8 ppm for a 30-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 75 mg-min/m3 (4.4 ppm for a 2-min exposure) These are provisional updates from older values that have not been formally adopted as of 2005. Eye Irritation: 1.5 ppm for a 2-min exposure MEG(1 h) Min: 0.00035 ppm; Sig: —; Sev: — WPL AEL: 0.00035 ppm

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Properties: MW : 207.3 D: 1.879 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 29◦ F MP: –49◦ F (munitions grade) BP: Decomposes Vsc: 1.09 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.35 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.1 (calculated) Vlt: 460 ppm (calculated) H2 O: Insoluble (slowly decompose) Sol: Organic solvents; Oils

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.014 ppm 4 h, 0.0041 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.087 ppm 4 h, 0.025 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 20 (77◦ F) IP: <10.6 eV

8 h, 0.0021 ppm 8 h, 0.013 ppm

C04-A003 Methyl dichloroarsine (Agent MD) CAS: 593-89-5 RTECS: CH4375000 Cl As Cl

CH3 AsCl2 Odorless liquid. Vapor is irritating to both eyes and skin, and is detectable at approximately 0.1 ppm. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 3000–5000 mg-min/m3 (230–380 ppm for a 2-min exposure). This toxicity estimate is from an older source (ca. 1952) and has not been updated. Current sources do not provide an estimate on a lethal concentration. ICt50(Inh) : 25 mg-min/m3 (1.9 ppm for a 2-min exposure) This is a provisional update from an older value (ca. 1956) that has not been formally adopted as of 2005. Properties: MW : 160.9 D: 1.839 g/mL MP: −67◦ F BP: 271◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 7.593 mmHg VD: 5.5 (calculated) Vlt: 10,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Most organic solvents

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.008 ppm 4 h, 0.0023 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.024 ppm 4 h, 0.0067 ppm

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.8 IP: 10.4 eV

8 h, 0.00096 ppm 8 h, 0.0029 ppm

C04-A004 Phenyl dichloroarsine (Agent PD) CAS: 696-28-6 RTECS: CH5425000 UN: 1556

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Arsenic Agents C04-A

203 Cl As Cl

C6 H5 AsCl2 Colorless to yellow odorless liquid. Vapor is irritating to the nose and throat, and is detectable at approximately 0.1 ppm. Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur mustard (C03-A001); Diphenylchloroarsine (C14A001); N-Ethylcarbazole (C13-A022); Arsenic trichloride (C04-C006). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.12 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 2600 mg-min/m3 (140 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Skin) : 200–500 mg-min/m3 (0.7–1.8 ppm for a 30-min exposure) “Intolerable” Irritation: 0.9 ppm for a 2-min exposure These are provisional updates from older values (ca. 1952) that have not been formally adopted as of 2005. Properties: MW : 222.9 D: 1.652 g/mL MP: −9◦ F BP: 451◦ F Vsc: 1.95 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.033 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.7 (calculated) Vlt: 43 ppm H2 O: 0.6% (rapidly decomposes) Sol: Alcohols; Gasoline; Acetone; Ether

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.016 mg/m3 AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.180 mg/m3

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200 IP: <9 eV

other levels Not Developed other levels Not Developed

C04-A005 Phenyl dibromoarsine CAS: 696-24-2 RTECS: — Br As Br

C6 H5 AsBr2 Colorless to faintly yellow liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.75 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 200 mg/m3 (16 ppm) for a 10-min exposure. This toxicity estimate is from an older source (ca. 1937) and has not been updated. Properties: MW : 311.8 D: 2.1 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: — BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 11 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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C04-C COMPONENTS AND PRECURSORS C04-C006 Arsenic trichloride CAS: 7784-34-1 RTECS: CG1750000 UN: 1560 ERG: 157 Cl As

Cl

Cl

AsCl3 Colorless oily liquid with an acrid odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes severe irritation and burns to the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin; cough, chest pain, and accumulation of ﬂuid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Used in the ceramics industry and as a chemical intermediate for arsenic pharmaceuticals and arsenic insecticides. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list, the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a general precursor for arsenical vesicants and many vomiting/sternatory agents (Chapter 14). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.41 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.01 mg/m3 as arsenic Properties: MW : 181.3 D: 2.163 g/mL D: 2.1450 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 17◦ F BP: 267◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 10 mmHg (74◦ F) VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: 13,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Chloroform; Oils; Fats; Ether; aqueous Hydrochloric acid

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.75 IP: —

C04-C007 Lewisite 3 (Agent L3) CAS: 40334-70-1 RTECS: — Cl

Cl

As

Cl

C6 H6 AsCl3 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. This material is on Schedule 1 of the CWC.

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References

205

This material is easily converted to Lewisite (C04-A002) and Lewisite 2 (C14-A004). It is also commonly found as an impurity and degradation product in Lewisite. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.61 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have few, if any, acute vesicant or vomiting/sternatory properties. Properties: MW : 259.4 D: 1.572 g/cm3 MP: 71◦ F BP: 500◦ F (decomposes) BP: 280◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Common organic solvents except alcohol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Proposed AEGLs AEGLs have been proposed only for mixtures of this compound with Lewisite (C04-A002).

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Blister Agents Lewisite (L) and Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL) ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Blister Agents: Lewisite (L) and Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL).” In Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. Bartlett, Paul D., Hyp Joseph Dauben, Jr., and Leonard J. Rosen. “Preparation of Lewisite.” US Patent 2,465,834, March 29, 1949. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Vesicant (Mustards, Dimethyl sulfate, and Lewisite).” March 15, 2005. ———. “Counter Terrorism Card for Lewisite.” 2000. ———. “Facts About Lewisite.” March 14, 2003. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Edgewood Research Development, and Engineering Center, Department of the Army. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Lewisite (L). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, rev. March 27, 1996. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Jackson, Kirby E., and Margaret A. Jackson. “The Chlorovinylarsines.” Chemical Reviews 16 (1935): 439–52. Lewis, W. Lee, and G.A. Perkins. “The Beta-Chlorovinyl Chloroarsines.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 15 (March 1923): 290–95. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Munro, Nancy B., Sylvia S. Talmage, Guy D. Grifﬁn, Larry C. Waters, Annetta P. Watson, Joseph F. King, and Veronique Hauschild. “The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 933–74.

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National Institute of Health. “Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB).” http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2005. Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 ed. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection Against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Watson, Annetta, Dennis Opresko, and Veronique Hauschild. Evaluation of Chemical Warfare Agent Percutaneous Vapor Toxicity: Derivation of Toxicity Guidelines for Assessing Chemical Protective Ensembles. ORNL/TM-2003/180. July 2003. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts about Blister Agent Lewisite (L). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

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5 Urticants

5.1

General Information

The agents in this class are halogenated oximes. This class of agents is not speciﬁcally covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Because of the toxicity of the agents and lack of commercial application outside of limited scientiﬁc research, urticants would be prohibited based on the Guidelines for Schedules of Chemicals. These materials are second generation chemical warfare agents developed shortly after World War I. They are moderately difﬁcult to synthesize and disperse. Chloroformoxime, the ﬁrst urticant, was ﬁrst synthesized in 1894. The more effective dihaloformoximes—phosgene oxime (C05-A001), dibromoformoxime (C05-A002), and diiodoformoxime (C05-A003)—were prepared in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Phosgene oxime was stockpiled by Nazi Germany during World War II but was never used. Since the end of World War II, urticants have been evaluated by numerous countries but stockpiled by few because of production, weaponization, and storage issues. The former Soviet Union overcame these issues and stockpiled phosgene oxime. Urticants have never been used on the battleﬁeld.

5.2 5.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Urticants produce instant, almost intolerable pain and cause immediate local destruction of skin and mucous membranes. No other chemical agent produces such an immediate painful onset followed by rapid tissue death. Sensations caused by exposure to these agents range from mild prickling to almost intolerable pain resembling a severe bee sting. Effects depend on the concentration of the agent and the length of the exposure. Tissue damage is more severe than that produced by vesicants (C03, C04). Direct contact of the agent with the skin produces a corrosive type lesion similar to those produced by a strong acid. Skin lesions may not fully heal for 1–3 months. Eyes are especially susceptible to urticants. In addition to immediate pain, urticants produce lesions and inﬂammation to the cornea (keratitis), which may progress to blindness. 207

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Inhalation of urticants can cause lung membranes to swell and become ﬁlled with liquid (pulmonary edema). Death may result from lack of oxygen. Urticants are also systemic agents and rapidly pass through the skin to affect susceptible tissue. Percutaneous absorption of liquids or solids can also produce pulmonary edema and blood clots in the lungs. 5.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Urticants are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, skin and eye exposure, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). 5.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Urticants have a penetrating and disagreeable odor detectable at very low concentrations. Even minimal exposure causes immediate irritation and pain of the eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory system, and skin. Urticants pose a signiﬁcant percutaneous hazard and are absorbed through the skin within seconds. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 340 ppm for a 2-minute exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liquid are estimated to be less than 2 grams per individual. Incapacitating concentrations (ICt50 ) for dermal exposure to these agents are as low as 0.3 ppm for a 2-minute exposure. The rate of detoxiﬁcation of these agents by the body is not known. However, because of the cellular damage caused by these agents, exposures have a cumulative risk. 5.2.4

Latency Period

Urticants produce immediate irritation and pain of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Blanching, reddening of the skin (erythema), and hives develop within minutes of exposure. Blisters, localized tissue death (necrosis), and formation of scabs may be delayed for 24 hours or more. Systemic effects, including pulmonary edema, from either inhalation or percutaneous absorption of the agent, do not occur until after a substantial latency period.

5.3 5.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

5.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless crystalline solids. They have intense, penetrating, and disagreeable odors detectable at very low levels. 5.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically amber to dark brown liquids. As the agent ages and decomposes, it continues to discolor until it may appear black. Odors are intense, penetrating, disagreeable, and violently irritating.

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Stability

Urticants are relatively unstable and tend to decompose spontaneously unless stored at low temperatures. Below −4◦ F, they can be kept for extended periods. Solvents including 1, 2-dimethoxybenzene, ether, dioxane, nitromethane, and glycine act as stabilizers and may be added to help prevent decomposition of agents during storage. Agents can be stored in glass or enamel-lined containers. Urticants rapidly attack rubber and metals, especially iron. 5.3.3

Persistency

For military purposes, unmodiﬁed urticants are classiﬁed as nonpersistent. They decompose rapidly in soil, and after a short delay on most other surfaces and in water. Urticants, even solids, have relatively high vapor pressure and evaporation or sublimation rates are nearly the same as water. 5.3.4

Environmental Fate

Urticant vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Porous material, including painted surfaces, will absorb both liquid and gaseous agents. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing both a contact and vapor hazard. Urticants can penetrate clothing and rubber faster than other chemical warfare agents. Clothing may emit trapped agent vapor for up to 30 minutes after contact with a vapor cloud. Urticants are unstable and decompose rapidly in soil. Agents dissolve slowly but completely in water and may take days to decompose once in solution. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed liquid agents are greater than that of water. These agents are also soluble in most organic solvents including gasoline and oil.

5.4 5.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

The rapid skin damage caused by urticants renders the skin more susceptible to subsequent exposure of any other toxic material or agent. All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to liquid or solid agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat, milk, and animal products from animals exposed to or killed by urticants should be destroyed or quarantined until it has been tested and determined to be safe to consume. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume. 5.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 5.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes.

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Unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. Although leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient urticants to produce effects for a limited time, urticants are relatively nonpersistent on surfaces and should rapidly decompose depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions. 5.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before it is consumed by the ﬁre. Urticants are soluble in water and actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will pose a signiﬁcant threat. A solution containing as little as 8% of active agent can cause pain within seconds of exposure. Potential decomposition products include toxic and/or corrosive gases. 5.4.4

Reactivity

Urticants rapidly react with metals, especially iron. Iron chloride, even in trace amounts, can cause explosive decomposition. These agents decompose slowly when dissolved in water. Dilute acids will retard the rate of decomposition. Urticants react violently with strong bases. Reaction with household bleach may produce toxic gases. 5.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

5.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Urticants produce hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), or hydrogen iodide (HI), and hydroxlamines when hydrolyzed. 5.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, HI, nitrogen oxides (NOx ), and toxic dimerization products.

5.5 5.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). CX is the only urticant addressed and recommendations are based on a release scenario involving direct aerosolization of the solid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release of urticant is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release of CX involves 10 kilograms (approximately 0.6 cubic feet) of bulk agent and a large release involves 500 kilograms (approximately 30 cubic feet) of bulk agent.

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CX (Phosgene oxime) C05-A001 Small device (10 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms)

5.5.2

Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

100 300

0.1 0.6

0.3 1.9

Personal Protective Requirements

5.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Urticants can penetrate garments and rubber much faster than other chemical warfare agents. Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events and should never be used as the primary chemical protective garment to enter an area contaminated with urticants. 5.5.2.2

Respiratory Protection

Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation since urticants can be absorbed into or degrade the materials used to make some respirators. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for urticants. Therefore, any potential exposure to these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 5.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against urticants. Because of the extreme dermal hazard posed by urticants, responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble whenever there is a potential for exposure to any solid or liquid agent, or to an elevated or unknown concentration of agent vapor.

5.5.3

Decontamination

5.5.3.1 General Urticants are very soluble in water and can be removed from most surfaces by washing with soap and water. Solubility of an agent will be decreased if it is dissolved in an immiscible organic solvent. Addition of solvents or mechanical mixing may be required to overcome insolubility problems. Because of the vigorous reaction of urticants with caustics, household bleach is not an effective decontamination agent for large quantities of these materials. Reaction with hypochlorites, including household bleach, may produce toxic gases such as chlorine.

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Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. Because of the rapid onset of effects and the speed with which urticants are absorbed through the skin, decontamination will not be entirely effective by the time the casualty experiences pain and blanching occurs. However, decontamination must still be done as rapidly as possible postexposure. Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes of exposure. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to urticants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If condensation is present, decontaminate the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect the agent and rinseate and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Although urticants rapidly break down on most surfaces, removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required to prevent agents that have been absorbed into these materials from migrating back to the surface and posing an extended hazard. 5.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. Because of the rapid onset of effects and the speed with which urticants are absorbed through the skin, decontamination will not be entirely effective by the time the casualty experiences pain. However, decontamination must still be done as rapidly as possible postexposure. Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the urticant from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to urticants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 1 hour. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. Although urticants rapidly break down on most surfaces, removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required to prevent agents that have been absorbed into these materials from migrating back to the surface and posing an extended hazard. 5.5.3.4

Solids or Particulate Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. Because of the rapid onset of effects and the speed with which urticants are absorbed through the skin,

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decontamination will not be entirely effective by the time the casualty experiences pain. However, decontamination must still be done as rapidly as possible postexposure. Do not attempt to brush the agent off of the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to vesicants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 1 hour. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Dampen agent with water until thoroughly wet. Cover with absorbent materials such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Repeat as necessary until the visible agent has been containerized. Decontaminate the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. Although urticants rapidly break down on most surfaces, removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required to prevent agents that have been absorbed into these materials from migrating back to the surface and posing an extended hazard.

5.6

Medical

5.6.1

CDC Case Deﬁnition

The CDC has not published a speciﬁc case deﬁnition for intoxication by urticants. However, the general case deﬁnition for vesicants states: “A case in which a vesicant is detected in biologic samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.” 5.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to urticants: chemical burns from contact with strong acids or bases; barbiturates, chemotherapeutic agents, and carbon monoxide; reactions to drugs producing Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis or both; autoimmune diseases such as bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris; and staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome. 5.6.3 5.6.3.1

Signs and Symptoms Vapors/Aerosols

Urticant vapors are violently irritating to the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract and cause immediate pain. Very low concentrations can cause inﬂammation, lacrimation, and temporary blindness; higher concentrations can cause corneal corrosion and dimming of vision. Inhalation causes runny nose, hoarseness, and sinus pain.

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Agent vapor produces pain on exposed skin within a few seconds. Within 30 seconds after contact, the exposed skin becomes white and is surrounded by an area of erythema (reddening of the skin). In about 15 minutes, the exposed skin develops hives. After 24 hours, the skin in the central blanched area becomes brown and dies. A scab is formed in a few days although pus continues to discharge from the lesion. Healing is accompanied by sloughing of the scab; itching and pain may be present throughout healing. 5.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids Contact with the skin produces pain within a few seconds. Within 30 seconds after contact, the exposed skin becomes white and is surrounded by a red ring resembling a wagon wheel. Within an hour the area becomes swollen and within 24 hours the lesions turn yellow and form blisters. The skin then turns brown and dies. A scab is formed in a few days although pus continues to discharge from the lesion. Healing is accompanied by sloughing of the scab; itching and pain may be present throughout healing. Urticants absorbed through the skin can cause pulmonary edema. 5.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

5.6.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty with necrotic lesions and pain with early onset of airway damage. 5.6.4.2 Priority 2 (Majority of Cases) A casualty with necrotic lesions and pain without further complications. 5.6.4.3 Priority 3 Not applicable for this class of agents. 5.6.4.4 Priority 4 Not applicable for this class of agents 5.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the urticants have been removed. Rapid decontamination of any exposure is essential. If urticants have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 1 hour. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. There is no antidote for exposure to these agents. Treatment consists of symptomatic management of lesions. Eye lesions should be treated by saline irrigation and coating the follicular margins with petroleum jelly to prevent sticking.

5.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. Although it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and

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more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Urticants that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with soap and water ensuring that the solution is introduced into the ears, nostrils, mouth, and any wounds. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Screen the remains for agent vapors and residual liquid at the conclusion of the decontamination process. If the remains must be stored before embalming, then place them inside body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. If double body bags are used, seal the inner bag with duct tape, rinse, and then place in the second bag. After embalming is complete, place the remains in body bags designed to contain contaminated bodies or in double body bags. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Standard burials are acceptable when contamination levels are low enough to allow bodies to be handled without wearing additional protective equipment.

C05-A AGENTS C05-A001 Phosgene oxime (Agent CX) CAS: 1794-86-1 RTECS: — OH N

Cl

Cl

CHCl2 NO Colorless liquid or crystalline deliquescent solid that has an intense, penetrating, disagreeable, and violently irritating “odor” that is detectable at 0.02 ppm. CX is the most irritating of the agents in this class. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.66 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 3200 mg-min/m3 (340 ppm for a 2-min exposure) LD50 : 1.8 g (estimate) ICt50(Inh) : 3 mg-min/m3 (0.3 ppm for a 2-min exposure) These are provisional updates from older values that have not been formally adopted as of 2005.

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Properties: MW : 113.9 D: 1.8 g/cm3 (estimate) MP: 95◦ F BP: Sublimes (decomposes unless highly puriﬁed) BP: 162◦ F (104 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 11.2 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.9 (calculated) Vlt: 390 ppm H2 O: 70% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.8 IP: <11 eV

C05-A002 Dibromoformoxime CAS: 74213-24-4 RTECS: — OH N

Br

Br

CHBr2 NO Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this material is a much less powerful irritant than Phosgene oxime (C05-A001). Properties: MW : 202.8 D: — MP: 158◦ F BP: 167◦ F (3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C05-A003 Diiodoformoxime CAS: 201205-56-3 RTECS: — OH N

I

I

CHI2 NO Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this material is a much less powerful irritant than Phosgene oxime (C05-A001).

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217

Properties: MW : 296.8 D: — MP: 156◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Phosgene Oxime ToxFAQs.” April 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition of Vesicant/Blister Agent Poisoning.” Interim document, December 22, 2003. ———. “Facts About Phosgene Oxime.” March 18, 2003. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Ehman, Phillip J., and Walter O. Walker. “Process for Preparing Phosgene Oxime.” US Patent 2,299,742, October 27, 1942. Hydro, William R. “Production of Dichloroformoxime.” US Patent 4,558,160, December 10, 1985. Madaus, John H., and Herman B. Urbach. “Electrolytic Production of Dichloroformoxime.” US Patent 2,918,418, December 22, 1959. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Sartori, Mario. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W. ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AmedP-6(B), Part IIIChemical, Field Manual No. 8-9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, February 1996. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Blister Agent Phosgene Oxime (CX). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996.

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Section III

Toxic Agents

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6 Bicyclophosphate Convulsants

6.1

General Information

The agents in this class are bicyclophosphates and bicyclothiophosphates. This class of agents is not speciﬁcally listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention nor is it covered by the language of the general deﬁnitions in the Schedules. Some of these chemicals have been used as ﬁre retardants, oil lubricants, and for medicinal research. They also occur as breakdown products in some synthetic turbine engine lubricants and some rigid polyurethane foams. These materials are fourth generation chemical warfare agents that have been evaluated by various countries. They are relatively easy to synthesize. No information is available on dispersing these agents. However, because they produce negligible vapor, they will be somewhat difﬁcult to deliver in a manner that will produce immediate casualties. Minimal information about these agents or potential research programs concerning these agents has been published in the unclassiﬁed literature. There is no information to indicate that these agents were ever stockpiled or have ever been used on the battleﬁeld.

6.2 6.2.1

Toxicology Effects

These agents are potent cage convulsants that antagonize the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) inhibitory system through blockage of the chloride channel. They induce brief, muscular shock-like jerks (myoclonic seizures) that progress to generalized tonicclonic (grand mal) convulsions and death. Subconvulsive doses may cause long-lasting central nervous system sensitization such as an increased susceptibility to audiogenic (sound induced) seizures and may lead to long-lasting changes in some social behaviors by causing regional decreases in neural substances such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

6.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Bicyclophosphates are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, skin exposure, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). 221

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6.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Based on their chemical and physical properties, bicyclophosphates are not expected to have good warning properties. They are unlikely to have any signiﬁcant odor or to cause any signiﬁcant irritation of the eyes or skin. Human toxicity data for bicyclophosphates have not been published or have not been established. However, available information indicates that under optimum conditions some of the agents are as toxic as nerve agent VX (C01-A016). Based on animal studies, bicyclophosphates are not cumulative and are rapidly eliminated from the body.

6.2.4

Latency Period

Information on the latency of this class of agents is unavailable. However, based on animal studies, there does not appear to be a signiﬁcant latent period for convulsive effects. However, effects from subconvulsive doses may not be immediately obvious.

6.3

Characteristics

6.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

6.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless crystalline solids. Odors have not been reported. 6.3.1.2

Modiﬁed Agents

Bicyclophosphates can be dissolved in organic solvents to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used. 6.3.2

Stability

Information on the stability of bicyclophosphates has not been published. However, based on the use of similar compounds as ﬂame retardants and lubricant additives, these agents should be highly stable. 6.3.3

Persistency

Information on the persistency of bicyclophosphates has not been published. However, based on similar compounds these agents are likely to be persistent in the environment. 6.3.4

Environmental Fate

Bicyclophosphates are nonvolatile and do not pose a vapor hazard. Although these agents may be dissolved in volatile solvents, evaporation of the solvent does not increase the evaporation of the agent itself. Porous material, including painted surfaces, may absorb

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solutions of agents. After the initial surface contamination has been removed, the agent that has been absorbed into porous material can migrate back to the surface posing a contact hazard. With the exception of methylbicyclophosphate (C06-A001), which is soluble in water, most bicyclophosphates are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. Most of these agents are also only slightly soluble or insoluble in common organic solvents including gasoline, alcohols, and oils.

6.4 6.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

Although bicyclophosphates do not inhibit acetylcholinesterase, they exhibit a synergistic toxic effect with materials that do. Individuals who have had previous exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors such as nerve agents and commercial organophosphate or carbamate pesticides may be at a greater risk from exposure to bicyclophosphates. Exposure to doses below the level that will produce seizures can result in long-lasting central nervous system sensitization such as an increased susceptibility to sound induced (audiogenic) seizures. All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or high-density plastics and exposed only to agent aerosols may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to solid agents or solutions of agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat, milk, and animal products from animals exposed to or killed by bicyclophosphates should be destroyed or quarantined until they are tested and determined to be safe to consume. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume.

6.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo or soap and water. If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to the agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. Leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient agents to produce effects for several weeks post release, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions.

6.4.3

Fire

Some members of this class of agents have been employed as ﬁre retardants and, therefore, are not expected to be greatly affected by a ﬁre. However, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre could spread the agent. Runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts could pose a signiﬁcant contact threat. Under the appropriate conditions, these agents could decompose and potentially produce toxic and/or corrosive gases.

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6.4.4

Reactivity

Information on the reactivity of bicyclophosphates has not been published. 6.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

Information on the decomposition products of bicyclophosphates, through either hydrolysis or combustion, has not been published.

6.5

Protection

6.5.1

Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for bicyclophosphate agents released in mass casualty situations. 6.5.2 6.5.2.1

Personal Protective Requirements Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear

Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. However, since bicyclophosphates have negligible vapor pressure, they do not pose a vapor hazard. The primary risk of exposure is through contact with aerosolized agents, solids, or solutions of agents. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide some skin protection against agent aerosols. Contact with solids and solutions should be avoided. Even though it is likely that bicyclophosphates will be rapidly detoxiﬁed or eliminated from the body, subconvulsive insidious exposures may cause long-lasting central nervous system sensitization, placing all responders who entered the hot zone without appropriate chemical protective clothing at increased risk. 6.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN). However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the incident commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for bicyclophosphates. Therefore, any potential exposure to these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 6.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against bicyclophosphates. Because these agents do not produce any signiﬁcant concentration of vapor, the primary risk of exposure is through inhalation of aerosols or by the percutaneous migration of agent

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following dermal exposure to solid agents or solutions containing these agents. However, it is possible that aerosolized bicyclophosphates can also enter the body and produce a toxic effect by permeating through the skin or penetrating through broken, abraded, or lacerated skin. If there is any possibility of contact with aerosolized agent, then responders should consider wearing a Level A protective ensemble.

6.5.3

Decontamination

6.5.3.1 General Speciﬁc information on decontaminating bicyclophosphates has not been published. Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 6.5.3.2 Solutions or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Remove as much of the agent from the skin as fast as possible. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, and/or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to bicyclophosphates, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area and the exterior of the container with copious amounts of the soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. 6.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to bicyclophosphates, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent, such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene.

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Wash the area and the exterior of the container with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate.

6.6 6.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not published a speciﬁc case deﬁnition for intoxication by bicyclophosphates.

6.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to bicyclophosphates: history of epilepsy; exposure to alcohol, cocaine, lead, camphor, strychnine, and/or carbon monoxide; medicinals such as phenothiazines; head trauma, heatstroke; encephalitis, meningitis, and tetanus.

6.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

Sudden loss of consciousness followed by tonic, then clonic contractions of the muscles. In some cases the gastrointestinal tract may be affected producing urination, defecation or both.

6.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

There are no recommendations for triaging casualties exposed to bicyclophosphates. However, in general, anyone who has been exposed should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Individuals who are asymptomatic and have not been directly exposed to the agent can be discharged after their names, addresses, and telephone numbers have been recorded. They should be told to seek medical care immediately if symptoms develop.

6.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all bicyclophosphates have been removed. If any bicyclophosphates have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Ventilate the patient. If breathing is difﬁcult, administer oxygen. It may be appropriate to intubate the casualty since seizures may make it difﬁcult or impossible later. Otherwise, treatment consists of symptomatic management of seizures. Do not attempt to immobilize or protect the tongue. Loosen clothing around the neck and place a pillow under the head to prevent injury. Roll the casualty onto their side to prevent aspiration of ﬂuids. Avoid unnecessary disturbances including loud or sudden noises. Treatment with anticonvulsants, including diazepam, phenobarbital, and other traditional antiepileptic drugs, has been successful in some animal studies.

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Bicyclophosphate Convulsants Agents C06-A

6.7

227

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. While it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Cadaver poses no signiﬁcant secondary hazards after decontamination. Use standard burial practices.

C06-A AGENTS C06-A001 Methylbicyclophosphate CAS: 1449-89-4 RTECS: — O O

P

O O

C7 H13 O4 P Crystalline solid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.86 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately 0.1% as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 192.2 D: — MP: 473◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C06-A002 Ethylbicyclophosphate CAS: 1005-93-2 RTECS: TY6475000

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O

P

O

C6 H11 O4 P Crystalline solid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.29 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 178.1 D: — MP: 396◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C06-A003 Isopropylbicyclophosphate CAS: 51052-72-3 RTECS: — O O

O

P

O

C7 H13 O4 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.86 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be less than half as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 192.2 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C06-A004 t-Butylbicyclophosphate CAS: 61481-19-4 RTECS: — O O

O

P O

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229

C8 H15 O4 P Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.43 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be just as toxic as VX (C01-A016). Properties: MW : 206.2 D: — MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C06-A005 1-Thio-4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane CAS: 935-52-4 RTECS: — O S

O

P O

C6 H11 O3 PS Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.94 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 194.2 D: — MP: 345◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

References Bellet, E.M. and J.E. Casida. “Bicyclic Phosphorus Esters. High Toxicity without Cholinesterase Inhibition.” Science 182 (1973): 1135–36. Casida, J.E. “Hazardous Caged Phosphorus Compounds.” Chemical and Engineering News 52 (1974): 56. Casida, J.E., M. Eto, A.D. Moscioni, J.L. Engel, D.S. Milbrath, and J.G. Verkade. “Structure-Toxicity Relations of 2,6,7-Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes and Related Compounds.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 36 (1976): 261–79. Cooper, G.H., I.W. Lawston, R.L. Rickard, and T.D. Inch. “Structure-Activity Relations in 2,6,7Trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes and Related Compounds.” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 (1978): 207–12.

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Eto, M., Y. Ozoe, T. Fujita, and J.E. Casida. “Signiﬁcance of Branched Bridge-Head Substituent in Toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphate Esters.” Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 40 (1976): 2113–15. Kao, W.Y., Q.-Y. Liu, W. Ma, G.D. Ritchie, J. Lin, A.F. Nordholm, J. Rossi, III, J.L. Barker, D.A. Stenger, and J.J. Pancrazio. “Inhibition of Spontaneous GABAergic Transmission by Trimethylolpropane Phosphate.” Neurotoxicology 20 (1999): 843–60. Kimmerle, G., A. Een, P. Groning, and J. Thyssen. “Acute Toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphorus Esters.” Archiv fuer Toxikologie 35 (1976): 149–52. Lindsey, J.W., A.E. Jung, T.K. Narayanan, and G.D. Ritchie. “Acute Effects of a Bicyclophosphate Neuroconvulsant on Monoamine Neurotransitter and Metabolite Levels in the Rat Brain.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 54 (1998): 421–29. Milbrath, D.S., J.L. Engel, J.G. Verkade, and J.E. Casida. “Structure-Toxicity Relationships of 1-Substituted-4-alkyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 47 (1979): 287–93. Milbrath, D.S., M. Eto, and J.E. Casida. “Distribution and Metabolic Fate in Mammals of the Potent Convulsant and GABA Antagonist tert-Butylbicyclophosphate and its Methyl Analog.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 46 (1978): 411–20. MP Biomedicals, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for ETBICYPHAT. Aurora, OH, February 17, 2004. Rossi, J., III, G.D. Ritchie, S. McInturf, and A.F. Nordholm. “Reduction of Motor Seizures in Rats Induced by the Ethyl Bicyclophosphate Trimethylolpropane Phosphate (TMPP).” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 25 (2001): 1323–40.

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7 COX Inhibiting Blood Agents

7.1

General Information

These agents inhibit the enzyme cytochrome oxidase (COX) preventing the transfer of oxygen from blood to the cells. Materials include cyanides, halogenated cyanides, and hydrogen sulﬁde. They are ﬁrst generation warfare agents that were used during World War I. They were the ﬁrst systemic agents introduced in that war. They are well-known industrial materials that were readily available at that time; most still have commercial value. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride are listed in Schedule 3 of the Chemical Weapons Convention and are the only COX inhibiting blood agents speciﬁcally included in the convention. COX inhibiting blood agents are relatively easy to acquire or manufacture and to disperse. For information on some of the chemicals used to manufacture these blood agents, see the Component section (C07-C) following information on the individual agents. Blood agents have been stockpiled by most countries that have pursued a chemical weapons program, and have been used a number of times on the battleﬁeld. Although this class of agents is considered obsolete on the modern battleﬁeld, several of these agents are still considered a signiﬁcant threat as potential improvised weapons that could be utilized in urban warfare. COX inhibiting blood agents have also been used by terrorists.

7.2 7.2.1

Toxicology Effects

COX inhibiting blood agents are compounds that produce respiratory paralysis and seizures or stop the transfer of oxygen from blood to the rest of the body by inhibiting the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The lack of oxygen rapidly affects all body tissues, especially the central nervous system, producing headache, dizziness, confusion, stupor, nausea, and vomiting. The cyanogen halide agents will also cause lung membranes to swell and become ﬁlled with liquid (pulmonary edema). 7.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

COX inhibiting blood agents are primarily an inhalation hazard. However, liquid agents, or solutions containing these agents, are hazardous through skin and eye exposure, ingestion, and abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris). At high concentrations, agent vapor may pose a skin absorption hazard. 231

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7.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

COX inhibiting blood agents generally do not have good warning properties. Although many cyanides have distinct odors that are evident at low levels, there is a signiﬁcant portion of the population that is genetically incapable of detecting them. Hydrogen sulﬁde rapidly causes olfactory fatigue preventing further detection of the agent. Cyanogen halides cause eye irritation and lacrimation at low concentrations. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 1300 ppm for a 2-minute exposure. Lethal percutaneous exposures (LD50 s) to liqueﬁed agents are as low as 7 grams per individual. The body detoxiﬁes these agents relatively quickly and recovery from nonfatal acute effects is generally rapid. 7.2.4

Latency Period

7.2.4.1 Vapor Effects from vapor exposure begin to appear 1–2 minutes after exposure. Pulmonary edema, caused by inhalation of cyanogen halides, does not occur until after a substantial latency period. 7.2.4.2

Liquid

Effects from exposure to liquid agents may be delayed from several minutes up to 2 hours after exposure. Some factors affecting the length of time before the onset of symptoms are the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin (e.g., organic solvents such as gasoline or alcohols), and the addition of additives designed to enhance the rate of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Another key factor is the part of the body that is exposed to the agent. It takes the agent longer to penetrate areas of the body that are covered by thicker and tougher skin. The regions of the body that allows the fastest percutaneous penetration are the groin, head, and neck. The least susceptible body regions are the hands, feet, front of the knee, and outside of the elbow.

7.3

Characteristics

7.3.1 7.3.1.1

Physical Appearance/Odor Laboratory Grade

Blood agents are either gases or volatile liquids. Most agents are colorless. Odors vary from mildly pleasant to harsh and irritating. The ability to detect the odor of some agents is transient and may give the impression that agents are no longer present. Some agents, especially in high concentration, may cause eye irritation and tearing. 7.3.1.2

Munition Grade

Munition grade agents are typically colorless but can be yellow to brown and may contain crystallized decomposition products. Odors vary from mildly pleasant to harsh and irritating.

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Binary/Reactive Agents

Terrorists have used binary versions created by mixing acids with reactive materials such as cyanide salts. Since the agent is formed as a result of mixing, it will be crude and consist of the agent, the individual components, and any by-products formed during the reaction. The color, odor, and consistency of the resulting agent will vary depending on the quality of the components and the degree of mixing. The components, by-products of the reaction, or solvents used to facilitate mixing the components may have their own toxic properties and could present additional hazards. Residual components may react with common materials, such as metals, to produce other hazardous materials. 7.3.1.4 Modiﬁed Agents Solvents, such as carbon disulﬁde (CS2 ) and chloroform (CHCl3 ), have been added to COX inhibiting blood agents to increase their stability in storage and increase their persistency after their release. The color, odor, and consistency of these mixtures will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of blood agent in the solution. Blood agents have also been adsorbed onto a solid carrier, such as pumice, to facilitate dispersal of the agent and increase their persistency after their release. These compositions may appear as free-ﬂowing powders or as a coarse grit. Odors may vary from the unmodiﬁed agent. 7.3.1.5 Mixtures with Other Agents COX inhibiting blood agents have been mixed with other agents such as bromoacetone (C13-A003), chloropicrin (C10-A006), arsenic trichloride (C04-C006), and stannic chloride (SnCl4 ) to increase their stability in storage, to enhance their toxicity, or to act as a marker during deployment. 7.3.2

Stability

Cyanide blood agents are relatively unstable and tend to polymerize on standing. Polymers can be explosive. Stabilizers or solvents can be added to inhibit decomposition. Stabilizers include phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, powdered sodium pyrophosphate, and sulfur dioxide. Although cyanide blood agents react with metals, they can be stored in steel or other common containers if stabilized. Hydrogen sulﬁde is stable and stored as a compressed, liqueﬁed gas in aluminum or stainless steel cylinders. 7.3.3

Persistency

For military purposes, unmodiﬁed COX inhibiting blood agents are classiﬁed as nonpersistent. These agents are gases or highly volatile liquids at normal temperatures. Evaporation rates of liquid agents are more than ten times that of water. Cold weather may decrease the rate of evaporation of liquid or solid agents. 7.3.4

Environmental Fate

Other than hydrogen cyanide (C07-A001), agent vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. However, due to the volatile nature of these materials, there is a minimal extended risk except in an enclosed or conﬁned space. With the exception of hydrogen cyanide, which is miscible with water, most of these agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. However, agent solubility may be

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modiﬁed (either increased or decreased) by solvents or impurities. These agents are also soluble in many organic solvents including gasoline, alcohols, and oils.

7.4 7.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to liquid agents or solutions of agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat from animals that have survived exposure to COX inhibiting blood agents should be safe to consume after a short quarantine period. Milk should be quarantined until tested. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume. Aeration or decontamination with soap and water may be sufﬁcient in many cases. 7.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water. If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. Leaves of forage vegetation are unlikely to retain sufﬁcient agent to produce signiﬁcant effects for more than a few hours post release. 7.4.3

Fire

Some COX inhibiting blood agents are ﬂammable and can form explosive mixtures with air. Some of these agents can polymerize in their containers and explode when heated. Most of these blood agents are gases and will be quickly dissipated or be consumed in a ﬁre. If liquid or solid agents are present, then heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before it is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. With the exception of hydrogen cyanide, most COX inhibiting blood agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. However runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts may still pose a threat. Some of the decomposition products resulting from hydrolysis or combustion of blood agents are water soluble and highly toxic. Other potential decomposition products include toxic and/or corrosive gases. Solvents mixed with some agents are ﬂammable and may pose an additional ﬁre hazard. Added components may react with steam or water during a ﬁre to produce toxic, ﬂammable, and/or corrosive vapors. 7.4.4

Reactivity

With the exception of hydrogen sulﬁde, COX inhibiting blood agents must be stabilized or they will polymerize during storage. Some agents are slowly hydrolyzed by water to

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produce corrosive and toxic gases. They are incompatible with strong oxidizers; many are incompatible with strong corrosives. Added components may react with water to produce toxic, ﬂammable, and/or corrosive vapors. 7.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

7.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Hydrogen cyanide is highly soluble and stable in water. Many others decompose into hydrogen cyanide and/or corrosives such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF), or hydrogen iodide (HI). Some components may produce arsenous oxides or arsenic salts when hydrolyzed. 7.4.5.2

Combustion

Volatile decomposition products may include nitrogen oxides (NOx ), sulfur oxides (SOx ), and HCl, HBr, HF, or HI. Some components may produce arsenic oxides.

7.5 7.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For COX inhibiting blood agents, these recommendations are based on two different release mechanisms (direct aerosolization of liquid agents or, for gaseous agents, sabotage of commercial containers) as well as on various quantities of material depending on the agent used in the release. For hydrogen cyanide, the release scenario involves sabotage of a commercial container with either 60 kilograms (approximately 23 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent or 30,000 kilograms (approximately 12,000 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent. For cyanogen chloride, the release involves direct aerosolization of the liquid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. In this scenario, the difference between a small and a large release is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 30 kilograms (approximately 6.5 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent and a large release involves 500 kilograms (approximately 110 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent. Initial Downwind isolation (feet) day (miles) AC (Hydrogen cyanide) C07-A001 Small device (60 kilograms) Large device (30,000 kilograms) CK (Cyanogen chloride) C07-A003 Small device (30 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms)

Downwind night (miles)

200 1500

0.1 1.0

0.3 2.4

200 1300

0.4 2.5

1.5 5.0

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents Personal Protective Requirements

7.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Blood agents are primarily a respiratory hazard; however, solids, liquids, or high vapor concentrations may pose a percutaneous hazard. Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide limited skin protection against low concentrations of blood agent vapors. Contact with liquids, solids, and solutions should be avoided. 7.5.2.2

Respiratory Protection

Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the incident commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. High concentrations of cyanides and cyanogen halides can rapidly degrade elements of some air puriﬁcation ﬁlters. Care should be taken whenever using APRs in the presence of these agents. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 7.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against cyanides, cyanogen halides, and hydrogen sulﬁde. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade or modiﬁed agents. In addition to the risk of percutaneous migration of agent following dermal exposure to liquid agents, some cyanide agent vapors can also penetrate the skin and produce a toxic effect. However, these concentrations are signiﬁcantly greater than concentrations that will produce similar effects if inhaled. If the concentration of vapor exceeds the level necessary to produce effects through dermal exposure, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. 7.5.3

Decontamination

7.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 7.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes.

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Small areas: Ventilate to remove vapor. Because the boiling point of some cyanide agents is near normal room temperature (70◦ F), agent vapors may condense on cooler surfaces and pose a percutaneous hazard. Liquids can then revolatilize when the temperature rises. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and place the rinseate and place in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. 7.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Avoid rough scrubbing. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of the soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. 7.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that any of the agent has gotten into the eyes, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Ventilate the area to remove any agent vapors generated during the decontamination.

7.6 7.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition (for Cyanides)

A case in which cyanide concentration is higher than the normal reference range (0.02–0.05 µg/mL) in whole blood, or cyanide is detected in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant

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amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. There is no case deﬁnition for exposure to hydrogen sulﬁde. 7.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to COX inhibiting blood agents: smoke or carbon monoxide inhalation; sedatives; stroke; methemoglobinemia; meningitis and encephalitis; and ingestion of plants or seeds containing cyanoglycosides. 7.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

7.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols Most indications of cyanide and sulﬁde blood agent poisoning are nonspeciﬁc. Inhalation of high concentration of these agents may produce temporary rapid and deep breathing followed by convulsions and unconsciousness. Under these circumstances, the casualty will stop breathing within 2–4 minutes after exposure. Death will occur 4–8 minutes later. For most cyanides, casualties experience few effects when exposed to less than lethal doses. These may include temporary increase in breathing rate, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Classic “cherry-red” skin and lips attributed to cyanide poisoning are not always present. In addition, cyanogen halides produce immediate eye, nose, and throat irritation similar to tear agents (Chapter 13) and vomiting agents (Chapter 14). Pulmonary edema caused by cyanogen halides may be delayed for several hours. 7.6.3.2

Liquids/Solids

Exposure to solid or liquid cyanogen halides can cause skin and eye irritation. Otherwise, casualties exposed to cyanides experience few effects at sublethal doses. Percutaneous absorption of a lethal dose may produce temporary rapid and deep breathing followed by convulsions and unconsciousness. Under these circumstances, the casualty will stop breathing within 2–4 minutes after exposure. Death will occur 4–8 minutes later. 7.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

7.6.4.1 Priority 1 A casualty who is convulsing or has is post seizure, who has a heartbeat and a palpable blood pressure. The casualty may or may not be conscious and/or breathing. 7.6.4.2

Priority 2

Recovering from mild effects or from successful therapy. Generally it takes hours for full recovery. 7.6.4.3 Priority 3 Casualty who has been in a clean environment for more than 5 minutes postexposure and is conscious and talking, or a casualty in a clean environment who is unconscious but has a pulse and is breathing normally. Unconscious casualties should be monitored in case of a sudden change in status. 7.6.4.4 Priority 4 A casualty who is not breathing and does not have a heartbeat or palpable blood pressure.

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239

Casualty Management

Remove casualty to fresh air. If breathing is difﬁcult, administer oxygen. If the casualty has been exposed to either solid or liquid agent, decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all agents have been removed. However, do not delay treatment if thorough decontamination cannot be undertaken immediately. If solid or liquid agents have gotten into the eyes, or if the casualty complains of signiﬁcant eye irritation, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. For cyanide and cyanogen, antidote should be administered as soon as possible. The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit contains amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. Cobalt edentate or 4-dimethylaminophenol are alternative antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Benzodiazepines or barbiturates may be required to control severe seizures. If cyanogen halides are suspected, asymptomatic individuals should be monitored for possible complications caused by pulmonary edema.

7.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects. Heavily splashed items should be disposed of or decontaminated with soap and water. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. COX inhibiting blood agents are highly volatile and there is little risk of extensive residual contamination unless the remains were heavily splashed with liquid agent. Agents that have entered the body pose little threat through off-gassing. Some agents, such as hydrogen sulﬁde, may still be detectable because of the low odor threshold. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains were heavily splashed with agent, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Screen the remains for agent vapors at the conclusion of the decontamination process. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C07-A AGENTS C07-A001 Hydrogen cyanide (Agent AC) CAS: 74-90-8 RTECS: MW6825000 UN/NA: 1051 ERG: 117

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HCN Colorless gas or liquid with an odor like bitter almond or peach kernels. Odor is detectable at 0.8 ppm, but some individuals are unable to detect odor at all. Used as an industrial fumigant. It is also used in electroplating, mining; and in producing synthetic ﬁbers, plastics, and dyes. Industrially, it can be found mixed with a variety of gases including carbon monoxide, cyanogen, and phosphine. Also reported as a mixture with Cyanogen chloride (C07-A003); Arsenic trichloride (C04-C006). This material is on the ITF-25 high threat, the FBI threat list, and Schedule 3 of the CWC. Ignites 50% of the time when disseminated from an artillery shell. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 2860 mg-min/m3 (1300 ppm for a 2-min exposure). This is a provisional update from an older value that has not been formally adopted as of 2005. LCt50 varies greatly due to ability of the body to detoxify the agent over time. LC50 : 546 ppm for a 10-min exposure MEG(1h) Min: 2 ppm; Sig: 7.1 ppm; Sev: 15 ppm OSHA PEL: 10 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 4.7 ppm [Skin] ACGIH Ceiling: 4.7 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 50 ppm Properties: MW : 27.0 D: 0.69 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 8◦ F BP: 78◦ F Vsc: 0.28 cS (77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 7.1 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 15 ppm

VP: 630 mmHg VD: 0.99 (calculated) Vlt: 860,000 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Most organic solvents 4 h, 1.3 ppm 4 h, 3.5 ppm 4 h, 8.6 ppm

FlP: 0◦ F LEL: 5.6% UEL: 40% RP: 0.03 IP: 13.60 eV

8 h, 1.0 ppm 8 h, 2.5 ppm 8 h, 6.6 ppm

C07-A002 Cyanogen bromide (Agent CB) CAS: 506-68-3 RTECS: — UN: 1889 ERG: 157 BrCN Colorless or white crystalline solid with a penetrating, stinging, or biting odor. Also reported as a mixture with Bromoacetone (C13-A003). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.33 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 400 mg/m3 (92 ppm for a 10-min exposure)

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IC50(Inh) : 35 mg/m3 (8.1 ppm); exposure duration unavailable Eye Irritation: 1.4 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 105.9 D: 2.015 g/cm3 MP: 120–124◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: 92 mmHg VP: 122 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: 120,000 ppm H2 O: Soluble Sol: Alcohols; Ether

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.1 IP: 11.84 eV

C07-A003 Cyanogen chloride (Agent CK) CAS: 506-77-4 RTECS: GT2275000 UN: 1589 ERG: 125 ClCN Colorless liquid or gas with a pungent, acrid, choking odor detectable at 1 ppm. Odor can go unnoticed because of discomfort. Used as an industrial fumigant and warning agent in odorless fumigant gases. It is used in metal cleaning, ore reﬁning, and to produce malononitrile, s-triazines, and synthetic rubber. Also reported as a mixture with Hydrogen cyanide (C07-A001); Arsenic trichloride (C04C006). This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list and Schedule 3 of the CWC. Will polymerize during extended storage. Polymerization may be explosive. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.52 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 11,000 mg-min/m3 (2200 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Inh) : 7,000 mg-min/m3 (1400 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 4.8 ppm for a “few seconds” exposure Skin Irritation: 4.8 ppm for a 2-min exposure ACGIH STEL: 0.3 ppm NIOSH STEL: 0.3 ppm Properties: MW : 61.5 D: 1.18 g/mL MP: 20◦ F BP: 55◦ F Vsc: 0.337 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 010 mmHg VD: 2.2 (calculated) Vlt: 1,400,000 ppm H2 O: 6.9% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.01 IP: 12.49 eV

C07-A004 Cyanogen iodide CAS: 506-78-5 RTECS: NN1750000

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ICN Colorless or white needle-shaped crystals with a pungent odor. Used as a preservative in taxidermy. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F Respiratory/Eye Irritation: 16 ppm; exposure duration unavailable Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 152.9 D: 2.84 g/cm3 (64◦ F) MP: 298◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: 1 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.3 (calculated) Vlt: 1300 ppm H2 O: Soluble Sol: Ethanol; Ether; Volatile oils

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 8.2 IP: 10.87 eV

C07-A005 Cyanogen CAS: 460-19-5 RTECS: GT1925000 UN: 1026 ERG: 119 NCCN Colorless gas with a pungent odor like almonds that is detectable at 230 ppm. Vapors are irritating at 15 ppm. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 20 ppm; Sig: 71 ppm; Sev: 150 ppm ACGIH TLV: 10 ppm Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately half as toxic as Hydrogen cyanide (C07-A001). Properties: MW : 52.0 D: 0.866 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: –18◦ F BP: –6◦ F Vsc: 0.633 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 3800 mmHg VD: 1.8 (calculated) Vlt: 5,200,000 ppm H2 O: 1% Sol: Alcohols; Ether

FlP: — LEL: 6.6% UEL: 32% RP: 0.004 IP: 13.57 eV

C07-A006 Hydrogen sulﬁde (Agent NG) CAS: 7783-06-4 RTECS: MX1225000 UN: 1053 ERG: 117 H2 S Colorless gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs detectable at 0.005 ppm. However, it can cause olfactory fatigue and the sense of smell is not reliable. Used industrially to produce elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, and heavy water for nuclear reactors.

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243

Also reported as a mixture with Chloropicrin (C10-A006); Carbon disulﬁde (C11-A039). This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: “Low concentrations” Respiratory Irritation: 50 ppm; exposure duration unavailable MEG(1h) Min: 0.50 ppm; Sig: 27 ppm; Sev: 50 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 20 ppm ACGIH TLV: 10 ppm ACGIH STEL: 15 ppm IDLH: 100 ppm Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, exposure to concentrations above 500 ppm can rapidly incapacitate and kill exposed individuals. Properties: MW : 34.1 D: 0.777 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: –122◦ F BP: –77◦ F Vsc: 0.0978 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.51 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 27 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 50 ppm

VP: 13,376 mmHg VD: 1.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 0.4% Sol: Gasoline; Kerosene 4 h, 0.36 ppm 4 h, 20 ppm 4 h, 37 ppm

FlP: — LEL: 4.0% UEL: 44% RP: 0.001 IP: 10.46 eV

8 h, 0.33 ppm 8 h, 17 ppm 8 h, 31 ppm

C07-C COMPONENTS AND PRECURSORS C07-C007 Sodium cyanide CAS: 143-33-9 RTECS: VZ7525000 UN: 1689 ERG: 157 NaCN White, granular, or crystalline deliquescent solid that is odorless when dry but has a faint odor like almond when wet. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation of the eyes and skin, asphyxia, lassitude, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, increased respiratory rate, slow gasping respiration, thyroid, and blood changes. Used industrially for electroplating, precious metal extraction; and in the synthesis of dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. This material is on the FBI threat list and the Australia Group Export Control list.

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This material is a precursor blood agent containing cyanide, many G-series nerve agents, and other cyanide containing agents. Exposure Hazards LD50(Ing) : 0.2–0.3 g OSHA PEL: 5 mg/m3 ACGIH Ceiling: 5 mg/m3 [10 min] [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 5 mg/m3 IDLH: 25 mg/m3 (expressed as CN) Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 49.0 D: 1.595 g/cm3 MP: 1047◦ F BP: 2725◦ F Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: Negligible H2 O: 58% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: —

C07-C008 Potassium cyanide CAS: 151-50-8 RTECS: TS8750000 UN: 1680 ERG: 157 KCN White, granular, or crystalline deliquescent solid that is odorless when dry but has a faint odor like almond when wet. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation of the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory system, asphyxia, lassitude, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, increased respiratory rate or slow gasping respiration, as well as thyroid and blood changes. Used industrially for electroplating, precious metal extraction; and in the synthesis of dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a precursor blood agent containing cyanide, many G-series nerve agents, and other cyanide containing agents. Exposure Hazards LD50(Ing) : 0.2–0.3 g OSHA PEL: 5 mg/m3 ACGIH Ceiling: 5 mg/m3 [10 min] [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 5 mg/m3 IDLH: 25 mg/m3 (expressed as CN) Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 65.1 VP: Negligible FlP: None D: 1.55 g/cm3 VD: — LEL: None MP: 1173◦ F Vlt: Negligible UEL: None BP: 2957◦ F H2 O: 72% (77◦ F) RP: — Vsc: — Sol: Glycerol; Formamide; Hydroxylamine IP: —

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References

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References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Cyanide ToxFAQs.” September 1997. ———. “Hydrogen Sulﬁde ToxFAQs.” September 2004. ———. “Hydrogen Cyanide.” In Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Cyanide. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1997. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Cyanide (DRAFT). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2004. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Hydrogen Sulﬁde. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1997. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Hydrogen Sulﬁde (DRAFT). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2004. Brophy, Leo P., Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cohrane. The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1968, pp. 55–61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Cyanide.” March 9, 2005. ———. “Facts About Cyanide.” February 26, 2003. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Munro, Nancy B., Sylvia S. Talmage, Guy D. Grifﬁn, Larry C. Waters, Annetta P. Watson, Joseph F. King, and Veronique Hauschild. “The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 933–74. National Institute of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2005. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. “Emergency Response Card for Cyanogen Chloride.” Interim Document, March 20, 2003. ———. “Emergency Response Card for Hydrogen Cyanide.” Interim Document, March 20, 2003. ———. “Emergency Response Card for Potassium Cyanide.” Interim Document, March 20, 2003. ———. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.

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Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions: An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springﬁeld, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection Against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Blood Agent Cyanogen Chloride (CK). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Blood Agent Hydrogen Cyanide (AC). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Yaws, Carl L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th ed. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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8 Arsine Blood Agents

8.1

General Information

These materials include arsine and reactive materials such as arsenide salts and alloys of arsenic that decompose to produce arsine. They are ﬁrst generation warfare agents that were evaluated during World War I but have never been utilized on the battleﬁeld. These materials are commercially available but are relatively difﬁcult to disperse. Although this class of agents is considered obsolete on the modern battleﬁeld, arsine is still considered a signiﬁcant threat as a potential improvised weapon that could be utilized in urban warfare.

8.2 8.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Arsine affects the ability of the blood system to carry oxygen by destroying red blood cells. The lack of oxygen rapidly affects all body tissues, especially the central nervous system. Arsine may also affect the kidneys, liver, and heart. Most deaths related to arsine exposure are believed to be secondary to acute renal failure. Arsine is carcinogenic.

8.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Arsine poses an inhalation hazard. However, reactive agents may also be hazardous through ingestion and abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris).

8.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Arsine does not have good warning properties. Although it has a distinct odor, it is only detectable at levels higher than acceptable exposure limits. It does not irritate the eyes, respiratory system, or the skin. The rate of detoxiﬁcation of arsine by the body is very low. Exposures are essentially cumulative. 247

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents Latency Period

Effects from exposure to arsine can be delayed from 20 minutes to 36 hours depending on the level of exposure.

8.3 8.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

8.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Arsine is a colorless gas with a mild garlic-like odor. Effects from exposures are cumulative and may occur at levels below the odor threshold. Reactive materials are solids that produce arsine on contact with moisture or acids. Binary munitions that mix these reactive materials with water or acid upon delivery have been developed. 8.3.2

Stability

Arsine has a high vapor pressure and is difﬁcult to store as a liqueﬁed gas. It is extremely ﬂammable and is also decomposed by light, heat, and contact with various metals. It can explode on contact with warm, dry air. Reactive solids are stable when dry. 8.3.3

Persistency

Arsine is nonpersistent and quickly dissipates or decomposes in the open environment. Solid agents will retain the potential to produce arsine (AsH3 ) until they react with water. 8.3.4

Environmental Fate

Due to the volatile nature of arsine, there is minimal extended risk except in an enclosed or conﬁned space. Arsine vapor has a density greater than air and tends to collect in low places. It is soluble in water as well as aromatic and halogenated organic solvents. Solid agents pose an extended risk because they retain the potential to produce arsine gas until they react with water or acids.

8.4 8.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of release should be considered contaminated with residual arsenic. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat and milk from animals affected by arsine should be quarantined until tested. Exposed animals may not be suitable for consumption if they retain a sufﬁcient body burden of arsenic.

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Arsenic compounds can translocate from roots to other areas (e.g. leaves, fruits, etc.) of some plants. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested. 8.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 8.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to the agent, they should be irrigated with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. In the event of a large release, arsenic from decomposed arsine could remain on leaves of forage vegetation until removed by precipitation. Arsenic compounds can also translocate from roots to leaves of some plants and could pose an ingestion hazard to livestock. 8.4.3

Fire

Arsine is a highly ﬂammable gas that can form explosive mixtures with air. Hydrogen gas produced by photolytic decomposition of the agents may also be present. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Arsine is soluble in water and runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts could pose a signiﬁcant threat. Solid agents will react with water to form arsine gas. Decomposition of the agents during a ﬁre will produce poisonous arsenic oxides that may be present in smoke from the ﬁre. Arsenic will also be deposited in the area downwind of the ﬁre. 8.4.4

Reactivity

Arsine is incompatible with strong oxidizers and various metals including aluminum, copper, brass, and nickel. It may be decompose on exposure to light to produce hydrogen gas and arsenic metal. Solid agents will react with water to form arsine gas. 8.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

8.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Arsine produces arsenic acids and other arsenic products. Solid agents will react with water to form arsine gas. 8.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products include arsenic oxides. Arsine may decompose to hydrogen gas and arsenic metal if heated in a sealed container.

8.5 8.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis

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for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). These recommendations are based on a release scenario involving sabotage of a commercial container. A small release involves 60 kilograms (a standard gas cylinder) and a large release involves 1500 kilograms (a large bulk container such as a rail car).

SA (Arsine) C08-A001 Small device (60 kilograms) Large device (1500 kilograms) 8.5.2

Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

200 1300

0.5 2.5

1.5 5.0

Personal Protective Requirements

8.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. Although arsine is primarily an inhalation hazard, decomposition products may pose a percutaneous risk. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide limited skin protection. Contact with solids and solutions should be avoided. 8.5.2.2

Respiratory Protection

Use a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Air purifying respirators (APRs) are not recommended for use in an arsine atmosphere because of poor warning properties and the unknown effectiveness of sorbents used in the ﬁlters. If APRs are used, then immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 8.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against arsine or against the reactive materials used to produce arsine. 8.5.3

Decontamination

8.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. If reactive materials have been released, then care must be taken to compensate for the heat generated by their reaction with water. Take appropriate actions to disperse the arsine vapors that will be generated. 8.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes.

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Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If decomposition to arsenic metal or arsenic oxides has occurred, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. 8.5.3.3 Reactive Solids Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may contain residual solid. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Care must be taken to avoid breathing any arsine generated during the decontamination process. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with highdensity polyethylene. Ventilate the area to remove any agent vapors generated during the decontamination.

8.6 8.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

No speciﬁc biologic marker/test is available for arsine exposure; however, exposure might be indicated by the detection of elevated arsenic levels in urine (greater than 50 µg/L for a spot or greater than 50 µg for a 24-hours urine) and signs of hemolysis (e.g., hemoglobinuria, anemia, or low haptoglobin), or arsine is detected in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.

8.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to arsine: abdominal disorders such as gallbladder inﬂammation (cholecystitis), gallstones (cholelithiasis), biliary colic, kidney stones, and acute renal failure; blood disorders including acute anemia, methemoglobinemia, and hyperkalemia; diseases such as hepatitis, leptospirosis, malaria, and urinary tract infections; rhabdomyolysis and hemolytic uremic syndrome; cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; and also toxicity from smoke inhalation or exposure to toxic chemicals such as pyrogallic acid and stibine gas.

8.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

Unless high-dose exposure produces immediate fatality, exposure typically results in abdominal pain, blood in the urine (hematuria), and jaundice. Signs and symptoms due to massive hemolysis occur anywhere from 30 minutes to 24 hours postexposure. Other potential symptoms include headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), a feeling

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of weariness or diminished energy (lassitude), difﬁculty in breathing (dyspnea), nausea, vomiting, bronze skin, jaundice, discoloration of the conjunctivae, numbness, weakness, burning pain, loss of reﬂexes, delirium, memory loss, irritability, confusion, and dizziness. 8.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

8.6.4.1

Priority 1

A casualty with abdominal pain, jaundice, red or discolored conjunctivae, breath with an odor of garlic, headache, severe thirst, fever, chills, and/or numb or cold extremities. 8.6.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with a known exposure to arsine or who reports smelling a garlic or ﬁshy odor. 8.6.4.3 Priority 3 Anyone with a potential exposure to arsine. 8.6.4.4 Priority 4 Unlikely classiﬁcation for this agent. 8.6.5

Casualty Management

Remove casualty to fresh air and decontaminate with soap and water. If the eyes of the casuality complains of eye irritation, then irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. If reactive materials were used, irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Provide oxygen for respiratory distress. In severe cases, exchange blood transfusions may be required. There are no speciﬁc antidotes for arsine poisoning. The value of chelating agents to remove arsine has only been demonstrated in limited studies. However, chelating agents do not prevent hemolysis and may not provide any signiﬁcant beneﬁt in acute arsine toxicity.

8.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. If reactive materials have been released, then arsine may be generated. Take appropriate actions to disperse the vapors. Arsine is highly volatile and there is little risk of direct residual contamination. However, potential persistent decomposition products include arsenic and arsenic oxides. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains are heavily contaminated with residue, then wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

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References

253

C08-A AGENTS C08-A001 Arsine (Agent SA) CAS: 7784-42-1 RTECS: CG6475000 UN: 2188 ERG: 119 AsH3 Colorless gas with a mild odor described as ﬁshy or like garlic. It is detectable at 0.5 ppm. Used as a doping agent for solid-state electronic components, in the preparation of gallium arsenide and glass dyes, and in the manufacture of light-emitting diodes. Decomposed by light, heat, and contact with various metals. Can explode on contact with warm, dry air. Ignites so easily that it cannot be disseminated by explosive shells. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.19 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 7500 mg-min/m3 (1200 ppm for a 2-min exposure). This a provisional update from an older value that has not been formally adopted as of 2005. LC50(Inh) : 250 ppm for a 30-min exposure. MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 0.17 ppm; Sev: 0.5 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.05 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.0006 ppm IDLH: 3 ppm Properties: MW : 77.9 D: 1.321 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −179◦ F BP: −81◦ F Vsc: 0.0553 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.17 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.50 ppm

VP: 11,100 mmHg VD: 2.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 20% Sol: Benzene; Chloroform

4 h, 0.040 ppm 4 h, 0.13 ppm

FlP: — LEL: 5.1% UEL: 78% RP: 0.001 IP: 9.89 eV

8 h,0.020 ppm 8 h, 0.063 ppm

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Arsine.” In Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Arsine or Stibine Poisoning.” March 4, 2005. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Foulkes, Charles H. “Gas!”: The Story of the Special Brigade. Edinburgh, England: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd, 1934. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2005. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004.

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9 Carbon Monoxide Blood Agents

9.1

General Information

These materials include carbon monoxide and metal carbonyls that readily decompose to produce carbon monoxide (C09-A001). They are ﬁrst generation warfare agents that were evaluated during World War I but largely abandoned because of the difﬁculty delivering an effective concentration of the agent. Between World War I and II, metal carbonyls were added to the fuels of ﬂame weapons (i.e., ﬂamethrowers) as a means of producing high levels of toxic carbon monoxide to augment their incendiary capabilities in situations involving soldiers occupying conﬁned spaces such as caves and bunkers. Although this class of agents is considered obsolete on the modern battleﬁeld, they are still considered a signiﬁcant threat as potential improvised weapons that could be utilized in urban warfare. They are commercially available but are relatively difﬁcult to disperse over a large area.

9.2 9.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Carbon monoxide affects the ability of the blood system to carry oxygen by binding to red blood cells preventing the absorption and transport of oxygen by the blood. The lack of oxygen rapidly affects all body tissues, especially the central nervous system. In addition, metal carbonyls can cause pulmonary edema and may damage the liver and kidneys. Metal carbonyls are carcinogenic or are suspected human carcinogens. 9.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Carbon monoxide poses only an inhalation hazard. Metal carbonyls, however, are also hazardous through exposure of the skin and eye to either liquid or vapor, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). 9.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Carbon monoxide blood agents do not have good warning properties. Carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless. Although exposure to metal carbonyl vapors can cause eye irritation, 255

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these concentrations are generally not low enough to prevent potentially hazardous exposure. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of carbon monoxide blood agents have not been fully established. However, immediately dangerous to life or health levels (IDLHs) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 2 ppm. 9.2.4

Latency Period

9.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols (Mists) Depending on the concentration of agent vapor, the effects begin to appear 1–2 minutes after initial exposure. Pulmonary edema caused by inhalation of metal carbonyls may be delayed for several hours. 9.2.4.2 Liquid Metal carbonyls cause immediate irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system.

9.3 9.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

9.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas. Metal carbonyls are typically colorless liquids that may be odorless or have a faint musty smell. 9.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade metal carbonyls are typically yellow to dark-red liquids. Production impurities and decomposition products may cause the agents to darken and give them additional odors. 9.3.1.3 Mixtures with Other Agents Metal carbonyls have been mixed with incendiary fuels to increase the production of carbon monoxide when the fuel is ignited and thereby increase the lethality of ﬂame weapons when used against soldiers hiding in conﬁned spaces such as caves and bunkers. 9.3.2

Stability

Carbon monoxide is a stable gas. Metal carbonyls are relatively unstable and sensitive to light and moderately high temperatures. They may spontaneously ignite on contact with air. Volatile agents are stored in steel cylinders; otherwise, agents are stored in steel or glass containers. Metal carbonyls may be stored under an inert gas blanket, such as nitrogen, to prevent contact with the air. 9.3.3

Persistency

Carbon monoxide is nonpersistent and quickly dissipates in the open environment. Metal carbonyls are unstable and rapidly decompose to produce carbon monoxide and various metal oxides.

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257

Environmental Fate

Due to the volatile nature of carbon monoxide, there is minimal extended risk except in an enclosed or conﬁned space. Carbon monoxide vapor has a density only slightly less than air and does not tend to stratify signiﬁcantly in conﬁned spaces. It is insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. Metal carbonyls are unstable and are rapidly decomposed by air, light, and heat to produce carbon monoxide and various metal oxides. The vapors of unreacted carbonyls have a density greater than air and tend to collect in conﬁned spaces. These materials are insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.

9.4 9.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

Combined intoxications of carbon monoxide and cyanide should not be treated with the nitrites found in cyanide antidote kits. These nitrites are used to create methemoglobinemia, which will exacerbate carbon monoxide poisoning by further reducing the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to body tissue. In addition to tobacco smokers, individuals who have had previous exposure to materials containing methylene chloride, such as degreasers, solvents, paint removers, and furniture strippers, are at greater risk because of an existing body burden of carbon monoxide. Approximately one-fourth to one-third of inhaled methylene chloride vapor is metabolized in the liver to carbon monoxide. In addition, methylene chloride is readily stored in body tissue. This stored material is released over time and results in elevated levels of carbon monoxide for extended periods, in some cases more than twice as long as compared with direct carbon monoxide inhalation. Carbon monoxide poses no signiﬁcant residual risk. If metal carbonyls have been released, all foodstuffs in the area should be considered contaminated with residual metal decomposition products. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat and milk from animals affected by metal carbonyls should be quarantined until tested for residual high levels of metals. If metal carbonyls have been released, plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume.

9.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals exposed to carbon monoxide do not require decontamination. If metal carbonyls have been released, animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 9.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. Carbon monoxide poses no signiﬁcant residual risk to feedstock (e.g., hay or grain). If metal carbonyls have been released, the topmost layer of unprotected feedstock should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested for metal residue. It is unlikely that sufﬁcient residue would remain on leaves of forage vegetation to pose a signiﬁcant threat.

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9.4.3

Fire

All carbon monoxide blood agents are ﬂammable and can form explosive mixtures with air. Metal carbonyls are highly ﬂammable and may even ignite spontaneously. Metal carbonyls decompose on heating to produce carbon monoxide. Although liquid agents are insoluble in water, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. 9.4.4

Reactivity

Metal carbonyls decompose in light to produce carbon monoxide. They are incompatible with strong oxidizers and readily form explosive mixtures with air. Some decompose at ordinary temperatures in contact with porous materials [e.g., activated carbon used in air purifying respirator (APR) ﬁlters] and produce carbon monoxide. 9.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

9.4.5.1

Hydrolysis

Metal carbonyls produce metal oxides when hydrolyzed. 9.4.5.2 Combustion Metal carbonyl volatile decomposition products include carbon monoxide and metal oxides.

9.5 9.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for carbon monoxide blood agents released in mass casualty situations. 9.5.2

Personal Protective Requirements

9.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. Although carbon monoxide is primarily an inhalation hazard, metal carbonyls may pose a percutaneous risk. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide limited skin protection. Contact with liquids and solutions should be avoided. 9.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Use a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Air purifying respirators (APRs) are not recommended for use in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide or metal carbonyls because of poor warning properties and the unknown effectiveness of sorbents used in the ﬁlters. If APRs are used immediately dangerous to life or health levels (IDLHs) are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered.

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259

Chemical Protective Clothing

Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against carbon monoxide and metal carbonyls. If the concentration of vapor exceeds the level necessary to produce effects through dermal exposure, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. In addition to the toxicological risk, high concentrations of metal carbonyls pose a signiﬁcant ﬁre/explosion hazard that may prevent safe entry even wearing the appropriate chemical protective apparel. 9.5.3

Decontamination

9.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 9.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If metal carbonyls have been released, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. 9.5.3.3 Liquids or Solutions (Metal Carbonyls) Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Avoid rough scrubbing. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors.

9.6 9.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

A case in which the carboxyhemoglobin concentration is higher than the normal reference range (greater than 5% for nonsmokers and 10% for smokers) in venous or arterial blood.

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The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 9.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to carbon monoxide: diabetic ketoacidosis, hypothyroidism and myxedema coma, labyrinthitis, and lactic acidosis; toxic exposures resulting in methemoglobinemia; ingestion of alcohols or narcotics; and diseases that cause gastroenteritis, encephalitis, meningitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. 9.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

9.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols Headache, tachypnea, dizziness, confusion, and chest pain. The casualty may also experience palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, drowsiness, lethargy, hallucination, agitation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and coma. If metal carbonyls have been released, there may be complaints of irritation of the eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. Inﬂammation of lung tissue (pneumonitis) caused by metal carbonyls can may be delayed 12–36 hours. They may also cause injury to the liver, kidneys, and lungs as well as degenerative changes in the central nervous system. 9.6.3.2 Liquids Irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. 9.6.4 9.6.4.1

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations Priority 1

A casualty with a heartbeat but is unconscious, not breathing, and has low blood pressure. 9.6.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with known exposure to carbon monoxide blood agents, who was initially unconscious but has regained consciousness; or a casualty who shows neurological abnormalities such as dizziness, confusion, or hallucinations, has cardiac arrhythmias, bronchospasm; or complains of severe headache, difﬁculty in breathing or chest pain. If available, breath measurement indicates that the blood carbon monoxide level exceeds 20%. 9.6.4.3

Priority 3

A casualty with known or potential exposure to carbon monoxide blood agents but who shows no signs of neurological or cardiac abnormalities, and does not complain of discomfort (e.g., headache, difﬁculty breathing, etc.). If available, breath measurement indicates that the blood carbon monoxide level is less than 10%. Anyone with potential exposure to metal carbonyls should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation because of the risk of latent chemical pneumonitis from inhalation of these agents. 9.6.4.4

Priority 4

A casualty with known exposure to carbon monoxide blood agents and in cardiac arrest.

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Carbon Monoxide Blood Agents C09-A 9.6.5

261

Casualty Management

Remove casualty to fresh air and decontaminate with soap and water. Provide oxygen for respiratory distress. If the eyes of the casualty complains of eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. If metal carbonyls were used, irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Continue oxygen therapy until patient is asymptomatic and blood carbon monoxide levels are below 10%. For individuals with blood carbon monoxide levels above 40%, consider transfer to a hyperbaric facility. If metal carbonyls were used, asymptomatic individuals should be monitored for possible complications caused by pulmonary edema.

9.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. Carbon monoxide blood agents are highly volatile and there is little risk of direct residual contamination. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C09-A AGENTS C09-A001 Carbon monoxide CAS: 630-08-0 RTECS: FG3500000 UN: 1016 UN: 9202 (Cryogenic) ERG: 119 CO Colorless odorless gas. Used as a reducing agent in metallurgical operations and to manufacture metal carbonyls. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.15 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 6400 ppm. Headache and dizziness in 1–2 min followed by unconsciousness. Death in 10–15 min with continued exposure. LC50(Inh) : 12,800 ppm. Immediate unconsciousness. Death in 1–3 min with continued exposure.

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MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 83 ppm; Sev: 330 ppm OSHA PEL: 50 ppm ACGIH TLV: 25 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 200 ppm IDLH: 1200 ppm Properties: MW : 28.0 D: 0.624 g/mL (liq. gas, –256◦ F) MP: –337◦ F BP: –313◦ F Vsc: 0.097 cS (liq. gas, –238◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 83 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 330 ppm

VP: >26,600 mmHg VD: 0.97 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 2% Sol: Alcohol; Benzene; Chloroform

4 h, 33 ppm 4 h, 150 ppm

FlP: –312◦ F LEL: 12.5% UEL: 74% RP: — IP: 14.01 eV

8 h, 27 ppm 8 h, 130 ppm

C09-A002 Iron pentacarbonyl CAS: 13463-40-6 RTECS: NO4900000 UN: 1994 ERG: 131 Fe(CO)5 Colorless to yellow to dark-red, odorless oily liquid. Used to manufacture ﬁnely divided iron for high frequency radio and television coils. May spontaneously ignite on contact with air (>122◦ F). Decomposes on heating or in light producing Carbon monoxide (C09-A001). This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 0.060 ppm; Sev: 0.18 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm ACGIH STEL: 0.2 ppm NIOSH STEL: 0.2 ppm Properties: MW : 195.9 D: 1.490 g/mL MP: –6◦ F BP: 217◦ F (749 mmHg) Vsc: — Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.060 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.18 ppm

VP: 40 mmHg (87◦ F) VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: 52,000 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Most organic solvents

4 h, 0.037 ppm 4 h, 0.11 ppm

FlP: 5◦ F LEL: 3.7% UEL: 12.5% RP: 0.2 IP: —

8 h, 0.025 ppm 8 h, 0.075 ppm

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References

263

C09-A003 Nickel carbonyl CAS: 13463-39-3 RTECS: QR6300000 UN: 1259 ERG: 131 Ni(CO)4 Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty or sooty odor. Intermediate in nickel reﬁning. Used to produce high-purity nickel powder and to coat metals with nickel. May spontaneously ignite or explode on contact with air (>140◦ F). Decomposes on heating or on contact with acids to produce Carbon monoxide (C09-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 0.03 ppm; Sev: 0.16 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.001 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm IDLH: 2 ppm Properties: MW : 170.7 D: 1.306 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −13◦ F BP: 110◦ F Vsc: 0.378 cS (77◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.036 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.16 ppm

VP: 315 mmHg VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: 420,000 ppm H2 O: 0.05% Sol: Alcohol; Benzene; Acetone

4 h, 0.0090 ppm 4 h, 0.040 ppm

FlP: –11◦ F LEL: 2% UEL: — RP: 0.02 IP: 8.28 eV

8 h, 0.0045 ppm 8 h, 0.020 ppm

References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Carbon Monoxide.” March 25, 2005. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Lumsden, Malvern. Incendiary Weapons. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1975. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2005. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Sartori, Mario F. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001.

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True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. Yaws, Carl L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th ed. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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10 Pulmonary Agents

10.1

General Information

The agents in this class cover a wide variety of chemical structures including halogens, acyl halides, various alkylating agents, as well as metallic and nonmetallic oxides. The majority of these agents are ﬁrst generation warfare agents that were evaluated and used during World War I. Research into more effective pulmonary agents continued through World War II. Various metals (e.g., cadmium, selenium) have added to the fuels of ﬂame weapons (i.e., ﬂamethrowers) as a means of producing high levels of toxic metal fume to augment their incendiary capabilities in situations involving soldiers occupying conﬁned spaces such as caves and bunkers. Perﬂuoroisobutylene (C10-A008) is listed in Schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Chloropicrin (C10-A006) and phosgene (C10-A003) are listed in Schedule 3. Pulmonary agents are relatively easy to acquire and disperse. Pulmonary agents have been stockpiled by most countries that have pursued a chemical weapons program, and have been used a number of times on the battleﬁeld. Although this class of agents is considered obsolete on the modern battleﬁeld, several of these agents are still considered a signiﬁcant threat as potential improvised weapons that could be utilized in urban warfare.

10.2 10.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Pulmonary agents are primarily respiratory irritants. In extreme cases, membranes swell, lungs become ﬁlled with liquid (pulmonary edema), and death results from lack of oxygen. Some agents can also pass through the skin to induce systemic intoxication. In high concentrations, chlorine (C10-A001), bromine (C10-A002), and chloropicrin (C10-A006) pose a dermal hazard and can produce local blistering and corrosion. Several agents in this class are carcinogenic. 10.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Pulmonary agents are primarily an inhalation hazard. However, at high concentration, agents and decomposition products may exhibit some corrosive properties on the skin. 265

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Exposure of the eyes and skin to halogens can produce local blistering and corrosion. Some agents also pass through the skin to induce systemic intoxication. 10.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

As a class, pulmonary agents do not have good warning properties. However, halogens and some alkylating agents will produce eye and skin irritation at low levels. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 93 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. 10.2.4

Latency Period

10.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols Pulmonary effects are usually delayed from 2 to 24 hours. Exposure to very high concentrations may produce immediate symptoms. Generally, the more rapid the onset of symptoms, the more grave the prognosis.

10.3 10.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

10.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Most pulmonary agents are either volatile liquids or gases. These agents are typically colorless. Odors, if present, vary from mildly pleasant to harsh and irritating. Some agents, especially in high concentration, may cause eye irritation and tearing. Metal fume agents are odorless solids dispersed as aerosols from incendiary devices. Depending on various factors, the aerosol may or may not be visible. 10.3.1.2 Modiﬁed Agents Pulmonary agents have been absorbed into porous powders (e.g., pumice) and disseminated as dust clouds. The agents are slowly released by the dust particles thereby greatly increasing the persistency of the agents. Some pulmonary agents are stored and shipped as concentrated solutions to facilitate handling and stabilize the agents. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of pulmonary agent in the solution. 10.3.1.3 Mixtures with Other Agents During World War I, pulmonary agents were sometimes mixed with various metal chlorides to produce a visible cloud. Agents were also sometimes mixed with arsenical vesicants (Agent Index C04) to increase their lethality. 10.3.2

Stability

Pulmonary agents are stable when stored dry. If moisture is present, many agents will decompose to acid products that will corrode iron, steel, and other metals. Many commercially available gases are shipped in a compressed, liqueﬁed form. Some of these agents, such as phosgene (C10-A003), can be found commercially as highly concentrated or saturated solutions of the gases in organic solvents.

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267

Persistency

For military purposes, pulmonary agents are classiﬁed as nonpersistent. Most pulmonary agents are either volatile liquids or gases. Aerosols of nonvolatile agents are not persistent. Cold weather may decrease the rate of volatilization of liquid and solid agents and increase their persistency. Agents absorbed into porous powders may be signiﬁcantly more persistent than normal. These powders can be reaerosolized after deployment by ground trafﬁc or strong winds. Decomposition products from the breakdown of some agents can pose a persistent hazard. 10.3.4

Environmental Fate

Due to the volatile nature of most pulmonary agents, there is minimal extended risk except in an enclosed or conﬁned space. Vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Solids that are dispersed as aerosols have little or no vapor pressure. Once the aerosols settle, there is minimal extended hazard from the agents unless the dust is resuspended. Pulmonary agents have limited solubility in water and many decompose rapidly in contact with moisture (e.g., high humidity) or with water.

10.4 10.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

If low volatility agent aerosols or metal fumes have been released, all foodstuffs in the area should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat and milk from animals affected by metal fumes should be quarantined until tested for residual high levels of metals. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be quarantined until tested and determined to be safe to consume. 10.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals exposed to volatile pulmonary agents do not require decontamination. If low volatility agent aerosols have been released, animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 10.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to the agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. If low volatility agent aerosols or metal fumes have been released, the topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested for residue. It is unlikely that sufﬁcient residue would remain on leaves of forage vegetation to pose a signiﬁcant threat. 10.4.3

Fire

Most pulmonary agents are either nonﬂammable or difﬁcult to ignite. Some are strong oxidizers and will support combustion. Agents may be decomposed by heat to produce other toxic and/or corrosive gases. They may react with steam or water during a ﬁre to produce toxic or corrosive vapors or both. Although pulmonary agents have limited solubility in water, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can spread the agent.

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Many of these agents are incompatible with acids, bases, reducing agents, and other ﬂammable materials. Some agents, such as chloropicrin (C10-A006) and chlorine triﬂuoride (C10-A015), are incompatible with oxidizers. Most pulmonary agents react with water to form acidic products. 10.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

10.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Most pulmonary agents produce corrosive decomposition products that may include hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF), and/or hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Agents with metal halide additives will also form potentially toxic metallic oxides. 10.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, HF, and/or HCN. Agents containing metals will produce metallic oxides.

10.5 10.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For pulmonary agents, these recommendations are based on two different release mechanisms (direct aerosolization of liquid agents or, for gaseous agents, sabotage of commercial containers) as well as various quantities of material depending on the agent used in the release. For phosgene, the release scenario involves sabotage of a commercial container with either 60 kilograms (approximately 12 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent or 1500 kilograms (approximately 290 gallons) of liqueﬁed agent. For diphosgene, the release involves direct aerosolization of the liquid agent with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. In this scenario, the difference between a small and a large release is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 30 kilograms (approximately 5 gallons) of liquid agent and a large release involves 500 kilograms (approximately 80 gallons) of liquid agent.

CG (Phosgene) C10-A003 Small device (60 kilograms) Large device (1500 kilograms) DP (Diphosgene) C10-A004 Small device (30 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms)

Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

500 2500

0.8 4.5

2.0 7+

200 600

0.2 1.0

0.6 2.8

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269

Personal Protective Requirements

10.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Pulmonary agents are primarily a respiratory hazard; however, solids, liquids, or high vapor concentrations of some agents may pose a eye/skin hazard. Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide limited skin protection against agent vapors. Contact with liquids, solids, and solutions should be avoided. 10.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. APRs are not recommended for use in an atmosphere containing perﬂuoroisobutylene (C10-A008) because of poor warning properties of the agent and a short life span of respirator cartridges. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 10.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against pulmonary agents, particularly those that pose a dermal hazard such as halogens. If the concentration of vapor exceeds the level necessary to produce effects through dermal exposure, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Since chemical protective clothing is tested against laboratory grade agents, reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents if solutions of agents have been released. 10.5.3

Decontamination

10.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 10.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. 10.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of

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the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Avoid rough scrubbing. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. 10.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Collect the agent by using a vacuum cleaner. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with highdensity polyethylene. Ventilate the area to remove any agent vapors generated during the decontamination.

10.6 10.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

No speciﬁc biologic marker/test is available for pulmonary agents as a class; however, exposure to bromine might be indicated by detection of elevated bromide levels in serum (reference level is 50–100 mg/L), or if chlorine or bromine is released and they are detected in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 10.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to pulmonary agents: bronchitis; asthma; bacterial or viral pneumonia; congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema; acute coronary syndrome; acute respiratory distress syndrome; pulmonary embolism; smoke inhalation; bronchial/pulmonary burns; toxic exposures resulting in methemoglobinemia; salicylate overdose; exposure to carbamate or organophosphate pesticides; inhalation of corrosive gases such as ammonia, hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF) or corrosive

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271

oxides such as those produced by ﬁres involving sulfur or phosphorus; and inhalation of hydrocarbon insecticides, carbon monoxide, or hydrogen sulﬁde. 10.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

10.6.3.1 Vapors Exposure to low concentrations of pulmonary agents may not produce immediate effects. However, the severity of poisoning is not related to the presentation or magnitude of immediate symptoms. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, eye and airway irritation, tearing, shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and delayed pulmonary edema. If halogens, chlorine triﬂuoride, or chloropicrin have been released, there may be redness of the skin or chemical burns. 10.6.3.2 Liquids Irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. Direct contact may result in chemical burns. 10.6.4 10.6.4.1

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations Priority 1

A casualty with signs of pulmonary edema within 4–6 hours postexposure but no further complications. 10.6.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with onset of symptoms more than 4 hours post exposure, or with difﬁculty in breathing without objective signs. Observe closely and retriage hourly. After 12 hours, retriage every 2 hours. 10.6.4.3 Priority 3 An asymptomatic casualty with known or potential exposure to pulmonary agents. Observe closely and retriage every 2 hours for at least 6 hours before discharge. 10.6.4.4 Priority 4 A casualty with onset of symptoms (pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and hypotension; or persistent hypotension despite intensive medical care) less than 4 hours postexposure. This triage classiﬁcation is resource dependent. 10.6.5

Casualty Management

Remove casualty to fresh air and decontaminate with soap and water. Provide oxygen for respiratory distress. If the eyes of the casualty complains of eye irritation, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. If solid or liquid agents were used, irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. There is no antidote for exposure to these agents. Enforce rest as even minimal physical exertion may shorten the clinical latent period. Asymptomatic individuals suspected of exposure to pulmonary agents should be monitored for possible complications caused by

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pulmonary edema for at least 6 h. Chelation therapy may be appropriate to minimize systemic toxicity if metal fumes have been released.

10.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. Pulmonary agents pose little risk of direct residual contamination. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C10-A AGENTS C10-A001 Chlorine (Agent CL) CAS: 7782-50-5 RTECS: FO2100000 UN: 1017 ERG: 124 Cl2 Yellow-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor detectable at 0.01 ppm. Cloud is invisible below a concentration of approximately 1% . Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur chloride (C03-C033); Phosgene (C10-A003); Chloropicrin (C10-A006). This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.90 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 19,000 mg-min/m3 (3200 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Inh) : 1800 mg-min/m3 (310 ppm for a 2-min exposure) MEG(1h) Min: 0.50 ppm; Sig: 2.0 ppm; Sev: 20 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm ACGIH STEL: 1 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 1 ppm IDLH: 10 ppm Properties: MW : 70.9 D: 1.41 g/mL (liq. gas, 68◦ F) D: 1.398 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −150◦ F BP: −29◦ F Vsc: 0.245 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 4,992 mmHg VD: 2.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 0.7% Sol: Alcohols

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.002 IP: 11.48 eV

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Pulmonary Agents C10-A Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.50 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 20 ppm

273

4 h, 0.50 ppm 4 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 10 ppm

8 h, 0.50 ppm 8 h, 0.7 ppm 8 h, 7.1 ppm

C10-A002 Bromine CAS: 7726-95-6 RTECS: EF9100000 UN: 1744 ERG: 154 Br 2 Dark reddish-brown, fuming liquid with a suffocating, irritating odor detectable at 0.05–3.5 ppm. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.54 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 200 mg/m3 (31 ppm) is fatal “in a very short time” Eye Irritation: 0.32 ppm; exposure duration unavailable Respiratory Irritation: 1.7–3.5 ppm produce severe choking MEG(1h) Min: 0.024 ppm; Sig: 0.24 ppm; Sev: 8.5 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm ACGIH STEL: 0.2 ppm IDLH: 3 ppm Properties: MW : 159.8 D: 3.12 g/mL MP: 19◦ F BP: 139◦ F Vsc: 0.38 cS (68◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.033 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.24 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 8.5 ppm

VP: 172 mmHg VD: 5.5 (calculated) Vlt: 230,000 ppm H2 O: 3.4% (77◦ F) Sol: Common organic solvents 4 h, 0.033 ppm 4 h, 0.13 ppm 4 h, 4.5 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.05 IP: 10.55 eV

8 h, 0.033 ppm 8 h, 0.095 ppm 8 h, 3.2 ppm

C10-A003 Phosgene (Agent CG) CAS: 75-44-5 RTECS: SY5600000 UN: 1076 ERG: 125 O

Cl

Cl

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CCl2 O Colorless gas with an odor like new mown grass or green corn detectable at 0.4–1.5 ppm. At high concentration, the odor may be strong, stiﬂing, and unpleasant. Eyes, nose, and throat become irritated at 3–4 ppm. Also reported as a mixture with Chlorine (C10-A001). This material is on the ITF-25 high threat and Schedule 3 of the CWC. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.04 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 1500 mg-min/m3 (190 ppm for a 2-min exposure). Exposures to 2 ppm for 80 min will not cause irritation but will produce pulmonary edema in 12–16 h. Eye Irritation: 0.1 ppm; exposure duration unavailable MEG(1h) Min: 0.1 ppm; Sig: 0.3 ppm; Sev: 0.75 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 0.2 ppm IDLH: 2.0 ppm Properties: MW : 98.9 D: 1.363 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −198◦ F BP: 46◦ F Vsc: 0.284 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Status AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.30 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.75 ppm

VP: 1173 mmHg VD: 3.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Very slight (decomposes) Sol: Most organic solvents

4 h, 0.080 ppm 4 h, 0.20 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.01 IP: 11.55 eV

8 h, 0.040 ppm 8 h, 0.090 ppm

C10-A004 Diphosgene (Agent DP) CAS: 503-38-8 RTECS: LQ7350000 UN: 1076 ERG: 125 O

Cl

Cl O

Cl Cl

C2 Cl4 O2 Colorless liquid with an odor like new mown grass or green corn detectable at 0.5 ppm. Decomposes in contact with porous materials, including activated charcoal, or when heated above 572◦ F to produce two molecules of Phosgene (C10-A003). Moisture may accelerate decomposition to phosgene at normal temperatures. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 1500 mg-min/m3 (93 ppm for a 2-min exposure)

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275

This is a provisional update from an older value that has not been formally adopted as of 2005. See Phosgene (C10-A003) for additional exposure hazards. Properties: MW : 197.8 D: 1.653 g/mL MP: −71◦ F BP: 261◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 4.2 mmHg VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: 1500 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 1.7 IP: —

C10-A005 Triphosgene CAS: 32315-10-9 RTECS: — Cl

O

Cl O

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

C2 Cl4 O2 White to off-white crystalline material that is odorless. Pure triphosgene decomposes when heated above 266◦ F to produce three molecules of Phosgene (C10-A003). Impure material decomposes at lower temperatures. Moisture may accelerate decomposition to phosgene at normal temperatures. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.14 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. See Phosgene (C10-A003) for additional exposure hazards. Properties: MW : 296.7 D: — MP: 174◦ F BP: 397◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C10-A006 Chloropicrin (Agent PS) CAS: 76-06-2 RTECS: PB6300000 UN: 1580 ERG: 154 Cl Cl

NO2 Cl

CCl3 NO2 Colorless to faint yellow oily liquid with a stinging, pungent, intensely irritating odor that is detectable at 1.1 ppm. Concentrations between 0.3 and 1.35 ppm cause painful eye irritation in less than 30 s. Contact with the liquid produces skin lesions.

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Decomposes on exposure to light. Large volumes of this chemical may be shock sensitive. When heated, this compound may decompose violently. Also reported as a mixture with Chlorine (C10-A001); Chloroacetophenone (C13-A008); Diphosgene (C10-A004); Ethyl iodoacetate (C13-A012); Hydrogen sulﬁde (C07-A006); Phosgene (C10-A003); Stannic chloride; Sulfuryl chloride (C11-A088); and commercially with Methyl bromide (C11-A042). This material is on Schedule 3 of the CWC. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 2000 mg-min/m3 (149 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.3 ppm for a 30 s exposure Lacrimation: 1–3 ppm; exposure duration unavailable “Intolerable” Irritation: 15 ppm for a 1-min exposure OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm IDLH: 2 ppm Properties: MW : 164.4 D: 1.66 g/mL MP: −93◦ F BP: 234◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 18.3 mmHg VD: 5.6 (calculated) Vlt: 25,000 ppm H2 O: 0.19% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.42 IP: —

C10-A007 Bromopicrin CAS: 464-10-8 RTECS: PB0100000 Br Br

NO2 Br

CBr3 NO2 Prismatic crystals or oily, colorless liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 297.7 D: 2.79 g/mL MP: 50◦ F BP: 192◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: <0.1% (64◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C10-A008 Perﬂuoroisobutylene (PFIB) CAS: 382-21-8 RTECS: UD1800000

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277 F F

F

F F

F

F

F

C4 F 8 Colorless, odorless gas. Produced by decomposition of Teﬂon when heated above 887◦ F. A few hours after exposure, there is a gradual increase in temperature (up to 104◦ F), pulse rate (up to 120 bpm), and sometimes in respiration rate. There is no known postexposure medical or chemical treatment that slows or reverses the effects of PFIB. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH Ceiling: 0.01 ppm Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this agent appears to be approximately four times more toxic than Phosgene (C10-A003). Properties: MW : 200.0 D: — MP: −249◦ F BP: −20◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 10.70 eV

C10-A009 Methyl chlorosulfonate (C-Stoff) CAS: 812-01-1 RTECS: — O O

S

Cl

O

CH3 ClO3 S Clear, viscous liquid. Vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Also reported as a mixture with Dimethyl sulfate (C03-A009). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 2000 mg/m3 (375 ppm) for a 10-min exposure Eye Irritation: 1.3 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed.

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Properties: MW : 130.6 D: 1.51 g/mL MP: −94◦ F BP: 232◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 8.4 mmHg VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: 11,000 ppm H2 O: Reacts Sol: Chloroform; Carbon tetrachloride

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1 IP: —

C10-A010 Ethyl chlorosulfonate (Sulvinite) CAS: 625-01-4 RTECS: — C2 H5 ClO3 S Colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 1000 mg/m3 (170 ppm); exposure duration unavailable Eye Irritation: 1 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 144.6 D: 1.379 g/mL MP: — BP: 275◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: —

VP: 2.3 mmHg VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: 3000 ppm H2 O: Reacts Sol: Ether; Chloroform

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 3.6 IP: —

C10-A011 Bis(chloromethyl) ether CAS: 542-88-1 RTECS: KN1575000 UN: 2249 ERG: 131 Cl

O

Cl

C2 H4 Cl2 O Colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant, and suffocating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Reacts with moisture in the air to form Formaldehyde (C11-A042) and Hydrogen chloride (C11-A030). Also reported as a mixture with Ethyldibromoarsine; Ethyldichloroarsine (C04-A001); Sulfur mustard (C03-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Affects the equilibrium. Casualties stagger and are unable to maintain balance. LCt50(Inh) : 4700 mg-min/m3 (500 ppm for a 2-min exposure)

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Respiratory/Eye Irritation: 3 ppm; exposure duration unavailable “Intolerable” Irritation: 8.5 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. ACGIH TLV: 0.001 ppm Properties: MW : 115.0 D: 1.32 g/mL MP: −43◦ F BP: 223◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 29.4 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.0 (calculated) Vlt: 40,000 ppm H2 O: 2.2% (decomposes) Sol: Most organic solvents

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.044 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.18 ppm

4 h, 0.028 ppm 4 h, 0.11 ppm

FlP: −0.4◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.3 IP: —

8 h, 0.020 ppm 8 h, 0.075 ppm

C10-A012 Bis(bromomethyl) ether CAS: 4497-29-4 RTECS: — Br

O

Br

C2 H4 Br2 O Colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Reacts with moisture in the air to form Formaldehyde (C11-A042) and Hydrogen bromide (C11-A029). Also reported as a mixture with Ethyldichloroarsine (C04-A001). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Affects the equilibrium. Casualties stagger and are unable to maintain balance. LCt50(Inh) : 4000 mg-min/m3 (240 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Respiratory/Eye Irritation: 2.4 ppm; exposure duration unavailable “Intolerable” Irritation: 6.0 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 203.9 D: 2.20 g/mL MP: — BP: 311◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 1.9 mmHg VD: 7.0 (calculated) Vlt: 2.53 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Ether; Benzene; Acetone

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 3.7 IP: —

C10-A013 Phenylcarbylamine chloride (K-Stoff) CAS: 622-44-6 RTECS: —

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UN: 1672 ERG: 151 Cl N Cl

C7 H5 Cl2 N Pale yellow oily liquid with an odor like onions. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.12 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 5000 mg-min/m3 (350 ppm for a 2 min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.42 ppm; exposure duration unavailable “Intolerable” Irritation: 3.5 ppm for a 1 min exposure These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 174.0 VP: 0.178 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — D: 1.35 g/mL VD: 6.0 (calculated) LEL: — MP: 67◦ F Vlt: 295 ppm UEL: — BP: 410◦ F H2 O: 0.04% (77◦ F) RP: 43 Vsc: — Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Chloroform IP: — C10-A014 Perchloromethyl mercaptan (Clairsite) CAS: 594-42-3 RTECS: PB0370000 UN: 1670 ERG: 157 Cl Cl

S

Cl

Cl

C Cl4 S Pale yellow to red oily liquid with a foul, unbearable, acrid odor that is detectable at 0.016 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Also reported as a mixture with Sulfur dichloride (C03-C034). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.60 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 30,000 mg-min/m3 (2000 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 1.3 ppm for a 2-min exposure “Intolerable” Irritation: 9.2 ppm; exposure duration unavailable These values are from older sources (circa 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. MEG(1h) Min: 0.014 ppm; Sig: 0.035 ppm; Sev: 0.30 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm IDLH: 10 ppm

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281

Properties: MW : 185.9 D: 1.722 g/mL MP: — BP: 297◦ F (decomposes) BP: 123◦ F (25 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 3 mmHg VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: 2,400 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Ether

Status AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.012 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.035 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.30 ppm

4 h, 0.0074 ppm 4 h, 0.022 ppm 4 h, 0.075 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 2.4 IP: —

8 h, 0.0049 ppm 8 h, 0.014 ppm 8 h, 0.038 ppm

C10-A015 Chlorine triﬂuoride (N-Stoff) CAS: 7790-91-2 RTECS: FO2800000 UN: 1749 ERG: 124 ClF3 Greenish-yellow fuming liquid or colorless gas with a sweet, irritating, and suffocating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Can spontaneously ignite when in contact with organic matter. Reacts with moist air to produce Chlorine (C10-A001), Hydrogen ﬂuoride (C11-A031), and Chlorine dioxide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.78 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.12 ppm; Sig: 3.1 ppm; Sev: 15 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 0.1 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.01 ppm IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 92.4 D: 1.785 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −117◦ F BP: 53◦ F Vsc: 0.231 cS (77◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.12 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 21 ppm

VP: 1060 mmHg VD: 3.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: — 4 h, 0.12 ppm 4 h, 0.7 ppm 4 h, 7.3 ppm

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.01 IP: —

8 h, 0.12 ppm 8 h, 0.41 ppm 8 h, 7.3 ppm

C10-A016 Disulfur decaﬂuoride (Agent Z) CAS: 5714-22-7 RTECS: WS4480000

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents F F

F

F

S F

F S

F

F

F F

S2 F10 Colorless liquid or gas that is odorless. Sulfur dioxide is a common impurity that will give the material a characteristic odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.39 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.025 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.01 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.01 ppm IDLH: 1.0 ppm Properties: MW : 254.1 D: 2.08 g/mL (32◦ F) MP: −134◦ F BP: 84◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 561 mmHg VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: 750,000 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.01 IP: —

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Bis(chloromethyl) Ether ToxFAQs.” July 1999. ———. “Chlorine ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Nitrogen Oxides (Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, etc.) ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Phosgene ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Chlorine.” In Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———.“Phosgene.” In Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Bis(chloromethyl) Ether. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1989. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Cadmium. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1999. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Chloroform. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1997. Brophy, Leo P., Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cohrane. The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1968. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Bromine.” March 4, 2005. ———. “Case Deﬁnition: Chlorine.” March 9, 2005. ——— “Case Deﬁnition: Phosgene.” March 10, 2005. ——— “Facts About Phosgene.” March 17, 2003. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Damle, Suresh B. “Safe Handling of Diphosgene, Triphosgene.” Chemical & Engineering News 71 (8 Feb 1993): 4.

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References

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Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Jackson, Kirby E., and Margaret A. Jackson. “Lachrymators.” Chemical Reviews 16 (1935): 195–242. Lumsden, Malvern. Incendiary Weapons. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1975. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2005. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario F. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions: An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springﬁeld, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. March 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Choking Agent Phosgene (CG). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Yaws, Carl L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th ed. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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11 Toxic Industrial Agents

11.1

General Information

Chemicals in this class include agricultural and industrial chemicals that are readily available and possess appropriate chemical and toxicological properties to create a mass impact if deliberately released. These materials were selected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Department of Defense. All of these chemicals pose an inhalation hazard but a toxic dose could also be obtained through skin absorption or ingestion. Factors that were considered when selecting potential candidate chemicals include global production, physical state of the material (i.e., gas, liquid, or solid), chemicals likely to cause major morbidity or mortality, potential to cause public panic and social disruption, chemicals that require special action for public health preparedness, history of previous use by the military, and/or involvement in a signiﬁcant industrial accident. In addition to the chemicals included on the other lists, the CDC also included heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and mercury; volatile solvents such as benzene, chloroform, and bromoform; decomposition products such as dioxins and furans; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); ﬂammable industrial gases and liquids such as gasoline and propane; explosives and oxidizers; and all persistent and nonpersistent pesticides. Agents included in this volume are limited to those that are most likely to pose an acute toxicity hazard.

11.2 11.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Many of these chemicals are similar to, but generally less toxic than, military chemical agents identiﬁed in other chapters of this book (e.g., nerve agents, vesicant agents, etc.). However, some of them are systemic poisons that act in ways that do not ﬁt into one of the standard military classiﬁcations.

11.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

All of these materials pose an inhalation hazard. In addition, many liquid and solid agents are hazardous through ingestion, or when introduced through broken, abraded, 285

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or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). Some of these materials readily pass through the skin to induce systemic intoxication. Some materials may also cause irritation to the skin and eye.

11.3 11.3.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for these materials deliberately released in mass casualty situations. However, traditional isolation and protective action distances for most of these materials can be found in the Department of Transportation 2004 Emergency Response Guide (ERG). These recommendations are based on an accidental release during transportation of the material and involving a small spill (i.e., a commercial gas cylinder or 200 liters or less of liquid material), or a large spill (i.e., more than one gas cylinder, a large gas container such as a railcar, or more than 200 liters of liquid material). A simpliﬁed downwind hazard assessment can be developed by plotting these protective action distances in the form of a map overlay. The initial distance is the radius of a circle immediately surrounding the point of release where people may potentially be exposed to dangerous or life threatening concentrations of vapor. The downwind distance indicates the area of potential threat posed by vapors carried by the wind. These distances were not developed to account for additional contamination from a dispersal device. In such cases, the initial isolation and downwind evacuation distances should begin at the edge of any contamination caused by the release. Figure 11.1 is an example of a simpliﬁed downwind hazard assessment for an irregular release that should be used during a deliberate release scenario. The amount of contamination and the distance an agent cloud will travel is based primarily on the physical/chemical properties of the speciﬁc agent, method of release, local terrain, and weather conditions. Wind direction

1/2 Downwind distance

Initial exclusion radius

Incident

Downwind hazard distance

1/2 Downwind distance

FIGURE 11.1

Irregular release simpliﬁed downwind hazard diagram

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Personal Protective Requirements

11.3.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide limited skin protection against agent vapors and aerosols. Contact with solid and liquid agents should be avoided. Depending on the material, ﬁreﬁghters who enter a contaminated area wearing only structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear may experience mild to moderate effects. Some materials, such as organophosphate pesticides, can accumulate in the body and responders who enter the hot zone without appropriate chemical protective clothing may be at increased risk during the remainder of the emergency. 11.3.2.2

Respiratory Protection

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) approved self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) that have been tested by the manufacturer against the individual chemicals may be used. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Ensure that the cartridge has been tested against the speciﬁc chemical and that the concentration of the agent does not exceed the saturation level of the cartridge. APRs are not recommended for use in atmospheres containing some of these chemicals because of poor warning properties of the agent and a short life span of respirator cartridges. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 11.3.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone appropriate material and construction performance testing. If the concentration of vapor exceeds the level necessary to produce effects through dermal exposure, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents if solutions of agents have been released. 11.3.3

Decontamination

11.3.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 11.3.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because agents that have been absorbed into these materials may migrate back to the surface and pose a contact hazard.

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11.3.3.3

Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Avoid rough scrubbing. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If water is not immediately available, the agent can be absorbed with any convenient material such as paper towels, toilet paper, ﬂour, or talc. To minimize both spreading the agent and abrading the skin, do not rub the agent with the absorbent. Blot the contaminated skin with the absorbent. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent materials such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter and appropriate vapor ﬁlters. If there is a potential for corrosive residue, the area should be treated with an appropriate neutralizing agent. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. 11.3.3.4

Solids or Particulate Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with a HEPA ﬁlter and appropriate vapor ﬁlters. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. If there is a potential for corrosive residue, the area should be treated with an appropriate neutralizing agent. Wash the area with copious amounts of the soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Ventilate the area to remove any agent vapors generated during the decontamination.

11.4 11.4.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

Case deﬁnitions exist for the following agents: anhydrous ammonia (C11-A061), arsenic trioxide (C11-A047), calcium arsenate (C11-A048), copper acetoarsenite (C11-A049),

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hydrogen ﬂuoride (C11-A064), lead arsenate (C11-A050), methoxyethyl mercury acetate (C11-A052), methyl bromide (C11-A042), methyl isocyanate (C11-A127), methyl mercury dicyandiamide (C11-A053), methyl mercury hydroxide (C11-A054), nitric acid (C11-A066), paraquat (C11-A057), phenyl mercury acetate (C11-A056), phosphine (C11-A044), sodium arsenite (C11-A051), sodium ﬂuoroacetate (C11-A058), stibine (C11-A080), and sulfuric acid (C11-A067). 11.4.2

Signs and Symptoms

11.4.2.1 Vapors Vary depending on the speciﬁc chemical involved, concentration of the cloud, and length of exposure. Common symptoms of acute exposure (in no speciﬁc order) may include dizziness, loss of coordination, disorientation, problems in breathing (e.g., rapid breathing, chest tightness, or shortness of breath), chest pains, heart palpitations, problems seeing (e.g., blurred vision, eye irritation, pinpointing, or dilation of the pupils), heavy sweating, headache, ringing in the ears, nose or skin irritation, coughing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Exposure to low concentrations of chemical may not produce immediate effects. 11.4.2.2

Liquids/Solids

Vary depending on the speciﬁc chemical involved, concentration of the agent, and length of exposure. Common symptoms of acute exposure (in no speciﬁc order) may include irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. Contact may also result in chemical burns to the skin and eyes. 11.4.3

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

The base station physician or regional poison control center should be consulted for advice on speciﬁc situations. However, in general, anyone who has been exposed should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Individuals who are asymptomatic and have not been directly exposed to the chemical can be discharged after their names, addresses, and telephone numbers have been recorded. They should be instructed to seek medical care immediately if symptoms develop. 11.4.4

Casualty Management

Remove casualty to fresh air and decontaminate with soap and water. Provide oxygen for respiratory distress. If the eyes of the casualty complains of eye irritation, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Prior to administering antidotes or other drugs, ensure that the signs and symptoms (e.g., coma, seizures, etc.) are due to chemical exposure and not the result of head trauma or other physical injury. Consider tracheal intubation in cases of respiratory compromise. Treat patients who have bronchospasm with aerosolized bronchodilators. Use these and all catecholamines with caution because of the enhanced risk of cardiac dysrhythmias after exposure to some chemicals. When bronchodilators are needed, the lowest effective dose should be given and cardiac rhythm should be monitored. After decontamination, patients who are comatose,

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hypotensive, have cardiac dysrhythmias, or are having seizures should be treated according to established advanced life support (ALS) protocols. Consult the base station physician or regional poison control center for chemical speciﬁc information.

11.5

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. While it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains are heavily contaminated with residue, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. If organophosphorus pesticides are involved, then it may be necessary to wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for every gallon of household bleach). This concentration of bleach will not affect remains but will neutralize organophosphorus pesticides. Higher concentrations of bleach can harm remains. The bleach solution should remain on the cadaver for a minimum of 5 minutes before rinsing with water. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C11-A AGENTS C11-A001 Azinphos-methyl CAS: 86-50-0 RTECS: TE1925000 N N N

S

S P

O

O

O

C10 H12 N3 O3 PS2 Colorless to white or yellow crystalline material that has no odor. Technical grade is a cream to yellow-brown granular or waxy solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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291

Used industrially as an insecticide, acaricide, and molluscicide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ 4 F OSHA PEL: 0.02 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.015 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.77 ppm Properties: MW : 317.3 VP: 0.0000016 mmHg D: 1.44 g/cm3 VD: 11 (calculated) MP: 162◦ F Vlt: 0.0023 ppm MP: 153◦ F (commercial grade) H2 O: 0.00209% BP: Decomposes Sol: Most organic solvents Vsc: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 3,000,000 IP: —

C11-A002 Bomyl CAS: 122-10-1 RTECS: — O

O

O O

O

O P O

O

C9 H15 O8 P Yellow oily liquid. Commercial grade is 80–90% agent. Both geometric isomers have similar toxicity. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is absorbed through the skin very quickly. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.54mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties (commercial grade): MW : 282.2 VP: 25 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 1.2 g/mL VD: 9.7 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: — BP: 311–329◦ F (17 mmHg) H2 O: “Practically insoluble” Vsc: — Sol: Alcohols; Acetone; Xylene; Propylene Glycol

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.24 IP: —

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C11-A003 Bromophos-ethyl CAS: 4824-78-6 RTECS: — Cl Br S

O P

O

O

Cl

C10 H12 BrCl2 O3 PS Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 16.12 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties (commercial grade): MW : 394.1 VP: 0.000046 mmHg (86◦ F) D: 1.52–1.55 g/mL VD: 14 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: 0.06 ppm (86◦ F) ◦ BP: 252–271 F (0.001 mmHg) H2 O: 0.000014–0.000044% Vsc: — Sol: Most common solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 110,000 IP: —

C11-A004 Carbophenothion CAS: 786-19-6 RTECS: TD5250000 S Cl

S

S

P

O O

C11 H16 ClO2 PS3 Colorless to light amber liquid with a foul odor. Commercial grade is 95% agent. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is absorbed through the skin very quickly. Used as an agricultural pesticide.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 14.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 0.6 g (estimate) Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties (commercial grade): MW : 342.9 VP: 0.0000003 mmHg D: 1.285 g/mL VD: 12 (calculated) D: 1.271 g/mL (77◦ F) Vlt: — MP: — H2 O: 0.0000063% BP: 180◦ F (0.01 mmHg) Sol: Most organic solvents Vsc: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 18,000,000 IP: —

C11-A005 Chlorfenvinphos CAS: 470-90-6 RTECS: TB8750000 Cl O O

P

O O

Cl

Cl

C12 H14 Cl3 O4 P Colorless to yellow to amber liquid with a mild odor. Commercial grade is 90% agent. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 14.71 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties (commercial grade): MW : 359.6 VP: 0.0000075 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: None D: 1.36 g/mL VD: 12 (calculated) LEL: None MP: −9 to −2◦ F Vlt: 0.01 ppm UEL: None BP: 333◦ F (0.5 mmHg) H2 O: 0.012% (slowly decomposes) RP: 710,000 IP: — BP: 255◦ F (0.008 mmHg) Sol: Most organic solvents Vsc: — C11-A006 Demeton CAS: 8065-48-3 RTECS: TF3150000

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O S S

P

O

+

O

P

O

S O

O

Mixture Amber, oily liquid with an odor like sulfur. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.009 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.94 ppm Properties (commercial grade): MW : Mixture VP: 0.0003 mmHg D: 1.12 g/mL VD: 8.9 (calculated) MP: <−13◦ F Vlt: 0.40 ppm BP: Decomposes H2 O: 0.01% Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: 113◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 21,000 IP: —

C11-A007 Dicrotophos CAS: 141-66-2 RTECS: TC3850000 O O O

O

P

N

O

C8 H16 NO5 P Yellow-brown liquid with a mild ester odor. Commercial material is brown. Mixture of the E and Z geometric isomers. Commercial material containing 85% E isomer, which is the active isomer. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is corrosive to cast iron, mild steel, brass, and stainless steel. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm [Skin]

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Properties: MW : 237.2 VP: 0.0001 mmHg FlP: >200◦ F ◦ ◦ D: 1.216 g/mL (59 F) VP: 0.00016 mmHg (77 F) LEL: — MP: — VD: 8.2 (calculated) UEL: — BP: 752◦ F Vlt: 0.13 ppm RP: 64,000 IP: — BP: 266◦ F (0.1 mmHg) H2 O: Miscible Vsc: — Sol: Acetone; Alcohols; Chloroform; Xylene C11-A008 Dimefox CAS: 115-26-4 RTECS: — O N

N

P F

C4 H12 FN2 OP Colorless liquid with a ﬁshy odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.30 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 154.1 VP: 0.11 mmHg D: 1.1151 g/mL VP: 0.36 (77◦ F) MP: — VD: 5.3 (calculated) BP: 187◦ F (15 mmHg) Vlt: 150 ppm BP: 153◦ F (4 mmHg) H2 O: Miscible Vsc: — Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 73 IP: —

C11-A009 Dioxathion CAS: 78-34-2 RTECS: TE3350000 S O

P

S S

S

O

P

O

O O

O

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C12 H26 O6 P2 S4 Viscous, brown, tan, or dark-amber liquid. Commercial product is a mixture of cis and trans isomers. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 18.67 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 456.5 D: 1.257 g/mL (79◦ F) MP: –4◦ F BP: — Vsc: 93.1 cS (77◦ F)

VP: — FlP: None VD: — LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None RP: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Alcohols; Ketones; Aromatic IP: — hydrocarbons

C11-A010 Disulfoton CAS: 298-04-4 RTECS: TD9275000 S O

P

S

S

O

C8 H19 O2 PS3 Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic aromatic sulfur odor. Commercial product is a yellow to brown liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.22 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.004 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 274.4 D: 1.144 g/mL MP: <–13◦ F BP: 235◦ F (0.4 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.00018 mmHg VD: 9.5 (calculated) Vlt: 0.24 ppm H2 O: 0.00163% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: >180◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 33,000 IP: —

C11-A011 EPN CAS: 2104-64-5 RTECS: TB1925000

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297 S O

P

NO2

O

C14 H14 NO4 PS White to light yellow crystalline solid or brown liquid with an aromatic odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.22 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.04 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.008 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.38 ppm Properties: MW : 323.3 D: 1.270 g/cm3 (77◦ F) MP: 97◦ F BP: 419◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: Negligible FlP: None VP: 0.0003 mmHg (212◦ F) LEL: None VD: — UEL: None Vlt: — RP: 6,000,000 IP: — H2 O: 0.000311% Sol: Alcohols; Ether; Acetone; Aromatic solvents

C11-A012 Fenamiphos CAS: 22224-92-6 RTECS: TB3675000 O S

O

N

P O

C13 H22 NO3 PS Colorless crystals or off-white to tan, waxy solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.41 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 [Skin]

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Properties: MW : 303.4 D: 1.191 g/cm3 (73◦ F) MP: 121◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.000001 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — VP: 0.000047 mmHg (commercial grade) LEL: — VD: 10 (calculated) UEL: — Vlt: — RP: 6,000,000 H2 O: 0.0329% IP: — Sol: Organic solvents

C11-A013 Fenophosphon CAS: 327-98-0 RTECS: — Cl S Cl

O

P

O

Cl

C10 H12 Cl3 O2 PS Amber colored liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.64 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 333.6 D: 1.365 g/mL MP: — BP: 226.4◦ F (0.01 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.000015 mmHg FlP: — VD: 12 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.02 ppm UEL: — H2 O: 0.000059% RP: 400,000 Sol: Acetone; Alcohols; Kerosene IP: —

C11-A014 Fonofos CAS: 944-22-9 RTECS: TA5950000 S S

P

O

C10 H15 OPS2 Clear, colorless to light-yellow liquid with an aromatic; pungent skunk-like odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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299

Used industrially as a soil fumigant. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.07 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.01 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 246.3 VP: 0.0002 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: >201◦ F 3 D: 1.16 g/cm VD: 8.5 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.44 ppm UEL: — MP: 90◦ F BP: 266◦ F (0.1 mmHg) H2 O: 0.00157% RP: 19,000 Vsc: — Sol: Most organic solvents IP: — C11-A015 Isophenphos CAS: 25311-71-1 RTECS: DH2255000

S O

O

P

N O

O

C15 H24 NO4 PS Yellow-brown liquid. Commercial material is a colorless oil. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural pesticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 14.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 345.4 VP: 0.000003 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 1.131 g/mL VD: 12 (calculated) MP: 10◦ F Vlt: — BP: 248◦ F (0.01 mmHg) H2 O: 0.0022% Vsc: — Sol: Acetone; Kerosene; n-Hexane

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2,000,000 IP: —

C11-A016 Mephosfolan CAS: 950-10-7 RTECS: —

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300

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P

S N S

O

C8 H16 NO3 PS2 Colorless to yellow to amber liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural insecticide and acaricide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 269.3 VP: 0.0000318 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — ◦ D: 1.539 g/mL (79 F) VD: 9.3 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: 0.04 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — ◦ BP: 248 F (0.003 mmHg) H2 O: 5.7% (77◦ F) RP: 200,000 Vsc: — Sol: Acetone; Ethanol; Toluene IP: — C11-A017 Methamidophos CAS: 10265-92-6 RTECS: TB4970000 O S

P

O NH2

C2 H8 NO2 PS Colorless crystalline solid with a mercaptan odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.77mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 141.1 VP: 0.000035 mmHg (77◦ F) 3 D: 1.27g/cm VD: 4.9 (calculated) MP: 129◦ F Vlt: 0.05 ppm MP: 68–77◦ F (commercial grade) H2 O: Miscible BP: Decomposes Sol: Alcohols; Hexane; Vsc: — Dichloromethane; Toluene

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 240,000 IP: —

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301

C11-A018 Methidathion CAS: 950-37-8 RTECS: — O

S N

S

P

S

O O

N O

C6 H11 N2 O4 PS3 Colorless to white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 302.3 D: 1.51 g/cm3 MP: 102◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.00000337 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: 0.004 ppm H2 O: 0.0187% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2,000,000 IP: —

C11-A019 Methyl parathion CAS: 298-00-0 RTECS: TG0175000 UN: 2783 (solid); 3018 (liquid) ERG: 152 S O

P

O

NO2

O

C8 H10 NO5 PS White to tan, crystalline solid or powder. Commercial product (80% solution in xylene) is tan colored. The pure material is odorless; otherwise, it has a pungent odor like garlic or rotten eggs. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material poses an explosive risk when heated above 122◦ F. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.77 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.019 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 263.2 D: 1.358 g/cm3 MP: 95◦ F BP: 289◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000097 mmHg VD: 9.1 (calculated) Vlt: 0.013 ppm H2 O: 0.0055% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 115◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 630,000 IP: —

C11-A020 Mevinphos CAS: 7786-34-7 RTECS: GQ5250000 O

O

O O

P

O O

C7 H13 O6 P Pale-yellow to orange liquid with a mild or “weak” odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. The “cis” isomer is about 100 times more toxic than the “trans” isomer. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.01 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.001 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 0.03 ppm IDLH: 4 ppm Properties: MW : 224.1 D: 1.25 g/mL (mixture) D: 1.2345 g/mL (cis isomer) D: 1.245 g/mL (trans isomer) MP: 70◦ F (cis isomer) MP: 44◦ F (trans isomer) BP: Decomposes BP: 223◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: 6.6 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.003 mmHg FlP: 175◦ F VD: 7.7 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.17 ppm UEL: — H2 O: Miscible (decomposes rapidly) RP: 52,000 Sol: Most organic solvents IP: —

C11-A021 Monocrotophos CAS: 6923-22-4 RTECS: TC4375000

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303 O

O O

N

P

O O

C7 H14 NO5 P Colorless to reddish-brown solid with a mild odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 223.2 D: — MP: 129◦ F MP: 77–86◦ F (commercial grade) BP: 257◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.000007 mmHg FlP: >200◦ F VD: 7.7 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.01 ppm UEL: — H2 O: Miscible RP: 950,000 Sol: Acetone; Alcohols IP: —

C11-A022 Parathion CAS: 56-38-2 RTECS: TF4550000 S O

P

O

NO2

O

C10 H14 NO5 PS Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a faint odor like garlic. Odor becomes more pronounced during storage. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the FBI and CDC threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50 (Ing) : 0.210 g MEG(1 h) Min: 0.024 ppm; Sig: 0.16 ppm; Sev: 0.8 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.008 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.004 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.8 ppm

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Properties: MW : 291.3 D: 1.26 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 43◦ F BP: 707◦ F Vsc: 12.14 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.00004 mmHg FlP: 392◦ F VD: 10 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.05 ppm UEL: — H2 O: 0.0011% RP: 150,000 Sol: Most organic solvents IP: —

C11-A023 Phorate CAS: 298-02-2 RTECS: TD9450000 S S

S

P

O O

C7 H17 O2 PS3 Colorless to light yellow liquid with a skunk-like odor. Commercial material may be light brown. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 0.019 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 260.4 D: 1.156 g/mL (77◦ F) D: 1.167 g/mL (77◦ F; commercial grade) MP: −45◦ F BP: 167◦ F (0.1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.000638 mmHg VD: 9.0 (calculated) Vlt: 0.85 ppm H2 O: 0.005% (decomposes slowly) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 320◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 9600 IP: —

C11-A024 Phosphamidon CAS: 13171-21-6 RTECS: TC2800000 O

O O

N

P

O O

Cl

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305

C10 H19 ClNO5 P Colorless to pale-yellow, oily liquid with a “faint” odor. Commercial product is a mixture of cis and trans isomers. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural insecticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 0.49 g (estimate) Properties: MW : 299.7 D: 1.2132 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –49◦ F BP: 324◦ F (1.5 mmHg) BP: 248◦ F (0.001 mmHg) Vsc: 58 cS (77◦ F; Commercial material)

FlP: — VP: 0.0000165 (77◦ F) VD: 10 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.02 ppm 77◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: Miscible RP: 350,000 Sol: Most organic solvents IP: —

C11-A025 Schradan CAS: 152-16-9 RTECS: — N

O N

P N

O

P

N

O

C8 H24 N4 O3 P2 Commercial material is a dark brown viscous liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an agricultural systemic insecticide and acaricide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.71 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 286.3 D: 1.1343 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 63◦ F BP: 248◦ F (0.5mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.001 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 9.9 (calculated) Vlt: 1.3 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohols; Ketones; Aromatic hydrocarbons

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 6000 IP: —

C11-A026 Sulfotepp CAS: 3689-24-5 RTECS: XN4375000

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UN: 1704 ERG: 153 S O

P

S O

O

O

P O

C8 H20 O5 P2 S2 Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like garlic. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. OSHA PEL: 0.015 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.0076 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.76 ppm Properties: MW : 322.3 D: 1.196 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: Decomposes BP: 277◦ F (2 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.000105 mmHg VD: 11 (calculated) Vlt: 0.14 ppm H2 O: 0.0025% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 53,000 IP: —

C11-A027 Terbufos CAS: 13071-79-9 RTECS: — S S

S

O

P O

C9 H21 O2 PS3 Clear, colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Commercial material may be reddish to brown. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a soil insecticide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists.

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307

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.0008 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 288.4 VP: 0.00032 mmHg D: 1.105 g/mL (75◦ F) VD: 9.9 (calculated) Vlt: 0.43 ppm MP: –21◦ F BP: 156◦ F (0.01 mmHg) H2 O: 0.0005% Vsc: — Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 190◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 18,000 IP: —

C11-A028 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (Agent EA 1285) CAS: 107-49-3 RTECS: UX6825000 UN: 3018 ERG: 152 O O

P

O O

O

O

P O

C8 H20 O7 P2 Colorless to amber liquid with a faint fruity odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists, and on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.87 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.004 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.004 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.42 ppm Properties: MW : 290.2 VP: 0.0002 mmHg D: 1.1998 g/mL VP: 0.00047 mmHg (86◦ F) MP: 32◦ F VD: 10 (calculated) BP: Decomposes Vlt: 0.27 ppm BP: 255◦ F (1 mmHg) H2 O: Miscible (decomposes) Vsc: — Sol: Acetone; Alcohols; Aromatic and Halogenated solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 29,000 IP: —

C11-A029 Aldicarb CAS: 116-06-3 RTECS: UE2275000

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O

S N O

N

C7 H14 N2 O2 S Colorless crystalline material with a faint sulfur odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a soil insecticide, acaricide, nematocide, and aviacide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.78 mg/m3 at 77◦ F AIHA WEEL: 0.07 mg/m3 [Skin] Properties: MW : 190.3 D: 1.195 g/cm3 (77◦ F) MP: 210◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000975 mmHg VD: 6.6 (calculated) Vlt: Negligible H2 O: 0.493% Sol: Acetone; Ethanol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 74,000 IP: —

C11-A030 Bendiocarb CAS: 22781-23-3 RTECS: FC1140000

O

N

O O

O

C11 H13 NO4

White solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts without irritation. Used as a household insecticide to control cockroaches, other household pests, and soil insects. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 223.2 D: 1.25 g/cm3 MP: 264◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000345 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 7.7 (calculated) Vlt: 0.05 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.026% (77◦ F) Sol: Alcohols; Acetone; Dichloromethane

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200,000 IP: —

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309

C11-A031 Carbofuran CAS: 1563-66-2 RTECS: FB9450000 O

N

O O

C12 H15 NO3 White to grayish crystalline solid. It is odorless when pure but impurities may give it an odor similar to phenol. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a soil insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.05 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.1 mg/m3 Properties: MW : 221.3 D: 1.180 g/cm3 MP: 304◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000034 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: None VD: 7.6 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: Negligible UEL: None H2 O: 0.07% (77◦ F) RP: 2,000,000 Sol: Acetone; Acetonitrile; IP: — Dimethylformamide; Dimethyl sulfoxide

C11-A032 Methiocarb CAS: 2032-65-7 RTECS: — S O

O

N

C11 H15 NO2 S Colorless to white crystalline powder with an odor like phenol. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Dust may be explosive. Used industrially as an acaricide and molluscicide.

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Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 225.3 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: 246◦ F Vlt: Negligible UEL: — RP: 25,000,000 BP: — H2 O: 0.0027% Vsc: — Sol: Most organic solvents IP: — C11-A033 Dazomet CAS: 533-74-4 RTECS: XI2800000 S S

N N

C5 H10 N2 S2 White crystalline solid that is nearly odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Even dilute solution can cause skin irritation and sensitization. Used industrially as a soil sterilant, biocide in industrial wastewater, slimicide in pulp and paper manufacture, and as a preservative in adhesives and glues. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.64 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 162.3 VP: 0.00000277 mmHg FlP: — D: 1.30 g/cm3 VD: 5.6 (calculated) LEL: — MP: 223◦ F (decomposes) Vlt: — UEL: — BP: — H2 O: 0.12% (77◦ F) RP: 2,800,000 Vsc: — Sol: Acids; Acetone; Benzene; Chloroform IP: — C11-A034 Methomyl CAS: 16752-77-5 RTECS: AK2975000 O N N

S

O

C5 H10 N2 O2 S White, crystalline solid with a faint sulfur odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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311

Used industrially as an insecticide and acaricide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.63 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 2.5 mg/m3 Properties: MW : 162.2 D: 1.295 g/cm3 (75◦ F) MP: 172◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.0000054 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.6 (calculated) Vlt: Negligible H2 O: 5.8% (77◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 1,500,000 IP: —

C11-A035 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane CAS: 96-12-8 RTECS: TX8750000 UN: 2872 ERG: 159 Br

Cl Br

C3 H5 Br2 Cl Colorless dense liquid that may become yellow or amber on standing. Commercial material is amber to dark brown. It has a pungent odor at high concentrations. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate in organic synthesis and for production of retardants and in agriculture as a soil fumigant. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.67 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Irritation: 0.2 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed OSHA PEL: 0.001 ppm Properties: MW : 236.4 VP: 0.58 mmHg FlP: 170◦ F D: 2.08 g/mL VD: 8.2 (calculated) LEL: — MP: 41◦ F Vlt: 780 ppm UEL: — BP: 384◦ F (decomposes) H2 O: 0.123% RP: 11 BP: 328◦ F (300 mmHg) Sol: Acetone; Isopropyl alcohol; IP: — Vsc: — Hydrocarbons C11-A036 Dibromomethane CAS: 74-95-3 RTECS: PA7350000 UN: 2664 ERG: 160

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CH2 Br 2 Clear, colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a solvent and in chemical synthesis; as a ﬁre suppressant and a gage ﬂuid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.11 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be more toxic than either methylene chloride or methylene chlorobromide. It is carbon monoxide in the body. Properties: MW : 173.8 D: 2.4969 g/mL MP: −63◦ F BP: 207◦ F Vsc: 0.39 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 44.4 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: None VD: 6.1 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: 58,000 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: None H2 O: 1.193% RP: 0.12 Sol: Chloroform; Alcohol; Ether; Acetone IP: 10.41 eV

C11-A037 Dichloronitroethane CAS: 594-72-9 RTECS: KI1050000 UN: 2650 ERG: 153 NO2 Cl Cl

C2 H3 NO2 Cl2 Colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a solvent and for organic synthesis; as a fumigant for stored produce and grain. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.89 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA Ceiling: 10 ppm ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm IDLH: 25 ppm Properties: MW : 143.9 VP: 16 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 1.4271 g/mL VD: 5.0 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: 21,000 ppm (77◦ F) ◦ H2 O: 0.25% BP: 255 F Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: 168◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.6 IP: —

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313

C11-A038 1,2-Dichloropropane CAS: 78-87-5 RTECS: TX9625000 UN: 1279 ERG: 130 Cl Cl

C3 H6 Cl2 Colorless liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform detectable at 130–190 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate, solvent, dry cleaning ﬂuid, degreaser, and lead scavenger for antiknock ﬂuids; used in agriculture as a fumigant. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.62 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 75 ppm ACGIH TLV: 10 ppm IDLH: 400 ppm Properties: MW : 113.0 D: 1.159 g/mL MP: −149◦ F BP: 206◦ F BP: 26◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 53.3 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: 60◦ F VD: 3.9 (calculated) LEL: 3.4% Vlt: 70,000 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: 14.5% H2 O: 0.28% RP: 0.18 Sol: Miscible with organic solvents IP: 10.87 eV

C11-A039 Ethyl formate CAS: 109-94-4 RTECS: LQ8400000 UN: 1190 ERG: 129 O

O

H

C3 H 6 O2 Colorless mobile liquid with a fruity odor and slightly bitter taste. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate in drug synthesis, in the manufacture of safety glasses, as a ﬂavor for lemonade and for essences, in the manufacture of artiﬁcial rum and arrack, and in agriculture as a fumigant for dried fruits.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.03 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye and Nasal Irritation: 330 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed OSHA PEL: 100 ppm ACGIH TLV: 100 ppm IDLH: 1500 ppm Properties: MW : 74.1 D: 0.9168 g/mL MP: −113◦ F BP: 130◦ F Vsc: 0.41 cS

VP: 200 mmHg VP: 245 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.6 (calculated) Vlt: 270,000 ppm H2 O: 9% (64◦ F); Decomposes slowly Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: −4◦ F LEL: 2.8% UEL: 16.0% RP: 0.06 IP: 10.61 eV

C11-A040 Ethylene bromide CAS: 106-93-4 RTECS: KH9275000 UN: 1605 ERG: 154 Br Br

C2 H4 Br2 Colorless heavy liquid with a mild, sweet odor like chloroform that is detectible at 8–10 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers; as a special solvent, as an exhaust system scavenger for leaded fuels, and in gauge ﬂuids; used in agriculture as a fumigant. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.68 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 20 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 30 ppm IDLH: 770 ppm Properties: MW : 187.9 VP: 8.5 mmHg D: 2.172 g/mL VP: 11.2 mmHg (77◦ F) MP: 50◦ F VD: 6.5 (calculated) BP: 268◦ F Vlt: 15,000 ppm Vsc: 0.795 cS H2 O: 0.4% Sol: Most organic solvents Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: Not Developed AEGL-3: 1 h, 26 ppm

4 h, 13 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.66 IP: 9.45 eV

8 h, 10 ppm

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315

C11-A041 Ethylene chloride CAS: 107-06-2 RTECS: KI0525000 UN: 1184 ERG: 131 Cl Cl

C2 H4 Cl2 Clear, colorless oily liquid that darkens on storage due to decomposition. It has a pleasant, sweet odor similar to chloroform. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a solvent, for the production of various halogenated materials including vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, and trichloroethane, in the manufacture of soaps, scouring compounds, wetting agents, penetrating agents, for ore ﬂotation, and in organic synthesis. Also used as a fumigant. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 10 ppm IDLH: 50 ppm Properties: MW : 99.0 D: 1.2351 g/mL MP: −32◦ F BP: 182◦ F Vsc: 0.68 cS

VP: 64 mmHg VP: 78.9 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.4 (calculated) Vlt: 86,000 ppm H2 O: 0.869% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 56◦ F LEL: 6.2% UEL: 16% RP: 0.16 IP: 11.05 eV

C11-A042 Methyl bromide CAS: 74-83-9 RTECS: PA4900000 UN: 1062 ERG: 123 CH3 Br Colorless gas that is odorless except at high concentrations; then it has a sweetish odor like chloroform. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption of the liquid, and ingestion, and the liquid produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a fumigant, herbicide and in organic synthesis. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists, and on the ITF-25 medium threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.88 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Lethal human toxicity values have not been fully established. However, deaths have been reported for exposures of 6% for 1 h, and 1600–8200 for 4–6 h. MEG(1h) Min: 15 ppm; Sig: 50 ppm; Sev: 200 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm [Skin] OSHA Ceiling: 20 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 250 ppm Properties: MW : 94.9 D: 1.732 g/mL (32◦ F) MP: −135◦ F BP: 38◦ F Vsc: 0.23 cS (32◦ F)

VP: 1600 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.3 (calculated) Vlt: 2,100,000 ppm H2 O: 1.34% (77◦ F) Sol: Ethanol; Chloroform; Ether

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 210 ppm 4 h, 67 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 740 ppm 4 h, 230 ppm

FlP: — LEL: 10% UEL: 16% RP: 0.006 IP: 10.54 eV

8 h, 67 ppm 8 h, 130 ppm

C11-A043 β-Methallyl chloride CAS: 563-47-3 RTECS: UC8050000 UN: 2554 ERG: 130P Cl

C4 H7 Cl Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a sharp, penetrating, disagreeable odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for insecticides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals; and as a fumigant. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, concentrations above 1500 ppm cause gasping, refusal to breathe, coughing, substernal pain, and extreme respiratory distress. Properties: MW : 90.6 VP: 101.7 mmHg FlP: 10◦ F D: 0.9165 g/mL VD: 3.1 (calculated) LEL: 3.2% D: 0.93 g/mL (Commercial material) Vlt: 140,000 ppm UEL: 8.1% MP: −112◦ F H2 O: 0.14% (decomposes slowly) RP: 0.10 BP: 160◦ F Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Chloroform IP: — Vsc: 4.58 cS

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C11-A044 Phosphine CAS: 7803-51-2 RTECS: SY7525000 UN: 2199 ERG: 119 PH3 Colorless gas that is odorless when pure; otherwise, like decaying ﬁsh or garlic that is detectable at 0.03 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation. May spontaneously ignite in air if traces of diphosphorous hydride (P2 H2 ) are present. Used industrially as a fumigant, doping agent for semiconductors, and intermediate for preparation of some ﬂame retardants. Phosphine is generated when phosphide salts (i.e., Aluminum phosphide; Calcium phosphide; Magnesium phosphide; Magnesium aluminum phosphide; Potassium phosphide; Sodium phosphide; Stannic phosphide; Strontium phosphide; Zinc phosphide) come into contact with water. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists, and on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.39 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50 (Inh) : 500 ppm for a 30-min exposure LC50 (Inh) : 1000 ppm “after a few breaths”. MEG(1 h) Min: —; Sig: 0.3 ppm; Sev: 1.1 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.3 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.3 ppm ACGIH STEL: 1 ppm NIOSH STEL: 1 ppm IDLH: 50 ppm Properties: MW : 34.0 D: 0.491 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −207◦ F BP: −126◦ F Vsc: 0.0713 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 31,400 mmHg VD: 1.2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slight” Sol: Alcohols; Ether

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 2 ppm 4 h, 0.5 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 3.6 ppm 4 h, 0.90 ppm

FlP: — LEL: 1.79% UEL: — RP: 0.001 IP: 9.96 eV

8 h, 0.25 ppm 8 h, 0.45 ppm

C11-A045 Sulfonyl ﬂuoride CAS: 2699-79-8 RTECS: WT5075000

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UN: 2191 ERG: 123 O F

S

F

O

SF2 O2 Colorless odorless gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation. Used industrially as a fumigant and in organic synthesis. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists, and on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: —; Sev: 200 ppm OSHA PEL: 5 ppm ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm ACGIH STEL: 10 ppm NIOSH STEL: 10 ppm IDLH: 200 ppm Properties: MW : 102.1 D: 1.386 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −213◦ F BP: −68◦ F Vsc: 0.1097 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 12,750 mmHg (70◦ F) FlP: None VD: 3.5 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: 0.2% (32◦ F) RP: 0.001 Sol: Sparingly soluble in IP: 13.04 eV most organic solvents

C11-A046 Trichloroacetonitrile CAS: 545-06-2 RTECS: AM2450000 Cl CN

Cl Cl

C2 Cl3 N Clear, pale-yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Toxic Industrial Agents C11-A Properties: MW : 144.4 D: 1.4403 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −44◦ F BP: 186◦ F Vsc: —

319

VP: 74.1 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: 97,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.0715% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: 166◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.11 IP: 11.9 eV

C11-A047 Arsenic trioxide CAS: 1327-53-3 RTECS: CG3325000 UN: 1561 ERG: 151 As2 O3 Colorless crystalline solid that is odorless and tasteless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a rodenticide, raw material for glass and ceramic production, and intermediate for preparation of other arsenical products. Produces Arsine (C08-A001) and Arsenic oxide fumes when burned. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.010 mg/m3 as arsenic ACGIH TLV: 0.01 mg/m3 as arsenic NIOSH Ceiling: 0.002 mg/m3 as arsenic (15 min) IDLH: 5 mg/m3 as arsenic Properties: MW : — VP: 0.000247 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 3.87–4.15 g/cm3 VD: 6.8 (calculated) MP: 525◦ F (arsenolite) Vlt: 0.32 ppm MP: 595◦ F (claudetite) H2 O: 1.6% (61◦ F) BP: Sublimes Sol: Glycerol Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 3.0 mg/m3 4 h, 1.9 mg/m3 AEGL-3: 1 h, 9.1 mg/m3 4 h, 5.7 mg/m3

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 29,000 IP: —

8 h, 1.2 mg/m3 8 h, 3.7 mg/m3

C11-A048 Calcium arsenate CAS: 7778-44-1 RTECS: CG0830000 UN: 1573 ERG: 151

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Ca3 (AsO4 )2 Colorless to white odorless solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide, molluscicide, and preemergence herbicide. Exposure Hazards OSHA PEL: 0.01 mg/m3 as arsenic IDLH: 5 mg/m3 as arsenic Properties: MW : 398.1 VP: Negligible FlP: None D: 3.620 g/cm3 VD: — LEL: None MP: Decomposes Vlt: — UEL: None BP: — H2 O: 0.013% (77◦ F) RP: — Vsc: — Sol: Dilute mineral acids IP: — C11-A049 Copper acetoarsenite CAS: 12002-03-8 RTECS: GL6475000 UN: 1585 ERG: 151 Cu4 (AsO2 )6 (CH3 CO2 )2 C4 H6 As6 Cu4 O16 Brilliant bluish-green or deep green, odorless powder. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide, fungicide, wood preservative, as paint pigment, and veterinary medication. This material is on the FBI threat list. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 1013.8 VP: Negligible FlP: None D: — VD: — LEL: None MP: — Vlt: Negligible UEL: None BP: — H2 O: <0.1% RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C11-A050 Lead arsenate CAS: 7784-40-9 RTECS: CG0990000 UN: 1617 ERG: 151

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HPbAsO4 Colorless to white odorless solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide, herbicide and veterinary medication. Exposure Hazards ACGIH TLV: 0.15 mg/m3 as lead Properties: MW : 347.1 VP: Negligible D: 5.943 g/cm3 VD: — MP: 536◦ F (decomposes) Vlt: Negligible BP: — H2 O: Insoluble Vsc: — Sol: Ammonium hydroxide; Nitric acid

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A051 Sodium arsenite CAS: 7784-46-5 RTECS: CG3675000 UN: 2027 ERG: 151 NaAsO2 White or grayish-white powder that is somewhat hygroscopic. It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. Technical grade is 90–95% pure. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, wood preservation, textile drying agent, corrosion inhibitor; as a veterinary medication; and in the manufacture of specialty soaps. This material is on the FBI threat list. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 129.9 D: 1.87 g/cm3 MP: 1139◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: Negligible H2 O: “Freely soluble” Sol: Slightly in alcohol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A052 Methoxyethyl mercury acetate CAS: 151-38-2 RTECS: — O Hg O

O

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C5 H10 HgO3 White crystalline material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a fungicide and disinfectant. This material is on the FBI threat list. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 318.7 VP: Negligible FlP: — D: — VD: — LEL: — MP: 104◦ F Vlt: Negligible UEL: — BP: — H2 O: “Readily soluble” RP: — Vsc: — Sol: Polar organic solvents IP: — C11-A053 Methyl mercury dicyandiamide CAS: 502-39-6 RTECS: — N

CN

N

Hg

N

C3 H6 HgN4 Colorless crystalline solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a seed fungicide and disinfectant, and as a timber preservative. This material is on the FBI threat list. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 298.7 D: — MP: 313◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 0.000065 mmHg (95◦ F) VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: 0.008 ppm (95◦ F) H2 O: 2.17% Sol: Acetone; Ethanol; Ethylene glycol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 93,000 IP: —

C11-A054 Methyl mercury hydroxide CAS: 1184-57-2 RTECS: OW4900000 CH3 HgOH Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. Used industrially as a pesticide.

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Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 232.6 VP: — D: — VD: — MP: 279◦ F Vlt: — BP: — H2 O: 0.1–1% (70◦ F) Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A055 Mercuric chloride CAS: 7487-94-7 RTECS: OV9100000 UN: 1624 ERG: 154 HgCl2 White powder or crystalline material that is odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an insecticide and fungicide, for leather and fur production, and as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 271.5 D: 5.6 g/cm3 MP: 531◦ F BP: 576◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 1 mmHg (277◦ F) FlP: None VD: 9.4 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: 6.5% RP: 8.4 H2 O: 33% (77◦ F) IP: — Sol: Polar organic solvents

C11-A056 Phenyl mercury acetate CAS: 62-38-4 RTECS: OV6475000 UN: 1674 ERG: 151 O Hg O

C8 H8 HgO2 White to cream-white powder or crystalline material. Odorless when pure, impurities may give it a slight vinegar odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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Used industrially as a disinfectant, paint preservative, mildewcide, slimicide, and herbicide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.77 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 336.7 VP: 0.000006 mmHg D: 0.24 g/cm3 (estimate) VD: 12 (calculated) MP: 300◦ F Vlt: 0.01 ppm BP: — H2 O: 0.6% Vsc: — Sol: Acetone; Alcohol; Acetic acid

FlP: 284◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 900,000 IP: —

C11-A057 Paraquat CAS: 4685-14-7; 1910-42-5 (Dichloride) RTECS: DW2275000 Cl−

Cl− N+

N+

C12 H14 N2 Salts are colorless, white, or pale-yellow hygroscopic crystalline solids. Commercial grade material is a dark red solution. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an herbicide. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.61 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.15 mg/m3 ; Sig: 1.0 mg/m3 ; Sev: — OSHA PEL: 0.5 mg/m3 (Dichloride salt) ACGIH TLV: 0.5 mg/m3 (Dichloride salt) IDLH: 1 mg/m3 (Dichloride salt) Dichloride salt: MW : 257.2 VP: Negligible D: 1.25 g/cm3 VD: — MP: Decomposes Vlt: — BP: — H2 O: 70% Vsc: — Sol: Practically insoluble in organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A058 Sodium ﬂuoroacetate CAS: 62-74-8 RTECS: AH9100000

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UN: 2629 ERG: 151 O Na+

F

O−

C2 H2 FO2 ·Na Fluffy, colorless to white powder that is odorless. Commercial material is sometimes dyed black. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in poison baits to control rodents, wild pigs, and predators. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards OSHA PEL: 0.05 mg/m3 [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 0.15 mg/m3 [Skin] IDLH: 2.5 mg/m3 Properties: MW : 100.0 D: — MP: 392◦ F BP: Decomposes Vsc: —

VP: Negligible FlP: None VD: — LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: Miscible RP: — Sol: — IP: —

C11-A059 Strychnine CAS: 57-24-9 RTECS: WL2275000 N

N

O

O

C21 H22 N2 O2 Colorless and odorless solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Used industrially in poison baits to control rodents, wild pigs, and predators. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards OSHA PEL: 0.15 mg/m3 ACGIH TLV: 0.15 mg/m3

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Properties: MW : 334.4 VP: Negligible D: 1.36 g/cm3 VD: — MP: 549◦ F Vlt: — BP: Decomposes H2 O: 0.016% BP: 518◦ F (5 mmHg) Sol: Chloroform Vsc: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A060 Thallium sulfate CAS: 7446-18-6 RTECS: XG6800000 Tl2 SO4 Colorless to white odorless crystalline solid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Used industrially in poison baits to control rodents and ants, and as an analytical chemistry reagent. This material is on the CDC and FBI threat lists. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 504.8 D: 6.77 g/cm3 MP: 1170◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 4.87% (59◦ F) H2 O: 19.14% (212◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C11-A061 Anhydrous ammonia CAS: 7664-41-7 RTECS: BO0875000 UN: 1005 ERG: 125 NH3 Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor detectable at 47 ppm. Shipped as a liqueﬁed compressed gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in agriculture as a fertilizer and defoliant; in the manufacture of nitric acid, hydrazine, hydrogen cyanide, urethanes, acrylonitrile, nitrocellulose, nitroparafﬁns, melamine, ethylene diamine, and sodium carbonate; as an intermediate in producing explosives, synthetic ﬁbers and dyes; and used industrially as a refrigerant gas, neutralizing agent in the petroleum industry, latex preservative, and the production of fuel cells. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 0.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC(Inh) : 7100 mg/m3 (5000 ppm); “short” exposure Eye Irritation: 698 ppm; immediate upon exposure Respiratory Irritation: 408 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Skin Burns: 2–3% on wet skin MEG(1h) Min: 25 ppm; Sig: 110 ppm; Sev: 1100 ppm OSHA PEL: 50 ppm ACGIH TLV: 25 ppm ACGIH STEL: 35 ppm NIOSH STEL: 35 ppm IDLH: 300 ppm Properties: MW : 17.0 D: 0.682 g/mL (–28◦ F) D: 0.602 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: –108◦ F BP: –28◦ F Vsc: 0.2243 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 30 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 160 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 1100 ppm

VP: 6500 mmHg FlP: — VD: 0.59 (calculated) LEL: 15% Vlt: — UEL: 28% H2 O: 34% RP: 0.004 Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Ether IP: 10.18 eV

4 h, 30 ppm 8 h, 30 ppm 4 h, 110 ppm 8 h, 110 ppm 4 h, 550 ppm 8 h, 390 ppm

C11-A062 Hydrogen bromide CAS: 10035-10-6 RTECS: MW3850000 UN: 1048 ERG: 125 HBr Colorless to faintly yellow gas with a sharp, irritating acrid odor. Shipped as a liqueﬁed compressed gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a brominating agent, reducing agent, and catalyst. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.31 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 3 ppm (ceiling); Sig: 6 ppm; Sev: 30 ppm OSHA PEL: 3 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 2 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 3 ppm IDLH: 30 ppm Properties: MW : 80.9 VP: 15,000 mmHg FlP: None D: 1.728 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) VP: 18,400 mmHg (77◦ F) LEL: None

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MP: −124◦ F VD: 2.8 (calculated) UEL: None Vlt: — RP: 0.001 BP: −88◦ F Vsc: 0.1163 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) H2 O: 49% IP: 11.62 eV Sol: Most organic solvents Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 1.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 22 ppm 4 h, 11 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 120 ppm 4 h, 31 ppm

8 h, 1.0 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm 8 h, 31 ppm

C11-A063 Hydrogen chloride CAS: 7647-01-0 RTECS: MW4025000 UN: 1050 ERG: 125 HCl Colorless to faintly yellow gas with a sharp, irritating acrid odor. Shipped as a liqueﬁed compressed gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in metal treating/cleaning operations, petroleum well activation, reﬁning ore in the production of tin and tantalum, hydrolyzing of starch and proteins in production of various foods, in the production synthetic rubber, vinyl chloride and alkyl chlorides; and in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes and dyestuffs, artiﬁcial silk and pigments for paints. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.8 ppm; Sig: 22 ppm; Sev: 100 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 5 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 2 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 5 ppm IDLH: 50 ppm Properties: MW : 36.5 D: 0.796 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −174◦ F BP: −121◦ F Vsc: 0.0842 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 30,800 mmHg VD: 1.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 67% (86◦ F) Sol: Alcohol; Benzene; Ether

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.8 ppm 4 h, 1.8 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 22 ppm 4 h, 11 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 100 ppm 4 h, 26 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.001 IP: 12.74 eV

8 h, 1.8 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm 8 h, 26 ppm

C11-A064 Hydrogen ﬂuoride CAS: 7664-39-3 RTECS: MW7875000

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UN: 1052 ERG: 125 HF Colorless fuming liquid or gas with a strong, pungent, irritating “odor”. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used as an etchant in the manufacture of semiconductors, frosting/polishing agent (glass/enamel), aluminum brightening agent, metal cleaning, electropolishing bath ingredient, stainless steel pickling agent, to separate uranium isotopes, and as a chemical reagent in the dye chemistry. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list and on the Australia Group Export Control List. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 0.82 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.0 ppm; Sig: 24 ppm; Sev: 44 ppm OSHA PEL: 3 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 2 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 3 ppm IDLH: 30 ppm Properties: MW : 20.0 D: 0.941 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −118◦ F BP: 67◦ F Vsc: 0.2168 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 24 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 44 ppm

VP: 783 mmHg VP: 400 mmHg (37◦ F) VD: 0.69 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohol

4 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 12 ppm 4 h, 22 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.028 IP: 15.98 eV

8 h, 1.0 ppm 8 h, 12 ppm 8 h, 22 ppm

C11-A065 Hydrogen iodide CAS: 10034-85-2 RTECS: MW3760000 UN: 2197 ERG: 125 HI Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor that rapidly turns yellow or brown on exposure to light and air. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the preparation of iodine salts, as a reducing agent, chemical analytical reagent, disinfectant, and in expectorant formulation; used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other organic materials. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.23 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 127.9 D: 2.54 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −59◦ F BP: −32◦ F Vsc: 0.24 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 5637 mmHg FlP: None VD: 4.4 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: Miscible RP: 0.002 Sol: Alcohols IP: —

Proposed AEGLs (Values based on anhydrous hydrogen bromide) AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 1.0 ppm 8 h, 1.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 22 ppm 4 h, 11 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 120 ppm 4 h, 31 ppm 8 h, 31 ppm C11-A066 Fuming nitric acid CAS: 8007-58-7 RTECS: QU5900000 UN: 2032 ERG: 157 HNO3 + N2 O4 Fuming nitric acid is concentrated acid that contains dissolved nitrogen dioxide. It is a colorless, yellow, or red fuming liquid with an acrid, suffocating odor. Fumes are primarily nitrogen dioxide. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dye intermediates, explosives, various inorganic and organic nitrates, nitro compounds; and used industrially for ore ﬂotation, metallurgy, photoengraving, and reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. This material is on the CDC threat list, and on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.58 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. The following exposure limits have been developed for nitric acid. MEG(1h) Min: 0.5 ppm; Sig: 4 ppm; Sev: 22 ppm OSHA PEL: 2 ppm ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm ACGIH STEL: 4 ppm NIOSH STEL: 4 ppm IDLH: 25 ppm Properties: MW : Mixture D: 1.64 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 760 mmHg (45% and 55% acid) VD: >2 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: Ether

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.26 IP: 11.95 eV (nitric acid) IP: 9.59 eV (nitrogen dioxide)

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Interim AEGLs (for nitric acid) AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.53 ppm 4 h, 0.53 ppm 8 h, 0.53 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 24 ppm 4 h, 6.0 ppm 8 h, 3.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 92 ppm 4 h, 23 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm Interim AEGLs (for nitrogen dioxide) AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.50 ppm 4 h, 0. 50 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 12 ppm 4 h, 8.2 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 20 ppm 4 h, 14 ppm

8 h, 0.50 ppm 8 h, 6.7 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm

C11-A067 Fuming sulfuric acid CAS: 8014-95-7 RTECS: WS5605000 UN: 1831 ERG: 137 H2 SO4 + SO3 Fuming colorless to dark-brown, oily liquid with a choking, irritating “odor.” This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for sulfonate surfactants, dyes, explosives, and nitrocellulose; for petroleum reﬁning, and as a drying agent in production of chlorine and nitric acid. This material is on the CDC threat list and on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.28 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. The following exposure limits have been developed for sulfuric acid. MEG(1h) Min: 2 mg/m3 ; Sig: 10 mg/m3 ; Sev: 30 mg/m3 OSHA PEL: 1 mg/m3 ACGIH TLV: 0.2 mg/m3 IDLH: 15 mg/m3 Properties: MW : Mixture D: 1.902 g/mL MP: — BP: — Vsc: —

VP: 2 mmHg VD: >2.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: —

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.05 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.2 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 40 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 5000 IP: —

4 h, 0.05 ppm 8 h, 0.05 ppm 4 h, 2.2 ppm 8 h, 2.2 ppm 4 h, 27 ppm 8 h, 23 ppm

C11-A068 Bromine pentaﬂuoride CAS: 7789-30-2 RTECS: EF9350000

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UN: 1745 ERG: 144 BrF5 Colorless to pale-yellow, fuming liquid with a pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It reacts violently with organic material. Used industrially as a ﬂuorinating agent and as an oxidizer in rocket propellant systems. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.15 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm Properties: MW : 174.9 D: 2.48 g/mL D: 2.466 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −79◦ F BP: 105◦ F Vsc: 0.193 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 328 mmHg FlP: None VD: 6.1 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: 440,000 ppm UEL: None H2 O: Reacts violently RP: 0.02 Sol: — IP: —

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 0.5 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 33 ppm 4 h, 8.3 ppm

8 h, 0.36 ppm 8 h, 4.2 ppm

C11-A069 Bromine triﬂuoride CAS: 7787-71-5 RTECS: — UN: 1746 ERG: 144 BrF3 Colorless to pale-yellow liquid that fumes and smokes in air with an extremely irritating odor. Solid is crystalline material. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It reacts violently with organic material. Used industrially as a ﬂuorinating agent, electrolytic solvent; used in forming uranium ﬂuorides for isotopic enrichment and fuel element reprocessing. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.60 mg/m3 at 77◦ F IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 136.9 D: 2.803 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 48◦ F BP: 258◦ F Vsc: 0.457 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 18 mmHg (102◦ F) VD: 4.7 (calculated) Vlt: 23,000 ppm (102◦ F) H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.5 IP: —

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4 h, 0.12 ppm 8 h, 0.12 ppm 4 h, 0.70 ppm 8 h, 0.41 ppm 4 h, 7.3 ppm 8 h, 7.3 ppm

C11-A070 Chlorine pentaﬂuoride CAS: 13637-63-3 RTECS: — UN: 2548 ERG: 124 ClF5 Colorless fuming gas with a pungent, sweet odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a ﬂuorinating agent and in wood pulp bleaching. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC50(Inh) : 150 ppm for a 1 h exposure Properties: MW : 130.4 D: 1.9 g/mL (liq. gas, 68◦ F) MP: −152◦ F BP: 9.1◦ F Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.30 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 1.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 8.0 ppm

VP: 2550 mmHg FlP: None VD: 4.5 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: Decomposes RP: — Sol: — IP: 13.54

4 h, 0.30 ppm 8 h, 0.30 ppm 4 h, 0.50 ppm 8 h, 0.36 ppm 4 h, 4.0 ppm 8 h, 2.8 ppm

C11-A071 Fluorine CAS: 7782-41-4 RTECS: LM6475000 UN: 1045 ERG: 124 F2 Pale-yellow to greenish gas with a pungent, irritating “odor.” This material is hazardous through inhalation, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of ﬂuorocarbons; as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of sulfur hexaﬂuoride, chlorine triﬂuoride, bromine triﬂuoride uranium hexaﬂuoride, molybdenum hexaﬂuoride, perchloryl ﬂuoride, and oxygen diﬂuoride; and as a rocket propellant. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.55 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.7 ppm; Sig: 5.0 ppm; Sev: 13 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1.0 ppm ACGIH STEL: 2.0 ppm IDLH: 25 ppm Properties: MW : 38.0 D: 1.28 g/mL (liq. gas, −156◦ F) MP: −363◦ F BP: −307◦ F Vsc: 0.084 cS (liq. gas, −238◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.7 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 5.0 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 13 ppm

VP: — FlP: None VD: 1.3 LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: 0.000169% (reacts) RP: — Sol: — IP: 15.70 eV

4 h, 1.7 ppm 4 h, 2.3 ppm 4 h, 5.7 ppm

8 h, 1.7 ppm 8 h, 2.3 ppm 8 h, 5.7 ppm

C11-A072 Nitric oxide CAS: 10102-43-9 RTECS: QX0525000 UN: 1660 ERG: 124 NO Colorless gas that becomes reddish-brown in high concentrations. It has a sharp, suffocating, sweet odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is rapidly converted in air to nitrogen dioxide. Used industrially for the manufacture of nitric acid and nitrosyl carbonyls, in the bleaching of rayon, as a stabilizer for propylene and methyl ether, and as a medication. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.23 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.61 ppm; Sig: 15 ppm; Sev: 25 ppm OSHA PEL: 25 ppm ACGIH TLV: 25 ppm IDLH: 100 ppm Properties: MW : 30.0 D: 1.012 g/mL (liq. gas, −166◦ F) MP: −258◦ F BP: −241◦ F Vsc: 0.05 cS (liq. gas, −148◦ F)

VP: 26,000 mmHg FlP: None VD: 1.0 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: 4.6% RP: 0.001 H2 O: 7.38% (32◦ F) IP: 9.27 eV Sol: Alcohols; Carbon disulﬁde

Interim AEGLs AEGL values for nitrogen dioxide should be used for emergency planning. Short-term exposures below 80 ppm of nitric oxide should not constitute a health hazard.

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C11-A073 Nitrogen dioxide CAS: 10102-44-0 RTECS: QW9800000 UN: 1067 ERG: 124 NO2 Yellow-brown liquid to reddish-brown gas with a pungent, acrid, suffocating odor detectable at 1.1 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Strong oxidizing agent that accelerates combustion. Used industrially for the production of nitric acid and as a nitrating agent, oxidizing agent; polymerization inhibitor for acrylates; and as an oxidizer for rocket fuels. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.88 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 11 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 0.5 ppm; Sig: 12 ppm; Sev: 20 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 5 ppm ACGIH TLV: 3 ppm ACGIH STEL: 5 ppm NIOSH STEL: 1 ppm IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 46.0 D: 1.448 g/mL (liq. gas, 68◦ F) MP: 12◦ F BP: 70◦ F Vsc: 0.29 cS (liq. gas, 68◦ F) Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.50 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 12 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 20 ppm

VP: 720 mmHg FlP: None VD: 1.6 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: 960,000 ppm UEL: None H2 O: Decomposes RP: 0.02 Sol: Concentrated nitric acid IP: 9.75 eV

4 h, 0.50 ppm 4 h, 8.2 ppm 4 h, 14 ppm

8 h, 0.50 ppm 8 h, 6.7 ppm 8 h, 11 ppm

C11-A074 Osmium tetroxide CAS: 20816-12-0 RTECS: RN1140000 UN: 2471 ERG: 154 OsO4 Colorless, crystalline solid or pale-yellow mass with an unpleasant, acrid odor like chlorine detectable at 0.0019 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an oxidizing agent especially in conversion of oleﬁns to glycols, and in the preparation of chlorates, peroxides, and periodates; as a biological stain for adipose

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tissues; and agriculturally as a micronutrient in soil for optimum microbial ﬁxation of nitrogen. This material is on the FBI threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.40 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 0.0002 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.0002 ppm ACGIH STEL: 0.0006 ppm NIOSH STEL: 0.0006 ppm IDLH: 0.1 ppm Properties: MW : 254.2 D: 5.10 g/cm3 MP: 105◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: 6.98 mmHg FlP: None VP: 11 mmHg (81◦ F) LEL: None VD: 8.8 (calculated) UEL: None Vlt: 12,000 ppm (77◦ F) RP: 8.9 H2 O: 7.24% (77◦ F) IP: 12.60 eV Sol: Benzene; Alcohol; Ether

C11-A075 Sulfur dioxide CAS: 7446-09-5 RTECS: WS4550000 UN: 1079 ERG: 125 SO2 Colorless gas with a characteristic suffocating, irritating, and pungent odor detectable at 0.45–4.8 ppm. Shipped as a liqueﬁed compressed gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the bleaching of ﬂour, fruit, grain, oil straw, wood pulp, wool; in the tanning of leather; in manufacture of glass; as a reducing agent in minerals processing; as an oxidizing agent in lithium primary batteries; as a preservative for fruit and wine; as a disinfectant in breweries and food factories; as a refrigerant gas; as warning agent for liquid fumigants; and as a chemical intermediate in the production of sodium hydrosulﬁte, chlorine dioxide, sodium sulfate, sulfuryl chloride, thionyl chloride, and organic sulfonates. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.62 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC(Inh) : 1000 ppm; exposure duration “10 min to several hours” Eye Irritation: 10 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Respiratory Irritation: 5 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 3 ppm; Sev: 15 ppm OSHA PEL: 5 ppm ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm ACGIH STEL: 5 ppm NIOSH STEL: 5 ppm IDLH: 100 ppm

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Properties: MW : 64.1 D: 1.366 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −104◦ F BP: 14◦ F Vsc: 0.188 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.20 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.75 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 27 ppm

VP: 2400 mmHg VD: 2.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 7.8% (77◦ F) H2 O: 17.7% (32◦ F) Sol: Acetic acid; Alcohol; Ether; Chloroform

4 h, 0.20 ppm 4 h, 0.75 ppm 4 h, 19 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.001 IP: 12.30 eV

8 h, 0.20 ppm 8 h, 0.75 ppm 8 h, 16 ppm

C11-A076 Sulfur trioxide CAS: 7446-11-9 RTECS: WT4830000 SO3 Colorless fuming liquid. Solid is colorless to white crystalline solid. Liqueﬁed material may also contain a low-melting solid polymer. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an oxidizing agent; to manufacture sulfuric acid, sulfonated oils, detergents, and explosives; used in solar energy collectors. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.27 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 1 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Respiratory Irritation: 10 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 80.1 D: 1.9224 g/mL D: 2.29 g/cm3 (solid, 14◦ F) MP: 62◦ F BP: 113◦ F Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.061 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.7 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 49 ppm

VP: 433 (77◦ F) VD: 2.8 (calculated) Vlt: 570,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Forms sulfuric acid Sol: —

4 h, 0.061 ppm 4 h, 2.7 ppm 4 h, 34 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.03 IP: 12.8 eV

8 h, 0.061 ppm 8 h, 2.7 ppm 8 h, 28 ppm

C11-A077 Hydrogen selenide CAS: 7783-07-5 RTECS: MX1050000

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UN: 2202 ERG: 117 H2 Se Colorless gas with a “very offensive” odor that resembles decayed horse radish detectable at 0.3 ppm. However, can cause olfactory fatigue and sense of smell is not reliable. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is highly ﬂammable. Used industrially for preparation of metallic selenides, organoselenium compounds, and preparation of semiconductor materials. This material is on the ITF-25, medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.31 mg/m3 at 77◦ F “Intolerable” Eye and Respiratory Irritation: 1.5 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 0.20 ppm; Sev: 2.0 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.05 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm IDLH: 1 ppm Properties: MW : 81.0 D: 1.766 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) D: 2.12 g/mL (liq. gas, -44◦ F) MP: –83.2◦ F BP: –42◦ F Vsc: 0.074 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 7220 mmHg (70◦ F) FlP: — VD: 2.8 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: — UEL: — H2 O: 0.64% (77◦ F) RP: 0.002 Sol: Phosgene; Carbon disulﬁde IP: 9.88 eV

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.73 ppm 4 h, 0.37 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 2.2 ppm 4 h, 1.1 ppm

8 h, 0.26 ppm 8 h, 0.78 ppm

C11-A078 Selenium hexaﬂuoride CAS: 7783-79-1 RTECS: VS9450000 UN: 2194 ERG: 125 SeF6 Colorless gas. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an electric insulator. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.89 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.15 ppm; Sig: 0.25 ppm; Sev: 2 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.05 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm IDLH: 2 ppm

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Properties: MW : 192.9 VP: 651.2 mmHg (−56◦ F) D: — VD: 6.7 (calculated) MP: −59◦ F Vlt: — BP: −30◦ F H2 O: Insoluble (slowly decomposed) Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: —

C11-A079 Silicon tetraﬂuoride CAS: 7783-61-1 RTECS: VW2327000 UN: 1859 ERG: 125 SiF4 Colorless gas that forms heavy clouds in moist air. It has a sharp, irritating and suffocating odor similar to hydrogen chloride. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the manufacture of pure silicon, silane, and ﬂuosilicic acid; used to seal water out of oil wells during drillings. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 2.5 mg/m3 as ﬂuorine ACGIH TLV: 2.5 mg/m3 as ﬂuorine Properties: MW : 104.1 D: 1.517 g/mL (−94◦ F) D: 2.145 g/cm3 (solid, −319◦ F) MP: −130◦ F (under pressure) BP: Sublimes (−123◦ F) Vsc: 0.4 cS (−58◦ F)

VP: — FlP: None VD: 3.6 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: Decomposes RP: — Sol: Absolute alcohol IP: —

C11-A080 Stibine CAS: 7803-52-3 RTECS: WJ0700000 UN: 2676 ERG: 119 H3 Sb Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulﬁde. It decomposes slowly on standing depositing elemental antimony. This material is hazardous through inhalation. It is highly ﬂammable. Used industrially in the manufacture of semiconductors, and as a fumigating agent. It may be a by-product formed during charging of some lead storage batteries. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 0.5 ppm; Sev: 1.5 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm IDLH: 5 ppm Properties: MW : 124.8 D: 2.204 g/mL (−1◦ F) MP: −126◦ F BP: −1◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 0.41% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 9.51 eV

C11-A081 Tellurium hexaﬂuoride CAS: 7783-80-4 RTECS: WY2800000 UN: 2195 ERG: 125 TeF6 Colorless gas with a “repulsive” odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation. It is a by-product of ore reﬁning. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.88 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.06 ppm; Sig: 1 ppm; Sev: >1 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.02 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.02 ppm IDLH: 1 ppm Properties: MW : 241.6 D: 2.499 g/mL (14◦ F) MP: −36◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: — FlP: None VD: 8.3 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None RP: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: — IP: —

C11-A082 Titanium tetrachloride (Agent FM) CAS: 7550-45-0 RTECS: XR1925000 UN: 1838 ERG: 137 TiCl4 Colorless to light-yellow liquid that fumes in moist air. It has a penetrating acid odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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Used industrially to produce pure titanium and titanium salts, pigments, as an additive in decorative glass, and as a polymerization catalyst. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.76 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.64 ppm; Sig: 2.6 ppm; Sev: 12.9 ppm AIHA WEEL: 0.06 ppm Properties: MW : 189.7 D: 1.726 g/mL MP: −11◦ F BP: 277◦ F Vsc: 0.0458 cS

VP: 9.96 mmHg VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: 13,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposed Sol: Most organic solvents

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.070 ppm 4 h, 0.070 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 0.21 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 5.7 ppm 4 h, 2.0 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.72 IP: 11.5 eV

8 h, 0.070 ppm 8 h, 0.094 ppm 8 h, 0.91 ppm

C11-A083 Tungsten hexaﬂuoride CAS: 7783-82-6 RTECS: YO7720000 UN: 2196 ERG: 125 WF6 Colorless gas or pale-yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to apply tungsten coatings to other surfaces; as a chemical intermediate and in the manufacture of electronics. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately one-sixth as toxic as Hydrogen ﬂuoride (C11-A031). Properties: MW : 297.5 D: 3.387 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: 31◦ F BP: 63◦ F Vsc: 0.1332 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: — VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Benzene; Dioxane; Cyclohexane

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 15.2 eV

C11-A084 Boron tribromide CAS: 10294-33-4 RTECS: ED7400000

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UN: 2692 ERG: 157 BBr 3 Colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent, sharp, irritating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of diborane, ultra high purity boron, and semiconductors; used as a catalyst in polymerizations, alkylations, and acylations. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.25 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1 ppm; Sig: —; Sev: — ACGIH Ceiling: 1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm Properties: MW : 250.5 D: 2.64 g/mL (65◦ F) D: 2.698 g/mL (32◦ F) MP: −51◦ F BP: 194◦ F Vsc: 0.28 cS (75◦ F)

VP: 40 mmHg (57◦ F) VP: 100 mmHg (92◦ F) VD: 8.6 (calculated) Vlt: 55,000 ppm (57◦ F) H2 O: Reacts violently Sol: Carbon tetrachloride; Carbon disulﬁde

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.1 IP: 9.70 eV

C11-A085 Boron trichloride CAS: 10294-34-5 RTECS: ED1925000 UN: 1741 ERG: 125 BCl3 Colorless fuming liquid with a sharp, irritating, pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the production and puriﬁcation of boron and boron compounds; in puriﬁcation of metal alloys to remove oxides, nitrides, and carbides; as a soldering ﬂux for alloys of aluminum, iron, zinc, tungsten, and monel; as an extinguishing agent for magnesium ﬁres in heat treating furnaces; as a stabilizer for liquid sulfur trioxide; for the manufacture of boron ﬁlaments for advanced composites; and in semiconductors. It has been used in the ﬁeld of high energy fuels and rocket propellants as a source of boron for raising the British Thermal Unit (BTU) value. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.79 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Toxic Industrial Agents C11-A Properties: MW : 117.2 D: 1.318 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −161◦ F BP: 54◦ F Vsc: 0.170 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

343

VP: 440 mmHg (30◦ F) VD: 4.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: 11.62 eV

C11-A086 Boron triﬂuoride CAS: 7637-07-2 RTECS: ED2275000 UN: 1008 ERG: 125 BF3 Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a catalyst in organic synthesis, to protect molten magnesium and its alloys from oxidation, as a ﬂux for soldering magnesium; manufacture of specialty electronics; as a fumigant; and in ionization chambers for detection of weak neutrons. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.77 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.22 ppm; Sig: 5.8 ppm; Sev: 14 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 1 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 1 ppm IDLH: 25 ppm Properties: MW : 67.8 D: 1.433 g/mL (liq. gas, −94◦ F) MP: −196◦ F BP: −150◦ F Vsc: 0.05 cS (liq. gas, −58◦ F)

VP: 36,560 mmHg (8◦ F) VD: 2.4 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 106% (cold water, decomposes) Sol: Most saturated hydrocarbons; Aromatic compounds

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 2.5 ppm 4 h, 2.5 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 37 ppm 4 h, 24 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 110 ppm 4 h, 72 ppm

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: 15.50 eV

8 h, 2.5 ppm 8 h, 12 ppm 8 h, 36 ppm

C11-A087 Phosphorus pentaﬂuoride CAS: 7647-19-0 RTECS: TH4070000 UN: 2198 ERG: 125

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PF5 Colorless gas with an “unpleasant” odor that fumes in contact with air. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a catalyst in ionic polymerizations, mild ﬂuorinating agent; used in the manufacture of semiconductors. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.15 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, the Compressed Gas Association has established an LC50 of 260 ppm with an exposure of 1 h, or approximately one-ﬁfth as toxic as hydrogen ﬂuoride. Properties: MW : 126.0 VP: 21,432 mmHg (70◦ F) FlP: None ◦ LEL: None D: 1.13 g/mL (liq. gas, 32 F) VD: 4.3 (calculated) MP: −137◦ F Vlt: — UEL: None BP: −120◦ F H2 O: Reacts violently RP: 0 Vsc: 0.16 cS (liq. gas, −4◦ F) Sol: — IP: 15.54 eV C11-A088 Sulfuryl chloride CAS: 7791-25-5 RTECS: WT4870000 UN: 1834 ERG: 137 O Cl

S

Cl

O

Cl2 O2 S Clear, colorless to light yellow-green mobile liquid with a very pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to treat wool to prevent shrinking; in the manufacture of rayon, rubberbase plastics, chlorophenol disinfectants, phosphate insecticides, heterocyclic fungicides and herbicides, and pharmaceuticals. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.52 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 135.0 VP: 105 mmHg D: 1.665 g/mL VP: 140 mmHg (77◦ F) MP: −65◦ F VD: 4.7 (calculated) BP: 156◦ F Vlt: 140,000 ppm Vsc: — H2 O: Reacts Sol: Toluene; Ether

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.08 IP: —

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C11-A089 Acetone cyanohydrin CAS: 75-86-5 RTECS: OD9275000 UN: 1541 ERG: 155 OH CN

C4 H7 NO Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid. Pure material is practically odorless but usually has an odor of bitter almond due to residual hydrogen cyanide. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Forms cyanide in the body. Used industrially in organic synthesis, in the manufacture of insecticides and pharmaceuticals, as an intermediate in the synthesis of methacrylates; used as a complexing agent for metals reﬁning and separation. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.48 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 4.7 ppm; Sig: —; Sev: — ACGIH Ceiling: 1.4 ppm as cyanide [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm [15 min limit] AIHA WEEL: 2 ppm [Skin] AIHA STEL: 5 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 85.1 D: 0.9267 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −2◦ F BP: 203◦ F BP: 154◦ F (11 mmHg) Vsc: — Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 7.1 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 15 ppm

VP: 0.75 mmHg VD: 2.9 (calculated) Vlt: 1000 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Most organic solvents

4 h, 1.3 ppm 4 h, 3.5 ppm 4 h, 8.6 ppm

FlP: 165◦ F LEL: 2.2% UEL: 12% RP: 14 IP: —

8 h, 1.0 ppm 8 h, 2.5 ppm 8 h, 6.6 ppm

C11-A090 Acrylonitrile CAS: 107-13-1 RTECS: AT5250000 UN: 1093 ERG: 131P CN

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C3 H3 N Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with an odor that is pungent, irritating, and resembles onions or garlic. It is detectable at 21.4 ppm. Typically stabilized with 35–50 ppm of methylhydroquinone. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for the manufacture of plastics, surface coatings, and adhesives; pharmaceuticals, dyes, ion exchange resins, corrosion inhibitors, water treatment resins; used agriculturally as a pesticide fumigant. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.17 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 10 ppm; Sig: 35 ppm; Sev: 75 ppm OSHA PEL: 2 ppm ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm [Skin] OSHA Ceiling: 10 ppm [15 min] [Skin] IDLH: 86 ppm Properties: MW : 53.1 D: 0.81 g/mL D: 0.8004 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −116◦ F BP: 171◦ F Vsc: 0.0425 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 83 mmHg FlP: 30◦ F ◦ LEL: 3.1% VP: 109 mmHg (77 F) VD: 1.8 (calculated) UEL: 17% Vlt: 120,000 ppm RP: 0.16 Vlt: 180,000 ppm (86◦ F) IP: 10.75 eV H2 O: 7.45% Sol: Alcohols; Ethyl acetate; Toluene

C11-A091 Allyl alcohol CAS: 107-18-6 RTECS: BA5075000 UN: 1098 ERG: 131

OH

C3 H6 O Mobile colorless liquid with a pungent odor like mustard detectable at 0.8 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Acts synergistically with alcohol in blood. Used industrially for the manufacture of ﬂavorings, perfumes, acrolein, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, and pharmaceuticals; used to denature alcohol. Used agriculturally as herbicide and fungicide. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.38 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Minor Eye Irritation: 5 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Severe Eye Irritation: 25 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Nasal Irritation: 10 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 2.1 ppm; Sig: 4.2 ppm; Sev: 67 ppm OSHA PEL: 2 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 4 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 58.1 D: 0.8540 g/mL MP: −200◦ F BP: 207◦ F Vsc: 1.31 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 17 mmHg FlP: 70◦ F ◦ VP: 26.1 mmHg (77 F) LEL: 2.5% VD: 2.0 (calculated) UEL: 18.0% Vlt: 24,000 ppm RP: 0.77 Vlt: 41,000 ppm (86◦ F) IP: 9.63 eV H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Ether

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 2.1 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 14.2 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 20 ppm

4 h, 2.1 ppm 4 h, 4.2 ppm 4 h, 10 ppm

8 h, 2.1 ppm 8 h, 4.2 ppm 8 h, 10 ppm

C11-A092 Allylamine CAS: 107-11-9 RTECS: BA5425000 UN: 2334 ERG: 131

NH2

C3 H 7 N Colorless to yellow liquid with a strong, pungent ammonia odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for synthesis of ion-exchange resins and pharmaceutical intermediates. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Irritation: 2.5 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 14 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 57.1 D: 0.761 g/mL MP: −126◦ F BP: 127◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 193 mmHg VP: 242 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.0 (calculated) Vlt: 260,000 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Ether

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.42 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 3.3 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 18 ppm

4 h, 0.42 ppm 4 h, 1.8 ppm 4 h, 3.5 ppm

FlP: −18◦ F LEL: 2.2% UEL: 22% RP: 0.06 IP: 8.8 eV

8 h, 0.42 ppm 8 h, 1.2 ppm 8 h, 2.3 ppm

C11-A093 Carbon disulﬁde CAS: 75-15-0 RTECS: FF6650000 UN: 1131 ERG: 131 CS2 Colorless to faint-yellow mobile liquid with a sweet, ethereal odor. On standing, the odor becomes a foul stench. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption of the liquid, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Carbon disulﬁde is highly ﬂammable and has an autoignition temperature of 212◦ F. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the production of rayon, carbon tetrachloride, xanthogenates, ﬂotation agents, and pesticides; used in the cold vulcanization of vulcanized rubber, in adhesive compositions for food packaging; as a solvent for phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, iodine, fats, resins, rubbers, waxes, lacquers, camphor, resins; and in the production of optical glass, paints, enamels, varnishes, paint removers, tallow, putty preservatives, rubber cement, soil disinfectants, explosives, rocket fuel, and electronic vacuum tubes. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.11 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.0 ppm; Sig: 50 ppm; Sev: 500 ppm OSHA PEL: 20 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 30 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 10 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 500 ppm Properties: MW : 76.1 D: 1.2632 g/mL MP: −169◦ F BP: 116◦ F Vsc: 0.288 cS

VP: 297 mmHg FlP: −22◦ F ◦ VP: 359 mmHg (77 F) LEL: 1.3% VD: 2.7 (calculated) UEL: 50% Vlt: 400,000 ppm RP: 0.038 IP: 10.08 eV H2 O: 0.286% Sol: Alcohols; Ether; Benzene; Oils

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Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 4.0 ppm 4 h, 2.5 ppm 8 h, 2.0 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 160 ppm 4 h, 100 ppm 8 h, 50 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 480 ppm 4 h, 300 ppm 8 h, 150 ppm C11-A094 Chloroacetonitrile CAS: 107-14-2 RTECS: AL8225000 UN: 2668 ERG: 131 Cl

CN

C2 H2 ClN Clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Lacrimation usually gives adequate warning of vapor exposure. Used to manufacture insecticides and pharmaceuticals; used agriculturally as a fumigant. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.09 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 75.5 D: 1.1930 g/mL MP: — BP: 257◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 15 mmHg (86◦ F) VD: 2.6 (calculated) Vlt: 19,000 ppm (86◦ F) H2 O: 10% Sol: Hydrocarbons; Alcohols; Ether

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 23 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 49 ppm

4 h, 13 ppm 4 h, 28 ppm

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.79 IP: —

8 h, 10 ppm 8 h, 21 ppm

C11-A095 Diborane CAS: 19287-45-7 RTECS: — UN: 1911 ERG: 119 B2 H 6 Colorless gas with a repulsive, sickly sweet odor detectable at 1.8–3.5 ppm. Industrially, it can be found diluted with a variety of gases including hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, or helium. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Diborane is highly ﬂammable and has an autoignition temperature of 125◦ F. It is also moisture sensitive and will ignite spontaneously in moist air at room temperature.

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Used industrially as a catalyst for ethylene, styrene, butadiene, acrylic, and vinyl polymerizations; reducing agent in the synthesis of organic chemicals; for production of hard boron coatings on metals and ceramics; as a component or additive for high-energy fuels; and as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of organic boron compounds and metal borohydrides. Used in the electronics industry to improve crystal growth, to impart electrical properties in pure crystals, and as a doping agent for p-type semiconductors. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.13 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC(Inh) : 180 mg/m3 (159 ppm) for a 15-min exposure MEG(1h) Min: 0.3 ppm; Sig: 1.0 ppm; Sev: 3.7 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm IDLH: 15 ppm Properties: MW : 27.7 D: 0.308 g/mL (liq. gas, 14◦ F) MP: −265◦ F BP: −135◦ F Vsc: 0.0812 cS (liq. gas, 14◦ F)

VP: 30,000 mmHg (62◦ F) VD: 0.96 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Carbon disulﬁde; Ammonium hydroxide

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 0.25 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 3.7 ppm 4 h, 0.92 ppm

FlP: −130◦ F LEL: 0.9% UEL: 98% RP: 0.001 IP: 11.38 eV

8 h, 0.13 ppm 8 h, 0.46 ppm

C11-A096 Diketene CAS: 674-82-8 RTECS: — UN: 2521 ERG: 131P O O

C4 H4 O 2 Clear, colorless to orange liquid with a pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Violent polymerization can occur in presence of acids, bases, or heat. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments and toners, food preservatives, insecticides, and fungicides. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.0 ppm; Sig: 5.0 ppm; Sev: 20 ppm

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Properties: MW : 84.1 VP: 8.03 mmHg D: 1.0897 g/mL VD: 2.9 (calculated) MP: 19.7◦ F Vlt: 11,000 ppm BP: 262◦ F H2 O: Decomposes BP: 158◦ F (99 mmHg) Sol: Common organic solvents Vsc: 0.808 cS

FlP: 93◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.3 IP: 9.6 eV

C11-A097 Ethylene oxide CAS: 75-21-8 RTECS: KX2450000 UN: 1040 ERG: 119P O

C2 H 4 O Colorless gas or liquid with an odor like ether. The odor has also been described as sweet and reminiscent of bruised apples. Industrially, it can be found diluted with a variety of gases including carbon dioxide, ﬂuorocarbon 12, and nitrogen. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure to high vapor concentrations or direct contact with liquid may cause burns to the eyes and skin. Used industrially as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles, sterilizing agent for surgical instruments and other heat sensitive material, agricultural fungicide, ripening agent for fruits, rocket propellant; in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, ethylene glycol, dioxane, ethylene chlorohydrin, ethanolamines, glycol ethers, carbowax, the cellosolves and carbitols, polyethylene terephthalate polyester ﬁber, and nonionic surfactants. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.80 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Lethal human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, “symptoms of illness” occur at 100 ppm (exposure duration unspeciﬁed) and “severe toxic effects” occur at 250 ppm for a 60 min exposure. MEG(1h) Min: 7.5 ppm; Sig: 45 ppm; Sev: 200 ppm OSHA PEL: 1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 5 ppm IDLH: 800 ppm Properties: MW : 44.1 D: 0.882 g/mL (50◦ F) D: 0.862 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −168◦ F BP: 51◦ F Vsc: 0.3016 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 1100 mmHg VP: 1314 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 1.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: −67◦ F LEL: 3% UEL: 100% RP: 0.014 IP: 10.56 eV

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Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 45 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 200 ppm

4 h, 14 ppm 4 h, 63 ppm

8 h, 7.9 ppm 8 h, 35 ppm

C11-A098 Ethyleneimine CAS: 151-56-4 RTECS: KX5075000 UN: 1185 ERG: 131P N

C2 H5 N Mobile, colorless liquid with an odor like ammonia that is detectable at 2 ppm. The odor becomes annoying at 11 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Dermal exposure causes skin sensitization. Used industrially in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, textile chemicals, adhesives, binders, petroleum reﬁning chemicals, fuels, lubricants, coating resins, varnishes, polymerizations, lacquers, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, ion exchange resins, photographic chemicals, surfactants; used in the paper industry and as a ﬂocculation aid. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.76 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Irritation: 100 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 1.5 ppm; Sig: 4.6 ppm; Sev: 9.9 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 100 ppm Properties: MW : 43.1 D: 0.8321 g/mL (75◦ F) MP: −97◦ F BP: 133◦ F Vsc: —

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 4.6 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 9.9 ppm

VP: 160 mmHg FlP: 12◦ F ◦ VP: 213 mmHg (77 F) LEL: 3.3% VD: 1.5 (calculated) UEL: 54.8% Vlt: 210,000 ppm RP: 0.095 IP: 9.20 eV Vlt: 280,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene

4 h, 1.0 ppm 4 h, 2.8 ppm

8 h, 0.47 ppm 8 h, 1.5 ppm

C11-A099 Formaldehyde CAS: 50-00-0; 30525-89-4 (Paraformaldehyde) RTECS: LP8925000; RV0540000 (Paraformaldehyde)

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H

H

CH2 O Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor detectable at 0.005–1 ppm. Solutions are colorless to light yellow oils and the solid paraformaldehyde is a white powder, granules, or ﬂakes. This material is hazardous through inhalation, ingestion of solutions or solids, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of amino and phenolic resins, fertilizers; as a nickelplating brightening agent, reducing agent in the recovery of gold and silver, latex coagulant, crease-proof textile ﬁnishing agent, photographic gelatin hardening agent, taxidermy preservative, cross linking agent, corrosion inhibitor, hydrogen sulﬁde scavenger, industrial sterilant, preservative, and biocide. Used medically as an ingredient in embalming ﬂuids, as a ﬁxative of histological specimens, and to alter bacterial toxins to toxoids for vaccines. This material is on the ITF-25 high threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.23 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 4 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 1.0 ppm; Sig: 10 ppm; Sev: 25 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.75 ppm OSHA STEL: 2 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.3 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 30.0 D: — MP: −134◦ F BP: −3.1◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 3890 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — VD: 1.1 (calculated) LEL: 7.0% Vlt: — UEL: 73% H2 O: 40% RP: 0.005 Sol: Alcohols; Ether; Acetone; IP: 10.88 eV Benzene

Paraformaldehyde: MW : Polymer D: 1.46 g/cm3 (59◦ F) MP: 327◦ F (decomposes) BP: 248◦ F (sublimes) Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.9 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 14 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 56 ppm

VP: 10.5 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 1.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Insoluble in most organic solvents

4 h, 0.9 ppm 4 h, 14 ppm 4 h, 35 ppm

FlP: 158◦ F LEL: 7% UEL: 73% RP: — IP: 10.88 eV

8 h, 0.9 ppm 8 h, 14 ppm 8 h, 35 ppm

C11-A100 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene CAS: 77-47-4 RTECS: GY1225000

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UN: 2646 ERG: 135 Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

C5 Cl6 Dense, pale-yellow to amber-colored oily liquid with an unpleasant pungent odor detectable at 0.3 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used to manufacture pesticides, shockproof plastics, acids, esters, ketones, ﬂame retardants, ﬂuorocarbons; used as biocide. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.16 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.01 ppm; Sig: 0.03 ppm; Sev: 0.15 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.01 ppm Properties: MW : 272.8 D: 1.7019 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 16◦ F BP: 462◦ F Vsc: 4.56 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.08 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 9.4 (calculated) Vlt: 110 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.00018% (slowly decomposes) Sol: Acetone; Methanol; Hexane

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 76 IP: —

C11-A101 Methyl mercaptan CAS: 74-93-1 RTECS: PB4375000 UN: 1064 ERG: 117 CH3 SH Colorless gas or water-white liquid with a disagreeable odor like garlic or rotten cabbage that is detectable at 0.0021 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation. Used as a gas odorant; used to manufacture methionine, plastics, jet fuel additives, pesticides, fungicides; used as a catalyst and as a synthetic ﬂavoring. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list.

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355

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.97 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.5 ppm; Sig: 5 ppm; Sev: 23 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 10 ppm IDLH: 150 ppm Properties: MW : 48.1 D: 0.862 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −189◦ F BP: 43◦ F Vsc: 0.291 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 47 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 68 ppm

VP: 1300 mmHg VP: 1510 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 1.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: 2.4% (59◦ F) H2 O: 1.54% (77◦ F) Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Petroleum naphtha

4 h, 30 ppm 4 h, 43 ppm

FlP: 64◦ F LEL: 3.9% UEL: 21.8% RP: 0.011 IP: 9.44 eV

8 h, 19 ppm 8 h, 22 ppm

C11-A102 Octyl mercaptan CAS: 111-88-6 RTECS: — SH

C8 H18 S Clear, colorless to water-white liquid with a mild odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a polymerization conditioner and as an intermediate in organic synthesis. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ F NIOSH Ceiling: 0.5 ppm [15 min] Properties: MW : 146.3 D: 0.8433 g/mL MP: −57◦ F BP: 390◦ F BP: 187◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: 0.522 cS

VP: 0.4245 mmHg (77◦ F) VP: 1.55 mmHg (100◦ F) VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: 560 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Ethanol

FlP: 156◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 20 IP: —

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C11-A103 Tetraethyl lead CAS: 78-00-2 RTECS: TP4550000 UN: 1649 ERG: 131

Pb

C8 H20 Pb Colorless oily liquid with a pleasant, musty, or sweet odor. Commercial material may be dyed red, orange, or blue. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to manufacture metal alkyls, fungicides; used as a gasoline additive. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 13.23 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Intoxication: 7.6 ppm for a 60 min exposure MEG(1h) Min: 0.01 ppm as lead; Sig: 0.06 ppm as lead; Sev: 0.30 ppm as lead OSHA PEL: 0.007 ppm as lead [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.008 ppm as lead [Skin] IDLH: 3.0 ppm as lead Properties: MW : 323.5 D: 1.653 g/mL MP: −202◦ F BP: 392◦ F (decomposes) BP: 183◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: 0.522 cS

VP: 0.2 mmHg VP: 0.26 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 8.6 Vlt: 340 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.00002% Sol: Benzene; Ether; Ethanol

FlP: 200◦ F LEL: 1.8% UEL: — RP: 22 IP: 11.10 eV

C11-A104 Tetramethyl lead CAS: 75-74-1 RTECS: TP4725000 UN: 1649 ERG: 131

Pb

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C4 H12 Pb Colorless oily liquid with a musty or fruity odor. Commercial material may be dyed red, orange, or blue. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an antiknock additive for gasoline. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.93 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: —; Sev: 3.7 ppm as lead OSHA PEL: 0.007 ppm as lead [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.014 ppm as lead [Skin] IDLH: 3.7 ppm as lead Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately one-third as toxic as Tetraethyl lead (C11-A103). Properties: MW : 267.3 VP: 23 mmHg FlP: 100◦ F ◦ LEL: 1.8% D: 1.995 g/mL VP: 26 mmHg (77 F) MP: −22◦ F VD: 6.5 UEL: — RP: 0.23 BP: 230◦ F (decomposes) Vlt: 35,000 ppm Vsc: 0.286 cS H2 O: 0.0015% (77◦ F) IP: 8.26 eV Sol: Fats; Oils; Gasoline C11-A105 Vinyl chloride CAS: 75-01-4 RTECS: KU9625000 UN: 1086P ERG: 116

Cl

C2 H3 Cl Colorless gas or liquid with a pleasant, sweet odor at high concentrations (>3000 ppm). This material is prone to polymerization and is often stabilized with phenol. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to produce poly(vinyl chloride) and copolymers, as an inhibitor in the production of ethylene oxide, and as a chemical intermediate for various materials including methyl chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chloroacetaldehyde. This material is on the CDC threat lists. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.56 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 1 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 5 ppm [15 min] ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm

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Properties: MW : 62.5 D: 0.969 g/mL (liq. gas, 6◦ F) D: 0.9106 g/mL (liq. gas, 68◦ F) MP: −256◦ F BP: 7◦ F Vsc: 0.193 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F) Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 250 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 1200 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 4800 ppm

VP: 2500 mmHg FlP: −108◦ F VD: 2.2 (calculated) LEL: 3.6% Vlt: — UEL: 33% H2 O: 0.1% (77◦ F) RP: 0.005 Sol: Most organic solvents IP: 9.99 eV

4 h, 140 ppm 4 h, 820 ppm 4 h, 3400 ppm

8 h, 70 ppm 8 h, 820 ppm 8 h, 3400 ppm

C11-A106 Allyl chloroformate CAS: 2937-50-0 RTECS: LQ5775000 UN: 1722 ERG: 155 O

Cl

O

C4 H5 ClO2 Colorless watery liquid with a pungent odor detectable at 1.4 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Monomer used in the manufacture of some polycarbonate lenses; used as a chemical intermediate for numerous compounds. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.93 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 120.5 D: 1.1394 g/mL MP: −112◦ F BP: 230◦ F Vsc: 0.622 cS

VP: 20 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: 26,000 ppm H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) Sol: —

FlP: 88◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.46 IP: —

C11-A107 Butyl chloroformate CAS: 592-34-7 RTECS: LQ5890000

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UN: 2743 ERG: 155 O

Cl

O

C5 H9 ClO2 Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid with an unpleasant odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for numerous compounds. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.59 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 136.6 VP: 5.4 mmHg D: 1.057 g/mL VD: 4.7 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: 7200 ppm BP: 288◦ F H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) Vsc: 0.899 cS Sol: —

FlP: 100◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.07 IP: —

C11-A108 Carbonyl ﬂuoride CAS: 353-50-4 RTECS: FG6125000 UN: 2417 ERG: 125 O

F

F

CF2 O Hygroscopic colorless gas that fumes in moist air with a very irritating, pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Hydrogen ﬂuoride generated during decomposition poses a signiﬁcant inhalation and dermal hazard. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis. Produced by decomposition of ﬂuorocarbon plastics when heated between 932 and 1202◦ F. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm ACGIH STEL: 4.8 ppm NIOSH STEL: 5.6 ppm

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Properties: MW : 66.0 D: 0.987 g/mL (liq. gas, –58◦ F) MP: −168◦ F BP: −120◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 42,000 mmHg VP: 44,500 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Reacts Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: 13.02 eV

C11-A109 Carbonyl sulﬁde CAS: 463-58-1 RTECS: FG6400000 UN: 2204 ERG: 119 O

S

C

COS Colorless gas with an odor of rotten eggs. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for alkyl carbonates and organic sulfur compounds. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.46 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 60.1 D: 1.005 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −218◦ F BP: −58◦ F Vsc: 0.0915 cS (liq. gas, 77◦ F)

VP: 9412 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: — VD: 2.1 (calculated) LEL: 12% Vlt: — UEL: 28.5% H2 O: 0.122% (77◦ F) RP: 0.001 Sol: Alcohol; Toluene; Carbon IP: 11.18 eV disulﬁde

C11-A110 Chloroacetaldehyde CAS: 107-20-0 RTECS: AB2450000 UN: 2232 ERG: 153 O Cl H

C2 H3 ClO Clear, colorless liquid with an acrid, penetrating odor detectable at 0.9 ppm. Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts.

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Used industrially as a chemical intermediate; used agriculturally to facilitate bark removal from tree trunks and as a fungicide. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.21 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 1.0 ppm; Sig: 22 ppm; Sev: 45 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 1 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 1 ppm IDLH: 45 ppm Properties: MW : 78.5 D: 1.19 g/mL (40% solution) MP: −3◦ F (40% solution) BP: 185◦ F Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 1.3 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.2 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 9.9 ppm

VP: 100 mmHg (40% solution) VD: 2.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Miscible Sol: Ether; Acetone; Methanol

FlP: 190◦ F (40% solution) LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 10.61 eV

4 h, 0.40 ppm 8 h, 0.23 ppm 4 h, 0.69 ppm 8 h, 0.39 ppm 4 h, 3.1 ppm 8 h, 1.8 ppm

C11-A111 Chloroacetyl chloride CAS: 79-04-9 RTECS: AO6475000 UN: 1752 ERG: 156 O Cl Cl

C2 H2 Cl2 O Colorless to yellowish liquid with a sharp, pungent, and irritating odor detectable at 0.140 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate in the manufacture of chloroacetophenone, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, and organic chemical synthesis. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.62 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 1 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 0.05 ppm; Sig: 0.5 ppm; Sev: 10 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm [Skin] ACGIH STEL: 0.15 ppm [Skin]

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Properties: MW : 112.9 D: 1.419 g/mL MP: −7◦ F BP: 223◦ F Vsc: 0.147 cS

VP: 19 mmHg FlP: None VP: 25.2 mmHg (77◦ F) LEL: None VD: 3.9 (calculated) UEL: None Vlt: 25,000 ppm RP: 0.49 H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) IP: 10.30 eV Sol: Ethyl ether; Acetone; Benzene

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.040 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 1.6 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 52 ppm

4 h, 0.040 ppm 4 h, 0.40 ppm 4 h, 13 ppm

8 h, 0.040 ppm 8 h, 0.20 ppm 8 h, 6.5 ppm

C11-A112 Crotonaldehyde CAS: 4170-30-3; 123-73-9 (Trans); 15798-64-8 (Cis) RTECS: GP9499000 UN: 1143 ERG: 131P O

H

C4 H6 O Water-white liquid that becomes pale yellow on contact with air. It has a tarry, extremely irritating and suffocating odor that is detectable at 0.13 ppm. It exists as two conﬁgurational isomers. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of butyl alcohol, butyraldehyde, quinaldine, resins, rubber antioxidants, insecticides, and other chemicals; used as a solvent, warning agent in fuel gases, as a rubber accelerator, in leather tanning, and as a denaturant in alcohol. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.87 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.91 ppm; Sig: 4.4 ppm; Sev: 14 ppm OSHA PEL: 2 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.3 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 50 ppm Properties: MW : 70.1 D: 0.858 g/mL MP: −105◦ F BP: 219◦ F Vsc: 0.873 cS

VP: 19 mmHg FlP: 55◦ F ◦ LEL: 2.1% VP: 30 mmHg (77 F) VD: 2.4 (calculated) UEL: 15.5% Vlt: 25,000 ppm RP: 0.62 IP: 9.73 eV H2 O: 18.1% H2 O: 19.2% (41◦ F) Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Toluene

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.19 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 4.4 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 14 ppm

4 h, 0.19 ppm 4 h, 1.1 ppm 4 h, 2.6 ppm

8 h, 0.19 ppm 8 h, 0.56 ppm 8 h, 1.5 ppm

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C11-A113 Ethyl chloroformate CAS: 541-41-3 RTECS: LQ6125000 UN: 1182 ERG: 155 O

O

Cl

C3 H5 ClO2 Clear, water-white liquid with an irritating, sharp odor like hydrogen chloride. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in the production of carbamates that are used to synthesize dyes, drugs, veterinary medicines, herbicides, and insecticides; as a solvent in the photographic industry; used as a stabilizer for PVC. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 108.5 D: 1.139 g/mL MP: −113◦ F BP: 200◦ F Vsc: 2.81 cS

VP: 22.4 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.7 (calculated) Vlt: 29,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) Sol: Alcohol; Benzene; Ether

FlP: 61◦ F LEL: 3.5% UEL: 10.2% RP: 0.43 IP: —

C11-A114 Ethyl chlorothioformate CAS: 2941-64-2 RTECS: LQ6950000 UN: 2826 ERG: 155 O

S

Cl

C3 H5 ClOS Clear, colorless liquid with a foul stench. Colors of commercial material vary depending on the impurities present and range from grey to green to yellow to purple. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 124.6 D: 1.195 g/mL MP: −76◦ F BP: 270◦ F Vsc: 2.51 cS

VP: 8.3 mmHg (70◦ F) FlP: 86◦ F VD: 4.3 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 11,000 ppm (70◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: <0.1% (decomposes slowly) RP: 1.1 Sol: — IP: —

C11-A115 Isobutyl chloroformate CAS: 543-27-1 RTECS: — O

O

Cl

C5 H9 ClO2 Clear, colorless liquid with a pungent, unpleasant odor. Commercial material may have a very faintly brown color. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.59 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 136.6 D: 1.044 g/mL MP: −112◦ F BP: 264◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 6.5 mmHg VP: 8.35 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.7 (calculated) Vlt: 8700 ppm H2 O: Decomposes slowly Sol: Benzene; Chloroform; Ether

FlP: 87◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.3 IP: —

C11-A116 Isopropyl chloroformate CAS: 108-23-6 RTECS: LQ6475000 UN: 2407 ERG: 155 O

O

Cl

C4 H7 ClO2 Colorless liquid with a strong odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used in the manufacture of pesticides, herbicides, veterinary medicines, polymerization initiators, blowing agents, and other chemicals. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 122.6 D: 1.078 g/mL MP: — BP: 217◦ F Vsc: 0.603 cS

VP: 21 mmHg VP: 37 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: 28,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Ether

FlP: 82◦ F LEL: 4% UEL: 15% RP: 0.43 IP: —

C11-A117 Methanesulfonyl chloride CAS: 124-63-0 RTECS: PB2790000 UN: 3246 ERG: 156 O S

Cl

O

CH3 ClO2 S Clear, colorless to slightly yellow oily liquid with a pungent odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals and herbicides; used in the manufacture of ﬂame-resistant products; used as a stabilizer for liquid sulfur trioxide. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Severe Eye Irritation: 1 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Severe Respiratory Irritation: 10 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 114.6 D: 1.474 g/mL MP: −27◦ F BP: 322◦ F BP: 144◦ F (18 mmHg) Vsc: 1.34 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 12 mmHg (127◦ F) FlP: 230◦ F VD: 4.0 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 14,000 ppm (127◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) RP: 0.86 Sol: Most organic solvents IP: 11.6 eV

C11-A118 Methyl chloroformate CAS: 79-22-1 RTECS: FG3675000

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UN: 1238 ERG: 155 O

O

Cl

C2 H3 ClO2 Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid with a sharp, unpleasant, acrid odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of carbamates, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals; used as a solvent in the photographic industry. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.87 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LC(Inh) : 190 ppm for a 10 min exposure Lacrimation: 10 ppm, exposure duration unspeciﬁed Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 94.5 D: 1.228 g/mL MP: −78◦ F BP: 159◦ F Vsc: 0.393 cS

VP: 108.5 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.3 (calculated) Vlt: 140,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: Slight (decomposes slowly) Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene

FlP: 76◦ F LEL: 6.7% UEL: 23% RP: 0.96 IP: —

C11-A119 Propyl chloroformate CAS: 109-61-5 RTECS: LQ6830000 UN: 2740 ERG: 155 O

O

Cl

C4 H7 ClO2 Colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate for polymerization initiators and other chemicals. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.01 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 122.6 VP: 20 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 1.091 g/mL VD: 4.2 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: 26,000 ppm (77◦ F) ◦ BP: 238 F H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) Vsc: 0.73 cS Sol: Benzene; Chloroform; Ether

FlP: 94◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.46 IP: —

C11-A120 Trichloroacetyl chloride CAS: 76-02-8 RTECS: AO7140000 UN: 2442 ERG: 156 O Cl Cl Cl

Cl

C2 Cl4 O Clear, colorless to very faintly yellow liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 181.8 D: 1.6202 g/mL MP: −25◦ F BP: 244◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 16 mmHg VP: 21.3 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: 21,000 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Ether; Alcohols

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.46 IP: 11.31 eV

C11-A121 Triﬂuoroacetyl chloride CAS: 354-32-5 RTECS: AO7150000 UN: 3057 ERG: 125 O F Cl F

F

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C2 ClF3 O Colorless gas that fumes strongly in moist air. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Hydrogen ﬂuoride generated during decomposition poses a signiﬁcant inhalation and dermal hazard. Used industrially for organic synthesis. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.42 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 132.5 D: 1.3844 g/mL (liq. gas, 77◦ F) MP: −231◦ F BP: −8◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 3700 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: None VD: 4.6 (calculated) LEL: None Vlt: — UEL: None H2 O: Reacts vigorously RP: 0.002 Sol: — IP: —

C11-A122 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine CAS: 540-73-8, 306-37-6 (Dihydrochloride salt) RTECS: — UN: 2382 ERG: 131 N

N

C 2 H 8 N2 Mobile, hygroscopic clear, colorless liquid that fumes in air. Slowly turns yellow after exposure to air. Has a ﬁshy or ammonia-like odor. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially for research; limited use as a high-energy rocket fuel. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.46 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 60.1 D: 0.8274 g/mL MP: 16◦ F BP: 178◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 68 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: 73◦ F VD: 2.1 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 89,000 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: Miscible RP: 0.19 Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Hydrocarbons IP: 9.02 eV

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 3.0 ppm 4 h, 0.75 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 11 ppm 4 h, 2.7 ppm

8 h, 0.38 ppm 8 h, 1.4 ppm

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C11-A123 Methyl hydrazine CAS: 60-34-4; 7339-53-9 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: MV5600000 UN: 1244 ERG: 131 N

N

CH6 N2 Hygroscopic, clear, colorless, fuming liquid with an odor like ammonia that is detectable between 0.9 and 2.8 ppm. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is a strong sensitizer. It spontaneously ignites in contact with strong oxidizers. Used industrially to manufacture pesticides, pharmaceuticals; used as a solvent, and as a rocket fuel. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 1.89 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: 1 ppm; Sev: 3 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 0.2 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.01 ppm [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 0.04 ppm (120 min) IDLH: 20 ppm Properties: MW : 46.1 D: 0.874 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −62◦ F BP: 190◦ F Vsc: 0.887 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 38 mmHg VP: 50 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 1.6 (calculated) Vlt: 51,000 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Ether; Alcohols; Hydrocarbons

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.90 ppm 4 h, 0.23 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 2.7 ppm 4 h, 0.68 ppm

FlP: 17◦ F LEL: 2.5% UEL: 92% RP: 0.39 IP: 7.70 eV

8 h, 0.11 ppm 8 h, 0.34 ppm

C11-A124 Allyl isothiocyanate CAS: 57-06-7 RTECS: NX8225000 UN: 1545 ERG: 155

N

C

S

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C4 H5 NS Clear, colorless to pale-yellow, oily liquid with an irritating, pungent odor like mustard that is detectable at 0.008 ppm. It tends to darken on storage. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes sensitization through both inhalation and skin contact. Used industrially as a fumigant, fungicide, animal repellent, insect attractant; used in the preparation of medicinal ointments and mustard plasters; used as a ﬂavoring agent, and denaturant for alcohol. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.06 mg/m3 at 77◦ F AIHA STEL: 1 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 99.2 VP: 3.7 mmHg (86◦ F) FlP: 115◦ F D: 1.0175 g/mL VD: 3.4 (calculated) LEL: — MP: −112◦ F Vlt: 4800 ppm (86◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: 0.2% RP: 2.8 BP: 306◦ F Vsc: — Sol: Most organic solvents IP: — C11-A125 Butyl isocyanate CAS: 111-36-4 RTECS: NQ8250000 UN: 2485 ERG: 155 N C O

C5 H9 NO Colorless liquid with a strong odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially in the manufacture of insecticides, fungicides, and pharmaceuticals. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.01 ppm; Sig: 0.05 ppm; Sev: 1.0 ppm Properties: MW : 99.1 D: 0.88 g/mL MP: <–94◦ F BP: 239◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 10.6 mmHg FlP: 66◦ F ◦ VP: 17.6 mmHg (77 F) LEL: — VD: 3.4 (calculated) UEL: — Vlt: 14,000 ppm RP: 0.94 H2 O: Slight (decomposes slowly) IP: 10.14 eV Sol: —

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C11-A126 Isopropyl isocyanate CAS: 1795-48-8 RTECS: NQ9230000 UN: 2483 ERG: 155

N

O

C

C4 H7 NO Clear, colorless to faint-yellow liquid with a strong penetrating odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes sensitization. Used industrially as an intermediate to manufacture pesticides and other chemicals. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.48 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 85.1 VP: — FlP: 27◦ F D: 0.866 g/mL VD: 2.9 (calculated) LEL: — MP: — Vlt: — UEL: — BP: 166◦ F H2 O: Decomposes RP: — Vsc: — Sol: — IP: — C11-A127 Methyl isocyanate CAS: 624-83-9 RTECS: NQ9450000 UN: 2480 ERG: 155 N

C

O

C2 H3 NO Colorless liquid with a strong, sharp, pungent odor. However, less than 10% of attentive persons can detect this material at the industrial exposure limits. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate to manufacture pesticides, polyurethane foams, and plastics. This material is on the ITF-25 medium threat list.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.34 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Eye Irritation: 2 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Unbearable” Irritation: 21 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 0.025 ppm; Sig: 0.067 ppm; Sev: 0.2 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.02 ppm [Skin] ACGIH TLV: 0.02 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 3 ppm Properties: MW : 57.1 D: 0.9599 g/mL MP: −49◦ F BP: 103◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 19◦ F LEL: 5.3% UEL: 26% RP: 0.38 IP: 10.67 eV

VP: 348 mmHg VD: 1.4 Vlt: 470,000 ppm H2 O: 10% (59◦ F; decomposes slowly) Sol: —

Final AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.067 ppm 4 h, 0.017 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.20 ppm 4 h, 0.05 ppm

8 h, 0.008 ppm 8 h, 0.025 ppm

C11-A128 Methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate CAS: 101-68-8 RTECS: NQ9350000

O

C

N

N

C

O

C15 H10 N2 O2 White to light-yellow ﬂakes odorless ﬂakes. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to manufacture adhesives, coatings, elastomers, and polyurethane foams. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.24 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.02 ppm; Sig: 0.20 ppm; Sev: 2.4 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 0.02 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.005 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.02 ppm [10 min] IDLH: 7 ppm

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Toxic Industrial Agents C11-A Properties: MW : 250.3 D: 1.23 g/cm3 (77◦ F) D: 1.19 g/mL (122◦ F) MP: 99◦ F BP: 597◦ F BP: 385◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: 4.22 cS (122◦ F)

373

VP: 0.000005 mmHg (77◦ F) FlP: 396◦ F VD: 8.6 (calculated) LEL: — Vlt: 0.01 ppm (77◦ F) UEL: — H2 O: 0.2% (decomposes slowly) RP: 1,200,000 Sol: Acetone; Benzene; Kerosene IP: —

C11-A129 tert-Butyl isocyanate CAS: 1609-86-5 RTECS: NQ8300000 UN: 2484 ERG: 155 N

C

O

C5 H9 NO Clear, colorless liquid. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 99.1 VP: 57 mmHg (77◦ F) D: 0.844 g/mL VD: 3.4 (calculated) MP: — Vlt: 75,000 ppm (77◦ F) ◦ BP: 183 F H2 O: Decomposes Vsc: — Sol: —

FlP: 24◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.18 IP: 10.14 eV

C11-A130 Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate CAS: 584-84-9 RTECS: CZ6300000 UN: 2078 ERG: 156 O

C

N

N C O

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C 9 H 6 N2 O2 Colorless solid or liquid with a sharp, pungent fruity odor that is detectable at 2.1 ppm. It turns pale yellow on exposure to air. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially to manufacture polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings; used as a cross-linking agent. This material is on the ITF-25 low threat list. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.12 mg/m3 at 77◦ F MEG(1h) Min: 0.02 ppm; Sig: 0.083 ppm; Sev: 0.51 ppm OSHA Ceiling: 0.02 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.005 ppm ACGIH STEL: 0.02 ppm IDLH: 2.5 ppm Properties: MW : 174.2 D: 1.22 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 70◦ F BP: 484◦ F BP: 255◦ F (18 mmHg) Vsc: 3.75 cS (77◦ F) Final AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.02 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.083 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 0.51 ppm

VP: 0.008 mmHg FlP: 260◦ F ◦ VP: 0.01 mmHg (77 F) LEL: 0.9% VD: 6.0 (calculated) UEL: 9.5% Vlt: 11 ppm RP: 940 H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes slowly) IP: — Sol: Ether; Acetone; Benzene 4 h, 0.01 ppm 4 h, 0.021 ppm 4 h, 0.32 ppm

8 h, 0.01 ppm 8 h, 0.021 ppm 8 h, 0.16 ppm

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane ToxFAQs.” September 1995. ———. “1,2-Dibromoethane ToxFAQs.” September 1995. ———. “1,2-Dichloroethane ToxFAQs.” September 2001. ———. “1,2-Dichloropropane ToxFAQs.” July 1999. ———. “Acrylonitrile ToxFAQs.” July 1999. ———. “Ammonia ToxFAQs.” September 2004. ———. “Bromomethane ToxFAQs.” September 1995. ———. “Carbon Disulﬁde ToxFAQs.” September 1997. ———. “Chlorfenvinphos ToxFAQs.” September 1997. ———. “Crotonaldehyde ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Diborane ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Disulfoton ToxFAQs.” September 1996. ———. “Ethylene Oxide ToxFAQs.” July 1999. ———. “Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine ToxFAQs.” September 2003. ———. “Formaldehyde ToxFAQs.” June 1999. ———. “Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) ToxFAQs.” June 1999. ———. “Hydrazines ToxFAQs.” September 1997.

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References

375

———. “Hydrogen Chloride ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Volume III—Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2000. ———. “Methyl Isocyanate ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Methyl Mercaptan ToxFAQs.” July 1999. ———. “Methyl Parathion ToxFAQs.” September 2001. ———. “Phosphine ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Selenium Hexaﬂuoride ToxFAQs.” April 2002. ———. “Sulfur Dioxide ToxFAQs.” June 1999. ———. “Sulfur Trioxide (SO3 ) and Sulfuric Acid ToxFAQs.” June 1999. ———. “Titanium Tetrachloride ToxFAQs.” September 1997. ———. “Vinyl Chloride ToxFAQs.” September 2004. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for 1,2-Dibromoethane. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for 1,2-Dichloroethane. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1996. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for 1,2-Dichloropropane. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1989. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Acrylonitrile. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1990. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Aluminum. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1999. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Ammonia. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2004. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Antimony and Compounds. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Arsenic. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2000. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Boron and Compounds. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Bromomethane. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Carbon Disulﬁde. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1996. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Chlorfenvinphos. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1997. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Disulfoton. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1995. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Ethylene Oxide. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1990. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2003. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Formaldehyde. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1999. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 1999. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Hydrazines. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1997. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Iodine. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, April 2004. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Mercury. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, March 1999. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Methyl Mercaptan. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1992. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Methyl Parathion. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2001. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Selenium. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2003. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Sulfur Dioxide. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1998.

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———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1998. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Titanium Tetrachloride. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1997. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Tungsten (DRAFT). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2003. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for Vinyl Chloride (DRAFT). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2004. ———. Toxicological Proﬁle for White Phosphorus. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1997. ———. “Titanium Tetrachloride ToxFAQs.” September 1997. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnition: Arsine or Stibine Poisoning.” March 4, 2005. Cook, H. G., B. C. Saunders, and F. E. Smith. “Esters Containing Phosphorus. VIII. Structural Requirements for High Toxicity and Miotic Action of Esters of Fluorophosphonic Acid.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Abstracts (1949): 635–638. Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program, Technical Reports. August 9, 2005. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=070E4598-9C8B-DF77-1C266EBE08732EB4. March 22, 2006. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Sartori, Mario F. “New Developments in the Chemistry of War Gases.” Chemical Reviews 48 (1951): 225–257. ———. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L. W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions: An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springﬁeld, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. March 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection against It. Rev ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. Yaws, Carl L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th ed. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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Section IV

Incapacitation and Riot Control Agents

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12 Incapacitating Agents

12.1

General Information

Used in a military context, incapacitation means the inability of personnel to perform an assigned duty. For the purpose of this manual, incapacitation means the inability to perform any military task effectively and implies that the condition was achieved via the deliberate use of a nonlethal weapon. Incapacitating agents differ from other chemical agents in that the lethal dose is theoretically many times greater than the incapacitating dose. Under normal battleﬁeld conditions, they do not pose a serious danger to the life of an exposed individual and do not produce any permanent injury. The military does not consider the use of lethal agents at sublethal doses as incapacitating agents. Military incapacitating agents are third and fourth generation chemical warfare agents that became popular during the Cold War. Incapacitating agent BZ (C12-A001) and two key components necessary to synthesize BZ, 3-quinuclidinol (C12-C022) and benzilic acid (C12C023), are listed in Schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). In addition to military-speciﬁc agents, materials in this class encompass a wide variety of commercially available medicinal dugs that interfere with the higher functions of the brain such as attention, orientation, perception, memory, motivation, conceptual thinking, planning, and judgment. They produce their effects mainly by altering or disrupting the higher regulatory activity of the central nervous system. Incapacitating agents are relatively easy to isolate from natural sources or to synthesize. Several agents are clandestinely synthesized and used as recreational drugs. For information on some of the chemicals used to manufacture military incapacitating agents, see the Component section (C12-C) following information on the individual agents. Although relatively easy to disperse, it is difﬁcult to effectively control the dose received by the target population and prevent fatalities. Incapacitating agents have been stockpiled by numerous countries and there have been unveriﬁed reports that they have been utilized on the battleﬁeld. In addition, they have been employed by police and special forces as a way to end hostage situations (e.g., the September 2002 counter terrorism raid on the Moscow theater). These operations have met with mixed success.

379

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12.2 12.2.1

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Toxicology Effects

Incapacitating agents produce their effects mainly by altering or disrupting the higher regulatory activity of the central nervous system. Military incapacitating agents can be separated into four fairly discrete categories: deliriants (producing confusion, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior), stimulants (essentially ﬂooding the brain with too much information), calmatives (depressants that induce passivity or even sleep), and psychedelics (producing abnormal psychological effects resembling mental illness). In normal usage, incapacitating agents will not cause permanent or long-lasting injury. Unlike lachrymatory agents (Chapter 13) or vomiting/sternatory agents (Chapter 14), incapacitating agents produce effects that may last for hours or even days postexposure. 12.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Incapacitating agents are primarily a hazard through inhalation. However, exposure to liquid or solid agents may be hazardous through skin absorption (if the agent is dissolved in an appropriate solvent), ingestion, introduction through abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris), and may also produce local skin/eye effects (e.g., dilation of the pupil). 12.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Incapacitating agents do not have good warning properties. They have little or no odor, and the vapors do not irritate the eyes. Contact with liquid or solid agents neither irritates the skin nor causes cutaneous injuries. This class of agents does not seriously endanger life except at exposures greatly exceeding an effective dose. 12.2.4

Latency Period

12.2.4.1 Vapors/Aerosols (Mists or Dusts) Depending on the speciﬁc agent and the concentration of vapor or aerosol, the effects begin to appear in seconds or may be delayed up to several hours. 12.2.4.2 Liquids Typically, there is a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the sudden onset of symptoms. Effects from dermal exposure may be delayed up to several days. Some factors affecting the length of time before the onset of symptoms are the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, previous exposure to materials that chap or dry the skin (e.g., organic solvents such as gasoline or alcohols), and addition of additives designed to enhance the rate of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Another key factor affecting the rate of percutaneous penetration by the agent is the part of the body that is exposed. It takes the agent longer to penetrate thicker and tougher skin. The regions of the body that allow the fastest percutaneous penetration are the groin, head, and neck. The least susceptible body regions are the hands, feet, front of the knee, and outside of the elbow.

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381

Solids (Nonaerosol)

Typically, there is a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the sudden onset of symptoms. Effects from dermal exposure may be delayed up to several days and is affected by such factors as the amount of agent involved, the amount of skin surface in contact with the agent, and the area of the body exposed (see Section 12.2.4.2). Moist, sweaty areas of the body are more susceptible to percutaneous penetration by solid agents.

12.3

Characteristics

12.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

12.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless liquids or solids. Depending on the speciﬁc agent, liquids may be mobile, viscous, or even waxy in nature. Many solids are salts of the free-base liquid that are colorless to white to beige crystalline materials. In either state, these materials typically have little or no odor when pure. 12.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically white to light brown powders, waxy solids, or viscous liquids. Production impurities and decomposition products in these agents may give them an odor. Odors for all agents may become more pronounced during storage. 12.3.1.3

Modiﬁed Agents

Solvents have been added to incapacitating agents to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of incapacitating agent in the solution.

12.3.2

Stability

Military-speciﬁc agents are stable even under tropical conditions and can be stored in glass, aluminum, or steel. Stabilizers are not required. Some potentially dual use agents are sensitive to heat and light and may require stabilizers for long-term storage.

12.3.3

Persistency

Depending on the properties of the speciﬁc agent, unmodiﬁed incapacitating agents are classiﬁed as either nonpersistent or persistent by the military. Addition of solvents may alter the persistency of these agents. Salts of agents have negligible vapor pressure and will not evaporate. Depending on the size of the individual particles and on any encapsulation or coatings applied to the particles, they can be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds.

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents Environmental Fate

Vapors of volatile incapacitating agents have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Most incapacitating agents are nonvolatile and produce negligible amounts of vapor. Most of these agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water. However, the solubility of any agent may be modiﬁed (either increased or decreased) by solvents, components, or impurities. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed liquid agents are slightly greater than that of water. Incapacitating agents are typically soluble in most organic solvents including gasoline, alcohols, and oils. Salts of agents are water soluble.

12.4 12.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors, aerosols, or to solid agents may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to solid agents or solutions of agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed.

12.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 12.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. Leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient agent to produce effects for several weeks post release, depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions.

12.4.3

Fire

Because of their low vapor pressures, heat from a ﬁre will destroy incapacitating agents before generating any signiﬁcant concentration of agent vapor. However, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can spread the agent. Salts are water soluble and runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will pose a signiﬁcant threat. Some of the decomposition products resulting from hydrolysis or combustion of incapacitating agents are water soluble and highly toxic (see Section 12.4.5). Other potential decomposition products include toxic and/or corrosive gases.

12.4.4

Reactivity

Some incapacitating agents decompose slowly in water. Raising the pH of an aqueous solution of these agents signiﬁcantly increases the rate of decomposition.

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Incapacitating Agents 12.4.5

383

Hazardous Decomposition Products

12.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Varies depending on the speciﬁc agent but may include various complex alkaloids and organic acids. 12.4.5.2 Combustion Varies depending on the speciﬁc agent but volatile decomposition products may include hydrogen ﬂuoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), phosgene (COCl2 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx ), aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, as well as potentially toxic lower molecular weight hydrocarbons.

12.5

Protection

12.5.1

Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). BZ is the only incapacitating agent addressed and recommendations are based on a release scenario involving direct aerosolization of the solid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release of BZ is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 10 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 120 cubic in.) and a large release involves 500 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 11 cubic ft). Initial isolation (feet)

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

100 200

0.1 0.3

0.3 1.2

BZ C12-A001 Small device (10 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms)

12.5.2 12.5.2.1

Personal Protective Requirements Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear

Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide very limited skin protection against agent vapors and aerosols. Contact with solid and liquid agents should be avoided. 12.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency

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operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 12.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against incapacitating agent.

12.5.3

Decontamination

12.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. 12.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing as it may contain “trapped” agent. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped agent. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to the agent, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors or dissipate the aerosol. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because agents that have been absorbed into these materials may migrate back to the surface and pose a residual hazard. 12.5.3.3

Liquids/Solutions or Liquid Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase percutaneous absorption of residual agent. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to incapacitating agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter and appropriate vapor ﬁlters. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors.

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385

Solids or Particulate Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. If possible, dampen the agent with a water mist to help prevent aerosolization. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to incapacitating agents, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene.

12.6 12.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

A case in which incapacitating agents are detected in the urine. Remember that fentanyl derivatives and some other synthetic opioids might not be detected by routine toxicologic screens. If an analytical methodology is available, then detection of incapacitating agents in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 12.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to incapacitating agents: conduct disorder, personality disorders, dysthymic disorder, attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder, panic disorders, delirium, dementia, amnesia, anxiety, headache, migraine, brain abscess; encephalitis, CNS infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome; heat exhaustion/heatstroke, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, diabetic ketoacidosis; substance abuse (alcohol, plant and mushroom poisoning, scopolamine-tainted heroin), withdrawal syndromes, delirium tremens, methemoglobinemia, organophosphate and carbamate pesticide exposure, carbon monoxide, and cyanides. 12.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

Varies according to the type of incapacitating agent. Care must be taken in that many signs and symptoms associated with exposure to incapacitating agents are also associated with anxiety or physical trauma. Potential indications of exposure include apprehension,

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restlessness, dizziness, confusion, erratic behavior, inappropriate smiling or laughing, irrational fear, difﬁculty in communicating (mumbling, slurred, or nonsensical speech), euphoria, lethargy, trembling, pleading, crying, perceptual distortions, hallucinations, disrobing, stumbling or staggering, blurred vision, dilated or pinpointed pupils, ﬂushed face and skin, elevated temperature, dry mouth and skin, foul breath, stomach cramps, vomiting, difﬁculty in urinating, change in pulse rate (slow or elevated), change in blood pressure (lowered or elevated), changes in breathing rate, stupor, or coma.

12.6.4 12.6.4.1

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations Priority 1

A casualty with cardiovascular collapse or severe hyperthermia. Immediate attention to ventilation, hemodynamic status, and temperature control could be life-saving. 12.6.4.2 Priority 2 A casualty with severe or worsening signs after exposure. 12.6.4.3 Priority 3 A casualty with mild peripheral or central nervous system effects. However these patients will not be able to manage themselves and should be controlled. 12.6.4.4

Priority 4

A casualty with severe cardiorespiratory compromise when treatment or evacuation resources are unavailable.

12.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all incapacitating agents have been removed. If incapacitating agents have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. However, do not delay treatment if thorough decontamination cannot be undertaken immediately. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Antidotes are available for some incapacitating agents. Prior to administering antidotes or other drugs, ensure that the signs and symptoms (e.g., coma, seizures, etc.) are due to chemical exposure and not the result of head trauma or other physical injury. Otherwise, general treatment consists of observation, supportive care with ﬂuids, and possibly restraint or conﬁnement. Casualties should be isolated in a safe area. Remove any potentially harmful material from individuals suspected of being exposed to incapacitating agents including such items as cigarettes, matches, medications, and other small items they might attempt to ingest. Observe casualties for signs of heatstroke as some incapacitating agents eliminate the ability of exposed individuals to sweat. Monitor to ensure that casualties are breathing. Casualties will usually recover from exposure to incapacitating agents without medical treatment; however, full recovery from effects may take several days.

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Incapacitating Agents C12-A

12.7

387

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. Although it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains are heavily contaminated with residue, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C12-A AGENTS C12-A001 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (Agent BZ) CAS: 6581-06-2 RTECS: — N O

O OH

C21 H23 NO3 White to beige crystalline solid that is odorless. Various salts have been reported. Also reported as a mixture with ortho-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile (C13-A009). Exposure Hazards LCt50(Inh) : 200,000 mg-min/m3 . This value is from an older source (ca. 1960) and is not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. ICt50(Inh) : 100 mg-min/m3 “Mild incapacitation”: 90 mg-min/m3 (some hallucinations) “Severe incapacitation”: 135 mg-min/m3 (marked hallucinations)

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Properties: MW : 337.4 D: 1.33 g/cm3 (crystalline)

VP: Negligible VD: —

D: 0.51 g/cm3 (powder) MP: 334◦ F BP: 774◦ F (estimate) Vsc: —

Vlt: — H2 O: 0.0012% (77◦ F) Sol: Common organic solvents

FlP: 475◦ F FlP: 428◦ F (munition grade) LEL: — UEL: — RP: 200,000 IP: —

C12-A002 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl cyclopentyl-1-propynyl-glycolate (Agent 302196 (B)) CAS: 53034-67-6 RTECS: — N

O

O OH

C16 H25 NO3 Ivory colored powder. Various salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 279.4 D: 1.14 g/cm3 MP: 253◦ F BP: 671◦ F (estimate) Vsc: —

FlP: 376◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 13,000,000 IP: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 2.25% (77◦ F) Sol: Chloroform

C12-A003 3-Quinuclidinyl cyclopentyl-phenylglycolate (Agent EA 3167) CAS: 26758-53-2 RTECS: — N O

O OH

C20 H27 NO3 Straw-colored, extremely viscous, and tacky liquid that is odorless. Various salts have been reported.

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389

Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 329.5 D: 1.14 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 613◦ F (estimate) Vsc: 15,000 cS (131◦ F)

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: <0.001% Sol: Ethanol; Chloroform

FlP: 448◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 11,000,000 IP: —

C12-A004 N-Methyl-4-piperidyl cyclopentyl-phenylglycolate (Agent EA 3443) CAS: 37803-21-0 RTECS: — N

O

O OH

C19 H27 NO3 Waxy solid or viscous liquid that is odorless. Various salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards ICt50(Inh) : 54.4 mg-min/m3 Properties: MW : 317.5 D: 1.1 g/mL MP: 119◦ F BP: 714◦ F Vsc: 86,000 cS (86◦ F)

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.12% (77◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 424◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 11,000,000 IP: —

C12-A005 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl cyclobutyl-phenylglycolate (Agent EA 3580B; Hydrochloride salt is Agent EA 3580A) CAS: 54390-94-2 RTECS: — N

O

O OH

C18 H25 NO3 Waxy solid to white crystalline material that is odorless. Hydrochloride salt is a white to yellow crystalline solid.

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An aerosol cloud from the hydrochloride salt can be thermally generated with little decomposition of the agent. Exposure Hazards ICt50(Inh) : 71 mg-min/m3 ICt50(Inh) : 79 mg-min/m3 (Hydrochloride salt) Properties: MW : 303.4 D: 1.10 g/cm3 (77◦ F) MP: 133◦ F BP: 710◦ F Vsc: 4060 cS (77◦ F)

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 9.42% (77◦ F) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1,200,000 IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 339.9 D: 1.21 g/cm3 (77◦ F) MP: 387◦ F H2 O: 39% (77◦ F) C12-A006 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl isopropyl-phenylglycolate (Agent EA 3834B; Hydrochloride salt is Agent EA 3834A) CAS: 75321-25-4; 137444-35-0 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: — N

O

O OH

C17 H25 NO3 White crystals to brown oil that is odorless. Hydrochloride salt is a white crystalline solid. An aerosol cloud from the hydrochloride salt can be thermally generated with little decomposition of the agent. Salt has greater absorption via lungs than the free base. Also reported as a mixture with 1-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (C13-A014). Exposure Hazards ICt50(Inh) : 73.4 mg-min/m3 ICt50(Inh) : 82.6 mg-min/m3 (Hydrochloride salt) Properties: MW : 291.4 D: 1.0626 g/cm3 MP: 120◦ F BP: 639◦ F Vsc: 13,525 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 0.000015 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 10 (calculated) Vlt: 0.02 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: <0.002% Sol: Hexane; Ether

FlP: 397◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 390,000 IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 327.9 D: 1.18 g/cm3 MP: 399◦ F H2 O: 43.9% (77◦ F)

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391

C12-A007 Phencyclidine (Agent SN) CAS: 77-10-1 RTECS: —

N

C17 H25 N Colorless crystals. Various salts have been reported. Used as a veterinary anesthetic. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards ICt50(Inh) : 1000 mg-min/m3 . Concentration of 25–50 mg-min/m3 produce anesthetic effects, and concentrations >100 mg-min/m3 cause mental disturbances. ID50(Ing) : 0.010–0.020 g LD50(Ing) : 7 g Properties: MW : 243.4 D: — MP: 115◦ F BP: 275◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: — Hydrochloride salt MW : 279.9Z MP: 451◦ F

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Hydrobromide salt MW : 324.3 MP: 417◦ F

C12-A008 Cocaine CAS: 50-36-2 RTECS: YM2800000 O O

N

O

O

C17 H21 NO4 Colorless to white crystals or powder with no odor. Various salts have been reported. Used medicinally and by veterinarians as a local anesthetic. Also used as an illegal street drug.

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Exposure Hazards LD50(Ing) : 1–1.2 g (estimate) Properties: MW : 303.4 D: — MP: 208◦ F BP: 369◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: — Hydrochloride salt MW : 339.9 MP: 383◦ F H2 O: 250%

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.17% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Nitrate salt MW : 366.4 MP: 136◦ F H2 O: “Freely soluble”

C12-A009 Dexamphetamine CAS: 51-64-9 RTECS: —

NH2

C9 H13 N Colorless liquid. The sulfate salt is a white, odorless crystalline solid. Used by veterinarians as a stimulant of the central nervous system. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 1.4–1.8 g (estimate) Properties: MW : 135.2 D: 0.949 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: — BP: 397◦ F BP: 181◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly” Sol: Alcohol; Ether

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Sulfate salt MW : 233.3 D: 1.15 g/cm3 MP: 572◦ F H2 O: 10% C12-A010 Methamphetamine CAS: 537-46-2 RTECS: —

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393

N

C10 H15 N Clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor resembling geranium leaves. The hydrochloride salt is a crystalline solid that is odorless. Used medicinally as an anesthetic. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.10 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 1.4–1.8 g (estimate) Properties: MW : 149.2 D: — MP: — BP: 414◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.163 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.1 (calculated) Vlt: 210 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 1.33% Sol: Ethanol; Ether; Chloroform

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 50 IP: —

Hydrochloride salt MW : 185.7 MP: 338◦ F H2 O: 50% C12-A011 Ecstasy CAS: 42542-10-9 RTECS: — O N

O

C11 H15 NO2 Oily liquid. The hydrochloride salt is a crystalline solid. There is no approved medical use in the United States, but it is used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.90 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 1.4–1.8 g (estimate) This material is approximately three times more potent than Mescaline (C12-A014). Properties: MW : 193.2 D: — MP: — BP: 212◦ F (0.4 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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Hydrochloride salt MW : 229.7 MP: 297◦ F C12-A012 Mescaline CAS: 54-04-6 RTECS: — O

O NH2 O

C11 H17 NO3 Crystalline solid. Various salts have been reported. Used in religious ceremonies by the North American Church of Native Americans. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.64 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 211.3 D: — MP: 97◦ F BP: 356◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: — Hydrochloride salt MW : 247.7 MP: 358◦ F

VP: — VD: 7.3 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Moderate” Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Benzene

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Sulfate salt MW : 309.3 MP: 361◦ F

C12-A013 LSD CAS: 50-37-3 RTECS: — O

N

N N

C20 H25 N3 O Colorless crystalline solid that is odorless. Various salts have been reported.

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395

Used in biochemical research as an antagonist to serotonin. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards LD50(Ing) : 0.021–3.5 g Properties: MW : 323.4 D: — MP: 180◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.0002% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 7.25 eV

Tartrate salt MW : 861.0 MP: 388◦ F H2 O: “Soluble” C12-A014 Morphine CAS: 57-27-2 RTECS: — N

OH

O

C17 H19 NO3 White crystalline solid that is odorless. Acetate has a slight acetic odor. Various salts have been reported. Used medicinally as an anesthetic. Also used as an illegal street drug. Exposure Hazards LD50(IV) : 0.03 g Properties: MW : 285.3 D: 1.31 g/cm3 MP: 387◦ F BP: Sublimes Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 9.8 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: Methanol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C12-A015 Fentanyl CAS: 437-38-7 RTECS: UE5550000

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N

N

C22 H28 N2 O Crystalline solid that is odorless. Various salts have been reported. Used medicinally as an anesthetic, by veterinarians as a tranquilizer. Also used as an illegal street drug and as an illegal stimulant for racehorses. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this material is between 50 and 100 times more potent than Morphine (C12-A017). Properties: MW : 336.5 D: — MP: 181◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.02% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

Citrate salt MW : 528.6 MP: 300◦ F H2 O: 2.5% C12-A016 Sufentanil CAS: 56030-54-7 RTECS: —

O

S

N N

O

C22 H30 N2 O2 S Crystalline solid. Various salts have been reported. Used medicinally as an anesthetic. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, this material is approximately 700 times more potent than Morphine (C12-A017).

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Incapacitating Agents C12-A Properties: MW : 386.6 D: — MP: 206◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

397

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.0076% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C12-A017 Alfentanil CAS: 71195-58-9; 70879-28-6 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: — O N N N

N

N

O

N

O

C21 H32 N6 O3 Hydrochloride is a colorless solid with no odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. May cause nausea and vomiting as well as muscle rigidity that includes the chest wall causing apnea. Used medicinally as a short-acting general anesthetic. Effects dissipate after approximately 20 min. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 416.5 D: — MP: 285◦ F (Hydrochloride salt) BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.0035% H2 O: Soluble (Hydrochloride salt) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C12-A018 Lofentanil CAS: 61380-40-3; 61380-41-4 (Oxalate salt) RTECS: — O O N N O

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C25 H32 N2 O3 Oxalate is a colorless solid with no odor. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Used medicinally as an anesthetic. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 408.5 D: — MP: 351◦ F (Oxalate salt) BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.00007% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C12-A019 Prolixin CAS: 69-23-8; 146-56-5 (Hydrochloride salt); 5002-47-1 (Decanoate salt); 3093-66-1 (Dimaleate salt); 2746-81-8 (Enanthate salt) RTECS: —

N

N

S

N OH F F F

C22 H26 F3 N3 OS Dark brown viscous oil. The hydrochloride salt is a white crystalline solid, while the decanoate and enanthate esters are pale yellow to yellowish orange viscous liquids or oily solids. Used medicinally as an anesthetic. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 437.5 D: — MP: — BP: 482◦ F (0.3 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.003% (99◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 8.64 eV

Dihydrochloride salt MW : 510.4 MP: 436◦ F H2 O: “Soluble”

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399

C12-A020 Halothane CAS: 151-67-7 RTECS: KH6550000 Br F Cl F F

C2 HBrClF3 Clear, colorless liquid with a sweetish, pleasant odor. Used medicinally as an inhalation anesthetic. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.07 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 50 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 2.0 ppm [60 min limit] Properties: MW : 197.4 D: 1.871 g/mL MP: –180◦ F BP: 122◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 243 mmHg VP: 302 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: 330,000 ppm H2 O: 0.345% H2 O: 0.407% (77◦ F) Sol: Hydrocarbon solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 0.029 IP: —

C12-A021 Methoxyﬂurane CAS: 76-38-0 RTECS: KN7820000 Cl O Cl F

F

C3 H4 Cl2 F2 O Clear, colorless liquid with a fruity odor. Used medicinally as an inhalation anesthetic. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.75 mg/m3 at 77◦ F NIOSH Ceiling: 2.0 ppm [60 min limit] Properties: MW : 165.0 D: 1.4223 g/mL MP: –31◦ F

VP: 23 mmHg VP: 49.1 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.7 (calculated)

FlP: 145◦ F LEL: 7% UEL: —

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BP: 221◦ F BP: 124◦ F (100 mmHg) Vsc: —

Vlt: 65,000 ppm H2 O: 2.8% (100◦ F) Sol: —

RP: 0.16 IP: 11 eV

COMPONENTS AND PRECURSORS C12-C

C12-C022 3-Quinuclidinol CAS: 1619-34-7 RTECS: VD6191700 HO

N

C7 H13 NO White to beige crystalline powder. This material produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a component for numerous incapacitating agents and several organophosphorus nerve agents (Chapter 1). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.20 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 127.2 D: — MP: 424◦ F BP: — Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: ≤8.1 eV

C12-C023 Benzilic acid CAS: 76-93-7 RTECS: DD2064000 O OH

HO

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Components and Precursors C12-C

401

C14 H12 O3 White to cream powder. This material produces local skin/eye impacts. Used industrially as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list and Schedule 2 of the CWC. This material is a component for numerous incapacitating agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.33 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 228.2 D: — MP: 300◦ F BP: 356◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C12-C024 Methyl Benzilate CAS: 76-89-1 RTECS: — O O

HO

C15 H14 O3 Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this material. Used industrially as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. This material is on the Australia Group Export Control list. This material is a component for numerous incapacitating agents. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.91 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 242.3 D: — MP: 163◦ F BP: 369◦ F (13 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

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References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnition: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ).” March 11, 2005. ———. “Case Deﬁnition: Opioids (Fentanyl, Etorphine, or Others).” March 11, 2005. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Lakoski, Joan M., W. Bosseau Murray, and John M. Kenny. The Advantages and Limitations of Calmatives for Use as Non-Lethal Technique. College of Medicine, Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, October 3, 2000. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Perrine, Daniel M. The Chemistry of Mind-Altering Drugs: History, Pharmacology, and Cultural Context. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, ed. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Sommer, Harold Z., and Jacob I. Miller. “Quaternary Quinuclidinones.” US Patent 3,919,240, November 11, 1975. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume II, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Psychedelic Agent 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. ———. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

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13 Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents

13.1

General Information

The majority of these materials are alkylating agents that react with the moisture in the eyes to cause irritation. Under normal battleﬁeld conditions, they do not pose a serious danger to the life of an exposed individual and do not produce any permanent injury. They are ﬁrst generation chemical warfare agents and were the ﬁrst agents deployed in World War I. Since the end of World War I, numerous new agents have been developed, typically with greater irritating power and less toxicity. Under the general purpose criterion of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) the use of irritating and lachrymatory agents is banned during a war. However, they may still be used by the military during operations other than war such as when responding to incidents of civil unrest. Lachrymatory agents are also used by police forces throughout the world to control rioters and disband unruly crowds. In some countries, agents can be purchased by individuals for personal protection.

13.2 13.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Irritating and lachrymatory agents cause intense eye pain and tears. They may also irritate the respiratory tract, causing the sensation that the casualty has difﬁculty breathing. In high concentrations, they are irritating to the skin and cause a temporary burning or itching sensation. High concentration can cause nausea, vomiting, and blistering on the skin. In an enclosed or conﬁned space, very high concentration can be lethal.

13.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Irritating and lachrymatory agents are primarily an eye-contact and inhalation hazard. Aerosols and vapors are irritating to the eyes and skin at low concentrations but are otherwise relatively nontoxic via these routes. However, exposure to bulk liquid or solid agents may be hazardous through skin absorption, ingestion, and introduction through abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris). 403

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404 13.2.3

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents General Exposure Hazards

Irritating and lachrymatory agents have excellent warning properties. In general, they produce eye, respiratory, and/or skin irritation at concentrations well below lethal levels. This class of agents does not seriously endanger life except at exposures greatly exceeding an effective dose, usually only achieved in a conﬁned or enclosed space.

13.2.4

Latency Period

Exposure to irritating and lachrymatory agents produces immediate effects.

13.3 13.3.1

Characteristics Physical Appearance/Odor

13.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless to yellow liquids or solids. They typically have little or no odor when pure. If present, odors range from sweetish to ﬂoral to pepperlike. Most simply cause a burning sensation in the nose and nasal passages. 13.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically off-white to yellow to brown. As the agent ages and decomposes it continues to discolor. Production impurities and decomposition products in these agents may give them additional odors. 13.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents Solvents have been added to these materials to increase the efﬁcacy of the agents, to facilitate handling, to stabilize the agents, or to aid in dispersing the agents. Typical solvents include propylene glycol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and/or trioctylphosphite. Solvents may pose toxic hazards themselves (e.g., chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene). Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of agent in the solution. Agents have also been micropulverized, encapsulated, or treated with ﬂowing agents such as silica aerogel to facilitate their dispersal and increase their persistency. Color and other physical properties of the agent may be affected by these additives.

13.3.2

Stability

Modern irritating and lachrymatory agents are stable and can be stored even under tropical conditions. Older agents, typically simple halogenated acyl or aryl compounds, tend to be sensitive to air, moisture, and/or light. Some older agents are also prone to polymerization during storage. Stabilizers may be added to enhance stability and increase shelf life. Stabilizers include butylphenol, butylhydroquinone, amyl nitrate, and calcium carbonate. Modern agents can typically be stored in aluminum, glass, or steel containers. Older agents typically require glass, enamel lined, or lead lined containers. Many halogenated agents tend to deteriorate in the presence of metals such as iron and aluminum.

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Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents 13.3.3

405

Persistency

As typically deployed, unmodiﬁed irritating and lachrymatory agents are classiﬁed as nonpersistent by the military. However, bulk solid agents deployed for the purpose of area denial may persist for weeks or months. Depending on the size of the individual particles and on any encapsulation or coatings applied to the particles, they can be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds.

13.3.4

Environmental Fate

Many irritating and lachrymatory agents are nonvolatile and produce negligible amounts of vapor. Vapors of volatile agents have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. Most agents are insoluble in water and have speciﬁc gravities that range from near water to greater than water. Lack of solubility inhibits reaction of these agents with water. Further, solvents used to disperse irritating and lachrymatory agents are generally insoluble in water and will help prevent interaction of the agent with water. Solvents may have densities less than or greater than water and may cause agents to either ﬂoat or sink in a water column. Most of these agents are soluble in organic solvents including gasoline, alcohols, and ketones. Agents may be absorbed into porous material, including painted surfaces, and these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate.

13.4 13.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors or aerosols may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to solid or liquid agents, or solutions of agents, should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Plants, fruits, and vegetables should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. Skins should be removed prior to use.

13.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water (see Section 13.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested.

13.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before

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the agent is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Although many irritating and lachrymatory agents are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water, runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will still pose a potential contact threat. Many decompose to produce toxic and/or corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and phosgene (COCl2 ). Some of the decomposition products resulting from hydrolysis or combustion of incapacitating agents are water soluble and highly toxic (see Section 13.4.5). In addition, solvents used in many formulation are highly ﬂammable.

13.4.4

Reactivity

Irritating and lachrymatory agents either do not react with water or are very slowly decomposed by it. Some agents may be corrosive and react with metal. In some cases these reactions may be violent. Most of these agents are incompatible with strong oxidizers, including household bleach, and may produce toxic decomposition products. Solvents used to disperse agents may be incompatible with strong oxidizers and may also decompose to form toxic and/or corrosive decomposition products.

13.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

13.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Irritating and lachrymatory agents are generally stable or very slowly decomposed by water. Further, solvents used to disperse these agents are generally insoluble in water and will help prevent interaction of the agent with water. However, should hydrolysis occur, decomposition products may include HCl, HCN, hydrogen bromide (HBr), and/or aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as complex condensation products. 13.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, HCN, COCl2 , nitrogen oxides (NOx ), aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, and/or halogenated aromatic compounds.

13.5 13.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For irritating and lachrymatory agents, these recommendations are based on a release scenario involving direct aerosolization of the solid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 10 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 200 cubic inch) and a large release involves 500 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 18 cubic feet).

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407 Initial isolation (feet)

CA (Bromobenzyl cyanide) C13-A004 Small device (10 kilograms) 100 Large device (500 kilograms) 500 CN (Chloroacetophenone) C13-A008 Small device (10 kilograms) 100 Large device (500 kilograms) 400 CS (o-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile) C13-A009 Small device (10 kilograms) 200 Large device (500 kilograms) 800

13.5.2

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

0.1 1.0

0.3 2.6

0.1 0.7

0.3 2.0

0.2 1.6

0.7 3.5

Personal Protective Requirements

13.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide very limited skin protection against agent vapors and aerosols. Contact with solid and liquid agents should be avoided. 13.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 13.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Irritating and lachrymatory agents are primarily an eye and respiratory hazard; however, at elevated vapor/aerosol concentrations or in contact with bulk material, agents may also pose a dermal hazard. In addition, solvents used in agent formulations may also pose respiratory or contact hazards. Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against the speciﬁc agent that has been released. Since chemical protective clothing is tested against relatively pure agents, reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade agents. 13.5.3

Decontamination

13.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. If available, an alkaline soap/detergent works best. Do not use bleach or detergents containing bleach as they may

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interact with agents to produce toxic decomposition products. Alternatively, an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (i.e., baking soda) may be used. Casualties should be warned that there is a mild reaction between water and the agent and that they could experience a burning sensation during the decontamination process. 13.5.3.2 Vapors Casualties/personnel: Aeration and ventilation. If decontamination is deemed necessary, remove all clothing as it may contain “trapped” agent. Flush skin with cool water followed by showering with copious amounts of soap and warm water. Do not use hot water as it will increase the burning sensation on the skin. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Small areas: Ventilate to dissipate the aerosol. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate. 13.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Flush skin with cool water. After ﬂushing, use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not use hot water as it will increase the burning sensation on the skin. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase discomfort. Rinse with copious amounts of water. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Small areas: Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with appropriate vapor ﬁlters. Wash the area with copious amounts of an alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. 13.5.3.4 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. If possible, dampen the agent with a water mist to help prevent aerosolization. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Flush skin with cool water. After ﬂushing, use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not use hot water as it will increase the burning sensation on the skin. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase discomfort. Rinse with copious amounts of water. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects.

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409

Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of an alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate.

13.6 13.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

The case can be conﬁrmed if there is either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. 13.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to irritating agents: anxiety, anaphylaxis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, ultraviolet keratitis; thermal or chemical burns; inhalation of smoke, hydrocarbons, ammonia, hydrogen sulﬁde, phosgene, halogens (e.g., chlorine), sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride (HCl), or nickel carbonyl; sodium azide; acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema. 13.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

13.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols Irritating and lachrymatory agents produce intense eye pain and tearing. They may also produce burning or stinging sensations of exposed mucous membranes (e.g., nose and mouth) and skin. Symptoms may also include rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, coughing, respiratory discomfort (e.g., tightness of the chest or inability to breathe), nausea, and/or vomiting. Increases in ambient temperature and/or humidity exacerbate agent effects. Effects from solvents will be minimal in comparison to the impacts caused by the actual agents themselves. 13.6.3.2 Solids/Solutions General signs and symptoms may include intense pain of the eyes and mucous membranes, tearing, as well as localized irritation and burning of the skin.

13.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

Typically not required. Casualties will usually recover unassisted shortly after removal from the contaminated atmosphere. Consult the base station physician or regional poison control center for advice on speciﬁc situations.

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13.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the irritating and lachrymatory agents have been removed. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Casualties will usually recover unassisted from exposure to irritating agents within 15 minutes after removal from the contaminated atmosphere. Most patients can be discharged safely. Rarely a patient with signiﬁcant respiratory ﬁndings may merit admission.

13.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. Do not use bleach or detergents containing bleach as they may interact with agents to produce toxic decomposition products. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains are heavily contaminated with residue, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks, and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

C13-A AGENTS C13-A001 Acrolein (Papite) CAS: 107-02-8 RTECS: AS1050000 UN: 1092 ERG: 131P O H

C3 H4 O Colorless to greenish-yellow liquid with a pungent, piercing, disagreeable odor detectable at 0.3 ppm. Unstable and prone to polymerization; often stabilized with amyl nitrate or hydroquinone. May form shock-sensitive peroxides during storage. Used industrially as a pesticide, warning agent in refrigerants, and in the manufacturing of glycerol, polyurethane, polyester resins, and pharmaceuticals.

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411

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 2.29 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 3500 mg-min/m3 (760 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.06 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 22 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937). No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. MEG(1h) Min: 0.03 ppm; Sig: 0.1 ppm; Sev: 1.4 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.10 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.10 ppm [Skin] NIOSH STEL: 0.3 ppm IDLH: 2.0 ppm Properties: MW : 56.1 D: 0.84 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: –126◦ F BP: 127◦ F Vsc: 0.35 cS

VP: 210 mmHg VD: 1.9 (calculated) Vlt: 280,000 ppm H2 O: 40% Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Acetone

Interim AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.030 ppm AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.10 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 1.4 ppm

4 h, 0.030 ppm 4 h, 0.10 ppm 4 h, 0.48 ppm

FlP: –15◦ F LEL: 2.8% UEL: 31% RP: 0.063 IP: 10.13 eV

8 h, 0.030 ppm 8 h, 0.10 ppm 8 h, 0.27 ppm

C13-A002 Benzyl bromide (Cyclite) CAS: 100-39-0 RTECS: XS7965000 UN: 1737 ERG: 156 Br

C7 H7 Br Colorless to yellow to brownish liquid with a pleasant and aromatic odor, resembling water cress. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.99 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 45,000 mg-min/m3 (3220 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.6 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 4.3 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937). No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 171.0 D: 1.4362 g/mL

VP: 0.450 mmHg VP: 1.0 mmHg (90◦ F)

FlP: 174◦ F LEL: —

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412 MP: 27◦ F BP: 394◦ F Vsc: —

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: 600 ppm H2 O: 0.0385% (slowly decomposes) Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene

UEL: — RP: 17 IP: 8.99 eV

C13-A003 Bromoacetone (Agent BA) CAS: 598-31-2 RTECS: — UN: 1569 ERG: 131 O Br

C3 H5 BrO Colorless to violet liquid with a pungent odor. It is unstable and decomposed by heat and light. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.60 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 32,000 mg-min/m3 (2860 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.27 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 1.8 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Liquid agent produces blisters on exposed skin. These values are from older sources (ca. 1937). No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 137.0 D: 1.634 g/mL (73◦ F) MP: –34◦ F BP: 279◦ F BP: 146◦ F (50 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 9 mmHg VD: 4.7 (calculated) Vlt: 13,000 ppm H2 O: “Slight” Sol: Alcohol; Acetone; Ether; Benzene

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.9 IP: 9.73 eV

C13-A004 Bromobenzyl cyanide (Agent CA) CAS: 5798-79-8 RTECS: AL8090000 UN: 1694 ERG: 159 Br

CN

C8 H6 BrN Yellow solid or yellow to brown liquid with an odor like soured or rotting fruit. Undergoes considerable decomposition when a large explosive charge is used to disseminate the agent.

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413

Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 8,000–11,000 mg-min/m3 (500–690 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 30 mg-min/m3 (1.9 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.04 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Properties: MW : 196.0 D: — MP: 84◦ F BP: 468◦ F (decomposes) BP: 270◦ F (12 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.012 mmHg VD: 6.8 (calculated) Vlt: 14 ppm Vlt: 34 ppm (86◦ F) H2 O: “Slightly soluble” Sol: Common organic solvents

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: 640 IP: <10 eV

C13-A005 Bromomethylethyl ketone (Bn-Stoff) CAS: 816-40-0 RTECS: — O

Br

C4 H7 BrO Light yellow liquid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 20,000 mg-min/m3 (1600 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 2 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 2.6 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937). No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 151.0 D: 1.479 g/mL MP: — BP: 293◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: —

VP: 15 mmHg (57◦ F) VD: 5.2 (calculated) Vlt: 20,000 ppm H2 O: “Insoluble” Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.53 IP: —

C13-A006 Capsaicin (Agent OC) CAS: 404-86-4 RTECS: RA8530000 O O N

HO

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C18 H27 NO3 Crystalline solid. Used medicinally and as a food ﬂavoring. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 12.49 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LD50(Ing) : 350 g (estimate) Properties: MW : 305.4 D: — MP: 149◦ F BP: 410◦ F (0.01 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: “Practically insoluble” Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene; Chloroform

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 38,000,000 IP: —

C13-A007 Chloroacetone (Tonite) CAS: 78-95-5 RTECS: UC0700000 UN: 1695 ERG: 131 O Cl

C3 H5 ClO Clear liquid with a pungent odor similar to hydrochloric acid. Readily breaks down during storage; often stabilized with water or calcium carbonate. Turns dark and forms resins on prolonged exposure to light. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of couplers for color photography, as a photo polymerization agent for vinyl compounds, as a solvent, and as an enzyme inactivator in biological research. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.78 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 23,000 mg-min/m3 (3040 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 4.8 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 26 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937). No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. MEG(1h) Min: 1 ppm; Sig: —; Sev: — ACGIH Ceiling: 1 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 92.5 D: 1.123 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –48◦ F BP: 248◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 12.0 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.7 (calculated) Vlt: 15,800 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 9% Sol: Alcohols; Ether; Chloroform

FlP: 104◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.88 IP: 9.92 eV

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Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents C13-A Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 4.4 ppm AEGL-3: 1 h, 13 ppm

415

4 h, 1.1 ppm 4 h, 3.3 ppm

8 h, 1.1 ppm 8 h, 3.3 ppm

C13-A008 Chloroacetophenone (Agent CN) CAS: 532-27-4 RTECS: AM6300000 UN: 1697 ERG: 153 O Cl

C8 H7 ClO Colorless to white or gray crystalline solid with a sharp, fragrant odor like apple blossoms that is detectable at 0.02 ppm. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals and as a denaturant for alcohol. Also reported as a mixture with various solvents including CNB (mixture of 10% chloroacetophenone, 45% benzene, and 45% carbon tetrachloride), CNC (mixture of 30% chloroacetophenone and 70% chloroform), CND (mixture of chloroacetophenone and ethylene dichloride), and CNS (C13-A015). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.32 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 7000 mg-min/m3 (550 ppm for a 2-min exposure) when dispersed as a solution of the agent dissolved in a solvent. LCt50(Inh) : 14,000 mg-min/m3 (1100 ppm for a 2-min exposure) when dispersed as an aerosol from a thermal device. ICt50(Eyes) : 80 mg-min/m3 (6.3 ppm for a 2 min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.02–0.06 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Exposure to high concentrations of aerosolized agent can cause severe skin irritation and even produce blistering similar to mustard agents (C03–C05). MEG(1h) Min: —; Sig: —; Sev: 2.4 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.05 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.05 ppm IDLH: 2.4 ppm Properties: MW : 154.6 D: 1.318 g/cm3 MP: 129◦ F BP: 478◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.0041 mmHg VD: 5.3 (calculated) Vlt: 5.4 ppm Vlt: 170 ppm (125◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 244◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2000 IP: 9.44 eV

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C13-A009 o-Chlorobenzyl-malononitrile (Agent CS) CAS: 2698-41-1 RTECS: OO3675000 Cl CN

CN

C10 H5 ClN2 Colorless solid with a pungent, pepper-like odor. Also reported as a 1% mixture in Trioctylphosphite (CSX). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.71 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 52,000–61,000 mg-min/m3 (3400–4000 ppm for a 2-min exposure). This is a provisional update from an older value that has not been formally adopted as of 2005. “Intolerable” Irritation: 0.91 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed MEG(1h) Min: 0.05 ppm; Sig: —; Sev: 0.26 ppm OSHA PEL: 0.05 ppm ACGIH Ceiling: 0.05 ppm [Skin] NIOSH Ceiling: 0.05 ppm [Skin] IDLH: 0.26 ppm Properties: MW : 188.6 D: 1.04 g/cm3 D: 0.24 g/cm3 (bulk) MP: 203◦ F BP: 590◦ F (decomposes)

VP: 0.000034 mmHg VD: 6.5 (calculated) Vlt: 0.092 ppm H2 O: 0.008% (77◦ F) Sol: Acetone; Hexane: Benzene; Methylene chloride

FlP: 387◦ F MEC: 25 g/m3 UEL: — RP: 21,000 IP: <10 eV

Vsc: — C13-A010 Chloromethyl chloroformate (Palite) CAS: 22128-62-7 RTECS: — UN: 2745 ERG: 157 O

Cl

O

Cl

C2 H2 Cl2 O2 Clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate.

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Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents C13-A

417

Also reported as a mixture with Dichloromethyl chloroformate (C13-A018); Stannic chloride. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.27 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 10,000 mg-min/m3 (950 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 50 mg-min/m3 (4.7 ppm for a 2-min exposure) These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Eye Irritation: 0.38 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed Properties: MW : 128.9 D: 1.449 g/mL MP: — BP: 225◦ F Vsc: —

FlP: 203◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.97 IP: —

VP: 5.6 mmHg VP: 100 mmHg (127◦ F) VD: 4.4 (calculated) Vlt: 7600 ppm H2 O: Decomposes Sol: Hydrocarbon solvents

C13-A011 Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (Agent CR) CAS: 257-07-8 RTECS: HQ3950000 O

N

C13 H9 NO Yellow needles or brown powder with a peppery odor and produces a burning sensation. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ICt50(Eyes) : 0.15 mg-min/m3 (0.009 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.0003–0.0005 ppm for a 1-min exposure Properties: MW : 195.2 D: 1.56 g/mL MP: 160◦ F BP: 634◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.000059 mmHg VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: 0.079 ppm H2 O: 0.008% Sol: Ethanol; Ether; Benzene; Chloroform

FlP: 370◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 120,000 IP: <9 eV

C13-A012 Ethyl iodoacetate (Agent SK) CAS: 623-48-3 RTECS: AI3575000 O I O

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C4 H7 IO2 Colorless oily liquid that is light and moisture sensitive. Becomes brown during storage due to liberation of iodine. Also reported as a mixture with Chloropicrin (C10-A006) and as a mixture in Ethyl acetate and Ethanol (KSK). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.75 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 15,000 mg-min/m3 (860 ppm for a 2-min exposure) “Intolerable” Irritation: 1.7 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1939) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 214.0 D: 1.808 g/mL MP: — BP: 355◦ F BP: 163◦ F (16 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.54 mmHg VD: 7.4 (calculated) Vlt: 350 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 169◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 13 IP: —

C13-A013 Iodoacetone (Bretonite) CAS: 3019-04-3 RTECS: — O I

C3 H5 IO Faintly yellow liquid. Becomes brown during storage due to liberation of iodine. Decomposes on standing to 1,3-Diiodoacetone. Also reported as a mixture with Stannic chloride. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.53 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 19,000 mg-min/m3 (1300 ppm for a 2-min exposure) ICt50(Eyes) : 100 mg-min/m3 (6.6 ppm for a 2-min exposure) “Intolerable” Irritation: 13 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 184.0 D: 1.8 g/mL MP: — BP: 216◦ F BP: 122◦ F (11 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.3 (calculated) Vlt: 400 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 20 IP: 9.3 eV

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419

C13-A014 1-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (Agent CH) CAS: 1714-38-1; 69044-01-5 (Fluorosulfate salt); 25059-10-3 (Perchlorate salt); 25482-84-2 (Perchlorate salt); 54098-95-2 (Perchlorate salt); 29630-03-3 (Tetraﬂuoroborate salt) RTECS: — O

C8 H10 O Colorless to brown liquid with a sweetish odor. Various salts have been reported. Also reported as a mixture with 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl isopropylphenylglycolate (C12A006). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.00 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 122.2 D: 0.9717 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: –153◦ F BP: 345◦ F Vsc: 1.50 cS (77◦ F)

VP: 1.3 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.2 (calculated) Vlt: 1700 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.072% Sol: Aromatic organic solvents

FlP: 133◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 7 IP: 7.23 eV

C13-A015 CNS CAS: 675600-78-9 RTECS: — O Cl Cl

NO2 Cl

Cl +

Mixture Liquid mixture of 38.4% Chloropicrin (C10-A006), 23% Chloroacetophenone (C13-A008), and 38.4% Chloroform. Historically, the odor of this mixture has been compared to ﬂypaper. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 11,400 mg-min/m3 ICt50(Eyes) : 60 mg-min/m3 In addition to lacrimation, the chloropicrin component may cause pulmonary edema, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Properties: MW : Mixture D: 1.47 g/mL MP: 36◦ F (precipitation occurs) BP: 140◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 78 mmHg VD: 5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: —

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C13-A016 o-Nitrobenzyl chloride (Cedenite) CAS: 612-23-7 RTECS: XS9092000 NO2 Cl

C7 H6 ClNO2 Pale yellow crystals. Used industrially for photographic imaging and in medicinal research. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.02 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ICt50(Eyes) : 15 mg-min/m3 (1.1 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.26 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1939) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 171.6 D: — MP: 118◦ F BP: 261◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 5.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene

FlP: 234◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: <10 eV

C13-A017 Thiophosgene (Lacrymite) CAS: 463-71-8 RTECS: XN2450000 UN: 2474 ERG: 131 S

Cl

Cl

CCl2 S Reddish-yellow liquid with a sharp, choking, foul odor. Air and moisture sensitive; decomposes above 392◦ F to carbon disulﬁde and carbon tetrachloride. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.70 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents C13-A Properties: MW : 115.0 D: 1.508 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: — BP: 163◦ F Vsc: —

421

VP: — VD: 4.0 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble (decomposes) Sol: Ether

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 9.61 eV

C13-A018 Dichloromethyl chloroformate CAS: 22128-63-8 RTECS: — O

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

C2 HCl3 O2 Colorless liquid. Also reported as a mixture with Chloromethyl chloroformate (C13-A010). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.68 mg/m3 at 77◦ F “Intolerable” Irritation: 11 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1939) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 163.4 D: 1.56 g/mL (59◦ F) MP: — BP: 230◦ F BP: 129◦ F (100 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 5 mmHg VD: 5.6 (calculated) Vlt: 6700 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.6 IP: —

C13-A019 Benzyl chloride CAS: 100-44-7 RTECS: XS8925000 UN: 1738 ERG: 156

Cl

C7 H7 Cl Colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a pungent, aromatic odor. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, dyes, synthetic tannins, and artiﬁcial resins.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F “Intolerable” Irritation: 16 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1939) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. OSHA PEL: 1 ppm ACGIH TLV: 1 ppm IDLH: 10 ppm Properties: MW : 126.6 D: 1.1028 g/mL MP: –49◦ F BP: 354◦ F BP: 210◦ F (62 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 1.23 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 4.4 (calculated) Vlt: 1200 ppm H2 O: 0.0525% Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 153◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 7.3 IP: 9.14 eV

C13-A020 Benzyl iodide CAS: 620-05-3 RTECS: — UN: 2653 ERG: 156

I

C7 H 7 I White crystalline solid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 30,000 mg-min/m3 (1700 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.2 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 3.4 ppm for 1-min exposure These values are from older sources (ca. 1939) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 218.0 D: 1.7429 g/cm3 MP: 75◦ F BP: 438◦ F (decomposes) BP: 200◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 7.5 (calculated) Vlt: 130 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Alcohol: Ether; Benzene

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 64 IP: 8.73 eV

C13-A021 Ethyl bromoacetate CAS: 105-36-2 RTECS: AF6000000

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423

UN: 1603 ERG: 155 O Br O

C4 H7 BrO2 Clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.83 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 23,000 mg-min/m3 (1700 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.44 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 5.9 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 167.0 D: 1.5032 g/mL MP: –36◦ F BP: 335◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 3.4 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.8 (calculated) Vlt: 3100 ppm H2 O: 0.7% Sol: Acetone; Benzene; Ethanol; Ether

FlP: 118◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2.3 IP: —

C13-A022 N-Ethylcarbazole CAS: 86-28-2 RTECS: FE6225700

N

C14 H13 N White to brown ﬂaky solid. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.99 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 195.3 D: 1.16 g/cm3 MP: 153◦ F BP: 374◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.02 mmHg (167◦ F) VD: 6.7 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Alcohol; Ether

FlP: 367◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 420 IP: —

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C13-A023 Xylyl bromide (T-Stoff) CAS: 28258-59-5 (Mixture); 620-13-3 (Meta isomer); 89-92-9 (Ortho isomer); 104-81-4 (Para isomer) RTECS: — UN: 1701 ERG: 152

Br

C8 H9 Br Mixture of the ortho, meta, and para isomers. Colorless to light yellow, slightly viscous liquid with a pungent and aromatic odor, resembling lilacs or elder blossoms. Weapons grade material is a black liquid. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 7.57 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 56,000 mg-min/m3 (3700 ppm for a 2-min exposure) Eye Irritation: 0.24 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed “Intolerable” Irritation: 2.0 ppm; exposure duration unspeciﬁed These values are from older sources (ca. 1937) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 185.1 D: 1.36 g/mL MP: — BP: 410–428◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 6.4 (calculated) Vlt: 80 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 120 IP: —

C13-A024 Xylylene bromide CAS: — (Mixture); 91-13-4 (Ortho isomer); 626-15-3 (Meta isomer); 623-24-5 (Para isomer) RTECS: —

Br Br

C8 H8 Br2 Mixture of the ortho, meta, and para isomers. White to beige crystalline solid. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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References

425

Properties: MW : 264.0 D: 1.96 g/cm3 (ortho isomer) MP: 196◦ F (ortho isomer) MP: 288◦ F (para isomer) BP: 473◦ F (para isomer) Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Proﬁle for Acrolein. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1990. Brophy, Leo P., Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cohrane. The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1968. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Edgewood Research Development, and Engineering Center, Department of the Army. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Agent CS. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Riot Control Agent CR. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Biological Defense Command, Revised June 30, 1995. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Grant, George A. “Safe Sensory Irritant.” US Patent 4,598,096, July 1, 1986. Jackson, Kirby E., and Margaret A. Jackson. “Lachrymators.” Chemical Reviews 16 (1935): 195–242. Langford, Gordon E. “Scale-up and Synthesis of 1-Methoxycyglohepta-1,3,5-triene.” US Patent 4,978,806, December 18, 1990. Marrs, Timothy C., Robert L. Maynard, and Frederick R. Sidell. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario F. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.

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Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions: An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springﬁeld, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume II, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd Edn. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. March 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection Against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Tear Agent 2-Chloroacetophenone (CN). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Tear Agent Bromobenzylcyanide (CA). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Tear Agent Chloracetophenone in Benzene and Carbon Tetrachloride (CNB). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Tear Agent Chloroacetophenone and Chloropicrin in Chloroform (CNS). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. ———. Detailed Facts About Tear Agent o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

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14 Vomiting/Sternatory Agents

14.1

General Information

The majority of these materials are halo or cyano organoarsines. Under normal battleﬁeld conditions, they do not pose a serious danger to the life of an exposed individual and do not produce any permanent injury. Although the only agent in this class that is speciﬁcally banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention is lewisite 2 (C14-A004), which is listed in Schedule 1 because it can be readily converted into lewisite 1 (C04-A002), the use of all the other vomiting/sternatory agents is banned during a war under the general purpose criterion of the convention. They may still be used by law enforcement and the military during operations other than war such as when responding to incidents of civil unrest or to disband unruly crowds. However, because of their toxicity, this class of agents has been abandoned for other riot control agents (see Chapter 13). Vomiting/sternatory agents are ﬁrst generation chemical warfare agents employed in World War I in an attempt to defeat the existing mask ﬁlters. Toward the end of the war, adamsite (C14-A003) was developed, produced, and weaponized but never used. It was ﬁrst used when the British dropped thermal generators containing a mixture of adamsite and diphenylchloroarsine (C14-A001) from aircraft during the Russian Civil War. This was the ﬁrst reported deployment of air delivered chemical munitions. These agents are moderately difﬁcult to synthesize. They are relatively easy to disperse as thermally generated aerosols or as aerosolized solutions.

14.2 14.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Vomiting/sternatory agents are primarily respiratory irritants. Effects from exposure are usually delayed for several minutes and include violent, uncontrolled sneezing and coughing, pain in the nose and throat, nausea, vomiting, chills, abdominal cramps, nasal discharge, and/or tears. Severe headaches and depression often follow exposure to vomiting/sternatory agents. Effects may persist for several hours postexposure. They may produce dermatitis on exposed skin. When released in an enclosed or conﬁned space, they can cause serious illness or death. Most vomiting/sternatory agents contain arsenic as a constituent and decomposition products may pose a serious health hazard. 427

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14.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Vomiting/sternatory agents are primarily a hazard through inhalation. Aerosols are very irritating to the skin and eyes at low concentrations but relatively nontoxic via these routes. However, exposure to bulk liquid or solid agents may be hazardous through skin and eye exposure, ingestion, introduction through abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris). Ingestion of some decomposition products may pose a signiﬁcant hazard.

14.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Most bulk agents have very little odor in pure form although impurities may give some agents an odor of garlic or bitter almonds. Aerosols of vomiting/sternatory agents have excellent warning properties, producing eye, respiratory, and/or skin irritation at concentrations well below lethal levels. Lethal concentrations (LC50 s) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 5000 mg/m3 for a 2-minute exposure. Incapacitating concentrations (ICt50 ) due to sneezing and regurgitation for inhalation of these agents are as low as 6 mg/m3 for a 2-minute exposure. Eye irritation from exposure to agent vapors occurs at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg/m3 .

14.2.4

Latency Period

14.2.4.1 Aerosols Depending on dose, the effects from exposure may be delayed from 30 seconds to several minutes, and may last up to several hours. Mild effects may persist for several days.

14.3

Characteristics

14.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

14.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless to yellow or green liquids or solids. Pure materials are typically odorless. 14.3.1.2 Munition Grade Munition grade agents are typically colorless to yellow, green, or brown. As the agent ages, colors may become more pronounced. Production impurities and decomposition products in these agents may give them an odor. Odors for some agents have been described as similar to garlic or bitter almonds. Odors may become more pronounced during storage. 14.3.1.3

Modiﬁed Agents

Solvents have been added to these materials to facilitate handling or to increase the ease of percutaneous penetration by the agents. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used and concentration of agent in the solution.

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Agents have also been micropulverized, encapsulated, or treated with ﬂowing agents to facilitate their dispersal and increase their persistency. Color and other physical properties may be affected by these additives. 14.3.1.4 Mixtures with Other Agents Vomiting/sternatory agents have been mixed with other agents such as phosgene (C11A003), diphosgene (C10-A004), phenyl dichloroarsine (C04-A004), N-ethylcarbazole (C14A022), arsenic trichloride (C04-C006), and triphenylarsine. 14.3.2

Stability

Most vomiting/sternatory agents are stable at typical temperatures. Apomorphine (C14A005) is stable as a salt but is air and light sensitive. It is unstable in solution. Agents can be stored in glass, steel, or Teﬂon-coated containers when pure. If moisture is present, they may rapidly corrode aluminum, iron, bronze, and brass. 14.3.3

Persistency

When vomiting/sternatory agents are employed as aerosols they are not classiﬁed as persistent by the military. Normally, there is minimal secondary risk once the initial aerosol has settled. However, depending on the size of the individual particles and on any encapsulation or coatings applied to the particles, they may be reaerosolized by ground trafﬁc or strong winds. Bulk liquid or solid agents can persist in the environment for extended periods. Decomposition products from the breakdown of these agents can pose a persistent hazard. 14.3.4

Environmental Fate

Most vomiting/sternatory agents are nonvolatile and produce negligible amounts of vapor. They are deployed as dust aerosols. Once the aerosols settle, there is minimal extended hazard from the agents unless the dusts are resuspended. Decomposition products can be persistent hazards. Most of these agents are insoluble in water. However, the solubility of any agent may be increased by solvents, components, or impurities. The speciﬁc gravities of unmodiﬁed agents are greater than that of water. With the exception of adamsite (C14-A003), vomiting/sternatory agents are soluble in most organic solvents. Adamsite has only limited solubility in common organic solvents except acetone.

14.4 14.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent aerosols may be used after decontamination of the container. Unopened items exposed to solid or liquid agents, or solutions of agents, should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water. If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be quarantined until tested. 14.4.3

Fire

Although not normally volatile, heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of vomiting/sternatory agent vapor in the area. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent and steam generated in combating the ﬁre could create agent aerosols. Combustion of vomiting/sternatory agents will produce volatile toxic metal (i.e., arsenic, antimony, lead) decomposition products. In addition, combustion of these agents may produce toxic and/or corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). 14.4.4

Reactivity

Vomiting/sternatory agents decompose slowly in water. Some agents are self-protecting and form an oxide coating that delays further hydrolysis. Agents may be corrosive to some metals. 14.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

14.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Varies depending on the speciﬁc agent but may include HCl and HCN. Several produce diphenylarsenious oxide. Other organic oxides of arsenic, antimony, or lead may also be present. 14.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HCN, nitrogen oxides (NOx ), benzene, and oxides of arsenic, antimony, or lead.

14.5 14.5.1

Protection Evacuation Recommendations

Isolation and protective action distances listed below are taken from Argonne National Laboratory Report No. ANL/DIS-00-1, Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, which is still the basis for the “when used as a weapon” scenarios in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). For vomiting/sternatory agents, these recommendations are based on a release scenario involving direct aerosolization of the solid agents with a particle size between 2 and 5 µm. Under these conditions, the difference between a small and a large release is not based on the standard 200 liters spill used for commercial hazardous materials listed in the ERG. A small release involves 10 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 200 cubic inch) and a large release involves 500 kilograms of powdered agent (approximately 18 cubic feet).

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Vomiting/Sternatory Agents

431 Initial isolation (feet)

DA (Diphenylchloroarsine) C14-A001 Small device (10 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms) DC (Diphenylcyanoarsine) C14-A002 Small device (10 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms) DM (Adamsite) C14-A003 Small device (10 kilograms) Large device (500 kilograms)

14.5.2

Downwind day (miles)

Downwind night (miles)

200 600

0.2 1.4

0.7 3.2

100 800

0.1 1.4

0.5 3.3

200 600

0.2 1.4

0.7 3.2

Personal Protective Requirements

14.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide very limited skin protection against agent vapors and aerosols. Contact with solid and liquid agents should be avoided. 14.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation since nerve agents can degrade the materials used to make some respirators. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for vomiting/sternatory agents. Therefore, any potential exposure to elevated concentrations of these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered. 14.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Vomiting/sternatory agents are primarily an eye and respiratory hazard; however, at elevated aerosol concentrations or in contact with bulk material, agents may also pose a dermal hazard. Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against vomiting/sternatory agent.

14.5.3

Decontamination

14.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water.

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14.5.3.2

Solutions or Liquid Aerosols

Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not use hot water as it may increase skin irritation. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase discomfort. Rinse with copious amounts of water. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Small areas: Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with appropriate vapor ﬁlters. Wash the area with copious amounts of an alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate. Arsenic or antimony metal and/or oxides, due to decomposition of the agents, may be present and require additional decontamination. 14.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties and personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not use hot water as it may increase skin irritation. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase discomfort. Rinse with copious amounts of water. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Small areas: If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioners, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of an alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate. Arsenic or antimony metal and/or oxides, due to decomposition of the agents, may be present and require additional decontamination.

14.6 14.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

The case can be conﬁrmed if there is either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.

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433

Differential Diagnosis

The following factors have been suggested as alternatives to consider when presented with a potential case of exposure to irritating agents: anxiety, anaphylaxis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, ultraviolet keratitis; inhalation of smoke, hydrocarbons, ammonia, hydrogen sulﬁde, phosgene, halogens such as chlorine, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride (HCl), or nickel carbonyl; sodium azide, street drugs; acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and anthrax. 14.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

Progression of symptoms is generally irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes, viscous discharge from the nose similar to that caused by a cold, violent uncontrollable sneezing and coughing, severe headache, acute pain and difﬁculty breathing (tightness of the chest), nausea, and vomiting. Mental depression may occur. Severe effects last from 30 minutes to several hours. Minor effects may persist for over 24 hours. 14.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

Typically not required. Casualties will usually recover unassisted after removal from the contaminated atmosphere. Consult the base station physician or regional poison control center for advice on speciﬁc situations. 14.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the agents have been removed. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Casualties will usually recover unassisted from exposure to vomiting/sternatory agent although it may take several hours after removal from the contaminated atmosphere. Vigorous exercise may lessen and shorten symptoms. Most patients can be discharged safely. Rarely a patient with signiﬁcant respiratory ﬁndings may merit admission.

14.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects. Because of the potential for hazardous residual metal content (i.e., arsenic, lead, antimony), it may be appropriate to ship nondurable items to a hazardous waste disposal facility. Otherwise, decontaminate with soap and water. Wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains are heavily contaminated with residue, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Body ﬂuids removed during the embalming process do not pose any additional risks and should be contained and handled according to established procedures. Use standard burial procedures.

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C14-A AGENTS C14-A001 Diphenylchloroarsine (Agent DA) CAS: 712-48-1 RTECS: CG9900000 UN: 1769 ERG: 156 Cl As

C12 H10 AsCl Colorless odorless crystals. Weapons grade material is a dark brown, thick, viscous, semisolid resembling shoe polish. It has in the past been used industrially as a wood preservative, pesticide, and herbicide for cacti. Also reported as a mixture with Adamsite (C14-A003); Phosgene (C10-A003); Diphosgene (C10-A004); Phenyldichloroarsine (C04-A005), N-Ethylcarbazole (C14-A022); Arsenic Trichloride (C04-C007); and Triphenylarsine. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.82 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 15,000 mg-min/m3 . This value is from older sources (ca. 1942) and is not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimate has been proposed. ICt50(Inh) : 12 mg-min/m3 Eye Irritation: 0.3 mg/m3 ; exposure duration unspeciﬁed The hydrolysis product, diphenylarsenious oxide, is very poisonous if ingested. Properties: MW : 264.5 D: 1.387 g/mL (122◦ F) MP: 113◦ F MP: 100◦ F (weapons grade) BP: 631◦ F (decomposes) BP: 338◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: — Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: Not Developed AEGL-2: 1 h, 0.39 mg/m3 AEGL-3: 1 h, 1.2 mg/m3

VP: 0.0036 mmHg (113◦ F) VD: 9.1 Vlt: 4.4 ppm (113◦ F) H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Acetone; Ethanol; Ether; Chloroform

4 h, 0.098 mg/m3 4 h, 0.30 mg/m3

FlP: 662◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: >2000 IP: <9 eV

8 h, 0.049 mg/m3 8 h, 0.15 mg/m3

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435

C14-A002 Diphenylcyanoarsine (Agent DC) CAS: 23525-22-6 RTECS: — CN As

C13 H10 AsN Colorless crystalline solid with an odor like garlic or bitter almonds detectable at 0.001– 0.0005 ppm. Undergoes considerable decomposition when explosively disseminated. Also reported as a mixture with Phenyldichloroarsine (C04-A005). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.44 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 10,000 mg-min/m3 (480 ppm for a 2-min exposure) IC50(Inh) : 60 mg/m3 (5.7 ppm) for a 30-s exposure IC50(Inh) : 4 mg/m3 (0.38 ppm) for a 5-min exposure These values are from older sources (ca. 1942) and are not supported by modern data. No updated toxicity estimates have been proposed. Properties: MW : 255.2 D: 1.45 g/cm3 D: 1.334 g/mL (95◦ F) MP: 91◦ F BP: 662◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: —

VP: 0.0002 mmHg VD: 8.8 (calculated) Vlt: 0.27 ppm H2 O: Insoluble Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: “Low” LEL: — UEL: — RP: 31,000 IP: <9 eV

C14-A003 Adamsite (Agent DM) CAS: 578-94-9 RTECS: SG0680000 UN: 1698 ERG: 154 Cl As

N

C12 H9 AsClN Bright canary-yellow crystals that are odorless but produce irritation. Weapons grade material is a dark green to brown solid. When dispersed as a particulate cloud from a thermal munition, it has a characteristic “smoky” odor. Also reported as a mixture with Diphenylchloroarsine (C14-A001).

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.35 mg/m3 at 77◦ F LCt50(Inh) : 11,000 mg-min/m3 ICt50(Inh) : 22–150 mg-min/m3 Eye & Respiratory Irritation: 0.38 mg/m3 for 1–2 min exposure These are provisional updates from older values that have not been formally adopted as of 2005. The hydrolysis product, diphenylaminoarsenious oxide, is very poisonous if ingested. Properties: MW : 277.6 D: 1.648 g/cm3 MP: 383◦ F BP: 770◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 0.0064% Sol: Acetone

Proposed AEGLs AEGL-1: 1 h, 0.016 mg/m3 AEGL-2: 1 h, 2.6 mg/m3 AEGL-3: 1 h, 6.4 mg/m3

FlP: None LEL: None UEL: None RP: — IP: —

4 h, 0.0022 mg/m3 4 h, 0.36 mg/m3 4 h, 0.91 mg/m3

8 h, 0.00084 mg/m3 8 h, 0.14 mg/m3 8 h, 0.34 mg/m3

C14-A004 Lewisite 2 (Agent L2) CAS: 40334-69-8; 50361-06-3 (Isomer) RTECS: — Cl As Cl

Cl

C4 H4 AsCl3 Clear yellow to yellowish-brown liquid. In conjunction with Lewisite 3 (C04-C007), Lewisite 2 is a major synthetic by-product in the production of Lewisite (C04-A002). It is readily converted into Lewisite. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 9.55 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Although L2 acts primarily as a vomiting/sternatory agent, it does have limited vesicant power similar to Lewisite (C04-A002). Properties: MW : 233.4 D: 1.702 g/mL MP: — BP: Decomposes BP: 235◦ F (11 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 8.1 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble (slowly decomposes) Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

AEGLs have been proposed only for mixtures of this compound with Lewisite (C04-A002).

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References

437

C14-A005 Apomorphine CAS: 58-00-4; 314-19-2 (Hydrochloride salt); 41372-20-7 (Hydrochloride salt); 6191-56-6 (Diacetate) RTECS: — OH HO

N

C17 H17 NO2 White to grayish crystalline solid. It is air and light sensitive, and rapidly becomes green on standing. Solutions are unstable. Various salts have been reported. Used as an emetic in veterinary medicine. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 10.93 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 267.3 D: — MP: 383◦ F (decomposes) BP: — Vsc: —

VP: Negligible VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: 1.66% (61◦ F) Sol: Alcohol; Acetone; Ether; Chloroform

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

References Brophy, Leo P., Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cohrane. The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1968. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnition: Vesicant (Mustards, Dimethyl Sulfate, and Lewisite).” March 15, 2005. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1921. Green, Stanley Joseph, and Thomas Slater Price. “LVI. The Chlorovinylchloroarsines.” Journal of the Chemical Society 119 (1921): 452. Jackson, Kirby E. “Sternutators.” Chemical Reviews 17 (1935): 251–92. Jackson, Kirby E., and Margaret A. Jackson. “The Chlorovinylarsines.” Chemical Reviews 16 (1935): 439–52. Lewis, W. Lee, and G.A. Perkins. “The Beta-Chlorovinyl Chloroarsines.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 15 (March 1923): 290–95.

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Munro, Nancy B., Sylvia S. Talmage, Guy D. Grifﬁn, Larry C. Waters, Annetta P. Watson, Joseph F. King, and Veronique Hauschild. “The Sources, Fate and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 933–74. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Prentiss, Augustin M. Chemicals in War: A Treatise on Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Sartori, Mario F. The War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis. Translated by L.W. Marrison. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, 1939. Sidell, Frederick R. Medical Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties: A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. Bel Air, MD: HB Publishing, 1995. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions: An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springﬁeld, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report No. EO-SR-74001. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1974. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 3rd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, July 2000. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. March 2004. Wachtel, Curt. Chemical Warfare. Brooklyn, NY: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1941. Waitt, Alden H. Gas Warfare: The Chemical Weapon, Its Use, and Protection Against It. Rev. ed. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Williams, Kenneth E. Detailed Facts About Vomiting Agent Adamsite (DM). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1996. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. ———. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

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15 Malodorants

15.1

General Information

The majority of these materials are organic sulfur compounds that may also contain an odor intensiﬁer. These chemicals are generally volatile liquids at room temperature with odors that are detectable at very low levels. Under normal battleﬁeld conditions, these materials do not pose a serious danger to the life of an exposed individual and do not produce any permanent injury. Since approximately 0.2% of the population is unable to detect odors (anosmic), compositions may contain multiple malodorant components. Obnoxious smelling agents have been used throughout history to provide camouﬂage and assist in breaching hardened defensive positions. Ancient Chinese armories included various “stink bombs.” Research into development of new and more effective malodorants began after World War I. During World War II, an agent known as “Who Me?,” which smelled of rotting food and carcasses, was developed by the Allies and tested by resistance ﬁghters on German and Japanese soldiers in an effort to humiliate and embarrass them. However, the agent was volatile and difﬁcult to deliver and did not always produce the expected response. As a result of this failure, malodorants were largely abandoned in the United States until the 1980s. Currently, malodorants are high on the list of nonlethal research priorities for use in riot control, to clear facilities, to deny an area, or as a taggant. Stench weapons in development include concentrates of natural odors such as those produced by skunks, rotting meat, excrement, and body odor. Since odors can provoke varying reactions in people based on their social and cultural conditioning, malodorants offer the possibility of ethnic or cultural targeting. Natural malodorants derived from a biological entity are prohibited under the Biological Weapons Convention. Malodorants composed strictly of synthetic chemicals would be deﬁned as riot control agents and the Chemical Weapons Convention bans the use of such agents during a war. However, they may still be used by the military during operations other than war such as when responding to incidents of civil unrest. The military has also used many of these materials as simulants for lethal chemical agents. Malodorants have also been developed for use by police to control rioters and disband unruly crowds.

15.2 15.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Malodorants have strong, repulsive characteristics including nausea, gagging, and/or vomiting. Unpleasant odors impede cognitive performance, increase feelings of discomfort, 439

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and heighten a perception of illness. If an odor is perceived to be harmful or hazardous, they can stimulate a feeling of panic and fear, and cause exposed personnel to want to ﬂee. Reactions vary in different people based on the concentration of the odor and on social and cultural conditioning. Extended exposure may desensitize individuals. High concentrations may cause severe physiological trauma. In an enclosed or conﬁned space, very high concentration can be lethal.

15.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Malodorants are primarily an inhalation hazard. Aerosols and vapors are extremely foul smelling at low concentrations but are otherwise relatively nontoxic. However, exposure to bulk liquid or solid agents may be hazardous through skin absorption, ingestion, and introduction through abraded skin (e.g., breaks in the skin or penetration of skin by debris).

15.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

Malodorants do not seriously endanger life except at exposures greatly exceeding an effective dose, usually only achieved in a conﬁned or enclosed space.

15.2.4

Latency Period

Exposure to malodorants produces immediate effects.

15.3

Characteristics

15.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

15.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless to yellow liquids or solids. 15.3.1.2

Munition Grade

Munition grade agents typically consist of at least one malodorant agent (10–90%) and an odor intensiﬁer (0.5–5%) dissolved in a liquid carrier. Solvents include volatile hydrocarbons, plant/vegetable oils, and water. Solvents typically pose minimal toxic hazards themselves. Compositions are typically colorless to yellow liquids. As the agent ages and decomposes it may discolor and become brown. 15.3.1.3 Modiﬁed Agents Agents have been microencapsulated to facilitate their dispersal and increase their persistency.

15.3.2

Stability

Malodorant compositions are stable during storage but some ingredients are light and air sensitive.

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Persistency

As typically deployed, malodorants are classiﬁed as nonpersistent by the military. However, heavy aerosols or release of bulk material may cause contamination that will persist for days or weeks.

15.3.4

Environmental Fate

Malodorant vapors have a density greater than air and tend to collect in low places. The majority of these agents are insoluble in water and have a wide range of speciﬁc gravities that cause them to either ﬂoat or sink in water. Further, solvents used in the formulation are often insoluble in water and can change the speciﬁc gravities of the active agents. Most of these agents are soluble in common organic solvents including oils, alcohols, and ketones. Agents may be absorbed into porous material, including painted surfaces, and these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate.

15.4 15.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy duty plastic and exposed only to agent vapors or aerosols may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains should be washed thoroughly with soap and water and aerated to remove residual odor.

15.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water or an aqueous solution of mild oxidants (see Section 15.5.3). The topmost layer of unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. The remaining material should be aerated to remove residual odor.

15.4.3

Fire

Heat from a ﬁre will increase the amount of agent vapor in the area. A signiﬁcant amount of the agent could be volatilized and escape into the surrounding environment before the agent is consumed by the ﬁre. Actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre can also spread the agent. Although many malodorants are only slightly soluble or insoluble in water, runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts will still pose a potential contact threat.

15.4.4

Reactivity

Malodorants generally do not react with water or are very slowly decomposed by water. Most of these agents are incompatible with strong oxidizers. Solvents used to disperse agents may also be incompatible with strong oxidizers.

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15.4.5

Hazardous Decomposition Products

15.4.5.1 Hydrolysis Malodorants are generally stable or very slowly decomposed by water.

15.4.5.2 Combustion Volatile decomposition products may include sulfur oxides (SOx ), hydrogen sulﬁde (H2 S), and nitrogen oxides (NOx ).

15.5

Protection

15.5.1

Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for malodorants released in mass casualty situations.

15.5.2

Personal Protective Requirements

15.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide very limited skin protection against agent vapors and aerosols. Contact with solid and liquid agents should be avoided.

15.5.2.2 Respiratory Protection Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) certiﬁcation. However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the Incident Commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. Any exposures approaching the IDLH level should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered.

15.5.2.3

Chemical Protective Clothing

Malodorants are primarily an inhalation hazard; however, at elevated vapor/aerosol concentrations or in contact with bulk material, agents may also pose a dermal hazard. Use only chemical protective clothing that has undergone material and construction performance testing against the speciﬁc agent that has been released. Reported permeation rates may be affected by solvents, components, or impurities in munition grade agents.

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Decontamination

15.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. Some malodorants are insoluble in water and difﬁcult to remove with soap and water. In such situations, an aqueous solution of mild oxidants may be effective in destroying the odorous ingredients of the agent. Published examples include one quart of 3% household hydrogen peroxide with one-quarter cup of baking soda and one teaspoon of liquid dish soap, or one cup of a sodium perborate bleach and three tablespoons of liquid dish soap in 1 gallon of water. The mixture is applied with a sponge and allowed to remain in contact with the agent for several minutes. It is then rinsed off with water. Either of these decontamination mixtures could cause discoloration of hair or fabrics. 15.5.3.2

Vapors

Casualties/personnel: Aeration and ventilation. If decontamination is deemed necessary, remove all clothing as it may continue to emit “trapped” agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. If necessary, an aqueous solution containing a mild oxidant can be used (see Section 15.5.3.1). Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Ventilate to remove the vapors. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and place into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. If necessary, an aqueous solution containing a mild oxidant can be used (see Section 15.5.3.1). Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because agents that have been absorbed into these materials may migrate back to the surface and pose a contact hazard. 15.5.3.3 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. Even clothing that has not come into direct contact with the agent may contain “trapped” vapor. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Avoid rough scrubbing. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If necessary, an aqueous solution containing a mild oxidant can be used (see Section 15.5.3.1). Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If eye irritation occurs, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Small areas: Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with appropriate vapor ﬁlters. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. If necessary, an aqueous solution containing a mild oxidant can be used (see Section 15.5.3.1). Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material,

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including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difﬁcult to decontaminate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors.

15.6

Medical

15.6.1

CDC Case Deﬁnition

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not published a speciﬁc case deﬁnition for intoxication by malodorants. 15.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

Anyone exposed to malodorants will be immediately identiﬁable. 15.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

15.6.3.1 Vapors Nausea, gagging, vomiting, dizziness, loss of coordination, disorientation, shortness of breath, and headache. 15.6.3.2

Liquids

Irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, mucous membrane, and respiratory system. 15.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

Typically not required. Casualties will usually recover unassisted after removal from the contaminated atmosphere and decontamination. Consult the base station physician or regional poison control center for advice on speciﬁc situations. 15.6.5

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the agents have been removed. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Casualties will usually recover from exposure to malodorants shortly after removal from the contaminated atmosphere. Most patients can be discharged safely. Rarely a patient with signiﬁcant respiratory ﬁndings may merit admission.

15.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects and decontaminate with soap and water. Wash the remains with soap and water. If necessary, an aqueous solution containing a mild oxidant can be used (see Section 15.5.3.1). Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If remains

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are heavily contaminated with residue, wash and rinse waste should be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Use standard burial procedures.

C15-A AGENTS C15-A001 Mercaptoethanol CAS: 60-24-2 RTECS: Kl5600000 UN: 2966 ERG: 153 OH HS

C2 H6 OS Clear, colorless mobile liquid with a strong disagreeable odor (stench) detectable at 0.12– 0.64 ppm. Used in industry as a chemical intermediate for dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, ﬂotation agents, insecticides, and plasticizers; used as a water-soluble reducing agent and reagent in biochemical research. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.20 mg/m3 at 77◦ F AIHA WEEL: 0.2 ppm [Skin] Properties: MW : 78.1 D: 1.1143 g/mL MP: −148◦ F BP: Decomposes BP: 131◦ F (13 mmHg) Vsc: 3.08 cS

VP: 1.756 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 2.7 (calculated) Vlt: 2300 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Most organic solvents

FlP: 165◦ F LEL: 2.3% UEL: 18% RP: 6.5 IP: —

C15-A002 Butyl mercaptan CAS: 109-79-5 RTECS: EK6300000 UN: 2347 ERG: 130 HS

C4 H10 S Colorless mobile liquid with a strong, obnoxious odor like garlic, cabbage, or a skunk depending on the concentration.

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This material has been used by the military as a simulant of a nonpersistent agent to evaluate chemical equipment. It is also used to activate detector kits and alarms. It has been used during ﬁeld exercises to simulate the threat posed by toxic agent vapor and assist in training soldiers on the proper use of protective equipment. Used industrially as a solvent and chemical intermediate for insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and defoliants. It is used in agriculture as a deer repellant. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F OSHA PEL: 10 ppm ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.5 ppm [15 min] IDLH: 500 ppm Properties: MW : 90.2 D: 0.8368 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: −176◦ F BP: 209◦ F Vsc: 0.667 cS

VP: 35 mmHg VP: 45.5 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.1 (calculated) Vlt: 60,000 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.0595% Sol: Alcohol; Ether

FlP: 35◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.23 IP: 9.15 eV

C15-A003 s-Butyl mercaptan CAS: 513-53-1 RTECS: —

HS

C4 H10 S Colorless, mobile liquid with a heavy skunk-like odor. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for cadusafos and as an odorant for natural gas. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.s Properties: MW : 90.2 D: 0.8299 g/mL (63◦ F) MP: −265◦ F BP: 185◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 80.7 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.1 (calculated) Vlt: 110,000 ppm H2 O: 0.132% Sol: Alcohol; Ether; Benzene

FlP: –10◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.13 IP: 9.10 eV

C15-A004 Isobutyl Mercaptan CAS: 513-44-0 RTECS: —

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HS

C4 H10 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 90.2 D: 1.4388 g/mL MP: −229◦ F BP: 191◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 69.8 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.1 (calculated) Vlt: 92,000 ppm H2 O: 0.17% Sol: —

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.15 IP: 9.12 eV

C15-A005 t-Butyl mercaptan CAS: 75-66-1 RTECS: TZ7660000 HS

C4 H10 S Colorless, mobile liquid with a strong, offensive, skunk-like odor. Used industrially as an odorant for natural gas, chemical intermediate, and bacterial nutrient. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.69 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 90.2 D: 0.7943 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: 31◦ F BP: 147◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 181 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.1 (calculated) Vlt: 240,000 ppm H2 O: 0.2% (77◦ F) Sol: Alcohol; Acetone; Ether

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.059 IP: 9.03 eV

C15-A006 Mercaptoethyl sulﬁde CAS: 3570-55-6 RTECS: — S HS

SH

C4 H10 S3 Colorless to yellow liquid with a strong, offensive, skunk-like odor.

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Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 6.31 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 154.3 D: 1.183 g/mL (77◦ F) MP: — BP: 276◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

FlP: 194◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

C15-A007 Butyl sulﬁde CAS: 544-40-1 RTECS: ER6417000 S

C8 H18 S Clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a skunk-like stench. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.98 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 146.3 D: 0.838 g/mL MP: –112◦ F BP: 372◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 1.2 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 5.0 (calculated) Vlt: 1600 ppm (77◦ F) H2 O: 0.0039% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: 169◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 7.0 IP: 8.40 eV

C15-A008 Amyl mercaptan CAS: 110-66-7 RTECS: SA3150000 UN: 1111 ERG: 130 HS

C5 H12 S Colorless to yellow liquid with a strong, disagreeable odor like garlic detectable at 0.000094– 0.070 ppm. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate, synthetic ﬂavoring ingredient, and odorant to locate gas leaks. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Malodorants Agents C15-A Properties: MW : 104.2 D: 0.8421 g/mL MP: −104◦ F BP: 260◦ F Vsc: —

449

VP: 13.8 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: 18,000 ppm H2 O: 0.0156% Sol: Alcohol; Ether

FlP: 65◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 0.72 IP: —

C15-A009 s-Amyl mercaptan CAS: 2084-19-7 RTECS: —

HS

C5 H12 S Colorless liquid with a disagreeable odor (stench). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 104.2 D: 0.833 g/mL MP: −170◦ F BP: 235◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: “Slight” Sol: Alcohol

FlP: — LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C15-A010 Isoamyl mercaptan CAS: 541-31-1 RTECS: —

HS

C5 H12 S Clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a strong disagreeable odor (stench). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 104.2 D: 0.835 g/mL MP: — BP: 244◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 41.4 mmHg (100◦ F) VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: 52,000 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 64◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2.5 IP: —

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C15-A011 t-Amyl mercaptan CAS: 1679-09-0 RTECS: —

HS

C5 H12 S Speciﬁc information on physical appearance is not available for this agent. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.26 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 104.2 D: 0.812 g/mL MP: −155◦ F BP: 210◦ F Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 3.6 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 30◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: —

C15-A012 Allyl sulﬁde CAS: 592-88-1 RTECS: BC4900000 S

C6 H10 S Colorless liquid with a strong odor like garlic or horseradish. Used industrially for the manufacture of food ﬂavors. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.67 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 114.2 D: 0.888 g/mL (81◦ F) MP: −117◦ F BP: 282◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 9.22 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.9 (calculated) Vlt: 12,000 ppm H2 O: “Practically insoluble” Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Ether

FlP: 115◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1.0 IP: 8.52 eV

C15-A013 1-Hexanethiol CAS: 111-31-9 RTECS: MO4550000 SH

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C6 H14 S Clear liquid with a stench. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Reacts with air on long storage. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.83 mg/m3 at 77◦ F NIOSH Ceiling: 2.7 mg/m3 [15 min] Properties: MW : 118.2 D: 0.8405 g/mL MP: −113◦ F BP: 304◦ F BP: 178◦ F (10 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

VP: — VD: — Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

C15-A014 1-Dodecanethiol CAS: 112-55-0 RTECS: JR3155000 SH

C12 H26 S Colorless, water-white, or pale-yellow, oily liquid with a mild, skunk-like odor detectable at 0.5 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation to the eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough; dizziness, dyspnea (breathing difﬁculty), lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), confusion, cyanosis; abdominal pain, nausea; skin sensitization. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, plastics, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, nonionic detergents; and used in industry as a ﬂotation reagent for the removal of metals from wastes. This material has also been used as a simulant in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 8.28 mg/m3 at 77◦ F ACGIH TLV: 0.1 ppm NIOSH Ceiling: 0.5 ppm [15 min] Properties: MW : 202.4 D: 0.8435 g/mL MP: 19◦ F BP: 500–514◦ F BP: 297◦ F (15 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.00853 mmHg VD: 7.0 (calculated) Vlt: 11 ppm H2 O: 0.00002% (77◦ F) Sol: —

FlP: 262◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 820 IP: —

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C15-A015 1-Octadecanethiol CAS: 2885-00-9 RTECS: — SH

C18 H38 S White solid with a foul stench. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory system; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), cyanosis, nausea, convulsions. This material has also been used as a simulant in government tests. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 11.72 mg/m3 at 77◦ F NIOSH Ceiling: 0.5 ppm [15 min] Properties: MW : 286.6 D: 0.85 g/cm3 MP: 84◦ F BP: 405◦ F (1 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: <0.37 mmHg VD: 9.9 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: Insoluble Sol: —

FlP: 365◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: >16 IP: —

C15-A016 Cadaverine CAS: 462-94-2; 1476-39-7 (Hydrochloride salt) RTECS: SA0200000 H2N

NH2

C5 H14 N2 Clear, colorless to slightly yellow hygroscopic liquid with the odor of rotting ﬂesh. Various salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 102.2 D: 0.873 g/mL MP: 48◦ F BP: 352◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 0.666 mmHg VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 890 ppm H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: 144◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 15 IP: —

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C15-A017 Putrescine CAS: 110-60-1 RTECS: EJ6800000 NH2

H2N

C4 H12 N2 White solid or liquid with a putrid odor like rotting ﬂesh. Various salts have been reported. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.61 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 88.2 D: 0.877 g/mL MP: 81◦ F BP: 316◦ F Vsc: —

VP: 4.12 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.0 (calculated) Vlt: 5400 ppm H2 O: 4% Sol: —

FlP: 145◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 2.6 IP: —

C15-A018 Butyric acid CAS: 107-92-6 RTECS: ES5425000 UN: 2820 ERG: 153 O

OH

C4 H8 O2 Colorless oily liquid with a pungent putrid odor like rancid butter or vomit detectable at 0.003–2.5 ppm. Various salts have been reported. This material has been used by the military as a simulant of a nonpersistent agent to evaluate chemical equipment. It has been used during ﬁeld exercises to simulate the threat posed by toxic agents and assist in training soldiers on the proper use of protective equipment. A mixture of butyric acid (2% ), magnesium silicate (5% ), and water (93% ) was once ﬁelded as a simulant for Mustard gas (C03-A01), with the military designation AS. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals, emulsiﬁers, disinfectants, perfumes; artiﬁcial ﬂavorings; in the manufacture of cellulose derivatives in lacquers and plastics; used as a leather tanning agent, as a sweetening agent for gasoline; in the food industry to add body to butter, cheese, butterscotch, caramel, fruit, and nut ﬂavors; and in some countries it is used as an antifungal agent in the preservation of high moisture grains. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.60 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Properties: MW : 88.1 D: 0.9577 g/mL MP: 18◦ F BP: 329◦ F Vsc: 1.68 cS

FlP: 161◦ F LEL: 2.0% UEL: 10% RP: 25 IP: 10.17 eV

VP: 0.43 mmHg VD: 3.0 (calculated) Vlt: 580 ppm H2 O: Miscible Sol: Alcohol; Ether

C15-A019 Isobutyric acid CAS: 79-31-2 RTECS: NQ4375000 UN: 2529 ERG: 132 O OH

C4 H8 O2 Colorless liquid with a sharp odor like butter fat. Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of esters, manufacture of varnish, as a tanning agent, and as a food additive (ﬂavor). Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 3.60 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 88.1 D: 0.950 g/mL MP: −53◦ F BP: 306◦ F (decomposes) Vsc: 1.516 cS

VP: 1.81 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.0 (calculated) Vlt: 2400 ppm H2 O: 16.7% Sol: Alcohol; Chloroform; Ether

FlP: 131◦ F LEL: 2.0% UEL: 9.2% RP: 5.9 IP: 10.24 eV

C15-A020 2-Methylbutyric acid CAS: 116-53-0 RTECS: — O

OH

C5 H10 O2 Colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a strong disagreeable odor. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 4.18 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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Malodorants Agents C15-A Properties: MW : 102.1 D: 0.9365 g/mL MP: −94◦ F BP: 352◦ F Vsc: 2.242 cS

455

VP: 0.491 mmHg (77◦ F) VD: 3.5 (calculated) Vlt: 650 ppm H2 O: 4.5% Sol: —

FIP: 171◦ F LEL: 1.2% UEL: 5.7% RP: 20 IP: 10.27 eV

C15-A021 3-Methylindole CAS: 83-34-1 RTECS: —

N

C9 H 9 N White crystalline solid that darkens and turns brown with exposure to air. At very low levels, it has a pleasant, sweet, warm odor similar to overripe fruit. Otherwise, a putrid odor like fecal matter. This material acts as an odor intensiﬁer. Used industrially as a ﬁxative for perfumes, artiﬁcial civet, food additive (ﬂavoring), and medication. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 131.2 D: — MP: 203◦ F BP: 509◦ F BP: 284◦ F (13 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: 0.00555 mmHg VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: 7.3 ppm H2 O: 0.05% (77◦ F) Sol: Acetone; Alcohol; Benzene; Ether

FlP: 270◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: 1600 IP: —

C15-A022 4-Methyl indole CAS: 16096-32-5 RTECS: —

N

C9 H 9 N

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Clear, yellow to brown, light sensitive liquid with a disagreeable odor. This material acts as an odor intensiﬁer. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 131.2 D: 1.062 g/mL MP: 41◦ F BP: 513◦ F BP: 248◦ F (20 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: >234◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 7.6 eV

C15-A023 6-Methyl indole CAS: 3420-02-8 RTECS: —

N

C9 H9 N Light sensitive solid with a disagreeable odor. This material acts as an odor intensiﬁer. Exposure Hazards Conversion Factor: 1 ppm = 5.37 mg/m3 at 77◦ F Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Properties: MW : 131.2 D: 1.059 g/cm3 MP: — BP: 234◦ F (5 mmHg) Vsc: —

VP: — VD: 4.5 (calculated) Vlt: — H2 O: — Sol: —

FlP: >234◦ F LEL: — UEL: — RP: — IP: 7.54 eV

C15-A024 Standard Bathroom Malodor CAS: — RTECS: — Mixture of 62.82% dipropylene glycol, 21.18% mercaptoacetic acid, 6% n-hexanoic acid, 6% N-methyl morpholine, 2.18% p-cresyl isovalerate, 0.91% 2-naphthalenethiol, and 0.91% skatole. Exposure Hazards Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published.

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References

457

References Dalton, Pamela, and Gary K. Beauchamp. Establishment of Odor Response Proﬁles: Ethnic, Racial and Cultural Inﬂuences. Philadelphia, PA: Monell Chemical Senses Center, February 4, 1999. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 2005. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Pinney, Virginia Ruth. “Malodorant Compositions.” US Patent 6,242,489, June 5, 2001. ———. “Non-lethal Weapon Systems.” US Patent 6,386,113, May 14, 2002. Prentice, John A. “Defensive and Offensive Projector Composition.” US Patent 1,643,954, October 4, 1927. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. United States Air Force. Development of Candidate Chemical Simulant List: The Evaluation of Candidate Chemical Simulants Which May Be Used in Chemically Hazardous Operations, Technical Report AFAMRL-TR-82-87. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1982. United States Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) Manual, 1999 Edition. http://www.chrismanual.com/Default.htm. March 2004. World Health Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ ipcs/icstart.html. 2004. Yaws, Carl L. Matheson Gas Data Book. 7th ed. Parsippany, NJ: Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001.

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Section V

Biological Agents

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16 Toxins

16.1

General Information

Toxins are any poisonous substances that can be produced by an animal, plant, or microbe. Because of their complexity, most toxins are difﬁcult to synthesize in large quantities by traditional chemical means. However, they may be harvested from cultured sources or produced by genetically engineered microbes. Toxins are odorless, tasteless, and nonvolatile. Ricin (C16-A036) and saxitoxin (C16-A018) are the only toxins listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention (Schedule 1). Several countries have stockpiled a limited number of toxins. Their use on the battleﬁeld has been alleged (e.g., Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan) but not documented to the extent that it is universally accepted. Toxins have been used for political assassinations (e.g., 1978 murder of Georgi Markov with ricin) and terrorists have threatened the use of toxins, usually through contamination of food or water supplies.

16.2 16.2.1

Toxicology Effects

Toxins present a variety of both incapacitating and lethal effect. Most toxins of military signiﬁcance can be broadly classiﬁed in one of two ways. Neurotoxins disrupt the nervous system and interfere with nerve impulse transmission similar to nerve agents (Chapter 1). However, all neurotoxins do not operate through the same mechanism of action or do they produce the same symptoms. Cytotoxins are poisons that destroy cells or impair cellular activities. Symptoms may resemble those of vesicants (Chapter 3) or they may resemble food poisoning or other diseases. Toxins may also produce effects that are a combination of these general categories. The consequences of intoxication from any individual toxin can vary widely with route of exposure and dose. In addition, some toxins act as biomediators and cause the body to release excessive, and therefore harmful, amounts of chemicals that are normally produced by the body. Although classiﬁed as biological weapons, toxins are chemicals. They are not alive and do not replicate themselves like pathogens (Chapters 17–20). They are not communicable; to be affected, an individual must come into direct contact with the toxin. 461

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16.2.2

Pathways and Routes of Exposure

Toxins are primarily hazardous through inhalation, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). A small number of toxins, such as the mycotoxins, produce skin lesions and systemic illness through skin and eye exposure. Toxins may also be dissolved in select solvents and delivered as dilute solutions that pose a percutaneous hazard.

16.2.3

General Exposure Hazards

In general, toxins do not have good warning properties. They are nonvolatile and do not have an odor. Although some toxins irritate the skin and eyes, in most cases they do not. Many neurotoxins will produce severe pain in contact with any abrasion or laceration. Individual toxins may be effective through multiple pathways and the route of exposure may signiﬁcantly change the signs and symptoms associated with any given toxin. In most cases, effects are most severe when the toxin is inhaled.

16.2.4

Latency Period

Effects from exposure to toxins can appear within minutes or be delayed for days. The impacts from some toxins, especially cytotoxins, may occur within minutes but symptoms may not appear for hours. The route of exposure to the toxin can signiﬁcantly change the latency period.

16.3

Characteristics

16.3.1

Physical Appearance/Odor

16.3.1.1 Laboratory Grade Pure toxins are typically colorless, white, tan, or yellow solids. Venoms—crude mixtures of toxins and other natural chemicals produced by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions—are colorless to yellow or brown liquids. 16.3.1.2

Modiﬁed Agents

Toxins have been dissolved in solvents to facilitate handling, to stabilize them, or to create a percutaneous hazard. Percutaneous enhancement solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpalmitamide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, and saponin. Color and other properties of these solutions may vary from the pure agent. Odors will vary depending on the characteristics of the solvent(s) used. Toxins have also been micropulverized and microencapsulated to facilitate their dispersal and increase their persistency. Color and other physical properties of the toxin may be affected by these modiﬁcations.

16.3.2

Stability

Very much dependent on the speciﬁc toxin. Many are sensitive to heat or light or both. Freeze drying or isolation as salts increases their stability and shelf life.

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Toxins 16.3.3

463 Persistency

For military purposes, toxins are generally nonpersistent. In cases where toxins have been micropulverized, microencapsulated, or otherwise modiﬁed to facilitate their dispersal, reaerosolization by ground trafﬁc or strong winds may be a concern.

16.3.4

Environmental Fate

All toxins are nonvolatile. Once the initial aerosol has settled, there is minimal inhalation hazard unless the toxin is released as an aerosolized powder that has been modiﬁed to increase the potential of reaerosolization. Solubility in water depends on the speciﬁc toxin, presence of solvents, and isolation as salts.

16.4 16.4.1

Additional Hazards Exposure

All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items packaged in glass, metal, or heavy plastic and exposed only to aerosols may be used after decontamination of the container. All unopened items exposed to bulk agents should be decontaminated within a few hours postexposure or destroyed. Opened or unpackaged items, or those packaged only in paper or cardboard, should be destroyed. Meat, milk, and animal products from animals affected or killed by toxins should be destroyed.

16.4.2

Livestock/Pets

Animals can be decontaminated with shampoo/soap and water, or a 0.5% household bleach solution (see Section 16.5.3). If the animals’ eyes have been exposed to agent, they should be irrigated with water or saline solution for a minimum of 30 minutes. Unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. Depending on the speciﬁc toxin released, the level of contamination, and the weather conditions, leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufﬁcient agents to produce effects for several days post release.

16.4.3

Fire

Toxins are not volatile and the heat from a ﬁre will destroy these agents. However, actions taken to extinguish the ﬁre may spread the agent before it is destroyed. Runoff from ﬁreﬁghting efforts may pose a potential contact threat through exposure of broken, abraded, or lacerated skin, or through accidental ingestion. Smoke from a ﬁre may contain acrid, irritating, and/or toxic decomposition products.

16.4.4

Reactivity

Varies depending on the speciﬁc toxin. Some decompose rapidly after they become wet. Many react with strong acids, bases, or oxidizing agents.

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Protection

16.5.1

Evacuation Recommendations

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for toxins released in mass casualty situations.

16.5.2

Personal Protective Requirements

16.5.2.1 Structural Fireﬁghters’ Gear Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing is recommended for ﬁre situations only; it is not effective in spill situations or release events. However, toxins have negligible vapor pressure and do not pose a vapor hazard. The primary risk of exposure is through contact with aerosolized agents, bulk agents (e.g., spilled liquids or solids), or solutions of agents. If chemical protective clothing is not available and it is necessary to rescue casualties from a contaminated area, then structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear will provide some skin protection against most toxin aerosols. Contact with bulk material and solutions should be avoided. However, any responder with areas of cut or lacerated skin should not make entry because they place the individual at extreme risk of subcutaneous exposure. Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ protective clothing should never be used as the primary chemical protective garment to enter an area contaminated with dermally hazardous toxins. There is also a signiﬁcant hazard posed by injection of toxins through contact with contaminated debris. Appropriate protection to avoid any potential laceration or puncture of the skin is essential.

16.5.2.2

Respiratory Protection

Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or air purifying respirators (APRs) should have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Chemical/ Biological/Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN). However, during emergency operations, other NIOSH approved SCBAs or APRs that have been speciﬁcally tested by the manufacturer against chemical warfare agents may be used if deemed necessary by the incident commander. APRs should be equipped with a NIOSH approved CBRN ﬁlter or a combination organic vapor/acid gas/particulate cartridge. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels are the ceiling limit for respirators other than SCBAs. However, IDLH levels have not been established for toxins. Therefore, any potential exposure to aerosols of these agents should be regarded with extreme caution and the use of SCBAs for respiratory protection should be considered.

16.5.2.3 Chemical Protective Clothing Currently, there is no information available on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against toxins. In the event that dermally hazardous toxins have been released, responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Also, because of the extreme hazard posed by toxin aerosols to any area of cut or lacerated skin, responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble whenever there is any potential for exposure to airborne agent.

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465

Since there is a signiﬁcant hazard posed by injection of toxins through contact with debris, appropriate protection to avoid any potential abrasion, laceration, or puncture of the skin is essential. 16.5.3

Decontamination

16.5.3.1 General Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. Most toxins are readily destroyed by high pH (i.e., basic solutions), especially when used in combination with a strong oxidizing agent. For this reason, undiluted household bleach is an excellent agent for decontamination of these agents. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the toxin for a minimum of 10 minutes. 16.5.3.2 Liquids, Solutions, or Liquid Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Use a sponge or cloth with liquid soap and copious amounts of water to wash the skin surface and hair at least three times. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Avoid rough scrubbing as this could abrade the skin and increase the potential for movement of any residual toxin through the skin barrier. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to the agent, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Alternatively, a household bleach solution can be used instead of soap and water. The bleach solution should be no more than one part household bleach in nine parts water (i.e., 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) to avoid damaging the skin. Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 10 minutes. Rinse with copious amounts of water. Small areas: Puddles of liquid can be absorbed by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water or undiluted household bleach (see Section 16.5.3.1). If bleach is used, then rewash the area with soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. 16.5.3.3 Solids or Particulate Aerosols Casualties/personnel: Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to ﬁnd warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to toxins, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Alternatively, a household bleach solution can be used instead of soap and water. The bleach solution should be no more than one part household bleach in nine parts water (i.e., 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) to avoid damaging the skin. Avoid any contact with sensitive areas such as the eyes. Ensure that the bleach solution remains in contact with the agent for a minimum of 10 minutes. Rinse with copious amounts of water.

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Small areas: Extreme care must be exercised when dealing with dry or powdered agents as toxins may adhere to the skin or clothing and then be spread to other areas. Because of the minute quantities needed to produce a response in an exposed individual, cross contamination can pose a signiﬁcant inhalation or puncture hazard later. If indoors, close windows and doors in the area and turn off anything that could create air currents (e.g., fans, air conditioner, etc.). Avoid actions that could aerosolize the agent such as sweeping or brushing. Collect the agent using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlter. Do not use a standard home or industrial vacuum. Do not allow the vacuum exhaust to stir the air in the affected area. Vacuum all surfaces with extreme care in a very slow and controlled manner to minimize aerosolizing the agent. Place the collected material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water or undiluted household bleach (see Section 16.5.3.1). If bleach is used, then rewash the area with soap and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate in containers lined with high-density polyethylene.

16.6 16.6.1

Medical CDC Case Deﬁnition

A case in which the toxin or appropriate metabolite is detected in urine, serum, or plasma, or detection of the speciﬁc toxin in environmental samples unless there could be a local source of the toxin (e.g., the molds that produce mycotoxins have been found in some residential and industrial settings, and the toxins have been implicated in some cases of “sick building” syndrome). A case should not be considered due to toxin poisoning if another conﬁrmed diagnosis exists to explain the signs and symptoms. However, the case can be conﬁrmed if either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known.

16.6.2

Differential Diagnosis

Patients should be viewed epidemiologically. Save clinical and environmental samples for diagnosis. The best early diagnostic sample for most toxins is a swab of the nasal mucosa.

16.6.3

Signs and Symptoms

Highly variable depending on the speciﬁc toxin, route of exposure, and dose. Even symptoms presented by toxins with the same general classiﬁcation (i.e., neurotoxin or cytotoxin) may vary depending on the speciﬁc mechanism of action within the body.

16.6.4

Mass-Casualty Triage Recommendations

Because of the wide variety of potential toxins and their symptoms, there are no universal recommendations for triaging casualties exposed to toxins as a class. However, in general, anyone who has been exposed should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Individuals who are asymptomatic and have not been directly exposed to the agent can be discharged after their names, addresses, and telephone numbers have been recorded. They should be told to seek medical care immediately if symptoms develop.

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Neurotoxins C16-A 16.6.5

467

Casualty Management

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the toxins have been removed. Extreme care must be exercised when dealing with dry or powdered agents as toxins may adhere to the skin or clothing and present an inhalation hazard. If any agents have gotten into the eyes, irrigate the eyes with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. Once the casualty has been decontaminated, including the removal of foreign matter from wounds, medical personnel do not need to wear a chemical-protective mask. Treatment primarily consists of supportive care. Ventilate patient if they have difﬁculty breathing and administer oxygen. Be prepared to treat for shock. Monitor and support cardiac and respiratory functions as necessary. If the identity of the toxin is known, administer antidote if available. Unlike chemical agents, toxins can cause an immune response. Vaccines are available for some toxins but generally require more than 4 weeks for the body to produce antibodies. Passive immunotherapy is effective for some neurotoxins but must be instituted shortly after exposure. The utility of antibody therapy drops sharply at or shortly after the onset of the ﬁrst signs of disease.

16.7

Fatality Management

Remove all clothing and personal effects segregating them as either durable or nondurable items. Although it may be possible to decontaminate durable items, it may be safer and more efﬁcient to destroy nondurable items rather than attempt to decontaminate them. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Extreme care must be exercised when dealing with dry or powdered agents as toxins may adhere to the skin or clothing and present an inhalation hazard. Wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for every gallon of household bleach) ensuring that the solution is introduced into the ears, nostrils, mouth, and any wounds. This concentration of bleach will not affect remains but will destroy all toxins on the skin surface, greatly reducing the risk of secondary exposure. Higher concentrations of bleach can harm remains. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. The bleach solution should remain on the cadaver for a minimum of 10 minutes. Wash with soap and water. Ensure that the bleach solution is completely removed prior to embalming as it will react with embalming ﬂuid. All wash and rinse waste must be contained for proper disposal. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Use standard burial procedures.

C16-A NEUROTOXINS C16-A001 Aconitine CAS: 302-27-2 RTECS: AR5960000

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C34 H47 NO11 Molecular Weight: 645.7 Rapid-acting channel-activating neurotoxin. It is obtained from the leaves and roots of various plants including wolfbane (Aconitum lycoctonum) and monkshood (Aconitum napellus). It is an off-white powder that is insoluble in water (0.03% ) but soluble in chloroform and benzene. Various salts have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. The toxin is lipid soluble and once in the body can become stored in body fat. This can result in cumulative effect. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, slow heart rate (bradycardia), restlessness, incoordination (ataxia), vertigo, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), low body temperature (hypothermia), convulsions, headache, and pallor. Ingestion causes a burning or tingling sensation with subsequent numbness on the lips, tongue, mouth, and throat. It produces similar effects on other mucous membranes. Death results from respiratory or cardiac failure. Used in medical research to produce heart arrhythmia in experimental animals. Toxicology LD(Ing) : 0.02–0.06 g Other human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately one-tenth as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A002 Anatoxin A CAS: 64285-06-9; 92142-32-0 (Stereoisomer); 85514-42-7 (Racemic mixture); 92844-80-9 (p-Toluenesulfonate salt); 92216-03-0 (Hydrochloride salt); 70470-07-4 (Hydrochloride salt); 122564-82-3 (Butenedioate salt) RTECS: KM5528500 C10 H15 NO Molecular Weight: 165.2 Very rapid-acting paralytic neurotoxin (postsynaptic depolarizing neuromuscular blocker) that binds to the same receptor as acetylcholine (nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist) producing neural and muscular stimulation. However acetylcholinesterase does not hydrolyze the toxin. It is obtained from blue-green algae (Anabaena spp.). It is water soluble, but inactivated after several days as an aqueous solution. It is “probably tolerant” to chlorine at puriﬁcation concentrations. It is destroyed by heat, light, and high pH. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms mimic nerve agent exposure and include twitching, incoordination, tremors, paralysis, and respiratory arrest. Symptoms typically begin within 5 min. Death from ingestion can be delayed up to 3 h, depending on the dose. There is no speciﬁc treatment. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately one-ﬁfth as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004).

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C16-A003 Anatoxin-A(S) CAS: 103170-78-1 RTECS: — C7 H17 N4 O4 P Molecular Weight: 252.2 Neurotoxin obtained from freshwater blue-green cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon spp., and Oscillatoria spp.). It is the only known organophosphate toxin produced by cyanobacteria. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. It is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and produces symptoms similar to an organophosphate pesticide or military nerve agent, including difﬁculty breathing with a feeling of shortness of breath or tightness of the chest, sweating, nausea, vomiting, involuntary urination/defecation, and a feeling of weakness. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately twice as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A004 Batrachotoxin CAS: 23509-16-2 RTECS: CR3990000 C31 H42 N2 O6 Molecular Weight: 538.7 Very rapid-acting paralytic neurotoxin that binds to sodium channels of nerve and muscle cells depolarizing neurons by increasing the sodium channel permeability. It is obtained from South American poison-dart frogs (Phyllobates aurotaenia, Phyllobates terribilis). It is insoluble in water but soluble in hydrocarbons and other nonpolar solvents. The dried toxin can remain active for at least a year. However, it is relatively nonpersistent in the environment. This material is hazardous through inhalation and penetration through broken skin. Once in the body, the toxin can become stored in body fat and may have a cumulative effect. Symptoms include loss of balance and coordination, profound weakness, irregular heart rhythms, convulsions, and cyanosis. These symptoms occur quickly and are produced in rapid succession. The toxin is lipid soluble and once in the body can become store in body fat. This can result in cumulative effect. Batrachotoxin has no effect on the skin but produces a long-lasting painful stinging sensation in contact with the smallest scratch. If ingested, it is only toxic if a lesion exists in the gastrointestinal tract. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately 1000 times more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004).

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C16-A005 Botulinum toxins (Agent X) CAS: 93384-43-1 (A); 93384-44-2 (B); 93384-46-4 (D); 93384-47-5 (E); 107231-15-2 (F) RTECS: ED9300000 Large protein Molecular Weight: 150,000 Delayed-action paralytic neurotoxins that block the release of acetylcholine causing a symmetric, descending ﬂaccid paralysis of motor and autonomic nerves. Paralysis always begins with the cranial nerves. Toxins are obtained from an anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium botulinum). Toxin A is a white powder or crystalline solid that is readily soluble in water. It is stable for up to 7 days as an aqueous solution. All toxins are destroyed by heat and decompose when exposed to air for more than 12 h. These materials are hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Botulinum toxins are unusual in that they are more toxic when ingested than when inhaled. They are most toxic when injected. Symptoms include dizziness, difﬁculty swallowing and speaking, blurred or double vision, sensitivity to light, and muscular weakness progressing from the head downward. In some cases may produce nausea and profuse vomiting. Symptoms from ingestion usually begin within 12–72 h, but can be delayed for up to 8 days. Symptoms from inhalation have a more rapid onset, usually 3–6 h. Onset of symptoms from wound botulism is usually 3 days or longer. Death results from respiratory failure. Recovery is prolonged and can take months. Those who survive may have fatigue and shortness of breath for years. Used medicinally as a muscle relaxant. They are on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and are listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. Toxicology LD50(Inh) : 0.0002 mg (estimate) LD50(Ing) : 0.00007 mg (estimate) C16-A006 Brevetoxins CAS: 98112-41-5 (A); 79580-28-2 (B); 85079-48-7 (C) ICD-10: T61.2 RTECS: XW5886000; XW5885000 Toxin A: C49 H70 O13 (MW 867.1) Toxin C: C49 H72 O14 (MW 885.1) Paralytic neurotoxins that bind to sodium channels of nerve and muscle cells causing muscle contractions. They are obtained from the dinoﬂagellate that causes “red-tide” (Gymnodinium breve). Toxins are typically light tan crystalline solids. They are insoluble in water and very unstable. These materials are hazardous through inhalation and ingestion, and cause eye irritation. Toxins are lipid soluble and once in the body can become stored in body fat. This can result in a cumulative effect. Symptoms from ingestion include burning, prickling, or tingling sensations in the mouth as well as reversal of temperature sensations progressing to paralysis of the lips and extremities, with dizziness, incoordination (ataxia), muscle aches, nausea, and diarrhea. Inhalation causes bronchospasm and difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea). Symptoms

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tend to resolve themselves quickly and completely. There have been no deaths reported from these toxins. Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: Ingestion: a combination of gastrointestinal (e.g., abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea) and neurologic signs (e.g., paresthesias, reversal of hot and cold temperature sensation, vertigo, ataxia). Symptoms have a latency period ranging from 15 min to 18 h. Inhalational: cough, dyspnea, and bronchospasm. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in biologic samples (this is not a certiﬁed method for detection of brevetoxins) or (2) any concentration of brevetoxin in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence of a nerve agent is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A007 Bungarotoxins CAS: 37209-28-2; 12687-39-7 (α); 12778-32-4 (β) RTECS: — Protein Mixture of neurotoxins that block the acetylcholine receptors. The β-bungarotoxin is a presynaptic neural toxin, α-bungarotoxin is a postsynaptic neural toxin, and κ-bungarotoxin is speciﬁc to the neuronal receptors in ganglions. They are obtained from the venom of the banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). This material is hazardous through inhalation and penetration through broken skin. Symptoms include paralysis with rapid progression to respiration failure and death. Used as a research tool in neurophysiology. Toxicology LD50(Sub) : 0.0076 g C16-A008 Ciguatoxin CAS: 11050-21-8 (CTX-1); 142185-85-1 (CTX-2); 139341-09-6 (CTX-3); 524945-49-1 (CTX-4) ICD-10: T61.0 RTECS: — C60 H86 O19 Molecular Weight: 1111.3 Complex polyether paralytic neurotoxins that bind to sodium channels of nerve and muscle cells causing muscle contractions. They are heat stable (not destroyed by cooking or freezing) white solids obtained from dinoﬂagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). These materials are hazardous through ingestion. Symptoms from ingestion include burning, prickling, or tingling sensations in the mouth as well as reversal of temperature sensations, diarrhea, vomiting, and pain in the abdomen and lower extremities. There may also be paralysis of the lips and extremities. Severe cases may progress to low blood pressure (hypotension) with paradoxical slow heart rate (bradycardia), and further to coma and respiratory arrest. Recovery may be prolonged.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A009 Cobrotoxin CAS: 12584-83-7 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 11,000 Neurotoxin obtained from the Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra). It is a relatively heat stable, water soluble, crystalline solid. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin; can cause localized pain, tearing, and blurred vision in contact with the eyes. Symptoms include drooping upper eyelid (ptosis), paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye (ophthalmoplegia), difﬁculty in swallowing (dysphagia), difﬁculty speaking (dysphasia), profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscular weakness followed by ﬂaccid paralysis, chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, and respiratory failure. Toxicology LD50(Sub) : 0.0029 g C16-A010 Conotoxins CAS: 115797-06-3 RTECS: — Proteins or small peptides Neurotoxins obtained from mollusks (sea snails) of the genus Conus. α-Conotoxins bind to and inhibit the acetylcholine receptor; δ-conotoxins and µ-conotoxins block voltage-gated sodium channels; κ-conotoxins block voltage-gated potassium channels in muscles; and ω-conotoxins block voltage-gated calcium channels and also block conduction at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles. Venoms are white, gray, yellow, or black viscous liquids. Toxins are water soluble solids that are highly stable. These materials are hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), impaired coordination, weakness, paralysis, numbness, nausea, difﬁculty in swallowing (dysphagia), vomiting, inability to speak (aphonia), absence of reﬂexes (areﬂexia), temporary cessation of breathing (apnea), severe itching (pruritus), and double vision (diplopia). Used as a research tool in molecular biology. They are on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology LD50 : 0.00021–0.00042 g (estimate, pathway unspeciﬁed) C16-A011 Diamphotoxin CAS: 87915-42-2 RTECS: —

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Protein Molecular Weight: 60,000 Neurotoxin obtained from the larva of leaf-cutting beetles (Diamphidia nigro-ornata pupae) that is used by bushmen of Southern Africa as an arrow poison. It blocks neuromuscular function and also attacks the heart muscles (cardiotoxic) and is destructive to red blood cells (hemolytic). Dried poison is stable for over a year. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A012 Gonyautoxins CAS: 60748-39-2 (GTX1); 60748-40-5 (GTX2); 60748-41-6 (GTX2’); 60748-42-7 (GTX3); 64296-26-0 (GTX4); 69866-34-8 (GTX7); 122139-78-0 (GTX-B1); 82810-44-4 (GTX-B2); 80248-94-8 (PX2); 89614-45-9 (PX3); 89674-98-6 (PX4) RTECS: — Natural sulfate homologues of Saxitoxin (C16-A016). Rapid-acting paralytic neurotoxins that blocks transient sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve cells. They are some of the causative agents of paralytic shellﬁsh poisoning (PSP). They are obtained from dinoﬂagellates (Gonyaulax spp., Alexandrium spp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena circinalis). These materials are hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, respiratory paralysis, and possibly cardiovascular collapse. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A013 α-Latrotoxin CAS: 65988-34-3 RTECS: OE9020000 Protein Molecular Weight: approximately 125,000 Neurotoxin that produces a massive release of transmitters from cholinergic and adrenergic nerve endings resulting in continuous stimulation of muscles. It also induces formation of an ion channel allowing the inward ﬂow of calcium ions into the nerve cell. It is a white powder obtained from the venom of the black widow spider. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, vomiting, contractions, cramps, respiration is shallow and rapid, hypertension, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), and cardiac arrhythmia. May be mistaken for heart attack. Produces intense pain that becomes excruciating over time. Skin may be hyper pain sensitive. Used as a research tool in molecular biology.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A014 Neosaxitoxin CAS: 64296-20-4 RTECS: — C10 H17 N7 O5 Molecular Weight: 315.3 Natural analogue of Saxitoxin (C16-A016). Rapid-acting paralytic neurotoxin that reversibly blocks the voltage-gated sodium channels at neuronal level thus stopping the propagation of the nerve impulse. One of the causative agents of PSP. It is a white solid obtained from dinoﬂagellates (Gonyaulax tamarensis and Gonyaulax catanella) and cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon ﬂos-aquae, Anabaena circinalis, Lyngbya majuscula, and Oscillatoria mougeotti). This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, respiratory paralysis, and possibly cardiovascular collapse. It is being tested for medicinal use as a local anesthetic. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been published. C16-A015 Palytoxin CAS: 11077-03-5 (from Palythoa caribaerum); 77734-92-0 (from Palythoa toxica); 77734-91-9 (from Palythoa toxica) RTECS: RT6475000 C129 H223 N3 O54 Molecular Weight: 2680 Rapid-acting neurotoxin that causes irreversible depolarization of neural and muscular tissue by an unknown mechanism. It has a very potent effect on coronary arteries and death may result from constriction of the blood vessels of the heart. It is a solid obtained from bacterium associated with soft corals (Palythoa caribaerum and Palythoa toxica). It is soluble in water and alcohol, and stable to heat. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption (high doses), penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Delayed effects from exposure to high concentrations include disintegration of red blood cells. Symptoms include drowsiness, weakness, vomiting, respiratory distress, diarrhea, convulsions, shock, low body temperature, and death. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be more than 8000 times as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004).

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C16-A016 Saxitoxin (Agent SS) CAS: 35523-89-8; 63038-80-2 (Racemic mixture); 220355-66-8 (Diacetate salt); 35554-08-6 (Dihydrochloride salt); 63038-81-3 (Sulfate salt) ICD-10: T61.2 RTECS: UY8708500 C10 H17 N7 O4 Molecular Weight: 299.3 Rapid-acting channel-activating neurotoxin that blocks transient sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve cells. It is one of the causative agents of Paralytic Shellﬁsh Poisoning (PSP). It is obtained from dinoﬂagellates (Gonyaulax tamarensis, Gonyaulax catanella). It is soluble and stable in water and resistant to chlorine at 10 ppm. Iodine has no effect at 16 ppm. Various salts (solids) have been reported. The dihydrochloride salt is a white hygroscopic powder that is water soluble. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms from ingestion include a tingling or burning sensation of the lips, face, and tongue, progressing to the ﬁngertips, arms, legs, and neck. Additional symptoms include incoordination, dizziness, headache, a ﬂoating sensation, muscle weakness, vertigo, vomiting, nausea, drooling, and abdominal pain. Symptoms occur in 10 min to 4 h depending on the route of exposure. Severe ﬂaccid paralysis can lead to death from respiratory failure in 1–24 h. If the casualty survives 18 h, recovery is usually rapid and complete. Used as a research tool in molecular biology. It is on Schedule 1 of the CWC, the HHS Select Agents list, and the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: (1) A case in which saxitoxin in urine is detected or (2) detection of saxitoxin in ingested compounds or seafood. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. LC50(Inh) : 5 mg /m3 LD50(Inh) : 0.00049 g LD50(Sub) : 0.00040 g LD50(Ing) : 0.0003–0.001 g C16-A017 Taipoxin CAS: 52019-39-3 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 46,000 Neurotoxin obtained from the venom of the Australian taipan snake. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, headache, abdominal pain, and swollen lymph nodes

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that are painful when touched. Neurologic symptoms include drooping upper eyelid (ptosis), paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye (ophthalmoplegia), slurred speech, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), and sudden unconsciousness. Toxicology LD50(Sub) : 0.0074 g C16-A018 Tetanus toxin CAS: 676570-37-9 RTECS: XW5807000 Protein Molecular Weight: 150,000 Delayed-action neurotoxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine that is a crystalline solid obtained from bacteria (Clostridium tetani). Dried material is stable for years when stored between 39 and 45◦ F; otherwise, it is relatively unstable and very sensitive to heat. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include muscle spasms (frequently of the jaw muscle) progressing to rigid paralysis. Generalized spasms can be induced by sensory stimulation. Even minor stimulation may trigger these spasms. Spasms may be so severe as to cause bone fractures. Spasms affecting the larynx, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles lead to respiratory failure. Involvement of the autonomic nervous system results in an irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias), rapid heart rate (tachycardia), and high blood pressure (hypertension). Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: Acute onset of hypertonia and/or painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck) and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical cause. LD50(Ing) : 0.0002 g (estimate) Human toxicity values have not been fully established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have approximately half as toxic as Botulinum toxins (C16-A005). C16-A019 Tetrodotoxin CAS: 4368-28-9; 39920-04-2 (Racemic mixture); 629653-73-2 (Acetate salt); 18660-816 (Citrate salt); 17522-62-2 (Formate salt); 4664-41-9 (Hydrobromide salt); 4664-40-8 (Picrate salt); 129497-92-3 (Triﬂuoroacetate salt) ICD-10: T61.2 RTECS: IO1450000 C11 H17 N3 O8 Molecular Weight: 319.3 Rapid-acting neurotoxin that inhibits sodium-ion channels in neural and muscular tissue. It does not affect the neuromuscular junction. It is colorless crystals or a white powder that is obtained from puffer ﬁsh (Arothron sp.), frogs, newts, dinoﬂagellates (Takifugu poecilonotus), and bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis). It is heat stable but darkens on heating above

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428◦ F without decomposition. Slightly soluble and “probably stable” in water but rapidly inactivated by chlorine at 50 ppm. It is soluble in dilute acetic acid but practically insoluble in most other organic solvents. Various salts (solids) have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms appear 10 min to 4 h after ingestion and include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, paleness, and a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise). A sensation of tingling or prickling that progresses to numbness may be present. General weakness, dilation of the pupils, twitching, tremors, and loss of coordination follow. Death is due to respiratory arrest. For survivors, recovery is usually complete in 24 h. Used as a research tool in molecular biology. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: Rapid onset of one of the following neurologic and gastrointestinal signs or symptoms after consumption of material potentially containing tetrodotoxin: (1) oral paresthesias (might progress to include the arms and legs), (2) cranial nerve dysfunction, (3) weakness (might progress to paralysis), or (4) nausea or vomiting. There are no biological markers for exposure to tetrodotoxin. LD50(Inh) : 0.0001–0.0002 g LD50(Ing) : 0.002 g C16-A020 Tityustoxin CAS: 39465-37-7 RTECS: XR3030000 Polypeptide Rapid-acting neurotoxin that binds to sodium channels in nerve tissue leading to an increase in the release of neurotransmitters. It is a solid obtained from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus. This material is hazardous through inhalation and penetration through broken skin. Causes immediate pain in contact with any break in the skin. General symptoms include hyperexcitability, restlessness, salivation, lacrimation, accelerated respiration, convulsions, contractions, and muscular twitching, followed by spastic paralysis with rigid limbs. Death is due to respiratory failure and can occur within a few minutes or be delayed for several hours. Used as a research tool in neurobiology. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be slightly more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A021 Veratridine CAS: 71-62-5 RTECS: YX5600000

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C36 H51 NO11 Molecular Weight: 673.8 Neurotoxin that preferentially binds to activated sodium channels and increases the intracellular calcium concentration. It prolongs the action potential duration in the heart. It is obtained from sabadilla seeds (Schoenocaulon ofﬁcinale). Yellowish-white amorphous powder that retains water and melts at 356◦ F. It is insoluble in water but slightly soluble in ether. Various salts (solids) have been reported. The nitrate is sparingly soluble in water. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. The toxin is lipid soluble and once in the body can become stored in body fat. This can result in cumulative effect. Symptoms from ingestion include severe nausea, vomiting, burning, prickling, itching, or tingling skin sensation (paresthesia), weakness, low blood pressure (hypotension), slow heart rate (bradycardia), and loss of consciousness (syncope). Used industrially as a pesticide and for medicinal purposes. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately 100 times less toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004).

C16-A CYTOTOXINS C16-A022 Abrin CAS: 1393-62-0 RTECS: AA5250000 Protein Molecular Weight: 63,000–67,000 Delayed-action cytotoxins that inhibits protein synthesis (ribosomal inactivating protein). They are obtained from the seed of the Jequirity beans plant (Abrus precatorius). Typically yellowish-white powders that are insoluble in distilled water but soluble in salt water. They are fairly heat stable. These materials are hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts (redness and pain). Exposure may cause sensitizations. Symptoms from inhalation may occur within 8 h postexposure. Initial symptoms include difﬁculty breathing, fever, cough, nausea, and tightness in the chest progressing to heavy sweating, pulmonary edema, low blood pressure, and respiratory failure. Symptoms from ingestion may occur in less than 6 h but usually are delayed for 1–3 days. Initial symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea that may become bloody progressing to severe dehydration and low blood pressure. Other signs or symptoms may include hallucinations, seizures, and blood in the urine. Within several days, the liver, spleen, and kidneys stop working. Death from abrin poisoning could take place within 72 h postexposure, depending on the route of exposure and the dose received. If death has not occurred in 3–5 days, the casualty usually recovers. They are on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately twice as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004) when injected into the body. C16-A023 Aﬂatoxins CAS: 1402-68-2; 27261-02-5 (B1); 7220-81-7 (B2); 31223-79-7 (B2a); 1385-95-1 (G1); 724198-7 (G2); 24147-91-9 (G2a); 6795-23-9 (M1); 6885-57-0 (M2); 32215-02-4 (P1); 52819-96-2 (Q1) RTECS: — Delayed action cytotoxins that inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids. They are obtained from various molds/fungi (Aspergillus ﬂavus, Aspergillus parasiticus). They are colorless to pale-yellow crystalline materials melting above 450◦ F. The “B” toxins ﬂuoresce blue in the presence of UV light while the “G” toxins ﬂuoresce green. They are only slightly soluble in water, but are soluble in methanol, acetone, and chloroform. Aqueous solutions are “probably stable” and “probably tolerant” to chlorine at puriﬁcation concentrations. These materials are hazardous through inhalation and ingestion. Symptoms include vomiting, abdominal pain, convulsions, pulmonary edema, coma, and death. All aﬂatoxins are potential carcinogens. Aﬂatoxin B1 is possibly the most potent natural liver carcinogen known. High-level exposure to aﬂatoxins produces acute localized death of liver tissue (necrosis) followed by the growth of scar tissue (cirrhosis), progressing to formation of a malignant tumor (carcinoma) in the liver. They are on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A024 Cardiotoxins CAS: 11061-96-4 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 6700 (CTX III) Cytotoxins obtained from cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Hydrophobic solids that cause irreversible depolarization of cell membrane and cellular destruction as well as contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle, including the heart. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin. Symptoms include heart irregularities and low blood pressure. Toxicology LD50(Sub) : 0.032 g C16-A025 Cholera toxin CAS: 9012-63-9 RTECS: —

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Protein Cytotoxin that inactivates G proteins involved in cellular metabolism. It is obtained from bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, C17-A025). It is a water soluble white powder that is stable for years when stored at 39◦ F. This material is hazardous by penetration through broken skin and ingestion. Symptoms include vomiting, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea. Used as a research tool in molecular biology and in the production of vaccines. It is on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be less than one-tenth as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A026 Clostridium perfringens toxins CAS: — RTECS: — Cytotoxins obtained from bacteria (Clostridium perfringens). This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Wound contamination results in death of skeletal muscles and soft tissue. Symptoms of ingestion include nausea and diarrhea usually without vomiting. Inhalation produces pulmonary complications. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A027 Maitotoxin CAS: 59392-53-9 RTECS: OM5470000 Polycyclic ether Molecular Weight: 3422.0 Cytotoxin that affects the voltage-gated calcium channels causing an increased calcium inﬂux into the cell, ultimately resulting in breakup of the cell’s nuclear envelope (blebbing). It is obtained from dinoﬂagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). It is a water soluble, colorless, amorphous solid. It is the largest nonbiopolymeric and the most lethal nonpeptide natural product. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. This toxin, in conjunction with the neurotoxin ciguatoxin (C16-A008), is usually associated with ciguatera ﬁsh poisoning (CFP). Although maitotoxin is approximately four times more toxic than ciguatoxin, the symptoms of CFP are dominated by the neurologic presentation from ciguatoxin. The speciﬁc symptoms associated with unique exposure to maitotoxin have not been established or have not been published. Used as a research tool in neurophysiology.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately 100 times more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A028 Microcystin LR CAS: 128657-50-1 RTECS: GT2810000 C49 H74 N10 O12 Molecular Weight: 995.2 Rapid-acting cytotoxin that disrupts cell membranes in the liver (hepatoxin) causing an accumulation of blood in the liver. It is the most toxic of the Microcystins. It is a solid obtained from freshwater blue-green cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis cyanea). It is heat stable and water soluble. Aqueous solutions are “probably stable” and resistant to chlorine at 100 ppm. It is also soluble in alcohol and acetone. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include shivering, and rapid, deep breathing, progressing to twitching, convulsions, gasping respirations, and death. Shock and death occur within a matter of hours. It is on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology ID50 : 0.001–0.01 g (estimate, route unspeciﬁed) Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately one-third as toxic as the nerve agent VX (C02-004) when inhaled, but to have a similar toxicity when injected. C16-A029 Modeccin CAS: 65988-88-7 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 57,000 Cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis (ribosomal inactivating protein). It is obtained from the roots of Adenia digitata plant. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of exposure to modeccin have not been established or have not been published. However, based on its similarity to other ribosomal inactivating proteins, such as abrin (C16-A022) and ricin (C16-A031), general symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weakness, and muscle pain. Symptoms from inhalation may include irritation and pain in the mucous membranes, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), pulmonary edema, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms from ingestion may include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), dehydration, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms may persist for several days before death or recovery. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be approximately 1000 times more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004) when injected. C16-A030 Pertussis toxin CAS: 70323-44-3 RTECS: XW5883750 Protein Cytotoxin that inactivates G proteins involved in cellular metabolism. It is a solid obtained from bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). This material is hazardous through inhalation and penetration through broken skin. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of exposure to this toxin have not been established or have not been published. However, the major symptoms associated with whooping cough, the disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, are related to the effects of this toxin. Used as a research tool in molecular biology. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. C16-A031 Ricin (Agent W) CAS: 9009-86-3 RTECS: VJ2625000 Protein Molecular Weight: 65,000 Delayed-action cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis (ribosomal inactivating protein) that is obtained from castor beans (Ricinus communis). Waste from production of castor oil contains about 5% ricin by weight. It is a white powder that is soluble in water and relatively heat stable. Aqueous solutions are resistant to chlorine at 10 ppm. It is persistent in the environment. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. General symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weakness, muscle, and joint pain. Symptoms from inhalation include irritation and pain in the mucous membranes, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), pulmonary edema, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms from ingestion may include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), dehydration, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms may persist for several days before death or recovery. Used as a research tool in molecular biology, and has been used as a rodenticide. It is on Schedule 1 of the CWC, the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC.

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Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: A clinically compatible case with (1) detection of urinary ricinine, an alkaloid in the castor bean plant; or (2) detection of ricin in environmental samples. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. LD50(Inh) : 0.001 g LD50(Ing) : 0.070 g C16-A032 Shiga toxin CAS: 75757-64-1 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 55,000 Ribosome inactivating cytotoxic protein that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis in cells, causing cell death. It is a solid obtained from bacteria (Shigella dysenteriae). This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion. Symptoms from ingestions include diarrhea (may be bloody), dysentery, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Symptoms from inhalation are not fully documented but may result in breathing difﬁculty due to ﬂuid accumulation in the lungs. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, and the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be several magnitudes more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A033 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (Agent PG) CAS: 11100-45-1 RTECS: XW5807700 Protein Rapid-acting cytotoxin capable of producing either incapacitating or lethal effects. It is one of seven enterotoxins obtained from bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). It is a white, ﬂuffy solid that is water soluble and heat stable (not destroyed by cooking or freezing). Aqueous solutions are “probably stable.” It resists chlorine used in municipal water systems. As a freeze-dried powder, it can be stored for more than a year. This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion. Symptoms from inhalation include fever, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), red and inﬂamed whites of the eyes (conjunctivitis), nonproductive cough, difﬁculty in breathing (dyspnea), elevated white blood count (leukocytosis), nausea, anorexia, and vomiting but not diarrhea. May progress to chest pain and pulmonary edema. Symptoms from ingestion usually occur in 3–4 h postexposure and include the sudden onset of vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, explosive watery diarrhea, and severe weakness.

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It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. Toxicology LD50(Inh) : 0.0014 g ID50(Inh) : 0.000028 g C16-A034 Verotoxins CAS: 620190-09-2 (VT-1); 153834-62-9 (VT-2) RTECS: — Proteins Ribosome activating cytotoxic proteins that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis in cells, causing cell death. They are obtained from bacteria (Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7). Verotoxin 1 is almost identical to shiga toxin (C16-A032) and differs only by a single amino acid. Verotoxin 2 has signiﬁcant differences. These materials are hazardous through inhalation and ingestion. Symptoms from ingestions include diarrhea (may be bloody), dysentery, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Symptoms from inhalation are not fully documented but may result in difﬁculty breathing due to ﬂuid accumulation in the lungs. They are on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on the similarity to shiga toxin (C16-A032), these materials are likely to be several magnitudes more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004). C16-A035 Viscumin CAS: 83590-17-4 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 115,000 Ribosome inactivating cytotoxic protein that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis in cells, causing cell death. It is a solid obtained from the mistletoe plant (Viscum album). This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. Symptoms include headache, fever and chills, seizures, slow heart rate (bradycardia), abnormal blood pressure, vomiting, and death. It is being tested for medicinal use as an antitumor agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to have a comparable toxicity to ricin (C16-A031).

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C16-A036 Volkensin CAS: 91933-11-8 RTECS: — Protein Molecular Weight: 62,000 Ribosome inactivating cytotoxic protein that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis in cells, causing cell death. It is a solid obtained from the roots of the kilyambiti plant (Adenia volkensii). This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion. May be a sensitizer. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of exposure to modeccin have not been established or have not been published. However, based on its similarity to other ribosomal inactivating proteins, such as abrin (C16-A022) and ricin (C16-A031), general symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weakness, and muscle pain. Symptoms from inhalation may include irritation and pain in the mucous membranes, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), pulmonary edema, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms from ingestion may include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea (may be bloody), dehydration, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Symptoms may persist for several days before death or recovery. Used as a research tool in neurology. It is on the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on available information, this material appears to be several magnitudes more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004).

C16-A DERMALLY HAZARDOUS CYTOTOXINS C16-A037 T2 Mycotoxin CAS: 21259-20-1 RTECS: YD0100000 C24 H34 O9 Molecular Weight: 466.5 Rapid-acting dermally hazardous cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis and affects clotting factors in the blood. It is capable of producing incapacitating or lethal effects. T2 is obtained from various molds and fungi (Fusarium sp.). It is a colorless crystalline solid of white powder that melts at 304◦ F. Impure samples may be a colorless to slightly yellow oil. It is slightly soluble in water, but soluble in ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, chloroform, methylene chloride, diethyl ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). It is heat stable and can be stored at room temperature for years. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Trichothecenes are radiomimetic and may cause bone marrow suppression, liver failure, and internal bleeding.

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They are also immunosuppressive. T2 is the most toxic member of the trichothecene mycotoxins. Symptoms include severe skin and eye irritation possibly progressing to blistering and scabbing, cough (if inhaled), incoordination (ataxia), low blood pressure (hypotension), excessive bleeding and a lack of clotting (coagulopathy), nausea, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pains, vomiting and diarrhea (may be bloody), abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, fever, and lack of appetite. Death may be delayed for several weeks. Exposures are cumulative and repeated exposures may be cumulative to a lethal dose. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, and the Australia Group Core list. Toxicology CDC Case Deﬁnition: A clinically compatible case in which laboratory tests of environmental samples have conﬁrmed exposure. The case can be conﬁrmed if laboratory testing is not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspeciﬁc laboratory evidence is present or an absolute certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. LC50(Inh) : 200–5800 mg/m3 LD50(Per) : 0.14–0.84 g (In a penetrant solvent) ID50(Ing) : 0.78 mg/L (drinking water) Nausea and Vomiting: 0.05 mg/L (drinking water) C16-A038 Other trichothecene mycotoxins Dermally hazardous cytotoxins obtained from various molds and fungi (Fusarium sp.). They are colorless, crystalline solids that are heat stable and can be stored for long periods. These materials are hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Trichothecenes are radiomimetic and may cause bone marrow suppression, liver failure, and internal bleeding. They are also immunosuppressive. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of exposure to these toxins have not been established or have not been published. However, general symptoms may include severe skin and eye irritation possibly progressing to blistering, cough (if inhaled), incoordination (ataxia), low blood pressure (hypotension), excessive bleeding and a lack of clotting (coagulopathy), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, headache, dizziness, and fever. Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Deoxynivalenol (C15 H20 O6 ) CAS: 51481-10-8 RTECS: YD0167000 Molecular Weight: 296.3 Melting point: 304◦ F. Soluble in water and ethanol. Diacetoxyscirpenol (C15 H20 O6 ). On the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. CAS: 2270-40-8 RTECS: YD0112000 Molecular Weight: 296.3 Melting point: 322◦ F. Soluble in chloroform.

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Fusarenon X (C17 H22 O8 ) CAS: 23255-69-8 RTECS: — Molecular Weight: 354.4 Melting point: 196◦ F Soluble in water, alcohols, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. It hydrolyzes to form Nivalenol. HT-2 Toxin (C22 H32 O8 ). On the Australia Group Core list. CAS: 26934-87-2 RTECS: YD0050000 Molecular Weight: 424.5 Melting point: — Soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, chloroform, and methylene chloride. Neosolaniol (C19 H26 O8 ) CAS: 36519-25-2 RTECS: YD0080000 Molecular Weight: 382.4 Melting point: 325◦ F Soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, chloroform, and methylene chloride. Nivalenol (C15 H20 O7 CAS: 23282-20-4 RTECS: YD0165000 Molecular Weight: 312.3 Melting point: 432◦ F (decomposes) Slightly soluble in water and soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile. Nivalenol Diacetate (C19 H24 O9 ) CAS: 14287-82-2 RTECS: — Molecular Weight: 396.4 Melting point: — Soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, chloroform, and methylene chloride. It hydrolyzes to form Nivalenol. C16-A039 Macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins Dermally hazardous cytotoxins obtained from various molds and fungi (Stachybotrys atra, Myrothecium sp.). They are colorless, crystalline solids that are heat stable and can be stored for long periods. These materials are hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Trichothecenes are radiomimetic and may cause bone marrow suppression, liver failure, and internal bleeding. They are also immunosuppressive. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of exposure to these toxins have not been established or have not been published. However, based on its similarity to other trichothecene mycotoxins, general symptoms may include severe skin and eye irritation possibly progressing to blistering, cough (if inhaled), incoordination (ataxia), low blood pressure (hypotension), excessive bleeding and a lack of clotting (coagulopathy), sore throat, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, headache, dizziness, and fever.

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Toxicology Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. Roridin A (C29 H40 O9 ) CAS: 14729-29-4 RTECS: VL0355000 Molecular Weight: 532.6 Melting point: 388◦ F Soluble in chloroform. Satratoxin H (C29 H36 O9 ) CAS: 53126-64-0 RTECS: — Molecular Weight: 528.6 Melting point: — Verrucarin A (C27 H34 O9 ) CAS: 3148-09-2 RTECS: WH1314900 Molecular Weight: 502.6 Melting point: >680◦ F (decomposes) Soluble in chloroform. C16-A040 Zearalenone CAS: 17924-92-4 RTECS: DM2550000 C18 H22 O5 Molecular Weight: 318.4 Dermally hazardous cytotoxins obtained from various molds and fungi (Fusarium sp.). It is a white, crystalline solid that melts at 322◦ F. It is “practically insoluble” in water, but soluble in benzene, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, methanol, ethanol, and acetone. It is somewhat heat stable and can be stored for long periods. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is known to mimic estrogen in the body (hyperestrogenism). In animals, it has caused feminization of male animals and interfered with conception, ovulation, and fetal development in female animals. Speciﬁc signs and symptoms of acute high-dose exposure to zearalenone have not been established or have not been published.

References Amdur, Mary O., John Doull, M.D., and Curtis D. Klaassen, eds. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. 4th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1991. Arnon, Stephen S., Robert Schechter, Thomas V. Inglesby, Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Anne D. Fine, Jerome Hauer, Marcelle Layton, Scott Lillibridge, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell,

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David L. Swerdlow, and Kevin Tonat. “Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 1059–70. Brooks, David W. Teaching and Research Web Site (University of Nebraska). http://www.cci.unl.edu/ Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/chemistry.about.com/library/blpoison.htm. 2006. Burrows, Dickinson W., and Sara E. Renner. “Biological Warfare Agents as Threats to Potable Water.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 975–84. Canada Minister of National Health and Welfare, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ofﬁce of Biosafety. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Clostridium botulinum. January 23, 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (RR-10) (1997): 39. ———. “Facts About Botulism.” September 2001. ———. “Facts About Cyanobacteria & Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms.” Undated. ———. “Facts About Ricin.” October 23, 2003. ———. “Ricin FAQ.” February 25, 2003. Chandrasekhar, J. “Maitotoxin—Holder of Two World Records.” Resonance (May 1996): 68–70. Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. Chorus, Ingrid, and Jamie Bartram, eds. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. London, England: E & FN Spon, 1999. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Department of Agriculture. 9 CFR Part 121—“Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins.” 2005. Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur, David W.K. Acheson, Anne V. Kane, and Gerald T. Keusch. “Puriﬁcation of Shiga Toxin and Shiga-Like Toxins I and II by Receptor Analog Afﬁnity Chromatography with Immobilized P1 Glycoprotein and Production of Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibodies.” Infection and Immunity 57 (December 1989): 3888–893. Estacion, Mark, and William P. Schilling. “Maitotoxin-Induced Membrane Blebbing and Cell Death in Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells.” BMC Physiology 1 (2001): 2. European Mycotoxin Awareness Network. Mycotoxin Fact Sheets. http://www.mycotoxins.org/. 2006. Franz, David R. Defense Against Toxin Weapons. Rev. ed. Fort Detrick, MD: United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 1997. Friedman, Melissa A., and Bonnie E. Levin. “Neurobehavioral Effects of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Toxins: A Critical Review.” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11 (2005): 331–38. Fry, Bryan Grieg. Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne. http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology. 2006. Gasperi-Campani, Anna, Luigi Barbieri, Enzo Lorenzoni, Lucio Montanaro, Simonetta Sperti, Eugenio Bonetti, and Fiorenzo Stirpe. “Modeccin, the Toxin of Adenia digitata: Puriﬁcation, Toxicity and Inhibition of Protein Synthesis In Vitro.” Biochemical Journal 174 (1978): 491–96. Harpe, Jon de la, E. Reich, Karl A. Reich, and Eugene B. Dowdle. “Diamphotoxin: The Arrow Poison of the !Kung Bushmen.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 258 (1983): 11924–931. Henderson, Donald A., Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O’Toole, eds. Bioterrorism: Guidelines for Medial and Public Health Management. Chicago, IL: AMA Press, 2002. Herenda, D. Manual on Meat Inspection for Developing Countries. Reprint 2000. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria Monographs. http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html. 2006. ———. Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)—Monographs and Evaluations. http://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html. 2006.

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Ishiguro, Masatsune, Takao Takahashi, Gunki Funatsu, Katsuya Hayashi, and Masaru Funatsu. “Biochemical Studies on Ricin. I. Puriﬁcation of Ricin.” Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo, Japan) (1964): 587–92. Kabat, Elvin E., Michael Heidelberger, and Ada E. Bezer. “A Study of the Puriﬁcation and Properties of Ricin.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 168 (1947): 629–39. Kahn, Cynthia M., and Susan E. Aiello, eds. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th ed. Online Version. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 1998. Katircioglu, Hikmet, Beril S. Akin, and Tahir Atici. “Microalgal Toxin(s): Characteristics and Importance.” African Journal of Biotechnology 3 (2004): 667–74. Kishi, Yoshito. “Complete Structure of Maitotoxin.” Pure & Applied Chemistry 70 (1998): 339–44. Kortepeter, Mark, George Christopher, Ted Cieslak, Randall Culpepper, Robert Darling, Julie Pavlin, John Rowe, Kelly McKee, Jr., and Edward Eitzen, Jr., eds. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 4th ed. Fort Detrick, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, February 2001. Lindler, Luther E., Frank J. Lebeda, and George W. Korch, eds. Biological Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Inc., 2005. List Biological Laboratories, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for Bacterial Toxins. http://www.listlabs.com. 2006. Mankiewicz, Joanna, Malgorzata Tarczynska, Zoﬁa Walter, and Maciej Zalewski. “Natural Toxins from Cyanobacteria.” Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 45 (2003): 9–20. Mebs, Dietrich. Venomous and Poisonous Animals: A Handbook for Biologists, Toxicologists and Toxinologists, Physicians and Pharmacists. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientiﬁc Publishers, 2002. Moriyama, Hideo. “Puriﬁcation and Properties of Ricin.” Igaku to Seibutsugaku (1947): 163–66. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. “Emergency Response Card for Abrin.” Interim Document, March 24, 2003. ———. “Emergency Response Card for Ricin.” Interim Document, March 24, 2003. National Institutes of Health. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB/. 2004. Olsnes, Sjur, Fiorenzo Stirpe, Kirsten Sandvig, and Alexander Pihl. “Isolation and Characterization of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Viscum album L. (Mistletoe).” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 (1982): 13263–270. Olson, Kent R., ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Patocka Jiri, and Ladislav Streda. “Plant Toxic Proteins and Their Current Signiﬁcance for Warfare and Medicine.” Journal of Applied Biomedicine 1 (2003): 141–47. Public Health Service. 42 CFR Part 73—“Select Agents and Toxins.” 2004: 443–58. Schmitt, Clare K., Karen C. Meysick, and Alison D. O’Brien. “Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes?” Emerging Infectious Diseases 5 (April/June 1999): 224–34. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Singh, Bal Ram, and Anthony T. Tu, eds. Natural Toxins 2: Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Detection. Volume 391 of Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York: Plenum Press, 1996. Smith, Ann, Patricia Heckelman, and Maryadele J. Oneil, eds. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, & Biologicals. 13th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2001. Somani, S.M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Somani, Satu M., and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. Stirpe, Fiorenzo, Kirsten Sandvig, Sjur Olsnes, and Alexander Pihl. “Action of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Mistletoe, on Cells in Culture.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257 (1982): 13271–277. Stirpe, Fiorenzo, Luigi Barbieri, Ada Abbondanza, Anna Ida Falasca, Alex N.F. Brown, Kirsten Sandvig, Sjur Olsnes, and Alexander Pihl. “Properties of Volkensin, a Toxic Lectin from Adenia volkensii.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 260 (1985): 14589–595.

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Sweeney, Edel C., Alexander G. Tonevitsky, Rex A. Palmer, Hidie Niwa, Uwe Pfueller, Juergen Eck, Hans Lentzen, Igor I. Agapov, and Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov. “Mistletoe Lectin I Forms a Double Trefoil Structure.” FEBS Letters 431 (1998): 367–70. True, Bey-Lorraine, and Robert H. Dreisbach. Dreisbach’s Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. 13th ed. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. United States Department of Agriculture Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration. Aﬂatoxin Handbook. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2005. ———. DON (Vomitoxin) Handbook. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2004. ———. Grain Fungal Diseases & Mycotoxin Reference. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2004. United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL). 4th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1999. United States Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. January 30, 2003. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼mow/preface.html. April 18, 2005. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algae.” The Harmful Algae Page. http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/illness/illness.html. 2006. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet #270 Botulism. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, August 2002. ———. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Yang, Chen-Chung. “Crystallization and Properties of the Cobrotoxin from Formosan Cobra Venom.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 240 (1965): 1616–18.

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17 Bacterial Pathogens

17.1

General Information

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. They are easy to grow but production, isolation, harvesting, and storage of large quantities of these organisms is difﬁcult. Bacteria come in various shapes including rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), and commas or spirals (spirilla). Individual organisms range in size from less than one micron to tens of microns. They may or may not be able to move on their own (i.e., motile). Bacteria can be aerobic, that is, they can live and grow in the presence of oxygen, or they can be anaerobic and live without oxygen. In adverse conditions, some bacteria can enter a dormant state known as a spore. Spores can remain dormant for decades and can survive under extreme temperatures and other adverse environmental conditions. Unlike fungi (Chapter 20), formation of spores is not related to reproduction and is done strictly as a protective mechanism. Upon reactivation, each spore produces a single active bacteria. Spores are normally spherical or oval and are only a fraction of the size of the active (i.e., vegetative) cell. Pathogens employed as biological weapons can be used for both lethal and incapacitating purposes. They cause disease by invading tissues or by producing toxins (Chapter 16) that are detrimental to the infected individual. Pathogens can be selected to target a speciﬁc host (e.g., humans, cows, pigs) or they may pose a broad threat to both animals and to people. Pathogens deployed as antianimal biological weapons are generally used to produce lethal effects in an agriculturally signiﬁcant species such as cows, pigs, or chickens. Although these pathogens are selected to target a speciﬁc animal species, there is a possibility that the disease may migrate to humans. The diseases produced by these crossover pathogens may be difﬁcult to diagnose for medical personnel not trained in exotic pathology. Other pathogens are selected to produce lethal effects in an agriculturally signiﬁcant crop species such as wheat, corn, or rice. There is little potential for migration of these pathogens to humans or animals. A ﬁnal group of biological warfare pathogens are those used as simulants to model the release of other, more hazardous agents. Pathogens employed as biological warfare simulants do not generally pose a signiﬁcant risk to people, animals, or plants. However, individuals with respiratory illness or suppressed immune systems may be at risk should they be exposed to an infectious dose of the agent. Bacteria can be stored as either liquids (e.g., organisms concentrated growth media) or powders (e.g., spores or freeze-dried mixtures of agent and growth media) and are easy to disperse. However, because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process, there are limitations to the methods that can be used. They can also be stored and

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dispersed via infected vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, ﬂeas). In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of “anthrax” letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat, the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). In general, unless a local reservoir (i.e., intermediate host that may or may not be affected by the bacteria) is established, pathogens are easily killed by unfavorable environmental factors such as ﬂuctuations in temperature, humidity, food sources, or ultraviolet light. For this reason, their persistency is generally limited to days. However, bacterial spores are highly resistant to impacts from changes in environmental factors. Agents that can form spores can survive in this state for decades and then become active again under the proper conditions. In addition, pathogens can be freeze-dried and remain in a preserved state almost indeﬁnitely. Freeze-dried pathogens are reactivated when exposed to moisture. It is possible that local insects can become both a reservoir and a vector for the pathogen. Under these circumstances, the pathogen can survive well after the initial release and can rapidly spread beyond the immediately affected area. In many cases, once a vector is infected, it is capable of transmitting the disease throughout its life span. Some pathogens are transmitted directly to the young of the vector so that the next generation is born infected. Response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors (e.g., application of pesticides). Incubation times for diseases resulting from infection vary depending on the speciﬁc pathogen, but are generally on the order of days to weeks. Exposures to extremely high doses of some pathogens may reduce the incubation period to as short as several hours. The pathway of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion) can also cause a signiﬁcant change in the incubation time required as well as the clinical presentation of the disease. Some diseases caused by bacteria are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and/or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. In addition to direct aerosol exposure, some bacteria are potentially associated with exposure through ingestion of contaminated food, water or both. Pathogens that normally infect individuals through an ingestion pathway also pose a signiﬁcant risk of secondary infections from the “fecal/oral” cycle. Some individuals or animals can become asymptomatic carriers and are capable of spreading the disease long after their recovery (e.g., Typhoid Mary). Mechanical vectors (e.g., ﬂies, roaches) can also carry pathogens and spread the disease to food not directly contaminated.

17.2 17.2.1

Response Personal Protective Requirements

17.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release A number of conditions must be considered when selecting protective equipment for individuals at the scene of a release. For instances such as “anthrax” letters when the mechanism

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495

of release is known and it does not involve an aerosol generating device, then responders can use Level C with high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlters. If an aerosol generating device is employed (e.g., sprayer), or the dissemination method is unknown and the release is ongoing, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Once the device has stopped generating the aerosol or has been rendered inoperable, and the aerosol has settled, then responders can downgrade to Level B. In all cases, there is a signiﬁcant hazard posed by contact of contaminated material with skin that has been cut or lacerated, or through injection of pathogens by contact with debris. Appropriate protection to avoid any potential abrasion, laceration, or puncture of the skin is essential. Individuals with damaged or open skin should not be allowed to enter the contaminated area. 17.2.1.2 Working with Infected Individuals For most bacteria, use infection control guidelines standard precautions. If appropriate, or the identity of the bacteria is unknown, use additional droplet and airborne precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. 17.2.1.2.1 Infection Control Guidelines Standard Precautions 1. Wash hands after patient contact. 2. Wear gloves when handling potentially infectious items that are contaminated with blood, body ﬂuids, or excreta. 3. Wear a mask and eye protection during procedures likely to generate splashes or sprays of infectious ﬂuids. 4. Handle all contaminated and potentially contaminated equipment and linen in a manner that will prevent cross contamination. 5. Take care when handling sharps. When practical, use a mouthpiece or other ventilation device as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 17.2.1.2.2 Droplet Precautions Standard precautions plus 1. Place the patient in a private room or cohort them with someone with the same infection. Maintain at least 3 feet between patients. 2. Wear a mask when working within 3 feet of the patient. 3. Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on the patient if they need to be moved. 17.2.1.2.3 Airborne Precautions Standard precautions plus 1. Place the patient in a private room with negative air pressure that has a minimum of six air changes per hour and appropriate ﬁltration before the air is discharged from the room. 2. Wear respiratory protection when entering the room. 3. Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on the patient if they need to be moved.

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17.2.2.1 Food All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items should be destroyed. Fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water. Many pathogens can survive in food containers for extended periods. 17.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel Infected individuals: Unless the individual is reporting directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release, etc.) then decontamination is not necessary. Use standard protocols for individuals that may be infected with a communicable disease transmissible via an aerosol. Direct Exposure: In the event that an individual is at the scene of a known or suspected attack (e.g., white-powder letter, aerosol release, etc.), have them wash their hands and face thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water as soon as possible. If antimicrobial soap is not available, use any available soap or shampoo. They should also blow their nose to remove any agent particles that may have been captured by nasal mucous. Remove all clothing and seal in a plastic bag. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of antimicrobial soap (if available) and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped agent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend that individuals use bleach or other disinfectants on their skin. 17.2.2.3 Animals Unless the animals are at the scene of an attack, then decontamination is not necessary. Apply universal decontamination procedures using antimicrobial soap and water. If antimicrobial soap is not available, use any available soap, shampoo, or detergent. In some cases, severe infection may require euthanasia of animals or herds. Consult local/state veterinary assistance ofﬁce. If the pathogen has not been identiﬁed, then wear a ﬁtted N95 protective mask, eye protection, disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves when dealing with infected animals. 17.2.2.4 Plants Removal and destruction of infected plants may be required. Incineration of impacted ﬁelds may be required. Consult local/state agricultural assistance ofﬁce. Wear disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves to prevent spread of contamination. Many plant pathogens are spread via insects and response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors. 17.2.2.5 Property Surface disinfectants: Compounds containing phenolics, chlorhexidine (not effective against bacteria spores), quaternary ammonium salts (additional activity if bis-n-tributyltin oxide present), hypochlorites such as household bleach, alcohols such as 70–95% ethanol and isopropyl (not effective against bacteria spores), potassium peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine/iodophores, and triclosan.

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The military also identiﬁes the following “nonstandard” decontaminants: Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. Large area fumigants: Gases including formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, or chlorine dioxide. These materials are highly toxic to humans and animals and fumigation operations must be adequately controlled to prevent unnecessary exposure. Additional methods include vaporized hydrogen peroxide and an ionized hydrogen peroxide aerosol. Fomites: Some pathogens may be absorbed into clothing or bedding causing these items to become infectious and capable of transmitting the disease. Others may contain vectors (e.g., lice, ticks) that pose a transmission hazard. Deposit items in an appropriate biological waste container and send to a medical waste disposal facility. Alternatively, cotton or wool articles can be boiled in water for 30 minutes, autoclaved at 253◦ F for 45 minutes, or immersed in a 2% household-bleach solution (i.e., 1 gallon of bleach in 2 gallons of water) for 30 minutes followed by rinsing.

17.3

Fatality Management

Unless the cadaver is coming directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release), process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious remains. Because of the nature of biological warfare agents, it is highly unlikely that a contaminated cadaver will be recovered from the scene of an attack unless it is from an individual who died from trauma or other complications while the attack was ongoing. If a fatality is grossly contaminated with a biological agent, wear disposable protective clothing with integral hood and booties, disposable gloves, and an N-95 respirators and eye protection or powered air-purifying respirator (PAPRs) equipped with N-95 or HEPA ﬁlter. Remove all clothing and personal effects. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Otherwise, dispose of contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Thoroughly wash the remains with antimicrobial soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If deemed appropriate, the cadaver can be treated with a surface disinfectant listed in Section 17.2.2. If there is a potential that vectors may be involved, care must be taken to kill any vectors (e.g., lice, ﬂeas) remaining either on the cadaver or residing in fomites. Remove all potentially infested clothing depositing it in a container that will trap and eliminate vectors. Dispose contaminated particles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious bodies. Use appropriate burial procedures. In 2004 (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53), the CDC determined that the risks of occupational exposure to biological terrorism agents outweighed the advantages of embalming fatalities and recommended that, unless death was due to a bacteria that forms spores (e.g., Bacillus anthracis), the body should be buried without embalming. Fatalities due to spore forming bacteria should be cremated without embalming.

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C17-A AGENTS C17-A001 Bacillus anthracis (Agent N) Anthrax ICD-10: A22 It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Dry spores are stable for decades. Spores are stable in water for up to 2 years and are resistant to chlorine at puriﬁcation concentrations. It is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness with acute onset characterized by several distinct clinical forms including: Cutaneous: a skin lesion evolving over 2–6 days from a papule, through a vesicular stage, to a depressed black eschar. Inhalation: a brief prodrome resembling a viral respiratory illness followed by development of hypoxia and dyspnea, with x-ray evidence of mediastinal widening. Intestinal: severe abdominal distress followed by fever and signs of septicemia. Oropharyngeal: mucosal lesion in the oral cavity or oropharynx, cervical adenopathy and edema, and fever. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of B. anthracis from a clinical specimen; or (2) fourfold or greater rise in either the anthrax enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or electrophoretic immunotransblot (EITB) titer between acute- and convalescent-phase serum specimens obtained ≥2 weeks apart; or (3) anthrax ELISA titer ≥64 or an EITB reaction to the protective antigen and/or lethal factor bands in one or more serum samples obtained after onset of symptoms; or (4) demonstration of B. anthracis in a clinical specimen by immunoﬂuorescence. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; possibly Vectors (biting ﬂies). Infectious Dose: 8,000–55,000 spores (Inhalation). Secondary Hazards: Spores; Blood; Body tissue; Fomites. Incubation: Hours (high dose) to 7 days. May be prolonged up to 2 months. Signs and Symptoms: Inhalation: Often biphasic, but symptoms may progress rapidly. Mild and nonspeciﬁc (i.e., ﬂu-like) progressing to respiratory distress with fever and shock following in 3–5 days. Death occurs shortly thereafter. Skin: Itching followed by formation of a lesion progressing to a black eschar surrounded by swelling 7–10 days after appearance of the initial lesion. Usually little or no pain. Ingestion: Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and fever progressing to severe abdominal pain, vomiting blood, and diarrhea that is almost always bloody. Acute abdomen picture with rebound tenderness may develop.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Abdominal aneurysm, aortic dissection, pleural effusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, superior vena cava syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, mediastinitis, fulminate mediastinal tumors; pneumonia, gastroenteritis, meningitis, ecthyma, rat bite fever, spider bite, leprosy, plague, tularemia, coccidioidomycosis, diphtheria, glanders, histoplasmosis, psittacosis, typhoid fever, and rickettsial pox. Mortality Rate (untreated): Cutaneous: ≤20%; Inhalation: ≤100%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, goats, horses. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes; Vectors (biting ﬂies). Secondary Hazards: Spores; Blood; Body tissue; Animal products such as hides, hair, wool, bones, feedstuffs, or handicrafts. Incubation: 1–2 weeks in pigs and horses. Signs and Symptoms: Anthrax cases usually produce sudden death. When present, the following signs may be seen: fever, restlessness, edematous swelling of the throat and neck, difﬁculty swallowing, difﬁculty in breathing (dyspnea), agitation, bleeding from oriﬁces and subcutaneous hemorrhage, and disorientation. Death due to choking or toxemia. Postmortem ﬁndings include dark-tarry blood discharge from body oriﬁces, absence of rigor mortis, hemorrhage of the mucous membranes, bloating, and rapid decomposition of the carcass. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: May be difﬁcult to differentiate from other causes of sudden death such as lightning strikes, peracute lead poisoning, peracute blackleg (blackquarter), acute leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, hypomagnesaemia tetani, acute bloat, septicemic forms of other diseases. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Very high.” C17-A002 Bacillus subtilis (Agent BG) BW Simulant It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. It is very common in soil, water, and air. No signiﬁcant harmful health effects to humans or animals are expected from exposure to this pathogen unless the individual has a compromised respiratory system or suppressed immune system. Direct contact with large quantities of B. subtilis spores may cause redness or irritation of the skin. Some strains have been used as a medicinal product to treat dysentery and other intestinal problems, and as a pesticide to control plant diseases and fungal pathogens. C17-A003 Bacillus thuringiensis (Agent BT) BW Simulant B. thuringiensis is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Vegetative cells are motile and approximately 1 µm wide and 5 µm long. It is very common in soil and on plants.

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No signiﬁcant harmful health effects to humans, animals, or plants are expected from exposure to this pathogen. Some strains have been used as pesticides to control crop damaging insects. C17-A004 Brucella species including B. abortus; B. melitensis; B. suis (Agent US) Brucellosis ICD-10: A23; A23.0 (B. melitensis); A23.1 (B. abortus); A23.1 (B. suis) They are aerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, nonmotile, cocci or rod-shaped bacterium. They are stable in water for 20–72 days. The most pathogenic of the species for man is B. melitensis, followed by B. suis and then B. abortus. The natural reservoirs are cattle (B. abortus); sheep and goats (B. melitensis); and pigs (B. suis). These are biosafety level 3 agents. They are on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and are listed as Category B Potential Terrorism Agents by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness characterized by acute or insidious onset of fever, night sweats, undue fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, headache, and arthralgia. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of Brucella species from a clinical specimen; or (2) fourfold or greater rise in Brucella agglutination titer between acute- and convalescentphase serum specimens obtained ≥2 weeks apart and studied at the same laboratory; or (3) demonstration by immunoﬂuorescence of Brucella species in a clinical specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals who have open skin lesions, use standard contact precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: 10–100 organisms. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue. Incubation: 5–60 days. Signs and Symptoms: Are nonspeciﬁc and consist of irregular fever, headache, profound weakness and fatigue, chills and sweating, generalized severe joint and muscle pain (myalgia), anorexia, weight loss, and depression. Joint complications are common. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Inﬂuenza, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, infective endocarditis, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, collagen vascular disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, malignancy, and osteomyelitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤2%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion; Mucous membranes; Mating. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: Varies depending on route of entry and condition of host. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, increased respiration and depression; inﬂammation of testes and epididymis; swelling of the last scrotum; atrophic testicles; edematous placenta and fetus; infertility; abortion in the last 3–4 months of pregnancy; and lymph-ﬁlled cystic cavities (hygromas) on the knees, stiﬂes, hock, and angle of the haunch.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: In cattle: Other causes of abortion including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, mycoplasma infections, mycosis, and nutritional and physiological causes. Brucellosis should always be suspected when there are multiple late-term abortions in a herd. In pigs: Other common diseases causing abortion are Aujeszky’s disease, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, streptococcidiosis, classical swine fever, and parvorisosis. In sheep, goats: Abortions due to chlamydiosis or coxiellosis. Mortality Rate (untreated): Not normally fatal. C17-A005 Chlamydia psittaci (Agent SI) Psittacosis ICD-10: A70 It is a gram-negative, spherical (0.4–0.6 µm diameter) bacterium. Survival of the bacteria outside the host depends on the source: infected ﬂuid from eggs—52 h; bird droppings—a few days; bird feed—2 months; glass—15 days; and straw—20 days. The natural reservoir is birds. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is highly communicable from infected birds to people. It is on the Australia Group Core list and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness characterized by fever, chills, headache, sensitivity to light (photophobia), cough, and myalgia. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of C. psittaci from respiratory secretions; or (2) fourfold or greater increase in antibody against C. psittaci by complement ﬁxation or microimmunoﬂuorescence (MIF) to a reciprocal titer of ≥32 between paired acute- and convalescent-phase serum specimens; or (3) presence of immunoglobulin M antibody against C. psittaci by MIF to a reciprocal titer of ≥16. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Blood and body ﬂuids; Fecal (from birds); Fomites (from birds). Incubation: 7–28 days. Signs and Symptoms: Diagnosis of psittacosis can be difﬁcult. There is a variable clinical presentation but may include fever, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), chills and upper or lower respiratory tract disease, and dry cough. Pneumonia is often evident in chest x-rays. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Brucellosis, chlamydial pneumonias, infective endocarditis, legionnaires disease, mycoplasma infections, pneumonia, Coxiella burnetii infection, Francisella tularensis infection, Q fever, tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, and all atypical pneumonia. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤20%.

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In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Poultry, pheasants. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols; Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: Varies, most common 3–10 days. Signs and Symptoms: Rufﬂed feathers; loss of condition; conjunctivitis; nasal and ocular discharge; and pale, greenish, or watery feces. Postmortem ﬁndings include inﬂammation of the lungs, airsacs, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, and peritoneum. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, pasteurellosis, and salmonellosis including pullorum disease; bacillary white diarrhea. Mortality Rate (untreated): “High,” varies greatly depending on bird species. C17-A006 Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies sepedonicus Ring rot of potatoes It is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium. In wet soil, the bacterium can survive for several months; in drier soil it can survive for more than a year. Ring rot infection can pass through one or more ﬁeld generations without causing symptoms in stems and tubers. Capable of surviving 2–5 years in dried slime on surfaces of crates, bins, burlap sacks, or harvesting and grading machinery, even if exposed to temperatures well below freezing. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Potatoes; can colonize roots of sugar beets. Normal routes of transmission: Contact through wounds in tubers. Secondary Hazards: Crop debris; Mechanical Vectors (contaminated containers; farm implements; wash water); Vectors (Colorado potato beetle; ﬂea beetle; leafhoppers; sucking insects such as aphids). Signs: Wilting of the leaf margins, especially on the lower leaves and often on only one side of the plant. Leaves curl and progressively lose their shine (appearing dull and greasy) with the onset of yellowing, browning, and eventual necrosis. In the early stages, the tissue around the vascular bundles appears semitranslucent, glassy, and water-soaked. As the infection progresses, the vascular ring becomes discolored and the tissue around it degrades and develops a colorless rot with a paste-like consistency. Squeezing a cut tuber produces a pale creamy, cheese-like ooze. Later, the discoloration becomes a more distinct brown and the necrosis can extend into the surrounding tissue. In advanced stages the bacterium can ooze from the heel end and eyes. This may result in reddish-brown, slightly sunken, and star-shaped lesions on the skin from which bacteria may ooze, causing soil particles to adhere. Yield loss may reach 50%.

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C17-A007 Clostridium botulinum Produces Botulinum Toxin (C16-A005) ICD-10: A05.1 It is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that produces neurotoxins (see C16-A005), especially in low-acid foods. The natural reservoir is soil. It is also found in honey. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: See Botulinum Toxin (C16-A005). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Normal Routes of Exposure: Danger is from exposure to the toxin (Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin). Infectious Dose: Not applicable. Secondary Hazards: Spores; Residual toxin. Incubation: Not applicable. Signs and Symptoms: See Botulinum toxin (C16-A005). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: See Botulinum toxin (C16-A005). Mortality Rate (untreated): See Botulinum toxin (C16-A005). C17-A008 Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin producing (Agent G) Gas Gangrene ICD-10: A05.2 It is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that produces cytotoxins (see C16-A028). It is stable in water (sewage) and resistant to chlorine at puriﬁcation concentrations. It can grow at an extremely rapid rate with generation times as short as 10 min. Causes gas gangrene, enteritis necroticans, food poisoning, and nonfood-borne enterotoxemic infections. Gas gangrene results from wound contamination with spores. Only rare cases of pulmonary infections, and no apparent disease caused by inhalation of spores. It is widely distributed in the environment and frequently occurs in the intestines of humans and many animals. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals who have open skin lesions, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin. Infectious Dose: >100,000,000 vegetative cells via ingestion. Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter (if ingestional). Incubation: 8–22 h (enteritis); 6 h to several days (gas gangrene).

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Signs and Symptoms: Gas Gangrene—Rapid heart rate (tachycardia), excessive perspiration (diaphoresis), and possibly altered mental status. Crepitance or subcutaneous air, tense edema, discolored wound discharge, blisters, with necrotic tissue. Because gas gangrene affects the deep muscle tissue, the superﬁcial skin often appears normal early in the disease course but eventually turns pale and then to a gray or purplish red color. Pain is often out of proportion to physical ﬁndings. Decreased pain or anesthesia at the site of infection can indicate that cutaneous nerve endings are being destroyed and that the disease is advanced. Progression to toxemia and shock can be rapid. Enteritis—Acute onset of abdominal cramps with diarrhea lasting less than 1 day. Vomiting is rare. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Gas Gangrene—Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, other causes of necrotizing myositis, deep venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis, cutaneous anthrax, vaccinia vaccination, acute gout, septic arthritis, familial mediterranean fever, ﬁxed drug reaction, pyoderma gangrenosa, Sweet syndrome, Wells syndrome, carcinoma erysipeloides, pyomyositis, water-borne skin infections, and other causes of soft tissue gas (e.g., pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, fractured larynx, fractured trachea). Mortality Rate (untreated): >25%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: All species. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Abraded Skin. Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: Varies, as short as 2 h for ingestional. Signs and Symptoms: Causes enteritis, dysentery, and toxemia in horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Mortality may be high in lambs, calves, pigs, and foals. In birds, typically the only sign is a sudden increase in mortality (≤50% ). However, birds with depression, rufﬂed feathers, and diarrhea may also be seen. Gangrenous dermatitis is characterized by gangrenous necrosis of the skin and a sharp increase in mortality (≤60% ). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, enterotoxemia due to E. coli, rabies, pregnancy toxemia, polioencephalomalatia, acute rumen impaction, louping-ill; hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and acute lead poisoning. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Variable,” depending on the species and location of infection. C17-A009 Clostridium tetani Lockjaw ICD-10: A35 It is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that produces neurotoxins (see C16-A020). Spores may remain viable for years if protected from light and heat. They can be destroyed by boiling water. Spores are unable to grow in normal tissue or even in wounds unless necrosis is present. The bacteria remain localized in the necrotic tissue at the original site of infection and multiply. It is found in soil and intestinal tracts of animals. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Warning list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Acute onset of hypertonia and/or painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck) and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical cause. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals who have open skin lesions, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Wounds (punctures, lacerations, burns). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Spores. Incubation: 3–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: Trismus (i.e., lockjaw), stiffness, neck rigidity, difﬁculty in swallowing (dysphagia), restlessness, and reﬂex spasms. Subsequently, muscle rigidity becomes the major manifestation. Muscle rigidity spreads from the jaw and facial muscles to the extensor muscles of the limbs. Patients with tetanus may present with abdominal tenderness and guarding, mimicking an acute abdomen. Reﬂex spasms develop in most patients and can be triggered by minimal external stimuli such as noise, light, or touch. Sustained contraction of facial musculature produces a sneering grin expression known as risus sardonicus. Tetanic seizures may occur and portend a poor prognosis. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Conversion disorder, mandible dislocations, encephalitis, hypocalcemia, meningitis, peritonsillar abscess, rabies, black widow spider envenomations, hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, medication-induced dystonic reactions, intraoral disease, odontogenic infections, globus hystericus, hepatic encephalopathy, hysteria, strychnine poisoning, acute abdomen, and intracranial hemorrhage. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤90%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses, cattle, goats, sheep. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Wounds (punctures); Birthing. Secondary Hazards: Spores. Incubation: 4 days to 4 months. Signs and Symptoms: The ﬁrst symptoms are the protrusion of the nictitating membrane, and the involvement of facial and jaw muscles leading to lock jaw. Usually develops ﬁrst in the limbs followed by the muscles of the trunk except in horses, which present from the head down. Causes spasmodic contraction of the voluntary muscles and increased sensitivity to stimuli. Consciousness is not affected. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Strychnine poisoning, hypocalcemia of mares, cerebrospinal meningitis, lactation tetany of cattle, enzootic muscular dystrophy, enterotoxaemia of lambs, polioencephalomalacia. Clinical signs and history of recent trauma are usually adequate for a diagnosis of tetanus. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤80%. C17-A010 Coxiella burnetii (Agent OU) Q fever ICD-10: A78

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It is a gram-negative, sporing bacterium that used to be considered a rickettsiae. In addition to the spore form, it exists in two vegetative forms: a large one that is found in infected cells, and a small one that exists outside a host. It can survive in the environment for up to 10 months and also exposure to many standard disinfectants. Although the disease is usually subclinical in ruminants (e.g., cattle, sheep, and goats), it can cause anorexia, abortions or both. Inhalation of dust contaminated with placental tissue or birth ﬂuids is a common way humans contract the disease. Domestic animals (e.g., cats, rabbits, birds, etc.), are also susceptible to infection and can act as a source of infection for humans. Ticks may transmit the disease among domestic ruminants, but are not thought to play an important role in transmission of the disease to humans. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: A febrile illness usually accompanied by rigors, myalgia, malaise, and retrobulbar headache. Severe disease can include acute hepatitis, pneumonia, and meningoencephalitis. Clinical laboratory ﬁndings may include elevated liver enzyme levels and abnormal chest ﬁlm ﬁndings. Asymptomatic infections may also occur. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in antibody titer to C. burnetii phase II or phase I antigen in paired serum specimens ideally taken 3–6 weeks apart; or (2) isolation of C. burnetii from a clinical specimen by culture; or (3) demonstration of C. burnetii in a clinical specimen by detection of antigen or nucleic acid. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. It may be communicable if pneumonia is present. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions except in cases of pneumonia, then use droplet precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous membranes; Vectors (ticks). Infectious Dose: 10 organisms (Inhalation). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (contaminated dust; coughs, sneezes from individuals with pneumonia); Milk and urine (from ruminants); Fecal (from ruminants). Incubation: 14–39 days (can be less depending on the dose). Signs and Symptoms: Variable symptoms ranging from inapparent or nonspeciﬁc to severe. Initial acute symptoms include sudden onset of fever, chills, severe sweating, severe headache, weakness, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), pain in the joints (arthralgias), confusion, sore throat, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. May progress to pneumonia, hepatitis, or endocarditis. Total recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Hepatitis, Legionnaires disease, myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, pneumonia, ehrlichiosis, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tularemia. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤3%. C17-A011 Escherichia coli BW Simulant ICD-10: A04.0 It is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium propelled by long, rapidly rotating ﬂagella. It is part of the common bacterium that normally inhabits

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the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It helps protect the intestinal tract from bacterial infection and aids in digestion. Although used as a simulant, it can cause acute bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, enteric infections, urinary tract infections, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, suppurative thyroiditis, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections. There are also strains of E. coli (C17-A015) that produce lethal cytotoxins (C16-A052). C17-A012 Escherichia coli, Serotype O157:H7 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ICD-10: A04.3 It is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium propelled by long, rapidly rotating ﬂagella. It can survive well outside a host for extended periods. Although E. coli is part of the common bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, serotype O157:H7 produces a shiga-like cytotoxin (C16-A052) that causes hemorrhage in the intestines. Cattle, including calves, are one of the reservoirs for infection in humans. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. E. coli can also cause acute bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, enteric infections, urinary tract infections, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, suppurative thyroiditis, sinusitis, osteomyelits, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An infection of variable severity characterized by diarrhea (often bloody) and abdominal cramps. Illness may be complicated by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); asymptomatic infections may also occur and the organism may cause extraintestinal infections. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is isolation of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli from a clinical specimen. E. coli O157:H7 isolates may be assumed to be Shiga toxin-producing. For all other E. coli isolates, Shiga toxin production or the presence of Shiga toxin genes must be determined to be considered STEC. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible through fecal/oral. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Wash hands frequently. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion. Infectious Dose: 10 organisms (estimate). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (possibly); Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: 2–8 days. Signs and Symptoms: Severe cramping with bowel movements ranging from nonbloody diarrhea to stools that are almost pure blood. Vomiting occurs in approximately half the cases. There is generally no fever associated with the infection. Usually lasts 8 days. Can progress to kidney failure. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Enterobacter infections, enterococcal infections, klebsiella infections, proteus infections, providencia infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, serratia, shigellosis, and streptococcus group B infections.

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Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤0.5% overall; ≤15% hemolytic uremic syndrome; ≤99% for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, pigs, sheep. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible through fecal/oral and nursing. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion. Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: Not available. Signs and Symptoms: Clinical signs range from peracute death with no signs of illness, to CNS involvement with incoordination (ataxia), paralysis, and recumbency. Swelling around the eyes (periocular edema), forehead and submandibular regions, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), and anorexia are common. Edema may be accompanied by hemorrhage. There may be profuse diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Enterobacter infections. Mortality Rate (untreated): 90% (Pigs). C17-A013 Francisella tularensis (Agent UL) Tularemia ICD-10: A21 It is an aerobic, gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporing, coccobacillus that requires cystine for growth. The organism can remain viable for weeks in soil, water, carcasses, and hides. It is resistant for months at temperatures of freezing or below. The natural reservoir is rodents, particularly rabbits and hares. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness characterized by several distinct forms, including the following: Ulceroglandular (cutaneous ulcer with regional lymphadenopathy); glandular (regional lymphadenopathy with no ulcer); oculoglandular (conjunctivitis with preauricular lymphadenopathy); oropharyngeal (stomatitis or pharyngitis or tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy); intestinal (intestinal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea); pneumonic (primary pleuropulmonary disease); typhoidal (febrile illness without early localizing signs and symptoms). Clinical diagnosis is supported by evidence or history of a tick or deerﬂy bite, exposure to tissues of a mammalian host of F. tularensis, or exposure to potentially contaminated water. Laboratory criteria for a presumptive diagnosis is (1) elevated serum antibody titer(s) to F. tularensis antigen (without documented fourfold or greater change) in a patient with no history of tularemia vaccination or (2) detection of F. tularensis in a clinical specimen by ﬂuorescent assay. Laboratory criteria for a conﬁrmatory diagnosis is (1) isolation of F. tularensis in a clinical specimen or (2) fourfold or greater change in serum antibody titer to F. tularensis antigen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage.

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Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes; ticks; biting ﬂies). Infectious Dose: 5–10 Organisms (inhalation); >1,000,000 Organisms (ingestion). Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 1–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Tularemia can be difﬁcult to differentiate from other diseases because it can have multiple clinical manifestations. It can lead to enlarged lymph nodes similar to plague (buboes) except the buboes are more likely to ulcerate. In general, the onset is usually abrupt, with fever (100–104◦ F), headache, chills and rigors, generalized body aches (often prominent in the low back), an inﬂammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, and sore throat. A pulse–temperature dissociation has been observed. A dry or slightly productive cough and substernal pain or tightness frequently occur with or without signs of pneumonia. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur progressing to sweats, fever, chills, progressive weakness, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss. If inhaled, there may be hemorrhagic inﬂammation of the airways early in the course of illness, which may progress to bronchopneumonia or a typhoidal syndrome. If transmitted via a bite, there may be ulceration at the site of the bite with swelling of the regional lymph node. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Psittacosis, Q fever, plague, diphtheria, tick-borne diseases, mycotic infections. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤35% (Pulmonary). In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Affects over 250 species including mammals, birds, reptiles, and ﬁsh. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes; ticks; biting ﬂies). Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 1–10 days. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of high fever, lethargy, anorexia, stiffness, and incoordination (ataxia). Pulse and respiratory rates are increased. Coughing, diarrhea, dehydration, with frequent urination (pollakiuria) may develop. Prostration and death may occur in a few hours or days. Subclinical cases may be common. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Plague and other septicemic diseases, acute pneumonia. Mortality Rate (untreated): Varies by species. C17-A014 Legionella pneumophila Legionnaire’s Disease ICD-10: A48.1; A48.2 It is an aerobic, gram-negative (poorly stained), nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium. It can survive for months in tap or distilled water. It does not naturally occur in animals. The natural reservoir is water systems. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Warning list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Legionellosis is associated with two clinically and epidemiologically distinct illnesses: Legionnaires’ disease, which is characterized by fever, myalgia, cough, and clinical or radiographic pneumonia; and Pontiac fever, a milder illness without pneumonia. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis of a suspect case is (1) by seroconversion: fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer to speciﬁc species, or serogroups of Legionella other than L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (e.g., L. micdadei, L. pneumophila serogroup 6); or (2) by seroconversion: fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer to multiple species of Legionella using pooled antigen and validated reagents; or (3) by the detection of speciﬁc Legionella antigen or staining of the organism in respiratory secretions, lung tissue, or pleural ﬂuid by direct ﬂuorescent antibody (DFA) staining, immunohistochemstry (IHC), or other similar methods, using validated reagents; or (4) by detection of Legionella species by a validated nucleic acid assay. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis of a conﬁrmed is (1) by culture: isolation of any Legionella organism from respiratory secretions, lung tissue, pleural ﬂuid, or other normally sterile ﬂuid; or (2) by detection of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine using validated reagents; or (3) by seroconversion: fourfold or greater rise in speciﬁc serum antibody titer to L. pneumophila serogroup 1 using validated reagents. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation. Infectious Dose: “Low.” Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: 2–16 days. Signs and Symptoms: Anorexia, malaise, myalgia, and headache progressing to fever, chills, nonproductive cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Bloodstreaked phlegm may be present. The severity of disease ranges from a mild cough to a rapidly fatal pneumonia. Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multiorgan failure. Recovery always requires antibiotic treatment and is usually complete after several weeks or months. A variation of the disease that does not involve pneumonia is known as Pontiac fever and has a recovery within 5 days. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, septic shock, congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, costochondritis, prostatitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), HIV infection and AIDS, and Q fever. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25%. C17-A015 Liberobacter africanus Huanglongbing This bacteria has not yet been successfully cultured outside of citrus plants or the psyllid vectors that carry it. Once infected, vectors remain capable of transmitting the disease for their entire lives, but progeny are free of the bacterium. It causes symptoms only under relatively cool conditions (68–77◦ F) and generally has a milder effect than L. asiaticus (C17A019). It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens.

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In Plants: Target species: Citrus plants. Normal routes of transmission: Vectors (Psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae). Secondary Hazards: Fruit; Budwood; Crop debris. Signs: Early symptoms include leaves that are yellow, or have a mottled or blotchy appearance. Initial presentation may be on a single shoot or branch but then spreads throughout the tree. Affected trees show twig dieback. Fruit are sparse, small, abnormal in appearance, and fail to color properly. The affected fruit are lopsided, small, and remain green. The fruit often contain aborted seeds. C17-A016 Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing This bacteria has not yet been successfully cultured outside citrus plants or the psyllid vectors that carry it. Once infected, vectors remain capable of transmitting the disease for their entire lives, but progeny are free of the bacterium. It is heat-tolerant and able to cause symptoms at temperatures above 86◦ F. It generally causes greater damage than L. africanus (C17-A018). It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens. In Plants: Target species: Citrus plants. Normal routes of transmission: Vectors (Psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae). Secondary Hazards: Fruit; Budwood; Crop debris. Signs: Early symptoms include leaves that are yellow, or have a mottled or blotchy appearance. Initial presentation may be on a single shoot or branch but then spreads throughout the tree. Affected trees show twig dieback. Fruit are sparse, small, abnormal in appearance, and fail to color properly. The affected fruit are lopsided, small, and remain green. The fruit often contain aborted seeds. C17-A017 Mycoplasma capricolum Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia It is a gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium. They are among the smallest of bacterial organisms and lack a true cell wall. This organism requires a host to survive. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Goats. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze). Incubation: 1–8 weeks.

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Signs and Symptoms: Causes severe ﬁbrinous pleuropneumonia characterized by respiratory distress, coughing, nasal discharge, and high mortality rate. In the peracute form, the animal dies within 3 days showing minimal respiratory signs. In the acute form symptoms include weakness, anorexia, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, excess salivation, and diarrhea. Respiration is accelerated and painful, and may be accompanied by a grunt. Coughing is frequent, violent, and productive. In the terminal stages animals are unable to move. There is also a septicemic form of the disease that does not affect the respiratory tract. Postmortem ﬁndings in acute cases include seroﬁbrinous pleuritis, pneumonia with varying degrees of lung consolidation, and swollen bronchial lymph nodes. Cuts on the surface of the lung have a granular appearance and produce straw-colored exudate. Current United Nations recommendations include slaughter of all infected and incontact goats. Quarantine and movement controls should be implemented. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Peste des petits ruminants, contagious agalactia syndrome, caseous lymphadenitis, pasteurellosis, and other causes of pneumonia. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100%. C17-A018 Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia It is a gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium. They are among the smallest of bacterial organisms and lack a true cell wall. This organism requires a host to survive. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation. Transplacental infection of unborn calves can also occur. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze). Incubation: 3–16 weeks. Signs and Symptoms: In acute cases, signs include fever, anorexia, and depression. Respiration is accelerated and painful, and may be accompanied by a grunt. Percussion of the chest is painful; respiration is rapid, shallow, and abdominal. The animal may experience nose bleeds, and purulent or mucoid nasal discharges that progress to coughing and chest pain. In calves up to 6 months there may also be arthritis with swelling of affected joints. If the animal is going to die, it usually occurs within 3 weeks. Subacute and chronic cases are common. Clinical signs are milder and include temperature, loss of condition, and respiratory problems that may only be apparent after exercise. Symptoms last from 3 to 4 weeks and then the animal appears to recover. Subclinical cases occur and may be important as carriers. Carriers may not be detectable either clinically or serologically and constitute a serious problem in control programs. Postmortem ﬁndings in acute cases include severe pneumonia with copious yellow exudates. One or both lungs may be completely consolidated with a characteristic “marbled” appearance. Affected areas are pink to dark red, swollen with a ﬁrm consistency. Most of the time lesions are unilateral. In chronic cases, necrotic lung tissue becomes encapsulated. Pleural adhesions are common.

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In an unprecedented outbreak, current United Nations recommendations include slaughter of all infected and in-contact herds. Quarantine and movement controls should be implemented. Otherwise vaccination with quarantine and movement controls. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Pasteurellosis and other causes of pneumonia, East Coast fever, traumatic pericarditis, hydatid cyst, actinobacillosis and tuberculosis, and bovine farcy. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. C17-A019 Pseudomonas mallei (Agent LA) Glanders ICD-10: A24.0 It is an aerobic, gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium. It can survive in the environment for up to 2 months in sheltered positions. It is normally a disease of horses. It is a rare and sporadic disease in humans, but it is transmissible by direct contact with sick animals or infected materials. The natural reservoirs are horses, donkeys, and mules. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Has not been developed. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fomites. Incubation: 1–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Pneumonia with or without bacteremia. Pulmonary abscesses, ﬂuid (pleural effusion) and pus (empyema) in the chest cavity may occur. In acute cases pus is discharged from the nose. There are ulcers in the mucous membranes of the nose and possibly the pharynx. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other causes of pneumonia. Mortality Rate (untreated): 95% (acute cases). In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fomites. Incubation: 3–7 days. Signs and Symptoms: High fever; coughing; thick nasal discharge; rapidly spreading, deep ulceration of the nasal mucosa; submaxillary lymph nodes swollen and painful; nodules on the skin, abdomen, and lower limbs; death in 1–2 weeks. In the cutaneous form, the lymphatics are enlarged and nodular abscesses (“buds”) of 0.5–2.5 cm develop, which ulcerate and discharge yellow oily pus.

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Postmortem ﬁndings include lymph nodes that are enlarged, ﬁbrotic, and abscessed; the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea show nodules, ulcers, and stellate scars; the lungs have seed-like (miliary), ﬁrm, rounded, encapsulated gray nodules resembling tubercles; as well as cutaneous lesions. Affected animals should be destroyed and carcasses burned or buried. Premises should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. In contact animals should be quarantined and tested. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Epizootic lymphangitis, ulcerative lymphangitis, strangles, dourine, melioidosis, and fungal infections. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Usually fatal.” C17-A020 Pseudomonas pseudomallei Melioidosis ICD-10: A24 It is an aerobic, gram-negative, motile, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium. It can survive for many months in surface water and up to 3 months in shaded soil. The natural reservoir is soil and water. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. Additional primary containment and personnel precautions may be indicated for activities with a high potential for aerosol or droplet production. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Has not been developed. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (body ﬂuids); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue. Incubation: 2 days to years. Signs and Symptoms: Manifestations range from asymptomatic pulmonary consolidation to necrotizing pneumonia and/or rapidly fatal septicemia. Symptoms include fever, rigors, night sweats, muscle pain (myalgia), anorexia, and headache. Depending on the route of exposure, additional symptoms may include urticaria progressing to skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, chest pain, cough, pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, ﬂuid in the chest cavity (pleural effusion), sensitivity to light (photophobia), lacrimation, and diarrhea. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other causes of pneumonia, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, plague, anthrax infection, smallpox. Mortality Rate (untreated): 90% (Septicemia). In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs, sheep, goats. Communicability: Direct transmission is rare. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (body ﬂuids); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Vectors (mechanical—rodents).

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Incubation: Variable. Signs and Symptoms: Disease most likely due to percutaneous inoculation often develops at distant sites without evidence of active infection at the inoculation site. The organs most commonly affected include the lungs, spleen, liver, and associated lymph nodes. Causes fever, prostration, cough, pneumonia with respiratory distress, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), nasal and ocular discharges, colic and diarrhea; nervous symptoms such as rhythmic, oscillating motions of the eyes (nystagmus), circling, incoordination, and spasms; anorexia; abscesses in superﬁcial lymph nodes, joints, the udder, and the viscera; and arthritis. May produce partial paralysis. Postmortem ﬁndings include multiple abscesses in most organs especially in the regional lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Abscesses contain a thick, caseous greenishyellow, or off-white pus. There is usually no calciﬁcation. Additional ﬁndings may include pneumonic changes in the lungs, suppurative polyarthritis with the joint capsules containing ﬂuid and large masses of greenish-yellow pus, and meningoencephalitis. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Symptomatology is not very characteristic and the disease is difﬁcult to diagnose. Consider tuberculosis, nonspeciﬁc purulent conditions, caseous lymphadenitis, actinobacillosis. In horses consider strangles and glanders. Mortality Rate (untreated): Sheep ≤90%. C17-A021 Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 Bacterial wilt It is a bacterial pathogen that causes common wilt. There are ﬁve races of Ralstonia solanacearum with different hosts and geographic distributions. Race 3 is found worldwide except in the United States and Canada. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens and is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Geraniums, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, and potatoes. Normal routes of transmission: Contaminated soil; Contaminated irrigation water. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (planting, harvesting, track out). There is little or no risk of transmission through leaf contact or splashing of water from leaf-to-leaf. Signs: The primary symptom is wilted and/or yellowed leaves similar to wilting symptoms caused by other pathogens. However, leaf spots are rarely present. Initially, leaves wilt during the day, but recover during the night time. Plants may become stunted and slightly yellowed (chlorotic). Vascular discoloration of the stem is common, and roots may sometimes turn brown. Bacterial streaming may be seen if stem sections are placed into water. In potatoes, bacterial ooze may collect in the tuber eyes and soil may stick to secretions. Eventually, plants fail to recover and die. Current APHIS control action requires elimination of the infected plants and destruction of all plants within 1 m of an infected shipment. C17-A022 Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever ICD-10: A01.0

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It is an aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, motile, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium. It can survive outside a host on the skin for up to 20 min, in dust for up to 30 days, and in feces for up to 62 days. Does not naturally occur in animals. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness caused by S. typhi that is often characterized by insidious onset of sustained fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, relative bradycardia, constipation or diarrhea, and nonproductive cough. However, many mild and atypical infections occur. Carriage of S. typhi may be prolonged. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is isolation of S. typhi from blood, stool, or other clinical specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible through fecal/oral. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Wash hands frequently. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion. Infectious Dose: 100,000 Organisms (Ingestion). Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: 7–28 days. Signs and Symptoms: Insidious onset of sustained fever, severe headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), chills, cough, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rose spots, muscle aches, loss of appetite, usually constipation (although it may cause diarrhea), and bloody stools. There are few clinical features that reliably distinguish it from a variety of other infectious diseases. Severe cases produce confusion, delirium, intestinal perforation, and death. The illness may last for 3–4 weeks but individuals may become asymptomatic carriers capable of spreading the disease (e.g., Typhoid Mary). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, E. coli infections, Listeria monocytogenes, shigellosis, Vibrio infections, yersiniosis, ingestion of bacterial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins or botulinum toxin. Mortality Rate (untreated): 12%. C17-A023 Serratia marcescens (Agent SM) BW Simulant It is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium with a blood red color. It can survive outside a host in dust for up to 35 days. The main risk factor for exposure to S. marcescens is hospitalization. In the hospital, it tends to cause infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts rather than the gastrointestinal tract. However, it causes opportunistic infections of the endocardium, eyes, blood, wounds, urinary, and respiratory tracts. Notorious nosocomial pathogen responsible for about 4% of hospital acquired pneumonias. Until the 1960s, medical researchers used S. marcescens as a biological marker for studying the transmission of microorganisms because it was considered a harmless saprophyte. It is now recognized as an opportunistic human pathogen.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Depend on the site of infection. Infection may produce osteomyelitis or arthritis; pneumonia [with chills, productive cough, low blood pressure (hypotension), difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), or chest pain]; meningitis or cerebral abscesses (with headache, fever, vomiting, stupor, coma); or intra-abdominal infections (with biliary drainage, hepatic abscess, pancreatic abscess, peritoneal exudate). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Infections from other bacteria such as Enterobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Providencia, producing meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis. Mortality Rate (untreated): 26% (Nosocomial bloodstream infection). C17-A024 Shigella dysenteriae (Agent Y) Shigellosis ICD-10: A03 It is an aerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacterium. It can survive outside a host in water for up to 3 days, in feces for up to 11 days, in/on ﬂies for up to 12 days. It rarely occurs in animals except primates. The organism is frequently found in water polluted with human feces. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness of variable severity characterized by diarrhea, fever, nausea, cramps, and tenesmus. Asymptomatic infections may occur. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is isolation of Shigella from a clinical specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible through fecal/oral. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Wash hands frequently. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion. Infectious Dose: 10–180 organisms (Ingestion). Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical—ﬂies, roaches). Incubation: 12 h to 7 days. Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, tenesmus, and blood, pus, or mucus in stools. Infections also cause mucosal ulceration, rectal bleeding, drastic dehydration. Serious less frequent complications include sepsis, seizures, convulsions, rectal prolapse, toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, renal failure, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Amebiasis, cholera, salmonellosis, schistomosis, yersiniosis, Clostridium difﬁcile colitis, colon cancer, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤15%; ≤50% (Hemolytic uremic syndrome).

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C17-A025 Vibrio cholerae (Agent HO) Cholera ICD-10: A00 It is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, toxin producing, rod- or curved rod-shaped bacterium. Cholera toxin is a potent protein enterotoxin elaborated by the organism in the small intestine. The El Tor strain can survive in fresh water for long periods. It is easily killed by chlorine at puriﬁcation concentrations. The natural reservoir is humans, although marine shellﬁsh and plankton can also serve as reservoirs. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting; severity is variable. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of toxigenic (i.e., cholera toxin-producing) V. cholerae O1 or O139 from stool or vomitus; or (2) serologic evidence of recent infection. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible through fecal/oral. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Wash hands frequently. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion. Infectious Dose: 1,000,000 Organisms. Varies markedly with gastric acidity. Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter; Vomit; Vectors (mechanical—ﬂies). Incubation: 6 h to 5 days. Signs and Symptoms: Vomiting is a prominent early manifestation of the disease followed rapidly by abdominal cramps with profuse watery diarrhea (opaque white liquid that does not have a bad odor; often described as resembling rice water). Bowel movements are frequent and often uncontrolled. Stool volume is more than that from any other infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to severe dehydration, vascular collapse, shock, and death. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of symptoms. This contrasts with disease produced by infection from any other enteropathogen. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Gastroenteritis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. C17-A026 Xanthomonas albilineans Leaf scald disease It is an aerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacterium. It is motile with a single polar ﬂagellum. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Sugar cane. Normal routes of transmission: Cross contamination; Airborne (Unknown mechanism). Secondary Hazards: Mechanical Vectors (planting, harvesting, track out, possibly insects); Crop debris.

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Signs: Initially, leaves may have a thin white line but eventually become slightly yellowed (chlorotic). The vascular tissue is damaged and leaves begin to die from the edges towards the midrib, ultimately resulting in plant death. It has the capacity to destroy whole ﬁelds in a few months. C17-A027 Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Citrus canker It is a gram-negative, nonsporing, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Many varieties of citrus including grapefruits, oranges, lemons, limes, and tangerines. Normal routes of transmission: Contact (entry through leaf pores or wounds in green portions of the plant). Secondary Hazards: Airborne (wind, rain, storm); Crop debris; Mechanical Vectors (planting, harvesting, track out). Signs: Plants infected with citrus canker have characteristic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit with raised, brown water-soaked margins usually with a yellow hallow effect around the lesion. Incubation is typically 14–60 days. Older lesions may fall out, creating a shot-hole effect. Fruit production declines and then stops. The disease ultimately kills the tree. C17-A028 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Bacterial leaf blight It is a gram-negative, nonsporing, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens, the Australia Group Awareness list. In Plants: Target species: Rice. Normal routes of transmission: Contact (entry through leaf pores or wounds in green portions of the plant). Secondary Hazards: Airborne (wind, rain, storm); Mechanical vectors (irrigation); Crop debris. Signs: Infected leaves of young plants wilt and roll up, turning grayish-green to yellow, until the whole seedling dies. Plants that survive the disease are stunted and yellowish. Mature rice plants develop lesions that look like water-soaked stripes on the leaf blades and eventually increase in length and width becoming yellow to grayish-white until the entire leaf dries up. Bacterial discharge appears on newer lesion early in the morning that looks like a milky dewdrop. C17-A029 Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease It is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that is limited to the xylem of plants. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens, the Australia Group Awareness list.

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In Plants: Target species: Grapes, Almond trees, Alfalfa, Oleander, Citrus trees. Normal routes of transmission: Vectors (Sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulate and spittlebugs). Secondary Hazards: None. Signs: The leaves become slightly yellowed (chlorotic) along the margins before drying, or the outer leaf may dry suddenly while still green. Foliar symptoms gradually spread out toward the cane from the point of infection. The oldest leaves show severe scorching and the youngest leaves may not have any symptoms. “Scorched” leaves detach from the distal end of the petiole (leaf stem) rather than from the base of the petiole, leaving the bare petioles attached to canes, often well after normal leaf fall. Eventually the canes become affected and dieback along with the roots. C17-A030 Yersinia pestis (Agent LE) Plague ICD-10: A20 It is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing, intracellular, nonmotile, oval shaped bacterium. It grows slowly even at optimal temperatures. It is stable in water for up to 16 days. At or near freezing temperatures it will remain alive for months or years. It is killed by exposure to several hours of sunlight. The natural reservoir is numerous mammalian species. Cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs are not known to develop symptomatic illness from plague. It does cause illness in cats and dogs. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. Additional primary containment and personnel precautions may be indicated for activities with a high potential for aerosol or droplet production. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Plague is transmitted to humans by ﬂeas or by direct exposure to infected tissues or respiratory droplets; the disease is characterized by fever, chills, headache, malaise, prostration, and leukocytosis that manifests in one or more of the following principal clinical forms: Regional lymphadenitis (bubonic plague); septicemia without an evident bubo (septicemic plague); plague pneumonia, resulting from hematogenous spread in bubonic or septicemic cases (secondary pneumonic plague), or inhalation of infectious droplets (primary pneumonic plague); pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis resulting from exposure to larger infectious droplets or ingestion of infected tissues (pharyngeal plague). Laboratory criteria for a Presumptive diagnosis is (1) elevated serum antibody titer(s) to Y. pestis fraction 1 (F1) antigen (without documented fourfold or greater change) in a patient with no history of plague vaccination or (2) detection of F1 antigen in a clinical specimen by ﬂuorescent assay. Laboratory criteria for a Conﬁrmatory diagnosis is (1) isolation of Y. pestis from a clinical specimen or (2) fourfold or greater change in serum antibody titer to Y. pestis F1 antigen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Vectors (ﬂeas—Xenopsylla cheopis and Pulex irritans). Infectious Dose: 340 organisms (Inhalation).

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Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle. Incubation: 1–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial signs and symptoms may be nonspeciﬁc and include fever, chills, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), muscle pain (myalgia), nausea, sore throat, and headache. In bubonic plague, the lymph system becomes impacted with swelling and tenderness in nodes near the site of the bite. Additional signs and symptoms include fever, chills, and prostration. Fluid from the swollen node (bubo) is infectious. If the lungs become infected, pneumonia may develop. Initial signs and symptoms include fever, chills, cough, and difﬁculty breathing progressing rapidly to shock and death if not treated early. Respiratory involvement poses signiﬁcant hazard of person-to-person transmission through aerosol generated by coughing. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Scarlet fever, cellulitis, cat scratch disease, gas gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, tick-borne diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, pneumonia, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤60% (bubonic); ≤100% (septicemic and pneumonic). C17-A031 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersiniosis ICD-10: A28.2 It is a gram-negative, nonsporing, oval-shaped bacterium. It is primarily a zoonotic disease of birds and mammals, with humans as incidental hosts. Often seen in hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. It has also been associated with enterocolitis and diarrhea in young sheep at pasture that are debilitated from factors such as starvation and cold weather. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Warning list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible through fecal/oral. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Wash hands frequently. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion. Infectious Dose: 1,000,000 Organisms (Ingestion). Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 3–10 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include pain in the lower-right abdominal area resembling appendicitis, as well as fever, headache, pharyngitis, anorexia, vomiting, and possibly watery diarrhea. May also produce arthritis, inﬂammation of the iris (iritis), cutaneous ulceration. Infection may also produce abscesses in the liver, bone infection (osteomyelitis), and septicemia. Carriers may be asymptomatic. May also cause infections of other sites such as wounds, joints, and the urinary tract. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Low.”

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References Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Scientiﬁc and Technical Publication No. 580. 3rd ed. Vol. 1, Bacterioses and Mycoses. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003. Burrows, Dickinson W., and Sara E. Renner. “Biological Warfare Agents as Threats to Potable Water.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 975–84. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Animal Health and Food Safety Services. Animal Health Branch. Biosecurity: Selection and Use of Surface Disinfectants. Revision June 2002. Canada Minister of National Health and Welfare. Laboratory Centre For Disease Control, Ofﬁce of Biosafety. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Bacillus anthracis. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Brucella spp. (B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. suis). January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Chlamydia psittaci. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Clostridium botulinum. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Clostridium perfringens. July 21, 2003. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic. September 27, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Francisella tularensis. May 25, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Legionella pneumophila. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Salmonella typhi. March 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Serratia spp. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Shigella spp. March 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Vibrio cholerae, serovar 01, serogoup O139 (Bengal). September 27, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseutotuberculosis. March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Yersinia pestis. March 5, 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Case Deﬁnitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (RR-10) (1997). ———. Case Deﬁnitions. http://www.cdc.gov/epo/dphsi/casedef/case_deﬁnitions.htm. 2006. ———. “Facts About Pneumonic Plague.” Undated. ———. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Medical Examiners, Coroners, and Biologic Terrorism: A Guidebook for Surveillance and Case Management.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (RR-8) (2004). Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. Chung, K.-R. and R.H. Brlansky. Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening), Document PP-210. Plant Pathology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, June 2005. Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association. Foreign Animal Diseases. Revised 1998. Richmond, VA: Pat Campbell & Associates and Carter Printing Company, 1998. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987.

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Dennis, David T., Thomas V. Inglesby, Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Anne D. Fine, Arthur M. Friedlander, Jerome Hauer, Marcelle Layton, Scott R. Lillibridge, Joseph E. McDade, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, and Kevin Tonat. “Tularemia as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 2763–773. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Contingency Plan—Potato Ring Rot. http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/ring.pdf#search=%22Ring%20Rot%20of%20Potatoes% 22. September 11, 2006. ———. Ring Rot of Potato. November 2003. www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pestnote/ringrot.pdf. September 11, 2006. Department of Agriculture. 9 CFR Part 121—“Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins,” 2005: 753–67. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. February 15, 2006. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/diagnostics.htm. September 25, 2006. Fediaevsky, Alexandre. Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock: A Reference Guide for Animal Health Staff Food and Agriculture. 2nd ed. Organization of the United Nations Secretariat of the Paciﬁc Community. http://www.spc.int/rahs/manual/manuale.html. November 1, 2005. Floyd, Joel, and Conrad Krass. New Pest Response Guidelines: Huanglongbing, Citrus Greening Disease, Version 1.1. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, May 10, 2006. Gottwald, Tim R., James H. Graham, and Tim S. Schubert. “Citrus Canker: The pathogen and its Impact.” Plant Health Progress Online. August/September 2002. http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/citruscanker/. September, 2006. Henderson, Donald A., Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O’Toole, eds. Bioterrorism: Guidelines for Medial and Public Health Management. Chicago, IL: AMA Press, 2002. Herenda, D. Manual on Meat Inspection for Developing Countries. Reprint 2000. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994. Holty, Jon-Erik C., Dena M. Bravata, Hau Liu, Richard A. Olshen, Kathryn M. McDonald, and Douglas K. Owens. “Systematic Review: A Century of Inhalational Anthrax Cases from 1900 to 2005.” Annals of Internal Medicine 144 (February 21, 2006): 270–80. Inglesby, Thomas V., David T. Dennis, Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Anne D. Fine, Arthur M. Friedlander, Jerome Hauer, John F. Koerner, Marcelle Layton, Joseph McDade, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, Monica Schoch-Spana, and Kevin Tonat. “Plague as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000): 2281–290. Inglesby, Thomas V., Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Arthur M. Friedlander, Jerome Hauer, Joseph McDade, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, and Kevin Tonat. “Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 281 (1999): 1735–745. Kahn, Cynthia M., and Susan E. Aiello, eds. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Online Version. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 1998. Kortepeter, Mark, George Christopher, Ted Cieslak, Randall Culpepper, Robert Darling, Julie Pavlin, John Rowe, Kelly McKee, Jr., and Edward Eitzen, Jr., eds. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 4th ed. Fort Detrick, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, February 2001. Lemay, Andrea, Scott Redlin, Glenn Fowler, and Melissa Dirani. Pest Data Sheet: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, February 12, 2003. Lindler, Luther E., Frank J. Lebeda, and George W. Korch, eds. Biological Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Inc., 2005. Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Vector Control After Natural Disaster. Scientiﬁc Publication No. 419. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1982.

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Plant Protection and Quarantine. New Pest Response Guidelines: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2, Version 4.0. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 15, 2004. ———. Questions and Answers on Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, April 2004. ———. Citrus Canker Eradication Program: Environmental Assessment, April 1999. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, April 19, 1999. Public Health Service. 42 CFR Part 73—“Select Agents and Toxins,” 2004: 443–58. Richmond, Jonathan Y., and Robert W. McKinney, eds. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 4th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1999. Schmitt, Clare K., Karen C. Meysick, and Alison D. O’Brien. “Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes?” Emerging Infectious Diseases 5 (April/June 1999): 224–34. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. The Ohio State University. Plant Pathology. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet: Bacterial Ring Rot of Potatoes. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3103.html. September 11, 2006. Turnbull, P.C.B. Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control Anthrax in Humans and Animals. 3rd ed. Document WHO/EMC/ZDI./98.6. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. ———. Technical Aspects of Biological Defense, Technical Manual No. 3-216. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 12, 1971. United States Department of Agriculture. Ofﬁce of Pest Management National Plant Disease Recovery System. “Recovery Plan for Huanglongbing (HLB) or Citrus Greening Caused by ‘Candidatus’ Liberibacter africanus, L. asiaticus, and L. americanus.” September 20, 2006. ———. “Recovery Plan for Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 Causing Brown Rot of Potato, Bacterial Wilt of Tomato, and Southern Wilt of Geranium.” October 11, 2006. United States Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. January 30, 2003. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼mow/preface.html. April 18, 2005. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. ———. Fact Sheet #107 Cholera. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, March 1996. ———. Fact Sheet #108 Epidemic Dysentery. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, March 1996. ———. Fact Sheet #124 Foodborne Diseases, Emerging. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, January 2002. ———. Fact Sheet #125 Escherichia coli O157:H7. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, July 1996. ———. Fact Sheet #139 Drug-Resistant Salmonella. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, April 2005. ———. Fact Sheet #149 Typhoid Fever. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, March 1997. ———. Fact Sheet #173 Brucellosis. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, July 1997. ———. Fact Sheet #264 Anthrax. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, October 2001. ———. Fact Sheet #267 Plague. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, February 2005. ———. Fact Sheet #270 Botulism. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, August 2002. ———. Fact Sheet #285 Legionellosis. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, February 2005.

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———. Fact Sheet #89 Diphtheria. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, May 29, 1998. ———. Guidelines for the Control of Shigellosis, Including Epidemics Due to Shigella dysenteriae 1. Geneva: WHO Press, 2005. World Organization for Animal Health. “Technical Disease Card for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia.” April 22, 2002. ———. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2004. Updated July 22, 2005. http://www.oie.int/. January 2006.

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18 Viral Pathogens

18.1

General Information

Viruses are the simplest type of microorganism consisting of a protein outer coat containing genetic material (i.e., RNA, DNA). They are much smaller than bacteria and vary in size from 0.01 to 0.27 µm. They are an obligate (single set of conditions) intracellular parasite and lack a system for their own metabolism. They replicate by taking over metabolic processes of the invaded host cell and redirecting them toward virus production. Approximately 60% of infectious disease in man is caused by a virus. Most treatment for viral infections is supportive because of limited antiviral medications. Viruses are very costly, time consuming, and difﬁcult to grow in large quantities. They only replicate in living cells and cannot be grown in a growth media like bacteria (Chapter 17). In some cases, viruses can be grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized eggs. Pathogens employed as biological weapons can be used for both lethal and incapacitating purposes. They cause disease by invading tissue or by producing toxins (Chapter 16) that are detrimental to the infected individual. Pathogens can be selected to target a speciﬁc host (e.g., humans, cows, pigs) or they may pose a broad threat to both animals and to people. Pathogens deployed as antianimal biological weapons are generally used to produce lethal effects in an agriculturally signiﬁcant species such as cows, pigs, or chickens. Although these pathogens are selected to target a speciﬁc animal species, there is the possibility that the disease may migrate to humans. The diseases produced by these crossover pathogens may be difﬁcult for medical personnel not trained in exotic pathology to diagnose. Other pathogens are selected to produce lethal effects in an agriculturally signiﬁcant crop species such as wheat, corn, or rice. Symptoms in plants vary greatly and include mottling of leaves, stunting, lesions, leaf rolling, and death. Natural transmission from plant to plant is often by insects. There is little potential for migration of these pathogens to humans or animals. A ﬁnal group of biological warfare pathogens are those used as simulants to model the release of other, more hazardous agents. Pathogens employed as biological warfare simulants do not generally pose a signiﬁcant risk to people, animals, or plants. However, individuals with respiratory illness or suppressed immune systems may be at risk should they be exposed to an infectious dose of the agent. Some viruses can be crystallized, similar to chemical compounds, while others can be stored as freeze-dried powders. In these forms, viruses are easy to disperse. However,

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because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process there are limitations to the methods that can be used. They can also be stored and dispersed via infected vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, ﬂeas). In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of “anthrax” letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). In general, unless a local reservoir (i.e., intermediate host that may or may not be affected by the virus) is established, pathogens are easily killed by unfavorable environmental factors such as ﬂuctuations in temperature, humidity, food sources, or ultraviolet light. For this reason, their persistency is generally limited to days. However, freeze-dried pathogens can remain in a preserved state almost indeﬁnitely and are reactivated when exposed to moisture. It is possible that local insects can become both a reservoir and a vector for the pathogen. Under these circumstances, the pathogen can survive well after the initial release and can rapidly spread beyond the immediately affected area. In many cases, once a vector is infected, it is capable of transmitting the disease throughout its life span. Some pathogens are transmitted directly to the young of the vector so that the next generation is born infected. Response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors (e.g., application of pesticides). Incubation times for diseases resulting from infection vary depending on the speciﬁc pathogen, but are generally on the order of days to weeks. Exposures to extremely high doses of some pathogens may reduce the incubation period to as short as several hours. The pathway of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion) can also cause a signiﬁcant change in the incubation time required as well as the clinical presentation of the disease. Some diseases caused by viruses are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and/or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. In addition to direct aerosol exposure, some viruses are potentially associated with exposure through ingestion of contaminated food and/or water. Pathogens that normally infect individuals through an ingestion pathway also pose a signiﬁcant risk of secondary infections from the “fecal/oral” cycle. Some individuals or animals can become asymptomatic carriers and are capable of spreading the disease long after their recovery. Mechanical vectors (e.g., ﬂies, roaches) can also carry pathogens and spread the disease to food not directly contaminated.

18.2 18.2.1

Response Personal Protective Requirements

A number of conditions must be considered when selecting protective equipment for individuals at the scene of a release. For instances such as “anthrax” letters when the mechanism of release is known and it does not involve an aerosol generating device, then responders can use Level C with high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlters.

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If an aerosol generating device is employed (e.g., sprayer), or the dissemination method is unknown and the release is ongoing, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Once the device has stopped generating the aerosol or has been rendered inoperable, and the aerosol has settled, then responders can downgrade to Level B. In all cases, there is a signiﬁcant hazard posed by contact of contaminated material with skin that has been cut or lacerated, or through injection of pathogens by contact with debris. Appropriate protection to avoid any potential abrasion, laceration, or puncture of the skin is essential. Individuals with damaged or open skin should not be allowed to enter the contaminated area. 18.2.1.1 Working with Infected Individuals For most viruses, use infection control guidelines standard precautions. If appropriate, or the identity of the virus is unknown, use additional droplet and airborne precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. If there are hemorrhagic symptoms, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. 18.2.1.1.1 Infection Control Guidelines Standard Precautions 1. Wash hands after patient contact. 2. Wear gloves when handling potentially infectious items that are contaminated with blood, body ﬂuids, or excreta. 3. Wear a mask and eye protection during procedures likely to generate splashes or sprays of infectious ﬂuids. 4. Handle all contaminated and potentially contaminated equipment and linen in a manner that will prevent cross contamination. 5. Take care when handling sharps. When practical use a mouthpiece or other ventilation device as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 18.2.1.1.2 Droplet Precautions Standard precautions plus 1. Place the patient in a private room or cohort them with someone with the same infection. Maintain at least 3 feet between patients. 2. Wear a mask when working within 3 feet of the patient. 3. Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on the patient if they need to be moved. 18.2.1.1.3 Airborne Precautions Standard precautions plus 1. Place the patient in a private room with negative air pressure that has a minimum of six air changes per hour and appropriate ﬁltration before the air is discharged from the room. 2. Wear respiratory protection when entering the room. 3. Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on the patient if they need to be moved.

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18.2.1.1.4

VHF-Speciﬁc Barrier Precautions

Standard precautions plus 1. Consolidate patients in the same area of the hospital to minimize exposures to other patients and healthcare workers. Place the patient in a private room with negative air pressure that has a minimum of six air changes per hour and appropriate ﬁltration before the air is discharged from the room. Restricted access of nonessential staff and visitors to patient’s room. 2. Use dedicated medical equipment (e.g., stethoscopes, point-of-care monitors). 3. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room. Clean hands prior to donning PPE for patient contact. Wear goggles and face shield [unless wearing a full-face powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)], N-95 mask or PAPR, double gloves, impermeable gown, and leg and shoe coverings. 4. After patient contact, remove gown, leg and shoe coverings, and gloves in a designated decontamination area. Hands should be washed prior to removal of respiratory and eye protection (i.e., mask/respirator, face shield, and goggles) to minimize potential exposure of mucous membranes. Wash hands again after removal of facial PPE. 5. Ensure environmental disinfection with appropriate commercial hospital disinfectant or a 1% household bleach solution. 18.2.2

Decontamination

18.2.2.1 Food All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items should be destroyed. Fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water. Many pathogens can survive in food containers for extended periods. Some pathogens can survive in turbid water for long periods. 18.2.2.2

Casualties/Personnel

Infected individuals: Unless the individual is reporting directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release, etc.) then decontamination is not necessary. Use standard protocols for individuals that may be infected with communicable diseases transmissible via an aerosol. Direct exposure: In the event that an individual is at the scene of a known or suspected attack (e.g., white-powder letter, aerosol release, etc.), have them wash their hands and face thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water as soon as possible. If antimicrobial soap is not available, use any available soap or shampoo. They should also blow their nose to remove any agent particles that may have been captured by nasal mucous. Remove all clothing and seal in a plastic bag. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of antimicrobial soap (if available) and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped agent. The CDC does not recommend that individuals use bleach or other disinfectants on their skin. 18.2.2.3 Animals Unless the animals are at the scene of an attack then decontamination is not necessary.

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Apply universal decontamination procedures using antimicrobial soap and water. If antimicrobial soap is not available, use any available soap, shampoo, or detergent. In some cases, severe infection may require euthanasia of animals and/or herds. Consult local/state veterinary assistance ofﬁce. If the pathogen has not been identiﬁed, then wear a ﬁtted N95 protective mask, eye protection, disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves when dealing with infected animals. 18.2.2.4 Plants May require removal and destruction of infected plants. Incineration of impacted ﬁelds may be required. Consult local/state agricultural assistance ofﬁce. Wear disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves to prevent spread of contamination. Many plant pathogens are spread via insects and response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors. 18.2.2.5 Property Surface disinfectants: Compounds containing phenolics, chlorhexidine, potassium peroxymonosulfate, hypochlorites such as household bleach, and iodine/iodophores. Other disinfectants like alcohols and quaternary ammonium salts will work but are less effective. The military also identiﬁes the following “nonstandard” decontaminants: Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. Large area fumigants: Gases including formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, or chlorine dioxide. These materials are highly toxic to humans and animals, and fumigation operations must be adequately controlled to prevent unnecessary exposure. Additional methods include vaporized hydrogen peroxide and an ionized hydrogen peroxide aerosol. Fomites: Some pathogens may be absorbed into clothing or bedding causing these items to become infectious and capable of transmitting the disease. Others may contain vectors (e.g., lice, ticks) that pose a transmission hazard. Deposit items in an appropriate biological waste container and send to a medical waste disposal facility. Alternatively, cotton or wool articles can be boiled in water for 30 minutes, autoclaved at 253◦ F for 45 minutes, or immersed in a 2% household-bleach solution (i.e., 1 gallon of bleach in 2 gallons of water) for 30 minutes followed by rinsing.

18.3

Fatality Management

Unless the cadaver is coming directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release), process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious remains. For fatalities that are grossly contaminated with a biological agent (e.g., individuals who died from trauma or other complications at the scene of a biological attack), remove all clothing and personal effects. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Otherwise, dispose contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Thoroughly wash the remains with antimicrobial soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds

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of skin, and wounds. If deemed appropriate, the cadaver can be treated with a surface disinfectant listed in Section 18.2.2. If there is a potential that vectors may be involved, care must be taken to kill any vectors (e.g., lice, ticks) remaining either on the cadaver or residing in fomites. Remove all potentially infested clothing depositing it in a container that will trap and eliminate vectors. Dispose contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, no further protective action is necessary. Use standard burial procedures. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious bodies. Use appropriate burial procedures. In 2004 (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention determined that the risks of occupational exposure to biological terrorism agents outweighed the advantages of embalming fatalities and recommended that, unless death was due to a highly infectious virus (e.g., smallpox and hemorrhagic fever viruses), the body should be buried without embalming. Fatalities due to highly infectious viruses should be cremated without embalming.

C18-A AGENTS C18-A001 African horse sickness Reoviridae It is normally found in Sub Saharan Africa, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan. The natural reservoirs are horses, donkeys, and mules. It is relatively heat stable and can survive at room temperature for over 30 days. It is resistant to common disinfectants but is destroyed by sun light. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses, mules, donkeys. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (midges—Culicoides species). Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue (Viscera). Incubation: 2–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Causes fever, labored breathing with increased respiratory rate, and depression. There may be paroxysmal coughing. May cause conjunctivitis, subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, brisket, thorax, and ventral abdomen. There may be edema in the supraorbital fossa above the eye. Postmortem ﬁndings include edema in the periorbital tissue, neck muscles, ligamentum nuchae, intermuscular and lungs; hemorrhage of the tongue, intestinal serosa, kidneys, and pericardium; and general subcutaneous edema and hemorrhage. There is no cure for this disease; affected animals are destroyed.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Colics, anthrax, equine rhinopneumonitis, equine infectious anemia, equine inﬂuenza, equine encephalosis, equine viral arteritis, and piroplasmosis. Field diagnosis may be virtually impossible. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤95% (Horses); ≤50% (Mules); ≤10% (Donkeys). C18-A002 African swine fever Asfarviridae It is normally found in Sub Saharan Africa. The natural reservoir are ticks, wild pigs, and warthogs. Ticks remain infected for life. It is resistant to cleaning and disinfection. It can survive for 15 weeks in putreﬁed blood, 70 days in blood on wooden boards, and 11 days in feces at room temperature. It can survive for up to 6 months in infected meats and can even survive in smoked or partly cooked sausages and other pork products. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Mucous Membranes; Vectors (ticks). Secondary Hazards: Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 3–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, incoordination, labored breathing, coughing, nasal, and ocular discharge; loss of appetite with diarrhea and vomiting; cyanosis of the extremities and hemorrhages of skin. Postmortem ﬁndings include hemorrhage of the skin, kidneys, heart, serous membranes, gastrohepatic, and renal lymph nodes; accumulation of ﬂuid in the pericardial sac, thorax, and abdominal cavity. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Hog cholera, salmonellosis, erysipelas, Glasser’s disease, erysipelas, septicemic salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, Haemophilus suis infection, Streptococcus suis infection, eperythrozoonosis, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, coumarin poisoning, and salt poisoning. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100%. C18-A003 Akabane Bunyaviridae It is normally found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The natural reservoirs are mosquitoes and midges. Insects remain infected for life. It causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births, and various dysfunctions or deformities in newborns. Adult animals are not clinically affected by the virus. It is on the USDA High Consequence list.

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In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, goats. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes vexans, Culex triteeniorhynchus, Anopheles funestus; midges—Culicoides species). Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: 1–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Causes abortions, stillbirths and fetal deformities including blindness, nystagmus, deafness, dullness, incoordination, and/or paralysis. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bluetongue, Aino virus, Chuzan virus, Cache Valley virus. Mortality Rate (untreated): Most offspring eventually die due to complications. C18-A004 Highly pathogenic avian inﬂuenza Orthomyxoviridae It is normally found worldwide. The natural reservoir is wild birds. Virus can remain viable in feces and water for up to 32 days. It remains viable at moderate temperatures for long periods in the environment and can survive indeﬁnitely in frozen material. This form of avian inﬂuenza, due to the H5 and H7 subtypes, occurs infrequently in humans. In most cases the clinical picture is limited to conjunctivitis. However, may take a much more lethal form. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. When dealing with infected individuals, use airborne precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Fomites; Fomites (from people and poultry). Incubation: 18–72 h. Signs and Symptoms: Abrupt onset of fever with chills, sore throat, muscle pain (myalgia), severe frontal headache, sensitivity to light (photophobia), burning sensation or pain in the eyes, weakness and severe fatigue, nonproductive cough, chest pain, and difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea). Nasal discharge is typically absent. May progress to acute encephalopathy with altered mental status, coma, seizures, and incoordination (ataxia). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Adenoviruses, arenaviruses, California encephalitis, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, eastern equine encephalitis, echoviruses, infectious mononucleosis, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, meningitis, parainﬂuenza virus, rhinoviruses, bacterial sepsis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), St Louis encephalitis, upper respiratory infection, Venezuelan encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤70%.

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In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Poultry. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: Several hours to 7 days. Signs and Symptoms: In peracute cases, sudden death without clinical signs. Otherwise, severe respiratory distress, blood-tinged oral and nasal discharges, watery eyes and sinuses, cyanosis of the combs, wattle and shanks, swelling of the head, diarrhea that may be greenish, nervous signs, and sudden death (as soon as 24 h after the appearance of the ﬁrst signs). Birds that survive may develop CNS complications. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, Newcastle disease, mycoplasmosis, duck viral enteritis, infectious coryza, ornithobacteriosis, turkey coryza, fowl cholera, aspergillosis, heat exhaustion, and severe water deprivation. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. C18-A005 Banana bunchy top virus Nanoviridae It is normally found in Southeast Asia, the Paciﬁc islands, and parts of India and Africa. It does not occur in Central or South America. It is on the Australia Group Awareness list. In Plants: Target species: Bananas. Normal routes of transmission: Vectors (aphids). They can retain the virus through their adult life. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (planting, harvesting); Crop debris. Signs: The ﬁrst symptoms consist of darker green streaks in a pattern of “dots” and “dashes” (“Morse code” streaking) on the lower portion of the midrib. Later, the streaks appear on the secondary veins of the leaf and then on the leaf blade. Suckers that develop after infection are usually severely stunted, which causes the leaves at the top of the stem to become bunched. Leaves are usually short, stiff, erect, and more narrow than normal. Severely infected banana plants usually will not fruit. If the plant does bear fruit, it will likely be distorted and twisted. There is no cure for the disease. Plants that are infected become reservoirs of the virus and must be destroyed. C18-A006 Bluetongue Reoviridae It is an arbovirus transmitted by midges that are normally found worldwide. The natural reservoirs are cattle and midges. Midges remain infective for life. It can survive for years in blood stored at 68◦ F. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, goats, deer. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (midges—Culicoides species). Secondary Hazards: Blood. Incubation: 5–20 days. Signs and Symptoms: Disease can be quite variable. Peracute cases die as a result of severe pulmonary edema leading to difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), frothing from the nostrils, and death by asphyxiation. Otherwise, characterized by fever, edema of lips, nose, face, submandibular area, eyelids, and sometimes ears; vesicles, ulcers and necrosis in and around the mouth (gums, cheeks, and tongue); congestion of the mouth, nose, nasal cavity, conjunctiva, and coronary bands; lacrimation, drooling (ptyalism), stiffness, lameness, depression; increased respiratory rate, and possible increase in sensitivity to sensory stimuli (hyperesthesia). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, peste des petits ruminants, photosensitisation, nasal botﬂy infestation, pneumonia, akabane infection, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, contagious ecthyma, polyarthritis, footrot, foot abscesses, plant poisonings, and coenurosis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30% (Sheep). C18-A007 Camelpox Poxviridae It is normally found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia. It is a poorly characterized orthopoxvirus that causes severe disease in camels. It is genetically closely related genetically to the smallpox virus. This virus has rarely, if ever, caused disease in people. It is on the USDA High Consequence list. In People: Rarely occurs in humans. Appears as lesions on the hands of individuals working with camels. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Camels. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Not speciﬁed. Secondary Hazards: Contact. Incubation: Approximately 13 days. Signs and Symptoms: Formation of papules that progress through pustules and vesicles ultimately forming crusts. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No published suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25% (young camels).

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C18-A008 Central European tick-borne encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A84.1 It is transmitted by ticks and is normally found in Europe and the western part of the former Soviet Union. The natural reservoirs are ticks, rodents, and small mammals. Ticks remain infected for life. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for arboviral encephalitis: Neuroinvasive disease requires the presence of fever and at least one of the following in the absence of a more likely clinical explanation: (1) Acutely altered mental status (e.g., disorientation, obtundation, stupor, or coma), or (2) other acute signs of central or peripheral neurologic dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, or abnormal movements), or (3) increased white blood cell concentration in cerebrospinal ﬂuid associated with illness clinically compatible with meningitis (e.g., headache or stiff neck). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, CSF, or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Laboratory criteria for a probable case is (1) stable (less than or equal to a twofold change) but elevated titer of virus-speciﬁc serum antibodies, or (2) virusspeciﬁc serum IgM antibodies detected by antibody-capture EIA but with no available results of a conﬁrmatory test for virus-speciﬁc serum IgG antibodies in the same or a later specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion (unpasteurized milk); Vectors (ticks—Ixodes species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 8–20 days (from ticks); 4–7 days (ingestion). Signs and Symptoms: Typically biphasic, the ﬁrst phase consists of nonspeciﬁc ﬂu-like symptoms that last about a week. This is followed by a 1–7 day asymptomatic period. The third and ﬁnal phase is an abrupt onset of encephalitis, which affects the central nervous system phase producing tremors, dizziness, and altered sensorium. Recovery is prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤2%.

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In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Sheep, goats. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (ticks—Ixodes species). Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic but may develop symptoms of meningoencephalitis including spastic paralysis of the rear legs, lockjaw, and chattering of the teeth. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other causes of meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤12% (Symptomatic cases). C18-A009 Cercopithecine herpes-1 virus Herpesviridae ICD-10: B00.4 It is normally found worldwide. The natural reservoir is primates. Monkeys infected with this virus usually have no symptoms or only mild ones. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue. Incubation: 3–28 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms are acute and include fever, headache, encephalitis, vesicular skin lesions at site of the exposure, and variable neurological patterns. Involvement of the respiratory center and death usually occurs in 1–21 days after onset of symptoms. Survivors usually have considerable residual disability. May produce severe permanent neurologic impairment requiring lifelong institutionalization. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No published suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤80%. C18-A010 Chikungunya Togaviridae ICD-10: A92.0 It is normally found in tropical areas throughout the world. The natural reservoirs are mosquitoes and primates. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. Monkeys infected with this virus usually have no symptoms or only mild ones. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes aegypti). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: 2–12 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include high fever, nausea, vomiting, arthritis in wrist, knee, ankle, and small joints of extremities. A rash may develop in 1–10 days. Recovery may be prolonged but immunity is long lasting. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Dengue, measles, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, tick bite fever, epidemic typhus, Q fever, typhoid, malaria, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and inﬂuenza. Mortality Rate (untreated): There have been no documented fatalities associated with this disease. C18-A011 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A98.0 It is normally found in southern and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Mediterranean, northwestern China, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. The natural reservoirs are ticks and numerous animal species. Animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, hares, hedgehogs) infected with this virus usually have no clinical symptoms or suffer only a mild illness. The hemorrhagic fever is highly pathogenic and notable for aerosol transmission. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. It is highly communicable in a hospital setting. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation mucous membranes; Vectors (ticks—Ixodes hyalomma). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 1–13 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, headache, pain in the muscles (myalgia) and joints (arthralgias), abdominal pain, and vomiting. Sore throat, conjunctivitis, jaundice, sensitivity to light (photophobia), and various sensory and mood alterations may develop. A rash appears on the chest and stomach, spreading to the rest of the body. May present hemorrhagic symptoms. Latter stages of the illness are characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and hemorrhagic phenomena. Recovery may be prolonged. Treatment is supportive and requires intensive care and isolation.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, salmonella infection, other tick-borne diseases, rickettsial infections, leukemia, lupus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30%. C18-A012 Dengue fever Flaviviridae ICD-10: A90, A91 It is normally found in the Caribbean, the South Paciﬁc, Southeast Asia, the West Indies, India, and the Middle East. The natural reservoirs are humans, primates, and mosquitoes. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 2 (classical) or 3 (hemorrhagic) agent. Typically a fulminant, nonlethal disease; however, it may progress to a hemorrhagic form. Stabile outside a host in dried blood and exudates for up to several days at room temperature. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An acute febrile illness characterized by frontal headache, retroocular pain, muscle (myalgia) and joint (arthralgias) pain, and rash. The principal vector is the Aedes aegypti mosquito and transmission usually occurs in tropical or subtropical areas. Severe manifestations (e.g., dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome) are rare but may be fatal. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of dengue virus from serum and/or autopsy tissue samples, or (2) demonstration of a fourfold or greater rise or fall in reciprocal immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody titers to one or more dengue virus antigens in paired serum samples, or (3) demonstration of dengue virus antigen in autopsy tissue or serum samples by immunohistochemistry or by viral nucleic acid detection. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Patients are infectious and can inoculate any mosquitoes that feed on them from shortly before a fever is present until the fever passes. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. If hemorrhagic symptoms are present, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes aegypti). Infectious Dose: 1–10 organisms (Inhalation). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols; Vector cycle. Incubation: 3–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Normal: Sudden onset of fever with intense headache, pain behind the eyes, nausea, and vomiting. Fever may be biphasic. A rash with generalized reddening of the skin occurs. Hemorrhage may be present. Recover may be prolonged and accompanied with fatigue and depression. Hemorrhagic: Above symptoms suddenly worsen. A marked weakness occurs with severe restlessness and facial pallor. Skin becomes blotchy and extremities are cool. Small hemorrhages (petechia) may progress to bleeding nose and gums. Death usually occurs from shock.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Hepatitis, meningitis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, malaria, yellow fever, leptospirosis, rickettsioses, river viruses, scrub typhus, typhoid, and other viral infections. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Rare” (classic dengue); ≤40% (hemorrhagic). C18-A013 Dobrava hemorrhagic fever Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A98.5 It is a hantavirus that is normally found in the former Yugoslavia. The natural reservoirs are small rodents and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected rodents or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: An illness characterized by one or more of the following clinical features: A febrile illness (i.e., temperature greater than 101◦ F) characterized by bilateral diffuse interstitial edema that may radiographically resemble ARDS, with respiratory compromise requiring supplemental oxygen, developing within 72 h of hospitalization, and occurring in a previously healthy person and/or an unexplained respiratory illness resulting in death, with an autopsy examination demonstrating noncardiogenic pulmonary edema without an identiﬁable cause. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M or rising titers of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin G, or (2) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc ribonucleic acid sequence by polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens, or (3) detection of hantavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 2 days to 2 months. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of high fever, headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), dizziness, anorexia, abdominal and/or lower back pain, nausea and vomiting progressing to nonproductive cough, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), and rapid development of respiratory insufﬁciency. The next phase involves renal failure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). This is followed by excessive urination (diuresis) that may progress into dehydration and severe shock. Normal blood pressure returns and there is a dramatic drop in urine production. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Drug induced noncardiac pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonic plague, tularemia, Q fever, and viral inﬂuenza. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%.

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C18-A014 Eastern equine encephalitis Togaviridae ICD-10: 83.2 It is normally found in the Americas and the Caribbean. The natural reservoirs are birds and mosquitoes. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mosquito eggs. Horses may provide transient ampliﬁcation of the virus. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It does not survive outside a host. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virusspeciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new mosquitoes during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species, Aedes species, Coquillettidia species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle. Incubation: 5–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Difﬁcult to diagnose because of the lack of speciﬁc symptoms. Once symptoms arise, the patient often deteriorates rapidly. Symptoms include headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, seizures, semiconsciousness (somnolence), neck stiffness, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise) and weakness, cranial nerve palsies, sensitivity to light (photophobia), autonomic disturbances such as drooling (ptyalism), fever, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sore throat, severe joint pain (arthralgias) and muscle pain (myalgia), and respiratory difﬁculty.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bartonellosis, brucellosis, other causes of encephalitis, coxsackieviruses, cryptococcosis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, listeria, lyme disease, malaria, rabies, tuberculosis, mumps, stroke, metabolic encephalopathy, Reye syndrome, Bartonella infection, Naegleria infection, Ebstein-Barr virus, prion disease, toxic ingestions, and AIDS. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤70%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species). Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle. Incubation: 18–24 h. Signs and Symptoms: Impaired vision, aimless wandering, head pressing, circling, inability to swallow, irregular ataxic gait, paralysis, convulsions, and death. Most deaths occur within 2–3 days. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoencephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1, verminous meningoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, and meningitis. In birds: Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, botulism, and listeriosis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤90%. C18-A015 Ebola hemorrhagic fever Filoviridae ICD-10: A98.3 It is normally found in Africa. The natural reservoir is unknown. It can survive in blood specimens for several weeks at room temperature, but does not survive for long periods after drying. Also produces disease in primates with symptoms similar to those seen in humans. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. It is communicable up to 7 days after clinical recovery. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHFspeciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation (Reston only); Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: 1–10 organisms (Aerosol). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Vomit; Fomites. Incubation: 2–21 days.

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Signs and Symptoms: Onset is abrupt. Symptoms include fever, headache, pain in the joints (arthralgias) and muscles (myalgia), sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain progressing in some cases to rash, red eyes, hiccups, and both external and internal bleeding. Terminally ill patients often have a normal temperature, but appear to be dull, with rapid breathing, are unable to urinate, and progress into shock. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, thrombocytopenic purpura, acute surgical abdomen, acute leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤88%. C18-A016 Flexal hemorrhagic fever Arenaviridae Is a member of the New World hemorrhagic fever viruses normally found in Brazil. The natural reservoir is the rice rat (Oryzomys) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected rats or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Not speciﬁed. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 7–16 days. Signs and Symptoms: Gradual onset of sustained fever accompanied by a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), headache, severe muscle pain (myalgia) and joint pain (arthralgias), dizziness, sensitivity to light (photophobia), sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea progressing to hemorrhagic symptoms including nosebleed (epistaxis), bloody vomit, and blood in stool or urine. Patients may deteriorate due to vascular or neurologic complications. The illness lasts 2–14 days after the onset of symptoms. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, thrombocytopenic purpura, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, acute leukemia, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mortality Rate (untreated): Not speciﬁed. C18-A017 Foot-and-mouth disease (Agent OO) Picornaviridae ICD-10: B08.8

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It is normally found in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. The natural reservoirs are wild and domestic cloven-footed animals. It is one of the most contagious diseases of these animals. Airborne spread is possible up to 40 miles over land and 180 miles over water. It can survive for up to 2 weeks in dry fecal material and for 6 months in slurry, about 1 week in urine, and over 3 months in hay. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (breathing); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites; Vectors (mechanical—Cats, Dogs, Birds). Incubation: 2–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by fever, sudden appearance of vesicles or blisters on the mouth, nose, feet, and teats. The blisters quickly rupture to leave erosions or ulcers. Animals with mouth ulcers drool (ptyalism) and back off of feed. Due to sore feet, animals prefer to lie down. Cattle may also lose one or both horns of the foot. Animals with teat lesions are hard to milk and prone to mastitis. Many countries slaughter all infected and in-contact animals. Quarantine and movement controls are implemented. Carcasses are either burned or buried on or close to the premises. Buildings are thoroughly washed and disinfected. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Rinderpest, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine herpes mammillitis, malignant catarrhal fever, Peste des petits ruminants, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and foot rot in cattle, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease, and foreign bodies or trauma. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Rarely”; ≤60% (Young animal). C18-A018 Goatpox Poxviridae It is normally found in Africa and parts of Europe and Asia. The natural reservoir is goats. Considered to be the most severe poxvirus diseases in domestic animals. It can persist for up to 6 months in shaded animal pens, and for at least 3 months in dry scabs on the ﬂeece, skin, and hair from infected animals. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Goats. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze, contaminated dust); Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Fomites; Vectors (mechanical—stable ﬂy).

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Incubation: 5–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of fever, discharges from the nose and eyes, and drooling (ptyalism). Animals have a loss of appetite and show a reluctance to move. Pox lesions appear on the skin but are most obvious on face, eyelids and ears, perineum, and tail. Lesions begin as an area of reddening, then progressing to papules, vesicles, pustules with exudation, and ﬁnally to scabs. Lesions also appear on the mucous membranes of the nostrils, mouth, and vulva. Animals suffer acute respiratory distress. Healing is very slow. Mortality peaks about 2 weeks after the onset of the skin lesions. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, bluetongue, mycotic dermatitis, sheep scab, mange, insect bites, parasitic pneumonia, and photosensitization. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. C18-A019 Guanarito hemorrhagic fever Arenaviridae ICD-10: A96.8 A member of the New World Hemorrhagic fever viruses normally found in Venezuela. The natural reservoirs are the short-tailed cane mouse (Zygodontomys brevicauda) and the cotton rat (Sigmodon alstoni), and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions; droplet precautions; airborne precautions; VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 7–16 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, prostration, headache, severe joint pain (arthralgias), cough, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, nosebleed (epistaxis), bleeding gums, and black tarry stool. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis, enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, facial edema, and small hemorrhages (petechia), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), decreased white blood cells (leukopenia), and pulmonary edema. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, thrombocytopenic purpura, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, acute leukemia, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30%.

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C18-A020 Hantaan Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A98.5 It is a hantavirus that produces a viral hemorrhagic fever. It is normally found in Central and Eastern Asia. The natural reservoir is the striped ﬁeld mouse (Apodemus agrarius) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: An illness characterized by one or more of the following clinical features: A febrile illness (i.e., temperature greater than 101◦ F) characterized by bilateral diffuse interstitial edema that may radiographically resemble ARDS, with respiratory compromise requiring supplemental oxygen, developing within 72 h of hospitalization, and occurring in a previously healthy person and/or an unexplained respiratory illness resulting in death, with an autopsy examination demonstrating noncardiogenic pulmonary edema without an identiﬁable cause. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M or rising titers of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin G, or (2) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc ribonucleic acid sequence by polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens, or (3) detection of hantavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 2–60 days. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of high fever, headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), dizziness, anorexia, abdominal and/or lower back pain, nausea and vomiting progressing to nonproductive cough, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), and rapid development of respiratory insufﬁciency. The next phase involves renal failure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). This is followed by excessive urination (diuresis) which may progress into dehydration and severe shock. Normal blood pressure returns and there is a dramatic drop in urine production. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, AIDS, pneumonia, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, phosgene toxicity, phosphine toxicity, salicylate toxicity with pulmonary edema, inﬂuenza, plague, tularemia, and anthrax. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤5%.

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C18-A021 Hendra virus Paramyxoviridae ICD-10: B33.8 It is normally found only in Australia. The natural reservoir is fruit bats (Pteropus species), however, there is no evidence of direct transmission from bats to humans. Special precautions should be taken when examining a horse suspected of having the disease or performing a necropsy. Although it is not considered highly communicable, this is an enhanced biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Undetermined, possibly Inhalation; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Body ﬂuids (from horses); Body tissue (from horses); Urine (from horses). Incubation: 4 days to 3 months. Signs and Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms that may progress to pneumonitis, respiratory failure, renal failure, arterial blood clots (thrombosis), cardiac arrest, and meningoencephalitis. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): “High.” In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Undetermined, possibly inhalation; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Body ﬂuids. Incubation: 8–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, anorexia, depression, increased respiratory and heart rates, and respiratory distress. Other potential signs include facial edema and frothy nasal discharge. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: African horse sickness, anthrax, botulism, pasteurellosis, equine inﬂuenza, peracute equine herpesvirus 1 infection, and ingestion of plant or agricultural poisons. Mortality Rate (untreated): “High.” C18-A022 Hog cholera Flaviviridae It is normally found worldwide. The natural reservoirs are pigs and wild boar. It can survive for many months in frozen or refrigerated meat and is not affected by mild forms of curing. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical—track out). Incubation: 2–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Has a highly variable clinical picture. It has acute and chronic forms, and virulence varies from severe, with high mortality, to mild or even subclinical. The severe acute form is characterized by fever, lack of appetite, depression, constipation followed by diarrhea. May progress to incoordination or convulsions. Conjunctivitis is frequent and is manifested by encrustation of the eyelids and the presence of dirty streaks below the eyes caused by the accumulation of dust and feed particles. In the chronic form of the disease, pigs often survive more than 30 days. After an initial acute febrile phase, pigs may show apparent recovery but then relapse, with anorexia, depression, fever, and progressive loss of condition. Postmortem ﬁndings include widespread small hemorrhages (petechia) and bruises (ecchymoses), especially in lymph nodes, kidneys, spleen, bladder, and larynx. Infarction may be seen, notably in the spleen. Most pigs show a nonsuppurative encephalitis with vascular cufﬁng. No treatment should be attempted. Conﬁrmed cases and in-contact animals should be slaughtered, and measures taken to protect other pigs. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: African swine fever, salmonellosis, erysipelas, anticoagulant poisoning, and hemolytic disease of the newborn, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, pseudorabies, parvovirus, and border disease. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100%. C18-A023 Infectious porcine encephalomyelitis Picornaviridae It is normally found in Europe and Madagascar. The natural reservoir is pigs. It is a highly infectious disease that is similar to polio in humans. It can survive in the environment for more than 5 months and can survive even longer in liquid manure. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion. Secondary Hazards: Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 5–14 days.

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Signs and Symptoms: Fever, anorexia, depression, and incoordination (ataxia). Progressive paralysis, beginning in the hindquarters and ascending toward the head, may develop. In severe cases cannot rise from a dog-sitting position. Although animals that are mildly affected may recover, death usually results from paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Classical swine fever, African swine fever, pseudorabies, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, edema disease, hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis, bacterial meningoencephalitis, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, hypoglycemia, water deprivation/salt intoxication, and other toxins. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤90%. C18-A024 Japanese encephalitis (Agent AN) Flaviviridae ICD-10: A83.0 It is normally found in Japan, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and parts of Oceania. The natural reservoirs are water birds such as herons and egrets, and mosquitoes. Swine acts as amplifying host and has very important role in epidemiology of the disease. Human and horses are dead-end hosts and disease is manifested as fatal encephalitis. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virusspeciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species and Aedes species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: 5–15 days.

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Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms range from mild fever and headache to high fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting, headache, sensitivity to light (photophobia) and objective neurologic signs, stupor, disorientation, tremors, coma, and spastic paralysis. Up to 80% of severe cases develop neuropsychiatric sequelae including seizure disorders, motor or cranial nerve paresis, movement disorders, and/or mental retardation. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other forms of encephalitis (e.g., California, Eastern Equine, St Louis, West Nile, Murray Valley), malaria, dengue fever, meningitis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, enteroviruses, herpes simplex, and Nipah virus. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤60%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species and Aedes species). Secondary Hazards: Pigs are an amplifying host. Incubation: 8–10 days (horses). Signs and Symptoms: Fever, anorexia, difﬁculty in swallowing, jaundice, small hemorrhages (petechia) in visible mucous membranes, sluggish movement, incoordination, staggering and falling, transient neck rigidity, and radial paralysis. Abortions are common. May progress to blindness, profuse sweating, muscle trembling, aimless wandering with violent and demented behavior, followed by collapse and death. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: In pigs: Nipah virus, Aujeszky’s disease, brucellosis, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, Classical swine fever, parvovirus. In horses: Equine encephalomyelitis (Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan), Rabies, Borna disease, Lead poisoning, Tetanus. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25% (Horses); nonfatal (Pigs). C18-A025 Junin hemorrhagic fever Arenaviridae ICD-10: A96.0 It is a viral hemorrhagic fever normally found in Argentina. The natural reservoir is mice (Calomys species) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. It is communicable during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin. Infectious Dose: Unknown.

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Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from mice); Body tissue (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 7–16 days. Signs and Symptoms: Gradual onset of sustained fever accompanied by a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), headache, severe muscle pain (myalgia) and joint pain (arthralgias), dizziness, sensitivity to light (photophobia), sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea progressing to hemorrhagic symptoms including nosebleed (epistaxis), bloody vomit, and blood in stool or urine. Patients may deteriorate due to vascular or neurologic complications. The illness lasts 2–14 days after the onset of symptoms. Recovery may be prolonged. A vaccine is available. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, thrombocytopenic purpura, acute leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30%. C18-A026 Kyasanur forest disease Flaviviridae ICD-10: A98.2 It is a viral hemorrhagic fever normally found in South Asia. The natural reservoirs are ticks, monkeys, rodents, and porcupines. Ticks remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes; Vectors (ticks—Haemophysalis spinigera). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 3–8 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), anorexia and insomnia, followed by severe prostration with diarrhea and vomiting. Other symptoms include low white blood cell count (leukopenia), slow heart rate (bradycardia), low blood pressure (hypotension), formation of papulovesicular lesions on the palate, and swelling of the cervical and axillary lymph nodes. Coughing, abdominal pain, and hemorrhagic symptoms may be present. May follow a biphasic course with remission followed by high fever, gastrointestinal and bronchial problems, and meningoencephalitis. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤10%.

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C18-A027 Lassa fever Arenaviridae ICD-10: A96.2 It is a viral hemorrhagic fever normally found in west Africa. The natural reservoir is the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected rats or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. The virus is excreted in urine for 3–9 weeks and in semen for up to 3 months. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Body ﬂuids (from rats); Fecal (from rats); Fomites; Fomites (from rats habitation). Incubation: 6–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: About 80% of infections are asymptomatic. Symptoms are varied and nonspeciﬁc, and diagnosis is often difﬁcult. The onset of the disease is usually gradual. Initial symptoms include fever, general weakness, and a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise) progressing to headache, sore throat, muscle pain (myalgia), chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, and abdominal pain. Although hemorrhagic syndrome is less common, severe cases may progress to facial swelling, ﬂuid in the lung cavity, and bleeding from mouth, nose, vagina, or gastrointestinal tract. Further complications include low blood pressure, shock, seizures, tremor, disorientation, and coma. Deafness occurs in 25% of patients; half of these may recover some function after several months. Transient hair loss and gait disturbance may occur during recovery. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, yellow fever and other viral hemorrhagic fevers, rickettsial infections, thrombocytopenic purpura, acute leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤40%; ≤15% (hospitalized). C18-A028 Louping ill Flaviviridae ICD-10: A84.8 It is normally found in Scotland, Wales, Northern England, and Ireland. The natural reservoirs are sheep, deer, and ticks. Ticks remain infective for life. Sheep, red grouse, and ptarmigans may act as amplifying hosts. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded Skin; Vectors (ticks—Ixodes racinus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (during slaughter); Blood Body tissue (from slaughtered animals); Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 2–8 days. Signs and Symptoms: Disease is biphasic. Initial symptoms are ﬂu-like and include fever, headache, pain behind the eyes, and a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise). Initial phase does not appear to involve the central nervous system. However, 4–10 days after apparent recover, there is a return of fever with meningoencephalitis or symptoms resembling paralytic poliomyelitis. Convalescence may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other tick-borne encephalitis, inﬂuenza, poliomyelitis. Mortality Rate (untreated):0% . In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Sheep; although cattle, goats, and horses can contract the disease. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible in goats. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Vectors (ticks—Ixodes racinus). Secondary Hazards: Ingestion (goat milk); Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle (in sheep). Incubation: 6–18 days. Signs and Symptoms: Disease is usually biphasic. Initial signs are nonspeciﬁc and include fever, depression, anorexia, and possibly constipation. During the second phase the virus may invade the central nervous system. If it does not, the animal will recover rapidly and develop a durable protective immunity. Symptoms of involvement of the central nervous system include muscular tremors and incoordination (ataxia), increase in sensitivity to sensory stimuli (hyperesthesia), and development of the characteristic louping gait. Animals are often hypersensitive to noise and touch and will go into convulsive spasms if disturbed. Symptoms may progress to paralysis of the lower half of the body, convulsions, tetanic spasms, coma, and ﬁnally death. Some recovered animals may exhibit residual partial paralysis (paresis) or sideways twitching of the neck (torticollis). All recovered animals are solidly immune for life. Concurrent infection with toxoplasmosis or tick-borne fever can increase the severity of louping ill. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Sheep: Scrapie, pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, tetanus, listeriosis, tick pyemia, hypocuprosis, rabies, hydatid disease, and various plant poisons. Cattle: Malignant catarrhal fever, listeriosis, pseudorabies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, rabies, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, acute lead poisoning, and certain plant poisons. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤60% (Sheep). C18-A029 Lumpy skin disease Poxviridae It is a disease of cattle that is normally found in Africa. The natural reservoir is cattle. It is very resistant to physical and chemical agents. It can persist in necrotic

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skin for 40 days and remains viable in air-dried hides for over 18 days at ambient temperature. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes; biting ﬂies). Secondary Hazards: Contact; Body ﬂuids (saliva); Body tissue; Fomites (hides). Incubation: 2–5 weeks. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms include fever, watery eyes, increased nasal secretions, drooling (ptyalism), diarrhea, loss of appetite, reduced milk production, depression, and reluctance to move. This is followed by the eruption of various sized skin nodules that may cover the whole body. They can be found on any part of the body but are most numerous on the head and neck, perineum, genitalia and udder, and the limbs. The nodules are painful and involve all layers of the skin. Skin lesions may show scab formation. Regional lymph nodes are enlarged and full of ﬂuid. Secondary bacterial infection can complicate healing and recovery. Final resolution of lesions may take 2–6 months, and nodules can remain visible 1–2 years. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Besnoitiosis, bovine ephemeral fever, bovine farcy, bovine herpes mammillitis, bovine papular stomatitis, cattle grubs, cutaneous tuberculosis, demodicosis, dermatophilosis, Hypoderma bovis infection, insect bites, onchocercosis, photosensitization, pseudo-lumpyskin disease, rinderpest, ringworm, skin allergies, sporadic bovine lymphomatosis, sweating weakness of calves, urticaria, vesicular disease. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤3%; ≤10% (Calves). C18-A030 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Arenaviridae ICD-10: A87.2 Virus is found worldwide. The natural reservoir is the common house mouse (Mus musculus) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Disease can be passed to rodent pets such as mice and hamsters. Does not produce disease in animals. The virus normally has little effect on healthy people but can be deadly for people whose immune system has been weakened. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. It is communicable only between a mother and a fetus during pregnancy. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes.

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Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Body ﬂuids (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 8–13 days. Signs and Symptoms: Produces a biphasic febrile illness. Symptoms of the ﬁrst phase are nonspeciﬁc and fever, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), anorexia, muscle pain (myalgia), headache, nausea, and vomiting. Additional symptoms may include sore throat, cough, and pain in the joints (arthralgias), chest, testicles, and salivary gland. Symptoms of the second phase include fever, increased headache, a stiff neck, drowsiness, confusion, sensory disturbances, and/or paralysis. Recovery is generally complete but may be prolonged. Immunosuppressed individuals may develop hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Typhoid fever, leptospirosis, inﬂuenza, mumps, enteroviruses, arboviral encephalitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): <1%. C18-A031 Machupo hemorrhagic fever Arenaviridae ICD-10: A96.1 It is a viral hemorrhagic fever normally found in Bolivia. The natural reservoir is the vesper mouse (Calomys callosus) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is rare. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Body ﬂuids; Blood and body ﬂuids (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 7–16 days. Signs and Symptoms: Gradual onset of sustained fever accompanied by a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), headache, severe muscle pain (myalgia) and joint pain (arthralgias), dizziness, sensitivity to light (photophobia), sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea progressing to hemorrhagic symptoms including nosebleed (epistaxis), small hemorrhages (petechia) on the upper body, bloody vomit, and blood in stool or urine. Patients may deteriorate due to vascular or neurologic complications. Can cause nerve deafness. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, thrombocytopenic purpura, acute leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30%.

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C18-A032 Malignant catarrhal fever virus Herpesviridae Virus is found worldwide. The natural reservoirs are sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. It is on the USDA High Consequence list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle; American bison. Communicability: Direct transmission (cattle to cattle) is rare. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols; Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical). Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Morbidity is low but mortality is high. High fever, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, bloody urine, muzzle encrustation; erosions on the lips, tongue, gums, soft and hard palate; swollen reddened eyelids, corneal opacity and conjunctivitis; sensitivity to light (photophobia); bilateral ocular and nasal discharges; difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea) and cyanosis; loss of appetite; reluctance to swallow because of esophageal erosions and drooling; enlarged body lymph nodes; lameness; depression, trembling, hyporesponsiveness, stupor, aggressiveness, and convulsions. Postmortem ﬁndings in cattle include crater like erosions of the nose, mouth, conjunctiva, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract; intestinal edema and small hemorrhages (petechia); white areas in the kidneys; “tiger striping” in the distal colon; swollen and reddened abomasal folds; and the lungs may be congested, swollen, or emphysematous. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, rinderpest, bluetongue, foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, pneumonic pasteurellosis, photosensitive dermatitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, theileriosis, rabies, and the tick-borne encephalitides. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100%. C18-A033 Marburg hemorrhagic fever Filoviridae ICD-10: A98.4 It is a viral hemorrhagic fever normally found in Africa. The natural reservoir is unknown. Other than humans, the disease has only been documented in primates, with a similar clinical picture. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. It is communicable up to 7 days after clinical recovery. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHFspeciﬁc barrier precautions.

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Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: 1–10 organisms (Aerosol). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Vomit; Fomites. Incubation: 3–10 days. Signs and Symptoms: Onset of the disease is sudden. Early signs and symptoms are nonspeciﬁc and include fever, chills, headache, and diffuse and nonspeciﬁc muscular pain. After approximately 5 days, a nonpruritic, centripetal, pinhead-sized erythematous eruption develops that rapidly progresses into a maculopapular rash that may hemorrhage. The rash is most prominent on the chest, back, and stomach. Additional symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal and chest pain, sore throat, and diarrhea progressing to jaundice, inﬂammation of the pancreas, severe weight loss, delirium, shock, liver failure, massive hemorrhaging, and multiorgan dysfunction. Death is due to a combination of hemorrhage, capillary leakage, shock, and end-organ failure. For survivors, recovery from may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Leptospirosis, malaria, salmonella infection, lupus, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, rickettsial infections, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, thrombocytopenic purpura, acute surgical abdomen, acute leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25%. C18-A034 Menangle virus Paramyxoviridae It is an emerging disease normally found in Australia. The natural reservoir is bats (Pteropus species). Does not produce disease in the bats. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the USDA High Consequence list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is undocumented. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Unknown. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Suspected as contact with blood, body ﬂuids, and fecal matter from bats and/or pigs. Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Inﬂuenza-like illness with a rash. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is undocumented. Normal routes of exposure: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Suspected as contact with blood, body ﬂuids, and fecal matter from bats.

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Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Causes stillbirths with deformities. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): “High” (Fetus). C18-A035 Monkeypox Poxviridae ICD-10: B04 Although initially a disease of nonhuman primates in central and western Africa, the disease has spread to the United States via importation of African rodents [e.g., rope squirrels (Funiscuirus species), tree squirrels (Heliosciurus species), Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys species), brushtail porcupines (Atherurus species), dormice (Graphiurus species), and striped mice (Hybomys species)]. It has infected indigenous rodents in the United States such as prairie dogs with subsequent transfer to individuals who own these animals as pets or otherwise have contact with them. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Rash (macular, papular, vesicular, or pustular; generalized or localized; discrete or conﬂuent), with fever (subjective or measured temperature of ≥99.3◦ F). Other signs and symptoms include chills and/or sweats, headache, backache, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath. Epidemiologic criteria for diagnosis is (1) exposure to an exotic or wild mammalian pet obtained on or after April 15, 2003, with clinical signs of illness (e.g., conjunctivitis, respiratory symptoms, and/or rash); or (2) exposure to an exotic or wild mammalian pet with or without clinical signs of illness that has been in contact with either a mammalian pet or a human with monkeypox; or (3) exposure to a suspect, probable, or conﬁrmed human case of monkeypox. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of monkeypox virus in culture; or (2) demonstration of monkeypox virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction testing of a clinical specimen; or (3) demonstration of virus morphologically consistent with an orthopoxvirus by electron microscopy in the absence of exposure to another orthopoxvirus; or (4) demonstration of presence of orthopoxvirus in tissue using immunohistochemical testing methods in the absence of exposure to another orthopoxvirus. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. When dealing with infected individuals, use airborne precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin and Animal bites; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosol; Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fomites. Incubation: 7–17 days. Signs and Symptoms: Clinical symptoms in humans similar to that seen in smallpox although often milder. Symptoms include extreme fatigue, fever, muscular, and back pain, with evolution of discolored spots (maculas) progressing successively to elevated bumps (papules), blisters (vesicles), pus ﬁlled pimples (pustules), and ﬁnally scabs. In addition, infected persons experience enlarged neck and groin lymph nodes. Vaccination with the smallpox vaccine immunizes against monkeypox.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Smallpox, pseudocowpox/paravaccinia, Varicella-zoster, tularemia, plague, parapox virus, Eczema herpeticum. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤10%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Rodent and Lagomorph pets. CDC Case Deﬁnition for animals: Rash (macular, papular, vesicular, or pustular; generalized or localized; discrete or conﬂuent). Other possible signs and symptoms include conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, anorexia, and/or lethargy. Epidemiologic criteria for diagnosis is (1) originating from the shipment of rodents from Ghana to Texas on April 9, 2003 (i.e., Gambian giant rats, rope squirrels, tree squirrels, striped mice, brush-tailed porcupines, and dormice); or (2) originating from a pet holding facility where wild or exotic mammalian pets with suspect, probable, or conﬁrmed monkeypox have been reported; or (3) exposure to a wild or exotic mammalian pet that has been diagnosed with suspect, probable, or conﬁrmed monkeypox; or (4) exposure to a suspect, probable, or conﬁrmed human case of monkeypox. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) isolation of monkeypox virus in culture; or (2) demonstration of monkeypox virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction testing in a clinical specimen; or (3) demonstration of virus morphologically consistent with an orthopoxvirus by electron microscopy in the absence of exposure to another orthopoxvirus; or (4) demonstration of presence of orthopox virus in tissue using immunohistochemical testing methods in the absence of exposure to another orthopoxvirus. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fomites. Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Depending on the species involved, symptoms may include cough, discharge from the eyes (appear cloudy or crusty) or the nostrils, swelling in the limbs from enlarged lymph nodes, a bumpy, or blister-like rash. Animals may just appear to be very tired and may not be eating or drinking. Some species may present no respiratory signs and limited dermatologic involvement. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Low.” C18-A036 Murray valley encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A83.4 It is normally found in Australia and New Guinea. The natural reservoirs are mosquitoes, birds, foxes, and opossums. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. Domestic animals do not manifest clinical symptoms. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virusspeciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex annulirostris; Aedes species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: 5–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms appear in less than 1% of infected individuals. Symptoms range from mild fever and headache to high fever, headache, stupor, tremors, coma and spastic paralysis, and progressive CNS damage. There is neurologic sequelae including paraplegia, impaired gait and motor control, and decreased intellect in up to 40% of mild cases and all severe cases. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤40%. C18-A037 Newcastle disease (Agent OE) Paramyxoviridae ICD-10: B30.8 It is endemic in many countries of the world. The natural reservoir is birds. It is highly contagious and can survive for several weeks in a warm, humid environment, such as on birds’ feathers, manure, and other materials. It can survive indeﬁnitely in frozen material. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (contaminated fomites); Fomites (from birds). Incubation: 1–4 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include self-limiting conjunctivitis with tearing and pain. May progress to a generalized illness with “ﬂu-like” symptoms including elevated temperature, chills, and sore throat. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Poultry. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze, contaminated fomites); Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Fomites; Vectors (mechanical—track out). Incubation: 2–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Clinical signs are very variable depending on strain of virus, species and age of bird, concurrent disease and preexisting immunity. Symptoms include edema of the head with swelling of the lower eyelid, often accompanied by red, inﬂamed whites of the eyes (conjunctivitis) and dark ring around the eye (black eye); excessive ﬂuids from the respiratory tract causing sneezing, gasping for air, nasal discharge, coughing, increased respiration; circling, falling, paralyzed wings, and sideways twisting of the head and neck (torticollis); depression and loss of appetite with greenish, watery diarrhea 2–3 days after onset of illness; and sudden death. In hens that have survived the disease, there is a tendency to lay misshapen eggs or develop egg yolk peritonitis. Postmortem ﬁndings include edema of the head and neck; hemorrhage and erosions of the esophagus; hemorrhage of the tracheal mucosa; hemorrhages throughout the gastrointestinal tract that may have ulcerated and become necrotic; inﬂammation of the intestine with marked involvement of the caecal tonsils and Peyer’s patches; hemorrhage of the mucosal lining of the proventriculus, especially at the junction with the esophagus. Peracute deaths will often show no discernible lesions in some of the ﬁrst birds dying in an outbreak. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, avian inﬂuenza, fowl pox, psittacosis, mycoplasmosis, avian encephalomyelitis, coryza, salmonellosis, Marek’s disease and Pacheco’s disease in parrots, vitamin E deﬁciency, and deprivation of water, air, or feed. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100%. C18-A038 Nipah virus Paramyxoviridae ICD-10: B33.8

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It is normally found only in Malaysia. The natural reservoir is unknown, but believed to be fruit bats (Pteropid species). Special precautions should be taken when examining a pig suspected of having the disease or performing a necropsy. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Undetermined, possibly Inhalation; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Body ﬂuids (from pigs); Body tissue (from pigs). Incubation: 4–18 days. Signs and Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms with fever, headache, drowsiness, cough, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, problems with swallowing, and blurred vision that may progress to encephalitis with drowsiness, disorientation, severe hypertension, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), very high temperature, convulsions, and coma. Encephalitis may be delayed up to 4 months postexposure. Nipah virus is also known to cause relapse encephalitis. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Undetermined, possibly Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous Membranes. Secondary Hazards: Body ﬂuids; Body tissues. Incubation: 8–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Although highly contagious, morbidity and mortality are not excessive and clinical signs are not signiﬁcantly different from other pig diseases. Most pigs developed a fever with respiratory involvement, often with a severe barking cough. May progress to encephalitis. Sows may abort. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Pasteurellosis species. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤5%. C18-A039 Omsk hemorrhagic fever Flaviviridae ICD-10: A98.1

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It is normally found in western Siberia. The natural reservoirs are ticks, rodents, and muskrats. Ticks remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (ticks—Dermacentor reticulates; Dermacentor marginatus; Ixodes persulcatus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols; Body tissue (from rodents, muskrats); Blood and body ﬂuids (from rodents, muskrats); Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 3–7 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of chills, headache, fever, pain in lower back and limbs, severe prostration, red and inﬂamed eyes, a papulovesicular rash on the soft palate, diarrhea, and vomiting. Central nervous system abnormalities develop after 1–2 weeks. May progress to hemorrhage from gums, nose, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Recovery may be prolonged but previous infection leads to immunity. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤2%. C18-A040 O’nyong-nyong Togaviridae ICD-10: A92.1 It is normally found in Africa. The natural reservoir is unknown. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, which remain infective for life. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood); Blood. Incubation: 3–11 days. Signs and Symptoms: Self limiting febrile disease. Symptoms include arthritis in wrist, knee, ankle, and small joints of extremities typically followed by a maculopapular rash in 1–10 days. Swelling of the cheeks and palate can occur. May present hemorrhagic symptoms. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. C18-A041 Oropouche virus disease

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Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A93.0 It is normally found mainly in the Amazon region, the Caribbean, and Panama. The natural reservoir is unknown. It is transmitted by ticks, which remain infective for life. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Ochlerotatus serratus; midge Culicoides paraensis). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids). Incubation: 4–8 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms include abrupt onset of fever, chills, headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), joint pain (arthralgias) and/or muscle pain (myalgia), inﬂammation of the eyes with an intolerance to light. There may also be occasional nausea and vomiting. May progress to inﬂammation of the meninges and/or the brain. Relapse may occur 1–2 weeks after initial symptoms disappear. The infection is usually self-limiting and complications are rare. Patients usually recover fully with no long-term ill effects. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. C18-A042 Pandemic inﬂuenza Orthomyxoviridae ICD-10: J09 - J18 Inﬂuenza is one of the most common infectious diseases in humankind and is one of the most contagious airborne infectious diseases. The natural reservoirs are humans, horses, swine, and birds. It can survive outside a host in dried mucous for several hours. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Clinically compatible illness. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) inﬂuenza virus isolation in tissue cell culture from respiratory specimens; or (2) reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) testing of respiratory specimens; or (3) immunoﬂuorescent antibody staining (direct or indirect) of respiratory specimens; or (4) rapid inﬂuenza diagnostic testing of respiratory specimens; or (5) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for inﬂuenza viral antigens in respiratory tract tissue from autopsy specimens; or (6) fourfold rise in inﬂuenza hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer in paired acute and convalescent sera. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. It is communicable for 3–5 days after the onset of symptoms. When dealing with infected individuals, use airborne precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Mucous Membranes.

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Infectious Dose: 2–790 (plaque forming units). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Body ﬂuids; Body tissue (from animals); Body ﬂuids (from animals). Incubation: 1–4 days. Signs and Symptoms: Abrupt onset with fever, chills, severe sore throat, diffuse muscle pain (myalgia), severe headache, sensitivity to light (photophobia), eye pain, runny nose, weakness and severe fatigue, nonproductive cough, wheezing, rhonchi, chest pain, and difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea). May progress to acute encephalopathy. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Adenoviruses, arenaviruses, rhinoviruses, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, echoviruses, infectious mononucleosis, parainﬂuenza virus, bacterial sepsis, upper respiratory infection, Lyme disease, encephalitis, meningitis, dengue fever, acute HIV infection. Mortality Rate (untreated): Variable. C18-A043 Peste des petits ruminants Paramyxoviridae It is primarily a disease of goats and sheep that is found normally in most African countries. Cattle and pigs can develop silent infections. It is not very contagious; transmission requires close contact with infected animals. It has a long survival time in chilled and frozen tissues and can survive at 140◦ F for up to 60 min. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Goats, sheep. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 3–10 days. Signs and Symptoms: The natural disease is usually more severe in goats than sheep. Symptoms include sudden fever, depression, dull coat and loss of appetite. Initially, animals have congested mucous membranes and a dry muzzle. This progresses to a profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge that may crust over and block the nostrils and give a putrid odor to the breath. Conjunctiva are congested and there is a purulent discharge that can encrust the eyelids, cementing them together. Lesions develop in the oral cavity causing drooling (ptyalism). There is respiratory distress and sign of bronchopneumonia, as well as erosive stomatitis and severe watery blood-stained diarrhea leading to dehydration and weight loss. May cause abortions. Postmortem ﬁndings include necrotic lesions in the mouth and nose, congestion of the ileocecal valve, engorgement and blackening of the folds in the cecum, colon, and rectum with “zebra striping,” enlarged spleen, edematous lymph nodes, and bronchopneumonia. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Rinderpest, pasteurellosis, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, bluetongue, heartwater, contagious ecthyma, foot-andmouth disease, Nairobi sheep disease, sheep pox, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, Arsenic poisoning, gastrointestinal helminth infestations. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤90%.

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C18-A044 Plum pox Potyvirus It is normally found in North America, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, India, and Chile. It is transmitted by aphids. The virus is not persistent in the aphid vector and only stays viable in its mouthparts for approximately 1 h. It is on the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens. In Plants: Target species: Stone fruit including peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, and almonds. Normal routes of transmission: Vectors (aphids). Secondary Hazards: Nursery stock; Budwood; Mechanical vectors (grafting). Signs: Symptoms of infection appear on leaves, ﬂowers, and fruit but may considerably depending on the tree species or cultivar. Early symptoms may include color-breaking in the blossoms such as darker pink stripes on the ﬂower petals. Later, it may be characterized by yellowing line patterns and blotches, or necrotic rings on expanded leaves. Infected fruit can develop yellow rings or blotches, or brown rings, and may be severely deformed and bumpy. The seeds of many infected apricots and some plums show rings. There is no cure or treatment for the disease once a tree becomes infected. Current recommendations include destruction of all infected trees. C18-A045 Potato andean latent Tymovirus Tymovirus It is normally found in South and Central America. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Potatoes. Normal routes of transmission: Contact; Vectors (Epithrix beetles). Secondary Hazards: None; Mechanical vectors (grafting); Crop debris. Signs: Symptoms are dependent on environmental conditions and are most severe when there is a wide daily ﬂuctuation in temperature. Symptoms include mosaic with necrotic ﬂecking, curling, and leaf-tip necrosis. C18-A046 Potato spindle tuber viroid Pospiviroid It is normally found in North and South America, China, the former Soviet Union, and Australia. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Potatoes; tomatoes. Normal routes of transmission: Contact Vectors (aphids). Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (planting); Seeds.

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Signs: Mild strains produce no obvious symptoms. Symptoms are dependent on environmental conditions and are most severe in hot conditions. Symptoms may be mild in initial infections but become progressively worse in the following generations. Potatoes: may include reduced plant size, uprightness and clockwise arrangement of leaves on the stem when the plant is viewed from above, as well as dark green leaves with a rough, wrinkled surface. Tubers may be reduced in size or misshapen with evenly distributed prominent eyes. Tomatoes: Stunted growth with a “bunchy top” caused by shortened internodes. Leaves are yellow or purple and often become curled and twisted. The top leaves are reduced in size; the veins of the middle and bottom leaves become necrotic. Tomato fruit is hard, small, and dark green. There is no form of natural resistance. C18-A047 Powassan encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A84.8 It is normally found in Canada, the northern United States, and parts of Central Asia. The natural reservoirs are ticks, small mammals, and birds. Ticks remain infective for life. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It does not survive outside a host. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virusspeciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded Skin; Vectors (ticks—Ixodes cookie, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes spinipalpus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 7–14 days.

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Signs and Symptoms: Range from mild fever and headache to high fever, headache, stupor, disorientation, tremors, meningoencephalitis, convulsions, spastic paralysis, and coma. There is a high incidence of neurologic sequelae. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤60%. C18-A048 Pseudorabies virus Herpesviridae Found worldwide. The natural reservoir is pigs, but it can infect cattle, sheep, cats, dogs, goats, raccoons, opossums, skunks, and rodents. It can survive up to 5 weeks in pig meat. It can persist for up to 7 h in air with a relative humidity of greater than 55% and be spread by the wind for up to 2 km. It can survive for up to 7 h in nonchlorinated well water; 2 days in anaerobic lagoon efﬂuent; 2 days in green grass, soil, feces, and shelled corn; and for 4 days in straw bedding. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: No documented infections in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs; cattle; sheep; goats. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter. Incubation: Varies. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, coughing, sneezing, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), constipation, vomiting, anorexia with weight loss; incoordination (ataxia), prostration, weakness, muscular twitching, teeth grinding, involuntary eye movements, convulsions, “goose-stepping” gait, circling, and cardiac irregularities. Other symptoms may resemble rabies including self-mutilation, jaw and pharyngeal paralysis, excess salivation, general paralysis, and death. Postmortem ﬁndings in pigs include purulent inﬂammation of the nasal lining, pharynx and tonsils, congestion or consolidation of the lungs, congested meninges, congested lymph nodes with small hemorrhages, small white to yellow necrotic foci in liver and spleen of affected animals and aborted fetuses, and necrotic placentitis. In other species postmortem ﬁndings are often only edema, congestion, and hemorrhage of the spinal cord. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Porcine polioencephalomyelitis, rabies, classical swine fever, African swine fever, hemagglutination encephalomyelitis virus infection, erysipela, Nipah virus, streptococcal meningoencephalitis, hypoglycemia, organic arsenic and mercury poisoning, salt poisoning, swine inﬂuenza, and congenital tremor. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100% (Piglets); ≤50% (Nursery Pigs); ≤2% (Adult Pigs); ≤100% (Cattle, Sheep).

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C18-A049 Puumala hemorrhagic fever Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A98.5 It is a hantavirus that is normally found in Europe, Russia, and Scandinavia. The natural reservoir is the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and the virus is shed in it’s urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected voles or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from voles); Fecal (from voles); Fomites (from vole habitation). Incubation: 2–4 weeks. Signs and Symptoms: Produces hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS); characterized by sudden onset of high fever, headache, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), dizziness, anorexia, abdominal and/or lower back pain, nausea, and vomiting. Progresses to rapid heart rate (tachycardia), hypoxemia, renal failure, and protein in the urine (proteinuria). This is followed by excessive urination (diuresis), which may progress to dehydration and severe shock. Normal blood pressure returns and there is a dramatic drop in urine production. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, spotted fevers, typhus, malaria, hepatitis, Colorado tick fever, septicemia, heat stroke, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leptospirosis, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤1%. C18-A050 Rabies Rhabdoviridae ICD-10: A82 It is present in most of Europe, throughout Africa, the Middle East, most of Asia, and the Americas. It is a highly lethal disease that can affect all warm-blooded animals. This is a biosafety level 2 agent unless there is a high risk of aerosol production then it should be treated as a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) a positive direct ﬂuorescent antibody test (preferably performed on central nervous system tissue); or (2) isolation of rabies virus (in cell culture or in a laboratory animal). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible but unlikely. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (Unusual); Body ﬂuids; Body ﬂuids (from animals). Incubation: 20–90 days; although may last up to 1 year. Signs and Symptoms: Headache, fever, and a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise) progressing to delirium, psychosis, restlessness, thrashing, muscular fasciculations, seizures, and aphasia. Attempting to drink or having air blown in the face may produce severe laryngeal or diaphragmatic spasms and a sensation of choking. Other symptoms include rapid heart rate (tachycardia), hypertension, hyperventilation, drooling, differences in the size of the pupils, lacrimation, salivation, perspiration, and postural low blood pressure (hypotension) progressing to systemic paralysis followed by delirium, stupor, then coma and death. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, tetanus, Guillain–Barre syndrome, poliomyelitis, transverse myelitis, cerebrovascular accident, psychosis, intracranial mass, epilepsy, atropine poisoning, and Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease. Mortality Rate (untreated): >99%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: All warm-blooded animals. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Injection; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (Unusual); Body ﬂuids; Body tissue. Incubation: Varies, typically 2 weeks to several months. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include acute behavioral changes [anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness, irritability, hyperexcitability, incoordination (ataxia), altered phonation, aggression] and unexplained progressive paralysis (initially throat and masseter muscles, leading to profuse salivation and inability to swallow but progressing rapidly to all parts of the body). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Canine distemper, canine hepatitis, Aujeszky’s disease, Borna disease, encephalomyelitis, listeriosis, cryptococcosis traumatic injuries or foreign bodies in the oropharynx or esophagus, acute psychosis in dogs and cat, Teschen’s disease, erysipela, sodium ﬂuoroacetate poisoning, lead poisoning, chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning, organophosphate pesticide poisoning, and nitrogen trichloride poisoning. Mortality Rate (untreated): >95%. C18-A051 Rift Valley fever Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A92.4

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Generally found in East Africa and the Middle East. The primary natural reservoir is not known. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes, which remain infective for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mosquito eggs. It can survive in dried discharges for extended periods. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions unless hemorrhagic symptoms exist; then use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species and Culex species; sandﬂies). Infectious Dose: 1–10 organisms (Inhalation). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids); Blood, body tissue, and body ﬂuids (from slaughtered animals). Incubation: 1–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms include fever, generalized weakness, back pain, dizziness, and extreme weight loss. There may also be occasional nausea and vomiting. Fever may be biphasic. In some cases the illness can become hemorrhagic or cause inﬂammation of the brain leading to headaches, coma, or seizures. Can also cause inﬂammation of the eyes with an intolerance to light. Up to 10% of affected patients may have some permanent vision loss. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Drug eruptions, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, rubella, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, tick bite fever, typhus, Q fever, septicemia typhoid, plague, leptospirosis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis, chikungunya, herpes, inﬂuenza, mononucleosis, acute anemia, acute leukemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, meningitis, pleural effusion, and sepsis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤1%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Sheep, cattle, goats. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes; sandﬂies). Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle. Incubation: 1–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Signs of the disease tend to be nonspeciﬁc, rendering it difﬁcult to recognize in individual cases. Fever, salivation, inﬂammation in the mouth, anorexia, abdominal pain, depression, weakness, sensitivity to light (photophobia), mucopurulent nasal discharge and encrustation around the muzzle, vomiting, diarrhea (may be hemorrhagic), and jaundice. Abortions may reach 100%. Postmortem ﬁndings include small hemorrhages present in the internal organs, carcasses may be jaundiced, ﬂuid in body cavities that frequently is blood-stained, intestinal inﬂammation, edematous and hemorrhagic gall bladder, and the liver may be necrotic.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Wesselbron disease, Nairobi sheep disease, bluetongue, brucellosis, heartwater, rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, vibriosis, trichomonosis, enterotoxemia of sheep, ephemeral fever, bacterial septicaemias, East Coast fever, fungal conditions, other viral and bacterial causes of abortion, hepatotoxins, and toxic plants. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤70% (Calves); ≤10% (Adult cattle); ≤90% (Lambs less than 1 week); ≤20% (Adult sheep). C18-A052 Rinderpest Paramyxoviridae It is endemic in many countries of Asia and Africa. The natural reservoir is wild ruminants. It is the most lethal plague known in cattle. It remains viable for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Cattle, buffalo. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Fomites. Incubation: 3–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, anorexia, depression, and discharge from the eyes and nose. Pinpoint necrotic lesions appear on the inside of the mouth that rapidly form a cheesy plaque. Further symptoms include severe abdominal pain, thirst, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), and watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and mucous membranes. Recovery is prolonged and may be complicated by concurrent infections due to immunosuppression. Postmortem ﬁndings include dehydrated carcass with fecal staining of the legs; erosions of the mucosa in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus; edema or emphysema of the lungs; mucopurulent nasal exudate; congestion, edema, and erosion of the abomasal mucosa; severe congestion, ulceration in the large intestine as well as “tiger striping” hemorrhages; hemorrhage in the spleen, gallbladder, and urinary bladder; and enlarged and edematous lymph nodes. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bovine viral diarrhea, East Coast fever, foot-and-mouth disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, malignant catarrhal fever, vesicular stomatitis, paratuberculosis, and arsenic poisoning. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤90%. C18-A053 Rocio encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A83.6

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It is transmitted by mosquitoes and normally found in Brazil. The natural reservoir is unknown but probably mosquitoes and birds. It is not known whether it produces disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Unknown. Incubation: 5–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, headache, vomiting and possibly abdominal pain, progressing to neck stiffness, mental confusion, motor disturbances, and difﬁculty with equilibrium. Survivors may suffer signiﬁcant impairment of mental functions. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): 10%. C18-A054 Russian spring-summer encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A84.0 It is normally found in Asia. The natural reservoirs are ticks, rodents, and small mammals. Ticks remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for arboviral encephalitis: Neuroinvasive disease requires the presence of fever and at least one of the following in the absence of a more likely clinical explanation: (1) acutely altered mental status (e.g., disorientation, obtundation, stupor, or coma), or (2) other acute signs of central or peripheral neurologic dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, or abnormal movements), or (3) increased white blood cell concentration in cerebrospinal ﬂuid associated with illness clinically compatible with meningitis (e.g., headache or stiff neck). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer, or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, CSF, or other body ﬂuid, or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Laboratory criteria for a probable case is (1) stable (less than or equal to a twofold change) but elevated titer of virus-speciﬁc serum antibodies or (2) virus-speciﬁc serum IgM antibodies detected by antibody-capture EIA but with no available results of a conﬁrmatory test for virus-speciﬁc serum IgG antibodies in the same or a later specimen.

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Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (ticks—Ixodes persulcatus; Ixodes ricinus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 7–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include sudden onset of intense headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light (photophobia) followed by central nervous system abnormalities such as stupor, tremors, delirium, focal epilepsy and ﬂaccid paralysis (especially in the shoulder), and coma. Recovery is prolonged. Sequelae may include paralysis of the upper extremities and back. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤20%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Sheep; goats. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (ticks—Ixodes persulcatus; Ixodes ricinus; Haemaphysalis longicornis). Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: Unknown. Signs and Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic but may develop explosive meningoencephalitis with weakness in all the limbs, rigidity, lockjaw, chattering of the teeth, and tetanic spasms. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Other causes of meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤100% (Symptomatic cases). C18-A055 Sabia hemorrhagic fever Arenaviridae ICD-10: A96.8 A member of the New World hemorrhagic fever viruses normally found in Brazil. The natural reservoir is unknown but believed to be rodents. It is likely that the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected rodents or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. It is not believed to produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is not documented, but may be possible. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions.

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Normal Routes of Exposure: Unknown, but believed to be inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Unknown, but believed to be Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from rodents); Fecal matter (from rodents); Fomites (from rodent habitation). Incubation: 7–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include fever, chills, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), sore throat, headache, muscle pain (myalgia), conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding gums, and low white blood cell count (leukopenia). May progress to tremors, convulsions, pulmonary edema, internal hemorrhage, coma, shock, and death. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Drug eruptions, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, rubella, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, tick bite fever, typhus, Q fever, septicemia typhoid, plague, leptospirosis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis, chikungunya, herpes, inﬂuenza, mononucleosis, acute anemia, acute leukemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, meningitis, pleural effusion, and sepsis. Mortality Rate (untreated): Unknown. C18-A056 Seoul hemorrhagic fever Bunyaviridae ICD-10: A98.5 It is a hantavirus that is found worldwide. The natural reservoir is Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected rats or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use VHF speciﬁc barrier precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from rats); Fecal (from rats); Fomites (from rat habitation). Incubation: 2–4 weeks. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, pain in the upper back (dorsalgia), diffuse muscle pain (myalgia), abdominal pain, small hemorrhages (petechia) on the soft palate, enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), protein in the urine (proteinuria), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), and increased white blood cells (lymphocytosis). There may also be some mild renal and hepatic dysfunction.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Drug induced noncardiac pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atypical pneumonias, and viral inﬂuenza. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤15%. C18-A057 Sheeppox Poxviridae It is normally found in Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and much of Asia. It is a serious, often fatal disease of sheep. It can persist for up to 6 months in shaded animal pens, and for at least 3 months in dry scabs on the ﬂeece, skin, and hair from infected animals. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Goats. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze, contaminated dust); Contact; Body ﬂuids; Fecal matter; Fomites; Vectors (mechanical—stable ﬂy). Incubation: 4–8 days. Signs and Symptoms: Characterized by sudden onset of fever, discharges from the nose and eyes, and drooling (ptyalism). Animals have a loss of appetite and show a reluctance to move. Pox lesions appear on the skin but are most obvious on face, eyelids and ears, perineum, and tail. Lesions begin as an area of reddening, then progressing to papules, vesicle, pustule with exudation, and ﬁnally to scabs. Lesions also appear on the mucous membranes of the nostrils, mouth, and vulva. Animals suffer acute respiratory distress. Healing is very slow. Mortality peaks about 2 weeks after the onset of the skin lesions. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, bluetongue, mycotic dermatitis, sheep scab, mange, insect bites, parasitic pneumonia, and photosensitization. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50%. C18-A058 Sin nombre Bunyaviridae ICD-10: J12.8 It is a hantavirus that is normally found in the southwestern United States. The natural reservoir is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and the virus is shed in their urine. Infection occurs after inhalation of dust contaminated with excreta from infected mice or from aerosol of animal blood or ﬂuids. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. Outside a host the virus can live for several days. It is on the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: An illness characterized by one or more of the following clinical features: A febrile illness (i.e., temperature greater than 101◦ F) characterized by bilateral diffuse interstitial edema that may radiographically resemble ARDS, with respiratory compromise requiring supplemental oxygen, developing within 72 h of hospitalization, and occurring in a previously healthy person and/or an unexplained respiratory illness resulting in death, with an autopsy examination demonstrating noncardiogenic pulmonary edema without an identiﬁable cause. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M or rising titers of hantavirus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin G, or (2) detection of hantavirus-speciﬁc ribonucleic acid sequence by polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens, or (3) detection of hantavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, ﬂuids, contaminated dust); Blood and body ﬂuids (from mice); Fecal (from mice); Fomites (from mouse habitation). Incubation: 2–48 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms are nonspeciﬁc and include fever, headache, chills, muscular pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea followed by an abrupt onset of diffuse pulmonary edema, low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia), and low blood pressure. Most deaths occur within 24 h of hospital admission. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, plague, congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, HIV infection and AIDS, pneumonia, shock, phosgene, inﬂuenza, tularemia, phosphine toxicity, anthrax, silent myocardial infarction, and salicylate toxicity with pulmonary edema. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤36%. C18-A059 Smallpox (Agent N1) Poxviridae ICD-10: B03 Although at onetime it was found worldwide, it was declared eradicated by the World Health Assembly in May 1980. There are only two known repositories of virus remaining, one in the United States and one in Russia. Humans are the only reservoir and vector. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category A Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness with acute onset of fever ≥101o F followed by a rash characterized by ﬁrm, deep seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause. Clinically consistent cases are those presentations of smallpox that do not meet this classical clinical case deﬁnition: (1) hemorrhagic type, (2) ﬂat type, and (3) variola sine eruptione. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identiﬁcation of variola DNA in a clinical specimen, or (2) isolation of smallpox (variola) virus from a clinical specimen (Level D laboratory only; conﬁrmed by variola PCR).

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Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission is possible. It is communicable from the onset of the rash until the last scab falls off. When dealing with infected individuals, use airborne precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Blood and body ﬂuids; Fomites. Incubation: 7–17 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms include high fever, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. A rash appears on the tongue and in the mouth that progress into open sores. The individual is now contagious. A macular rash appears on the face, spreads to the arms and legs, and then to the hands and feet. These progress to bumps that often have a depression in the center that looks like a bellybutton. The bumps become hard pustules and then scabs. Blisters and crusts are accompanied by severe itching. When the scabs fall off they leave a mark on the skin that will become a pitted scar. The individual is no longer contagious after all of the scabs have fallen off. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acne, insect bites, drug eruptions, allergic dermatitis, acute leukemia, bullous pemphigoid, coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, ehrlichiosis, enteroviral infections, herpes simplex, impetigo, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, chickenpox, measles, meningococcemia, parvovirus B19, rat-bite fever, scabies, scarlet fever, syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, molluscum contagiosum, cowpox, rickettsialpox, and monkeypox. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25%. C18-A060 St. Louis encephalitis Flaviviridae ICD-10: A83.3 It is transmitted by mosquitoes and normally found in the Caribbean, and North, Central, and South America. It is primarily a disease of humans but may also cause mild symptoms in horses. The natural reservoirs are birds and mosquitoes. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It can survive in aerosol form for up to 6 h at room temperature. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virusspeciﬁc serum antibody titer; or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other

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body ﬂuid; or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA); or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (ﬂuids); Body ﬂuids (from animals); Fomites (from animal bedding). Incubation: 7–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: Range from mild fever and headache to high fever, headache, personality changes, confusion, stupor, tremors, coma, convulsions, and spastic paralysis. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: California encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, herpes simplex encephalitis, meningitis, brain abscess, carcinomatous meningitis, CNS vasculitis, cerebrovascular disease. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤22%. C18-A061 Swine vesicular disease Picornaviridae ICD-10: B08.8 It is normally found in Italy and some European countries. The natural reservoir is pigs. Virus may continue to be shed in the feces of pigs for up to 3 months after full recovery. Resistant to fermentation and smoking processes. May remain in hams for 6 months, dried sausages for more than a year, and in processed intestinal casings for more than 2 years. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: Signiﬁcant disease does not occur in humans. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fecal matter; Vectors (mechanical—track out). Incubation: 2–7 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, vesicular lesions on the feet, mouth, lips, and/or snout. Pigs do not lose condition, and the lesions heal rapidly. Recovery is usually complete in less than 3 weeks. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, vesicular stomatitis, foot rot, swine pox, chemical burns, and thermal burns. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%.

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C18-A062 T3 coliphage BW Simulant A bacteriophage that infects the E. coli bacterium. No signiﬁcant harmful health effects to humans or animals are expected from exposure to this pathogen. C18-A063 Tick-borne encephalitis complex Flaviviridae ICD-10: A84 It is normally found in many countries in Europe and Asia. The natural reservoir is ticks, which remain infected for life. The virus can be transmitted directly to the eggs and ticks are born infected. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition for arboviral encephalitis: Neuroinvasive disease requires the presence of fever and at least one of the following in the absence of a more likely clinical explanation: (1) Acutely altered mental status (e.g., disorientation, obtundation, stupor, or coma), or (2) other acute signs of central or peripheral neurologic dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, or abnormal movements), or (3) increased white blood cell concentration in cerebrospinal ﬂuid associated with illness clinically compatible with meningitis (e.g., headache or stiff neck). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer; or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, CSF, or other body ﬂuid; or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA); or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Laboratory criteria for a probable case is (1) stable (less than or equal to a twofold change) but elevated titer of virus-speciﬁc serum antibodies, or (2) virusspeciﬁc serum IgM antibodies detected by antibody-capture EIA but with no available results of a conﬁrmatory test for virus-speciﬁc serum IgG antibodies in the same or a later specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Ingestion; Abraded skin; Vectors (ticks—Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 7–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Typically biphasic, the ﬁrst phase consists of nonspeciﬁc ﬂu-like symptoms that include fever, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), anorexia, muscle pain (myalgia), headache, nausea, vomiting, low white blood cell count

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(leukopenia), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and last about a week. This is followed by a week long asymptomatic period. The third and ﬁnal phase is an abrupt onset of meningitis or encephalitis, which affects the central nervous system phase producing fever, headache, stiff neck, tremors, dizziness, altered sensorium, and paralysis. Recovery is prolonged. May cause long lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric problems. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤2%. C18-A064 Variola minor Poxviridae ICD-10: B03 Mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent form of the virus. The toxemia is less, lesions are more superﬁcial, and healing time was more rapid. The natural reservoir is humans. This is a biosafety level 4 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list (whitepox). In People: See smallpox (C18-A059). Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤2%. C18-A065 Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Agent NU) Togaviridae ICD-10: A92.2 It is a complex of viruses transmitted by mosquitoes and normally found in Central and South America. The natural reservoir is mosquitoes, horses, and birds. Horses may provide ampliﬁcation of the virus. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the USDA High Consequence list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer; or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of

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speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid; or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA); or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new mosquitoes during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species, Culex species, Psorophora species, Mansonia, species, Deinocerites species, Haemogogus species, Sabethes species, Anopheles species). Infectious Dose: 1 Plaque forming unit (Injection). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids); Vector cycle. Incubation: 1–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms are ﬂu-like with abrupt onset of high fever, severe frontal headache, chills, muscle pain (myalgia), pain behind the eyes, nausea, and vomiting. Additional symptoms may include sensitivity to light (photophobia), diarrhea, and sore throat. Fever may be biphasic. CNS symptoms range from drowsiness to disorientation, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death. May cause abortions or CNS malformations in the fetus. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Dengue fever, encephalitis, malaria, meningitis, yellow fever, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, arenaviruses, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, echoviruses, hepatitis, herpes simplex, infectious mononucleosis, inﬂuenza, leptospirosis, Listeria, lyme disease, malaria, meningitis, meningococcal infections, meningococcemia, Naegleria infection, Norwalk virus, Q fever, acute HIV infection, poliomyelitis, Colorado tick fever, measles. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤5%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Mucous membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (cough, sneeze); Contact; Vector cycle. Incubation: 0.5–5 days. Signs and Symptoms: A ﬁeld diagnosis can rarely be made unless an epizootic of encephalitic disease is in progress and a prior etiologic diagnosis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been made. Symptoms include fever, weakness, depression, anorexia, colic, and diarrhea. Many die without showing neurologic signs. Postmortem ﬁndings include changes in the central nervous system and possibly necrotic foci in internal organs such as pancreas, liver, and heart. There are no characteristic gross lesions. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoencephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1,

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents verminous meningoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, meningitis, West Nile encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis.

Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤75%. C18-A066 Vesicular stomatitis fever Rhabdoviridae ICD-10: A93.8 It is normally found in North and Central America and northern South America. The natural reservoir is unknown. Black ﬂies and sandﬂies remain infected for life. Infection is also transferred directly to their eggs. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. Capable of surviving for long periods of time at low temperatures. It is on the USDA High Consequence list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species; black ﬂies—Simuliidae; sandﬂies—Lutzomyia shannoni). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids from animals); Blood and body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Body ﬂuids and tissue (from animals). Incubation: 24–48 h. Signs and Symptoms: Produces ﬂu-like symptoms including headache, fever, eye pain, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat as well as pain in the limbs and back. Blisters and/or lesions resembling herpes virus may appear in the mouth, throat, and occasionally on the hands. Illness may produce a prolonged mental depression. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: No suggestions. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤1%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses, cattle, pigs. Communicability: Direct transmission is possible. Normal routes of exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (black ﬂies—Simuliidae; sandﬂies—Lutzomyia shannoni); Vectors (mechanical—rodents). Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (body ﬂuids); Body ﬂuids; Body tissue; Fomites; Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle; Vectors (mechanical—feeding and milking equipment). Incubation: 1–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: Easily confused with foot-and-mouth disease (C18-A017). Symptoms include fever, ulcers and erosions of the oral mucosa, sloughing of the epithelium of the tongue, and lesions at the mucocutaneous junctions of the lips, chewing movements and drooling (ptyalism), crusting lesions of the muzzle. Blisters, ulcers, and erosion of the coronary bands, and teats.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, rinderpest, infectious bovine rhinopneumonitis, bovine virus diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue, bovine papular stomatitis, mycotic stomatitis, photosensitization, cowpox, pseudo-cowpox, pseudolumpy skin disease, bovine herpes mammillitis, Potomac Valley fever in horses, foot rot, chemical burns, and thermal burns. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Very low.” C18-A067 West Nile fever Flaviviridae ICD-10: A92.3 It is normally found in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, and is spreading through North America. The natural reservoirs are birds and mosquitoes. Other than sudden death, most birds exhibit little or no signs of disease. If present, typical symptoms include neurologic abnormalities and emaciation. Disease may also be present in household pets such as dogs and cats. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is listed as a Category C Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: for arboviral encephalitis: Neuroinvasive disease requires the presence of fever and at least one of the following in the absence of a more likely clinical explanation: (1) Acutely altered mental status (e.g., disorientation, obtundation, stupor, or coma), or (2) other acute signs of central or peripheral neurologic dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, or abnormal movements), or (3) increased white blood cell concentration in cerebrospinal ﬂuid associated with illness clinically compatible with meningitis (e.g., headache or stiff neck). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer; or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, CSF, or other body ﬂuid; or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA); or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Laboratory criteria for a probable case is (1) stable (less than or equal to a twofold change) but elevated titer of virus-speciﬁc serum antibodies, or (2) virusspeciﬁc serum IgM antibodies detected by antibody-capture EIA but with no available results of a conﬁrmatory test for virus-speciﬁc serum IgG antibodies in the same or a later specimen. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Abraded skin; Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species, Aedes species, Anopheles species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood, body ﬂuids); Body ﬂuids and tissue (from animals). Incubation: 1–14 days.

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Signs and Symptoms: Most infections are asymptomatic or produce a nonspeciﬁc ﬂulike illness. Symptoms include mild fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, mental confusion, tremors, and ﬂaccid paralysis. Liver and/or spleen may be enlarged. A maculopapular rash may be present on the trunk of the body. May progress to encephalitis and/or meningitis (meningoencephalitis) producing changes in mental status, seizures, and coma. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Hypertensive encephalopathy, brain abscess, brain tumor, meningitis, herpes simplex, Guillain–Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, stroke, nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs, acute poliomyelitis, postpolio syndrome, catscratch disease, myasthenia gravis, hypoglycemia, leptospirosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Lyme diseases, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤11%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Ingestion (in cats); Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species, Aedes species, Anopheles species). Secondary Hazards: Blood and body tissue (dead birds); Vector cycle. Incubation: 10–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include listlessness, stumbling, mild to severe incoordination (ataxia), and partial paralysis. Additionally, horses may exhibit weakness, muscle fasciculation, and cranial nerve deﬁcits. Fever may or may not be present. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, equine protozoal myelitis, equine herpesvirus-1, Borna disease, and rabies. In birds Newcastle disease. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤40% (Horses). C18-A068 Western equine encephalitis Togaviridae ICD-10: A83.1 It is normally found in the Americas. The natural reservoirs are birds and mosquitoes. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mosquito eggs. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Arboviral infections may be asymptomatic or may result in illnesses of variable severity sometimes associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. When the CNS is affected, clinical syndromes ranging from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis may occur, and these are usually indistinguishable from similar syndromes caused by other viruses. Arboviral meningitis is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and pleocytosis. Arboviral encephalitis is characterized by fever, headache, and altered mental status ranging

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from confusion to coma with or without additional signs of brain dysfunction (e.g., paresis or paralysis, cranial nerve palsies, sensory deﬁcits, abnormal reﬂexes, generalized convulsions, and abnormal movements). Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater change in virus-speciﬁc serum antibody titer; or (2) isolation of virus from or demonstration of speciﬁc viral antigen or genomic sequences in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal ﬂuid (CSF), or other body ﬂuid; or (3) virus-speciﬁc immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies demonstrated in CSF by antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA); or (4) virus-speciﬁc IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and conﬁrmed by demonstration of virus-speciﬁc serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new mosquitoes during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culiseta tarsalis, Aedes melanimon). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle. Incubation: 5–15 days. Signs and Symptoms: Difﬁcult to diagnose because of the lack of speciﬁc symptoms. Once symptoms arise, the patient often deteriorates rapidly. Symptoms include headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, seizures, semiconsciousness (somnolence), neck stiffness, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise) and weakness, cranial nerve palsies, sensitivity to light (photophobia), autonomic disturbances such as drooling (ptyalism), fever, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sore throat, severe joint pain (arthralgias) and muscle pain (myalgia), and respiratory difﬁculty. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bartonellosis, brucellosis, other causes of encephalitis, coxsackieviruses, cryptococcosis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, listeria, lyme disease, malaria, rabies, tuberculosis, mumps, stroke, metabolic encephalopathy, Reye syndrome, Bartonella infection, Naegleria infection, Ebstein-Barr virus, prion disease, toxic ingestions, and AIDS. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤4%. In Agricultural Animals: Target species: Horses, turkeys. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Culiseta tarsalis). Secondary Hazards: Vector cycle. Incubation: 18–24 h. Signs and Symptoms: Impaired vision, aimless wandering, head pressing, circling, inability to swallow, irregular uncoordinated (ataxic) gait, tremors, semiconsciousness (somnolence), paralysis, convulsions, and death. May also cause decreased egg production in turkeys. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Horses: Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoencephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1, verminous meningoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, and meningitis. Turkeys: Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, botulism, and listeriosis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤30% (Horses); “high” (Turkeys).

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C18-A069 Yellow fever (Agent UT) Flaviviridae ICD-10: A95 It is normally found in Africa and South America. The natural reservoirs are monkeys and mosquitoes. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mosquito eggs. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It does not survive outside a host. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: A mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by acute onset and constitutional symptoms followed by a brief remission and a recurrence of fever, hepatitis, albuminuria, and symptoms and, in some instances, renal failure, shock, and generalized hemorrhages. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater rise in yellow fever antibody titer in a patient who has no history of recent yellow fever vaccination and cross-reactions to other ﬂaviviruses have been excluded or (2) demonstration of yellow fever virus, antigen, or genome in tissue, blood, or other body ﬂuid. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new mosquitoes during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species, Haemagogus species, Sabethes species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids; Vector cycle. Incubation: 3–6 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms range from mild illness to hemorrhagic fever and death. Mild symptoms include mild fever and a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise). Otherwise abrupt onset of general malaise, fever, chills, headache, lower back pain, nausea, dizziness, slow pulse (pulse-fever dissociation), conjunctival injection, facial ﬂushing, decreased white blood cells (leukopenia). A period of remission (up to 24 h) is followed by a return fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, renal failure, and hemorrhage. Small hemorrhages (petechia), bruises (ecchymoses), nosebleed (epistaxis), and may ooze blood from gums. May progress to passage of black tar-like stools (melena), vomiting blood (hematemesis), bleeding from the uterus (metrorrhagia), cerebral edema, microscopic bleeding around the blood vessels (perivascular hemorrhage) and ﬁnally to delirium, stupor, coma, and death. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acanthamoeba, louse-borne relapsing fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, hemorrhagic fevers, leptospirosis, malaria, typhoid fever, typhus, liver failure, and hepatitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤70%.

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References

589

References Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Scientiﬁc and Technical Publication No. 580. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, Chlamydioses, Rickettsioses, an Viroses. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003. American Phytopathological Society. Plum Pox: A Devastating Threat to Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Nectarines, Almonds and Sweet and Tart Cherries. Undated Fact Sheet. Borio, Luciana, Thomas Inglesby, C. J. Peters, Alan L. Schmaljohn, James M. Huges, Peter B. Jahrling, Thomas Ksiazek, Karl M. Johnson, Andrea Meyerhoff, Tara O’Toole, Michael S. Ascher, John Bartlett, Joel G. Breman, Edward. M. Eitzen, Jr., Margaret Hamburg, Jerry Hauer, D.A. Henderson, Richard T. Johnson, Gigi Kwik, Marci Layton, Scott Lillibridge, Gar J. Nabel, Michael T. Osterholm, Trish M. Perl, Philip Russell, and Kevin Tonat. “Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses as Biological Weapons: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 2391–405. Brunt, Alan, Karen Crabtree, Michael Dallwitz, Adrian Gibbs, Leslie Watson, and Eric Zurcher, eds. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. http://md.brim.ac.cn/ vide/refs.htm. 2006. Burrows, W. Dickinson, and Sara E. Renner. “Biological Warfare Agents as Threats to Potable Water.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 975–84. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Animal Health and Food Safety Services. Animal Health Branch. Biosecurity: Selection and Use of Surface Disinfectants. Revision June 2002. Canada Minister of National Health and Welfare. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ofﬁce of Biosafety. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Bluetongue Virus. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Cercopithecine Herpes Virus 1. September 26, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Chikungunya Virus. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Dengue Fever Virus (DEN 1, DEN 2, DEN 3, DEN 4). March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine Encephalitis Virus. March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Ebola Virus. November 6, 2002. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Hantavirus. September 26, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Inﬂuenza Virus. September 26, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Japanese Encephalitis Virus. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Junin Virus/Machupo Virus. September 11, 1997. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. March 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. May 15, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Marburg Virus. September 11, 1997. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Murray Valley Encephalitis. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. May 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: O’Nyong-Nyong Virus. March 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Powassan Encephalitis Virus. May 14, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Rabies Virus, Rabies-Related Viruses. March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: St. Louis Encephalitis. April 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. September 25, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. September 27, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: West Nile Virus. July 14, 2003.

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———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Yellow Fever Virus. March 5, 2001. Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy, University of Minnesota. Agricultural Biosecurity, Animal Diseases. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/biosecurity/ag-biosec/animdisease/index.html. 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (RR-10) (1997): 12. ———. “Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Fact Sheet.” August 22, 2005. ———. “Fact Sheet: Basic Information About Monkeypox.” June 12, 2003. ———. “Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Fact Sheet.” Undated. ———. “Interim Case Deﬁnition for Animal Cases of Monkeypox.” Interim Document, June 19, 2003. ———. “Monkeypox Infections In Animals: Updated Interim Guidance for Veterinarian.” Guidelines and Resources, July 22, 2003. ———. “Tick-borne Encephalitis Fact Sheet.” Undated. Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Banana Bunchy Top Virus. University of Hawaii, December, 1997. College of Veterinary Medicine. “Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis: Teschen Disease, Talfan Disease, Poliomyelitis Suum, Benign Enzootic Paresis.” Iowa State University, August 5, 2005. Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association. Foreign Animal Diseases. Revised 1998. Richmond, VA: Pat Campbell & Associates and Carter Printing Company, 1998. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Department of Agriculture. 9 CFR Part 121—“Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins,” 2005: 753–67. Ehrlich, Richard, Sol Miller, and L.S. Idoine. “Effects of Environmental Factors on the Survival of Airborne T-3 Coliphage.” Applied Microbiology 12 (November 1964): 479–82. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/diagnostics.htm. February 15, 2006. Fediaevsky, Alexandre. Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock: A Reference Guide for Animal Health Staff Food and Agriculture. 2nd ed. Organization of the United Nations Secretariat of the Paciﬁc Community. http://www.spc.int/rahs/manual/manuale.html. November 1, 2005. Henderson, Donald A., Thomas V. Inglesby, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Peter B. Jahrling, Jerome Hauer, Marcelle Layton, Joseph McDade, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russel, and Kevin Tonat. “Smallpox as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management.” Journal of the American Medical Association 281 (1999): 2127–137. Henderson, Donald A., Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O’Toole, eds. Bioterrorism: Guidelines for Medial and Public Health Management. Chicago, IL: AMA Press, 2002. Herenda, D. Manual on Meat Inspection for Developing Countries. Reprint 2000. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994. Kahn, Cynthia M., and Susan E. Aiello, eds. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Online Version. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2006. Kortepeter, Mark, George Christopher, Ted Cieslak, Randall Culpepper, Robert Darling, Julie Pavlin, John Rowe, Kelly McKee, Jr., and Edward Eitzen, Jr., eds. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 4th ed. Fort Detrick, MD: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, February 2001. Lindler, Luther E., Frank J. Lebeda, and George W. Korch, eds. Biological Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Inc., 2005. Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Vector Control After Natural Disaster. Scientiﬁc Publication No. 419. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1982.

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591

Public Health Service. 42 CFR Part 73—“Select Agents and Toxins,” 2004: 443–58. Richmond, Jonathan Y., and Robert W. McKinney, eds. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 4th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1999. Sidell, Fredrick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, Part 1, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC: Ofﬁce of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997. Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. Somani, Satu M., ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press, 1992. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. ———. Technical Aspects of Biological Defense, Technical Manual No. 3-216. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 12, 1971. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fsfaqnot_animalhealth.html. 2004. ———. Plant Protection and Quarantine. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/. 2006. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet #99 Rabies. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, December 1995. ———. Fact Sheet #100 Yellow Fever. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, December 2001. ———. Fact Sheet #103 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, 1996. ———. Fact Sheet #117 Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, May 1996. ———. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. ———. WHO Slide Set on the Diagnosis of Smallpox, October 24, 2001. (http://www.who.int/emc/ diseases/smallpox/slideset/index.htm) February 3, 2006. World Organization for Animal Health. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2004. Updated July 22, 2005. http://www.oie.int/. January 2006. ———. “Technical Disease Card for African Horse Sickness.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Foot and Mouth Disease.” April 22, 2002. ——— “Technical Disease Card for Highly Pathogenic Avian Inﬂuenza.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera).” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Rinderpest.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Newcastle Disease.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Swine Vesicular Disease.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Lumpy Skin Disease.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Peste des Petits Ruminants.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Rift Valley Fever.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Sheep Pox and Goat Pox.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Bluetongue.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for African Swine Fever.” April 22, 2002. ———. “Technical Disease Card for Vesicular Stomatitis.” April 22, 2002.

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19 Rickettsial Pathogens

19.1

General Information

Rickettsia are single-celled microorganisms that are less prevalent and produce fewer diseases than bacteria (Chapter 17). They are intermediate in size between bacteria and viruses (Chapter 18); approximately 0.3 µm in diameter and ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 µm in length. They are gram-negative, nonmotile, and nonsporing. They are easily killed by heat, dehydration, or common disinfecting agents. Rickettsia are more difﬁcult to produce in quantity than bacteria. Similar to viruses, they are strict obligate parasites and require living cells for growth. They cannot survive long outside a host. They also have a selective afﬁnity for speciﬁc types of cells in the body. They are normally transmitted by an arthropod vector (i.e., ticks, lice, ﬂeas, mites), which also serves as either the primary or intermediate host. For biological warfare purposes, rickettsia have been primarily investigated as antipersonnel agents producing both lethal and incapacitating diseases. There are no known rickettsial diseases of plants. Pathogens deployed as antianimal biological weapons are generally used to produce lethal effects in an agriculturally signiﬁcant species such as cows and sheep. There are no unclassiﬁed records of rickettsia being used as biological warfare simulants. Rickettsia can be stored as freeze-dried powders. In this form, they are easy to disperse. However, because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process there are limitations to the methods that can be used. They can also be stored and dispersed via infected vectors (e.g., lice, ticks). In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of “anthrax” letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). It is possible that local insects can become both a reservoir and a vector for the pathogen. Under these circumstances, the pathogen can survive well after the initial release and can rapidly spread beyond the immediately affected area. In many cases, once a vector is infected, it is capable of transmitting the disease throughout its life span. Some pathogens are transmitted directly to the young of the vector so that the next generation is born infected. Response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors (e.g., application of pesticides).

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Incubation times for diseases resulting from infection vary depending on the speciﬁc pathogen, but are generally on the order of days to weeks. Exposures to extremely high doses of some pathogens may reduce the incubation period to as short as several hours. The pathway of exposure (e.g., inhalation, bite) can also cause a signiﬁcant change in the incubation time required as well as the clinical presentation of the disease. Diseases caused by rickettsia are not communicable and cannot be transferred directly from an infected individual to anyone else.

19.2

Response

19.2.1

Personal Protective Requirements

19.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release A number of conditions must be considered when selecting protective equipment for individuals at the scene of a release. For instances such as “anthrax” letters when the mechanism of release is known and it does not involve an aerosol generating device, then responders can use Level C with high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlters. If an aerosol generating device is employed (e.g., sprayer), or the dissemination method is unknown and the release is ongoing, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Once the device has stopped generating the aerosol or has been rendered inoperable, and the aerosol has settled, then responders can downgrade to Level B. In all cases, there is a signiﬁcant hazard posed by contact of contaminated material with skin that has been cut or lacerated, or through injection of pathogens by contact with debris. Appropriate protection to avoid any potential abrasion, laceration, or puncture of the skin is essential. Individuals with damaged or open skin should not be allowed to enter the contaminated area. 19.2.1.2

Working with Infected Individuals

Use infection control guidelines standard precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. 1. Wash hands after patient contact. 2. Wear gloves when handling potentially infectious items that are contaminated with blood, body ﬂuids, or excreta. 3. Wear a mask and eye protection during procedures likely to generate splashes or sprays of infectious ﬂuids. 4. Handle all contaminated and potentially contaminated equipment and linen in a manner that will prevent cross contamination. 5. Take care when handling sharps. When practical, use a mouthpiece or other ventilation device as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 19.2.2

Decontamination

19.2.2.1 Food All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items should be destroyed. Fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water.

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595

Casualties/Personnel

Infected individuals: Unless the individual is reporting directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release, etc.), then decontamination is not necessary. Direct exposure: In the event that an individual is at the scene of a known or suspected attack (e.g., white-powder letter, aerosol release, etc.), have them wash their hands and face thoroughly with antimicrobial soap and water as soon as possible. If antimicrobial soap is not available, use any available soap or shampoo. They should also blow their nose to remove any agent particles that may have been captured by nasal mucous. Remove all clothing and seal in a plastic bag. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of antimicrobial soap (if available) and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped agent. The CDC does not recommend that individuals use bleach or other disinfectants on their skin. 19.2.2.3 Animals Unless the animals are at the scene of an attack then decontamination is not necessary. Apply universal decontamination procedures using antimicrobial soap and water. If antimicrobial soap is not available, then use any available soap, shampoo, or detergent. In some cases, severe infection may require euthanasia of animals and/or herds. Consult local/state veterinary assistance ofﬁce. If the pathogen has not been identiﬁed, then wear a ﬁtted N95 protective mask, eye protection, disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves when dealing with infected animals. 19.2.2.4 Property Surface disinfectants: Compounds containing phenolics, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium salts (additional activity if bis-n-tributyltin oxide present), hypochlorites such as household bleach, alcohols such as 70–95% ethanol and isopropyl, potassium peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine/iodophores, and triclosan. The military also identiﬁes the following “nonstandard” decontaminants: Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. Large area fumigants: Gases including formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, or chlorine dioxide. These materials are highly toxic to humans and animals, and fumigation operations must be adequately controlled to prevent unnecessary exposure. Additional methods include vaporized hydrogen peroxide and an ionized hydrogen peroxide aerosol. Fomites: Some pathogens may be absorbed into clothing or bedding causing these items to become infectious and capable of transmitting the disease. Others may contain vectors (e.g., lice, ticks) that pose a transmission hazard. Deposit items in an appropriate biological waste container and send to a medical waste disposal facility. Alternatively, cotton or wool articles can be boiled in water for 30 minutes, autoclaved at 253◦ F for 45 minutes, or immersed in a 2% household-bleach solution (i.e., 1 gallon of bleach in 2 gallons of water) for 30 minutes followed by rinsing.

19.3

Fatality Management

Unless the cadaver is coming directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release), process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious remains.

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Because of the nature of biological warfare agents, and rickettsia in particular, it is highly unlikely that a contaminated cadaver will be recovered from the scene of an attack unless it is from an individual who died from trauma or other complications while the attack was ongoing. If a fatality is grossly contaminated with a biological agent, wear disposable protective clothing with integral hood and booties, disposable gloves, and an N-95 respirator and eye protection or powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) equipped with N-95 or HEPA ﬁlter. Remove all clothing and personal effects. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Otherwise, dispose contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Thoroughly wash the remains with antimicrobial soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If deemed appropriate, the cadaver can be treated with a surface disinfectant listed in Section 19.2.2. If there is a potential that vectors may be involved, care must be taken to kill any vectors (e.g., lice, ticks) remaining either on the cadaver or residing in fomites. Remove all potentially infested clothing depositing it in a container that will trap and eliminate vectors. Dispose contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious bodies. Use appropriate burial procedures. In 2004 (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention determined that the risks of occupational exposure to biological terrorism agents outweighed the advantages of embalming fatalities and recommended that the body should be buried without embalming.

C19-A AGENTS C19-A001 Rickettsia akari Rickettsial pox ICD-10: A79.1 Produces a mild, self-limiting disease. The natural reservoirs are house mice, rats, and mites. Mites remain infected for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mite eggs. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mites—Allodermanyssus sanguineus). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (blood and body ﬂuids); Blood and body tissue (from rodents).

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597

Incubation: 10–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of high-grade fever, sore throat, chills, headaches, neck stiffness, muscle pain (myalgia), and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Lesions appear in the throat and mouth, and on the palms and soles of the feet. Lymph nodes near the site of the bite may be enlarged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Boutonneuse fever, chickenpox, scrub typhus, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, meningitis. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. C19-A002 Rickettsia prowazekii (Agent YE) Typhus ICD-10: A75.0 The natural reservoirs are humans, and within the United States, ﬂying squirrels. R. prowazekii is not transmitted by the bite of the louse, but rather by contamination of the bite, or other open wounds, by the infected feces of the louse. Lice begin releasing rickettsiae in their feces within 6 days after becoming infected. Lice die within 2 weeks after becoming infected. Rickettsiae may remain viable in dead lice for weeks. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It is on the HHS Select Agents list, the Australia Group Core list, and is listed as a Category B Potential Terrorism Agent by the CDC. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new lice during the fever phase. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (lice—Pediculus humanus corporis). Infectious Dose: <10 Organisms. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (contaminated material); Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle. Incubation: 7–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of headache, chills, prostration, fever, and general pains with a macular rash. May progress to delirium, stupor, and coma. Disease may reappear years after initial attack without involvement of lice (Brill–Zinsser disease). Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Anthrax, brucellosis, dengue, ehrlichiosis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, leptospirosis, malaria, meningitis, meningococcemia, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, toxic shock syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, rubella, measles. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤40%. C19-A003 Rickettsia quintana Trench Fever ICD-10: A79.0 The natural reservoir is humans. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. It is on the Australia Group Core list.

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In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new lice for up to 1 year after the disease. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (lice—Pediculus humanus corporis). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Blood (transfusions); Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle. Incubation: 7–30 days. Signs and Symptoms: Initial onset may be either sudden or slow. Symptoms include fever, headache with pain behind the eyes, conjunctivitis, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), severe joint pain (arthralgias), enlarged spleen, and pain in the bones of the shins, neck, and back. Shins are especially painful and tender. May produce a transient macular rash. Symptoms may continue to reappear years after the primary infection. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Babesiosis, bacillary angiomatosis, cryptococcosis, Lyme disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tuberculosis, Ebstein–Barr virus, AIDS. Mortality Rate (untreated): 0%. C19-A004 Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ICD-10: A77.0 The natural reservoir is ticks. Ticks remain infected for life. Infection is also transferred directly to tick eggs. Rickettsiae not transmitted unless ticks are attached for 4–6 h. May also cause a lethal disease in dogs. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. Can survive for up to 1 year in tick tissue or blood; however, quickly inactivated by drying. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the Australia Group Core list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) serological evidence of a signiﬁcant change in serum antibody titer reactive with Rickettsia rickettsii antigens between paired serum specimens, as measured by a standardized assay conducted in a commercial, state, or reference laboratory; or (2) demonstration of R. rickettsii antigen in a clinical specimen by immunohistochemical methods; or (3) detection of R. rickettsii DNA in a clinical specimen by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR assay); or (4) isolation of R. rickettsii from a clinical specimen in cell culture. For conﬁrmed cases, a signiﬁcant change in titer must be determined by the testing laboratory; examples of commonly used measures of signiﬁcant change include, but are not limited to, a fourfold or greater change in antibody titer as determined by indirect immunoﬂourescent antibody (IFA) assay or an equivalent change in optical density measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA or ELISA). Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (ticks— Dermacentor species). Infectious Dose: < 10 Organisms.

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Secondary Hazards: Blood and body ﬂuids (from ticks); Fecal (from ticks). Incubation: 3–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of moderate to high fever, a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), deep muscular pain, severe headache, chills, and bloodshot eyes. Additional symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A macular rash typically appears on the third day. The rash may progress to small hemorrhages (petechia). In severe cases, the nervous system may be affected, producing agitation, insomnia, delirium, and/or coma. There may also be circulatory and pulmonary complications. If untreated, recovery can be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Bronchitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, meningitis, mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, measles, rubella, pneumonia, syphilis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Q fever, relapsing fever, tularemia, toxic shock syndrome, inﬂuenza, enterovirus infection, typhoid fever, bacterial sepsis, meningococcemia, disseminated gonococcal infection, drug hypersensitivity, immune complex vasculitis, staphylococcal sepsis, typhus, rickettsialpox. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤25%. C19-A005 Rickettsia ruminantium Heartwater ICD-10: It gets its name because it causes accumulation of ﬂuid in the sac around the heart. The natural reservoirs are ruminants and ticks. Ticks remain infected for extended periods. Infected animals that recovered can be become chronic carriers for up to 8 months. It is extremely fragile and cannot persist outside a host for more than a few hours. It must be stored in dry ice or liquid nitrogen to preserve its infectivity. It is on the USDA High Consequence list. In People: Does not occur in humans. In Animals: Target species: Cattle, sheep, goats. Communicability: Direct transmission does not occur. Normal routes of exposure: Vectors (ticks—Amblyomma species). Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors); Vector cycle. Incubation: 10–28 days. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), lacrimation, lack of appetite, diarrhea, depression, and listlessness. Nervous signs may include sensitivity to stimulation (hyperesthesia), twitching eyelids, sticking out the tongue, clamping the jaw, high-stepping stiff gait, walking in circles, paddling with legs in recumbent animals, spasms, and convulsions. Once signs of the disease have developed, the prognosis is poor. Postmortem lesions include excessive ﬂuid in the sac surrounding the heart (hydropericardium); in the chest cavity (hydrothorax); pulmonary edema; hemorrhage in the abomasum and intestine; hemorrhagic gastroenteritis; enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; and edema and hemorrhage of the brain.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Anthrax, tetanus, rabies, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral trypanosomiasis, piroplasmosis, theileriosis, listeriosis, parasitism; poisoning by strychnine, lead, organophosphates, arsenic, and various plants that affect the central nervous system. Mortality Rate (untreated): Varies widely by species, overall ≤90%. C19-A006 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus ICD-10: A75.3 The natural reservoirs are mites and rodents. Mites remain infected for life. Infection is also transferred directly to mite eggs. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Vectors (mites—Leptotrombidium species). Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 6–21 days. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, headache, conjunctival congestion, generalized aches, swollen, painful lymph nodes, and inﬂammation of the lung tissue (pneumonitis). A dull red to dark purple maculopapular rash appears ﬁrst on the trunk then spreads to the arms and legs. Can progress to pulmonary, encephalitic, and/or cardiac complications. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Brucellosis, dengue, ehrlichiosis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, leptospirosis, malaria, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, toxic shock syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, rubella, measles. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤60%. C19-A007 Rickettsia typhi Endemic typhus ICD-10: A75.2 The natural reservoirs are rats (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus exulans) and ﬂeas. Fleas remain infected for life. R. typhi is not transmitted by the bite of the ﬂea, but rather by contamination of the bite, or other open wounds, by the infected feces of the ﬂea. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes; Vectors (ﬂeas—Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis). Infectious Dose: Unknown.

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Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (ﬂea feces); Fecal (from ﬂeas); Fomites (with vectors). Incubation: 6–14 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms include fever, severe headache, pain in the muscles (myalgia), cough, nervousness, nausea, and vomiting. A macular rash appears ﬁrst on the trunk then spreads to the arms and legs. The rash does not appear on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or the face. Recovery may be prolonged. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Brucellosis, dengue, ehrlichiosis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, leptospirosis, malaria, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, toxic shock syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, rubella, measles. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤4%.

References Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Scientiﬁc and Technical Publication No. 580. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, Chlamydioses, Rickettsioses, and Viroses. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003. Burrows, W. Dickinson, and Sara E. Renner. “Biological Warfare Agents as Threats to Potable Water.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999): 975–84. Canada Minister of National Health and Welfare. Laboratory Centre For Disease Control, Ofﬁce of Biosafety. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Rickettsia akari. March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia canadensis (Formerly R. canada). March 5, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Rickettsia rickettsii. March 5, 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (RR-10) (1997). Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association. Foreign Animal Diseases. Revised 1998. Richmond, VA: Pat Campbell & Associates and Carter Printing Company, 1998. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Department of Agriculture. 9 CFR Part 121—“Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins,” 2005: 753–67. Fediaevsky, Alexandre. Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock: A Reference Guide for Animal Health Staff Food and Agriculture. 2nd ed. Organization of the United Nations Secretariat of the Paciﬁc Community. http://www.spc.int/rahs/manual/manuale.html. November 1, 2005. Herenda, D. Manual on Meat Inspection for Developing Countries. Reprint 2000. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994. Kahn, Cynthia M., and Susan E. Aiello, eds. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Online Version. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2006. Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Vector Control After Natural Disaster. Scientiﬁc Publication No. 419. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1982. Public Health Service. 42 CFR Part 73—“Select Agents and Toxins,” 2004: 443–58. Richmond, Jonathan Y., and Robert W. McKinney, eds. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 4th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1999.

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Sifton, David W., ed. PDR Guide to Biological and Chemical Warfare Response. Montvale, NJ: Thompson/Physicians Desk Reference, 2002. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. ———. Technical Aspects of Biological Defense, Technical Manual No. 3-216. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 12, 1971. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fsfaqnot_animalhealth.html. 2004. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet #162 Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus Fever. Geneva: Health Communications and Public Relations, May 1997. ———. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. World Organization for Animal Health. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2004. Updated July 22, 2005. http://www.oie.int/. January 2006.

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20 Fungal Pathogens

20.1

General Information

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are more highly evolved than bacteria (Chapter 17). They are members of the plant kingdom and include molds, mildew, smuts, rusts, and yeasts. They range in size from 3 to 50 µm. With the exception of yeasts, they are usually rod shaped and arranged end-to-end in strands or ﬁlaments. Yeasts are usually oval. Fungi reproduce by forming spores. Spores are part of the reproductive cycle and are not a protective mechanism as used by some bacteria when they are subjected to adverse conditions. Fungal spores can lie dormant, sometimes for decades, waiting for conditions that allow germination. Infections occur when a spore germinates on or in a host. Fungi are relatively easy to grow. Production, isolation, harvesting, and storage of spores are also relatively uncomplicated. Although several notable antipersonnel fungal agents have been investigated as biological warfare agents, fungi have primarily been selected because of their ability to attack agriculturally signiﬁcant crop species such as wheat, corn, or rice. Most antiplant agents are host speciﬁc, some are even speciﬁc to individual varieties of the host species. There is little potential for antiplant fungi to attack humans or animals. A ﬁnal group of fungi are those used as simulants to model the release of other, more hazardous agents. Pathogens employed as biological warfare simulants do not generally pose a signiﬁcant risk to people, animals, or plants. However, individuals with respiratory illness or suppressed immune system may be at risk should they be exposed to an infectious dose of the agent. Fungi can be stored as active cultures or isolated as spores. Spores are easy to disperse. However, because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process, there are limitations to the methods that can be used. In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of “anthrax” letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). Incubation times for diseases resulting from infection vary depending on the speciﬁc pathogen, but are generally on the order of days to weeks. Exposures to extremely high doses of some pathogens may reduce the incubation period to as short as several hours.

603

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The pathway of exposure (e.g., inhalation, lacerations) can also cause a signiﬁcant change in the incubation time required as well as the clinical presentation of the disease. Diseases caused by fungi are not communicable and cannot be transferred directly from an infected individual to anyone else.

20.2

Response

20.2.1

Personal Protective Requirements

20.2.1.1 Responding to the Scene of a Release A number of conditions must be considered when selecting protective equipment for individuals at the scene of a release. For instances such as “anthrax” letters, when the mechanism of release is known and it does not involve an aerosol generating device, then responders can use Level C with high-efﬁciency particulate air (HEPA) ﬁlters. If an aerosol generating device is employed (e.g., sprayer), or the dissemination method is unknown and the release is ongoing, then responders should wear a Level A protective ensemble. Once the device has stopped generating the aerosol or has been rendered inoperable, and the aerosol has settled, then responders can downgrade to Level B. In all cases, there is a signiﬁcant hazard posed by contact of contaminated material with skin that has been cut or lacerated, or through injection of pathogens by contact with debris. Appropriate protection to avoid any potential abrasion, laceration, or puncture of the skin is essential. Individuals with damaged or open skin should not be allowed to enter the contaminated area. 20.2.1.2

Working with Infected Individuals

Use infection control guidelines standard precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. 1) Wash hands after patient contact. 2) Wear gloves when handling potentially infectious items that are contaminated with blood, body ﬂuids, or excreta. 3) Wear a mask and eye protection during procedures likely to generate splashes or sprays of infectious ﬂuids. 4) Handle all contaminated and potentially contaminated equipment and linen in a manner that will prevent cross contamination. 5) Take care when handling sharps. When practical, use a mouthpiece or other ventilation device as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

20.2.2

Decontamination

20.2.2.1 Food All foodstuffs in the area of a release should be considered contaminated. Unopened items may be used after decontamination of the container. Opened or unpackaged items should be destroyed. Fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. 20.2.2.2 Casualties/Personnel Infected individuals: Unless the individual is reporting directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release, etc.) then decontamination is not necessary.

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Direct exposure: In the event that an individual is at the scene of a known or suspected attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release), have them wash their hands and face thoroughly with soap and water as soon as possible. They should also blow their nose to remove any agent particles that may have been captured by nasal mucous. Remove all clothing and seal in a plastic bag. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped agent. The CDC does not recommend that individuals use bleach or other disinfectants on their skin. 20.2.2.3 Animals Unless the animals are at the scene of an attack then decontamination is not necessary. Apply universal decontamination procedures using soap and water. In some cases, severe infection may require euthanasia of animals and/or herds. Consult local/state veterinary assistance ofﬁce. If the pathogen has not been identiﬁed, then wear a ﬁtted N95 protective mask, eye protection, disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves when dealing with infected animals. 20.2.2.4

Plants

May require removal and destruction of infected plants. Incineration of impacted ﬁelds may be required. Consult local/state agricultural assistance ofﬁce. Many fungi are easily spread by mechanical vectors (e.g., farm implements, track out, running water) and extreme care must be taken to avoid further contamination. Wear disposable protective coverall, disposable boot covers, and disposable gloves. Insects may also act as mechanical vectors for some plant fungi and, if appropriate, response activities must also include efforts to contain and eliminate these vectors. 20.2.2.5

Property

Surface disinfectants: Compounds containing phenolics, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium salts (additional activity if bis-n-tributyltin oxide present), alcohols such as 70–95% ethanol and isopropyl, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and iodine/iodophores. The military also identiﬁes the following “nonstandard” decontaminants: 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. Large area fumigants: Gases including formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, or chlorine dioxide. These materials are highly toxic to humans and animals and fumigation operations must be adequately controlled to prevent unnecessary exposure. Additional methods include vaporized hydrogen peroxide and an ionized hydrogen peroxide aerosol. Fomites: Clothing or bedding may become contaminated with spores. Deposit items in an appropriate biological waste container and send to a medical waste disposal facility. Alternatively, cotton or wool articles can be boiled in water for 30 minutes, autoclaved at 253◦ F for 45 minutes, or immersed in a 2% household-bleach solution (i.e., 1 gallon of bleach in 2 gallons of water) for 30 minutes followed by rinsing.

20.3

Fatality Management

Unless the cadaver is coming directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., “anthrax” letter, aerosol release), process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious remains.

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Because of the nature of biological warfare agents, it is highly unlikely that a contaminated cadaver will be recovered from the scene of an attack unless it is from an individual who died from trauma or other complications while the attack was ongoing. If a fatality is grossly contaminated with a biological agent, wear disposable protective clothing with integral hood and booties, disposable gloves, and an N-95 respirator and eye protection or powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) equipped with N-95 or HEPA ﬁlter. Remove all clothing and personal effects. Items that will be retained for further processing should be double sealed in impermeable containers, ensuring that the inner container is decontaminated before placing it in the outer one. Otherwise, dispose of contaminated articles at an appropriate medical waste disposal facility. Thoroughly wash the remains with soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, ﬁngernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If deemed appropriate, the cadaver can be treated with a surface disinfectant listed in Section 20.2.2. Once the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated, process the body according to established procedures for handling potentially infectious bodies. Use appropriate burial procedures.

C20-A AGENTS C20-A001 Aspergillus fumigatus BW Simulant ICD-10: B44 Found worldwide in decaying vegetation or grains. Spores are commonly inhaled pollutants that do not cause any signiﬁcant effects in healthy humans or animals. May cause disease (aspergillosis) if an individual’s immune system is compromised. In animals, may cause inﬂammation of the nose and throat, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), pneumonia, and abortions. Spores survive in soil and decaying matter for a long time. In People (immunocompromised): CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: None. Incubation: Days to weeks. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms in immunocompromised individuals may include fever, difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), nonproductive cough, bloody sputum (hemoptysis), bloody nose (epistaxis), a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), pneumonia, weakness, chest pain, and anorexia. May progress to inﬂammation of the eyes (endophthalmitis), sensitivity to light (photophobia), and/or inﬂammation of the heart (endocarditis). May also cause abscesses in the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, other soft tissue, or the bone. If the central nervous system becomes involved, can cause altered mental states and seizures.

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Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, allergic and environmental asthma, asthma, bronchiectasis, eosinophilia, pneumonia, granulocytopenia, abscesses of the lung or heart, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary eosinophilia, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, wegener granulomatosis, other fungal infections, mucoid impaction. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤95% (Immunosuppressed individuals). C20-A002 Coccidioides immitis (Agent OC) Coccidioidomycosis ICD-10: B38 It is a highly virulent soil-fungus that is thermally dimorphic, existing in both a mold and yeast form. It is normally found in soils in the southwest United States, northern Mexico, and certain areas in Central and South America. Does not cause clinical disease in cattle, sheep, and pigs. However, it may cause fatalities in dogs and sometimes in cats. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. Stable to drying. It is on the HHS Select Agents list and the USDA High Consequence list. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: An illness characterized by one or more of the following: Inﬂuenzalike signs and symptoms (e.g., fever, chest pain, cough, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache); pneumonia or other pulmonary lesion, diagnosed by chest radiograph; erythema nodosum or erythema multiforme rash; involvement of bones, joints, or skin by dissemination; meningitis; and/or involvement of viscera and lymph nodes. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) cultural, histopathologic, or molecular evidence of presence of C. immitis; or (2) positive serologic test for coccidioidal antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal ﬂuid by detection of coccidioidal immunoglobulin M (IgM) by immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), latex agglutination, or tube precipitin, or by detection of rising titer of coccidioidal immunoglobulin G (IgG) by immunodiffusion, EIA, or complement ﬁxation; or (3) coccidioidal skin-test conversion from negative to positive after onset of clinical signs and symptoms. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: 1 spore. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (contaminated dust); Spores. Incubation: 1–3 weeks. Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats, chills, chest pain, sputum production, and headache. May progress to breathing difﬁculty (dyspnea), bloody sputum (hemoptysis), and chest pain. May become disseminated causing destruction of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, bones, and joints. It may progress to meningitis if the central nervous system becomes involved. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Babesiosis, erythema multiforme, granuloma annulare, pyogenic granuloma, meningitis, lung neoplasms, pleural effusion, pneumonia, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, lung abscess, lymphoma. Mortality Rate (untreated): ≤50% (Disseminated form).

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C20-A003 Coccidioides posadasii Coccidioidomycosis ICD-10: B38 Until 2002, C. posadasii was believed to be a non-California variant of C. immitis. The two species can only be distinguished by genetic analysis and by the fact that C. posadasii grows more slowly in the presence of high salt concentrations. There is no apparent difference in pathogenicity between the two species. For more information on coccidioidomycosis, the disease caused by these two fungi, see C. immitis (C20-A002). It is on the HHS Select Agents list. C20-A004 Colletotrichum coffeanum variant virulans Coffee berry Disease The fungus lives in the bark of the coffee tree and produces spores that attack the immature or green coffee berries. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Coffee. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Contact (introduction of infected seeds). Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (windblown rain); Spores. Signs: Appears as small dark sunken spots that spread rapidly over the berry. Spots may have a pale pink crust on their surface. Berry may become mummiﬁed prior to full development. Otherwise, the berry ripens and the bean can become infected. Crop loss ranges from 20 to 80%. C20-A005 Deuterophoma tracheiphila Citrus wilt Principal hosts are lemons although it has also been reported in citrons, bergamots, limes, sour oranges, and rough lemons. It is on the Australia Group Awareness list. In Plants: Target species: Lemons, other citrus trees. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Contact (through wounds). Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (windblown rain); Spores; Crop debris; Vectors (mechanical—birds, insects). Signs: Raised black points within gray areas appear on withered twigs. Sprouts grow from the base of the affected branches. Ultimately the entire tree is affected and it dies. Interior wood of infected twigs has a characteristic salmon-pink or reddish orange color. C20-A006 Erysiphe graminis Powdery mildew of Cereals

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Grows in cool, humid areas of the world. Overwinters on grasses and crop debris. It does not grow on synthetic media. Relatively cool and humid conditions are favorable for its growth. In Plants: Target species: Wheat, barley, oats, rye. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (track out); Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Grows on the surface of the foliage, especially the upper sides of the leaves. Can almost completely cover the plant. In later stages becomes gray-tan color with black bodies imbedded throughout. Because of a large genetic variability, it can often infect previously resistant plant varieties. Control through plowing or burning and crop rotation. C20-A007 Helminthosporium oryzae (Agent E) Brown spot of Rice Grows in cool temperatures with high humidity. Leaves of the rice must remain wet for 8–24 h for infection to occur. It overwinters on crop debris. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Rice. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Leaf spots appear as small circular or oval spots on the ﬁrst seedling leaves. As the plants grow, leaf spots can vary in size and shape. They can also vary in color ranging from light brown to reddish or dark brown. Spots may have a gray center and may also have a bright yellow halo surrounding the lesion. Severely infected leaves will produce lightweight or chalky kernels. The disease causes total blasting of kernels in cases of severe infection. When the invaded parts of the rice die, spores are formed and spread by the wind. C20-A008 Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis ICD-10: B39.4 Normally found in soils around the world, and dung of bats and birds. Spores are less than 5 µm and are easily deposited in the lung. In addition to people, disease may be seen in dogs and cats. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. Spores are resistant to drying and may remain viable for long periods of time. In People: CDC Case Deﬁnition: None established. Communicability: Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions. Normal Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Abraded skin; Mucous membranes. Infectious Dose: Unknown. Secondary Hazards: Aerosols (contaminated dust); Spores.

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Incubation: 3–18 days. Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms vary, depending on the number of spores inhaled, the host immune status, and any underlying lung disease. Generally, symptoms include a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), fever, chills, headache, diffuse muscle pain (myalgia), nonproductive cough, and chest pain. Additional symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats. May progress to difﬁculty breathing (dyspnea), to low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia), and to an adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like illness. In disseminated form, may cause meningitis, seizures, focal neurologic deﬁcits, and endocarditis. Histoplasma species may remain latent in healed granulomas and recur later without additional exposure. Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis: Blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, mediastinal cysts, mycoplasma infections, Pancoast syndrome, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, lung abscess, lung cancer, lymphoma. Mortality Rate (untreated): “Low”—most cases resolve spontaneously. C20-A009 Microcyclus ulei South American leaf blight Found naturally in the Caribbean and tropical Latin America. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Rubber plants. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Rain borne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (rain); Spores. Signs: Leaves are only susceptible to infection when they are less than 15 days old. Symptoms vary with the age of the leaves. In young leaves, causes discolored green masses that become gray. Spots grow together, consuming the leaf and causing it to die. In older leaves, the infection may cause holes in the leaves that are susceptible to further damage or infection. C20-A010 Monilia rorei Monilia pod rot It is normally found in Central America and northwest South America. Only grows on the pods of the cocoa tree. It is on the Australia Group Awareness list. In Plants: Target species: Cocoa tree. Normal routes of transmission: Rain borne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (rain); Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Conspicuous bumpy swellings on the pod surfaces progressing to a tan discoloration. Eventually the entire pod is covered by the fungus.

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Fungal Pathogens Agents C20-A

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C20-A011 Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew Has a high rate of infection when temperatures are above 77◦ F. Spore production requires high humidity, with at least a thin ﬁlm of water on the infected leaf surface. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens. In Plants: Target species: Corn, oats, sugarcane, sorghum. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Rain borne. Secondary Hazards: Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Chlorotic stripes or overall yellowing on the leaves. Leaves may acquire a downy appearance. Spore formation is more abundant on the lower surface. As the plant ages, leaves may narrow, become abnormally erect, and appear somewhat dried out. Tassels may be malformed. Ears may be aborted. Early affected plants are stunted. C20-A012 Phytophthora infestans (Agent LO) Late blight of potato Critically dependent on climate for growth. Greatest risk in high humidity when days are warm, nights are cool, and free moisture (e.g., dew) remains on the leaves for at least 4 h. In Plants: Target species: Potatoes; tomatoes. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (planting); Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Appears as large, water-soaked lesions in the leaves becoming a ﬁne, whit moldlike growth. Fungus grows through the tissue causing disruption and rotting of the foliage and fruit. C20-A013 Puccinia graminis (Agent IE) Stem rust of cereals Grows in moderate temperatures. Requires moisture on the plant surface, such as heavy dew, to initiate spore growth. Damages the foliage and stems that reduces photosynthesis and increases water loss. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Wheat, oats, barley, rye. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: None; Mechanical vectors (planting, harvesting, track out); Aerosols; Spores; Crop debris. Signs: First appears as minute ﬂecks, progressing into rough linear lesions with a brickred color. Lesions eventually become black.

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C20-A014 Puccinia striiformis Stripe rust of wheat Occurs mainly on wheat. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Wheat; barley; rye; triticale. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (track out); Spores. Signs: Yellow-orange pustules appear in long stripes on the leaves. Pustules rarely appear on the stems and heads. As the crop matures, the stripes turn from yellow to black. C20-A015 Pyricularia grisea (Agent IE) Rice blast Primarily a disease of rice, but also infects other cereal grain plants. Most severe damage occurs in the seedling stage and when the head is developing. Greatest risk in high humidity when nights are cool, wind free, and free moisture (e.g., dew) remains on the leaves for 8–10 h. It is on the Australia Group Core list. In Plants: Target species: Rice, wheat, rye, barley. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne. Secondary Hazards: Spores; Crop debris. Signs: Lesions appear on the leaves of rice plants and vary in size. They are usually diamond shaped and have a gray or white center with a brown or reddish-brown border. Crop loss of 50–90% has been reported. Lesions also appear on the rice head but are brown or black in color. Rice grains do not develop properly. In severe neck infections, the stem will break and the head will drop off. The fungus can infect the roots and also invade the plant’s vascular system blocking the transport of nutrients and water from the roots. C20-A016 Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae Downy mildew of corn Initial infection is due to attack by spores in the soil. Warm soil temperatures are required for the initial infection to occur. Spores in air dried leaf tissue remain viable for up to 4 years. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens. In Plants: Target species: Corn. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Rain borne; Contact (spores in soil). Secondary Hazards: Spores; Crop debris.

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References

613

Signs: Lesions are well deﬁned chlorotic or yellowish stripes. They are initially limited by the leaf veins. Lesions merge and become reddish or purple as the disease progresses. When disease occurs prior to ﬂowering, seeds do not develop normally. Affected leaves remain intact and do not shred. C20-A017 Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart disease It is caused by a soil borne fungus that becomes active in the spring when soil temperatures rise above 46◦ F. It produces spores that can persist for up to 30 years. It is one of the USDA Select Agent Listed Plant Pathogens. In Plants: Target species: Potatoes. Normal routes of transmission: Contact (spores in soil). Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (planting, harvesting, track out); Spores; Crop debris; Fecal (animals that have fed on infected tubers). Signs: Causes warty outgrowths on all tissues other than the roots. Most frequently affected are the stems, stolons, and tubers. Outgrowths can be tan, green, or brown. Currently there is no control for this disease. Once introduced into a ﬁeld, the entire crop may be rendered unmarketable. Moreover, the fungus is so persistent that potatoes cannot be grown again safely for many years. C20-A018 Tilletia indica Wheat cover smut It cannot establish in new locations where climatic conditions are not favorable. The most severe infections occur when there is cool and wet weather at the time the wheat is heading out. It was examined by Iraq as a potential biological weapons in the late 1980s. In Plants: Target species: Wheat, rye, triticale. Normal routes of transmission: Windborne; Rain borne. Secondary Hazards: Mechanical vectors (harvesting); Spores. Signs: It generally causes little direct loss in either quantity or quality of wheat seed or grain. The fungus invades the kernels and leaves behind waste products with a disagreeable ﬁshy odor or taste that makes the kernels unpalatable for use in ﬂour.

References Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. Scientiﬁc and Technical Publication No. 580. 3rd ed. Vol. 1, Bacterioses and Mycoses. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003.

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California Department of Food and Agriculture. Animal Health and Food Safety Services. Animal Health Branch. Biosecurity: Selection and Use of Surface Disinfectants. Revision June 2002. Canada Minister of National Health and Welfare. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ofﬁce of Biosafety. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Aspergillus spp. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Coccidioides immitis. January 23, 2001. ———. Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances: Histoplasma capsulatum. March 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (RR-4) (2000): 1–14. ———. “Case Deﬁnitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (RR-10) (1997). Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000. Compton, James A.F. Military Chemical and Biological Agents: Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Caldwell, NJ: The Telford Press, 1987. Department of Agriculture. 9 CFR Part 121—“Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins,” 2005: 753–67. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/quarantine.htm. 2006. ———. Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. February 15, 2006. http://archives.eppo.org/ EPPOStandards/diagnostics.htm. 2006. Jepson, Susan B. “Fact Sheet on Late Blight of Potato and Tomato.” Oregon State University Extension Service, 2005. ———. “Fact Sheet on Philippine Downy Mildew of Corn.” Oregon State University Extension Service, 2005. Kahn, Cynthia M., and Susan E. Aiello, eds. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Online Version. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 2006. Lenhart, Steven W., Millie P. Schafer, Mitchell Singal, and Rana A. Hajjeh. Histoplasmosis: Protecting Workers at Risk. Rev. ed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 2004. Public Health Service. 42 CFR Part 73—“Select Agents and Toxins,” 2004: 443–58. Putnam, Melodie. “Fact Sheet on Brown Stripe Downy Mildew.” Oregon State University Extension Service, 2005. ———. “Fact Sheet on Potato Wart.” Oregon State University Extension Service, 2005. Richmond, Jonathan Y., and Robert W. McKinney, eds. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 4th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1999. United States Army Headquarters. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-11.9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 10, 2005. ———. Technical Aspects of Biological Defense, Technical Manual No. 3-216. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 12, 1971. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/. 2006. United States Department of Agriculture. Ofﬁce of Pest Management National Plant Disease Recovery System. “Recovery Plan for Leaf Rust, Stem Rust, and Stripe Rust of Wheat Caused by Puccinia triticina, Puccinia graminis, and Puccinia striiformis, Respectively.” August 28, 2006. ———. “Recovery Plan for Philippine Downy Mildew and Brown Stripe Downy Mildew of Corn Caused by Peronosclerospora philippinensis and Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae, Respectively.” September 18, 2006. University of Hawaii, Manoa. EXTension ENTOmology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program. http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/c_coffe.htm. 2006. World Health Organization. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Report of a WHO Group of Consultants. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970. ———. Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

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Section VI

Additional Information

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21 Alphanumeric Indices

This chapter includes four indices: the Alphabetical index, the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers index, the International Classiﬁcation of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) numbers index, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons key (OPCW) numbers index. OPCW numbers are found in the “Handbook on Chemicals, version 2002,” Appendix 2 in Declaration Handbook 2002 for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. OPCW numbers were developed to provide an easy method for tracking chemical warfare agents and precursors if CAS numbers were not available. Each of these indices is in alphanumeric order and entries are cross-referenced to information about the speciﬁc agent through the handbook number. The ﬁrst two digits of the handbook number following the “C” indicate the class of agent. The classes appear in order from Chapter 1 through Chapter 20 as the ﬁrst 20 chapters of this handbook. They provide general information about each subgroup of agents. The letter following the hyphen (e.g., C01-A) indicates that the material is primarily used as an agent (A), component or precursor in the manufacture of that class of agents (C), or is a signiﬁcant decomposition product or impurity of that class of agents (D). The three digits that follow the letter indicate the speciﬁc agent in the order that it appears in this handbook (e.g., C01-A001). These numbers proceed sequentially in each chapter. Materials that are not individually detailed in this handbook, typically due to the absence of published chemical or toxicological information, are only cross-referenced to the appropriate class. These materials do not have numbers after the letter following the hyphen (e.g., C01-A). The list of synonyms included in the Alphabetical index is by no means exhaustive. Although it contains a large number of formal chemical and biological names, it primarily contains historical names, military code names, and common names for the agents, precursors, components, and degradation products included in this handbook. In some instances, names that have been popularized in the media but have no other historical connection to the agent have been included. Some synonyms in the Alphabetical index are followed by bracketed notations. These notations provide additional clarifying information about the entry such as composition, modiﬁcations to the agents (e.g., thickened, dusty, binary), or a note for historical context. For example, “White Star” was a gas blend that was employed by the British in World War I consisting of 50% phosgene and 50% chlorine. The entry appears as: White Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Phosgene (50%) and Chlorine (50%) Mixture} α, α -Dichlorodimethyl Ether α, β-Oxidoethane α, ω-Butanediamine α, ω-Pentanediamine

C10-A011 C11-A097 C15-A017 C15-A016 617

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α-A-Conotoxin α-Bgt α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile α-Bromotoluene α-Bungarotoxin α-Bungarus multicinctus Venom α-Bungotoxin α-Chloroacetonitrile α-Chloroacetophenone α-Chlorotoluene α-Chlortoluol α-Conotoxin α-Ethylene Dimercaptan α-Hydroxyisobutyronitrile α-Iodotoluene α-Latrotoxin α-Lewisit α-LTX α-Methylphenylethylamine α-Methylpropanoic Acid α-Methyl-β-phenylethylamine α-Nitrobenzyl Chloride α-Tolyl Chloride β, β -Dichlorodiethyl-N-methylamine β, β -Dichloroethyl Sulﬁde β, β-Dicyano-o-chlorostyrene β, β -Dimercaptoethyl Sulﬁde β-Aminopropylbenzene β-Bgt β-Bungarotoxin β-Bungarus multicinctus Venom β-BuTx β-Chloroethanol β-Chloroethyldimethylamine β-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine β-Diethylaminoethanol β-Hydroxytriethylamine β-Lewisite β-Methallyl Chloride β-Methyl Acrolein β-Methylindole β-Phenylisopropylamine β-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate γ -Chloroethanol γ -Chloroisobutylene γ -Lewisit δ-Conotoxin µ-Conotoxin ω-Bromotoluene ω-Chloroacetophenone ω -Chlorotoluene

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C16-A010 C16-A007 C13-A004 C13-A002 C16-A007 C16-A007 C16-A007 C11-A094 C13-A008 C13-A019 C13-A019 C16-A010 C03-D043 C11-A089 C13-A020 C16-A013 C04-A002 C16-A013 C12-A009 C15-A019 C12-A009 C13-A016 C13-A019 C03-A012 C03-A001 C13-A009 C15-A006 C12-A009 C16-A007 C16-A007 C16-A007 C16-A007 C03-C036 C01-C085 C04-A002 C01-C088 C01-C088 C14-A004 C11-A043 C11-A112 C15-A021 C12-A009 C12-A001 C03-C036 C11-A043 C04-C007 C16-A010 C16-A010 C13-A002 C13-A008 C13-A019

Alphanumeric Indices ω-Conotoxin 302196 (B) 1,1,3,3,3-Pentaﬂuoro-2-(triﬂuoromethyl)propene 1,10-Bis[(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)propylamino]decane Dimethobromide 1,10-Bis[(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)ethylamino]decane Dimethobromide 1,10-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]decane Dibromide 1,10-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]decane Dimethobromide 1,10-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]decane Dimethoiodide 1,10-Bis[N-(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane2,9-dione Dibromide 1,10-Bis[N-(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane-2,9-dione Dibromide 1,10-Bis[N-(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N-ethylN-methylammonio]decane-2,9-dione Dibromide 1,10-Bis{[10-(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)methylaminodecyl]methylamino}decane tetramethodbromide 1,10-Bis{N-[1-(2-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl)ethyl]N,N-dimethylammonio}decane-2,9-dione Tetraphenylboronate 1,10-Decanediaminium, N-[2-(Acetyloxy)propyl]-N -[[3-[[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]oxy]2-pyridinyl]methyl]-N,N,N ,N -tetramethyl-, Dibromide 1,11-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]undecane Dimethobromide 1,1,1-Triﬂuoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1,1-Trimethylacetone 1,2,2-Trimethylpropoxyﬂuoromethylphosphine Oxide 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridate 1,2,2-Trimethylpropylester Kyseliny Methylﬂuorfosfonove 2,2 ,2 -Tribromotriethylamine 2,2 ,2 -Trichlorotriethylamine 2,2 ,2 -Triﬂuorotriethylamine 2,6,7-Trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 4-Methyl-, 1-Oxide 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylethylamine 4,15-Diacetoxyscirpen-3-ol 4-[3-(2-Triﬂuoromethyl-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl]-1-piperazineethanol 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-methoxyethane 1,1 -Dichlorodimethyl Ether 1,1-Dicloro-1-nitroetano 1,1-Diﬂuoro-2,2-bis(triﬂuoromethyl)ethene 1,1-Diﬂuoro-2,2-dichloroethyl Methyl Ether 1,1-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol 1,1 -Dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium 1,1-Dimethylethyl Isocyanate 1,1 -Dimethyltriethylamine

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619 C16-A010 C12-A002 C10-A008 C02-A025 C02-A022 C02-A001 C02-A001 C02-A001 C02-A019 C02-A017 C02-A020 C02-A049

C02-A023 C02-A043

C02-A009 C12-A020 C01-C086 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-A003 C03-A016 C03-A013 C03-A019 C06-A001 C12-A012 C16-A038 C12-A019 C11-A037 C12-A021 C10-A011 C11-A037 C10-A008 C12-A021 C15-A011 C11-A057 C11-A129 C01-D145

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1,1 -Sulﬁnybis(2-chloroethane) 1,1-Sulﬁnyl Bisethene 1,1 -Sulfonyhlbis(2-chloroethane) 1,1 -Sulfonylbisethene 1,2-Bichloroethane 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio) Ethane 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 1,2-Bis(β-hydroxyethylthio)ethane 1,2-DCP 1,2-Di(chloroethylthio) Ethane 1,2-Dibrom-3-chlor-propan 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-3-cloro-propano 1,2-Dibromoetano 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibroom-3-chloorpropaan 1,2-Dibroomethaan 1,2-Dichloorethaan 1,2-Dichlor-aethan 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dicloroetano 1,2-Dimercaptoethane 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dithiolethane 1,2-Epoxyethane 1,2-Ethanethiol 1,2-Ethylenedithiol 1,2-Xylylene Dibromide 1,3-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]propane Dimethobromide 1-(3-Dimethylaminophenoxy)-3-(3-dimethylamino5-dimethylcarbamoxyphenoxy)propane Dimethiodide 1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea 1,3-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 1-(3-Hydroxy)quinuclidinio-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(4-Aldoximino)pyridinio-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decene Dibromide 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]butane Dimethobromide 1,4-Butanediamine 1,4-Diaminobutane 1-(4-Dimethylaminophenoxy)-2-(3-dimethylamino5-dimethylcarbamoxyphenoxy)ethane Dimethiodide 1-(4-Dimethylcarbamoxy-2-dimethylaminophenoxy)3-(4-dimethylaminophenoxy)propane Dimethiodide 1,4-Dithiacyclohexane

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C03-D051 C03-D045 C03-D050 C03-D044 C11-A041 C03-A002 C03-D041 C13-A024 C03-D041 C11-A038 C03-A002 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A040 C11-A040 C11-A035 C11-A040 C11-A041 C11-A041 C11-A041 C11-A038 C11-A041 C03-D043 C11-A122 C03-D043 C11-A097 C03-D043 C03-D043 C13-A024 C02-A007 C02-A012 C01-C049 C01-D140 C01-C050 C02-A042 C02-A039 C13-A024 C02-A006 C15-A017 C15-A017 C02-A011 C02-A027 C03-D054

Alphanumeric Indices 1,4-Dithiane 1,4-Oxathiane 1,4-Thioxane 1,4-Xylylene Dibromide 1,5-Amylene Diamine 1,5-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]pentane Dimethobromide 1,5-Diaminopentane 1,5-Dibromo-3-thiapentane 1,5-Pentanediamine 1,6-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]hexane Dimethobromide 1,7-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]heptane Dimethobromide 1,8-Bis[(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)ethylamino]octane Dimethobromide 1,8-Bis[(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)ethylamino]octane Dimethobromide 1,8-Bis[Methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]octane Dimethobromide 1,8-Bis[N-(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]octane2,7-dione Dibromide 1,8-Bis[N-(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]octane2,7-dione Dibromide 1,8-Dichloro-3,6-dithiaoctane 1,8-Dihydroxy-3,6-dithiooctane 1,9-Bis[Methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl)methylamino]nonane Dimethobromide 2,2 -Bis(2-chloroethylthio)diethyl Ether 2,2 -Dibromodiethyl Sulﬁde 2,2 -Dichloro-2 -ﬂuorotriethylamine 2,2 -Dichloroethyl Sulﬁde 2,2-Dichloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2,2-Dichloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2,2 -Dichloro-N-2-(chloroethyl)-dipropylamine 2,2 -Dichlorotriethylamine 2,2 -Diﬂuorodiethylsulﬁde 2,2-Diﬂuoro-N-[(ﬂuoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-nitroethanimidoyl Fluoride 2,2 -Diﬂuoro-N-methyldiethylamine 2,2 -Dihydroxydiethylamine 2,2 -Dihydroxytriethylamine 2,2-Dimethyl-3-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-butanone 2,2-Dimethylbutanone 2,2-Diphenyl-2-hydroxyacetic Acid 2,2 -(Ethylenedithio)diethanol 2,2 -Ethyliminodiethanol 2,2 -Iminodiethanol 2,2 -Thiodiethanethiol 2,3-Dihydrothiirene 2,3-Dithiabutane

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621 C03-D054 C03-D053 C03-D053 C13-A024 C15-A016 C02-A005 C15-A016 C03-A006 C15-A016 C02-A002 C02-A010 C02-A021 C02-A018 C02-A004 C02-A016 C02-A014 C03-A002 C03-D041 C02-A008 C03-A003 C03-A006 C03-A017 C03-A001 C01-C109 C01-C100 C03-A027 C03-A011 C03-A007 C01-A038 C03-A014 C03-D055 C03-C039 C01-C087 C01-C086 C01-C086 C12-C023 C03-D041 C03-C039 C03-D055 C15-A006 C03-D042 C01-C054

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2,4-Diisocyanatotoluene 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butyl Methylphosphonoﬂuridate 3,3-Dimethylbutan-2-ol 3,3-Dimethylbutan-2-one 3,3-Dimethylbutanone [3-[3-(m-Dimethylaminophenoxy)propoxy]5-hydroxyphenyl]trimethylammonium Iodide Methiodide, Dimethylcarbamate 33SN 33SN+ {Methyl Iodide Quaternary Amine} 3,3 -Thiobis(1-propene) 52-Epi-54-deoxyciguatoxin 52-Epiciguatoxin 2 52-Epiciguatoxin 3 54-Deoxyciguatoxin 8-(3-Methylbutyryloxy)-diacetoxyscirpenol 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl Hydroxy(diphenyl)acetate 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol 1-Benzylethylamine 1-Bromo-2-butanone 1-Butanethiol 1-Butyl Mercaptan 1-Chloro-2-[(chloromethyl)thio]ethane 1-Chloro-2-hydroxyethane 1-Dimethylamino-2-chloroethane 1-Dodecanethiol 1-Dodecylthiol 1-Hydroxy-2-mercaptoethane 1-Hydroxy-2-propene 1-Isocyanatobutane 1-Mercapto-2-hydroxyethane 1-Mercaptobutane 1-Mercaptododecane 1-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene 1-Methyl-2,2-dimethylpropanol 1-Methyl-2-phenylethylamine 1-Methyl-4-phospha-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 4-Oxide 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl Cyclobutylphenylglycolate 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl Cyclopentyl-1-propynyl-glycolate 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl Isopropylphenylglycolate 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl Isopropylphenylglycolate Hydrochloride 1-Methylbutanethiol 1-Methylethylbicyclophosphate 1-[N-(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio]10-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)decane Dibromide 1-[N-(2-Dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio]8-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)octane Dibromide

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C11-A130 C11-A130 C01-C087 C01-C086 C01-A003 C01-C087 C01-C086 C01-C086 C02-A012

C01-A017 C01-A017 C15-A012 C16-A008 C16-A008 C16-A008 C16-A008 C16-A037 C12-A001 C12-C022 C12-A009 C13-A005 C15-A002 C15-A002 C03-A008 C03-C036 C01-C085 C15-A014 C15-A014 C15-A001 C11-A091 C11-A125 C15-A001 C15-A002 C15-A014 C13-A014 C01-C087 C12-A009 C06-A001 C12-A005 C12-A002 C12-A006 C12-A006 C15-A009 C06-A003 C02-A040 C02-A030

Alphanumeric Indices 1-[N-(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]10-(N-carbamoxymethyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)decane Dibromide 1-[N-(3-Hydroxy-α-picolyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-[N-(4-Dimethylcarbamoxymethyl)benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio]10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N-Methyl)pyrrolidinio-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-[N,N-Di(2-hydroxy)ethyl-N-methylammonio]10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-10-[N-(3-Dimethylcarbamoxy-2-pyridylmethyl)N-methylamino]decane Dimethobromide 1-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-acetoxy-2-methylethyl)ammonio]10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-butyroxyethyl)ammonio]-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)]decane Dibromide 1-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy)ethylammonio]- 10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(3-cyanopropyl)ammonio]-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(3-hydroxy)propylammonio]-10[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N-Dimethyl-N-cyanomethylammonio)-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N-Dimethyl-N-cyclohexylammonio)-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxyα-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N,N-Tributylammonio)-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N,N-Trimethylammonio)-10-[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N,N-Trimethylammonio)-10-[N-(5dimethylcarbamoxy)isoquinolinio]decane Dibromide 1-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)-8-[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]octane Dibromide 1-Oxa-4-thiacyclohexane 1-Oxo-4-isopropyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxo-4-t-Butyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Phenethyl-4-N-propionylanilinopiperidine 1-Propanecarboxylic Acid 1-Pyridinio-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]decane Dibromide 1-Thia-4-oxacyclohexane 1-Thio-4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane

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623 C02-A032 C02-A044

C02-A048

C02-A036 C02-A038

C02-A003 C02-A043

C02-A046

C02-A034 C02-A041

C02-A037

C02-A031 C02-A045 C02-A047 C02-A033 C02-A029 C02-A028 C03-D053 C06-A003 C06-A004 C12-A015 C15-A018 C02-A035 C03-D053 C06-A005

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2-Butanethiol 2-Butenal 2-Butenaldehyde 2-Butyl Mercaptan 2-Chloroethanol 2-Chloro BMN 2-Chloro-1-(dimethylamino)ethane [[(2-Chloro-1-methylethoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [[(2-Chloro-1-methylpropoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [[2-Chloro-1-methylpropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride 2-Chloro-2 ,2 -diﬂuorotriethylamine 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile 2-Chlorobmn 2-Chloroethanol [[(2-Chloroethoxy)ﬂuorohydroxyphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride 2-Chloroethyl Methyl 1-Chloroacetamide 2-Chloroethyl Vinylsulﬁde 2-Chloroethyl Vinylsulfone 2-Chloroethyl Vinylsulfoxide 2-Chloroethylchloromethyl Sulﬁde [(2-Chloroethyl)sulfonyl]ethene 2-Chloroethylthio Ethene 2-(Chloromethyl)-1-propene 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylacetamide 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaminoethane 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethylamine 2-Chloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2-Chloro-N-[(chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2-Chloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2-Chloro-N-[[chloro(2,2,3,3tetraﬂuoropropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride 2-Chloropropyl 2-Chloroethyl Methylamine 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine 2-Cloroetanolo 2-Cyano-2-propanol 2-Diethylaminoethyl N,N-Diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 2-Diethylaminoethyl N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 2-(Diisopropylamino)ethanol 2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl Ethyl Methylphosphonite 2-Dimethylaminoethyl N,N-Diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 2-Dimethylaminoethyl N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 2-Dimethylaminoethyl N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate Methiodide 2-Dimethylaminopropyl N,N-Diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 2-{[Ethoxy(ethyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}-N,N,N-triethylethanaminium Iodide 2-{[Ethoxy(ethyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Iodide

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C15-A003 C11-A112 C11-A112 C15-A003 C03-C036 C13-A009 C01-C085 C01-A044 C01-A045 C01-C124 C03-A018 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A009 C03-C036 C01-A043 C03-A015 C03-D049 C03-D047 C03-D048 C03-A008 C03-D047 C03-D049 C11-A043 C03-A015 C01-C085 C01-C085 C01-C085 C01-C115 C01-C106 C01-C095 C01-C123 C03-A020 C04-A002 C03-C036 C11-A089 C01-A032 C01-A031 C01-C089 C01-C056 C01-A030 C01-A028 C01-A028 C01-A034 C01-A021 C01-A021

Alphanumeric Indices 2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}-N,N,N-triethylethanaminium Iodide 2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}-N,N-diethylN-methylethanaminium Iodide 2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}-N-ethylN,N-dimethylethanaminium Iodide 2-Ethylpropanoic Acid 2H-12,3,6a-Ethanylylidene-7,9-methanonaphth[2,3-b]azocine4,8,9,11,11a(1H,7H)-pentol, 1-Ethyldecahydro-6,10,13-trimethoxy3-(methoxymethyl)-, 11a-Acetate 8-Benzoate 2-Hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetic Acid (2-Hydroxyethyl)diethylamine 2-Hydroxytriethylamine 2-Isocyanatopropane 2-ME 2-Mercaptobutane 2-Mercaptoethanethiol 2-Methallyl Chloride 2-Methylallyl Chloride 2-Methyl-Allylchlorid 2-Methylbutanoic Acid 2-Methylbutyric Acid 2-Methylcyclohexyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridate 2-Methylpropanoic Acid 2-Nitrobenzyl Chloride 2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-1-chloroethane 2-Oxobutyl Bromide 2-Pentanethiol 2-Pentyl Mercaptan 2-Propenyl Chloroformate 2-Propenyl Isothiocyanate 2-Propenylamine 2-Propyl Chloroformate 2 Red Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Hydrogen Sulﬁde (90%) and Carbon Disulﬁde (10%) Mixture} 2-Sulfanylethanol 2-Thioethanol 2-(Triﬂuoromethyl)-10-[3-[1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-4piperazinyl]propyl]phenothiazine 3-Aminopropene 3-Chloroisobutene 3-Chloroisobutylene 3-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylpropylamine 3-Chloro-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)propylamine 3-Chloropropyl 2-Chloroethyl Methylamine 3-Dimethylamionpropyl N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 3-Hydroxyquinuclidine 3-Hydroxyquinuclidine Benzilate 3-Methyl Indole 3-Methyl-1H-indole 3-Methylbutanethiol

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625 C01-A014 C01-A014 C01-A017 C15-A020 C16-A001

C12-C023 C01-C088 C01-C088 C11-A126 C15-A001 C15-A003 C03-D043 C11-A043 C11-A043 C11-A043 C15-A020 C15-A020 C01-A007 C15-A019 C13-A016 C01-C085 C13-A005 C15-A009 C15-A009 C11-A106 C11-A124 C11-A092 C11-A116 C07-A006 C15-A001 C15-A001 C12-A019 C11-A092 C11-A043 C11-A043 C03-A021 C03-A023 C03-A021 C01-A033 C12-C022 C12-A001 C15-A021 C15-A021 C15-A010

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3-Methylbutyl Mercaptan 3-MI 3-Oxyquinuclidine Benzilate 3-Quinuclidinol 3-Quinuclidinol Benzilate 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate 3-Quinuclidinyl Cyclopentylphenylglycolate 3-Quinuclidyl Benzilate 3-Quinuclidyl N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate 3-Veratroylveracevine 4-Acetylnivalenol 4-Bromophenylacetonitrile 4-Ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane 1-Sulﬁde 4-Ethylbicyclophosphate 4-Isopropyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2,2,2)octane 1-Oxide 4-Isopropyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 4-Isopropylbicyclophosphate 4-Methyl Indole 4-Methyl-1H-indole 4-Methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 4-Methylbicyclophosphate 4-Methylene-2-oxetanone 4-t-Butyl Bicyclophosphate 4-t-Butyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 4-tert-Butyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide 5-Aza-10-arsenaanthracene Chloride 5-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine 6-Methoxydifurocoumarone 6-Methyl Indole 6-Methyl-1H-indole 7-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene 7-Methoxycycloheptatriene 8-Hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol 8UK 9 Mile Fever

C15-A010 C15-A021 C12-A001 C12-C022 C12-A001 C12-A001 C12-A003 C12-A001 C01-A029 C16-A021 C16-A038 C13-A004 C06-A002 C06-A002 C06-A005 C06-A002 C06-A003 C06-A003 C06-A003 C15-A022 C15-A022 C06-A001 C06-A001 C11-A096 C06-A004 C06-A004 C06-A004 C14-A003 C14-A003 C16-A023 C15-A023 C15-A023 C13-A014 C13-A014 C16-A038 C17-A023 C17-A010

-AA A A1 A2 A5 AA Aadibroom Aaloo ka Jhulsa AB1 (Wet Agent) Abacá Bunchy Top Virus

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C13-A008 C08-A001 C07-A001 C07-A003 C07-A001 C11-A091 C11-A040 C20-A012 C17-A004 C18-A005

Alphanumeric Indices Abattoir Fever Abortus Fever ABPA Abrin AC Acarithion Acephate-met Acetohydroximoyl Fluoride, 2,2-Diﬂuoro-2-nitro-, Ethyl Phosphorochloridate Acetohydroximoyl Fluoride, 2,2-Diﬂuoro-2-nitro-, Methyl Phosphorochloridate Acetoncianhidrinei Acetoncianidrina Acetoncyaanhydrine Acetoncyanhydrin Acetone Cyanohydrin Acetonecyanhydrine Acetonkyanhydrin Acetonyl Bromide Acetonyl Chloride Acetyl Ketene Acetylmethyl Bromide Acetylmethyl Chloride ACF Acid Lead Arsenate Acid Lead Arsenite Acide Bromhydrique Acide Chlorhydrique Acide Cyanhydrique Acide Fluorhydrique Acide Nitrique Acide Sulfhydrique Acide Sulfurique Acido Bromhidrico Acido Bromidrico Acido Cianidrico Acido Clorhidrico Acido Cloridrico Acido Fluorhidrico Acido Fluoridrico Acido Nitrico Acido Solforico Acido Sulfurico Aconitane Aconitin Cristallisat Aconitine Acorn Calves Acquinite Acraldehyde Acrleine Acrolein Acroleina

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627 C17-A010 C17-A004 C20-A001 C16-A022 C07-A001 C11-A004 C11-A017 C01-C108 C01-C101 C11-A089 C11-A089 C11-A089 C11-A089 C11-A089 C11-A089 C11-A089 C13-A003 C13-A007 C11-A096 C13-A003 C13-A007 C11-A106 C11-A050 C11-A050 C11-A062 C11-A063 C07-A001 C11-A064 C11-A066 C07-A006 C11-A067 C11-A062 C11-A062 C07-A001 C11-A063 C11-A063 C11-A064 C11-A064 C11-A066 C11-A067 C11-A067 C16-A001 C16-A001 C16-A001 C18-A003 C13-A001 C13-A001 C13-A001 C13-A001 C13-A001

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Acroleine Acrylaldehyd Acrylaldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Acrylon Acrylonitrile Actinobacillus mallei Active Valeric Acid Adamsite Adenia volkesii Toxin Adifur Aethylenbromid Aethylenchlorid Aethylenechlorhydrin Aethylenoxid Aethylensulﬁd Aethylformiat AFB1 AFB2 AFB2a AFG1 AFG2 AFG2a Aﬂatoxins AFM1 AFM2 AFP1 AFQ1 African Greening African Hemorrhagic Fever African HLB African Horse Sickness African Swine Fever Aftosa Agent 15 (Used in 1980’s by Russians in Afghanistan) Agent 78 Agent X Agente Lacrimógeno 2 Agente Lacrimógeno O Agente Psicodélico 3 AGN 191622 Agritox Agrobacterium albilineans Agrosan Agrosol Aguado del Cacao A-H Syndrome AHF AHSV AI AI3-28749

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C13-A001 C13-A001 C13-A001 C13-A001 C11-A090 C11-A090 C17-A019 C15-A020 C14-A003 C16-A036 C11-A031 C11-A040 C11-A041 C03-C036 C11-A097 C03-D042 C11-A039 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C17-A015 C18-A015 C17-A015 C18-A001 C18-A002 C18-A017 C12-A C12-A001 C16-A005 C13-A008 C13-A009 C12-A001 C16-A005 C11-A013 C17-A026 C11-A056 C11-A053 C20-A010 C18-A003 C18-A025 C18-A001 C18-A004 C07-C008

Alphanumeric Indices AITC Ajecllomyces capsulatus Akabane AKAV Akerstox Akrolein Akroleina Akrylonitryl Alagoas Alastrim Alcohol of Sulfur Alcool Allilco Alcool Allylique Aldacide Aldehyde Acrylique Aldeide Acrilica Aldicarb Alfalfa Dwarf Alfenta Alfentanil Alfentanyl Alimentary Toxic Aleukia Alkano Alkron Alleron Allilowy Alkohol Allyl Al Allyl Alcohol Allyl Aldehyde Allyl Chloridocarbonate Allyl Chlorocarbonate Allyl Chloroformate Allyl Isorhodanide Allyl Isosulfocyanate Allyl Isothiocyanate Allyl Mustard Oil Allyl Sevenolum Allyl Sulﬁde Allyl Thiocarbonimide Allyl Thioisocyanate Allylalkohol Allylamine Allylic Alcohol Allylisothiokyanat Allyloxycarbonyl Chloride Allylsenevol Allylsenfoel Allylsevenolum Allyspol Almond Leaf Scorch Alphaherpesvirinae

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629 C11-A124 C20-A008 C18-A003 C18-A003 C16-A028 C13-A001 C13-A001 C11-A090 C18-A066 C18-A064 C11-A093 C11-A091 C11-A091 C11-A099 C13-A001 C13-A001 C11-A029 C17-A029 C12-A017 C12-A017 C12-A017 C16-A037 C03-C040 C11-A022 C11-A022 C11-A091 C11-A091 C11-A091 C13-A001 C11-A106 C11-A106 C11-A106 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A124 C15-A012 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A091 C11-A092 C11-A091 C11-A124 C11-A106 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A124 C17-A029 C18-A009

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Aluminum Magnesium Phosphide Aluminum Phosphide Amarelinho (Citrus) Amaze Ambush Amerika Selatan Amidor Aminoethylene Amiton Ammonia Gas Ammonia, Anhydrous Ammonium Acid Fluoride Ammonium Biﬂuoride Ammonium Fluoride Hydroﬂuoride Ammonium Hydroﬂuoride Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride Amoniak Amphetamine Amyl Mercaptan Amyl Sulfhydrate Amyl Thioalcohol AN AN Anaerobic Cellulitis Anaerobic Myositis Anatoxin A Anatoxin A Hydrochloride Anatoxin I Anatoxin-A(S) Andean Potato Latent Virus ANG 66 Angel Dust Anguidine Anhydrous Ammonia Anhydrous Hydriodic Acid Anhydrous Hydrogen Bromide Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride Animal Coniine Annulus pruni Anthracnose du Cafeier Anthracnose of Coffee Anthrax Anticon Antimit Antimony Hydride Antisal 2B Antol Antracnosis del Cafeto ANTX-A ANTX-A(S)

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C11-A044 C11-A044 C17-A029 C11-A015 C11-A029 C20-A009 C11-A017 C11-A098 C01-A013 C11-A061 C11-A061 C01-C067 C01-C067 C01-C067 C01-C067 C01-C067 C11-A061 C12-A009 C15-A008 C15-A008 C15-A008 C11-A090 C18-A024 C17-A008 C17-A008 C16-A002 C16-A002 C16-A002 C16-A003 C18-A045 C16-A038 C12-A007 C16-A038 C11-A061 C11-A065 C11-A062 C11-A063 C11-A064 C15-A016 C18-A044 C20-A004 C20-A004 C17-A001 C11-A056 C03-A012 C11-A080 C11-A064 C13-A021 C20-A004 C16-A002 C16-A003

Alphanumeric Indices Anublo del Arroz APA Apachlor Apadrin Aphamite Aphosphaeria ulei Aphtae epizooticae Aphthous Fever Aplanobacter sepedonicus APLV Apokyn Apomorphine Aposphaeria ulei Aprikose, Pﬁrsich Scharka-Virus: Pﬂaume Aqua Fortis Aqualin Aquinite {Chloropicrin (75–80%) and Stannic Chloride (25–20%) Mixture} Aralo Araregai Toxin Areginal Aresenwasserstoff Argentinean Hemorrhagic Fever Arsenic Butter Arsenic Chloride Arsenic Dichloroethane Arsenic Hydride Arsenic Oxide Arsenic Sodium Oxide Arsenic Trichloride Arsenic Trihydride Arsenic Trioxide Arsenic(3+) Chloride Arsenic, Magnesium and Aluminum Mixture Arsenicum Album Arsenious Acid Arsenious Chloride Arsenious Oxide Arsenious Trioxide Arsenite Arsenite de Sodium Arsenite Sodium Arseniuretted Hydrogen Arsenolite Arsenous Acid Anhydride Arsenous Chloride Arsenous Hydride Arsenous Oxide Anhydride Arsenous Trichloride Arsenous Trioxide Arsenowodor Arsenwasserstoff

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631 C20-A015 C16-A022 C11-A005 C11-A021 C11-A022 C20-A009 C18-A017 C18-A017 C17-A006 C18-A045 C14-A005 C14-A005 C20-A009 C18-A044 C11-A066 C13-A001 C10-A006 C11-A022 C16-A019 C11-A039 C08-A001 C18-A025 C04-C006 C04-C006 C04-A001 C08-A001 C11-A047 C11-A051 C04-C006 C08-A001 C11-A047 C04-C006 C08-A C11-A047 C11-A047 C04-C006 C11-A047 C11-A047 C11-A047 C11-A051 C11-A051 C08-A001 C11-A047 C11-A047 C04-C006 C08-A001 C11-A047 C04-C006 C11-A047 C08-A001 C08-A001

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Arsine Arsinol {Phenyldichloroarisne (50%), Diphenylchloroarsine (35%), Triphenylarsine (5%) and Arsenic Trichloride (5%) Mixture} Arsodent Arthroconidia Arthur Arzenid Vapenaty AS (Simulated Mustard) ASFV Asian Greening Asian HLB Aspergilloma Aspergillosis Aspergillus ﬂavus Toxin Aspergillus fumigatus A-Stoff ATA Atlas “A” AuIB Aujeszky’s Disease Australian Encephalitis Australian Query Fever Australian Taipan Snake Venom Australian X Disease Avian Chlamydiosis Avian Inﬂuenza, Highly Pathogenic Axsain Azacyclopropane Azine Azinphos-Methyl Azirane Aziridine Azodrin Azofos Azote Azotic Acid Azoto Azotowy Kwas Azotoyperite

C08-A001 C14-A C11-A047 C20-A002 C08-A001 C08-A C15-A018 C18-A002 C17-A016 C17-A016 C20-A001 C20-A001 C16-A023 C20-A001 C13-A007 C16-A037 C11-A051 C16-A010 C18-A048 C18-A036 C17-A010 C16-A017 C18-A036 C17-A005 C18-A004 C13-A006 C11-A098 C14-A003 C11-A001 C11-A098 C11-A098 C11-A021 C11-A019 C11-A073 C11-A066 C11-A073 C11-A066 C03-A012

-BB B {Sulfur Mustard and Arsine Oil Mixture} B1 BA B. abortus Babylonia japonica Toxin 1 Bacillary Dysentery Bacillus anthracis

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C16-A038 C03-A C03-A001 C13-A003 C17-A004 C16-A019 C17-A024 C17-A001

Alphanumeric Indices Bacillus citri Bacillus globigii Bacillus pestis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis Backterieller Blattbrand Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice Bacterial Wilt Bactériose Annulaire de la Pomme de Terre Bacteriosis Anular de la Papa Bacteriosis del Limonero Bacterium albilineans Bacterium oryzae Bacterium sepedonicum Bacterium tularense Bakerophoma tracheiphila Bakterielle Weissenﬂeckenkrankheit Bakterielle: Kartoffel Ringfaeule Bakterienkrebs: Zitrus Bakterienringfaeule: Kartoffel Balkan Hemorrhagic Fever Balkan Inﬂuenza Banana Bunchy Top Disease Banded Krait Toxin Bang’s Disease B. anthracis Barley Stem Rust Bartonella quintana Basamid Bashunto Basle Green Bathroom Malodor Batrachotoxin BB BB Gas BBC BBN BBTV BBTV00 BCME Bear Skunk Bencarbate Bendiocarb Bengal Bênh Dao Ôn Benign Enzootic Paresis Benign Lymphocytic Meningitis Benzile (Cloruro di) Benzilic Acid Benzoylcarbinol Chloride Benzoylmethyl Chloride

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633 C17-A027 C17-A002 C17-A030 C17-A002 C17-A003 C17-A028 C17-A028 C17-A021 C17-A006 C17-A006 C17-A027 C17-A026 C17-A028 C17-A006 C17-A013 C20-A005 C17-A028 C17-A006 C17-A027 C17-A006 C18-A020 C17-A010 C18-A005 C16-A007 C17-A004 C17-A001 C20-A013 C19-A003 C11-A033 C18-A059 C11-A049 C15-A024 C16-A004 C03-A001 C13-A004 C13-A004 C13-A004 C18-A005 C18-A005 C10-A011 C15-A002 C11-A030 C11-A030 C17-A025 C20-A015 C18-A023 C18-A030 C13-A019 C12-C023 C13-A008 C13-A008

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Benzoylmethylecgonine Benzyl Bromide Benzyl Chloride Benzyl Iodide Benzyle (Chlorure de) Bertholite Be-Stoff Betaphedrine BFV BG BHF Bhooradhari Mduromilphaphundi Rog BI IV 99 {Arsenic, Magnesium and Aluminum Mixture} Biaﬁne Bibi BIC Bichloride of Mercury Bichlorure de Propylene Bichlorure d’Ethylene Bidrin Biﬂuorure de Potassium Bioxyde d’Azote Biphasic Meningoencephalitis Biphasic Meningoencephalitis Bipolaris oryzae Birlan Birlane Bis(2-bromoethyl) Sulﬁde Bis(2-chloroethyl) 1-Methylpropylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) 1-Propene Amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-Fluoroethylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) 3-Chloropropylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) Butylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) Isobutylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) Isopropylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) Propylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) s-Butylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulﬁde Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfone Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfoxide Bis(2-chloroethyl) t-Butylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-butanamine Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Bis(2-chloroethyl)trisulﬁde Bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane Bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl) Ether Bis(2-chloroethynl)chloroarsine Bis(2-chloropropyl) Chloroethylamine Bis(2-chloropropyl) Methylamine Bis(2-chlorovinyl)chloroarsine

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C12-A008 C13-A002 C13-A019 C13-A020 C13-A019 C10-A001 C13-A003 C12-A009 C11-A099 C17-A002 C18-A031 C20-A016 C08-A C03-C040 C10-A012 C03-A006 C11-A055 C11-A038 C11-A041 C11-A007 C01-C065 C11-A072 C18-A063 C18-A054 C20-A007 C11-A005 C11-A005 C03-A006 C03-A030 C03-A022 C03-A017 C03-A023 C03-A031 C03-A030 C03-A024 C03-A025 C03-A029 C03-A001 C03-D050 C03-D051 C03-A028 C03-A029 C03-A011 C03-A012 C03-D052 C03-A002 C03-A003 C14-A004 C03-A027 C03-A026 C14-A004

Alphanumeric Indices Bis(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) Disulﬁde Bis(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) Sulﬁde Bis(2-ﬂuoroethyl) 2-Chloroethylamine Bis(2-ﬂuoroethyl)methylamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Sulﬁde Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Thioether Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine Bis(2-propenyl) Sulﬁde Bis(bromomethyl) Ether Bis(chloromethyl) Ether Bis(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide Bis(ethenyl)sulfone Bis(trichloromethyl) Carbonate Bis(β-bromoethyl) Sulﬁde Bis(β-chloroethyl)ethylamine Bis(β-Chloroethyl)methylamine Bis(β-chloroethylthio)ethane Bis(β-mercaptoethyl) Sulﬁde Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl)methylamino]}-4,4 -biacetophenone Dimethobromide Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)pyrrolidinio]}-4,4 -biacetophenone Dibromide Bis-CME Biundulant Milk Fever BJT-1 Black Death Black Dung Black Plague Black Pox Black Rust of Cereals Black Stem Rust of Cereals Black Typhus Black Vomit Black Wart of Potato Black Widow Spider Venom Blackpox {Ebola and Smallpox Chimera} Bladafume Bladan Bladan F Blanc des Cereales Blanc des Graminees Blas Blast Disease Blast of Rice Blattbrand, Bakterieller: Zuckerrohr Blattfallkrankheit: Kaffee Blau-Gelbring (Blue-Yellow Ring—German WWI Shell) {Phenyldichloroarisne (50%), Diphenylchloroarsine (35%), Triphenylarsine (5%) and Arsenic Trichloride (5%) Mixture} Blaukreuz (Blue Cross—German WWI Shell)

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635 C01-D137 C01-D136 C03-A018 C03-A014 C03-C032 C03-C032 C03-D055 C03-C038 C15-A012 C10-A012 C10-A011 C01-C049 C03-D044 C10-A005 C03-A006 C03-A011 C03-A012 C03-A002 C15-A006 C02-A024 C02-A026 C10-A011 C18-A008 C16-A019 C17-A030 C19-A005 C17-A030 C18-A059 C20-A013 C20-A013 C18-A031 C18-A069 C20-A017 C16-A013 C18-A C11-A026 C11-A028 C11-A022 C20-A006 C20-A006 C20-A015 C20-A015 C20-A015 C17-A026 C20-A004 C14-A

C14-A001

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Blaukreuz (Blue Cross—German WWI Shell) {Diphenylchloroarsine (50–100%), and N-Ethylcarbazole (0–50%) Mixture with or without Phenyldichloroarsine (Solvent)} Blaukreuz 1 (Blue Cross 1—German WWI Shell) {Diphenylcyanoarsine with or without Phenyldichloroarsine (Solvent)} Blaukreuz 1 (Blue Cross 1—German WWI Shell) Blauring 1 (Blue Ring 1—German WWI Shell) Blauring 2 (Blue Ring 2—German WWI Shell) {Phenyldichloroarisne (50%), Diphenylchloroarsine (35%), Triphenylarsine (5%) and Arsenic Trichloride (5%) Mixture} Blauring 3 (Blue Ring 3—German WWI Shell) Blausaeure Blauwzuur Blight Disease Blight of Potato Blister Gas No. 1 Blister Gas No. 2 Blister Gas No. 4 Blister Gas No. 5 Blood Gas Blotchy Mottle Disease of Citrus Blue Cross No. 1 (German WWI Shell) {Phenyldichloroarsine (60–50%) and Diphenylchloroarsine (40–50%) Mixture} Blue No. 1 Blue Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Chlorine (80%) and Sulfur Chloride (20%) Mixture} Blue-Green Algae Toxin Blue-Green Algae Toxin Bluetongue Blue-X (Iraqi incapacitating agent. Thought to be BZ or a derivative.) Blumeria graminis B. melitensis Bn-Stoff Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever Bomyl Bonebreak Fever Borane Bordetella pertussis Toxin Borer Sol Boroethane Boron Bromide Boron Chloride Boron Fluoride Boron Hydride Boron Tribromide Boron Trichloride Boron Triﬂuoride Botox Botulin Toxins Botulinum Toxins Botulism

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C14-A

C14-A C14-A002 C14-A003 C14-A

C14-A002 C07-A001 C07-A001 C20-A015 C20-A012 C03-A001 C03-A001 C03-A005 C03-A011 C07-A001 C17-A016 C04-A C10-A003 C10-A001 C16-A002 C16-A028 C18-A006 C12-A C20-A006 C17-A004 C13-A005 C18-A031 C11-A002 C18-A012 C11-A095 C16-A030 C11-A041 C11-A095 C11-A084 C11-A085 C11-A086 C11-A095 C11-A084 C11-A085 C11-A086 C16-A005 C16-A005 C16-A005 C16-A005

Alphanumeric Indices Bovine Plague Bovine Pleuropneumonia Bowel Edema B. pertussis Toxin Braunfaeule: Kartoffel Braunfaeule: Tomate Braunﬂeckigkeit: Reis Bravik Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever Bretonite {Iodoacetone (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} Brevetoxins Brocide Brome Bromine Bromine Cyanide Bromine Fluoride Bromine Fluoride Bromine Pentaﬂuoride Bromine Triﬂuoride Bromlost Brom-methan Bromo HN3 Bromoacetone Bromobenzyl Cyanide Bromobenzylnitrile Bromochlorotriﬂuoroethane Bromocyanide [(Bromoethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride Bromofume Brom-O-Gas Bromometano Bromomethane Bromomethylethyl Ketone Bromophenylmethane Bromophos-ethyl Bromopicrin Brom-O-Sol Bromowodor Bromoxylene Bromur di Metile Bromure de Methyle Bromure d’Hydrogene Anhydre Bromuro de Hidrogeno Anhidro Bromuro di Etile Bromwasserstoff Broommethaan Broomwaterstof Brown Blight Brown Blight of Coffee Brown Leaf Spot of Rice Brown No. 1

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637 C18-A052 C17-A018 C17-A012 C16-A030 C20-A012 C20-A012 C20-A007 C11-A019 C18-A055 C13-A013 C16-A006 C11-A041 C10-A002 C10-A002 C07-A002 C11-A069 C11-A068 C11-A068 C11-A069 C03-A006 C11-A042 C03-A016 C13-A003 C13-A004 C13-A004 C12-A020 C07-A002 C01-C103 C11-A040 C11-A042 C11-A042 C11-A042 C13-A005 C13-A002 C11-A003 C10-A007 C11-A042 C11-A062 C13-A023 C11-A042 C11-A042 C11-A062 C11-A062 C11-A040 C11-A062 C11-A042 C11-A062 C20-A004 C20-A004 C20-A007 C07-A001

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Brown Rot of Potato Brown Spot of Rice Brown Stripe Downy Mildew of Maize Brucella abortus Brucella melitensis Brucella suis Brucellosis Brunissure du Riz Brusone Brusone-Krankheit: Reis B-Stoff B. suis BT BTV BTX BTX BTX Bubonic Plague Bufen Bunchy Top Bunchy Top of Banana Bunchy Top of Tomato Bungarotoxins Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia pseudomallei Busan Butane Thioether Butanethiol Butanoic Acid Butoxycarbonyl Chloride Butter of Arsenic Buttersaeure Butyl Chlorocarbonate Butyl Chloroformate Butyl Isocyanate Butyl Mercaptan Butyl Sulﬁde Butyric Acid Buzz Byeo do Yeol Byung BZ Bronchomycosis Broom

C17-A021 C20-A007 C20-A016 C17-A004 C17-A004 C17-A004 C17-A004 C20-A015 C20-A015 C20-A015 C13-A003 C17-A004 C17-A003 C18-A006 C16-A004 C16-A006 C16-A005 C17-A030 C11-A056 C18-A005 C18-A005 C18-A046 C16-A007 C17-A019 C17-A020 C11-A033 C15-A007 C15-A002 C15-A018 C11-A107 C04-C006 C15-A018 C11-A107 C11-A107 C11-A125 C15-A002 C15-A007 C15-A018 C12-A001 C20-A015 C12-A001 C20-A001 C10-A002

-CC C C {Sulfur Mustard and Chlorobenzene Mixture} C 6-Base

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C16-A038 C12-A008 C03-A001 C03-A013

Alphanumeric Indices C 6-Salz {Hydrochloride Salt} C1 C1 C2 C56 CA CA Cabbage Top of Banana Cadaverine Cadmium Fume Cadmium Oxides (Fume) CAF Ca. L. africanus Calcium Arsenate Calcium Arsenide Calcium Phosphide Calochlor Camelpox Camite Camp Fever Campillit Cancro Cítrico Cancrosis de Los Cítricos Candidatus Liberobacter africanus Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus CAP Capfos Caprine Herpesvirus-2 Capsaicin Capsicum Oleoresins Capsyn Carbacryl Carbicron Carbofuran Carbomicron Carbon Bisulfuret Carbon Diﬂuoride Oxide Carbon Disulﬁde Carbon Fluoride Oxide Carbon Hydride Nitride Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Monosulﬁde Carbon Nitride Carbon Oxide Carbon Oxide Sulﬁde Carbon Oxychloride Carbon Oxyﬂuoride Carbon Oxysulﬁde Carbon Sulﬁde Carbon Tetrachlorosulﬁde Carbone

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639 C03-A013 C13-A008 C14-A001 C14-A002 C11-A100 C13-A004 C13-A005 C18-A005 C15-A016 C10-A C10-A C13-A008 C17-A015 C11-A048 C08-A C11-A044 C11-A055 C18-A007 C13-A004 C19-A002 C07-A002 C17-A027 C17-A027 C17-A015 C17-A016 C13-A008 C11-A014 C18-A032 C13-A006 C13-A006 C13-A006 C11-A090 C11-A007 C11-A031 C11-A007 C11-A093 C11-A108 C11-A093 C11-A108 C07-A001 C09-A001 C11-A109 C07-A005 C09-A001 C11-A109 C10-A003 C11-A108 C11-A109 C11-A093 C10-A014 C09-A001

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Carbone (Oxychlorure de) Carbone (Sulfure de) Carbonic Chloride Carbonic Diﬂuoride Carbonic Oxide Carbonio Carbonio (Ossicloruro di) Carbonio (Solfuro di) Carbonothioic Dichloride Carbonyl Chloride Carbonyl Diﬂuoride Carbonyl Fluoride Carbonyl Nickel Carbonyl Sulﬁde Carbonyl Sulﬁde Dichloride Carbophenothion Carbospol Carbothialdine Cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra Venom Carie de Karnal Caryolysine Catarrhal Fever of Sheep Cathyl Chloride Cattle Plague Cavern Disease CB CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CBD C. botulinum CBPP CBR {Phosgene (50%) and Arsenic Trichloride (50%) Mixture} C. burnetii CC CC1 CC2 CCHF CCPP CDA CE {Cyanogen Bromide (25%), Bromoacetone (25%), and Benzene (50%) Mixture} Cedenite Cederite {Benzyl Bromide (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} Cekusil Celmer Celmide Cenex RP B2 Cenicilla de los Cereals

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C10-A003 C11-A093 C10-A003 C11-A108 C09-A001 C09-A001 C10-A003 C11-A093 C13-A017 C10-A003 C11-A108 C11-A108 C09-A003 C11-A109 C13-A017 C11-A004 C11-A124 C11-A033 C16-A024 C20-A018 C03-A012 C18-A006 C11-A113 C18-A052 C20-A008 C07-A002 C03-A001 C03-A001 C04-A002 C03-A005 C03-A011 C20-A004 C17-A007 C17-A018 C10-A C17-A010 C07-A003 C10-A003 C10-A001 C18-A011 C17-A017 C14-A002 C07-A002 C13-A016 C13-A C11-A056 C11-A056 C11-A040 C15-A019 C20-A006

Alphanumeric Indices Central Asia Hemorrhagic Fever Central European Tickborne Encephalitis Central European Tick-Borne Encephalitis Ceratosphaeria grisea Cercopithecine Herpes Virus Ceresol CE-Stoff CG CH Chancre Bactérien des Agrumes Chancre Citrique Charbon CHEKB CHIK Chikungunya Chili Oleoresin Chinufur Chip-Cal Granular Chipman 6199 Chipman 6200 Chlamydia psittaci Chloor Chloorpikrine Chloorwaterstof Chlor Chloracetyl Chloride Chloral Chloramine Chlorbenzal Chlorcyan Chlor-difenylarsin Chlore Chlorethamine Chlorethazine Chlorid Kyseliny Chloroctove Chloride of Sulfur Chloridric Acid Chlorine Chlorine Cyanide Chlorine Fluoride Chlorine Fluoride Chlorine Pentaﬂuoride Chlorine Sulﬁde Chlorine Triﬂuoride Chlormethine Chlormethinum [(Chloro-2-chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetic Chloride Chloroacetone Chloroacetonitrile

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641 C18-A011 C18-A063 C18-A008 C20-A015 C18-A009 C11-A056 C07-A002 C10-A003 C13-A014 C17-A027 C17-A027 C17-A001 C12-A001 C18-A010 C18-A010 C13-A006 C11-A031 C11-A048 C01-A013 C01-A013 C17-A005 C10-A001 C10-A006 C11-A063 C10-A001 C11-A111 C10-A003 C03-A012 C13-A019 C07-A003 C14-A001 C10-A001 C03-A012 C03-A012 C11-A111 C03-C033 C11-A063 C10-A001 C07-A003 C11-A070 C10-A015 C11-A070 C03-C034 C10-A015 C03-A012 C03-A012 C01-C102 C11-A110 C11-A111 C13-A007 C11-A094

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Chloroacetophenone Chloroacetyl Chloride Chlorocarbonate d’Ethyle Chlorocarbonate de Methyle Chlorocarbonate d’Ethyle Chlorocyanide Chlorocyanomethane Chlorodiphenylarsine Chloroethane Nitrile Chloroethanol Chloroethanoyl Chloride [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride Chloroethylene Chloroethylowy Alkohol Chloroformiate de Methyle Chloroformyl Chloride Chlorohydric Acid [(Chloroisopropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride Chloromethoxycarbonyl Chloride [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride Chloromethyl Carbonochloridate Chloromethyl Cyanide Chloromethyl Ether Chloromethyl Phenylketone Chloromethyl Sulfone Chloromethylbenzene Chloromethylchloroformate Chlor-o-pic Chloropicrin Chloropropanone [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride [[Chloropropylphosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride Chlorose Variégée Chlorosulfane Chlorovinylarsinedichloride Chlorowodor Chlorphenvinphos Chlorschwefel Chlorure de Benzyle Chlorure de Bore Chlorure de Chloracetyle Chlorure de Cyanogene Chlorure de Methallyle Chlorure d’Ethylene Chlorure d’Hydrogene Anhydre

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C13-A008 C11-A111 C11-A113 C11-A118 C11-A113 C07-A003 C11-A094 C14-A001 C11-A094 C03-C036 C11-A111 C01-C104 C01-C107 C11-A105 C03-C036 C11-A118 C10-A003 C11-A063 C01-C118 C01-C110 C01-C114 C13-A010 C01-C096 C01-C098 C01-C099 C13-A010 C11-A094 C10-A011 C13-A008 C11-A117 C13-A019 C13-A010 C10-A006 C10-A006 C13-A007 C01-C116 C01-C117 C01-C111 C17-A029 C03-C033 C04-A002 C11-A063 C11-A005 C03-C033 C13-A019 C11-A085 C11-A111 C07-A003 C11-A043 C11-A041 C11-A063

Alphanumeric Indices Chloruro de Hidrogeno Anhidro Chlorwasserstoff Choix Fever Choking Gas No. 1 Choking Gas No. 2 Cholera Cholera Toxin Choleragen Choleragenoid Chrysophlyctis endobiotica CHT CHV-1 Cianógeno Chlorido Cianuro di sodio Cianuro di Vinile Cici Ciguatera Poisoning Ciguatoxin Citram Citrus Bacterial Canker Citrus Canker Citrus Dieback Citrus Greening Disease Citrus Greening Disease Citrus Mal Secco Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Citrus Vein Phloem Regeneration Citrus Wilt CK Cl 395 Clairsite Clark 1 Clark 2 Classic Typhus Fever Classical Swine Fever Virus Claudelite Cloramin Clorine Cloro Cloropicrina Cloruro di Ethene Cloruro di Metallile Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum Toxins Clostridium parabotulinum Clostridium perfringens Toxins Clostridium perfringens, Epsilon Toxin Producing Clostridium tetani Clostridium welchii, Epsilon Toxin Producing CME

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643 C11-A063 C11-A063 C19-A004 C10-A003 C10-A001 C17-A025 C16-A025 C16-A025 C16-A025 C20-A017 C13-A014 C18-A009 C07-A003 C07-C007 C11-A090 C10-A011 C16-A008 C16-A008 C01-A013 C17-A027 C17-A027 C17-A016 C17-A015 C17-A016 C20-A005 C17-A029 C17-A016 C20-A005 C07-A003 C12-A007 C10-A014 C14-A001 C14-A002 C19-A002 C18-A022 C11-A047 C03-A012 C10-A001 C10-A001 C10-A006 C11-A041 C11-A043 C16-A005 C17-A007 C16-A005 C16-A005 C16-A026 C17-A008 C17-A009 C17-A008 C10-A011

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CMLV CMPF CMPV CMS CN CN1 CN2 CN3 CN4 CNB {Chloroacetophenone (10%), Benzene (45%), and Carbon Tetrachloride (45%) Mixture} CNC {Chloroacetophenone (30%) and Chloroform (70%) Mixture} CND {Chloroacetophenone and Ethylene Dichloride Mixture} CNS {Chloroacetophenone (23%), Chloropicrin (38.4%), and Chloroform (38.4%) Mixture} Cobra Toxin Cobrotoxin Cocaine Coccidiodal Granuloma Coccidioides immitis Coccidioides immitis, Non-California Variant Coccidioides posadasii Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cochliobolus miyabeanus COCHMI Cocoa Moniliasis Coffee Berry Disease Cogollo Racimoso del Banano COLLCO Colletotrichum acutatum Colletotrichum coffeanum Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum kahawae Collongite Collongite {Phosgene (75–66%) and Stannic Chloride (25–33%) Mixture} Combat Gas Compound 1080 Compound 1120 Compound Z Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever Conotoxins Contagious Abortion Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Contraven Copper Acetoarsenite CORBSE Corophos Corrosive Sublimate Corynebacterium michiganense pv. sepedonicum

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C18-A007 C01-A004 C18-A007 C18-A007 C13-A008 C01-A002 C07-A001 C07-A003 C01-A001 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A015 C16-A024 C16-A009 C12-A008 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A003 C20-A003 C20-A002 C20-A003 C20-A007 C20-A007 C20-A010 C20-A004 C18-A005 C20-A004 C20-A004 C20-A004 C20-A004 C20-A004 C10-A003 C10-A C10-A003 C11-A058 C10-A016 C10-A016 C18-A011 C16-A010 C17-A004 C17-A018 C17-A017 C11-A027 C11-A049 C17-A006 C11-A021 C11-A055 C17-A006

Alphanumeric Indices Corynebacterium michiganensis subsp. sepedonicum Cotnion-Methyl Cottonpox Counter Cowdria ruminantium Cowdriosis Coxiella burnetii Coxiellosis CPE C. perfringens Toxins C. perfringens, Epsilon Toxin Producing C. psittaci CR Crab’s Eyes Toxin Crack Crag Cresorcinol diisocyanate Crisfuran Crotonal Crotonaldehyde Crotonic Aldehyde Crotylaldehyde Crying Gas No. 1 (CN) Crying Gas No. 2 (CNC) Crying Gas No. 3 (CNB) Crysthyon CS CS 4030 CS, Liquid (CSX) CS, Persistent (CS1) CS, Water Repellant (CS2) CS1 {o-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile and Silica Aerogel Mixture} CS2 {o-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile and Silicon Treated Silica Aerogel Mixture} CSF-Giftweizen CSFV C-Stoff C-Stoff {Chloromethyl Chloroformate (70–90%) and Dichloromethyl Chloroformate (30–10%) Mixture} CSX {o-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile (1%) and Trioctylphosphite (99%) Mixture} CT1 (CN) CT2 (CNC) CT3 (CNB) CT4 C. tetani CTX CTX 1 CTX 2 CTX 3 Cuban Itch Cucumber Dust Cudgel

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645 C17-A006 C11-A001 C18-A064 C11-A027 C19-A005 C19-A005 C17-A010 C17-A010 C16-A026 C16-A026 C17-A008 C17-A005 C13-A011 C16-A022 C12-A008 C11-A033 C11-A130 C11-A031 C11-A112 C11-A112 C11-A112 C11-A112 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A008 C11-A001 C13-A009 C12-A001 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A009 C11-A060 C18-A022 C10-A009 C13-A C13-A009 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A015 C17-A009 C16-A024 C16-A008 C16-A008 C16-A008 C18-A064 C11-A048 C11-A014

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Cupric Acetoarsenite Curafume Curaterr Curly Calf Disease Curly Lamb Disease Curly Top of Banana CV1 CV2 CVID CVPD C. welchii, Epsilon Toxin Producing CX Cyaanwaterstof Cyanasalt H Cyanasalt S Cyanater Cyanhydrine d’Acetone Cyanide of Potassium Cyanide of Sodium Cyanides Cyanobrik Cyanobromide Cyanochloride Cyanodimethylaminoethoxyphosphine Cyanoethylene Cyanogen Cyanogen Bromide Cyanogen Chloride Cyanogen Iodide Cyanoginosin Cyanogran Cyanotrichloromethane Cyanure de Potassium Cyanure de Sodium Cyanure de Vinyle Cyanwasserstoff Cyclite Cyclite {Benzyl Bromide (80%) and Titanium Tetrachloride (20%) Mixture} Cyclohexyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridothiate Cyclohexyl Sarin Cyclohexylmethylﬂuorophosphonate Cyclon {Methyl Cyanoformate and Ethyl Cyanoformate Mixture} Cyclone B Cyclosarin Cyclosin Cyjanowodor Cymag Cytrolane Czechoslovak Tickborne Encephalitis Czteroetylek Olowiu

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C11-A049 C11-A042 C11-A031 C18-A003 C18-A003 C18-A005 C14-A003 C14-A001 C16-A010 C17-A016 C17-A008 C05-A001 C07-A001 C07-C007 C07-C007 C11-A027 C11-A089 C07-C008 C07-C007 C07-C008 C07-C007 C07-A002 C07-A003 C01-A001 C11-A090 C07-A005 C07-A002 C07-A003 C07-A004 C16-A028 C07-C007 C11-A046 C07-C008 C07-C007 C11-A090 C07-A001 C13-A002 C13-A C01-A006 C01-A004 C01-A004 C10-A C07-A001 C01-A004 C01-A004 C07-A001 C07-C007 C11-A016 C18-A063 C11-A103

Alphanumeric Indices

647

-DD D {Sulfur Mustard and Arsine Oil Mixture} D Substance D1 DA Dactylaria oryzae Dalf Daltogen Dandy Fever Darling’s Disease DAS Dazomet DBFO DC DC DC DCC DCCD DCCDI DCCI DCE [DE2]S DEA DEAE DEAEDEAFP DEAEDMAFP Decamethylene-(3-hydroxyquinuclidinium Bromide)[(2-Dimethylcarbamoxyethyl)dimethylammonium Bromide] Decline of Citrus DEEA Deerﬂy Fever Dehydasal Dehydronivalenol Delanov Delnatex Delnav Deltic Dema Demethylfenitrothion Demeton Demox DEMP Dengue Fever Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome Deoxynivalenol DEP Deperissement du Cafeier Dermaton

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C16-A038 C03-A C10-A003 C03-A011 C14-A001 C20-A015 C11-A019 C03-C040 C18-A012 C20-A008 C16-A038 C11-A033 C05-A002 C01-C046 C14-A002 C13-A006 C01-C049 C01-C049 C01-C049 C01-C049 C11-A041 C01-D136 C03-D055 C01-C088 C01-A032 C01-A031 C02-A013 C17-A016 C01-C088 C17-A013 C01-C088 C16-A038 C11-A009 C11-A009 C11-A009 C11-A009 C03-A012 C11-A019 C11-A006 C11-A006 C01-C076 C18-A012 C18-A012 C18-A012 C16-A038 C01-D142 C20-A004 C11-A005

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Dermotypho [DES]2 Desert Fever Desert Rheumatism Desoxynivalenol Dessechement des Agrumes D-Ester Destruxol Borer-Sol Deuterophoma tracheiphila DEUTTR Dew of Death Dexamphetamine Dextrone X DF D-Gas DHD (Dusty Mustard) DHF Di(2-(2-Chloroethylthio)ethyl) Ether Di(2-(β-Chloroethylthio)ethyl) Ether Di(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Di(2-Hydroxyethyl) Sulﬁde Di(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Di(2-propenyl) Sulﬁde Di(β-hydroxyethyl)amine Di(β-hydroxyethyl)ethylene Disulﬁde Diacetoxyscirpenol Diacetylnivalenol Diaethylaminoaethanol Diafuran Diallyl Sulﬁde Diallyl Thioather Diallyl Thioether Diamphotoxin Diarsenic Oxide Diazetoxyskirpenol Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine Diborane Diborane Hexanhydride Diboron Hexahydride Dibromchlorpropan Dibromochloropropane Dibromoethyl Sulﬁde Dibromoformaldehyde Oxime Dibromoformaldoxime Dibromoformoxime Dibromomethane Dibromomethyl Ether Dibromophenylarsine [(Dibromophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride

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C19-A002 C01-D137 C20-A002 C20-A002 C16-A038 C20-A005 C03-A001 C11-A041 C20-A005 C20-A005 C04-A002 C12-A009 C11-A009 C01-C047 C10-A003 C03-A001 C18-A012 C03-A003 C03-A003 C03-A012 C03-C032 C03-D055 C15-A012 C03-D055 C03-D041 C16-A038 C16-A038 C01-C088 C11-A031 C15-A012 C15-A012 C15-A012 C16-A011 C11-A047 C16-A038 C13-A011 C11-A095 C11-A095 C11-A095 C11-A035 C11-A035 C03-A006 C05-A002 C05-A002 C05-A002 C11-A036 C10-A012 C04-A005 C01-C090 C01-C092 C01-C093

Alphanumeric Indices [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride Dibromure d’Ethylene Dibutoxymethylphosphine Oxide Dibutyl Methanephosphonate Dibutyl Methylphosphonate Dibutyl Sulﬁde Dibutyl Thioether DIC DICDI Dichlor Amine Dichloremulsion Dichloren Dichlor-ethylfosﬁn Dichlor-fenylarsin Dichloro Dichlorodiethyl Sulfone Dichlorodisulfane Dichloroethyl Sulﬁde Dichloroethyl Sulfoxide Dichloroethylarsine Dichloroethylphosphine Dichloroethylphosphine Oxide Dichloroformaldehyde Dichloroformaldehyde Oxime Dichloroformaldoxime Dichloroformoxime Dichloroisopropylphosphine Oxide Dichloromercury Dichloromethoxycarbonyl Chloride Dichloromethyl Carbonochloridate Dichloromethyl Chloroformate Dichloromethyl Ether Dichloromethylarsine Dichloromethylphosphine Dichloromethylphosphine Oxide Dichloromethylphosphine Sulﬁde Dichloronitroethane Dichlorophenylarsine Dichloropropane Dichloropropylphosphine Oxide Dichlorosulfane Dichlorothiocarbonyl Dichlorothioformaldehyde Dick Dicrotophos Dicyan Dicyanogen Dicyclohexylcarbodiamide Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DIEA Dieback of Coffee

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649 C01-C091 C11-A040 C01-C079 C01-C079 C01-C079 C15-A007 C15-A007 C01-C050 C01-C050 C03-A012 C11-A041 C03-A012 C01-C080 C04-A004 C01-C046 C03-D050 C03-C033 C03-A001 C03-D051 C04-A001 C01-C080 C01-C081 C10-A003 C05-A001 C05-A001 C05-A001 C01-C083 C11-A055 C13-A018 C13-A018 C13-A018 C10-A011 C04-A003 C01-C057 C01-C046 C01-C058 C11-A037 C04-A004 C11-A038 C01-C082 C03-C034 C13-A017 C13-A017 C04-A001 C11-A007 C07-A005 C07-A005 C01-D140 C01-C049 C01-D145 C20-A004

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Diethanol Sulﬁde Diethanolamine Diethanolethylamine Diethanolmethylamine Diethoxyethylphosphine Oxide Diethoxymethylphosphine Oxide Diethoxyphosphine Oxide Diethyene Disulﬁde Diethyl Acid Phosphate Diethyl Ethanephosphonate Diethyl Ethylphosphonate Diethyl Hydrogen Phosphate Diethyl Hydrogen Phosphite Diethyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Diethyl Isopropylphosphonate Diethyl Methanephosphonate Diethyl Methylphosphonate Diethyl Phosphate Diethyl Phosphite Diethyl Phosphonate Diethyl Phosphoric Acid Diethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Diethyl(β-hydroxyethyl)amine Diethylaminoethanol Diethylethanolamine Diethylfosﬁt Diethylphosphoramidic Diﬂuoride Diethylphosphoramidoyl Diﬂuoride Difenil-metan-diisocianato Difenylchlorarsin Difenylmethaan-dissocyanaat Diﬂuoro Diﬂuoroformaldehyde Diﬂuoroisopropylphosphine Oxide Diﬂuoromethylphosphine Oxide Diﬂuorooxomethane Diﬂuorophosgene Difonate Difonatol Difonatul Difosgene Difosgeno Difozgen Dihydroaﬂatoxine Dihydrobrevetoxin B Dihydrogen Methylphosphonate Dihydrohydroxyaﬂatoxin Dihydrooxirene Dihydroxyethyl Sulﬁde Diiodoformaldehyde Oxime Diiodoformoxime

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C03-C032 C03-D055 C03-C039 C03-C038 C01-C077 C01-C076 C01-C074 C03-D054 C01-D142 C01-C077 C01-C077 C01-D142 C01-C074 C01-C074 C01-C078 C01-C076 C01-C076 C01-D142 C01-C074 C01-C074 C01-D142 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C074 C01-C062 C01-C062 C11-A128 C14-A001 C11-A128 C01-C047 C11-A108 C01-C060 C01-C047 C11-A108 C11-A108 C11-A014 C11-A014 C11-A014 C10-A004 C10-A004 C10-A004 C16-A023 C16-A006 C01-C051 C16-A023 C11-A097 C03-C032 C05-A003 C05-A003

Alphanumeric Indices Di-isocyanate de Toluylene Di-iso-cyanatoluene Diisocyanat-toluol Diisopropyl Methanephosphonate Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate Diisopropylamine (Diisopropylamino)ethanol Diisopropylaminoethyl Methylthiolophosphonate Diisopropylcarbodiimide Diisopropylethanolamine Diisopropylethylamine DIK Diketen Diketene Di-Me Polysulﬁdes Dimecron Dimefox Dimethoxymethylphosphine Oxide Dimethoxyphosphine Oxide Dimethyl Acid Phosphite Dimethyl Disulﬁde Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Dimethyl Methanephosphonate Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Dimethyl Phosphite Dimethyl Phosphonate Dimethyl Polysulﬁde Mixture Dimethyl Sulfate Dimethyl Viologen Dimethyl(2-chloroethyl)amine Dimethylamine Dimethylaminocyanphosphorsaeureaethylester Dimethylaminoethoxyphosphoryl Cyanide Dimethylene Oxide Dimethyleneimine Dimethylester Kyseliny Fosforite Dimethylfosﬁt Dimethylfosfonat Dimethylhydrazine, Symmetrical Dimethylpolysulﬁde Dimethylpolysulﬁde and Sulfur Mixture Dimetilsolfato Dimetox Dimitan DIMP Diolamine Dioxathion Dioxothion DIPA DIPC

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651 C11-A130 C11-A130 C11-A130 C01-C048 C01-C048 C01-D143 C01-C089 C01-D146 C01-C050 C01-C089 C01-D145 C14-A001 C11-A096 C11-A096 C01-C054 C11-A024 C11-A008 C01-C052 C01-C072 C01-C072 C01-C054 C01-C072 C01-C072 C01-C052 C01-C052 C01-C072 C01-C072 C01-C054 C03-A009 C11-A057 C01-C085 C01-C084 C01-A001 C01-A001 C11-A097 C11-A098 C01-C072 C01-C072 C01-C072 C11-A122 C01-C054 C01-C054 C03-A009 C11-A008 C03-A012 C01-C048 C03-D055 C11-A009 C11-A009 C01-D143 C01-C050

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Diphasic Milk Fever Diphasic Milk Fever Diphenylaminechloroarsine Diphenylaminochloroarsine Diphenylarsenic Chloride Diphenylarsinous Chloride Diphenylarsinous Cyanide Diphenylchloorarsine Diphenylchloroarsine Diphenylcyanarsine Diphenylcyanoarsine Diphenylglycolic Acid Diphenylhydroxyacetic Acid Diphenylmethylene Diisocyanate Diphosgene Diphosphorus Pentasulﬁde Direkt-Lost Disodium Sulﬁde Disulfoton Disulfur Decaﬂuoride Disulfur Dichloride Disulfur Tetrachloride Disyston Dithallium Sulfate Dithiane Dithio Dithiocarbonic Anhydride Dithiodemeton Dithioethylene Glycol Dithiofos Dithioglycol Dithion Dithiophos Dithiosystox Dithiotep Divinyl Sulﬁde Divinyl Sulfone Divinyl Sulfoxide Divinyl Thioether DJ DL D-Lost DM DMAEDEAFP DMAEDMAFP DMAPDEAFP DMAPDMAFP DMDS DMH DMHP DMMP

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C18-A063 C18-A008 C14-A003 C14-A003 C14-A001 C14-A001 C14-A002 C14-A001 C14-A001 C14-A002 C14-A002 C12-C023 C12-C023 C11-A128 C10-A004 C01-C071 C03-A001 C03-C037 C11-A010 C10-A016 C03-C033 C03-C034 C11-A010 C11-A060 C03-D054 C11-A026 C11-A093 C11-A010 C03-D043 C11-A026 C03-D043 C11-A026 C11-A026 C11-A010 C11-A026 C03-D046 C03-D044 C03-D045 C03-D046 C04-A004 C03-A001 C03-A001 C14-A003 C01-A030 C01-A028 C01-A034 C01-A033 C01-C054 C11-A122 C01-C072 C01-C052

Alphanumeric Indices

653

DMP DMS Dobrava Hemorrhagic Fever Dobrava-Belgrade Virus DOBV Dodecyl Mercaptan Dojyopicrin Dolochlor DON Doppellost Dormol Dothidella ulei Double Red Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Hydrogen Sulﬁde (90%) and Carbon Disulﬁde (10%) Mixtue} Dowfume MC-2 Dowfume MC-33 Dowfume W8 Downy Mildew of Corn Downy Mildew of Potato DP Dragonbreath Draza Drechslera oryzae Drexel Plant Bed Gas DSDP DSS D-Stoff D-Stoff Dummy Calf Disease Dunet Duraphos Dusty Mustard Dutch Liquid Dutch Oil Dution Dwarf Lucerne Dwubromoetan Dwuchloropropan Dwumetylowy Siarczan Dyanacide Dycarb Dyfonate Dysport {Botulinum Toxin A}

C01-C072 C03-A009 C18-A013 C18-A013 C18-A013 C15-A014 C10-A006 C10-A006 C16-A038 C03-A001 C11-A099 C20-A009 C07-A006 C11-A042 C11-A042 C11-A040 C20-A016 C20-A012 C10-A004 C15-A C11-A032 C20-A007 C11-A042 C01-A013 C18-A012 C10-A003 C03-A009 C18-A003 C11-A034 C11-A020 C03-A001 C11-A041 C11-A041 C11-A010 C17-A029 C11-A040 C11-A038 C03-A009 C11-A056 C11-A030 C11-A014 C16-A005

-EE E E {Mixture of Homologous Sulfur Mustards} E1

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C20-A007 C16-A038 C03-A001 C10-A003

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EA 1033 EA 1034 EA 1053 EA 1205 EA 1208 EA 1210 EA 1212 EA 1251 EA 1253 EA 1356 EA 1664 EA 1699 EA 1701 EA 1779 EA 2148 EA 2192 EA 2223 EA 2277 EA 3148 EA 3167 EA 3317 EA 3443 EA 3534 {Trans Isomer} EA 3547 EA 3580A {Hydrochloride Salt} EA 3580B EA 3834A {Hydrochloride Salt} EA 3834B EA 3887 EA 3887A {Methyl Iodide Quaternary Amine} EA 3948 EA 3966 EA 3990 EA 4026 EA 4038 EA 4048 EA 4056 EA 4057 EA 4181 EA 4196 EA 4352 EA 4923 EA 5302 {1-Methyl-4-piperidyl Isopropylphenylglycolate (33%) and 1-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (CH) Mixture} EA 5365 EA 5366 {Methyl Iodide Quaternary Amine} EA 5414 EA 5488 EA 5533 Eastern Encephalitis Eastern Equine Encephalitis

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C03-A001 C04-A002 C03-A013 C01-A001 C01-A002 C01-A003 C01-A004 C01-C047 C01-C046 C01-A007 C01-A014 C01-A017 C01-A016 C13-A009 C12-A007 C01-D146 C01-A006 C12-A001 C01-A018 C12-A003 C01-A019 C12-A004 C01-A007 C13-A011 C12-A005 C12-A005 C12-A006 C12-A006 C02-A001 C02-A001 C02-A002 C02-A003 C02-A004 C02-A005 C02-A006 C02-A007 C02-A008 C02-A009 C02-A010 C01-D137 C01-A008 C13-A014 C12-A006 C01-A028 C01-A028 C01-A033 C01-A029 C01-D139 C18-A014 C18-A014

Alphanumeric Indices Eastern Subtype of TBE EBA EBO Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever EBOV ECF Echaudure de la Canne à Sucre Echaudure des Feuilles E. coli E. coli, Serotype O157:H7 E. coli, Verotoxin Producing Ecstacy ED Edabrom EDB EDC EDCO Edema Disease Edemo Edemo 3 EDMM EDMP EEE Eggplant Mosaic Virus EHEC EHF Ehrlichia ruminantium EI Ekatox Ektafos El Tor Embafume Embechine Embichen Embichin Embichin 11 Embikhine Embiquine Emerald Green Emery 5791 EMPA EMPSH EMPTA EMV END Endemic Typhus Enfermedad Bacteriana de las Hojas del Arroz Enfermedad de Pierce (Grape) Enfermedad Sudamericana de Hoja del Cauchero Enolofos Enteric Fever

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655 C18-A054 C03-A011 C18-A015 C18-A015 C18-A015 C11-A113 C17-A026 C17-A026 C17-A011 C17-A012 C17-A012 C12-A011 C04-A001 C11-A040 C11-A040 C11-A041 C11-A042 C17-A012 C01-A014 C01-A014 C01-A017 C01-C056 C18-A014 C18-A045 C17-A012 C18-A015 C19-A005 C11-A098 C11-A022 C11-A007 C17-A025 C11-A042 C03-A012 C03-A012 C03-A012 C03-A020 C03-A012 C03-A012 C11-A049 C15-A001 C01-D138 C01-C061 C01-C061 C18-A021 C18-A037 C19-A007 C17-A028 C17-A029 C20-A009 C11-A005 C17-A022

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Enteritis Necroticans Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Serotype O157:H7 Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis Enverdecimiento de los Cítricos Enverdecimiento de los Cítricos Enzootic Hepatitis EpI Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemic Polyarthritis and Rash Epidemic Typhus Epizootic Abortion Epizootic Aphthae EPN Epoxyethane Equine Morbillivirus Equine Nasal Phthisis Erasol Eritroxilina ERYSGR Erysiphe graminis Erytroxylin Escaldadura de la Hoja Escaldadura de las Hojas de la Caña de Azúcar Escherichia coli Escherichia coli, Serotype O157:H7 Escherichia coli, Verotoxin Producing E-Stoff Estriado Pardo del Maiz Etbicuphat Ethane Dichloride Ethanedinitrile Ethanedithiol Ethanephosphonic Dichloride Ethanephosphonyl Chloride Ethene Chlorohydrin Ethide Ethoxy(ethylthio)(methyl)phosphine Oxide Ethoxycarbonyl Chloride [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride Ethyl 2-Bromoacetate Ethyl 2-Bromoethanoate Ethyl Bromoacetate Ethyl Bromophos Ethyl Carbonochloridate Ethyl Chloridocarbonate Ethyl Chlorocarbonate Ethyl Chloroformate Ethyl Chloromethanoate

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C17-A008 C17-A012 C17-A012 C18-A023 C17-A015 C17-A016 C18-A051 C16-A010 C18-A020 C18-A040 C19-A002 C17-A004 C18-A017 C11-A011 C11-A097 C18-A021 C17-A019 C03-A012 C12-A008 C20-A006 C20-A006 C12-A008 C17-A026 C17-A026 C17-A011 C17-A012 C17-A012 C07-A002 C20-A016 C06-A002 C11-A041 C07-A005 C03-D043 C01-C081 C01-C081 C03-C036 C11-A037 C01-D139 C11-A113 C01-A040 C01-A039 C01-A041 C13-A021 C13-A021 C13-A021 C11-A003 C11-A113 C11-A113 C11-A113 C11-A113 C11-A113

Alphanumeric Indices Ethyl Chlorosulfate Ethyl Chlorosulfonate Ethyl Chlorothioformate Ethyl Cyanide Ethyl Dimethylamidoﬂuorophosphate Ethyl Dimethylaminocyanophosphonate Ethyl Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate Ethyl Ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate Ethyl Formate Ethyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonate Ethyl Methylphosphonate Ethyl Methylphosphonic Acid Ethyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridate Ethyl Methylphosphonothioic Acid Ethyl Parathion Ethyl Phosphate Ethyl Phosphate Ethyl Phosphite Ethyl Phosphite Ethyl Phosphonate Ethyl Phosphorodichloride Ethyl Phosphorodimethylamidocyanidate Ethyl Phosphorus Dichloride Ethyl p-Nitrophenyl Benzenethiophosphonate Ethyl Pyrophosphate Ethyl S Ethyl Sarin Ethyl Thio Ethyl Thiochloroformate Ethylacetic Acid Ethylarsonous Dichloride Ethylbicyclophosphate Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine Ethylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Ethylbis(β-chloroethyl)amine Ethylcarbazole Ethylchloorformiaat Ethylchlorohydrin Ethyldichlorarsine Ethyldichlorophosphine Ethyldichlorophospine Ethyldiethanolamine Ethyldiethoxyphosphine Oxide Ethyldiisopropylamine Ethyle (Formiate d’) Ethyle, Chloroformiat d’ Ethyleen-chloorhydrine Ethyleendichloride Ethylene Bis-β-chloroethylsulﬁde Ethylene Bromide Ethylene Chloride

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657 C10-A010 C10-A010 C11-A114 C11-A094 C01-A012 C01-A001 C01-A001 C01-A011 C11-A039 C01-D138 C01-D138 C01-D138 C01-A010 C01-C061 C11-A022 C01-D142 C01-D144 C01-C074 C01-C075 C01-C074 C01-C081 C01-A001 C01-C081 C11-A011 C11-A028 C03-A011 C01-A005 C11-A026 C11-A114 C15-A018 C04-A001 C06-A002 C03-A011 C03-C039 C03-A011 C13-A022 C11-A113 C03-C036 C04-A001 C01-C080 C01-C080 C03-C039 C01-C077 C01-D145 C11-A039 C11-A113 C03-C036 C11-A041 C03-A002 C11-A040 C11-A041

658

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Ethylene Chlorohydrin Ethylene Episulﬁde Ethylene Mercaptan Ethylene Oxide Ethylene Sulﬁde Ethylenedithiol Ethyleneimine Ethyleneoxy Ethylester Kyseliny Chlormravenci Ethylester-Dimethylamid Kyseliny Kyanfosfonove Ethylformiaat Ethylimine Ethyliodoacetate Ethylmethylacetic Acid Ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine Ethylphosphinyl Dichloride Ethylphosphonic Dichloride Ethylphosphonous Dichloride Ethylphosphonyl Dichloride Ethylphosphoric Dichloride Ethylphosphorus Dichloride Ethylsulfuryl Chloride Ethylthiocarbonyl Chloride Ethylthioethene Etil Cloroformiato Etile (Formiato di) Etilon ETO Etylenu Tlenek European Swine Fever European Typhus Evercyn Exanthema Nodularis Bovis Excelsior Extraintestinal Yersiniosis

C03-C036 C03-D042 C03-D043 C11-A097 C03-D042 C03-D043 C11-A098 C11-A097 C11-A113 C01-A001 C11-A039 C11-A098 C13-A012 C15-A020 C01-D145 C01-C080 C01-C081 C01-C080 C01-C081 C01-C081 C01-C080 C10-A010 C11-A114 C03-D046 C11-A113 C11-A039 C11-A022 C11-A097 C11-A097 C18-A022 C19-A002 C07-A001 C18-A029 C14-A003 C17-A031

-FF F F2 Toxin Fannoform Far East Spring-Summer Encephalitis Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Farcy Farmer’s Lung Fast Death Factor Fast MEG FDA FDF

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C10-A003 C16-A038 C16-A040 C11-A099 C18-A054 C18-A054 C17-A019 C20-A001 C16-A028 C11-A098 C04-A004 C16-A028

Alphanumeric Indices Febre Maculosa Femma Fenamiphos Fenarsazinchlorid Fenildicloroarsina Fenophosphon Fentanil Fentanyl Fenyldichlorarsin Fermenticide Liquid Ferrugen do Colmo FES F-Gen Ficam Fiebre Manchada Fiebre Petequial Filariol Filitox Fitoftoros Fitosol Flea Typhus Fleckenkrankheit: Reis Fleckﬁeber Fletrissement Bacterien de la Pomme de Terre Fletrissure Sudamericaine des Feuilles de l’hevea Flexal Hemorrhagic Fever Floguard 1015 Flo-Mor Flu Fluophosgene Fluor Fluorhydric Acid Fluoric Acid Fluorid Sodny Fluorine Fluorisopropoxymethylphosphine Oxide Fluorlost Fluoro Fluoro HN2 Fluoro HN3 Fluoroformyl Fluoride [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Chloride Fluoride [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Dichloride [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]carbonimidic Diﬂuoride Fluoromethylpinacolyloxyphosphine Oxide Fluorophenazine Fluorophosgene Fluorotabun Fluorowodor Fluorure de Bore Fluorure de Potassium

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659 C19-A004 C11-A056 C11-A012 C14-A003 C04-A004 C11-A013 C12-A015 C12-A015 C04-A004 C11-A075 C20-A013 C16-A040 C11-A099 C11-A030 C19-A004 C19-A004 C11-A003 C11-A017 C20-A012 C11-A013 C19-A007 C20-A015 C19-A002 C17-A006 C20-A009 C18-A016 C11-A099 C11-A099 C18-A042 C11-A108 C11-A071 C11-A064 C11-A064 C01-C064 C11-A071 C01-A002 C03-A007 C11-A071 C03-A014 C03-A019 C11-A108 C01-A036 C01-A035 C01-A037 C01-A003 C12-A019 C11-A108 C01-A012 C11-A064 C11-A086 C01-C063

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Fluorure de Sodium Fluorure de Sulfuryle Fluorure d’Hydrogene Anhydre Fluoruro de Hidrogeno Anhidro Fluorwasserstoff Fluorwaterstof Fluothane FM FM 282 FM 511 FMA FMDV Folidol Folidol M Fonofos Fonophos Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Fordor Forestite Formagene Formaldehyde Formalin Formalith Formic Aldehyde Formol Fosdrin Fosferno Fosforo (Pentacloruro di) Fosforo (Tricloruro di) Fosforowodor Fosforoxychlorid Fosforpentachloride Fosfortrichloride Fosgen Oksim Fosgene Fosgeno Fostox Fosvex Four Corners Virus Fowl Plague Fozgen Fraissite {Benzyl Iodide (60–50%), Benzyl Chloride (20–50%), and Stannic Chloride (20–0%) Mixture} Fran TF 2000 Francis Disease Francisella tularensis Fratol French Green Freon 123B1 Freon 150 Frosty Pod Rot

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C01-C064 C11-A045 C11-A064 C11-A064 C11-A064 C11-A064 C12-A020 C11-A082 C11-A099 C01-A001 C11-A056 C18-A017 C11-A022 C11-A019 C11-A014 C11-A014 C18-A017 C11-A099 C07-A001 C11-A099 C11-A099 C11-A099 C11-A099 C11-A099 C11-A099 C11-A020 C11-A022 C01-C069 C01-C068 C11-A044 C01-C070 C01-C069 C01-C068 C05-A001 C10-A003 C10-A003 C11-A022 C11-A028 C18-A058 C18-A004 C10-A003 C13-A C01-C052 C17-A013 C17-A013 C11-A058 C11-A049 C12-A020 C11-A041 C20-A010

Alphanumeric Indices

661

Frumin F-Stoff F. tularensis Fuam Fugu Poison Fulex Fumagon Fumazone Fumic Acid Fumigrain Fuming Liquid Arsenic Fuming Nitric Acid Fuming Sulfuric Acid Fungitox Furacarb Furadan Furan TF 2000 Furatol Fusarenone Fusariotoxin T2 Fusicladium macrosporum Fusicladium ulei Fyde Fyrol DMMP

C11-A010 C11-A082 C17-A013 C11-A030 C16-A019 C11-A026 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A066 C11-A090 C04-C006 C11-A066 C11-A067 C11-A056 C11-A031 C11-A031 C01-C052 C11-A058 C16-A038 C16-A037 C20-A009 C20-A009 C11-A099 C01-C052

-GG G G G25 G34 G34 GA Gale Noire de la Pomme de Terre Gale Verruqueuse de la Pomme de Terre Gallotox Gangrenous Coryza Ganju Kuiyang-bing Gaol Fever Garrathion Garvox Gas Gangrene GB GB 1 GB 2 GB 2 (Gymnodinium) GB 3 GB2 {Binary} GD

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C01-A001 C16-A038 C17-A008 C10-A006 C04-A002 C03-A001 C01-A001 C20-A017 C20-A017 C11-A056 C18-A032 C17-A027 C19-A002 C11-A004 C11-A030 C17-A008 C01-A002 C16-A006 C16-A006 C16-A006 C16-A006 C01-A002 C01-A003

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GD2 {Binary} GE Gearphos Gelan Gelan I Gelan III Gelbkreuz (Yellow Cross—German WWI Shell) {Sulfur Mustard, Chlorobenzene, Nitrobenzene, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Bis(chloromethyl) Ether Mixture} Gelbkreuz 1 (Yellow Cross 1—German WWI Shell) {Bis(chloromethyl) Ether (95-50%) and Ethyldichloroarsine (5-50%) Mixture} Gelbkreuz 1 (Yellow Cross 1—second ﬁlling—German WWI Shell) {Ethyldichloroarsine (40%), Ethyldibromoarsine (40%), and Bis(chloromethyl) Ether (20%) Mixture} Gelbring 1 (Yellow Ring 1—German WWI Shell) Gelbring 2 (Yellow Ring 2—German WWI Shell) Gelbrost Germany Stuff Gesﬁd GF GG GI Gibraltar Fever GII GIII GIIIA Glanders Glebofos Glicol Monocloridrina Gloeosporium coffeanum Glomerella cingulata Glume Rust Glycol Chlorohydrin Glycol Dibromide Glycol Dichloride Glyecine A Go Home Goat Plague Goatpox Gonyaulax catenella Poison Gonyautoxins GP Gramoxone Granosan Granutox Graphlox Green Berry Anthracnose Green Cross (Grünkreuz—German WWI Shell) Green Cross (Grünkreuz—German WWI Shell) Green Cross No. 1 (Grünkreuz 1—German WWI Shell) {Diphosgene with or without Chloropicrin and/or Bromomethylethyl Ketone Mixture}

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C01-A003 C01-A005 C11-A022 C01-A001 C01-A001 C01-A002 C03-A001

C10-A C04-A

C03-A001 C03-A001 C20-A013 C03-A001 C11-A020 C01-A004 C13-A014 C16-A010 C17-A004 C16-A010 C16-A010 C16-A010 C17-A019 C11-A010 C03-C036 C20-A004 C20-A004 C20-A013 C03-C036 C11-A040 C11-A041 C03-C032 C15-A C18-A043 C18-A018 C16-A016 C16-A012 C01-A028 C11-A057 C11-A041 C11-A023 C11-A100 C20-A004 C10-A004 C10-A003 C10-A

Alphanumeric Indices

663

Green Cross No. 2 (Grünkreuz 2—German WWI Shell) {Phosgene (60%), Diphosgene (30%) and Diphenylchloroarsine (10%) Mixture} Green Cross No. 3 (Grünkreuz 3—German WWI Shell) {Ethyldichloroarsine and Ethyldibromoarsine Mixture} Green Monkey Disease Green Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Chloropicrin (65%) and Hydrogen Sulﬁde (35%) Mixture} Greening Greening Greening des Agrumes Greening des Agrumes Greening of Citrus Grippe Grisol Grün 1 Grün 3 Grünkreuz (Green Cross—German WWI Shell) Grünkreuz (Green Cross) {Diphosgene with or without Chloropicrin and/or Bromomethylethyl Ketone Mixture} Grünkreuz 1 (Green Cross 1) {Phenylcarbylamine Chloride and Halogenated Ketones Mixture} Grünkreuz 2 (Green Cross 2) {Phosgene (60%), Diphosgene (30%), and Diphenylchloroarsine (10%) Mixture} Grünkreuz 3 (Green Cross 3) {Phenylcarbylamine Chloride and Halogenated Ketones Mixture} Grünring 1 (Green Ring 1—German WWII Shell) Grünring 2 (Green Ring 2—German WWI Shell) Grünring 3 (Green Ring 3—German WWII Shell) Grünring 4 (Green Ring 4—German WWII Shell) Grünring 5 (Green Ring 5—German WWI Shell) GTOV GTPV GTX Guanarito Hemorrhagic Fever Gut Edema Gution GV GV1 GV2 GV3 GV4 GV5 GVIA Gypsine

C10-A C04-A C18-A033 C10-A006 C17-A015 C17-A016 C17-A015 C17-A016 C17-A015 C18-A042 C11-A028 C10-A003 C01-A003 C10-A004 C10-A C10-A C10-A C10-A C03-A013 C10-A003 C01-A001 C01-A002 C07-A001 C18-A019 C18-A018 C16-A012 C18-A019 C17-A012 C11-A001 C01-A028 C01-A030 C01-A031 C01-A032 C01-A033 C01-A034 C16-A010 C11-A050

-HH (Levinstein Mustard) Halon 1001 Halothane

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C03-A001 C11-A042 C12-A020

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Haltox Hanane Hantaan Hantavirus Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Haptasol Hautwurm HBV HCCPD HCPS HD HDO HDO2 HD and Q Mixture HD and T Mixture Heartwater Helada Helminthosporiose du Riz Helminthosporium oryzae Helmintosporiosis del Arroz Hemorrhagic Colitis Hemorrhagic Nephrosonephritis Hendra Virus Hendra-Like Virus Hercules 528 Herpesvirus simiae HeV Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloromethyl Carbonate Hexaﬂuorotellurium Hexaﬂuorotungsten Hexamite Hexanethiol Hexasan Hexathion Hexyl Mercaptan Hexylthiol HFRS Hiberno-Vernal Bronchopneumonia Hidrocarditis Infecciosa Hidrógeno Cianido Highly Pathogenic Avian Inﬂuenza Histoplasma capsulati Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasma duboisii Histoplasmosis Historic Typhus Histotoxic Infections His-Werner Disease HL {Sulfur Mustard (37–50%) and Lewisite (63–50%) Mixture}

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C11-A042 C11-A008 C18-A020 C18-A058 C18-A058 C18-A058 C11-A005 C17-A019 C18-A009 C11-A100 C18-A058 C03-A001 C03-D051 C03-D050 C03-A004 C03-A005 C19-A005 C20-A010 C20-A007 C20-A007 C20-A007 C17-A012 C18-A020 C18-A021 C18-A038 C11-A009 C18-A009 C18-A021 C11-A100 C10-A005 C11-A081 C11-A083 C11-A028 C15-A013 C11-A056 C11-A004 C15-A013 C15-A013 C18-A020 C17-A010 C19-A005 C07-A001 C18-A004 C20-A008 C20-A008 C20-A008 C20-A008 C19-A002 C17-A008 C19-A003 C03-A010

Alphanumeric Indices HN1 HN2 HN3 HNB 3 HO Hog Cholera Homomartonite Homomartonite {Bromomethylethyl Ketone (60%), Chloromethylethyl Ketone (20%), and Stannic Chloride (20%) Mixture} Honey Robber Hong Nien Hoof-and-Mouth Disease Virus Hostaquik Hot Stuff HP {Sulfur Mustard and Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether Mixture} HPAI HPS HPS HQ {Sulfur Mustard (75%) and Sesquimustard (25%) Standard Mixture} HRS 1655 HS HT {Sulfur Mustard (60%) and O-Mustard (40%) Standard Mixture} HT-2 Toxin HTN HTNV Huang Long Bin Huanglongbing Huanglongbing Human Typhus Hun Stoffe Hunig’s Base HVV (Thickened Mustard) HVY Hydrazomethane Hydrazomethane Hydrocyanic Acid Hydrocyanic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrocyanic Acid, Potassium Salt Hydrocyanic Acid, Sodium Salt Hydrogen Antimonide Hydrogen Arsenide Hydrogen Boride Hydrogen Bromide, Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride, Anhydrous Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide, Anhydrous Hydrogen Potassium Diﬂuoride Hydrogen S-2-Diisopropylaminoethyl Methylphosphonothiolate

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665 C03-A011 C03-A012 C03-A013 C12-A001 C17-A025 C18-A022 C13-A005 C13-A C15-A018 C11-A056 C18-A017 C11-A056 C03-A001 C03-A001 C18-A004 C18-A058 C18-A020 C03-A004 C11-A100 C03-A001 C03-A005 C16-A038 C18-A020 C18-A020 C17-A016 C17-A015 C17-A016 C19-A002 C03-A001 C01-D145 C03-A001 C13-A012 C11-A123 C11-A122 C07-A001 C07-C007 C07-C008 C07-C007 C11-A080 C08-A001 C11-A095 C11-A062 C11-A063 C07-A001 C11-A064 C11-A065 C01-C065 C01-D146

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Hydrogen S-2-Dimethylaminoethyl Ethylphosphonothiolate Hydrogen S-2-Dimethylaminoethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Hydrogen Selenide Hydrogen Sulﬁde Hydropericardium Hydrophobia Hydroselenic Acid Hydrosulfuric Acid Hydroxydiphenylacetic Acid Hydroxyethyl Mercaptan Hydroxymethylmercury Hyperite

C01-D148 C01-D147 C11-A077 C07-A006 C19-A005 C18-A050 C11-A077 C07-A006 C12-C023 C15-A001 C11-A054 C03-A001

-IIdrogeno Solforato Idropericardite dei Ruminanti IE IE IMET 3393 ImI Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Ethyl Phosphorobromidate Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Ethyl Phosphorochloridate Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Methyl Phosphorochloridate Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, O-(2-Chloroethyl Phosphorochloridate) Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Phosphorodibromidate Imidocarbonyl Chloride Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Phosphorodichloridate Imidocarbonyl Chloride, Hydroxy-, Methyl Phosphorochloridate Imidocarbonyl Chloride, Hydroxy-, Phosphorodichloridate Imidocarbonyl Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Ethyl Phosphorochloridate Imidocarbonyl Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Methyl Phosphorochloridate Imidocarbonyl Fluoride, Hydroxy-, Phosphorodichloridate Iminodiethanol Imochi Imochi-byo Imperial Grain Preserver No. 2 Imperial Green IMPF India-1 India-1967 Indian Bunt of Wheat Indian Licorice Seed Toxin Indian Ocean Ciguatoxin 4 Indischer Weizenbrand Infectious Abortion Infectious Ovine Encephalomyelitis Infectious Porcine Encephalomyelitis Inferno

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C07-A006 C19-A005 C20-A015 C20-A014 C15-A018 C16-A010 C01-C103 C01-C104 C01-C096 C01-C102 C01-C090 C01-C092 C01-C098 C01-C093 C01-C107 C01-C099 C01-C091 C03-D055 C20-A015 C20-A015 C15-A019 C11-A049 C01-A002 C18-A059 C18-A059 C20-A018 C16-A022 C16-A008 C20-A018 C17-A004 C18-A028 C18-A023 C01-A013

Alphanumeric Indices Inﬂuenza INK-B Insariotoxin Intestinal Yersiniosis Iodine Cyanide Iodoacetone Iodocyanide Iodomethylbenzene Iperyt Iprit Iron Carbonyl Iron Pentacarbonyl Iscobrome Iscobrome D Isoamyl Mercaptan Isoamyl Sulfhydrate Isobicyphat Isobutanethiol Isobutenyl Chloride Isobutoxycarbonyl Chloride Isobutyl Chloridocarbonate Isobutyl Chlorocarbonate Isobutyl Chloroformate Isobutyl Mercaptan Isobutylthiol Isobutyric Acid Isocyanate de Methyle Isopentanethiol Isopentyl Mercaptan Isopentylthiol Isophenphos Isopropoxymethylphoshoryl Fluoride Isopropoxymethylphosphonyl Fluoride Isopropyl Chlorocarbonate Isopropyl Chloroformate Isopropyl Chloromethanoate Isopropyl Dimethylamidocyanidophosphate Isopropyl Ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate Isopropyl Isocyanate Isopropyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridate Isopropylbicyclophosphate Isopropylchloramine Isopropylester Kyseliny Chlormravenci Isopropylester Kyseliny Methylﬂuorfosfonove Isopropylformic Acid Isopropylphosphonic Acid Dichloride Isopropylphosphonic Dichloride Isopropylphosphonic Diﬂuoride Isopropylphosphonyl Dichloride Isopropylphosphonyldiﬂuoride Isothiocyanate d’Allyle

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667 C18-A042 C17-A001 C16-A037 C17-A031 C07-A004 C13-A013 C07-A004 C13-A020 C03-A001 C03-A001 C09-A002 C09-A002 C11-A042 C11-A040 C15-A010 C15-A010 C06-A003 C15-A004 C11-A043 C11-A115 C11-A115 C11-A115 C11-A115 C15-A004 C15-A004 C15-A019 C11-A127 C15-A010 C15-A010 C15-A010 C11-A015 C01-A002 C01-A002 C11-A116 C11-A116 C11-A116 C01-A008 C01-A005 C11-A126 C01-A002 C06-A003 C01-D141 C11-A116 C01-A002 C15-A019 C01-C083 C01-C083 C01-C060 C01-C083 C01-C060 C11-A124

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Ivalon Ixense Izumi Fever

C11-A099 C14-A005 C17-A031

-JJail Fever Japanese B Encephalitis Japanese River Fever JBE JBR {Hydrogen Cyanide (50%), Arsenic Trichloride (25%), and Chloroform (25%) Mixture} JE Jequirity Bean Toxin JEV Jhulsa JL {Hydrogen Cyanide (50%) and Chloroform (50%) Mixture} Jodcyan Johnson Spot Jumble Bead Toxin Junin Hemorrhagic Fever JUNV JYF

C19-A002 C18-A024 C19-A006 C18-A024 C07-A001 C18-A024 C16-A022 C18-A024 C20-A015 C07-A001 C07-A004 C20-A015 C16-A022 C18-A025 C18-A025 C18-A069

-KK K2-Stoff K62 Kadett Kaffeekirschenkrankheit Kala Ratua Kalium Cyanid Kamgyul Gueyangbyung-byung Kampstoff “Lost” Kankitsu kaiyo-byo Karah Karbicron Karnal Bunt of Wheat Kata Kavadel Kayafume Ketene Dimer Kew Fever KFDV K-Granate {Chloromethyl Chloroformate (70–90%) and Dichloromethyl Chloroformate (30–10%) Mixture} KhAf

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C03-A013 C10-A004 C13-A009 C11-A021 C20-A004 C20-A013 C07-C008 C17-A027 C03-A001 C17-A027 C20-A015 C11-A007 C20-A018 C18-A043 C11-A009 C11-A042 C11-A096 C19-A001 C18-A026 C13-A C13-A008

Alphanumeric Indices

669

KHF Ki Denga Pepo Kill-All Killex Kilmite 40 Kinadan King of Gases Klark-1 Klop Kloramin Klorpikrin Klortsian Knopvelsiekte Kohlendisulﬁd (Schwefelkohlenstoff) Kohlenmonoxid Kohlenoxyd Kokain Kokan Kokayeen Kolokol-1 (Used by Russians to end 2002 theater hostage situation. Thought to be a fentanyl derivative.) Koolmonoxyde Koolstofdisulﬁde (Zwavelkoolstof) Koolstofoxychloride Kop-Fume Korean Hemorrhagic Fever Kraut und Knollenfaeule: Kartoffel Krautfaeule: Tomate Krebs Kartoffel Kresek Disease Kromfax Solvent KSK {Ethyl Iodoacetate, Ethanol, and Ethyl Acetate Mixture} K-Stoff K-Stoff {Chloromethyl Chloroformate (70–90%) and Dichloromethyl Chloroformate (30–10%) Mixture} Kurosabi-byo Kwiksan Kyanid Sodny Kyasanur Forest Disease Kyselina Dusicne Kyselina Isomaselna Kyselina Maselna

C18-A020 C18-A012 C11-A051 C11-A028 C11-A028 C11-A024 C03-A001 C14-A001 C10-A006 C03-A012 C10-A006 C07-A003 C18-A029 C11-A093 C09-A001 C09-A001 C12-A008 C12-A008 C12-A008 C12-A C09-A001 C11-A093 C10-A003 C11-A040 C18-A020 C20-A012 C20-A012 C20-A017 C17-A028 C03-C032 C13-A012 C10-A013 C13-A C20-A013 C11-A056 C07-C007 C18-A026 C11-A066 C15-A019 C15-A018

-LL L {Sulfur Mustard and Chlorobenzene Mixture} L3 L III L1

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C04-A002 C03-A001 C04-C007 C04-C007 C10-A003

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L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L5 L6 LA La Maladie du Bunchy Top du Bananier La Peste Equina La Petite Verole Lacrymite {Thiophosgene (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} Landisan Lannate Lanox Larmine Larvacide Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Late Blight of Potato Late Blight of Tomato Laufeti’iti’i Lauryl Mercaptan LCM LD LE Le 100 Lead Arsenate Lead Orthoarsenate Lead Tetraethyl Leaf Blight of Coffee Leaf Mottling of Citrus Leaf Scald of Sugar Cane Leaf Scorch Disease Legionella pneumophila Legionellosis Legionnaire’s Disease Lekamin Levinstein Mustard Lewisita Lewisite Lewisite 1 Lewisite 2 Lewisite 3 Lewisite III Leytosan LF LG 61 LIBEAF LIBEAS

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C17-A030 C04-A002 C14-A004 C17-A013 C10-A003 C17-A004 C17-A001 C17-A019 C17-A020 C17-A019 C18-A005 C18-A001 C18-A059 C13-A C11-A052 C11-A034 C11-A034 C13-A004 C10-A006 C18-A027 C20-A012 C20-A012 C18-A005 C15-A014 C18-A030 C17-A014 C17-A030 C01-A001 C11-A050 C11-A050 C11-A103 C20-A004 C17-A016 C17-A026 C17-A029 C17-A014 C17-A014 C17-A014 C03-A013 C03-A001 C04-A002 C04-A002 C04-A002 C14-A004 C04-C007 C04-C007 C11-A056 C18-A027 C01-D139 C17-A015 C17-A016

Alphanumeric Indices

671

Liberobacter africanus Liberobacter asiaticus Likubin Liquid Death Liquiphene Lirohex Lirothion LIV LO Lockjaw Lockjaw Lofentanil Lordige Lost Louping Ill Louseborne Typhus L. pneumophila LSA LSD LSD Luizyt Luizyte A Lumpy Skin Disease Lung Gas No. 1 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Lymphocytic Meningitis Lysergamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Lysergide Lysoform Lyssa Virus

C17-A015 C17-A016 C17-A016 C09-A003 C11-A056 C11-A028 C11-A022 C18-A028 C20-A012 C17-A009 C16-A018 C12-A018 C18-A067 C03-A001 C18-A028 C19-A002 C17-A014 C12-A013 C18-A029 C12-A013 C04-A002 C04-A002 C18-A029 C10-A003 C18-A030 C18-A030 C12-A013 C12-A013 C12-A013 C11-A099 C18-A050

-MM M {Adamsite and Diphenylchloroarsine Mixture} M 7-Giftkoerner M1 M30 {Adamsite, Cellulose Nitrate, Urea, Diethyl Phthalate, and Magnesium Oxide Mixture} M4 Capsules (Potassium Cyanide) M44 Cyanide Capsules M49 {Adamsite, Cellulose Nitrate, Urea, and Diethyl Phthalate Mixture} Mace Machupo Hemorrhagic Fever Macular Fever Maculotoxin Mad Itch Magnacide B Magnacide H

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C14-A003 C14-A C11-A060 C04-A002 C14-A003 C07-C008 C07-C007 C14-A003 C13-A008 C18-A031 C19-A004 C16-A019 C18-A048 C13-A001 C13-A001

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Magnaporthe grisea Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide Magnesium Phosphide Maitotoxin Mal das Folhas Mal De Rastrojos Mal Fulminante of Citrus Mal Nero of Citrus Mal Secco Mal Seco de los Citricos Maladie Bactérienne des Feuilles du Riz Maladie Charbonneuse Maladie de Pierce (Grape) Maladie des Feuilles Sud Américaine Maladie Verruqueuse de la Pomme de Terre Maliasmus Malignant Carbuncle Malignant Catarrhal Fever Malignant Edema Malignant Edema Malignant Head Catarrh Malignant Pustule Malkopsiekte Malleomyces mallei Malleus Malta Fever Mancha Johnson del Platano Manchurian Fever Manganite {Hydrogen Cyanide (50%) and Arsenic Trichloride (50%) Mixture} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Martonite {Bromoacetone (80–60%), Chloroacetone (20%), and Stannic Chloride (0–20%) Mixture} MARV Mauguinite MB MBA MBC Soil Fumigant MBG MBX MCCP MCE MCF MCF MCYST MD MDEA MDI MDMA Mebicyphat Mechlorethamine Medemo

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C20-A015 C11-A044 C11-A044 C16-A027 C20-A009 C18-A025 C20-A005 C20-A005 C20-A005 C20-A005 C17-A028 C17-A001 C17-A029 C20-A009 C20-A017 C17-A019 C17-A001 C18-A032 C17-A001 C17-A008 C18-A032 C17-A001 C19-A005 C17-A019 C17-A019 C17-A004 C20-A015 C18-A020 C07-A001 C18-A033 C13-A C18-A033 C07-A003 C11-A042 C03-A012 C11-A042 C18-A033 C11-A042 C17-A017 C01-A001 C18-A032 C11-A118 C16-A028 C04-A003 C03-C038 C11-A128 C12-A011 C06-A001 C03-A012 C01-A017

Alphanumeric Indices Medikus Mediterranean Fever Mehltau: Getreide Mela da Batata Melanopsammopsis ulei Melioidosis MEMA Mema RM Menangle Virus MENV Mephosfolan Meptox Meracen Mercaptan Amylique Mercaptan Methylique Mercaptodimethur Mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethyl Sulﬁde Mercaptohexane Mercaptomethane Mercaptooctadecane Mercaptopentane Mercaptophos Mercron Mercuran Mercuric Chloride Mercuron Mercury Bichloride Mercury Chloride Merkon Mersolite Mescaline Mesomile Mesurol Mesyl Chloride Metabrom Metacid Metacide Metafos Metaran meta-Toluene Diisocyanate Metazintox Methaanthiol Methaldehyde Methallyl Chloride Methamidophos Methamphetamine Methanal Methanephosphonic Acid Methanephosphonic Dichloride Methanephosphonothioic Dichloride

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673 C04-A003 C17-A004 C20-A006 C20-A012 C20-A009 C17-A020 C11-A052 C11-A052 C18-A034 C18-A034 C11-A016 C11-A019 C11-A056 C15-A008 C11-A101 C11-A032 C15-A001 C15-A006 C15-A013 C11-A101 C15-A015 C15-A008 C11-A006 C11-A056 C11-A052 C11-A055 C11-A056 C11-A055 C11-A055 C11-A024 C11-A056 C12-A012 C11-A034 C11-A032 C11-A117 C11-A042 C11-A019 C11-A019 C11-A019 C01-C052 C11-A130 C11-A001 C11-A101 C11-A099 C11-A043 C11-A017 C12-A010 C11-A099 C01-C051 C01-C046 C01-C058

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Methanephosphonyl Dichloride Methanesulfonic Acid Chloride Methanesulfonyl Chloride Methanesulfuryl Chloride Methanethiol Methanthiol Methidathion Methiocarb Meth-O-Gas Methomyl Methoxycarbonyl Chloride Methoxyethyl Mercury Acetate Methoxyﬂuran Methvtiolo Methybrom Methyl Methyl 2-Hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetate Methyl Aldehyde Methyl Azinphos Methyl Benzilate Methyl Bladan Methyl Bromide Methyl Carbonochloridate Methyl Chlorocarbonate Methyl Chloroformate Methyl Chlorosulfate Methyl Chlorosulfonate Methyl Diﬂuorophosphite Methyl Diphenylglycolate Methyl Disulﬁde Methyl Disulﬁde Methyl Ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate Methyl Fume Methyl Gusathion Methyl Guthion Methyl Hydrazine Methyl Hydroxydiphenylacetate Methyl Isocyanate Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Mercuric Dicyandiamide Methyl Mercury Hydroxide Methyl Parathion Methyl Phosphite Methyl Pinacolyloxyﬂuorophosphine Oxide Methyl Pinacolylphosphonoﬂuoridate Methyl Sulfate Methyl Sulfhydrate Methyl Sulfochloride Methyl t-Butyl Ketone Methyl(2-chloroethyl)(2-chloropropyl)amine Methylarsine Dichloride

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C01-C046 C11-A117 C11-A117 C11-A117 C11-A101 C11-A101 C11-A018 C11-A032 C11-A042 C11-A034 C11-A118 C11-A052 C12-A021 C11-A101 C11-A042 C04-A002 C12-C024 C11-A099 C11-A001 C12-C024 C11-A019 C11-A042 C11-A118 C11-A118 C11-A118 C10-A009 C10-A009 C01-C047 C12-C024 C01-C054 C11-A093 C01-A009 C11-A042 C11-A001 C11-A001 C11-A123 C12-C024 C11-A127 C11-A101 C11-A053 C11-A054 C11-A019 C01-C073 C01-A003 C01-A003 C03-A009 C11-A101 C11-A117 C01-C086 C03-A020 C04-A003

Alphanumeric Indices Methylarsonous Dichloride Methylbenzoylepgonine Methylbicyclophosphate Methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine Methylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Methylbis(β-chloroethyl)amine Methylbromid Methylcarbylamine Methylchloorformiaat Methyldichloroarsine Methyldichlorophosphine Methyldichlorophosphine Sulﬁde Methyldick Methyldiethanolamine (Methyldithio) Methane Methylene Bis(4-phenylisocyanate) Methylene Bromide Methylene Dibromide Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Methylene Oxide Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Methylester Kyseliny Chlormravenci Methylester Kyseliny Chloruhlicite Methylﬂuoropinacolylphosphonate Methylﬂuoropinacolylphosphonite Methylﬂuorphosphorsaeureisopropylester Methylﬂuorphosphorsaeurepinakolylester Methylhydroxymercury Methyliminodiethanol Methylisocyanaat Methylisopropoxyﬂuorophosphine Oxide Methylmercuric Hydroxide Methylmercury Dicyandiamide Methylphosphinic Dichloride Methylphosphinothioic Dichloride Methylphosphinous Dichloride Methylphosphinyl Dichloride Methylphosphonic Acid Methylphosphonic Acid Dichloride Methylphosphonic Dichloride Methylphosphonic Diﬂuoride Methylphosphonodichloridic Acid Methylphosphonothioic Dichloride Methylphosphonothioyl Dichloride Methylphosphonous Dichloride Methylphosphonyl Chloride Methylphosphonyl Dichloride Methylphosphonyl Diﬂuoride Methylphosphorus Dichloride Methylphosphoryl Diﬂuoride Methylpinacolyloxyﬂuorophosphine Oxide

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675 C04-A003 C12-A008 C06-A001 C03-A012 C03-C038 C03-A012 C11-A042 C11-A127 C11-A118 C04-A003 C01-C057 C01-C058 C04-A003 C03-C038 C01-C054 C11-A128 C11-A036 C11-A036 C11-A128 C11-A099 C12-A011 C11-A118 C11-A118 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-A002 C01-A003 C11-A054 C03-C038 C11-A127 C01-A002 C11-A054 C11-A053 C01-C057 C01-C058 C01-C057 C01-C057 C01-C051 C01-C046 C01-C046 C01-C047 C01-C046 C01-C058 C01-C058 C01-C057 C01-C046 C01-C046 C01-C047 C01-C057 C01-C047 C01-A003

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Methylpinacolyloxyphosphonyl Fluoride Methylsulfonyl Chloride Methylsulfuryl Chloride Methylthionophosphonic Dichloride Methylthiophos Methylthiophosphonic Acid Dichloride Methylthiophosphonic Dichloride Methyl-β,β-dichlorodiethylamine Methyl-β-phenylisopropylamine Metil Isocianato Metilcloroformiato Metilmercaptano Metmercapturon Metomil Metram Metramac Metramatic Metron Metylohydrazyna Metylu Bromek Mevinphos Mezcaline M. F38 MFI MH MIC Micofume Microcyclus ulei Microcystins Microcystis aeruginosa Toxin Microlysine Mie Duo Wei MII Mildiou de la Pomme de Terre Mildiou de la Tomate Mildiu de la Patata Mildiu del Tomate Milkpox Milzbrand Mineral Green Mirror Ox Mistletoe Lectin I Toxins Miteborne Typhus Fever Mitis Green Mitoxine MKS ML-I MM 4462 MMD MMH M. mycoides capri

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C01-A003 C11-A117 C10-A009 C01-C058 C11-A019 C01-C058 C01-C058 C03-A012 C12-A010 C11-A127 C11-A118 C11-A101 C11-A032 C11-A034 C01-A013 C01-A013 C01-A013 C11-A019 C11-A123 C11-A042 C11-A020 C12-A012 C17-A017 C01-A002 C11-A123 C11-A127 C11-A033 C20-A009 C16-A028 C16-A028 C10-A006 C11-A034 C16-A010 C20-A012 C20-A012 C20-A012 C20-A012 C18-A064 C17-A001 C11-A049 C11-A097 C16-A035 C19-A006 C11-A049 C03-A012 C01-C088 C16-A035 C16-A038 C11-A053 C11-A123 C17-A017

Alphanumeric Indices M. mycoides mycoides MN (Wet Agent) MO Mobisyl Modeccin Monilia Pod Rot of Cocoa Monilia rorei Monilia roreri Moniliasis del Cacao Moniliophthora Pod Rot Moniliophthora roreri Moniliose du Cacaoyer Monitor Monkey Disease Monkeypox Monoacetylnivalenol Monochlorhydrine du Glycol Monocil Monocos Monocron Monocrotophos Monostar Monothioglycol MONPRO Morbicid Morphine Morphos Morsodren Morton Soil Drench Mortopal Morve Mostaza Lewisita Mostaza Nitrogenada HN3 Mottle Leaf Disease MPA MPT MPXV Mrowczan Etylu MrVIB MT MTX Muconomycin A Muerte Descendente del Cafeto Muerto Canyon Multimet Murine Typhus Murray Valley Encephalitis Mussel Toxin Mustard Gas Mustard Sulfone Mustard Sulfone

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677 C17-A018 C17-A010 C03-A001 C03-C040 C16-A029 C20-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C11-A017 C18-A026 C18-A035 C16-A038 C03-C036 C11-A021 C11-A021 C11-A021 C11-A021 C11-A021 C15-A001 C20-A010 C11-A099 C12-A014 C11-A019 C11-A053 C11-A053 C11-A028 C17-A019 C03-A010 C03-A013 C17-A016 C01-C051 C01-A016 C18-A035 C11-A039 C16-A010 C14-A003 C16-A027 C16-A039 C20-A004 C18-A058 C11-A030 C19-A007 C18-A036 C16-A016 C03-A001 C03-D051 C03-D050

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Mustard Sulfoxide Mustard Sulfoxide Mustargen Mustine Mutagen MVE MVIIA MVIIB MVIIC MVIID MVIIIC Mycobacterium sepedonicum Mycoplasma capricolum Mycoplasma mycoides capri Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides Mycotoxin HT-2 Mycotoxin T2 Mylone Myobloc {Botulinum Toxin B} Mytilus californianus Poison

C03-D050 C03-D051 C03-A012 C03-A012 C03-A012 C18-A036 C16-A010 C16-A010 C16-A010 C16-A010 C16-A010 C17-A006 C17-A017 C17-A017 C17-A018 C16-A038 C16-A037 C11-A033 C16-A005 C16-A016

-NN N N-(1-Phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropionamide N-(2-{[Ethoxy(ethyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}ethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropan1-aminium Iodide N-(2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}ethyl)-N-(isopropyl)propan2-aminium Chloride N-(2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}ethyl)-N-isopropylN-methylpropan-2-aminium Iodide N-(2-{[Ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}ethyl)-N-isopropylpropan2-aminium Chloride N-(2-Chloroethyl)dimethylamine N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N,N-dimethylamine N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)diethylamine N-(4-Oxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methyl-6-nonenamide N-(Diethylamino)ethanol N-(Isopropyl)-2-propamine N,N -(Dithio-2,1-ethanediyl) Bis(N-isopropyl)-2-propanamine N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-Methylpropylamine N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl) Propylamine N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl) t-Butylamine N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-butanamine N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-1-propanamine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine N,N-Di(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamine N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine

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C17-A001 C10-A004 C12-A015 C01-A021 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-C085 C01-C085 C01-C088 C13-A006 C01-C088 C01-D143 C01-D137 C03-A029 C03-A025 C03-A028 C03-A031 C03-A030 C03-C039 C03-C038 C03-C038 C01-C059

Alphanumeric Indices N,N -Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide N,N -Dicyclohexylurea N,N-Diethyl-2-{[methyl(cyclohexyloxy)phosphoryl]sulfanyl}N-methylethanaminium Iodide N,N-Diethyl-2-aminoethanol N,N-Diethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine N,N-Diethylethanolamine N,N-Diethyl-N-(β-hydroxyethyl)amine N,N-Diisopropyl-(β)-aminoethanol N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoethanol N,N-Diisopropylamine N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol N,N -Diisopropylcarbodiimide N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine N,N-Dimethyl-2-chloroethylamine N,N -Dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium N,N -Dimethylhydrazine N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)amine N,N-Dimethyl-β-chloroethylamine N,N -Methanetetrayl Biscyclohexanamine N,N -Thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl Bis(N-isopropyl)-2-propanamine N,α-Dimethylphenethylamine N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl Fluoride N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl Fluoride N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl Fluoride N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl Chloride N-[(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2-nitroethanimidoyl Fluoride N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]butanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]propanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-2-methylpropanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]butanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl Chloride N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]propanimidoyl Chloride N-[4-(Methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-Nphenylpropanamide

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679 C01-C049 C01-D140 C01-A020 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C088 C01-C089 C01-C089 C01-D143 C01-C089 C01-C050 C01-C089 C01-C085 C11-A057 C11-A122 C01-C085 C01-C085 C01-C049 C01-D136 C12-A010 C01-C108 C01-C128 C01-C119 C01-C122 C01-C101 C01-C133 C01-C129 C01-C120 C01-C127 C01-C094 C01-C112 C01-C113 C01-C097 C01-C105 C01-A042 C01-C132 C01-C131 C01-C121 C01-C125 C01-C135 C01-C134 C01-C126 C01-C130 C12-A016

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N1 N1 N2 N3 N4 Naja naja kaouthia Venom Nakayama Nanisme de Lucerne Natrium Cyanide Navadel NC {Chloropicrin (75–80%) and Stannic Chloride (25–20%) Mixture} NCD N-Chloroisopropylamine NCI-C60866 NE {Rhombic Sulfur and Silica Aerogel Mixture} Near Eastern Equine Encephalitis Neethling Virus Nefusan Nemabrom Nemacur Nemafume Nemagon Nemanex Nemapaz Nemaset Nemazon Nemex Neosaxitoxin Neosolaniol NeoSTX NEOVIN Neovossia indica Neozolaniol Nephis Nephropathia Epidemica Nerve Gas No. 1 Nerve Gas No. 1 Nerve Gas No. 2 Nerve Gas No. 3 Nerve Gas No. 4 Netherlandshyl N-Ethyl-2,2 -iminodiethanol N-Ethylcarbazole Nettle Gas Neurobloc {Botulinum Toxin B} Neurocaine Neurotoxic Shellﬁsh Poisoning New Bunt New World Spotted Fever Newcastle Disease Nexagan NG

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C18-A059 C07-A001 C18-A015 C18-A033 C18-A031 C16-A009 C18-A024 C17-A029 C07-C007 C11-A009 C10-A006 C18-A037 C01-D141 C15-A002 C01-C053 C18-A067 C18-A029 C11-A033 C11-A035 C11-A012 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A035 C11-A038 C16-A014 C16-A038 C16-A014 C20-A018 C20-A018 C16-A038 C11-A040 C18-A020 C01-A002 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A003 C01-A001 C11-A001 C03-C039 C13-A022 C05-A001 C16-A005 C12-A008 C16-A006 C20-A018 C19-A004 C18-A037 C11-A003 C07-A006

Alphanumeric Indices NG2 {Hydrogen Sulﬁde (90%) and Carbon Disulﬁde (10%) Mixture} NH-Lost Nickel Carbonyl Nickel Tetracarbonyl Nifos Nine Mile Fever Niomil Nipah Virus NIPV Niran N-Isopropyl-1-amino-2-methylethane N-Isopropyl-isopropylamine Nital Nitol Nitol Takeda Nitric Acid, Fuming Nitric Oxide Nitric Oxide Trimer Nitrile Acrilico Nitrile Acrylique Nitriloacetonitrile Nitrilomethane Nitrilotriethanol Nitrilotris(ethanol) Nitrinal Nitrito Nitro Nitrobromoform Nitrochloroform Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Monoxide Nitrogen Mustard 1 Nitrogen Mustard 2 Nitrogen Mustard 3 Nitrogen Oxide Nitrogen Peroxide Nitrogen Tetroxide Nitrogranulogen Nitro-Sil Nitrostigmine Nitrotrichloromethane Nitrous Fumes Nitrox Nivalenol Nivalenol Diacetate Nivalenol Monoacetate Nivalenol-4-O-acetate NL N-Lost N-Lost NM NM

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681 C07-A006 C03-A011 C09-A003 C09-A003 C11-A028 C17-A010 C11-A030 C18-A038 C18-A038 C11-A022 C01-D143 C01-D143 C11-A066 C03-A012 C03-A012 C11-A066 C11-A072 C11-A072 C11-A090 C11-A090 C07-A005 C07-A001 C03-C040 C03-C040 C11-A001 C11-A073 C11-A073 C10-A007 C10-A006 C11-A073 C11-A072 C03-A011 C03-A012 C03-A013 C11-A072 C11-A073 C11-A073 C03-A012 C11-A061 C11-A022 C10-A006 C11-A066 C11-A019 C16-A038 C16-A038 C16-A038 C16-A038 C03-A013 C03-A013 C03-A012 C03-A012 C01-C054

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NM5 N-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-propanamine N-Methyl-4-piperidyl Cyclopentylmethylethynylglycolate N-Methyl-4-piperidyl Cyclopentylphenylglycolate N-Methylaminodiglycol N-Methyl-bis-chloraethylamin N-Methyl-Lost N-Methylmethanamine NO No. 12 (French WWI Shell) {Benzyl Iodide (60–50%), Benzyl Chloride (20–50%), and Stannic Chloride (20–0%) Mixture} No. 13 (French WWI Shell) {Ethyl Chlorosulfonate (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} No. 14 (French WWI Shell) {Benzyl Bromide (80%) and Titanium Tetrachloride (20%) Mixture} No. 15 (French WWI Shell) {Thiophosgene (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} No. 16 (French WWI Shell) {Dimethyl Sulfate (75%) and Chlorosulfonic Acid (25%) or Methyl Chlorosulfonate (25%) Mixture} No. 20 (French WWI Shell) No. 5 (French WWI Shell) {Phosgene (75–66%) and Stannic Chloride (25–33%) Mixture} No. 9B (French WWI Shell) {Bromomethylethyl Ketone (60%), Chloromethylethyl Ketone (20%), and Stannic Chloride (20%) Mixture} NOR Nitrogen Mustard Norforms North American Tick Typhus Northwestern Buenos Aires Hemorrhagic Virosis Nourithion NSP N-Stoff NSTX NT (Dry Agent) N-t-Butyl-di(2-chloroethyl)amine NU Nu Rexform Nudrin Nuvacron NVD NX (Wet Agent) Nylmerate N-Yperit

C01-C054 C12-A010 C12-A002 C12-A004 C03-C038 C03-A012 C03-A012 C01-C084 C11-A072 C13-A C10-A C13-A C13-A C03-A C03-A001 C10-A C13-A C03-A011 C11-A056 C19-A004 C18-A025 C11-A022 C16-A006 C10-A015 C16-A014 C17-A010 C03-A028 C18-A065 C11-A050 C11-A034 C11-A021 C18-A037 C17-A004 C11-A056 C03-A013

-OO O,O-Diethyl S-(β-Diethylamino)ethyl Phosphorothiolate O,O-Diethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Phosphorothiolate O,S-Diethyl Methylphosphonothioate O,S-Diethyl Methylthiophosphonate

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C03-A001 C01-A013 C01-A013 C01-D139 C01-D139

Alphanumeric Indices O1 OA {Sulfur Mustard and Arsine Oil Mixture} O-Aethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoaethyl)-methylphosphonothioat Oat Stem Rust OB {Sulfur Mustard and Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether Mixture} OC OC OCBM Octadecanethiol Octadecyl Mercaptan Octadecylthiol Octaﬂuoroisobutene Octamethyl Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxy-isoquinolinium Bromide) Octyl Mercaptan Octyl Thiol Octylthiol Oculinum {Botulinum Toxin A} O-Cyclohexyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate O-Cyclopentyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiloate O-Cyclopentyl S-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate OE OE O-Ethyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonothioate O-Ethyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonothionate O-Ethyl Methylphosphonothioate O-Ethyl Methylphosphonothioic Acid O-Ethyl Methylthiophosphonate O-Ethyl O-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonite O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Butylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Hexylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Isopropylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Propylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Diisopropylmethyl)ammonium] Ethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Iodide O-Ethyl S-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl] Ethylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-[2-(Dimethylethylammonium)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate Iodide O-Ethyl S-[2-(Piperidylamino)ethyl] Ethylphosphonothiolate O-Ethyl S-2-(Diethylmethylammonium)ethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Iodide O-Ethyl S-2-(Triethylammonium)ethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Iodide O-Ethyl S-2-(Trimethylammonium)ethyl Ethylphosphonothiolate Iodide O-Ethyl S-Ethyl Methylphosphonothioate O-Ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethylester Kyseliny Methylthiofosfonove Oftanol OG 25 Ohara Disease

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683 C03-A013 C03-A C01-A017 C20-A013 C03-A001 C20-A002 C13-A006 C13-A009 C15-A015 C15-A015 C15-A015 C10-A008 C11-A025 C02-A015 C11-A102 C11-A102 C11-A102 C16-A005 C01-A020 C01-A018 C01-A019 C18-A004 C18-A037 C01-C061 C01-C061 C01-C061 C01-C061 C01-C061 C01-C056 C01-A026 C01-A027 C01-A024 C01-A014 C01-A025 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-A021 C01-A017 C01-A017 C01-A023 C01-A014 C01-A014 C01-A021 C01-D139 C01-A016 C11-A015 C10-A006 C17-A013

684

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

OHFV O’Higgins Disease Oidio de los Cereales Oidium des Cereals Oidium monilioides Oidium tritici Oil Garlic Oil of Mustard, Artiﬁcial O-Isobutyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate O-Isopropyl S-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl] Methylphosphonothiolate OJ OKM {Sulfur Mustard and Dichlorodipropylsulﬁde Mixture} Oksilidin OL Oleoakarithion Oleobidrin Oleoparathion Oleoresin Capsicum Oleovofotox Oleum Oleum Sinapis Ol-F O-Lost OM {Sulfur Mustard and Dichlorodipropylsulﬁde Mixture} Omega-Salz Ompacide Ompatox Ompax Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever O-Mustard One-Mile Cough ONN O’nyong-nyong OO OPA {Isopropyl Alcohol (72%) and Isopropyl Amine (28%) Mixture} Ophiobolus miyabeanus Ornithosis Oropouche Virus Disease OROV ortho-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile ortho-Chlorobenzylidenemalonic Nitrile ortho-Chlorobenzylmalononitrile ortho-Nitrobenzyl Chloride Orthorhombic Sulfur Orvinylcarbinol O-Salz Osmic Acid Anhydride Osmium Oxide Osmium Tetraoxide Osmium Tetroxide OU1 {Dry Agent}

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C18-A039 C18-A025 C20-A006 C20-A006 C20-A006 C20-A006 C15-A012 C11-A124 C01-A015 C01-A022 C18-A069 C03-A C12-A001 C03-A001 C11-A004 C11-A007 C11-A022 C13-A006 C11-A019 C11-A067 C11-A124 C10-A004 C03-A001 C03-A C13-A008 C11-A025 C11-A025 C11-A025 C18-A039 C03-A003 C18-A038 C18-A040 C18-A040 C18-A017 C01-C055 C20-A007 C17-A005 C18-A041 C18-A041 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A009 C13-A016 C01-C053 C11-A091 C13-A008 C11-A074 C11-A074 C11-A074 C11-A074 C17-A010

Alphanumeric Indices

685

OU2 (Wet Agent) Oval Leaf Spot of Graminea Ovine Encephalomyelitis Ovine Herpesvirus-2 Oxacyclopropane Oxalic Acid Dinitrile Oxalonitrile Oxalyl Cyanide Oxane Oxidoethane Oxima de Fosgeno Oxiraan Oxirane Oxo(thioxo)methane Oxol Oxollost Oxomethane Oxybis(chloromethane) Oxycarbon Sulﬁde Oxychlorid Fosforecny Oxyde de Carbone Oxyde Nitrique Oxyfume Oxymethylene Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Venom

C17-A010 C20-A015 C18-A028 C18-A032 C11-A097 C07-A005 C07-A005 C07-A005 C11-A097 C11-A097 C05-A001 C11-A097 C11-A097 C11-A109 C03-C032 C03-A001 C11-A099 C10-A011 C11-A109 C01-C070 C09-A001 C11-A072 C11-A097 C11-A099 C16-A017

-PP P,P-Dichloromethylphosphine Sulﬁde P1 Paciﬁc Ciguatoxin 1 Pacol Palite {Chloromethyl Chloroformate and Stannic Chloride Mixture} Palytoxin Pamisan Pancide Pandemic Inﬂuenza Pandrinox Pano-Drench Panodrin A-13 Panogen Panogen Panogen Soil Drench Panomatic Papite Papite {Acrolein (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) or Titanium Tetrachloride (25%) Mixture} para-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene para-Di(bromomethyl)benzene

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C07-A001 C01-C058 C07-A003 C16-A008 C11-A022 C13-A010 C16-A015 C11-A056 C11-A001 C18-A042 C11-A053 C11-A053 C11-A053 C11-A052 C11-A053 C11-A054 C11-A056 C13-A001 C13-A C13-A024 C13-A024

686

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

para-Dithiane Paraformaldehyd Paraforsn Paralytic Shellﬁsh Poisoning Paramyxovirus 1 Paraphos Paraquat Parasan Parataf Parathene Parathion Parathion-ethyl para-Thioxane Paratuf para-Xylylene Bromide para-Xylylene Dibromide Paris Green Parrot Fever Parryfos Partial Bunt of Wheat Passalora heveae Pasteurella pestis Pasteurella tularensis Patent Green PbTx P. campestris pv. oryzae PCM PCP P-CTX 1 PD PD PE Peach Sharka Pear Leaf Scorch Pecan Fungal Leaf Scorch Pecan Leaf Scorch Pecosita (Citrus, Argentina) Pencal Penite Pentacarbonyl Iron Pentachlorophosphorane Pentachlorophosphorus Pentaﬂuorophosphorane Pentaﬂuorophosphorus Pentalarm Pentamethylenediamine Pentane-1,5-diamine Pentanethiol Pentanyl Pentran Pentyl Mercaptan Pepper Spray

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C03-D054 C11-A099 C11-A099 C16-A016 C18-A037 C11-A022 C11-A057 C11-A056 C11-A019 C11-A022 C11-A022 C11-A022 C03-D053 C11-A019 C13-A024 C13-A024 C11-A049 C17-A005 C11-A021 C20-A018 C20-A009 C17-A030 C17-A013 C11-A049 C16-A006 C17-A028 C10-A014 C12-A007 C16-A008 C17-A029 C04-A004 C18-A047 C18-A044 C17-A029 C17-A029 C17-A029 C17-A029 C11-A048 C11-A051 C09-A002 C01-C069 C01-C069 C11-A087 C11-A087 C15-A008 C15-A016 C15-A016 C15-A008 C12-A015 C12-A021 C15-A008 C13-A006

Alphanumeric Indices Perchlorocyclopentadiene Perchloromethyl Chloroformate Perchloromethyl Mercaptan Perdesiekte Perﬂuoroacetyl Chloride Perﬂuoroisobutene Perﬂuorosilane Péricardite Exsudative Infectieuse Periwinkle Wilt Peronosclerospora philippinensis Perstoff Pertussigen Pertussis Toxin Pest Peste des Petits Ruminants Pestilential Fever Pestis Pestis Equorum Pestivirus Type 2 Pestmaster Pestox Pestox 14 Petechial Fever PEV PEV-9 PFIB Pﬁfﬁkus PFMP PG PG {Phosgene (50%) and Chloropicrin (50%) Mixture} Phenacylchloride Phenamiphos Phenarsazine Chloride Phencyclidine Phenmad Phentanyl Phenyl Carbylamine Chloride Phenyl Dibromoarsine Phenyl Dichloroarsine Phenyl Mercury Acetate Phenylaceyl Chloride Phenylarsenic Dichloride Phenylarsonous Dichloride Phenylcarbamine Phenylcarbonimidic Dichloride Phenylchloromethylketone Phenylisocyanide Dichloride Phenylisonitrile Dichloride Phenylmethylaminpropane Philippine Downy Mildew Phix Phoma tracheiphila

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687 C11-A100 C10-A004 C10-A014 C18-A001 C11-A121 C10-A008 C11-A079 C19-A005 C17-A029 C20-A011 C10-A004 C16-A030 C16-A030 C17-A030 C18-A043 C17-A030 C17-A030 C18-A001 C18-A022 C11-A042 C11-A025 C11-A008 C19-A004 C18-A023 C18-A061 C10-A008 C04-A004 C01-A003 C16-A033 C10-A C13-A008 C11-A012 C14-A003 C12-A007 C11-A056 C12-A015 C10-A013 C04-A005 C04-A004 C11-A056 C13-A008 C04-A004 C04-A004 C10-A013 C10-A013 C13-A008 C10-A013 C10-A013 C12-A010 C20-A011 C11-A056 C20-A005

688

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Phony Disease of Peach Phorate Phosdrin Phosgene Phosgene Anilide Phosgene Oxime Phosphamidon Phosphine Phosphonyl Trichloride Phosphore (Pentachlorure de) Phosphore (Trichlorure de) Phosphoric Chloride Phosphoric Chloride Phosphoric Perchloride Phosphoric Sulﬁde Phosphorous Chloride Phosphorous Pentachloride Phosphorous Trichloride Phosphorpentachlorid Phosphortrichlorid Phosphorus Chloride Phosphorus Chloride Phosphorus Chloride Oxide Phosphorus Fluoride Phosphorus Pentachloride Phosphorus Pentaﬂuoride Phosphorus Pentasulﬁde Phosphorus Perchloride Phosphorus Persulﬁde Phosphorus Sulﬁde Phosphorwasserstoff Phosphoryl Chloride Phosphoryl Oxychloride Phosphoryl Trichloride Phragmoporthe grisea Phthorphenazine PHYTIN Phytomonas Phytomonas albilineans Phytomonas citri Phytomonas oryzae Phytomonas sepedonica Phytophthora Blight Phytophthora infestans Phytophthorosis Phytosol Pic-clor Picfume Picride Pieciochlorek Fosforu Pierce’s Disease

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C17-A029 C11-A023 C11-A020 C10-A003 C10-A013 C05-A001 C11-A024 C11-A044 C01-C070 C01-C069 C01-C068 C01-C069 C01-C070 C01-C069 C01-C071 C01-C068 C01-C069 C01-C068 C01-C069 C01-C068 C01-C069 C01-C070 C01-C070 C11-A087 C01-C069 C11-A087 C01-C071 C01-C069 C01-C071 C01-C071 C11-A044 C01-C070 C01-C070 C01-C070 C20-A015 C12-A019 C20-A012 C17-A026 C17-A026 C17-A027 C17-A028 C17-A006 C20-A012 C20-A012 C20-A012 C11-A013 C10-A006 C10-A006 C10-A006 C01-C069 C17-A029

Alphanumeric Indices Pig-bel PIIIA Pinacoline Pinacolone Pinacoloxymethylphosphoryl Fluoride Pinacolyl Alcohol Pinacolyl Methylﬂuorophosphonate Pinacolyl Methylphosphonoﬂuoridate Pinacolyloxymethylphosphonyl Fluoride Pinakolin Pinta Fever Piombo Tetra-Etile Piombo Tetra-Metile Piricularia grisea Piricularia oryzae Pirofos Pitting Disease Plague Plaguelike Disease of Rodents Plantfume 103 Plum Leaf Scald Plum Pox P. mallei PMFP PMM Pneumoencephalitis Pneumonic Plague Pneumonomycosis Pneumorickettsiosis PnIB Pod Rot of Cocoa Podredumbre Acuosa de la Capsula del Cacao Podredumbre Anular de la Papa Poison-Dart Frog Toxin Poliomyelitis Suum Polville de la Cana Polymer Fume Fever Polyoxymethylene Pontaic Fever Porcine Enterovirus Type 9 Porcine Herpesvirus-1 Porcine Polioencephalomyelitis Porcine Teschovirus Posada’s Disease Posadas-Wernicke Disease Potassium Acid Biﬂuoride Potassium Acid Fluoride Potassium Biﬂuoride Potassium Cyanide Potassium Fluoride Potassium Fluoride Hydroﬂuoride

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689 C17-A008 C16-A010 C01-C086 C01-C086 C01-A003 C01-C087 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-C086 C19-A004 C11-A103 C11-A104 C20-A015 C20-A015 C11-A026 C20-A015 C17-A030 C17-A013 C11-A026 C17-A029 C18-A044 C17-A019 C01-A003 C10-A014 C18-A037 C17-A030 C20-A001 C17-A010 C16-A010 C20-A010 C20-A010 C17-A006 C16-A004 C18-A023 C20-A013 C10-A008 C11-A099 C17-A014 C18-A061 C18-A048 C18-A023 C18-A023 C20-A002 C20-A002 C01-C065 C01-C065 C01-C065 C07-C008 C01-C063 C01-C065

690

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Potassium Fluorure Potassium Hydrogen Diﬂuoride Potassium Hydrogen Fluoride Potassium Phosphide Potassium Salt of Hydrocyanic Acid Potato Black Scab Potato Blight Potato Brown Rot Potato Gothic Virus Potato Late Blight Potato Ring Rot Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Potato Wart Disease Pourriture Annulaire de la Pomme de Terre Powassan Encephalitis Powdery Mildew of Cereals POWV PPRV PPV PPV000 Prayer Bead Toxin Prezervit Prodalumnol Product G ProFume Profume Programin Prolixin Propanecarboxylic Acid Propanephosphonic Dichloride Propenal Propenenitrile Propenol Propenyl Alcohol Propoxyl-2-methylphosphoryl Fluoride Propyl Chlorocarbonate Propyl Chloroformate Propylchlorocarbonate Propylene Aldehyde Propylene Chloride Propylformic Acid Propylphosphonic Dichloride Propylphosphonyl Dichloride Protogonyaulax Toxins Protogonyautoxins Prunus virus 7 Prussic Acid Prussite PRV Pryfon 6 PS

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C01-C063 C01-C065 C01-C065 C11-A044 C07-C008 C20-A017 C20-A012 C17-A021 C18-A046 C20-A012 C17-A006 C18-A046 C20-A017 C17-A006 C18-A047 C20-A006 C18-A047 C18-A043 C18-A044 C18-A044 C16-A022 C11-A033 C11-A051 C01-A001 C11-A045 C11-A042 C11-A056 C12-A019 C15-A018 C01-C082 C13-A001 C11-A090 C11-A091 C11-A091 C01-A002 C11-A119 C11-A119 C11-A119 C11-A112 C11-A038 C15-A018 C01-C082 C01-C082 C16-A012 C16-A012 C18-A044 C07-A001 C07-A005 C18-A048 C11-A015 C10-A006

Alphanumeric Indices Pseudobacterium sepedonicum Pseudo-Fowl Pest Pseudomonas albilineans Pseudomonas campestris pv. oryzae Pseudomonas citri Pseudomonas mallei Pseudomonas oryzae Pseudomonas pseudomallei Pseudoplague of Fowl Pseudorabies Virus Pseudosmallpox Pseudotuberculosis yersiniosis Pseudo-Urticaria Pseudovariola Psittacosis PSP PSTVd PSTVD0 Psychedelic Agent 3 PT P. tularensis PTV PTX Ptychodiscus brevis Toxin PUCCGM PUCCGR Puccinia albigensis Puccinia anthistiriae Puccinia anthoxanthi Fuckel Puccinia avenae-pubescentis Puccinia brizae-maximi Puccinia cerealis Puccinia culmicola Puccinia dactylidis Puccinia elymina Puccinia favargeri Puccinia glumarum Puccinia graminis Puccinia graminis tritici Puccinia heimerliana Puccinia jubata Puccinia linearis Puccinia megalopotamica Puccinia phlei-pratensis Puccinia seslerie-coerulae Puccinia straminis Puccinia striiformis Puccinia subandina Puccinia tritici Puccinia vilis PUCCST

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691 C17-A006 C18-A037 C17-A026 C17-A028 C17-A027 C17-A019 C17-A028 C17-A020 C18-A037 C18-A048 C18-A064 C17-A031 C18-A029 C18-A064 C17-A005 C16-A016 C18-A046 C18-A046 C12-A001 C16-A030 C17-A013 C18-A023 C16-A030 C16-A006 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A014 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A014 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013

692

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Pulmonary and Renal Syndrome-Hemorrhagic Fever Pulmonary and Renal Syndrome-Hemorrhagic Fever Pulmonary and Renal Syndrome-Hemorrhagic Fever Putrescine Puumala Hemorrhagic Fever PUUV PVIA PX (Japanese WWII Code for Plague Infected Fleas) PX Pynacolyl Methylﬂuorophosphonate Pyricularia grisea Pyricularia oryzae Pyriculariose du Riz PYRIGR PYRIOR Pyrodust Pyrol DMMP

C18-A058 C18-A013 C18-A056 C15-A017 C18-A049 C18-A049 C16-A010 C17-A030 C16-A012 C01-A003 C20-A015 C20-A015 C20-A015 C20-A015 C20-A015 C11-A028 C01-C052

-QQ Q 043 Q Fever Q-diol QL QNB Queensland Fever Quema del Arroz Query Fever Quevedo Disease Quicksan Quinophos Quintana Fever Quinuclidinol

C03-A002 C11-A098 C17-A010 C03-D041 C01-C056 C12-A001 C17-A010 C20-A015 C17-A010 C20-A010 C11-A056 C11-A019 C19-A003 C12-C022

-RR1158 R20 R43 R43A R47 R5153 R5158 R74 R8 Rabbit Fever Rabies RABV

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C01-A013 C09-A002 C04-A002 C04-A002 C03-A013 C01-A013 C01-A013 C03-A001 C11-A053 C17-A013 C18-A050 C18-A050

Alphanumeric Indices Radosan Ragpicker Disease RAL Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 Ram Epididymitis Rampart Ranikhet Disease Rat Typhus Ratbane 1080 Rationite {Dimethyl Sulfate (75%) and Chlorosulfonic Acid (25%) or Methyl Chlorosulfonate (25%) Mixture} Rattengiftkonserve R. burnetii RCA RCL RD Toxin Red Fuming Nitric Acid Red Gas Red No. 1 Red Pox Red Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) Red Tide Toxins Redskin Refrigerent R717 Reisbräune Reisbrennen Reoﬂam DMMP Repelit Requeima da Batata Requeima do Cafeeiro Reticuleoendothelial Cytomycosis RFNA R-GB Rhodiasol Rhodiatox Rhombic Sulfur Rice Blast Rice Brown Spot Rice Fever Disease Rice Kresek Disease Rice Leaf Blight Rice Rotten Neck Rice Seedling Blight Richloronate Ricin Rickettsia akari Rickettsia burnetii Rickettsia mooseri Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia quintana Rickettsia rickettsii

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693 C11-A052 C17-A001 C16-A040 C17-A021 C17-A004 C11-A023 C18-A037 C19-A007 C11-A058 C03-A C11-A060 C17-A010 C16-A031 C16-A031 C16-A038 C11-A066 C14-A002 C14-A002 C18-A059 C10-A001 C16-A006 C11-A124 C11-A061 C20-A015 C20-A015 C01-C052 C15-A008 C20-A012 C17-A029 C20-A008 C11-A066 C01-A002 C11-A022 C11-A022 C01-C053 C20-A015 C20-A007 C20-A015 C17-A028 C17-A028 C20-A015 C20-A015 C11-A013 C16-A031 C19-A001 C17-A010 C19-A007 C19-A002 C19-A003 C19-A004

694

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Rickettsia ruminantium Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Rickettsia typhi Rickettsial Pox Rift Valley Fever Rinderpest Ring Rot of Potatoes Ringbakteriose: Kartoffel Riogen Riot Control Agent CA Riot Control Agent CN Riot Control Agent CNB Riot Control Agent CNC Riot Control Agent CNS RK7 Rl5 RMSF Ro 2-3308 Rochalimea quintana Rocio Encephalitis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ROCV Rodent Glanders Roridin A Rotox Rotz Rouille Jaune Rouille Jaune des Graminées Roulle Noire des Cereales Roya Amarilla: Gramineas Roya del Tallo Roya del Trigo Roya Negra RPV RSSE Rubber Stamp Disease Ruberon Ruggine Lineare del Grano Runcol Ruphos Rural Typhus Russian and Central European Spring-Summer Encephalitis Russian Hemorrhagic Fever Russian Spring-Summer Encephalitis Russian V-Gas Russian VX RVFV R-VX Rye Blast Rye Stem Rust

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C19-A005 C19-A006 C19-A007 C19-A001 C18-A051 C18-A052 C17-A006 C17-A006 C11-A056 C13-A004 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A015 C03-A010 C14-A003 C19-A004 C12-A001 C19-A003 C18-A053 C19-A004 C18-A053 C17-A020 C16-A039 C11-A042 C17-A019 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C20-A013 C18-A052 C18-A054 C18-A025 C11-A056 C20-A013 C03-A005 C11-A009 C19-A006 C18-A054 C18-A020 C18-A054 C01-A015 C01-A015 C18-A051 C01-A015 C20-A015 C20-A013

Alphanumeric Indices

695

-SS S Mustard S1 S1 S-(2-Diisopropylamino)ethyl Methylphosphonothioic Acid S-2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl Hydrogen Ethylphosphonothioate S-(2-Dimethylamino)ethyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonthiolate S-2-Dimethylaminoethyl-O-ethylester Kyseliny Methylthiofosfonove SA Sabia Hemorrhagic Fever Sadaa Saeure Fluoride Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonellosis Salpetersaure Salpeterzuuroplossingen Samtol s-Amyl Mercaptan San Joaquin Fever Sanhyuum Sanmicron Santox Sao Paulo Fever Sapecron Sarin Sarna Negra de la Papa Sarna Verrugosa de la Papa Sarna Verrugosa de la Patata Satratoxin H Saubinin I Saxidomus giganteus Poison Saxitoxin s-Butanethiol s-Butyl Mercaptan s-Butylthiol Scatole Scharka-Krankheit Schlerophthora rayssiae var. zeae Schradan Schultenite Schwartzrost Schwefeldioxyd Schwefelkohlenstoff Schwefellost Schwefelsaeureloesungen Schwefelwasserstoff Schweinfurt Green

Ellison: “1434_c021” — 2007/7/4 — 15:18 — page 695 — #81

C03-A012 C03-A001 C10-A006 C03-A011 C01-D146 C01-D148 C01-D147 C01-A017 C08-A001 C18-A055 C20-A013 C11-A071 C18-A060 C17-A022 C17-A022 C17-A022 C11-A066 C11-A066 C11-A056 C15-A009 C20-A002 C11-A040 C11-A056 C11-A011 C19-A004 C11-A005 C01-A002 C20-A017 C20-A017 C20-A017 C16-A039 C16-A038 C16-A016 C16-A016 C15-A003 C15-A003 C15-A003 C15-A021 C18-A044 C20-A016 C11-A025 C11-A050 C20-A013 C11-A075 C11-A093 C03-A001 C11-A067 C07-A006 C11-A049

696

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae Sclerospora philippensis Scoot Deer Shrub and Tree Protection SCPHRZ Screening Smoke No. 5 Scrub Typhus Scutl Sd1 SDMH S. dysenteriae Sea Snail Toxin SEB Security Security Seedox Seedoxin Seedtox Selane Selenium Anhydride Selenium Fluoride Selenium Fume Selenium Hexaﬂuoride Selenium Hydride Selenium Oxides (Fume) Selephos Senf Oel Senfgas Seoul Hemorrhagic Fever Septox Sernyl Serratia marcescens Sesquimustard S-Ethyl Carbonochloridothioate S-Ethyl Chlorothiocarbonate S-Ethylene Dimercaptan Setrete Sewer Gas SFA S-GB Shara Sharka Disease of Plum Sheep Fever Sheeppox Virus Shellﬁsh Toxin Shiao Mai Gan Shiou Bing Shiga Bacillus Shiga Toxin producing Escherichia coli Shiga-like Toxins Shigatoxin Shigella dysenteriae Shigella Toxin

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C20-A016 C20-A011 C15-A002 C20-A016 C11-A082 C19-A006 C11-A056 C17-A024 C11-A122 C17-A024 C16-A010 C16-A033 C11-A050 C11-A048 C11-A030 C11-A030 C11-A056 C11-A077 C11-A077 C11-A078 C10-A C11-A078 C11-A077 C10-A C11-A022 C11-A124 C03-A001 C18-A056 C11-A006 C12-A007 C17-A023 C03-A002 C11-A114 C11-A114 C03-D043 C11-A056 C07-A006 C11-A058 C01-A002 C20-A015 C18-A044 C19-A005 C18-A057 C16-A016 C20-A013 C17-A024 C17-A012 C16-A034 C16-A032 C17-A024 C16-A032

Alphanumeric Indices Shigellosis Shin Bone Fever Shipboard Fever Shop Typhus SI SI Siarki Chlorek Siarki Dwutlenek Siarkowodor Siberian Sore SII Silicon Fluoride Silicon Tetraﬂuoride Silly Calves Simian B Disease Simulated HS Simulated Mustard Sin Nombre Sinalost SK SK 100 SK 101 Skatole Sleeping Sickness SLEV S-Lost SLT SM Smallpox SN SNA Sneezing Gas Sniper Snotsiekte SNV SNX-111 Sodanit Sodium Arsenic Oxide Sodium Arsenite Sodium Biﬂuoride Sodium Cyanide Sodium Ethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Sodium Fluoride Sodium Fluoride Sodium Fluoride Hydroﬂuoride Sodium Fluoroacetate Sodium Fluorure Sodium Hydroﬂuoride Sodium Hydrogen Diﬂuoride Sodium Hydrogen Fluoride Sodium Metaarsenite

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697 C17-A024 C19-A003 C19-A002 C19-A007 C17-A005 C16-A010 C03-C033 C11-A075 C07-A006 C17-A001 C16-A010 C11-A079 C11-A079 C18-A003 C18-A009 C15-A018 C15-A018 C18-A058 C03-A013 C13-A012 C03-A013 C03-A012 C15-A021 C18-A014 C18-A060 C03-A001 C16-A034 C17-A023 C18-A059 C12-A007 C12-A007 C14-A001 C11-A017 C18-A032 C18-A058 C16-A010 C11-A051 C11-A051 C11-A051 C01-C066 C07-C007 C01-C061 C01-C066 C01-C064 C01-C066 C11-A058 C01-C064 C01-C064 C01-C066 C01-C066 C11-A051

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Sodium Monosulﬁde Sodium O-Ethyl Methylphosphonothioate Sodium O-Ethyl Methylphosphonothiolate Sodium O-Ethyl Methylthiophosphonate Sodium Ortho Arsenite Sodium Phosphide Sodium Salt of Hydrocyanic Acid Sodium Sulﬁde Sodium Sulfuret Soft Coral Toxin Soilbrom Soilfume Solaniol Solfuro di Carbonio Soluol XC 100 Solvirex Soman Sommet Touffu du Bananier Songo Soprabel Soremuzzle Disease South American Hemorrhagic Fever South American Hemorrhagic Fever South American Hemorrhagic Fever South American Hemorrhagic Fever South American Hemorrhagic Fever South American Leaf Blight of Rubber Southern Bacterial Wilt Southern Wilt Spheroidine Spindelknollenkrankheit Spindle Tuber of Potato Spirit of Hartshorn Spirits of Salt Spor-Kil Spotted Fever SPPV Spra-cal Spraytop-Graze Spruce Seal SS Stachybotryotoxicosis Standard Bathroom Malodor Stannic Phosphide Staphylococcus aureaus Toxins Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B Starﬁre Stearyl Mercaptan STEC Steladone Stem Rust of Cereals

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C03-C037 C01-C061 C01-C061 C01-C061 C11-A051 C11-A044 C07-C007 C03-C037 C03-C037 C16-A015 C11-A040 C11-A040 C16-A038 C11-A093 C11-A098 C11-A010 C01-A003 C18-A005 C18-A020 C11-A050 C18-A006 C18-A031 C18-A019 C18-A016 C18-A055 C18-A025 C20-A009 C17-A021 C17-A021 C16-A019 C18-A046 C18-A046 C11-A061 C11-A063 C11-A056 C19-A004 C18-A057 C11-A048 C11-A057 C11-A056 C16-A016 C16-A039 C15-A024 C11-A044 C16-A033 C16-A033 C11-A057 C15-A015 C17-A012 C11-A005 C20-A013

Alphanumeric Indices Stench Soup Sternite Sternite Sternite {Phenyldichloroarsine (60–50%) and Diphenylchloroarsine (40–50%) Mixture} Sternite, MA Stibine Stickmonoxyd Stickstoffdioxid Stickstofﬂost Stickstofﬂost (EBEWE) Stickstoffsenfgas Stikstofdioxyde Stink Damp St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Stoff 100 Stoff 146 Stoff Oder Stoff-Stoff Stomatitis–Pneumoenteritis Complex Strie Brune du Mais Stripe Rust of Cereals Stripe Rust of Wheat Strontium Phosphide Strychnine STX Stx Styptysat Sublimate Substance 33 Substance 35 Substance 55 Substanz 83 Sudamerikanischen Battfallkrankheit Sufentanil Sufentanyl SuHV-1 Suid Herpesvirus 1 Sulfan Sulfate de Dimethyle Sulfate de Methyle Sulfate Dimethylique Sulfato de Dimetilo Sulﬁnyl Chloride Sulﬁnyl Dichloride Sulfocarbonic Anhydride Sulfonal Sulfonyl Chloride Sulfonyl Dichloride Sulfonyl Diﬂuoride Sulfonyl Fluoride

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699 C15-A C14-A002 C14-A001 C04-A C04-A004 C11-A080 C11-A072 C11-A073 C03-A013 C03-A012 C03-A013 C11-A073 C07-A006 C18-A060 C01-A001 C01-A002 C01-A001 C10-A016 C18-A043 C20-A016 C20-A014 C20-A014 C11-A044 C11-A059 C16-A016 C16-A032 C13-A006 C11-A055 C01-A015 C01-A002 C01-A003 C01-A001 C20-A009 C12-A016 C12-A016 C18-A048 C18-A048 C11-A076 C03-A009 C03-A009 C03-A009 C03-A009 C03-C035 C03-C035 C11-A093 C03-A001 C11-A088 C11-A088 C11-A045 C11-A045

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Sulfotepp Sulfur Sulfur and Dimethyl Disulﬁde Mixture Sulfur Chloride Sulfur Chloride Sulfur Chloride Oxide Sulfur Chloride Oxide Sulfur Dichloride Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Diﬂuoride Sulfur Hydride Sulfur Monochloride Sulfur Mustard Sulfur Mustard (37–50%) and Lewisite (63–50%) Mixture Sulfur Mustard (60%) and O-Mustard (40%) Mixture (Standard Mixture) Sulfur Mustard Trisulﬁde Sulfur Oxide Sulfur Oxide Sulfur Oxychloride Sulfur Pentaﬂuoride Sulfur Subchloride Sulfur Superoxide Sulfur Trioxide Sulfure de Carbonyle Sulfuretted Hydrogen Sulfuric Acid, Fuming Sulfuric Anhydride Sulfuric Dichloride Sulfuric Oxychloride Sulfuric Oxyﬂuoride Sulfuro de Carbonilo Sulfuro de Mostaza Sulfurous Anhydride Sulfurous Chloride Sulfurous Oxide Sulfurous Oxychloride Sulfuryl Chloride Sulfuryl Dichloride Sulfuryl Diﬂuoride Sulfuryl Fluoride Sulvinite Sulvinite {Ethyl Chlorosulfonate (75%) and Stannic Chloride (25%) Mixture} Sunfuran Superlysoform Superpalite Superpalite Supona Supracid Suprathion suScon FuMing SVD

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C11-A026 C01-C053 C01-C054 C03-C034 C03-C033 C11-A088 C03-C035 C03-C034 C11-A075 C11-A045 C07-A006 C03-C033 C03-A001 C03-A010 C03-A005 C03-D052 C11-A076 C11-A075 C03-C035 C10-A016 C03-C033 C11-A075 C11-A076 C11-A109 C07-A006 C11-A067 C11-A076 C11-A088 C11-A088 C11-A045 C11-A109 C03-A001 C11-A075 C03-C035 C11-A075 C03-C035 C11-A088 C11-A088 C11-A045 C11-A045 C10-A010 C10-A C11-A031 C11-A099 C11-A120 C10-A004 C11-A005 C11-A018 C11-A018 C11-A023 C18-A061

Alphanumeric Indices

701

SVIA SVIB SW Swat Swedish Green Swine Fever Swine Vesicular Disease SWS sym-Dichloromethyl Ether sym-Dimethylhydrazine Symetryczna Dwumetylohydrazyna SymPyro SYNCEN Synchytrium endobioticum Synchytrium solani Syndrome Pseudorinderpest of Small Ruminants S-Yperite Systam Systophos Systox Sytam

C16-A010 C16-A010 C01-C057 C11-A002 C11-A049 C18-A022 C18-A061 C01-C058 C10-A011 C11-A122 C11-A122 C01-A016 C20-A017 C20-A017 C20-A017 C18-A043 C03-A001 C11-A025 C11-A025 C11-A006 C11-A025

-TT T 1024 T 17 T 34 T 4-7 T114 T144 T150 T155 T2 Mycotoxin T2104 T2106 T2107 T2139 T3 Coliphage T300 {Arsenic, Magnesium, and Aluminum Mixture} T35 T46 T773 T83 T9 Taboon A Tabun Tabun A {Tabun and Chlorobenzene Mixture} Tabun B {Tabun with or without Chlorobenzene}

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C03-A003 C03-A012 C16-A006 C16-A006 C16-A006 C01-A002 C01-A002 C07-A003 C07-A001 C16-A037 C01-A001 C01-A002 C01-A003 C01-A004 C18-A062 C08-A C03-C040 C01-A002 C03-A013 C01-A001 C03-A013 C01-A001 C01-A001 C01-A001 C01-A001

702

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Tag Taiga Encephalitis Taipoxin Talbot Talfan Disease Tamaron t-Amyl Mercaptan Tao Je Ping Tarene Tarichatoxin Tattoo TB1090000 TBA TBA TBE TBEV t-Butanethiol t-Butyl Isocyanate t-Butyl Methylcarbinol t-Butyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide t-Butylbicyclophosphate t-Butylmercaptan t-Butylthiol TD TDG TDI TDT TEA Tear Agent O Tear Gas No. 1 (CN) Tear Gas No. 2 (CNC) Tear Gas No. 3 (CNB) Tear Gas No. 4 Tedegyl TEDP TEL Tellurium Fluoride Tellurium Hexaﬂuoride Temik Tenate TeNT TEOA TEP TEPP Terabol Terafuran Terbufos Terbuphos Terbutifos Terra-Sytam Terr-O-Gas

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C11-A056 C18-A054 C16-A017 C11-A050 C18-A023 C11-A017 C15-A011 C20-A015 C11-A005 C16-A019 C11-A030 C01-A016 C01-C059 C03-A013 C18-A008 C18-A063 C15-A005 C11-A129 C01-C087 C06-A004 C06-A004 C15-A005 C15-A005 C18-A065 C03-C032 C11-A130 C15-A006 C03-C040 C13-A009 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A008 C13-A015 C03-C032 C11-A026 C11-A103 C11-A081 C11-A081 C11-A029 C11-A058 C16-A018 C03-C040 C01-D144 C11-A028 C11-A042 C11-A031 C11-A027 C11-A027 C11-A027 C11-A008 C11-A042

Alphanumeric Indices Teschen Disease Tetanus Tetanus Toxin Tetracarbonyl Nickel Tetrachlorotitanium Tetraethyl Lead Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate Tetraethylolovo Tetraethylplumbane Tetraethylplumbium Tetraﬂuorosilane Tetram Tetram 75 Tetramethyl Lead Tetramethylplumbane Tetraoxoosmium Tetraphosphorus Decasulﬁde Tetrastigmine Tetrodotoxin Tetron TFAC TG T-Gas TGD {Thickened Soman} T-Granate {Xylyl Bromide, Benzyl Bromide, and Xylylene Bromide Mixture} T-Granate, Grun {T-Stoff and Bromoacetone Mixture} T-Granate, Grun {Xylyl Bromide (90%) and Bromomethylethyl Ketone (10%) Mixture} Thallium Sulfate Thallous Sulfate THD (Thickened Mustard) Thiacyclopropane Thianonane-5 Thiazon Thiazone Thickened HL Thickened HN1 Thickened HN3 Thickened Lewisite Thickened Sarin Thickened Tabun Thickened VR Thickened VX Thiirane Thimet Thiobisbutane Thiobutyl Alcohol Thiocarbonyl Oxide Thiodemeton Thiodiethanol Thiodiethylene Glycol

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703 C18-A023 C17-A009 C16-A018 C09-A003 C11-A082 C11-A103 C11-A028 C11-A103 C11-A103 C11-A103 C11-A079 C01-A013 C01-A013 C11-A104 C11-A104 C11-A074 C01-C071 C11-A028 C16-A019 C11-A028 C11-A121 C03-C032 C11-A097 C01-A003 C13-A C13-A C13-A C11-A060 C11-A060 C03-A001 C03-D042 C15-A007 C11-A033 C11-A033 C03-A010 C03-A011 C03-A013 C04-A002 C01-A002 C01-A001 C01-A015 C01-A016 C03-D042 C11-A023 C15-A007 C15-A002 C11-A109 C11-A010 C03-C032 C03-C032

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Thiodiglycol Thiodiglycol Chloride Thioethoxycarbonyl Chloride Thioethylene Glycol Thiofosgen Thioglycol Thiokarbonylchlorid Thiomethanol Thiomethyl Alcohol Thiomex Thiononane-5 Thionyl Chloride Thiophenit Thiophos Thiophosgene Thiophosphoric Anhydride Thiosulfurous Dichloride Thiotepp THL Tiazon Tick Fever Tick Fever Tick Typhus Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex Tick-Borne Group B Virus Encephalitis Tick-Borne Typhus Fever Tifus Exantematico, Tabardillo Tilletia indica Tin Phosphide Titanic Chloride Titanic Tetrachloride Titanium Chloride Titanium Tetrachloride Tityus serrulatus Venom Tityustoxin Tizon Tardio TK TL 1149 TL 145 TL 146 TL 1578 TL 1618 TL 214 TL 249 TL 329 TL 373 TL 69 TL 797

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C03-C032 C03-A001 C11-A114 C15-A001 C13-A017 C15-A001 C13-A017 C11-A101 C11-A101 C11-A022 C15-A007 C03-C035 C11-A019 C11-A022 C13-A017 C01-C071 C03-C033 C11-A026 C03-A010 C11-A033 C17-A013 C19-A004 C19-A004 C18-A063 C18-A008 C18-A039 C18-A054 C18-A054 C19-A004 C19-A002 C20-A018 C11-A044 C11-A082 C11-A082 C11-A082 C11-A082 C16-A020 C16-A020 C20-A012 C12-A001 C03-A011 C03-A013 C03-A012 C01-A001 C01-A002 C04-A001 C04-A003 C03-A011 C01-C080 C04-A004 C03-D044

Alphanumeric Indices TML TMP TMPEA TO Tolueen-diisocyanaat Toluen-disocianato Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate Toluilenodwuizocyjanian Tolyl Chloride Tonite Topanel CA Toxalbumin Toxation Toxine Botulinique Toxine Tetanique t-Pentyl Mercaptan TR1 (Dry Agent) TR2 (Wet Agent) Trembling Ill Trench Fever Tri(2-bromoethyl)amine Tri(2-ﬂuoroethyl)amine Tri(hydroxyethyl)amine Tri(β-chloroethyl)amine Hydrochloride Tri-Brom Tribromoborane Tribromoboron Tribromonitromethane Tributylamine Tricalcium Arsenate Tricalcium Diarsenide Trichloornitromethaan Trichlormethine Trichloroacetic Acid Chloride Trichloroacetochloride Trichloroacetonitrile Trichloroacetyl Chloride Trichloroarsine Trichloroborane Trichloroboron Trichlorocyanomethane Trichloromethyl Chlorocarbonate Trichloromethyl Chloroformate Trichloromethyl Cyanide Trichloromethyl Sulfur Chloride Trichloronate Trichloronitromethane Trichlorophosphine Trichlorophosphine Oxide Trichlorophosphorus Oxide Trichothecene Mycotoxin

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705 C11-A104 C01-C073 C12-A012 C03-A013 C11-A130 C11-A130 C11-A130 C11-A130 C13-A019 C13-A007 C11-A112 C16-A022 C11-A001 C16-A005 C16-A018 C15-A011 C17-A001 C17-A001 C18-A028 C19-A003 C03-A016 C03-A019 C03-C040 C03-A013 C11-A042 C11-A084 C11-A084 C10-A007 C01-C059 C11-A048 C08-A C10-A006 C03-A013 C11-A120 C11-A120 C11-A046 C11-A120 C04-C006 C11-A085 C11-A085 C11-A046 C10-A004 C10-A004 C11-A046 C10-A014 C11-A013 C10-A006 C01-C068 C01-C070 C01-C070 C16-A037

706

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Trichothecium griseum Tri-clor Trideuteroarsine Triethanolamine Triethoxyphosphine Triethoxyphosphine Oxide Triethyl Phosphate Triethyl Phosphite Triethylfosfat Triethylolamine Triﬂuoro Boron Triﬂuoroacetyl Chloride Triﬂuoroborane Triﬂuoroboron Triﬂuorobromochloroethane Triformol Trigosan Trihydroxytriethylamine Trillekamin Trilon Trilon 113 Trilon 144 Trilon 300 Trilon 46 Trilon 83 Trimethoxyfosﬁn Trimethoxyphosphine Trimethyl Phosphite Trimethylfosﬁt Trimethylolpropane Phosphate Trimustine Triphosgene Triple E Tris(2-bromoethyl)amine Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine Tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine Tris(ethoxy)phosphine Tris(ethyl) Phosphate Tris(hydroxyethyl)amine Tris(β-chloroethyl)amine Tris(β-hydroxyethyl)amine Trisenox Trismus Tris-N-butylamine Trithion Tritox Trojchlorek Fosforu Trolamine Trona Tropical Typhus TS 160

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C20-A015 C10-A006 C08-A001 C03-C040 C01-C075 C01-D144 C01-D144 C01-C075 C01-D144 C03-C040 C11-A086 C11-A121 C11-A086 C11-A086 C12-A020 C11-A099 C11-A056 C03-C040 C03-A013 C01-A003 C01-A005 C01-A002 C08-A001 C01-A002 C01-A001 C01-C073 C01-C073 C01-C073 C01-C073 C06-A002 C03-A013 C10-A005 C18-A014 C03-A016 C03-A013 C04-C007 C01-C075 C01-D144 C03-C040 C03-A013 C03-C040 C11-A047 C16-A018 C01-C059 C11-A004 C11-A046 C01-C068 C03-C040 C11-A084 C19-A006 C03-A013

Alphanumeric Indices

707

T-Stoff T-Stoff {Xylyl Bromide, Benzyl Bromide, and Xylylene Bromide Mixture} TsTX Tsutsugamushi Disease TT (Wet Agent) TTX Tularemia Tuluylendiisocyanat Tumeur Verruqueuse de la Pomme de Terre Tungsten Fluoride Tungsten Hexaﬂuoride Turcam Turkey “X” Disease TX TX60 TxIIA TxVIA Type C Lethargic Encephalitis Typhoid Fever Typhus Typhus Exanthematicus Typhus Exanthematique Typhus Fever Typhus, Endemic Typhus, Epidemic Typhus, Scrub TZ

C13-A023 C13-A C16-A020 C19-A006 C17-A013 C16-A019 C17-A013 C11-A130 C20-A017 C11-A083 C11-A083 C11-A030 C16-A023 C20-A014 C01-A016 C16-A010 C16-A010 C18-A060 C17-A022 C19-A002 C19-A002 C19-A002 C19-A002 C19-A007 C19-A002 C19-A006 C16-A016

-UUC UL Ultracid Undulant Fever Unifume Unisan Unitox UP Uprima Uranium Fume Uranium Oxides (Fume) Urban Typhus Uredo deschampsiae-caespitosae Uredo glumarum URF US USAF DO-52 USAF EK-4196

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C16-A033 C17-A013 C11-A018 C17-A004 C11-A040 C11-A056 C11-A005 C03-A013 C14-A005 C10-A C10-A C19-A007 C20-A013 C20-A013 C18-A069 C17-A004 C03-C038 C15-A001

708

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

USAF KF-11 USAF KF-5 USAF RH-8 UT

C13-A009 C11-A094 C11-A089 C18-A069

-VV1 V4 Vaiolatura delle Drupacee Valley Fever Vanillyl Decenamide Vaporole Vapotone Variant U Variola Major Variole du Prunier Vascular Potato Wilt VC V. cholerae VCM VCN Veepox {Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and Smallpox Chimera} VEEV Vein Phloem Degeneration of Citrus Veldt Disease Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Venezuelan Equine Fever Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever Venom, Scorpion, Tityus serrulatus Venom, Snake, α-Bungarus multicinctus Venom, Snake, β-Bungarus multicinctus Ventox Ver A Veratridine Verdasan Verotoxin Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli Verrucarin A Very Fast Death Factor Vesicular Rickettsiosis Vesicular Stomatitis Fever VFDF VG V-gas

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C14-A003 C07-A001 C18-A044 C20-A002 C13-A006 C11-A061 C11-A028 C18-A033 C18-A059 C18-A044 C17-A006 C11-A105 C17-A025 C11-A105 C11-A090 C18-A C18-A065 C17-A016 C19-A005 C18-A065 C18-A065 C18-A065 C18-A019 C16-A020 C16-A007 C16-A007 C11-A090 C16-A039 C16-A021 C11-A056 C16-A034 C17-A012 C16-A039 C16-A002 C19-A001 C18-A066 C16-A002 C01-A013 C01-A017

Alphanumeric Indices V-Gas (Russian) Vibrio cholerae Vibrio Comma Vidden D Vienna Green Vikane Villantite Vincennite {Hydrogen Cyanide (50%), Stannic Chloride (15%), Arsenic Trichloride (30%), and Chloroform (5%) Mixture} Vinyl Carbinol Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Cyanide Vinyl Sulﬁde Vinyl Sulfone Vinyl Sulfoxide Vinylaceto-β-lactone Vinyphate VIR Viral Meningoencephalitis Virescence des Agrumes Virescence des Agrumes Viscous VR Viscumin Vitrex Vitrite {Cyanogen Chloride and Arsenic Trichloride Mixture} VM VM VN (Vincennite) {Hydrogen Cyanide (50%), Stannic Chloride (15%), Arsenic Trichloride (30%), and Chloroform (5%) Mixture} VND Volkensin Volpar Vomiting Gas Vomiting Gas No. 1 Vomiting Gas No. 2 Vomitoxin VR VR-55 V-sub-x VSV VT VTEC VVND VX Vx VX (Russian) VX Disulﬁde VX Sulﬁde VX2 {Binary}

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709 C01-A015 C17-A025 C17-A025 C11-A038 C11-A049 C11-A045 C10-A009 C07-A001 C11-A091 C11-A105 C11-A090 C03-D046 C03-D044 C03-D045 C11-A096 C11-A005 C03-A001 C18-A063 C17-A016 C17-A015 C01-A015 C16-A035 C11-A022 C07-A003 C01-A014 C01-A017 C07-A001

C18-A037 C16-A036 C11-A056 C10-A006 C14-A003 C14-A001 C16-A038 C01-A015 C01-A003 C01-A017 C18-A066 C16-A034 C17-A012 C18-A037 C01-A016 C01-A017 C01-A015 C01-D137 C01-D136 C01-A016

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

-WW Wan Yi Bing War Fever Wart Disease of Potato Wart Hog Disease Watery Pod Rot of Cocoa Weed Drench WEEV Weeviltox Wegla Dwusiarczek Wegla Tlenek Weibring Welke: Zitrus West Indian Smallpox West Nile Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalomyelitis WFNA Wheat Blast Wheat Cover Smut Wheat Stem Rust White Arsenic White Fuming Nitric Acid White No. 1 White Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Phosgene (50%) and Chlorine (50%) Mixture} Whitepox Whitmore Disease Who Me Wild Typhus Wilt of Citrus Winterlost {Sulfur Mustard and Phenyldichloroarsine Mixture} Winterlost OA {Sulfur Mustard and Arsine Oil Mixture} Winterlost OKM {Sulfur Mustard and Dichlorodipropylsulﬁde Mixture} WNE WNV Wofatox Wolfram Hexaﬂuoride Wolhynian Fever Woolsorters Disease Wuerzberg Green

C16-A031 C20-A012 C19-A002 C20-A017 C18-A002 C20-A010 C11-A091 C18-A068 C11-A093 C11-A093 C09-A001 C13-A008 C20-A005 C18-A064 C18-A067 C18-A068 C18-A068 C11-A066 C20-A015 C20-A018 C20-A013 C11-A047 C11-A066 C04-C006 C10-A003 C18-A064 C17-A020 C15-A C19-A002 C20-A005 C03-A C03-A C03-A C18-A067 C18-A067 C11-A019 C11-A083 C19-A003 C17-A001 C11-A049

-XX XANTAB

C16-A005 C17-A026

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711

XANTCI Xanthomonas albilineans Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae Xanthomonas citri Xanthomonas itoana Xanthomonas kresek Xanthomonas oryzae Xanthomonas translucens f. sp. oryzae Xanthomones capestri X. campestris pv. oryzae X. oryzae pv. oryzae XR XYLEFA Xylella fastidiosa Xylyl Bromide Xylylene Bromide

C17-A027 C17-A026 C17-A027 C17-A027 C17-A028 C17-A027 C17-A028 C17-A028 C17-A028 C17-A028 C17-A027 C17-A028 C17-A028 C16-A005 C17-A029 C17-A029 C13-A023 C13-A024

-YY Y Y3 {Sulfur Mustard and Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether Mixture} Y5 {Sulfur Mustard and Carbon Tetrachloride or Chlorobenzene Mixture} Y5A {Sulfur Mustard and Chlorobenzene Mixture} Yaltox Yasoknock Yc {Sulfur Mustard and Chlorobenzene Mixture} YE Yellow Branch Yellow Branch of Citrus Yellow Cross Liquid Yellow Fever Yellow Jack Yellow No. 2 Yellow Rain Yellow Rust Yellow Shoot of Citrus Yellow Star (British WWI Cylinder Gas) {Chlorine (70%) and Chloropicrin (30%) Mixture} Yersinia pestis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersiniosis YFV Yperite

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C17-A024 C03-A001 C03-A001 C03-A001 C03-A001 C11-A031 C11-A058 C03-A001 C19-A002 C17-A015 C17-A016 C03-A001 C18-A069 C18-A069 C04-A002 C16-A037 C20-A013 C17-A016 C10-A001 C17-A030 C17-A031 C17-A031 C18-A069 C03-A001

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Yperite Sulfone Yperite Sulfoxide Y. pestis Y-PhDA {Sulfur Mustard and Phenyldichloroarsine Mixture} Yphos Yt {Sulfur Mustard and Chlorobenzene Mixture}

C03-D050 C03-D051 C17-A030 C03-A C11-A019 C03-A001

-ZZ Zaclondiscoids Zahlost Zahyperit Zaprawa Enolofos Zaprawa Nasienna Plynna Zaprawa Nasienna R Zarin Z-Chloroethanol Zearalenone Zelio ZEN Zenone Ziarnik Zinc Phosphide Zinga ZL ZO ZOA Zoman ZOR Zostrix ZT Zuid-Amerikaanse Bladziekte Zusatz Zwarteroest Zwavelwaterstof Zwavelzuuroplossingen Zwickau Green Zyanclark Zyklon {Methyl Cyanoformate and Ethyl Cyanoformate Mixture} Zyklon A {Methyl Cyanoformate (90%) and Methyl Chloroformate (10%) Mixture} Zyklon B Zytox ZZ (Dry Agent)

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C10-A016 C07-A001 C03-A001 C03-A001 C11-A005 C11-A053 C11-A056 C01-A002 C03-C036 C16-A040 C11-A060 C16-A040 C16-A040 C11-A056 C11-A044 C18-A051 C03-A001 C03-A001 C03-A001 C01-A003 C03-A001 C13-A006 C04-A002 C20-A009 C10-A003 C20-A013 C07-A006 C11-A067 C11-A049 C14-A002 C10-A C10-A C07-A001 C11-A042 C17-A013

Alphanumeric Indices

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713

714

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

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Alphanumeric Indices

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715

716

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

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Alphanumeric Indices

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717

718

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

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Alphanumeric Indices

719

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

50-00-0 50-36-2 50-37-3 51-57-0 51-62-7 51-63-8 51-63-8 51-64-9 51-75-2 52-26-6 54-04-6 55-86-7 56-38-2 57-06-7 57-12-5 57-24-9 57-27-2 58-00-4 60-13-9 60-15-1 60-24-2 60-34-4 62-38-4 62-74-8 64-31-3 69-23-8 71-62-5 74-83-9 74-90-8 74-93-1 74-95-3 75-01-4 75-15-0 75-21-8 75-44-5 75-66-1 75-70-7 75-74-1 75-86-5 75-97-8 76-02-8 76-06-2 76-38-0 76-89-1 76-93-7 77-10-1 77-47-4 77-77-0

C11-A099 C12-A008 C12-A013 C12-A010 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C03-A012 C12-A014 C12-A012 C03-A012 C11-A022 C11-A124 C07-A001 C11-A059 C12-A014 C14-A005 C12-A009 C12-A009 C15-A001 C11-A123 C11-A056 C11-A058 C12-A014 C12-A019 C16-A021 C11-A042 C07-A001 C11-A101 C11-A036 C11-A105 C11-A093 C11-A097 C10-A003 C15-A005 C10-A014 C11-A104 C11-A089 C01-C086 C11-A120 C10-A006 C12-A021 C12-C024 C12-C023 C12-A007 C11-A100 C03-D044

77-78-1 77-81-6 78-00-2 78-34-2 78-38-6 78-40-0 78-53-5 78-87-5 78-95-5 79-04-9 79-22-1 79-31-2 83-34-1 86-28-2 86-50-0 89-92-9 91-13-4 96-12-8 96-36-6 96-64-0 96-80-0 100-37-8 100-39-0 100-44-7 101-68-8 102-71-6 102-82-9 104-81-4 105-36-2 105-59-9 106-93-4 107-02-8 107-06-2 107-07-3 107-11-9 107-13-1 107-14-2 107-18-6 107-20-0 107-44-8 107-49-3 107-92-6 107-99-3 108-18-9 108-23-6 109-61-5 109-79-5 109-94-4

C03-A009 C01-A001 C11-A103 C11-A009 C01-C077 C01-D144 C01-A013 C11-A038 C13-A007 C11-A111 C11-A118 C15-A019 C15-A021 C13-A022 C11-A001 C13-A023 C13-A024 C11-A035 C01-C072 C01-A003 C01-C089 C01-C088 C13-A002 C13-A019 C11-A128 C03-C040 C01-C059 C13-A023 C13-A021 C03-C038 C11-A040 C13-A001 C11-A041 C03-C036 C11-A092 C11-A090 C11-A094 C11-A091 C11-A110 C01-A002 C11-A028 C15-A018 C01-C085 C01-D143 C11-A116 C11-A119 C15-A002 C11-A039

110-60-1 110-66-7 111-31-9 111-36-4 111-42-2 111-48-8 111-88-6 112-55-0 113-72-4 115-26-4 116-06-3 116-53-0 121-45-9 122-10-1 122-52-1 123-73-9 124-40-3 124-63-0 139-10-6 139-47-9 139-87-7 141-66-2 143-33-9 146-56-5 151-38-2 151-50-8 151-56-4 151-67-7 152-16-9 156-31-0 156-34-3 257-07-8 298-00-0 298-02-2 298-04-4 300-62-9 302-27-2 302-31-8 306-37-6 314-19-2 327-98-0 329-99-7 352-26-1 353-42-4 353-50-4 354-32-5 358-29-2 359-94-4

C15-A017 C15-A008 C15-A013 C11-A125 C03-D055 C03-C032 C11-A102 C15-A014 C12-A012 C11-A008 C11-A029 C15-A020 C01-C073 C11-A002 C01-C075 C11-A112 C01-C084 C11-A117 C12-A009 C12-A010 C03-C039 C11-A007 C07-C007 C12-A019 C11-A052 C07-C008 C11-A098 C12-A020 C11-A025 C12-A009 C12-A009 C13-A011 C11-A019 C11-A023 C11-A010 C12-A009 C16-A001 C12-A014 C11-A122 C14-A005 C11-A013 C01-A004 C03-A014 C11-A086 C11-A108 C11-A121 C01-A012 C01-C062 (Continued)

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Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

(Continued) CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

370-66-1 370-67-2 370-68-3 372-85-0 373-25-1 382-21-8 404-86-4 405-41-4 420-12-2 437-38-7 445-59-0 460-19-5 462-94-2 463-58-1 463-71-8 464-07-3 464-10-8 470-90-6 471-03-4 502-39-6 503-38-8 505-29-3 505-60-2 506-59-2 506-68-3 506-77-4 506-78-5 513-44-0 513-53-1 532-27-4 533-74-4 537-46-2 538-07-8 538-75-0 540-63-6 540-73-8 541-25-3 541-31-1 541-41-3 542-88-1 543-27-1 544-40-1 545-06-2 555-77-1 563-47-3 578-94-9 584-84-9

C03-A017 C03-A018 C03-A019 C11-A086 C03-A007 C10-A008 C13-A006 C12-A009 C03-D042 C12-A015 C03-A018 C07-A005 C15-A016 C11-A109 C13-A017 C01-C087 C10-A007 C11-A005 C03-D050 C11-A053 C10-A004 C03-D054 C03-A001 C01-C084 C07-A002 C07-A003 C07-A004 C15-A004 C15-A003 C13-A008 C11-A033 C12-A010 C03-A011 C01-C049 C03-D043 C11-A122 C04-A002 C15-A010 C11-A113 C10-A011 C11-A115 C15-A007 C11-A046 C03-A013 C11-A043 C14-A003 C11-A130

590-53-4 592-34-7 592-88-1 593-89-5 594-42-3 594-72-9 596-15-6 596-19-0 598-02-7 598-14-1 598-31-2 600-07-7 612-23-7 619-34-1 620-05-3 620-13-3 621-68-1 622-44-6 623-24-5 623-48-3 624-83-9 624-92-0 625-01-4 627-51-0 630-08-0 630-81-9 630-82-0 637-39-8 645-53-4 650-20-4 665-03-2 673-97-2 674-82-8 676-83-5 676-97-1 676-98-2 676-99-3 677-42-9 683-08-9 693-13-0 696-24-2 696-28-6 712-48-1 716-16-5 756-79-6 762-04-9 786-19-6

C01-A002 C11-A107 C15-A012 C04-A003 C10-A014 C11-A037 C12-A014 C12-A014 C01-D142 C04-A001 C13-A003 C15-A020 C13-A016 C03-A024 C13-A020 C13-A023 C03-A025 C10-A013 C13-A024 C13-A012 C11-A127 C01-C054 C10-A010 C03-D046 C09-A001 C12-A014 C12-A014 C03-C040 C12-A009 C01-A011 C01-A009 C01-A010 C11-A096 C01-C057 C01-C046 C01-C058 C01-C047 C01-C060 C01-C076 C01-C050 C04-A005 C04-A004 C14-A001 C11-A032 C01-C052 C01-C074 C11-A004

812-01-1 816-40-0 817-09-4 819-79-4 868-85-9 935-52-4 944-22-9 947-33-1 950-10-7 950-37-8 956-90-1 990-73-8 993-13-5 997-80-8 1005-93-2 1066-50-8 1077-43-6 1089-44-7 1115-15-7 1162-65-8 1165-39-5 1184-57-2 1189-87-3 1200-47-1 1223-69-4 1299-88-3 1302-45-0 1304-00-3 1305-99-3 1313-82-2 1314-80-3 1314-84-7 1327-53-3 1333-25-1 1333-83-1 1337-06-0 1341-49-7 1353-70-4 1385-95-1 1393-62-0 1402-68-2 1407-85-8 1445-75-6 1449-89-4 1462-73-3 1476-39-7 1498-40-4

C10-A009 C13-A005 C03-A013 C01-D143 C01-C072 C06-A005 C11-A014 C11-A016 C11-A016 C11-A018 C12-A007 C12-A015 C01-C051 C01-D138 C06-A002 C01-C081 C12-A009 C12-A009 C03-D045 C16-A023 C16-A023 C11-A054 C01-A005 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A049 C11-A044 C11-A095 C11-A044 C03-C037 C01-C071 C11-A044 C11-A047 C11-A048 C01-C066 C11-A056 C01-C067 C16-A001 C16-A023 C16-A022 C16-A023 C12-A009 C01-C048 C06-A001 C12-A009 C15-A016 C01-C080

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Alphanumeric Indices

721

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

1498-46-0 1538-69-8 1550-68-1 1563-66-2 1598-80-7 1609-86-5 1619-34-7 1679-09-0 1690-86-4 1794-86-1 1795-48-8 1832-53-7 1867-09-0 1867-10-3 1910-42-5 1931-26-6 2032-65-7 2084-19-7 2104-64-5 2130-41-8 2229-61-0 2270-40-8 2387-23-7 2404-73-1 2478-92-4 2511-10-6 2625-76-5 2641-09-0 2694-87-3 2694-88-4 2698-41-1 2699-79-8 2706-50-5 2746-81-8 2885-00-9 2937-50-0 2941-64-2 2981-31-9 3017-23-0 3019-04-3 3093-66-1 3148-09-2 3420-02-8 3563-36-8 3570-55-6 3590-07-6 3684-26-2

C01-C083 C01-C078 C11-A008 C11-A031 C03-A014 C11-A129 C12-C022 C15-A011 C12-A010 C05-A001 C11-A126 C01-D138 C03-C036 C11-A094 C11-A057 C13-A014 C11-A032 C15-A009 C11-A011 C11-A096 C16-A019 C16-A038 C01-D140 C01-C079 C01-A017 C01-D139 C03-A008 C01-A017 C07-A003 C07-A003 C13-A009 C11-A045 C12-A009 C12-A019 C15-A015 C11-A106 C11-A114 C12-A007 C07-A001 C13-A013 C12-A019 C16-A039 C15-A023 C03-A002 C15-A006 C03-A011 C12-C022

3689-24-5 3734-64-3 3734-96-1 3734-97-2 4170-30-3 4241-34-3 4282-87-5 4368-28-9 4478-53-9 4497-29-4 4584-46-7 4664-40-8 4664-41-9 4685-14-7 4708-04-7 4824-78-6 5002-47-1 5221-20-5 5244-34-8 5714-22-7 5798-79-8 5819-08-9 5967-37-3 5990-90-9 6009-81-0 6055-06-7 6089-42-5 6138-32-5 6143-52-8 6171-93-3 6171-94-4 6191-56-6 6211-15-0 6581-06-2 6700-54-5 6755-76-6 6795-23-9 6838-91-1 6842-10-0 6885-57-0 6899-11-2 6923-22-4 7086-02-4 7087-68-5 7220-81-7 7241-98-7 7327-58-4

C11-A026 C03-A020 C01-A013 C01-A013 C11-A112 C01-A006 C12-A009 C16-A019 C12-A001 C10-A012 C01-C085 C16-A019 C16-A019 C11-A057 C01-C082 C11-A003 C12-A019 C12-A013 C03-D041 C10-A016 C13-A004 C03-D051 C11-A084 C03-A011 C12-A014 C12-A014 C03-A014 C03-A013 C01-D143 C01-A002 C01-A002 C14-A005 C12-A014 C12-A001 C12-A009 C03-A001 C16-A023 C01-D138 C11-A096 C16-A023 C11-A059 C11-A021 C07-A001 C01-D145 C16-A023 C16-A023 C03-D047

7446-09-5 7446-11-9 7446-13-1 7446-18-6 7487-94-7 7488-97-3 7528-00-9 7550-45-0 7617-64-3 7637-07-2 7647-01-0 7647-19-0 7664-39-3 7664-41-7 7664-93-9 7681-49-4 7697-37-2 7704-34-9 7719-09-7 7719-12-2 7726-95-6 7778-44-1 7782-41-4 7782-50-5 7783-06-4 7783-07-5 7783-37-1 7783-61-1 7783-79-1 7783-80-4 7783-82-6 7784-34-1 7784-40-9 7784-42-1 7784-46-5 7786-34-7 7787-71-5 7789-23-3 7789-29-9 7789-30-2 7790-15-0 7790-91-2 7791-25-5 7803-51-2 7803-52-3 8000-97-3 8003-07-4

C11-A075 C11-A076 C11-A074 C11-A060 C11-A055 C12-A013 C12-A009 C11-A082 C03-A006 C11-A086 C11-A063 C11-A087 C11-A064 C11-A061 C11-A067 C01-C064 C11-A066 C01-C053 C03-C035 C01-C068 C10-A002 C11-A048 C11-A071 C10-A001 C07-A006 C11-A077 C01-C066 C11-A079 C11-A078 C11-A081 C11-A083 C04-C006 C11-A050 C08-A001 C11-A051 C11-A020 C11-A069 C01-C063 C01-C065 C11-A068 C01-C067 C10-A015 C11-A088 C11-A044 C11-A080 C11-A006 C11-A040 (Continued)

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(Continued) CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

3687-31-8 8005-48-9 8006-07-3 8007-57-6 8007-58-7 8011-67-4 8013-13-6 8013-47-6 8014-90-2 8014-94-6 8014-95-7 8018-06-2 8023-77-6 8033-73-6 8050-82-6 8052-26-4 8053-16-5 8054-28-2 8056-95-9 8057-70-3 8058-73-9 8065-48-3 8067-67-2 9009-86-3 9012-63-9 9014-39-5 9035-99-8 9061-58-9 9067-26-9 10025-67-9 10025-87-3 10026-13-8 10031-59-1 10031-75-1 10034-85-2 10035-10-6 10102-43-9 10102-44-0 10103-62-5 10125-86-7 10265-92-6 10294-33-4 10294-34-5 10545-99-0 11003-08-0 11005-69-9 11017-04-2 11026-09-8

C11-A050 C11-A044 C11-A099 C11-A061 C11-A066 C04-C006 C11-A099 C11-A056 C11-A065 C11-A075 C11-A067 C11-A005 C13-A006 C03-D055 C01-C053 C11-A065 C12-A014 C11-A026 C12-A021 C11-A022 C11-A006 C11-A006 C11-A005 C16-A031 C16-A025 C16-A019 C01-C053 C16-A037 C16-A031 C03-C033 C01-C070 C01-C069 C11-A060 C11-A128 C11-A065 C11-A062 C11-A072 C11-A073 C11-A048 C03-A028 C11-A017 C11-A084 C11-A085 C03-C034 C16-A023 C16-A019 C16-A016 C16-A019

7339-53-9 11050-21-8 11051-21-1 11061-96-4 11075-32-4 11077-03-5 11082-95-4 11100-45-1 11111-91-4 11114-31-1 11144-15-3 12002-03-8 12020-82-5 12057-74-8 12060-19-4 12066-62-5 12152-42-0 12255-53-7 12396-99-5 12422-22-9 12526-02-2 12542-90-4 12584-83-7 12585-40-9 12612-55-4 12626-86-7 12643-22-0 12673-82-4 12684-31-0 12687-39-7 12767-18-9 12767-24-7 12769-46-9 12778-32-4 12798-32-2 13004-56-3 13005-31-7 13025-64-4 13071-79-9 13127-85-0 13171-21-6 13214-11-4 13463-39-3 13463-40-6 13464-49-8 13464-50-1 13464-51-2 13637-63-3

C11-A123 C16-A008 C16-A037 C16-A024 C11-A049 C16-A015 C01-C068 C16-A033 C11-A022 C11-A018 C07-A006 C11-A049 C01-C065 C11-A044 C11-A074 C01-C071 C13-A014 C08-A000 C11-A075 C10-A015 C10-A015 C11-A053 C16-A009 C16-A033 C09-A003 C16-A019 C11-A016 C01-C053 C01-C053 C16-A007 C11-A014 C01-C053 C16-A009 C16-A007 C11-A052 C12-A001 C09-A003 C03-C039 C11-A027 C07-A001 C11-A024 C16-A023 C09-A003 C09-A002 C08-A001 C08-A001 C08-A001 C11-A070

8005-38-7 14055-61-9 14287-82-2 14297-85-9 14297-86-0 14611-50-8 14713-46-3 14729-29-4 14875-95-7 14904-70-2 14945-01-8 14945-02-9 14945-03-0 14945-04-1 14945-09-6 14948-61-9 15000-32-5 15612-71-2 15636-95-0 15636-96-1 15700-19-3 15745-74-1 15798-64-8 15980-15-1 16096-32-5 16684-27-8 16752-77-5 16857-09-3 16890-46-3 16941-26-7 16970-81-3 17097-13-1 17107-61-8 17108-96-2 17279-36-6 17289-88-2 17522-62-2 17642-25-0 17642-26-1 17642-27-2 17642-28-3 17642-29-4 17642-30-7 17642-31-8 17642-32-9 17642-33-0 17642-34-1 17642-35-2

C11-A099 C01-C067 C16-A038 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A010 C12-A009 C16-A039 C09-A003 C07-A001 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C07-A003 C12-A009 C11-A082 C08-A001 C08-A001 C08-A001 C07-C008 C11-A112 C03-D053 C15-A022 C07-A001 C11-A034 C01-C071 C08-A001 C01-C067 C11-A095 C01-C066 C11-A067 C12-A009 C12-A009 C16-A019 C16-A019 C01-C103 C01-A036 C01-A040 C01-A041 C01-A038 C01-A042 C01-A035 C01-A039 C01-C098 C01-C114 C01-C093

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CAS #

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CAS #

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CAS #

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11032-79-4 11039-36-4 17878-56-7 17924-92-4 18005-40-8 18016-10-9 18046-08-7 18262-24-3 18262-25-4 18262-26-5 18262-27-6 18262-28-7 18262-29-8 18262-30-1 18262-31-2 18262-32-3 18262-33-4 18262-34-5 18421-60-8 18425-23-5 18623-82-0 18660-81-6 18695-28-8 18949-73-0 19034-08-3 19121-60-9 19149-77-0 19287-45-7 19287-88-8 20281-91-8 20309-96-0 20421-08-3 20421-10-7 20434-91-7 20677-21-8 20684-88-2 20751-44-4 20816-12-0 20820-80-8 20859-73-8 20978-13-6 21259-20-1 21462-53-3 21770-86-5 22128-62-7 22128-63-8 22135-69-9 22224-92-6

C16-A007 C16-A039 C16-A023 C16-A040 C01-C061 C01-A037 C16-A039 C01-C091 C01-C094 C01-C090 C01-C104 C01-C110 C01-C111 C01-C099 C01-C107 C01-C118 C01-C101 C01-C108 C09-A001 C01-C092 C01-C065 C16-A019 C16-A040 C12-A007 C11-A097 C01-C067 C03-D052 C11-A095 C11-A095 C01-C087 C16-A023 C16-A023 C16-A023 C10-A014 C01-C051 C11-A109 C12-A009 C11-A074 C01-A017 C11-A044 C16-A023 C16-A037 C16-A039 C01-A014 C13-A010 C13-A018 C16-A038 C11-A012

13998-03-3 14012-92-1 22307-81-9 22618-91-3 22618-92-4 22618-94-6 22781-23-3 22916-10-5 22916-18-3 22956-47-4 22956-48-5 23233-25-2 23255-69-8 23255-72-3 23282-20-4 23509-16-2 23525-22-6 23724-81-4 24067-21-8 24147-91-9 24167-76-8 24271-46-3 24572-08-5 24582-93-2 24753-15-9 24753-16-0 24946-19-8 25059-10-3 25152-34-5 25311-71-1 25314-61-8 25482-84-2 25596-22-9 25596-52-5 25772-52-5 26102-97-6 26102-98-7 26102-99-8 26153-10-6 26198-63-0 26245-56-7 26400-47-5 26652-79-9 26758-53-2 26934-87-2 26979-63-5 26979-64-6 26979-66-8

C07-C007 C11-A060 C01-C061 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A030 C16-A037 C16-A037 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-C102 C16-A038 C16-A038 C16-A038 C16-A004 C14-A002 C10-A002 C12-A009 C16-A023 C11-A044 C03-C040 C12-A001 C12-A009 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-C124 C13-A014 C16-A037 C11-A015 C13-A001 C13-A014 C07-A001 C07-C007 C03-A020 C01-A043 C01-A044 C01-A045 C16-A038 C11-A038 C01-D141 C16-A037 C03-D041 C12-A003 C16-A038 C11-A083 C11-A083 C11-A083

17650-48-5 17878-54-5 26979-72-6 26979-73-7 27261-02-5 27413-00-9 27413-01-0 27552-17-6 27640-92-2 28077-97-6 28175-96-4 28258-59-5 28380-38-3 28392-39-4 28454-61-7 28519-24-6 28841-71-6 29125-55-1 29630-03-3 29754-21-0 29801-27-2 29801-28-3 29924-74-1 30066-61-6 30321-74-5 30525-89-4 30567-80-7 31012-04-1 31223-79-7 32057-09-3 32204-36-7 32215-02-4 32315-10-9 34256-71-8 34461-56-8 34624-53-8 34902-96-0 35320-66-2 35489-04-4 35489-05-5 35495-69-3 35495-70-6 35523-89-8 35554-08-0 35554-08-6 36252-60-5 36519-25-2 36549-53-8

C01-C096 C16-A023 C11-A083 C11-A083 C16-A023 C07-A003 C07-A003 C16-A038 C16-A037 C11-A071 C11-A008 C13-A023 C11-A047 C16-A038 C13-A014 C11-A053 C12-A009 C12-A003 C13-A014 C11-A090 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-C022 C16-A038 C01-D143 C11-A099 C12-A009 C11-A085 C16-A023 C11-A064 C16-A038 C16-A023 C10-A005 C01-D147 C04-A002 C11-A006 C07-A003 C16-A038 C07-A002 C07-A002 C07-A002 C07-A002 C16-A016 C16-A016 C16-A016 C09-A003 C16-A038 C03-C040 (Continued)

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(Continued) CAS #

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CAS #

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22224-93-7 36549-55-0 36585-70-3 36647-05-9 36647-06-0 36653-66-4 36659-79-7 36823-35-5 36913-09-4 37061-10-2 37061-11-3 37209-28-2 37220-42-1 37226-51-0 37244-63-6 37333-30-5 37338-78-6 37341-05-2 37359-35-6 37370-22-2 37830-21-0 37928-89-5 37928-91-9 37990-84-4 37990-97-9 38184-40-6 38521-66-3 38727-03-6 38738-57-7 38875-25-1 38875-35-3 39024-20-9 39287-69-9 39313-28-5 39342-49-9 39380-77-3 39445-43-7 39461-36-4 39465-37-7 39472-40-7 39920-04-2 39949-57-0 40334-69-8 40334-70-1 40405-61-6 40709-82-8 41372-20-7

C11-A034 C03-C040 C01-C061 C03-A016 C03-A016 C16-A037 C03-C040 C09-A002 C12-A009 C01-D138 C01-D138 C16-A007 C09-A002 C11-A085 C03-A012 C11-A060 C16-A004 C11-A097 C11-A019 C11-A003 C12-A004 C01-A003 C01-A014 C01-C117 C01-C116 C01-A004 C03-A025 C12-A009 C16-A038 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C01-C064 C16-A015 C11-A044 C01-C070 C11-A065 C03-C034 C16-A020 C03-A001 C16-A019 C12-A009 C14-A004 C04-C007 C12-A009 C03-D048 C14-A005

26979-67-9 42126-46-5 42520-97-8 42542-10-9 42881-99-2 43086-52-8 44246-22-2 44584-76-1 45156-70-5 45156-72-7 45952-89-4 47106-99-0 47646-09-3 47861-26-7 50291-32-2 50361-06-3 50443-93-1 50642-23-4 50642-24-5 50722-37-7 50782-69-9 50888-64-7 50978-48-8 51005-19-7 51005-20-0 51005-21-1 51052-72-3 51128-68-8 51366-09-7 51481-10-8 51810-70-9 51848-47-6 51938-46-6 51943-82-9 51988-97-7 52019-39-3 52399-93-6 52697-21-9 52802-03-6 52803-29-9 52819-96-2 52907-24-1 53026-80-5 53034-67-6 53126-64-0 53800-40-1 53851-19-7

C11-A083 C09-A003 C03-A031 C12-A011 C12-A002 C07-A002 C11-A082 C11-A129 C01-D138 C01-D138 C12-A010 C12-A014 C12-A019 C16-A001 C12-A014 C14-A004 C11-A073 C01-A002 C01-A003 C16-A038 C01-A016 C11-A124 C11-A124 C11-A063 C11-A072 C11-A072 C06-A003 C01-C061 C01-A017 C16-A038 C11-A044 C01-A016 C16-A016 C13-A014 C03-A011 C16-A017 C11-A041 C01-C067 C03-A026 C11-A113 C16-A023 C11-A015 C11-A099 C12-A002 C16-A039 C01-A016 C11-A072

36549-54-9 54018-05-2 54060-15-0 54098-95-2 54182-73-9 54385-59-0 54390-94-2 54779-68-9 55070-94-5 55112-89-5 55146-10-6 55425-20-2 55425-21-3 55569-71-6 55803-44-6 56003-83-9 56449-52-6 56591-09-4 56645-30-8 57035-13-9 57168-28-2 57169-76-3 57533-99-0 57856-11-8 58149-55-6 58391-87-0 58619-61-7 58901-15-8 59111-23-8 59161-48-7 59161-49-8 59182-86-4 59217-74-2 59217-75-3 59392-53-9 59525-69-8 59569-98-1 60119-99-5 60124-79-0 60124-86-9 60195-52-0 60508-89-6 60537-65-7 60538-73-0 60558-95-4 60561-17-3 60577-40-4

C03-C040 C16-A039 C03-C038 C13-A014 C11-A001 C16-A039 C12-A005 C03-A019 C11-A084 C03-A031 C11-A033 C07-A001 C07-A001 C11-A078 C16-A016 C11-A073 C01-C053 C01-C053 C01-C053 C01-C053 C02-A012 C02-A011 C16-A016 C01-C056 C02-A027 C11-A124 C02-A013 C03-C039 C01-C065 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A089 C01-C063 C01-C064 C16-A027 C12-A009 C12-A009 C16-A037 C12-A007 C12-A007 C07-C008 C16-A012 C16-A012 C16-A039 C13-A024 C12-A016 C12-A009

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CAS #

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41820-21-7 60748-39-2 60748-40-5 60748-41-6 60748-42-7 61134-73-4 61356-56-7 61370-44-3 61380-40-3 61380-41-4 61481-19-4 61533-57-1 61674-62-2 61711-63-5 61840-45-7 62086-97-9 62140-56-1 62306-10-9 62869-68-5 62869-69-6 63038-80-2 63038-81-3 63051-68-3 63419-72-7 63427-73-6 63427-74-7 63427-75-8 63490-86-8 63653-66-7 63705-05-5 63721-94-8 63815-55-4 63905-36-2 63905-44-2 63908-52-1 63915-56-0 63918-89-8 63933-47-1 64037-56-5 64037-57-6 64057-70-1 64285-06-9 64296-20-4 64296-25-9 64296-26-0 64314-16-5 64357-24-0

C12-A009 C16-A012 C16-A012 C16-A012 C16-A012 C03-A023 C16-A038 C07-A001 C12-A018 C12-A018 C06-A004 C11-A030 C11-A063 C11-A015 C11-A056 C03-A009 C11-A062 C12-A009 C12-A001 C12-A001 C16-A016 C16-A016 C01-C089 C07-A002 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A004 C11-A019 C01-C053 C12-A009 C01-A008 C03-A022 C03-A030 C11-A090 C03-A011 C03-A003 C11-A101 C03-A029 C03-A028 C12-A011 C16-A002 C16-A014 C16-A012 C16-A012 C16-A002 C12-A009

53950-09-7 65086-44-4 65087-26-5 65143-05-7 65167-63-7 65167-64-8 65332-44-7 65350-20-1 65350-21-2 65423-90-7 65580-81-6 65988-34-3 65988-88-7 66252-28-6 66429-59-2 66429-60-5 66432-32-4 66432-33-5 66432-34-6 66579-64-4 66767-39-3 66912-28-5 67112-29-2 67157-74-8 67181-74-2 68157-62-0 68190-07-8 68192-83-6 69020-37-7 69044-01-5 69153-76-0 69766-61-6 69777-01-1 69866-34-8 70135-17-0 70323-44-3 70470-07-4 70610-94-5 70610-95-6 70610-96-7 70610-98-9 70610-99-0 70735-29-4 70761-70-5 70876-63-0 70876-64-1 70879-28-6

C12-A001 C01-C065 C01-D143 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-D137 C12-A007 C12-A007 C08-A001 C11-A011 C16-A013 C16-A029 C11-A073 C01-A003 C01-A003 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A044 C11-A014 C01-D138 C01-C064 C12-A007 C11-A044 C03-A001 C01-A003 C07-A003 C03-A001 C13-A014 C01-C085 C07-A001 C01-A017 C16-A012 C12-A001 C16-A030 C16-A002 C07-A003 C07-A003 C07-A003 C07-A002 C07-A002 C12-A009 C12-A001 C01-C065 C01-C066 C12-A017

60577-41-5 70957-06-1 70957-07-2 71171-49-8 71195-58-9 71293-89-5 71327-12-3 71751-04-7 72843-01-7 72870-45-2 72996-54-4 73062-48-3 73207-98-4 73603-71-1 73758-26-6 73790-51-9 74191-18-7 74192-15-7 74213-24-4 75321-25-4 75321-26-5 75321-27-6 75321-28-7 75491-76-8 75757-64-1 77103-99-2 77104-00-8 77104-01-9 77104-09-7 77104-13-3 77104-14-4 77104-59-7 77104-60-0 77104-61-1 77104-62-2 77104-63-3 77104-64-4 77104-65-5 77104-66-6 77104-68-8 77104-70-2 77104-71-3 77104-72-4 77111-71-8 77111-72-9 77111-73-0 77111-74-1

C12-A009 C12-A001 C12-A001 C01-C089 C12-A017 C01-A020 C09-A003 C11-A044 C12-A009 C16-A027 C12-A016 C01-C054 C01-D146 C16-A019 C12-A009 C01-C061 C11-A044 C01-A004 C05-A002 C12-A006 C12-A001 C12-A001 C12-A006 C07-A001 C16-A032 C02-A017 C02-A020 C02-A014 C02-A044 C02-A044 C02-A044 C02-A048 C02-A048 C02-A048 C02-A034 C02-A037 C02-A038 C02-A038 C02-A038 C02-A033 C02-A028 C02-A028 C02-A028 C02-A040 C02-A040 C02-A040 C02-A030 (Continued)

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(Continued) CAS #

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CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

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64684-45-3 77111-76-3 77169-87-0 77169-88-1 77223-00-8 77223-01-9 77223-02-0 77223-03-1 77223-04-2 77238-39-2 77504-99-5 77534-68-0 77734-91-9 77734-92-0 77874-59-0 78020-08-3 78246-05-6 78297-56-0 78682-76-5 78989-43-2 79351-10-3 79580-28-2 80150-98-7 80210-09-9 80226-62-6 80243-05-6 80248-94-8 80411-93-4 80523-80-4 80573-42-8 80655-66-9 80832-90-2 81032-32-8 81142-02-1 81142-25-8 81142-27-0 81254-41-3 81254-42-4 81254-44-6 81280-64-0 82063-46-5 82248-93-9 82326-63-4 82698-46-2 82810-43-3 82810-44-4 83008-56-4

C11-A056 C02-A030 C02-A029 C02-A029 C02-A029 C02-A035 C02-A039 C02-A039 C02-A039 C16-A028 C03-C039 C01-C089 C16-A015 C16-A015 C07-A002 C07-A001 C11-A073 C02-A032 C12-A009 C11-A066 C01-A013 C16-A006 C12-A009 C11-A018 C16-A012 C11-A044 C16-A012 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A001 C12-A001 C12-A015 C01-C053 C03-D049 C03-A001 C03-A001 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C01-D138 C09-A001 C16-A030 C12-A003 C12-A007 C16-A012 C16-A012 C11-A075

70938-84-0 83857-41-4 85079-48-7 85087-27-0 85201-37-2 85473-32-1 85473-33-2 85514-42-7 87289-70-1 87670-17-5 87915-42-2 87993-82-6 88872-45-1 89125-89-3 89254-45-5 89254-46-6 89614-45-9 89674-98-6 89675-50-3 89930-68-7 89980-59-6 90452-29-2 90817-17-7 91134-95-1 91853-95-1 91933-11-8 92142-32-0 92168-03-1 92216-03-0 92519-34-1 92844-80-9 93117-56-7 93240-66-5 93384-43-1 93384-44-2 93384-46-4 93384-47-5 93957-08-5 93957-09-6 94274-22-3 96163-42-7 96332-84-2 96638-28-7 96740-33-9 97914-41-5 98112-41-5 98478-67-2

C01-A016 C11-A021 C16-A006 C16-A006 C12-A014 C01-A007 C01-A019 C16-A002 C03-A030 C12-A009 C16-A011 C11-A060 C01-A001 C11-A075 C01-A003 C01-A003 C16-A012 C16-A012 C12-A001 C12-A013 C03-A021 C11-A072 C12-A001 C01-A022 C12-A001 C16-A036 C16-A002 C03-A021 C16-A002 C07-A001 C16-A002 C12-A009 C01-A018 C16-A005 C16-A005 C16-A005 C16-A005 C01-A001 C01-A001 C11-A116 C07-A001 C12-A009 C16-A031 C01-C067 C12-A001 C16-A006 C03-A009

77111-75-2 99748-78-4 99932-75-9 99932-76-0 99991-06-7 99991-07-8 100454-47-5 100608-14-8 101043-37-2 101064-48-6 101078-31-3 101324-33-8 101756-17-6 101884-85-9 101884-86-0 102180-38-1 102388-57-8 102388-58-9 102388-60-3 102444-87-1 102444-88-2 102490-54-0 102490-55-1 102490-57-3 102490-59-5 102802-00-6 103170-78-1 104800-95-5 104800-97-7 104800-98-8 104801-07-2 104801-08-3 104801-09-4 104801-10-7 105567-86-0 105655-27-4 106955-89-9 107059-49-4 107231-15-2 107231-30-1 107663-00-3 107663-01-4 108202-65-9 108753-95-3 108776-13-2 108993-05-1 109100-20-1

C02-A030 C15-A001 C11-A097 C11-A098 C01-A024 C01-A025 C01-A026 C03-A023 C16-A028 C16-A028 C01-C056 C11-A059 C12-A012 C01-A024 C01-A025 C01-A026 C01-A010 C01-A013 C01-A019 C01-A027 C01-A027 C01-A002 C01-A001 C01-A019 C01-A019 C01-C088 C16-A003 C03-A001 C01-A002 C01-A003 C01-A002 C01-A002 C01-A003 C01-A003 C11-A035 C03-C040 C16-A006 C01-A014 C16-A005 C11-A124 C01-A013 C01-A013 C01-A003 C01-A023 C01-A014 C01-A013 C01-A023

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83590-17-4 109644-82-8 109654-18-4 109704-87-2 109724-41-6 109973-92-4 109973-93-5 109973-94-6 109973-95-7 110180-29-5 110203-40-2 110232-11-6 110232-13-8 110255-20-4 110344-82-6 110344-83-7 110344-84-8 110344-85-9 110422-92-9 110501-56-9 110503-18-9 110616-89-2 110801-36-0 110801-37-1 110801-38-2 110801-39-3 110913-86-5 110913-90-1 110913-91-2 110913-92-3 110913-93-4 110913-94-5 110913-95-6 110913-96-7 110913-97-8 110913-98-9 110913-99-0 110914-01-7 110914-02-8 110914-03-9 110914-04-0 110953-03-2 111203-62-4 111422-20-9 111422-21-0 111755-37-4 112008-35-2

C16-A035 C01-A027 C01-A013 C11-A086 C01-A013 C02-A031 C02-A041 C02-A047 C02-A045 C01-A013 C02-A015 C02-A049 C02-A049 C02-A049 C02-A042 C02-A036 C02-A036 C02-A036 C01-A021 C01-D136 C15-A009 C11-A022 C02-A019 C02-A023 C02-A023 C02-A016 C02-A003 C02-A007 C02-A006 C02-A005 C02-A002 C02-A010 C02-A004 C02-A008 C02-A001 C02-A009 C02-A001 C02-A043 C02-A046 C02-A043 C02-A043 C12-A007 C01-C095 C01-A004 C01-A004 C16-A028 C07-A002

98543-25-0 112415-59-5 113402-23-6 113402-25-8 113402-82-7 113402-83-8 113584-74-0 113962-65-5 114700-90-2 114700-91-3 114700-92-4 114700-93-5 114700-94-6 114967-39-4 114985-24-9 115182-35-9 115725-44-5 115797-06-3 115825-61-1 115889-63-9 116047-10-0 116120-29-7 116163-63-4 116163-69-0 116163-75-8 117176-66-6 117208-80-7 117569-53-6 117585-55-4 117756-57-7 119039-59-7 119540-51-1 119990-11-3 120144-37-8 120857-66-1 120932-13-0 121951-54-0 121951-55-1 121951-56-2 122139-78-0 122452-72-6 122564-82-3 123210-68-4 126068-67-5 126298-90-6 126650-99-5 127026-25-9

C01-A021 C11-A056 C02-A024 C02-A026 C02-A022 C02-A018 C03-C037 C11-A063 C01-C119 C01-C106 C01-C115 C01-C109 C01-C100 C01-C123 C01-A013 C11-A017 C01-C053 C16-A010 C16-A038 C16-A038 C11-A057 C01-C089 C16-A038 C16-A037 C16-A037 C11-A015 C12-A007 C02-A025 C02-A021 C07-A001 C12-A009 C11-A067 C11-A073 C01-C067 C01-A005 C01-C097 C01-C105 C01-C113 C01-C112 C16-A012 C12-A007 C16-A002 C16-A010 C03-C040 C12-A001 C07-A002 C01-C067

109597-25-3 127848-41-3 127999-62-6 128399-00-8 128657-50-1 128981-16-8 128981-17-9 128981-18-0 128981-19-1 128981-20-4 128981-21-5 128981-22-6 128981-23-7 128981-24-8 128981-25-9 128981-26-0 128981-27-1 128981-28-2 129003-90-3 129497-92-3 129680-27-9 129868-34-4 130124-54-8 130810-27-4 130810-28-5 130810-29-6 130810-30-9 130810-31-0 130942-92-6 131566-30-8 132105-14-7 132412-52-3 132444-76-9 132620-99-6 132879-26-6 133098-03-0 133441-46-0 133708-36-8 134884-20-1 135154-84-6 135154-85-7 135268-27-8 135268-28-9 135446-53-6 136511-07-4 136765-27-0 136799-44-5

C01-A013 C12-A001 C11-A073 C01-A013 C16-A028 C01-C121 C01-C126 C01-C122 C01-C127 C01-C125 C01-C130 C01-C129 C01-C131 C01-C134 C01-C128 C01-C133 C01-C132 C01-C135 C01-C120 C16-A019 C01-C071 C01-A002 C01-A015 C16-A013 C16-A013 C16-A013 C16-A013 C16-A013 C01-C056 C11-A044 C01-A013 C01-A020 C16-A013 C01-C071 C15-A012 C12-A020 C11-A095 C07-C008 C11-A044 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C01-C067 C11-A034 C12-A009 C11-A034 (Continued)

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728

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

(Continued) CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

112068-71-0 137444-35-0 138847-51-5 139167-39-8 139341-09-6 139443-72-4 139881-57-5 139881-58-6 140187-99-1 140406-37-7 140623-70-7 141102-74-1 141102-75-2 141102-77-4 141102-78-5 141975-81-7 142185-85-1 143599-50-2 144705-55-5 145399-95-7 145427-90-3 145427-92-5 145427-93-6 147270-03-9 147527-08-0 148336-86-1 149007-17-0 149007-18-1 149007-19-2 149097-10-9 150103-83-6 150296-72-3 151567-39-4 151567-40-7 152271-55-1 153226-48-3 153834-62-9 153929-54-5 155123-44-7 155399-52-3 155575-68-1 155590-03-7 155666-11-8 158847-17-7 158847-18-8 159431-44-4 159923-90-7

C11-A099 C12-A006 C03-A001 C07-A001 C16-A008 C03-A009 C03-A020 C03-A020 C07-A001 C01-C065 C11-A067 C01-A028 C01-A030 C01-A031 C01-A032 C07-A001 C16-A008 C12-A001 C01-C065 C12-A009 C16-A038 C16-A038 C16-A037 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A001 C07-A001 C01-C077 C01-C089 C07-A001 C07-A001 C01-A013 C07-A002 C16-A034 C09-A001 C11-A086 C09-A001 C01-A028 C16-A019 C16-A012 C01-A033 C01-A034 C01-C067 C03-A012

127529-01-5 160902-51-2 161403-69-6 162342-48-5 164596-65-0 164790-60-7 165195-63-1 165892-23-9 167076-44-0 167416-30-0 168153-19-3 169565-13-3 171117-05-8 171117-06-9 171501-68-1 172672-28-5 172672-70-7 174593-75-0 176327-97-2 176971-71-4 177579-04-3 182321-38-6 184288-32-2 187108-44-7 187108-45-8 187939-22-6 192819-80-0 193090-30-1 193090-56-1 195210-48-1 195210-49-2 195210-50-5 195210-51-6 201205-56-3 201295-24-1 201788-20-7 205437-60-1 205437-62-3 208990-07-2 214478-05-4 215812-86-5 218625-68-4 218625-70-8 220355-66-8 220718-02-5 220718-03-6 220718-05-8

C11-A067 C12-A001 C01-C065 C09-A001 C07-A001 C12-A016 C07-A001 C01-C063 C11-A044 C09-A001 C01-C059 C12-A009 C07-A002 C07-A002 C12-A009 C03-A005 C03-A001 C16-A024 C03-A001 C07-A001 C16-A019 C11-A044 C11-A097 C16-A018 C16-A018 C03-A001 C09-A001 C01-A007 01-A007 C03-A029 C03-A029 C03-A029 C03-A029 C05-A003 C12-A016 C01-A016 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A061 C11-A061 C12-A016 C11-A063 C11-A066 C16-A016 C01-A014 C01-A016 C01-A021

137038-30-3 243464-31-5 255841-99-7 255842-00-3 264195-70-2 288578-22-3 300666-46-0 300666-47-1 300666-48-2 326604-75-5 337913-53-8 341007-60-1 342401-47-2 344328-67-2 351011-43-3 355120-85-3 357264-41-6 360767-00-6 371151-90-5 373643-29-9 375375-20-5 378791-32-3 393581-39-0 398138-07-3 398138-08-4 398138-09-5 398138-10-8 398138-11-9 398138-12-0 409314-70-1 409325-03-7 436859-78-8 440676-21-1 440676-22-2 440676-23-3 440676-24-4 464917-26-8 481717-87-7 496916-34-8 499126-35-1 503842-49-7 511262-76-3 524945-49-1 525584-40-1 540770-45-4 558443-52-0 560088-71-3

C11-A087 C11-A020 C01-A003 C01-A003 C06-A005 C01-A015 C12-A009 C12-A009 C12-A009 C11-A064 C01-C071 C01-C071 C01-C071 C10-A014 C01-C052 C11-A093 C07-A001 C12-A009 C12-A009 C07-A001 C16-A018 C03-A010 C11-A044 C13-A014 C13-A014 C13-A014 C13-A014 C13-A014 C13-A014 C10-A014 C01-C071 C11-A097 C12-A003 C12-A003 C12-A003 C12-A003 C03-C040 C03-A001 C16-A001 C01-C089 C11-A113 C03-C038 C16-A008 C11-A059 C09-A002 C11-A061 C11-A106

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Alphanumeric Indices

729

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

CAS #

Handbook

159939-87-4 603120-87-2 607368-40-1 620190-09-2 625084-37-9 629653-73-2 642494-56-2 657390-38-0 675600-78-9

C01-A015 C07-A001 C12-A013 C16-A034 C11-A040 C16-A019 C13-A014 C08-A001 C13-A015

223129-69-9 676570-37-9 679806-14-5 719993-31-4 724693-69-0 732189-13-8 740776-49-2 767612-49-7 777799-85-6

C03-A001 C16-A018 C13-A021 C11-A071 C09-A001 C12-A009 C09-A001 C12-A009 C03-A029

588806-89-7 781557-85-5 786681-36-5 786681-37-6 786681-38-7 854873-81-7 854873-82-8 858817-94-4 859060-27-8

C16-A018 C02-A027 C03-A016 C03-A011 C03-A028 C03-A027 C03-A027 C03-A015 C03-A020

ICD-10

Handbook

ICD-10

Handbook

ICD-10

Handbook

83.2 A00 A01.0 A03 A03.0 A03.1 A03.2 A03.3 A03.8 A04.0 A04.1 A04.2 A04.3 A04.3 A04.4 A05.0 A05.1 A05.2 A20 A20.0 A20.2 A20.7 A21 A21.0 A21.1 A21.2 A21.7 A21.8 A22 A22.0 A22.1 A22.2 A23 A23.0

C18-A014 C17-A025 C17-A022 C17-A024 C17-A024 C17-A024 C17-A024 C17-A024 C17-A024 C17-A011 C17-A011 C17-A011 C17-A012 C17-A011 C17-A011 C16-A033 C17-A007 C17-A008 C17-A030 C17-A030 C17-A030 C17-A030 C17-A013 C17-A013 C17-A013 C17-A013 C17-A013 C17-A013 C17-A001 C17-A001 C17-A001 C17-A001 C17-A004 C17-A004

A23.1 A23.2 A24 A24.0 A24.1 A24.2 A24.3 A28.2 A35 A48.0 A48.1 A48.2 A70 A75.0 A75.2 A75.3 A77.0 A78 A79.0 A79.1 A82 A83.0 A83.1 A83.3 A83.4 A83.6 A83.8 A84 A84.0 A84.1 A84.8 A84.8 A87.2 A90

C17-A004 C17-A004 C17-A020 C17-A019 C17-A020 C17-A020 C17-A020 C17-A031 C17-A009 C17-A008 C17-A014 C17-A014 C17-A005 C19-A002 C19-A007 C19-A006 C19-A004 C17-A010 C19-A003 C19-A001 C18-A050 C18-A024 C18-A068 C18-A060 C18-A036 C18-A053 C18-A036 C18-A063 C18-A054 C18-A008 C18-A028 C18-A047 C18-A030 C18-A012

A91 A92.0 A92.1 A92.2 A92.3 A92.4 A93.0 A93.8 A95 A95.0 A95.1 A96.0 A96.1 A96.2 A96.8 A96.8 A98.0 A98.1 A98.2 A98.3 A98.3 A98.4 A98.4 A98.5 A98.5 A98.5 A98.5 A98.5 B00.4 B03 B04 B08.8 B08.8 B30.8

C18-A012 C18-A010 C18-A040 C18-A065 C18-A067 C18-A051 C18-A041 C18-A066 C18-A069 C18-A069 C18-A069 C18-A025 C18-A031 C18-A027 C18-A019 C18-A055 C18-A011 C18-A039 C18-A026 C18-A033 C18-A015 C18-A033 C18-A015 C18-A013 C18-A020 C18-A049 C18-A058 C18-A056 C18-A009 C18-A059 C18-A035 C18-A017 C18-A061 C18-A037 (Continued)

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730

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

(Continued) ICD-10

Handbook

ICD-10

Handbook

ICD-10

Handbook

B33.8 B33.8 B38 B38.0 B38.1 B38.3 B38.7 B38.8 B39.0

C18-A021 C18-A038 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A002 C20-A008

B39.1 B39.3 B39.4 B39.5 B44 B44.0 B44.1 B44.7 B44.8

C20-A008 C20-A008 C20-A008 C20-A008 C20-A001 C20-A001 C20-A001 C20-A001 C20-A001

J10 J10.1 J11 J12.8 T61.0 T61.2 T61.2 T61.2

C18-A042 C18-A042 C18-A042 C18-A058 C16-A008 C16-A019 C16-A016 C16-A006

OPCW #

Handbook

OPCW #

Handbook

(64-17-5)-E1A3-EMM(I) (64-17-5)-E1A3-MMM(I) (64-17-5)-E1A3-MMM(I-) (64-17-5)-E1A3-MMP(I) (64-17-5)-M1A3-EEE(I) (64-17-5)-M1A3-EEE(I-) (64-17-5)-M1A3-EEM(I) (64-17-5)-M1A3-EMM(I) (64-17-5)-M1A3-HII(Cl) (64-17-5)-M1A3-IIM(I) (64-17-5)-M1A3-MEE(I-)

C01-A021 C01-A021 C01-A021 C01-A021 C01-A014 C01-A014 C01-A014 C01-A017 C01-A016 C01-A016 C01-A014

(64-17-5)-M1A3-MII(I-) (64-17-5)-M1A3-MME(I-) (64-17-5)-M1A3-MMM(I-) (464-07-3)-M1A1 (464-07-3)-M1A1-C(-) (1516-08-1)-M1A1 (1516-08-1)-M1A3-I (22739-76-0)-M1A1 (66544-78-9)-M1A1 H-E1A3-MM

C01-A016 C01-A017 C01-A017 C01-A003 C01-A003 C01-A010 C01-A016 C01-A002 C01-A004 C01-D148

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Additional References

3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. The 3M 2005 Respirator Selection Guide. St Paul, MN: 3M Inc., 2005. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 2005 TLVs and BEIs Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Worldwide Signature Publications, 2005. Bretherick, Leslie. Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd, 1990. Büchen-Osmond, Cornelia. ICTVdB: The Universal Virus Database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/index.htm. 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Medical Examiners, Coroners, and Biologic Terrorism: A Guidebook for Surveillance and Case Management.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (No. RR-8) (2004). ———. http://www.cdc.gov/az.do, 2007. Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations Version 1.1.2 (CAMEO 1.1.2). United States Environmental Protection Agency, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, October 2004. Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program, Technical Reports. August 9, 2005. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=070E4598-9C8B-DF77-1C266EBE08732EB4. March 22, 2006. Department of Justice and Department of Defense. Medical Examiner/Coroner Guide For Mass Fatality Management of Chemically Contaminated Remains. May 15, 2003. DoctorFungus Corporation. www.doctorfungus.org. 2006. DuPont Tychem Protective Apparel. DuPont Personal Protection. Wilmington, Delaware: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, 2004. eMedicine. Clinical Knowledge Base. http://www.emedicine.com. 2006. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program. Will Duct Tape and Plastic Really Work? Issues Related to Expedient Shelter-in-Place. Report No. ORNL/TM-2001/154. August 2001. Ford, Marsha D., Kathleen A. Delaney, Louis J. Ling, and Timothy Erickson, eds. Clinical Toxicology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001. Haber, Ludwig Fritz. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. Lawson, J. Randall, and Theodore L. Jarboe. Aid for Decontamination of Fire and Rescue Service Protective Clothing and Equipment After Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Exposures, NIST Special Publication 981. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2002. Lefebure, Victor. The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1923. Lewis, Richard J., Sr. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002. National Institute of Justice. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, October 2001. National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. June 2005 Release. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/. 2005. National Institutes of Health. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen?IRIS. 2004.

731

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732

Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm. November 2005. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapon. “Handbook on Chemicals, version 2002.” In Declaration Handbook 2002 for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Appendix 2. http://www.opcw.org/handbook/html/app2.html. 2004. Pohanis, Richard P., and Stanley A. Greene. Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Robinson, Julian Perry. The Rise of CB Weapons. The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Study of The Historical, Technical, Military, Legal and Political Aspects of CBW, and Possible Disarmament Measures. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1971. Robinson, Julian Perry. CB Weapons Today. The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Study of The Historical, Technical, Military, Legal and Political Aspects of CBW, and Possible Disarmament Measures. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1973. Rossoff, Irving S. Encyclopedia of Clinical Toxicology: A Comprehensive Guide and Reference to the Toxicology of Prescription and OTC Drugs, Chemicals, Herbals, Plants, Fungi, Marine Life, Reptiles and Insect Venoms, Food Ingredients, Clothing and Environmental Toxins. London, England: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002. The Sunshine Project. www.sunshine-project.org, 2007. Transport Canada, United States Department of Transportation, Secretariat of Transport and Communications of Mexico. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. United States Army Headquarters. Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel, USACHPPM Technical Guide 230. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, January 2002. ———. Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel, A Companion Document to USACHPPM Technical Guide (TG) 230 Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel, Reference Document 230, Version 1.3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, Updated May 2003. ———. Field Behavior of NBC Agents, Field Manual No. 3-6. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, November 1986. ———. Health Service Support in a Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Environment: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, Field Manual 4-02.7 (FM 8-10-7). Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, October 2002. ———. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents, Technical Manual No. 3-215. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1956. ———. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents, Technical Manual No. 3-215. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 1963. ———. Military Chemistry and Chemical Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, October 1975. ———. NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AmedP-6(B), Field Manual No. 8-9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, February 1996. ———. NBC Decontamination, Field Manual No. 3-5. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, July 2000. ———. NBC Handbook, Field Manual No. 3-7. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, September 1990. ———. NBC Protection, Field Manual No. 3-4. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, May 1992. ———. Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Field Manual No. 3-9. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, December 12, 1990. ———. The Medical NBC Battlebook, USACHPPM Tech Guide 244. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, May 2000. United States Army Intelligence Agency. Dusty Agents: Implications for Chemical Warfare Protections (Declassiﬁed), Report No. AST-26602-055-88. January 27, 1988. United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. Guidelines for Cold Weather Mass Decontamination During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident. January 2002.

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Additional References

733

———. Guidelines for Mass Fatality Management During Terrorist Incidents Involving Chemical Agents. November 2001. United States Defense Intelligence Agency. Iraq–Kuwait: Chemical Warfare Dusty Agent Threat. Serial Number: DSA 350-90. Filename: 73349033, October 10, 1990. http://desert-storm.com/ Gulﬂink/950719dl.txt. 2003. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Acute Exposure Guidelines (AEGLs). http:// www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/sitemap.htm. October 3, 2005. United States Military Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Mortuary Affairs in Joint Operations, Joint Publication No. 4-06. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, August 1996. United States War Department. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents, Technical Manual No. 3-215. Washington, DC: Government Printing Ofﬁce, April 21, 1942. University of California-Davis, Oregon State University, Michigan State University, Cornell University, and the University of Idaho. EXTOXNET, Pesticide Information Proﬁles (PIPs). http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/ghindex.html. September 17, 2002. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders Version 2.2.94 (WISER 2.2). National Library of Medicine, April 23, 2006.

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Index

A Abrin, 478–479 Acetone cyanohydrin, 345 Acetonitrile, 107 Aconitine, 467–468 Acrolein, 410–411 interim AEGLs, 411 Acrylonitrile, 345–346 Adamsite, 435–436 interim AEGLs, 436 Aﬂatoxins, 479 African horse sickness, 532–533 in agricultural animals, 532–533 communicability, 532 differential diagnosis, 533 exposure, normal routes of, 532 incubation, 532 mortality rate, 533 secondary hazards, 532 signs and symptoms, 532 target species, 532 African swine fever, 533 Asfarviridae, see separate entry Akabane, 533–534 Bunyaviridae, see separate entry Aldicarb, 307–308 Alfentanil, 397 Alkylphosphonothiolates, 13 Allyl alcohol, 346–347 Allylamine, 347–348 Allyl chloroformate, 358 Allyl isothiocyanate, 369–370 Allyl sulﬁde, 450 Amiton, 3–4, 25 Ammonium biﬂuoride, 54–55 Amyl mercaptan, 448–449 s-Amyl mercaptan, 449 t-Amyl mercaptan, 450 Anatoxin A, 468 Anatoxin-A(S), 469 Anhydrous ammonia, 326–327 Apomorphine, 437 APRs (air purifying respirators), 12, 211, 250, 383, 431, 443, 464 Arenaviridae, 544, 546, 551–552, 553, 555–556, 575–576 ﬂexal hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry guanarito hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry junin hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry lassa fever, see separate entry lymphocytic choriomeningitis, see separate entry machupo hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry Sabia hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry

Arsenic trichloride, 204 Arsenic trioxide, 319 Arsenic vesicants, 191–205 additional hazards, 194 exposure, 194 hazardous decomposition products, 194–195 combustion, 195 hydrolysis, 194 livestock/pets, 194 ﬁre, 194 reactivity, 194 agents, 200–203 characteristics, 192–193 environmental fate, 193–194 persistency, 193 physical appearance/odor, 192–193 laboratory grade, 192 mixtures with other agents, 193 modiﬁed agents, 193 munition grade, 193 stability, 193 components and precursors, 204–205 fatality management, 199–200 medical, 198 casualty management, 199 CDC case deﬁnition, 198 differential diagnosis, 198 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 198–199 signs and symptoms, 198 liquids, 198 vapors/aerosols, 198 protection, 195–196 decontamination, 196–197 liquid, solutions or liquid aerosols, 197 vapors, 197 evacuation recommendations, 195 personal protective requirements, 195 chemical protective clothing, 196 respiratory protection, 196 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 195 toxicology, 191–192 effects, 191 general exposure hazards, 192 latency period, 192 liquids, 192 vapour/aerosols, 192 pathways and routes of exposure, 191–192 Arsine, 253; see also Arsine blood agents Arsine blood agents, 247–253 additional hazards, 248–249

735

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“1434_index” — 2007/7/4 — 15:15 — page 735 — #1

736

Index

Arsine blood agents (Continued) exposure, 248–249 hazardous decomposition products, 249 combustion, 249 hydrolysis, 249 livestock/pets, 249 ﬁre, 249 reactivity, 249 agents, 253 characteristics, 248 environmental fate, 248 persistency, 248 physical appearance/odor, 248 laboratory grade, 248 stability, 248 fatality management, 252 medical, 251–252 casualty management, 252 CDC case deﬁnition, 251 differential diagnosis, 251 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 252 signs and symptoms, 251–252 protection, 249–250 decontamination, 250 reactive solids, 251 vapors, 250–251 evacuation recommendations, 249–250 personal protective requirements, 250 chemical protective clothing, 250 respiratory protection, 250 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 250 toxicology, 247–248 effects, 247 general exposure hazards, 247 latency period, 248 pathways and routes of exposure, 247 Asfarviridae, 533 in agricultural animals, 533 communicability, 533 differential diagnosis, 533 exposure, normal routes of, 533 incubation, 533 mortality rate, 533 secondary hazards, 533 signs and symptoms, 533 target species, 533 Aspergillus fumigatus, 606–607 BW simulant, 606 in people, 606–607 CDC case deﬁnition, 606 communicability, 606 differential diagnosis, 607 exposure, normal routes of, 606 incubation, 606 infectious dose, 606 mortality rate, 607 secondary hazards, 606 signs and symptoms, 606 Avian inﬂuenza, 534 orthomyxoviridae, see separate entry Azinphos-methyl, 290–291

Ellison:

B Bacillus abortus, 500 Bacillus anthracis, 498–499 in agricultural animals, 499 communicability, 499 differential diagnosis, 499 exposure, normal routes of, 499 incubation, 499 mortality rate, 499 secondary hazards, 499 signs and symptoms, 499 target species, 499 in people, 498–499 CDC case deﬁnition, 498 communicability, 498 differential diagnosis, 499 exposure, normal routes of, 498 incubation, 498 infectious dose, 498 secondary hazards, 498 signs and symptoms, 498 Bacillus melitensis, 500 Bacillus subtilis, 499 BW Simulant, 499 Bacillus suis, 500 Bacillus thuringiensis, 499–500 BW Simulant, 499–500 Bacterial leaf blight, 519 in plants, 519 normal routes of transmission, 519 secondary hazards, 519 signs, 519 target species, 519 Bacterial pathogens, 493–521 agents, 498–521 fatality management, 497 response, 494–497 decontamination, 496–497 animals, 496 casualties/personnel, 496 fomites, 497 food, 496 large area fumigants, 497 plants, 496 property, 496–497 surface disinfectants, 496–497 infected individuals, working with, 495 airborne precautions, 495 droplet precautions, 495 infection control guidelines standard precautions, 495 personal protective requirements, 494–495 Bacterial wilt, 515 in plants, 515 normal routes of transmission, 515 secondary hazards, 515 signs, 515 target species, 515 Banana bunchy top virus, 535 Nanoviridae, see separate entry Batrachotoxin, 469 Bendiocarb, 308

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Index

737

Benzilic acid, 400–401 Benzyl bromide, 411–412 Benzyl chloride, 421–422 Benzyl iodide, 422 Bicyclophosphate convulsants, 221 additional hazards, 223–224 exposure, 223 hazardous decomposition products, 224 livestock/pets, 223 ﬁre, 223 reactivity, 224 agents, 227 characteristics, 222–223 environmental fate, 222–223 persistency, 222 physical appearance/odor, 222 laboratory grade, 222 modiﬁed grade, 208 stability, 222 fatality management, 227 medical, 226 casualty management, 226 CDC case deﬁnition, 226 differential diagnosis, 226 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 226 signs and symptoms, 226 protection, 224 decontamination, 225 solutions or liquid aerosols, 225 solids or particulate aerosols, 225–226 evacuation recommendations, 224 personal protective requirements, 224 chemical protective clothing, 224–225 respiratory protection, 224 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 224 toxicology, 221–222 effects, 221 general exposure hazards, 222 latency period, 222 pathways and routes of exposure, 221 Biliary colic, 251 Binary agents, 7 organophosphorus nerve agents, 7 Biological agents bacterial pathogens, see separate entry fungal pathogens, see separate entry rickettsial pathogens, see separate entry toxins, see separate entry viral pathogens, see separate entry Bis(2-chloroethyl) butylamine, 173 Bis(2-chloroethyl) s-butylamine, 172 Bis(2-chloroethyl) t-butylamine, 171–172 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 3-chloropropylamine, 169 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-ﬂuoroethylamine, 166 Bis(2-chloroethyl) isobutylamine, 172–173 Bis(2-chloroethyl) isopropylamine, 169 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 1-propene amine, 168 Bis(2-chloroethyl) propylamine, 170 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfone, 184–185 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide, 185 Bis(2-chloroethyl)trisulﬁde, 185–186 Bis(2-chloropropyl) chloroethylamine, 171 Bis(2-chloropropyl) methylamine, 170–171 Bis(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)sulﬁde, 93–94

Ellison:

Bis(2-ﬂuoroethyl) 2-chloroethylamine, 166–167 Bis(bromomethyl) ether, 279 Bis(chloromethyl) ether, 278–279 Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl) methylamino]}-4,4-biacetophenone dimethobromide, 125 Bis{α-[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) pyrrolidinio]}4,4-biacetophenone dibromide, 126 Bis[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] disulﬁde, 94 Bluetongue, 535–536 in agricultural animals, 536 communicability, 536 differential diagnosis, 536 exposure, normal routes of, 536 incubation, 536 mortality rate, 536 secondary hazards, 534 signs and symptoms, 536 target species, 536 Bomyl, 291 Boron tribromide, 341–342 Boron trichloride, 342–343 Boron triﬂuoride, 343 Botulinum toxins, 470 Bovine rhinotracheitis, 501 Brevetoxins, 470–471 toxicology, 471 ingestion, 471 inhalation, 471 Bromine, 273 Bromine pentaﬂuoride, 331–332 Bromine triﬂuoride, 332–333 Bromoacetone, 412 Bromobenzyl cyanide, 412–413 Bromomethylethyl ketone, 413 Bromophos-ethyl, 292 Bromopicrin, 276 Bronze skin, 252 Brown spot of rice, 609 in plants, 609 normal routes of transmission, 609 secondary hazards, 609 signs, 609 target species, 609 Brucella species, 500–501 brucellosis, 500–501 in agricultural animals, 500–501 communicability, 500 differential diagnosis, 501 exposure, normal routes of, 500 incubation, 500 mortality rate, 501 secondary hazards, 500 signs and symptoms, 500 target species, 500 in people, 500 CDC case deﬁnition, 500 communicability, 500 differential diagnosis, 500 exposure, normal routes of, 500 incubation, 500 infectious dose, 500

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738

Index

Brucella species (Continued) mortality rate, 500 secondary hazards, 500 signs and symptoms, 500 Bullous pemphigoid, 213 Bungarotoxins, 471 Bunyaviridae, 533–534 in agricultural animals, 534 communicability, 534 differential diagnosis, 534 exposure, normal routes of, 534 incubation, 534 mortality rate, 534 secondary hazards, 534 signs and symptoms, 534 target species, 534 crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry dobrava hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry hantaan, see separate entry oropouche virus disease, see separate entry puumala hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry Rift valley fever, see separate entry Seoul hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry sin nombre, see separate entry t-Butylbicyclophosphate, 228–229 Butyl chloroformate, 358–359 Butyl isocyanate, 370 t-Butyl isocyanate, 373 Butyl mercaptan, 445–446 s-Butyl mercaptan, 446 t-Butyl mercaptan, 447 Butyl sulﬁde, 448 Butyric acid, 453–454

C Cadaverine, 452 Calcium arsenate, 319–320 Camelpox, 536 in agricultural animals, 536 communicability, 536 differential diagnosis, 536 exposure, normal routes of, 536 incubation, 536 mortality rate, 536 secondary hazards, 534 signs and symptoms, 536 target species, 536 Capsaicin, 413–414 Carbamate nerve agents, 105–138 additional hazards, 107–108 exposure, 107 hazardous decomposition products, 108 combustion, 108 hydrolysis, 108 livestock/pets, 107–108 ﬁre, 108 reactivity, 108 agents, 112–138 characteristics, 106–107 environmental fate, 107 persistency, 107

Ellison:

physical appearance/odor, 106 laboratory grade, 106 modiﬁed agents, 106 stability, 106 fatality management, 112 medical, 110–112 casualty management, 111–112 CDC case deﬁnition, 110 differential diagnosis, 110–111 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 111 signs and symptoms, 111 aerosols, 111 solutions/solids, 111 protection, 108–110 decontamination, 109–110 solids or particulate aerosols, 110 solutions or liquid aerosols, 109–110 evacuation recommendations, 108 personal protective requirements, 108–109 chemical protective clothing, 109 respiratory protection, 109 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 108 toxicology, 105–106 effects, 105 general exposure hazards, 106 latency period, 106 aerosols, 106 solids/solutions, 106 pathways and routes of exposure, 105 Carbofuran, 309 Carbon disulﬁde, 348–349 Carbon monoxide, 261–262 Carbon monoxide blood agents, 255–263 additional hazards, 257–258 exposure, 257 ﬁre, 258 hazardous decomposition products, 258 combustion, 258 hydrolysis, 258 livestock/pets, 257 reactivity, 258 agents, 261–263 characteristics, 256–257 environmental fate, 257 persistency, 256 physical appearance/odor, 256 laboratory grade, 256 mixtures with other agents, 256 munition grade, 256 stability, 256 fatality management, 261 medical, 259–260 casualty management, 261 CDC case deﬁnition, 259–260 differential diagnosis, 260 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 260 signs and symptoms, 260 liquids, 260 vapors/aerosols, 260 protection, 258–259 decontamination, 259 liquids or solutions, 259 vapors, 259

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Index

739

evacuation recommendations, 258 personal protective requirements, 258 chemical protective clothing, 259 respiratory protection, 258 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 258 toxicology, 255–256 effects, 255 pathways and routes of exposure, 255 general exposure hazards, 255–256 latency period, 256 liquid, 256 vapor/aerosols, 256 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Bromoethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 76 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Chloro-2-chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 75–76 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 76–77 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 72 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Dibromophosphinyl)oxy], 69 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy], 70 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy], 39 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 37–38 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[(2-Chloro-1methylethoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy], 41 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[(2-Chloro-1methylpropoxy)ﬂuorophosphinyl]oxy], 41–42 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[(2Chloroethoxy)ﬂuorohydroxyphosphinyl]oxy], 40–41 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[2-Chloro-1methylpropylphosphinyl]oxy], 87 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy], 79–80 Carbonimidic chloride ﬂuoride, [[Chloropropylphosphinyl]oxy], 80 Carbonimidic dichloride, [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 73–74 Carbonimidic dichloride, [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 82–83 Carbonimidic dichloride, [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy], 70–71 Carbonimidic dichloride, [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy], 39 Carbonimidic dichloride, [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 37 Carbonimidic dichloride, [[Chloroisopropylphosphinyl]oxy], 81–82 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 78 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Chloroisopropoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 84 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 74 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 83

Ellison:

Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy], 69–70 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy], 39–40 Carbonimidic diﬂuoride, [(Fluoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy], 38 Carbonyl ﬂuoride, 359–360 Carbonyl sulﬁde, 360 Carbophenothion, 292–293 Cardiotoxins, 479 toxicology, 479 Central European tick-borne encephalitis, 537–538 in agricultural animals, 538 communicability, 538 differential diagnosis, 538 exposure, normal routes of, 538 incubation, 538 mortality rate, 538 secondary hazards, 538 signs and symptoms, 538 target species, 538 in people, 537 CDC case deﬁnition, 537 communicability, 537 differential diagnosis, 537 exposure, normal routes of, 537 incubation, 537 infectious dose, 537 mortality rate, 537 secondary hazards, 537 signs and symptoms, 537 Cercopithecine herpes-1 virus, 538 in people, 538 CDC case deﬁnition, 538 communicability, 538 differential diagnosis, 538 exposure, normal routes of, 538 incubation, 538 infectious dose, 538 mortality rate, 538 secondary hazards, 538 signs and symptoms, 538 Chemical protective clothing arsenic vesicants, 196 arsine blood agents, 250 bicyclophosphate convulsants, 224–225 carbamate nerve agents, 109 carbonmonooxide blood agents, 259 COX inhibiting blood agents, 236 incapacitating agents, 384 irritating and lachrymatory agents, 407 malodorants, 442 organophosphorus nerve agents, 12 pulmonary agents, 269 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 150 toxic industrial agents, 287 toxins, 464–465 urticants, 211 vomiting/sternatory agents, 431 Chikungunya, in people, 538–539 CDC case deﬁnition, 539 communicability, 539 differential diagnosis, 539

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740

Index

Chikungunya, in people (Continued) exposure, normal routes of, 539 incubation, 539 infectious dose, 539 mortality rate, 539 secondary hazards, 539 signs and symptoms, 539 Chlamydia psittaci, 501–502 Psittacosis, 501–502 in agricultural animals, 502 communicability, 502 differential diagnosis, 502 exposure, normal routes of, 502 incubation, 502 mortality rate, 502 secondary hazards, 502 signs and symptoms, 502 target species, 502 in people, 501 CDC case deﬁnition, 501 communicability, 501 differential diagnosis, 501 exposure, normal routes of, 501 incubation, 501 infectious dose, 501 mortality rate, 501 secondary hazards, 501 signs and symptoms, 501 Chlorfenvinphos, 293 Chlorine, 272 Chlorine pentaﬂuoride, 333 Chlorine triﬂuoride, 281 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] butanimidoyl chloride, 90–91 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 85–86 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] propanimidoyl chloride, 87–88 N-[[Chloro(1-methylethoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-twmethylpropanimidoyl chloride, 91 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy]-2methylpropanimidoyl chloride, 93 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] butanimidoyl chloride, 92 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 88 N-[[Chloro(2-methylpropoxy)phosphinyl]oxy] propanimidoyl chloride, 90 Chloroacetaldehyde, 360–361 Chloroacetone, 414–415 interim AEGLs, 415 Chloroacetonitrile, 349 Chloroacetophenone, 415 Chloroacetyl chloride, 361–362 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride, 78–79 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2methylpropanimidoyl chloride, 89 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride, 84–85 N-[(Chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl chloride, 86 Chloroformoxime, 207 N-Chloroisopropylamine, 96

Ellison:

Chloromethyl chloroformate, 416–417 N-[(Chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride, 75 Chloropicrin, 275–276 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2methylpropanimidoyl chloride, 91–92 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl chloride, 89–90 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride, 85 N-[(Chloropropoxyphosphinyl)oxy] propanimidoyl chloride, 88–89 Cholera, 518 in people, 518 CDC case deﬁnition, 518 communicability, 518 differential diagnosis, 518 exposure, normal routes of, 518 incubation, 518 infectious dose, 518 mortality rate, 518 secondary hazards, 518 signs and symptoms, 518 Cholera toxin, 479–480 Cholinesterase, 16 Ciguatoxin, 471–472 toxicology, 472 Citrus canker, 519 in plants, 519 normal routes of transmission, 519 secondary hazards, 519 signs, 519 target species, 519 Citrus wilt, 608 in plants, 608 normal routes of transmission, 608 secondary hazards, 608 signs, 608 target species, 608 Clavibacter michiganensis, 502 sepedonicus, see separate entry Clostridium botulinum, 503 Botulinum Toxin, 503 in people, 503 CDC case deﬁnition, 503 communicability, 503 differential diagnosis, 503 exposure, normal routes of, 503 incubation, 503 infectious dose, 503 mortality rate, 503 secondary hazards, 503 signs and symptoms, 503 Clostridium perfringens, 503 gas gangrene, see separate entry toxicology, 480 toxins, 480 Clostridium tetani, 504–505 lockjaw, see separate entry CNS, 419 Cobrotoxin, 472 Cocaine, 391–392 hydrochloride salt, 392

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Index

741

Coccidioides immitis, 607 in people, 607 CDC case deﬁnition, 607 communicability, 607 differential diagnosis, 607 exposure, normal routes of, 607 incubation, 607 infectious dose, 607 mortality rate, 607 secondary hazards, 607 signs and symptoms, 607 Coccidioides posadasii, 608 Coccidioidomycosis, 607 coccidioides immitis, see separate entry coccidioides posadasii, see separate entry Coffee berry disease, 608 in plants, 608 normal routes of transmission, 608 secondary hazards, 608 signs, 608 target species, 608 Cold agglutinin disease, 251 Colletotrichum coffeanum variant virulans, 608 coffee berry disease, see separate entry Combustion, 10 Conotoxins, 472 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, 512–513 in agricultural animals, 512–513 communicability, 512 differential diagnosis, 513 exposure, normal routes of, 512 incubation, 512 mortality rate, 513 secondary hazards, 512 signs and symptoms, 512–513 target species, 512 Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, 511–512 in agricultural animals, 511–512 communicability, 511 differential diagnosis, 512 exposure, normal routes of, 511 incubation, 511 mortality rate, 512 secondary hazards, 511 signs and symptoms, 512 target species, 511 Copper acetoarsenite, 320 COX inhibiting blood agents, 231–244 additional hazards, 234–235 exposure, 234 hazardous decomposition products, 235 combustion, 235 hydrolysis, 235 livestock/pets, 234 ﬁre, 234 reactivity, 234–235 agents, 239–243 characteristics, 232–234 environmental fate, 233–234 persistency, 233 physical appearance/odor, 232 binary/reactive agents, 233

Ellison:

laboratory grade, 232 mixtures with other agents, 233 modiﬁed grade, 233 munition grade, 232 stability, 233 components and precursors, 243–244 fatality management, 239 medical, 237–239 casualty management, 239 CDC case deﬁnition, 237–238 differential diagnosis, 238 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 238 signs and symptoms, 238 protection, 235–237 decontamination, 236–237 liquids, solutions or liquid aerosols, 237 solids or particulate aerosols, 237 vapors, 236 evacuation recommendations, 235 personal protective requirements, 236 chemical protective clothing, 236 respiratory protection, 236 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 236 toxicology, 231–232 effects, 231 general exposure hazards, 232 latency period, 232 liquid, 232 vapor, 232 pathways and routes of exposure, 231 Coxiella burnetii, 505–506 Q fever, see separate entry Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 539–540 in people, 539–540 CDC case deﬁnition, 539 communicability, 539 differential diagnosis, 540 exposure, normal routes of, 539 incubation, 539 infectious dose, 539 mortality rate, 540 secondary hazards, 539 signs and symptoms, 539 Crotonaldehyde, 362 CSCAD (Canadian aqueous system for chemical-biological agent decontamination), 13 CSF (cerebrospinal ﬂuid), 583 Cyanogen, 242 Cyanogen bromide, 240–241 Cyanogen chloride, 241 Cyanogen iodide, 241–242 O-Cyclohexyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridothiate, 21 O-Cyclohexyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate, 29 O-Cyclopentyl S-(2-diethylaminoethly) methylphosphonothiolate, 28 O-Cyclopentyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate, 28–29 Cyclosarin, 20–21 Cytotoxins, 461, 478–485

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742

Index

D Dazomet, 310 Decamethylene-(3-hydroxyquinuclidinium bromide) [(2-dimethylcarbamoxy-ethyl)dimethylammonium bromide], 119–120 Decontamination arsenic vesicants, 196–197 arsine blood agents, 250 arsine blood agents, 259 bicyclophosphate convulsants, 225 carbamate nerve agents, 109–110 COX inhibiting blood agents, 236–237 incapacitating agents, 384 lachrymatory agents, irritating and, 407–409 malodorants, 431–432 organophosphorus nerve agents, 12 pulmonary agents, 269 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 150–151 toxic industrial agents, 287–288 toxins, 465 urticants, 211–213 vomiting/sternatory agents, 431–432 Demeton, 293–294 Dengue fever, 540 in people, 540 CDC case deﬁnition, 540 communicability, 540 differential diagnosis, 541 exposure, normal routes of, 540 incubation, 540 infectious dose, 540 mortality rate, 541 secondary hazards, 540 signs and symptoms, 540 Deoxynivalenol, 486 Dermally hazardous cytotoxins, 485–488 Deuterophoma tracheiphila, 608 citrus wilt, see separate entry Dexamphetamine, 392 sulphate salt, 392 DFA (direct ﬂuorescent antibody), 510 Diacetoxyscirpenol, 486 Diamphotoxin, 472–473 Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine, 417 Diborane, 349–350 Dibromoethyl sulﬁde, 159 Dibromoformoxime, 216 Dibromomethane, 311–312 Dibutyl methylphosphonate, 62–63 Dichloromethyl chloroformate, 421 Dichloronitroethane, 312 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride, 71 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]-2methylpropanimidoyl chloride, 80–81 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]butanimidoyl chloride, 81 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride, 73 N-[(Dichlorophosphinyl)oxy]propanimidoyl chloride, 77 Dicrotophos, 294–295

Ellison:

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 44 N,N -Dicyclohexylurea, 95–96 Diethanolamine, 187 Diethyl ethylphosphonate, 61–62 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate, 96–97 Diethyl isopropylphosphonate, 62 Diethyl methylphosphonate, 60–61 O,S-Diethyl methylphosphonothioate, 95 Diethyl phosphite, 59–60 Diethylaminoethanol, 68 Diethylphosphoramidic diﬂuoride, 51–52 Diiodoformoxime, 216–217 Diisopropylamine, 97 Diisopropylcarbodiimide, 44–45 N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, 98–99 Diisopropyl methylphosphonate, 43–44 Diketene, 350–351 Dimefox, 295 N,N-Dimethyldecanamide, 7, 462 N,N-Dimethylformamide, 7, 462 Dimethyl methylphosphonate, 46 N,N-Dimethylpalmitamide, 7, 462 Dimethyl phosphite, 58 Dimethyl sulfate, 160–161 Dimethyl sulfoxide, 7, 462 Dimethylamine, 65–66 Dimethylaminoethyl chloride, 66 Dimethylpolysulﬁde, 47 Dinoﬂagellates, 475 Dioxathion, 295–29 Diphenylchloroarsine, 434 interim AEGLs, 434 Diphenylcyanoarsine, 435 Diphosgene, 274–275 Disulfoton, 296 Disulfur decaﬂuoride, 281–282 Divinyl sulﬁde, 182–183 Divinyl sulfone, 181–182 Dobrava hemorrhagic fever, 541 in people, 541 CDC case deﬁnition, 541 communicability, 541 differential diagnosis, 541 exposure, normal routes of, 541 incubation, 541 infectious dose, 541 mortality rate, 541 secondary hazards, 541 signs and symptoms, 541 Downwind hazard diagram, 286 Downy mildew of corn, 612–613 in plants, 612–613 normal routes of transmission, 612 secondary hazards, 612 signs, 613 target species, 612 Dutch powder, 14

E Eastern equine encephalitis, 542–543 in agricultural animals, 543 communicability, 543 differential diagnosis, 543

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Index

743

exposure, normal routes of, 543 incubation, 543 mortality rate, 543 secondary hazards, 543 signs and symptoms, 543 target species, 543 in people, 542–543 CDC case deﬁnition, 542 communicability, 542 differential diagnosis, 543 exposure, normal routes of, 542 incubation, 542 infectious dose, 542 mortality rate, 543 secondary hazards, 542 signs and symptoms, 542 Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 543–544 in people, 543–544 CDC case deﬁnition, 543 communicability, 543 differential diagnosis, 544 exposure, normal routes of, 543 incubation, 543 infectious dose, 543 mortality rate, 544 secondary hazards, 543 signs and symptoms, 544 Ecstasy, 393–394 hydrochloride salt, 394 EIA (enzyme immunoassay), 583 Endemic typhus, 600–601 in people, 600–601 CDC case deﬁnition, 600 communicability, 600 differential diagnosis, 601 exposure, normal routes of, 600 incubation, 601 infectious dose, 600 mortality rate, 601 secondary hazards, 601 signs and symptoms, 601 EPN, 296–297 Erysiphe graminis, 609 powdery mildew of cereals, see separate entry Escherichia coli, 506–508 BW Simulant, 506–507 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, 507–508 in agricultural animals, 508 communicability, 508 differential diagnosis, 508 exposure, normal routes of, 508 incubation, 508 mortality rate, 508 secondary hazards, 508 signs and symptoms, 508 target species, 508 in people, 507–508 CDC case deﬁnition, 507 communicability, 507 differential diagnosis, 507 exposure, normal routes of, 507 incubation, 507 infectious dose, 507 mortality rate, 508

Ellison:

secondary hazards, 507 signs and symptoms, 507 N-[(Ethoxyﬂuorophosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-diﬂuoro-2nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride, 40 O-Ethyl 2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite, 48 Ethyl bromoacetate, 422–423 N-Ethylcarbazole, 423 Ethyl chloroformate, 363 Ethyl chlorosulfonate, 278 Ethyl chlorothioformate, 363–364 Ethyl dichloroarsine, 200–201 Ethyl ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate, 24 Ethyl formate, 313–314 Ethyl iodoacetate, 417–418 Ethyl methylphosphonic acid, 94–95 Ethyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridate, 24 Ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid, 51 Ethyl sarin, 21 Ethylbicyclophosphate, 227–228 Ethyldichlorophospine, 63 Ethyldiethanolamine, 178–179 Ethylene bromide, 314 Ethylene chloride, 315 Ethylene oxide, 351–352 Ethylene sulﬁde, 180–181 Ethyleneimine, 352 Ethylphosphonyl dichloride, 63–64 O-Ethyl S-(2-diethylaminoethyl) methyl-phosphonothiolate, 26 O-Ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate, 27 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] butylphosphonothiolate, 32 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] hexylphosphonothiolate, 32–33 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] isopropylphosphonothiolate, 31 O-Ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] propylphosphonothiolate, 31–32 O-Ethyl S-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothiolate, 29–30 O-Ethyl S-[2-(piperidylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothiolate, 30–31 O-Ethyl S-2-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, 27 Exposure hazards 1-(4-aldoximino)pyridinio-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio] decene dibromide, 133 1-chlorobenzyl-malononitrile, 416 2-chloroethanol, 176–177 2-chloroethyl methyl 1-chloroacetamide, 165 2-chloroethyl vinyl sulﬁde, 184 2-chloroethyl vinyl sulfoxide, 183–184 2-chloroethyl vinylsulfone, 183 2-chloroethyl-chloromethylsulﬁde, 160 2-chloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 82 2-chloro-N-[(chloromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 77–78 2-chloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 71–72

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744

Index

2-chloro-N-[[chloro(2,2,3,3-tetraﬂuoropropoxy) phosphinyl]oxy]ethanimidoyl chloride, 86–87 2-chloropropyl 2-chloroethyl methylamine, 167 3-chloropropyl 2-chloroethyl methylamine, 168 1-[N,N-di(2-hydroxy)ethyl-N-methylammonio] -10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-αpicolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 132–133 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 311 2,2-dichloro-N-[(chloroethoxyphosphinyl)oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 79 2,2-dichloro-N-[(dichlorophosphinyl)oxy] ethanimidoyl chloride, 74–75 1,2-dichloropropane, 313 2-diethylaminoethyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 35–36 2-diethylaminoethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 35 2,2 -diﬂuorodiethyl sulﬁde, 159–160 2,2-diﬂuoro-N-[(ﬂuoromethoxyphosphinyl)oxy] -2-nitroethanimidoyl ﬂuoride, 38 2,2 -diﬂuoro-N-methyldiethylamine, 164 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol, 68–69 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-2-pyridylmethyl)-Nmethylamino] decane dimethobromide, 114 2-dimethylaminoethyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 34–35 2-dimethylaminoethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 33 1-(4-dimethylaminophenoxy)-2-(3dimethylamino-5dimethylcarbamoxyphenoxy)-ethane dimethiodide, 118–119 2-dimethylaminopropyl N, N-diethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 36–37 3-dimethylamionpropyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 36 1-(4-dimethylcarbamoxy-2dimethylaminophenoxy)-3-(4dimethylaminophenoxy)-propane dimethiodide, 127 1,8-bis[(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl) ethylamino]octane dimethobromide, 123–124 1,10-bis[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane-2,9-dione dibromide, 122–123 1,8-bis[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]octane-2,7-dione dibromide, 121 1,10-bis[(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl) propylamino]decane dimethobromide, 126 1-[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio] -10-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)decane dibromide, 133–134 1-[N-(2-dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)pyrrolinio] -8-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)octane dibromide, 128–129

Ellison:

1-[N-(4-dimethylcarbamoxymethyl)benzyl-N,Ndimethylammonio]-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 137–138 1,10-bis{N-[1-(2-dimethylcarbamoxyphenyl) ethyl]-N,N-dimethylammonio}decane2,9-dione tetraphenylboronate, 124–125 1,10-bis[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) ethylamino]decane dimethobromide, 124 1,8-bis[(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) ethylamino]octane dimethobromide, 122 1,10-bis{[10-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) methylaminodecyl]methylamino}-decane tetramethodbromide, 138 1-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl) -N,N-dimethylammonio] -10-(N-carbamoxymethyl -N,N-dimethylammonio)decane dibromide, 129–130 1,10-bis[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl) N,N-dimethylammonio]decane-2,9-dione dibromide, 121–122 1,8-bis[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)N,N-dimethylammonio]octane-2,7-dione dibromide, 120 1,10-bis[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl) -N-ethyl-N-methylammonio] decane-2,9-dione dibromide, 123 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, 368 1-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-acetoxy-2-methylethyl) ammonio]-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy -α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 135 1-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(2butyroxyethyl)ammonio]-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 136–137 1-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy)ethylammonio] -10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy -α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 130–131 1-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-cyanopropyl)ammonio] -10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy -α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 134 1-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-hydroxy) propylammonio]-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) -N,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 132 1-(N,N-dimethyl-N-cyanomethylammonio) -10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy -α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 129 1-(N,N-dimethyl-N-cyclohexylammonio)-10[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl) -N,N-dimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 136 1,4-dithiane, 186–187 1-dodecanethiol, 451 1,2-ethanedithiol, 181

“1434_index” — 2007/7/4 — 15:15 — page 744 — #10

Index

745

1-hexanethiol, 450–451 1-(3-hydroxy)quinuclidinio-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 134–135 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane, 180 1-[N-(3-hydroxy-α-picolyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 135–136 1-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, 419 4-methyl indole, 455–456 6-methyl indole, 456 1-(N-methyl)pyrrolidinio-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 131–132 1,4-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]butane dimethobromide, 115–116 1,10-bis[methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]decane dimethobromide, 112–113 1,7-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]heptane dimethobromide, 118 1,6-bis[methyl-2-(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]hexane dimethobromide, 113 1,9-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]nonane dimethobromide, 116–117 1,8-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]octane dimethobromide, 114–115 1,5-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]pentane dimethobromide, 115 1,11-bis[methyl-2(3-dimethylcarbamoxypyridyl) methylamino]undecane dimethobromide, 117 1-methyl-4-piperidyl cyclobutyl-phenylglycolate, 389–390 1-methyl-4-piperidyl cyclopentyl-1-propynyl-glycolate, 388 1-methyl-4-piperidyl isopropyl-phenylglycolate, 390 2-methylbutyric acid, 454–455 2-methylcyclohexyl methylphosphonoﬂuoridate, 22 3-methylindole, 455 1-nitrobenzyl chloride, 420 1-octadecanethiol, 452 1,4-oxathiane, 186 2-propanephosphonyl chloride, 65 1-pyridinio-10-[N-(3-dimethylcarbamoxy -α-picolinyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 131 3-quinuclidinol, 400 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, 387–388 3-quinuclidinyl cyclopentyl-phenylglycolate, 388–389

Ellison:

3-quinuclidyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidoﬂuoridate, 34 1-thio-4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]-octane, 229 2,2 ,2 -tribromo-triethylamine, 165 1-(N,N,N-tributylammonio)-10-[N-(3dimethylcarbamoxy-α-picolinyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio]decane dibromide, 137 2,2 ,2 -triﬂuoro-triethylamine, 167 1-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)-10-[N-(2dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio] decane dibromide, 130 1-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)-10-[N-(5dimethylcarbamoxy)isoquinolinio]decane dibromide, 128 1-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)-8-[N-(2dimethylcarbamoxybenzyl)-N,Ndimethylammonio] octane dibromide, 127–128

F Fenamiphos, 297–298 Fenophosphon, 298 Fentanyl, 395–396 citrate salt, 396 Filoviridae, 543–544 Central European tick-borne encephalitis, see separate entry Dengue fever, see separate entry Ebola hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry hog cholera, see separate entry Japanese encephalitis, see separate entry Kyasanur forest disease, see separate entry louping ill, see separate entry marburg hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry murray valley encephalitis, see separate entry Omsk hemorrhagic fever, see separate entry powassan encephalitis, see separate entry rocio encephalitis, see separate entry Russian spring-summer encephalitis, see separate entry St. Louis encephalitis, see separate entry tick-borne encephalitis complex, see separate entry West Nile fever, see separate entry yellow fever, see separate entry Flexal hemorrhagic fever, 544 in people, 544 CDC case deﬁnition, 544 communicability, 544 differential diagnosis, 544 exposure, normal routes of, 544 incubation, 544 infectious dose, 544 mortality rate, 544 secondary hazards, 544 signs and symptoms, 544 Fluorine, 333–334 Fluorotabun, 24–25 Foliant program, 4 Fonofos, 298–299

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746

Index

Foot-and-mouth disease, 544–545 in agricultural animals, 545 communicability, 545 differential diagnosis, 545 exposure, normal routes of, 545 incubation, 545 mortality rate, 545 secondary hazards, 545 signs and symptoms, 545 target species, 545 Formaldehyde, 352–353 Francisella tularensis, 508–509 tularemia, see separate entry Fuming nitric acid, 330 Fuming sulfuric acid, 331 Fungal pathogens, 603–613 agents, 606–613 fatality management, 605–606 response, 604–605 decontamination, 604–605 animals, 605 casualties/personnel, 604–605 fomites, 605 food, 604 large area fumigants, 605 property, 605 surface disinfectants, 605 personal protective requirements, 604 infected individuals, working with, 604 responding to the scene of a release, 604 Fusarenon X, 487

G Gallbladder inﬂammation, 251 Gallstones, 251 Gas gangrene, 503–504 in agricultural animals, 504 communicability, 504 differential diagnosis, 504 exposure, normal routes of, 504 incubation, 504 mortality rate, 504 secondary hazards, 504 signs and symptoms, 504 target species, 504 in people, 503–504 CDC case deﬁnition, 503 communicability, 503 differential diagnosis, 504 exposure, normal routes of, 503 incubation, 503 infectious dose, 503 mortality rate, 504 secondary hazards, 503 signs and symptoms, 504 Glanders, 513–514 in agricultural animals, 513–514 communicability, 513 differential diagnosis, 514 exposure, normal routes of, 513 incubation, 513 mortality rate, 514 secondary hazards, 513 signs and symptoms, 513–514

Ellison:

target species, 513 in people, 513 CDC case deﬁnition, 513 communicability, 513 differential diagnosis, 513 exposure, normal routes of, 513 incubation, 513 infectious dose, 513 mortality rate, 513 secondary hazards, 513 signs and symptoms, 513 Goatpox, 545–546 in agricultural animals, 545–546 communicability, 545 differential diagnosis, 546 exposure, normal routes of, 545 incubation, 546 mortality rate, 546 secondary hazards, 545 signs and symptoms, 546 target species, 545 Gonyautoxins, 473 G-series nerve agents, 3, 18–25 decontamination, 12–13 general exposure hazards, 5 lethal concentrations, 5 lethal percutaneous exposures, 5 Guanarito hemorrhagic fever, 546 in people, 546 CDC case deﬁnition, 546 communicability, 546 differential diagnosis, 546 exposure, normal routes of, 546 incubation, 546 infectious dose, 546 mortality rate, 546 secondary hazards, 546 signs and symptoms, 546 GV-Series nerve agents, 4, 33–37 decontamination, 13–14 general exposure hazards, 6

H Halothane, 399 Hantaan, 547 in people, 547 CDC case deﬁnition, 547 communicability, 547 differential diagnosis, 547 exposure, normal routes of, 547 incubation, 547 infectious dose, 547 mortality rate, 547 secondary hazards, 547 signs and symptoms, 547 Hydrogen cyanide, 10, 239–240 Heartwater, 599–600 in animals, 599–600 communicability, 599 differential diagnosis, 600 exposure, normal routes of, 599 incubation, 599 mortality rate, 600

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Index

747

secondary hazards, 599 signs and symptoms, 599 target species, 599 Helminthosporium oryzae, 609 brown spot of rice, see separate entry Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 251 Hendra virus, 548 in agricultural animals, 548 communicability, 548 differential diagnosis, 548 exposure, normal routes of, 548 incubation, 548 mortality rate, 548 secondary hazards, 548 signs and symptoms, 548 target species, 548 in people, 548 CDC case deﬁnition, 548 communicability, 548 differential diagnosis, 548 exposure, normal routes of, 548 incubation, 548 infectious dose, 548 mortality rate, 548 secondary hazards, 548 signs and symptoms, 548 HEPA (high-efﬁciency particulate air) ﬁlter, 466, 495, 528 Hepatitis, 251 Herpesviridae, 538 cercopithecine herpes-1 virus, see separate entry malignant catarrhal fever virus, see separate entry pseudorabies virus, see separate entry Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, 353–354 Histoplasma capsulatum, 609–610 histoplasmosis, see separate entry Histoplasmosis, 609–610 in people, 609–610 CDC case deﬁnition, 609 communicability, 609 differential diagnosis, 610 exposure, normal routes of, 609 incubation, 610 infectious dose, 609 mortality rate, 610 secondary hazards, 609 signs and symptoms, 610 Hog cholera, 548–549 in agricultural animals, 549 communicability, 549 differential diagnosis, 549 exposure, normal routes of, 549 incubation, 549 mortality rate, 549 secondary hazards, 549 signs and symptoms, 549 target species, 549 HT-2 toxin, 487 Huanglongbing, 510–511 liberobacter africanus, see separate entry liberobacter asiaticus, see separate entry HUS (hemolytic-uremic syndrome), 484 Hydrobromide salt, 165 Hydrogen bromide, 327–328

Ellison:

Hydrogen chloride, 10, 328 Hydrogen ﬂuoride, 10, 328–329 Hydrogen iodide, 329–330 Hydrogen selenide, 337–338 Hydrogen S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, 99 Hydrogen S-2-dimethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate, 100 Hydrogen S-2-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, 99–100 Hydrogen sulﬁde, 242–243 Hydrolysis, 10 Hyperkalemia, 251

I IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health), 12, 211, 250, 384, 431, 443, 464 Incapacitating agents, 379–401 additional hazards, 382–383 exposure, 382 ﬁre, 382 hazardous decomposition products, 383 combustion, 383 hydrolysis, 383 livestock/pets, 382 reactivity, 382 agents, 387–400 characteristics, 381–382 environmental fate, 382 persistency, 381 physical appearance/odor, 381 laboratory grade, 381 modiﬁed agents, 381 munition grade, 381 stability, 381 components and precursors, 400–401 fatality management, 387 medical, 385–386 casualty management, 386 CDC case deﬁnition, 385 differential diagnosis, 385 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 386 signs and symptoms, 385–386 protection, 383–384 decontamination, 384–385 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 384 solids or particulate aerosols, 385 vapors, 384 evacuation recommendations, 383 personal protective requirements, 383–384 chemical protective clothing, 384 respiratory protection, 383–384 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 383 toxicology, 380–381 effects, 380 general exposure hazards, 380 latency period, 380–381 liquids, 380 solids, 381 vapors/aerosols, 380 pathways and routes of exposure, 380

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748

Index

Infectious porcine encephalomyelitis, 549–550 in agricultural animals, 549–550 communicability, 549 differential diagnosis, 550 exposure, normal routes of, 549 incubation, 549 mortality rate, 550 secondary hazards, 549 signs and symptoms, 550 target species, 549 Iodoacetone, 418 Iron pentacarbonyl, 262 Irritating and lachrymatory agents, see under Lachrymatory agents, irritating Isoamyl mercaptan, 449 Isobutyl chloroformate, 364 hazards, 364 Isobutyl mercaptan, 446–447 O-Isobutyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, 26–27 O-Isopropyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate, 30 Isobutyric acid, 454 Isophenphos, 299 Isopropyl alcohol, 47–48 and isopropyl amine mixture, 47–48 Isopropyl chloroformate, 364–365 Isopropyl dimethylamidocyanidophosphate, 23 Isopropyl isocyanate, 371 Isopropylbicyclophosphate, 228 Isopropylphosphonic diﬂuoride, 50–51

J Japanese encephalitis, 550–551 in agricultural animals, 551 communicability, 551 differential diagnosis, 551 exposure, normal routes of, 551 incubation, 551 mortality rate, 551 secondary hazards, 551 signs and symptoms, 551 target species, 551 in people, 550–551 CDC case deﬁnition, 550 communicability, 550 differential diagnosis, 551 exposure, normal routes of, 550 incubation, 550 infectious dose, 550 mortality rate, 551 secondary hazards, 550 signs and symptoms, 551 Junin hemorrhagic fever, 551–552 in people, 551–552 CDC case deﬁnition, 551 communicability, 551 differential diagnosis, 552 exposure, normal routes of, 551 incubation, 552 infectious dose, 551

Ellison:

mortality rate, 552 secondary hazards, 552 signs and symptoms, 552

K Kidney stones, 251 Kyasanur forest disease, 552 in people, 552 CDC case deﬁnition, 552 communicability, 552 differential diagnosis, 552 exposure, normal routes of, 552 incubation, 552 infectious dose, 552 mortality rate, 552 secondary hazards, 552 signs and symptoms, 552

L Laboratory grade agents arsenic vesicants, 192 arsine blood agents, 250 arsine blood agents, 256 bicyclophosphate convulsants, 222 carbamate nerve agents, 106 COX inhibiting blood agents, 232 incapacitating agents, 381 lachrymatory agents, irritating and, 404 malodorants, 440 organophosphorus nerve agents, 6 pulmonary agents, 266 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 146 toxins, 462 urticants, 208 vomiting/sternatory agents, 428 Lachrymatory agents, irritating and, 403–425 additional hazards, 405–406 exposure, 405 ﬁre, 405–406 hazardous decomposition products, 406 combustion, 406 hydrolysis, 406 livestock/pets, 405 reactivity, 406 agents, 410–425 characteristics, 404–405 environmental fate, 405 persistency, 405 physical appearance/odor, 404 laboratory grade, 404 modiﬁed agents, 404 munition grade, 404 stability, 404 fatality management, 410 medical, 409–410 casualty management, 410 CDC case deﬁnition, 409 differential diagnosis, 409 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 409 signs and symptoms, 409 solids/solutions, 409 vapors/aerosols, 409 protection, 406–407

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Index

749

decontamination, 407–409 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 408 solids or particulate aerosols, 408–409 vapors, 408 evacuation recommendations, 406–407 personal protective requirements, 407 chemical protective clothing, 407 respiratory protection, 407 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 407 toxicology, 403–404 effects, 403 general exposure hazards, 404 latency period, 404 pathways and routes of exposure, 403 Lassa fever, 553 in people, 553 CDC case deﬁnition, 553 communicability, 553 differential diagnosis, 553 exposure, normal routes of, 553 incubation, 553 infectious dose, 553 mortality rate, 553 secondary hazards, 553 signs and symptoms, 553 Late blight of potato, 611 in plants, 611 normal routes of transmission, 611 secondary hazards, 611 signs, 611 target species, 611 α-Latrotoxin, 473–474 Lead arsenate, 320–321 Leaf scald disease, 518–519 in plants, 518–519 normal routes of transmission, 518 secondary hazards, 518 signs, 519 target species, 518 Legionella pneumophila, 509–510 legionnaire’s disease, see separate entry Legionnaire’s disease, 509–510 in people, 510 CDC case deﬁnition, 510 communicability, 510 differential diagnosis, 510 exposure, normal routes of, 510 incubation, 510 infectious dose, 510 mortality rate, 510 secondary hazards, 510 signs and symptoms, 510 Leptospirosis, 251, 501 Lewisite, 201–202 Lewisite 2, 436 interim AEGLs, 436 Lewisite 3, 204–205 Liberobacter africanus, 510–511 in plants, 511 normal routes of transmission, 511 secondary hazards, 511 signs, 511 target species, 511 Liberobacter asiaticus

Ellison:

in plants, 511 normal routes of transmission, 511 secondary hazards, 511 signs, 511 target species, 511 Lockjaw, 504–505 in agricultural animals, 505 communicability, 505 differential diagnosis, 505 exposure, normal routes of, 505 incubation, 505 mortality rate, 505 secondary hazards, 505 signs and symptoms, 505 target species, 505 in people, 504–505 CDC case deﬁnition, 505 communicability, 505 differential diagnosis, 505 exposure, normal routes of, 505 incubation, 505 infectious dose, 505 mortality rate, 505 secondary hazards, 505 signs and symptoms, 505 Lofentanil, 397–398 Louping ill, 553–554 in agricultural animals, 554 communicability, 554 differential diagnosis, 554 exposure, normal routes of, 554 incubation, 554 mortality rate, 554 secondary hazards, 554 signs and symptoms, 554 target species, 554 in people, 554 CDC case deﬁnition, 554 communicability, 554 differential diagnosis, 554 exposure, normal routes of, 554 incubation, 554 infectious dose, 554 mortality rate, 554 secondary hazards, 554 signs and symptoms, 554 LSD, 394–395 tartrate salt, 395 Lumpy skin disease, 554–555 in agricultural animals, 555 communicability, 555 differential diagnosis, 555 exposure, normal routes of, 555 incubation, 555 mortality rate, 555 secondary hazards, 555 signs and symptoms, 555 target species, 555 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 555–556 in people, 555–556 CDC case deﬁnition, 555 communicability, 555 differential diagnosis, 556 exposure, normal routes of, 555

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750

Index

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (Continued) incubation, 556 infectious dose, 556 mortality rate, 556 secondary hazards, 556 signs and symptoms, 556

M Machupo hemorrhagic fever, 556 in people, 556 CDC case deﬁnition, 556 communicability, 556 differential diagnosis, 556 exposure, normal routes of, 556 incubation, 556 infectious dose, 556 mortality rate, 556 secondary hazards, 556 signs and symptoms, 556 Macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins, 487–488 toxicology, 487–488 roridin A, 488 satratoxin H, 488 verrucarin A, 488 Maitotoxin, 480–481 Malaria, 251 Malignant catarrhal fever virus, 557 in agricultural animals, 557 communicability, 557 differential diagnosis, 557 exposure, normal routes of, 557 incubation, 557 mortality rate, 557 secondary hazards, 557 signs and symptoms, 557 target species, 557 Malodorants, 439–456 additional hazards, 441–442 exposure, 441 ﬁre, 441 hazardous decomposition products, 442 combustion, 442 hydrolysis, 442 livestock/pets, 441 reactivity, 441 agents, 445–456 characteristics, 440–441 environmental fate, 441 persistency, 441 physical appearance/odor, 440 laboratory grade, 440 modiﬁed agents, 440 munition grade, 440 stability, 440 fatality management, 444–445 medical, 444 casualty management, 444 CDC case deﬁnition, 444 differential diagnosis, 444 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 444

Ellison:

signs and symptoms, 444 liquids, 444 vapors, 444 protection, 442–444 decontamination, 443–444 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 443–444 vapors, 443 evacuation recommendations, 442 personal protective requirements, 442 chemical protective clothing, 442 respiratory protection, 442 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 442 toxicology, 439–440 effects, 439–440 general exposure hazards, 440 latency period, 440 pathways and routes of exposure, 440 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 557–558 in people, 557–558 CDC case deﬁnition, 557 communicability, 557 differential diagnosis, 558 exposure, normal routes of, 558 incubation, 558 infectious dose, 558 mortality rate, 558 secondary hazards, 558 signs and symptoms, 558 Melioidosis, 514–515 in agricultural animals, 514–515 communicability, 514 differential diagnosis, 515 exposure, normal routes of, 514 incubation, 515 mortality rate, 515 secondary hazards, 514 signs and symptoms, 515 target species, 514 in people, 514 CDC case deﬁnition, 514 communicability, 514 differential diagnosis, 514 exposure, normal routes of, 514 incubation, 514 infectious dose, 514 mortality rate, 514 secondary hazards, 514 signs and symptoms, 514 Menangle virus, 558–559 in agricultural animals, 558–559 communicability, 558 differential diagnosis, 559 exposure, normal routes of, 558 incubation, 559 mortality rate, 559 secondary hazards, 558 signs and symptoms, 559 target species, 558 in people, 558 CDC case deﬁnition, 558 communicability, 558 differential diagnosis, 558 exposure, normal routes of, 558

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Index

751

incubation, 558 infectious dose, 558 mortality rate, 558 secondary hazards, 558 signs and symptoms, 558 Mephosfolan, 299–300 Mercaptoethanol, 445 Mercaptoethyl sulﬁde, 447–448 Mercuric chloride, 323 Mescaline, 394 hydrochloride salt, 394 sulphate salt, 394 β-Methallyl chloride, 316 Methamidophos, 300 Methamphetamine, 392–393 hydrochloride salt, 393 Methanephosphonic acid, 45–46 Methanesulfonyl chloride, 365 Methemoglobinemia, 251 Methidathion, 301 Methiocarb, 309–310 hazards, 310 Methomyl, 310–311 Methoxyethyl mercury acetate, 321–322 Methoxyﬂurane, 399–400 N-Methyl-4-piperidyl cyclopentyl-phenylglycolate, 389 Methyl benzilate, 401 Methyl bromide, 315–316 Methyl chloroformate, 365–366 Methyl chlorosulfonate, 277–278 Methyl dichloroarsine, 202 Methyl ethylphosphonoﬂuoridate, 23 Methyl hydrazine, 369 Methyl iodide quaternary amine salt, 34 Methyl isocyanate, 371–372 Methyl mercaptan, 354–355 Methyl mercury dicyandiamide, 322 Methyl mercury hydroxide, 322–323 Methyl parathion, 301–302 Methyl t-butyl ketone, 66–67 Methylbicyclophosphate, 227 Methyldiethanolamine, 178 Methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate, 372–373 Methylphosphinyl dichloride, 49 Methylphosphonate diesters, 12 Methylphosphonic dichloride, 42 Methylphosphonic diﬂuoride, 43 Methylphosphonothioic dichloride, 49 Mevinphos, 302 Microcyclus ulei, 610 South American leaf blight, see separate entry Microcystin LR, 481 Modeccin, 481–482 Modiﬁed agents arsenic vesicants, 193 carbamate nerve agents, 106 organophosphorus nerve agents, 7 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 146 Monilia pod rot, 610 in plants, 610 normal routes of transmission, 610

Ellison:

secondary hazards, 610 signs, 610 target species, 610 Monilia rorei, 610 monilia pod rot, see separate entry Monkeypox, 559–560 in agricultural animals, 560 communicability, 560 differential diagnosis, 560 exposure, normal routes of, 560 incubation, 560 mortality rate, 560 secondary hazards, 560 signs and symptoms, 560 target species, 560 in people, 559–569 CDC case deﬁnition, 559 communicability, 559 differential diagnosis, 560 exposure, normal routes of, 559 incubation, 559 infectious dose, 559 mortality rate, 560 secondary hazards, 559 signs and symptoms, 559 Monocrotophos, 302–303 MOPP (mission-oriented protective posture) garments, 7 Morphine, 395 Munition grade agents arsenic vesicants, 193 arsine blood agents, 256 COX inhibiting blood agents, 232 incapacitating agents, 381 lachrymatory agents, irritating and, 404 malodorants, 440 organophosphorus nerve agents, 6–7 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 146 urticants, 208 vomiting/sternatory agents, 428 Murray valley encephalitis, 560–561 in people, 561 CDC case deﬁnition, 561 communicability, 561 differential diagnosis, 561 exposure, normal routes of, 561 incubation, 561 infectious dose, 561 mortality rate, 561 secondary hazards, 561 signs and symptoms, 561 Muscarine, 16 O-Mustard, 157–158 Mustard gas, 156 Mustard lewisite mixture, 161 Mustard/sesquimustard mixture, 158 Mycoplasma capricolum, 511–512 contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, see separate entry Mycoplasma infections, 501 Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides, 512–513 contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, see separate entry Mycosis, 501

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752

Index

N Nanoviridae, 535 in plants, 535 normal routes of transmission, 535 secondary hazards, 535 signs, 535 target species, 535 Neosaxitoxin, 474 Neosolaniol, 487 Nerve agents carbamate nerve agents, 105–138, see also separate entry organophosphorus nerve agents, 3–100, see also separate entry Neurotoxins, 467–478 Newcastle disease, 561–562 in agricultural animals, 562 communicability, 562 differential diagnosis, 562 exposure, normal routes of, 562 incubation, 562 mortality rate, 562 secondary hazards, 562 signs and symptoms, 562 target species, 562 in people, 562 CDC case deﬁnition, 562 communicability, 562 differential diagnosis, 562 exposure, normal routes of, 562 incubation, 562 infectious dose, 562 mortality rate, 562 secondary hazards, 562 signs and symptoms, 562 Nickel carbonyl, 263 NIOSH (National institute for occupational safety and health), 12, 211 Nipah virus, 562–563 in agricultural animals, 563 communicability, 563 differential diagnosis, 563 exposure, normal routes of, 563 incubation, 563 mortality rate, 563 secondary hazards, 563 signs and symptoms, 563 target species, 563 in people, 563 CDC case deﬁnition, 563 communicability, 563 differential diagnosis, 563 exposure, normal routes of, 563 incubation, 563 infectious dose, 563 mortality rate, 563 secondary hazards, 563 signs and symptoms, 563 Nitric oxide, 334 Nitrogen dioxide, 335 Nitrogen mustard 1, 162 Nitrogen mustard 2, 162–163 Nitrogen mustard 3, 163–164

Ellison:

Nitrogen vesicants, sulfur and, see under Sulfur and nitrogen vesicants Nivalenol diacetate, 487 Nivalenol, 487 Novichok-series nerve agents, 4, 37–42 decontamination, 14 general exposure hazards, 6

O Octamethylene-bis(5dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide), 120–121 Octyl mercaptan, 355 Omsk hemorrhagic fever, 563–564 in people, 564 CDC case deﬁnition, 564 communicability, 564 differential diagnosis, 564 exposure, normal routes of, 564 incubation, 564 infectious dose, 564 mortality rate, 564 secondary hazards, 564 signs and symptoms, 564 O’nyong-nyong, 564 in people, 564 CDC case deﬁnition, 564 communicability, 564 differential diagnosis, 564 exposure, normal routes of, 564 incubation, 564 infectious dose, 564 mortality rate, 564 secondary hazards, 564 signs and symptoms, 564 Organophosphorus nerve agents additional hazards, 9 exposure, 9 ﬁre, 9–10 hazardous decomposition products, 10 combustion, 10 hydrolysis, 10 livestock/pets, 9 reactivity, 10 characteristics, 6–7 environmental fate, 8–9 persistency, 8 physical appearance/odor, 6 binary agents, 7 laboratory grade, 6 modiﬁed agents, 7 munition grade, 6–7 stability, 7–8 components and precursors, 42–93 decomposition products and impurities, 93–100 decontamination, 12–15 G-series nerve agents, 12–13 GV-series nerve agents, 13–14 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 15 novichok agents, 14 solids, dusty agents, or particulate aerosols, 15 vapors, 14 V-series nerve agents, 13 fatality management, 17–18

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Index

753

G-series nerve agents, 3 GV-series nerve agents, 4 medical, 16–17 casualtymanagement, 17 CDC case deﬁnition, 16 differential diagnosis, 16 mass-casualtyt riage recommendations, 17 priority, 17 signs and symptoms, 16 liquids/solids, 16–17 vapors/aerosols, 16 novichok-series nerve agents, 4 protection, 10–12 evacuation recommendations, 10–11 personal protective requirements, 11–12 chemical protective clothing, 12 respiratory protection, 12 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 11 toxicology, 5–6 effects, 5 exposure, pathways and routes of, 5 general exposure hazards, 5–6 G-series nerve agents, 5 GV-series nerve agents, 6 novichok-series nerve agents, 6 V-series nerve agents, 5 latency p eriod, 6 liquids, 6 solids, 6 vapor/aerosols, 6 V-series nerve agents, 3–4 Oropouche virus disease, 564–565 in people, 565 CDC case deﬁnition, 565 communicability, 565 differential diagnosis, 565 exposure, normal routes of, 565 incubation, 565 infectious dose, 565 mortality rate, 565 secondary hazards, 565 signs and symptoms, 565 Orthomyxoviridae, 534 in agricultural animals, 535 communicability, 535 differential diagnosis, 535 exposure, normal routes of, 535 incubation, 535 mortality rate, 535 secondary hazards, 535 signs and symptoms, 535 target species, 535 in people, 534 CDC case deﬁnition, 534 communicability, 534 differential diagnosis, 534 exposure, normal routes of, 534 incubation, 534 infectious dose, 534 mortality rate, 534 secondary hazards, 534 signs and symptoms, 534 pandemic inﬂuenza, see separate entry Osmium tetroxide, 335–336

Ellison:

P Palytoxin, 474 Pandemic inﬂuenza, 565–565 in people, 565–566 CDC case deﬁnition, 565 communicability, 565 differential diagnosis, 566 exposure, normal routes of, 565 incubation, 566 infectious dose, 566 mortality rate, 566 secondary hazards, 566 signs and symptoms, 566 PAPRs (powered air -purifying respirator), 497 Paramyxoviridae, 548 Hendra virus, see separate entry menangle virus, see separate entry Newcastle disease, see separate entry Nipah virus, see separate entry peste des petits ruminants, see separate entry rinderpest, see separate entry Paraquat, 324 Parathion, 303–304 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 251 Pathogen bacterial pathogens, see separate entry fungal pathogens, see separate entry rickettsial pathogens, see separate entry viral pathogens, see separate entry Pemphigus vulgaris, 213 Perchloromethyl mercaptan, 280–281 Perﬂuoroisobutylene, 276–277 Peronosclerospora philippinensis, 611 Philippine downy mildew, see separate entry Pertussis toxin, 482 Peste des petits ruminants, 566 in agricultural animals, 566 communicability, 566 differential diagnosis, 566 exposure, normal routes of, 566 incubation, 566 mortality rate, 566 secondary hazards, 566 signs and symptoms, 566 target species, 566 Phencyclidine, 391 hydrochloride salt, 391 Phenyl dibromoarsine, 203 Phenyl dichloroarsine, 202–203 Phenyl mercury acetate, 323–324 Phenylcarbylamine chloride, 279–280 Philippine downy mildew, 611 in plants, 611 normal routes of transmission, 611 secondary hazards, 611 signs, 611 target species, 611 Phorate, 304 Phosgene oxime, 215–216 Phosgene, 273–274 Phosphamidon, 304–305 Phosphine, 317 Phosphonoﬂuoridates, 3

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754

Index

Phosphonoﬂuoridothiates, 3 Phosphoramidocyanidates, 3 Phosphorous oxychloride, 56–57 Phosphorous pentachloride, 56 Phosphorous pentaﬂuoride, 343–344 Phosphorous pentasulﬁde, 57–58 Phosphorous trichloride, 55–56 Phytophthora infestans, 611 late blight of potato, see separate entry Picornaviridae, 544–545 foot-and-mouth disease, see separate entry infectious porcine encephalomyelitis, see separate entry swine vesicular disease, see separate entry Picrate salt, 167–168 Pierce’s disease, 519–520 in plants, 520 normal routes of transmission, 520 secondary hazards, 520 signs, 520 target species, 520 Pinacolyl alcohol, 67 Plague, 520–521 in people, 520–521 CDC case deﬁnition, 520 communicability, 520 differential diagnosis, 521 exposure, normal routes of, 520 incubation, 521 infectious dose, 520 mortality rate, 521 secondary hazards, 521 signs and symptoms, 521 Plum pox, 567 in plants, 567 normal routes of transmission, 567 secondary hazards, 567 signs, 567 target species, 567 Pospiviroid, 567–568 potato spindle tuber viroid, see separate entry Potassium biﬂuoride, 53–54 Potassium cyanide, 244 Potassium ﬂuoride, 52–53 Potato andean latent Tymovirus, 567 in plants, 567 normal routes of transmission, 567 secondary hazards, 567 signs, 567 target species, 567 Potato spindle tuber viroid, 567–568 in plants, 567–568 normal routes of transmission, 567 secondary hazards, 567 signs, 568 target species, 567 Potato wart disease, 613 in plants, 613 normal routes of transmission, 613 secondary hazards, 613 signs, 613 target species, 613 Potyvirus Plum pox, 567 Powassan encephalitis, 568–569

Ellison:

in people, 568–569 CDC case deﬁnition, 568 communicability, 568 differential diagnosis, 569 exposure, normal routes of, 568 incubation, 568 mortality rate, 569 infectious dose, 568 secondary hazards, 568 signs and symptoms, 569 Powdery mildew of Cereals, 609 in plants, 609 normal routes of transmission, 609 secondary hazards, 609 signs, 609 target species, 609 Poxviridae, 536 camelpox, see separate entry goatpox, see separate entry lumpy skin disease, see separate entry monkeypox, see separate entry Sheep pox, see separate entry Smallpox, see separate entry variola minor, see separate entry Prolixin, 398 dihydrochloride salt, 398 Propyl chloroformate, 366–367 Propylphosphonic dichloride, 64 PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome) virus, 551 Pseudomonas mallei, 513–514 glanders, see separate entry Pseudomonas pseudomallei, 514–515 melioidosis, see separate entry Pseudorabies virus, 569 in agricultural animals, 569 communicability, 569 differential diagnosis, 569 exposure, normal routes of, 569 incubation, 569 mortality rate, 569 secondary hazards, 569 signs and symptoms, 569 target species, 569 PSP (paralytic shellﬁsh poisoning), 475 Puccinia graminis, 611 stem rust of cereals, see separate entry Puccinia striiformis, 612 stripe rust of wheat, see separate entry Pulmonary agents, 265–282 additional hazards, 267–268 exposure, 267 ﬁre, 267 hazardous decomposition products, 268 combustion, 268 hydrolysis, 268 livestock/pets, 267 reactivity, 268 agents, 272–282 characteristics, 266–267 environmental fate, 267 persistency, 267 physical appearance/odor, 266–267 laboratory grade, 266

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Index

755

mixtures with other agents, 266 modiﬁed grade, 266 stability, 266 fatality management, 272 medical, 270–271 casualty management, 271–272 CDC case deﬁnition, 270 differential diagnosis, 270–272 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 271 signs and symptoms, 271 liquids, 271 vapors, 271 protection, 268–269 decontamination, 269 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 269–270 vapors, 269 evacuation recommendations, 268 personal protective requirements, 269 chemical protective clothing, 269 respiratory protection, 269 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 269 toxicology, 265–266 effects, 265 general exposure hazards, 266 latency period, 266 pathways and routes of exposure, 265–266 Pulmonary edema, 214 Putrescine, 453 Puumala hemorrhagic fever, 570 in people, 570 CDC case deﬁnition, 570 communicability, 570 differential diagnosis, 570 exposure, normal routes of, 570 incubation, 570 infectious dose, 570 mortality rate, 570 secondary hazards, 570 signs and symptoms, 570 Pyricularia grisea, 612 rice blast, see separate entry

Q Q fever, 505–506 in people, 505–506 CDC case deﬁnition, 506 communicability, 506 differential diagnosis, 506 exposure, normal routes of, 506 incubation, 506 infectious dose, 506 mortality rate, 506 secondary hazards, 506 signs and symptoms, 506

R Rabies, 570–571 in agricultural animals, 571 communicability, 571 differential diagnosis, 571 exposure, normal routes of, 571 incubation, 571

Ellison:

mortality rate, 571 secondary hazards, 571 signs and symptoms, 571 target species, 571 in people, 571 CDC case deﬁnition, 571 communicability, 571 differential diagnosis, 571 exposure, normal routes of, 571 incubation, 571 infectious dose, 571 mortality rate, 571 secondary hazards, 571 signs and symptoms, 571 Ralstonia solanacearum, 515 bacterial wilt, see separate entry Reoviridae, 532–533 African horse sickness, see separate entry bluetongue, see separate entry Rhabdomyolysis, 251 Rhabdoviridae, 570–571 rabies, see separate entry Rice blast, 612 in plants, 612 normal routes of transmission, 612 secondary hazards, 612 signs, 612 target species, 612 Ricin, 482–483 Rickettsia akari, 596–597 rickettsial pox, 596–597, see separate entry Rickettsia prowazekii, 597 typhus, see separate entry Rickettsia quintana, 597–598 trench fever, see separate entry Rickettsia rickettsii, 598–599 rocky mountain spotted fever, see separate entry Rickettsia ruminantium, 599–600 heartwater, see separate entry Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, 600 scrub typhus, see separate entry Rickettsia typhi, 600–601 endemic typhus, see separate entry Rickettsial pathogens, 593–601 agents, 596–601 fatality management, 595–596 response, 594–595 decontamination, 594–595 animals, 595 casualties/personnel, 595 fomites, 595 food, 594 large area fumigants, 595 property, 595 surface disinfectants, 595 personal protective requirements, 594 infected individuals, working with, 594 responding to the scene of a release, 594 Rickettsial pox, 596–597 in people, 596–597 CDC case deﬁnition, 596 communicability, 596 differential diagnosis, 597 exposure, normal routes of, 596

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756

Index

Rickettsial pox (Continued) incubation, 597 infectious dose, 596 mortality rate, 597 secondary hazards, 596 signs and symptoms, 597 Rift valley fever, 571–573 in agricultural animals, 572–573 communicability, 572 differential diagnosis, 573 exposure, normal routes of, 572 incubation, 571 mortality rate, 573 secondary hazards, 572 signs and symptoms, 572 target species, 572 in people, 572 CDC case deﬁnition, 572 communicability, 572 differential diagnosis, 572 exposure, normal routes of, 572 incubation, 572 infectious dose, 572 mortality rate, 572 secondary hazards, 572 signs and symptoms, 572 Rinderpest, 573 in agricultural animals, 573 communicability, 573 differential diagnosis, 573 exposure, normal routes of, 573 incubation, 573 mortality rate, 573 secondary hazards, 573 signs and symptoms, 573 target species, 573 Rocio encephalitis, 573–574 in people, 574 CDC case deﬁnition, 574 communicability, 574 differential diagnosis, 574 exposure, normal routes of, 574 incubation, 574 infectious dose, 574 mortality rate, 574 secondary hazards, 574 signs and symptoms, 574 Rocky mountain spotted fever, 598–599 in people, 598–599 CDC case deﬁnition, 598 communicability, 598 differential diagnosis, 599 exposure, normal routes of, 598 incubation, 599 infectious dose, 598 mortality rate, 599 secondary hazards, 599 signs and symptoms, 599 Roridin A, 488 RSDL (reactive skin decontaminant lotion), 13–14 Russian spring-summer encephalitis, 574–575 in agricultural animals, 575 communicability, 575 differential diagnosis, 575

Ellison:

exposure, normal routes of, 575 incubation, 575 mortality rate, 575 secondary hazards, 575 signs and symptoms, 575 target species, 575 in people, 574–575 CDC case deﬁnition, 574 communicability, 575 differential diagnosis, 575 exposure, normal routes of, 575 incubation, 575 infectious dose, 575 mortality rate, 575 secondary hazards, 575 signs and symptoms, 575

S Sabia hemorrhagic fever, 575–576 in people, 575–576 CDC case deﬁnition, 575 communicability, 575 differential diagnosis, 576 exposure, normal routes of, 576 incubation, 576 infectious dose, 576 mortality rate, 576 secondary hazards, 576 signs and symptoms, 576 Salmonella typhi, 515–516 typhoid fever, see separate entry Saponin, 7, 462 Sarin, 3, 19 Satratoxin H, 488 Saxitoxin, 475 SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), 12, 211, 250, 383, 431, 443, 464 Schradan, 305 Sclerophthora rayssiae, 612–613 downy mildew of corn, see separate entry Scrub typhus, 600 in people, 600 CDC case deﬁnition, 600 communicability, 600 differential diagnosis, 600 exposure, normal routes of, 600 incubation, 600 infectious dose, 600 mortality rate, 600 secondary hazards, 600 signs and symptoms, 600 Selenium hexaﬂuoride, 338–339 Seoul hemorrhagic fever, 576–577 in people, 576–577 CDC case deﬁnition, 576 communicability, 576 differential diagnosis, 577 exposure, normal routes of, 576 incubation, 576 infectious dose, 576 mortality rate, 577 secondary hazards, 576 signs and symptoms, 576

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Index

757

Sepedonicus, 502 ring rot of potatoes, 502 in plants, 502 normal routes of transmission, 502 secondary hazards, 502 signs, 502 target species, 502 Serratia marcescens, 516–517 BW simulant, 516–517 in people, 517 CDC case deﬁnition, 517 communicability, 517 differential diagnosis, 517 exposure, normal routes of, 517 incubation, 517 infectious dose, 517 mortality rate, 517 secondary hazards, 517 signs and symptoms, 517 Sesquimustard, 157 Sheep pox, 577 in people, 577 CDC case deﬁnition, 577 communicability, 577 differential diagnosis, 577 exposure, normal routes of, 577 incubation, 577 infectious dose, 577 mortality rate, 577 secondary hazards, 577 signs and symptoms, 577 Shiga toxin, 483 Shigella dysenteriae, 517 Shigellosis, see separate entry Shigellosis, 517 in people, 517 CDC case deﬁnition, 517 communicability, 517 differential diagnosis, 517 exposure, normal routes of, 517 incubation, 517 infectious dose, 517 mortality rate, 517 secondary hazards, 517 signs and symptoms, 517 Silicon tetraﬂuoride, 339 Sin nombre, 577–578 in people, 578 CDC case deﬁnition, 578 communicability, 578 differential diagnosis, 578 exposure, normal routes of, 578 incubation, 578 infectious dose, 578 mortality rate, 578 secondary hazards, 578 signs and symptoms, 578 Smallpox, 578–579 in people, 578–579 CDC case deﬁnition, 578 communicability, 579 differential diagnosis, 579 exposure, normal routes of, 579 incubation, 579

Ellison:

infectious dose, 579 mortality rate, 579 secondary hazards, 579 signs and symptoms, 579 Sodium arsenite, 321 Sodium biﬂuoride, 54 Sodium cyanide, 243–244 Sodium ﬂuoride, 53 Sodium ﬂuoroacetate, 324–325 Sodium sulﬁde, 177 Soman, 3, 20 South American leaf blight, 610 in plants, 610 normal routes of transmission, 610 secondary hazards, 610 signs, 610 target species, 610 St. Louis encephalitis, 579–580 in people, 579–580 CDC case deﬁnition, 579–580 communicability, 580 differential diagnosis, 580 exposure, normal routes of, 580 incubation, 580 infectious dose, 580 mortality rate, 580 secondary hazards, 580 signs and symptoms, 580 Standard bathroom malodor, 456 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 483–484 Staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome, 213 Stem rust of cereals, 611 in plants, 611 normal routes of transmission, 611 secondary hazards, 611 signs, 611 target species, 611 Sternatory/vomiting agents, see under vomiting/sternatory agents Stibine, 339–340 Stink bombs, 439 Stripe rust of wheat, 612 in plants, 612 normal routes of transmission, 612 secondary hazards, 612 signs, 612 target species, 612 Structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear arsenic vesicants, 195 arsine blood agents, 250 bicyclophosphate convulsants, 224 carbamate nerve agents, 108 carbonmonooxide blood agents, 258 COX inhibiting blood agents, 236 incapacitating agents, 383 irritating and lachrymatory agents, 407 malodorants, 442 organophosphorus nerve agents, 11 pulmonary agents, 269 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 150 toxic industrial agents, 287 toxins, 464 urticants, 211 vomiting/sternatory agents, 431

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758

Index

Strychnine, 325–326 Sufentanil, 396–397 Sulfonyl ﬂuoride, 317–318 Sulfotepp, 305–306 Sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 143–187 additional hazards, 147–108 exposure, 147–148 hazardous decomposition products, 148–149 combustion, 149 hydrolysis, 148 livestock/pets, 148 ﬁre, 148 reactivity, 148 characteristics, 106–107 environmental fate, 147 persistency, 147 physical appearance/odor, 146–147 laboratory grade, 146 Mixtures with Other Agents, 146–147 modiﬁed agents, 146 Munition Grade, 146 stability, 147 components and precursors, 173–179 decomposition products and impurities, 179–187 fatality management, 155 medical, 153 casualty management, 154–155 CDC case deﬁnition, 153 differential diagnosis, 153 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 154 signs and symptoms, 153–154 liquids/solids, 154 vapors/aerosols, 153–154 nitrogen vesicants, 162–173 protection, 149 decontamination, 150–151 liquid, solutions or liquid aerosols, 152 solids, dusty agents, or particulate aerosols, 152–153 Vapors, 151–152 evacuation recommendations, 149 personal protective requirements, 150 chemical protective clothing, 150 respiratory protection, 150 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 150 sulfur vesicants, 156–161 toxicology, 144–145 effects, 144 general exposure hazards, 144–145 nitrogen series, 145 sulfur series, 144–145 latency period, 145 aerosols, 145 solids/solutions, 145 pathways and routes of exposure, 144 Sulfur dichloride, 175 Sulfur dioxide, 336–337 Sulfur monochloride, 174–175 Sulfur mustard/O-mustard mixture, 158—-159 Sulfur trioxide, 337 Sulfur, 46–47 Sulfuryl chloride, 344 Swine vesicular disease, 580 in agricultural animals, 580

Ellison:

communicability, 580 differential diagnosis, 580 exposure, normal routes of, 580 incubation, 580 mortality rate, 580 secondary hazards, 580 signs and symptoms, 580 target species, 580 Synchytrium endobioticum, 613 potato wart disease, see separate entry

T T2 Mycotoxin, 485–486 T3 coliphage, 581 BW simulant, 581 Tabun, 3, 18–19 Taipoxin, 475–476 Tellurium hexaﬂuoride, 340 Terbufos, 306–307 Tetanus toxin, 476 Tetraethyl lead, 356 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, 307 Tetramethyl lead, 356–357 Tetrodotoxin, 476–477 Thallium sulfate, 326 Thiodiglycol, 173–174 Thionyl chloride, 175–176 Thiophosgene, 420–421 Tick-borne encephalitis complex, 581–582 in people, 581–582 CDC case deﬁnition, 581 communicability, 581 differential diagnosis, 582 exposure, normal routes of, 581 incubation, 580 infectious dose, 581 mortality rate, 582 secondary hazards, 581 signs and symptoms, 581–582 Tilletia indica, 613 wheat cover smut, see separate entry Titanium tetrachloride, 340–341 Tityus serrulatus, 477 Tityustoxin, 477 Togaviridae Chikungunya, see separate entry eastern equine encephalitis, see separate entry O’nyong-nyong, see separate entry Venezuelan equine encephalitis, see separate entry western equine encephalitis, see separate entry Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, 373–374 Toxic agents arsine blood agents, see separate entry bicyclophosphate convulsants, see separate entry carbon monoxide blood agents, see separate entry COX inhibiting blood agents, see separate entry pulmonary agents, see separate entry toxic industrial agents, see separate entry Toxic industrial agents, 285–374 fatality management, 290 agents, 290–374 medical, 288–289 casualty management, 289–290 CDC case deﬁnition, 288–289

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Index

759

differential diagnosis, 289 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 289 signs and symptoms, 289 liquids/solids, 289 vapors, 289 protection, 286–288 decontamination, 287–288 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 288 solids or particulate aerosols, 288 vapors, 287 evacuation recommendations, 286 personal protective requirements, 287 chemical protective clothing, 287 respiratory protection, 287 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 287 toxicology, 285–286 effects, 285 pathways and routes of exposure, 285–286 Toxicology, see also under individual entries arsenic vesicants, 191–192 arsine blood agents, 247–248 bicyclophosphate convulsants, 221–222 carbamate nerve agents, 105–106 carbon monoxide blood agents, 255–256 COX inhibiting blood agents, 231–232 incapacitating agents, 380–381 lachrymatory agents, irritating and, 403–404 malodorants, 439–440 Organophosphorus nerve agents, 5–6 pulmonary agents, 265–266 sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, 144 toxic industrial agents, 285–286 toxins, 461–462 urticants, 207–208 vomiting/sternatory agents, 427–428 Toxins, 461–488 additional hazards, 463 exposure, 463 ﬁre, 463 livestock/pets, 463 reactivity, 463 characteristics, 462–463 environmental fate, 463 persistency, 463 physical appearance/odor, 462 laboratory grade, 462 modiﬁed agents, 462 stability, 462 cytotoxins, 478–485 dermally hazardous cytotoxins, 485–488 fatality management, 467 medical, 466–467 casualty management, 467 CDC case deﬁnition, 466 differential diagnosis, 466 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 466 signs and symptoms, 466 neurotoxins, 467–478 protection, 464–465 decontamination, 465 liquids, solutions, or liquid aerosols, 465 solids/particulate aerosols, 465–466 evacuation recommendations, 464

Ellison:

personal protective requirements, 464 chemical protective clothing, 464–465 respiratory protection, 464 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 464 toxicology, 461–462 effects, 461 general exposure hazards, 462 latency period, 462 pathways and routes of exposure, 462 Trench fever, 597–598 in people, 598 CDC case deﬁnition, 598 communicability, 598 differential diagnosis, 598 exposure, normal routes of, 598 incubation, 598 infectious dose, 598 mortality rate, 598 secondary hazards, 598 signs and symptoms, 598 Tributylamine, 50 Trichloroacetonitrile, 318–319 Trichloroacetyl chloride, 367 Trichomoniasis, 501 Trichothecene mycotoxins, 486 toxicology, 486–487 deoxynivalenol, 486 diacetoxyscirpenol, 486 fusarenon X, 487 HT-2 toxin, 487 neosolaniol, 487 nivalenol diacetate, 487 nivalenol, 487 Triethanolamine, 179 roperties, 179 Triethyl phosphate, 97–98 Triethyl phosphite, 60 Triﬂuoroacetyl chloride, 367–368 Trimethyl phosphite, 58–59 Triphosgene, 275 Tularemia, 508–509 in agricultural animals, 509 communicability, 509 differential diagnosis, 509 exposure, normal routes of, 509 incubation, 509 mortality rate, 509 secondary hazards, 509 signs and symptoms, 509 target species, 509 in people, 508–509 CDC case deﬁnition, 508 communicability, 508 differential diagnosis, 509 exposure, normal routes of, 509 incubation, 509 infectious dose, 509 mortality rate, 509 secondary hazards, 509 signs and symptoms, 509 Tungsten hexaﬂuoride, 341 Tymovirus, 567 Potato andean latent Tymovirus, see separate entry

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760

Index

Typhoid fever, 515–516 in people, 516 CDC case deﬁnition, 516 communicability, 516 differential diagnosis, 516 exposure, normal routes of, 516 incubation, 516 infectious dose, 516 mortality rate, 516 secondary hazards, 516 signs and symptoms, 516 Typhus, 597 in people, 597 CDC case deﬁnition, 597 communicability, 597 differential diagnosis, 597 exposure, normal routes of, 597 incubation, 597 infectious dose, 597 mortality rate, 597 secondary hazards, 597 signs and symptoms, 597

U Urinary tract infections, 251 Urticants, 207–217 additional hazards, 209–210 exposure, 209 hazardous decomposition products, 210 combustion, 210 hydrolysis, 210 livestock/pets, 209–210 ﬁre, 210 reactivity, 210 agents, 215–217 characteristics, 208–209 environmental fate, 209 persistency, 209 physical appearance/odor, 208 laboratory grade, 208 Munition Grade, 208 stability, 209 fatality management, 214–215 medical, 213 casualty management, 214 CDC case deﬁnition, 213 differential diagnosis, 213 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 214 signs and symptoms, 213–214 liquids/sollids, 214 vapors/aerosols, 213–214 protection, 210–211 decontamination, 211–213 liquids, solutions or liquid aerosols, 212 Solids or Particulate Aerosols, 212–213 Vapors, 212 evacuation recommendations, 210–211 personal protective requirements, 211 chemical protective clothing, 211 respiratory protection, 211 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 211 toxicology, 207–208 effects, 207–208

Ellison:

general exposure hazards, 208 latency period, 208 pathways and routes of exposure, 208

V Variola minor, 582 in people, 582 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 582–584 in agricultural animals, 583–584 communicability, 583 differential diagnosis, 583–584 exposure, normal routes of, 583 incubation, 583 mortality rate, 584 secondary hazards, 583 signs and symptoms, 583 target species, 583 in people, 582–583 CDC case deﬁnition, 582–583 communicability, 583 differential diagnosis, 583 exposure, normal routes of, 583 incubation, 583 infectious dose, 583 mortality rate, 583 secondary hazards, 583 signs and symptoms, 583 Veratridine, 477–478 Verotoxins, 484 Verrucarin A, 488 Vesicants arsenic vesicants, see separate entry Sulfur and nitrogen vesicants, see separate entry Vesicular stomatitis fever, 584–585 in agricultural animals, 584–585 communicability, 584 differential diagnosis, 585 exposure, normal routes of, 584 incubation, 584 mortality rate, 585 secondary hazards, 584 signs and symptoms, 584 target species, 584 in people, 584 CDC case deﬁnition, 584 communicability, 584 differential diagnosis, 584 exposure, normal routes of, 584 incubation, 584 infectious dose, 584 mortality rate, 584 secondary hazards, 584 signs and symptoms, 584 Vibrio cholerae, 518 cholera, see separate entry Vibriosis, 501 Vinyl chloride, 357–358 Vinyl sulfoxide, 182 Viral pathogens, 527–588 agents, 532–588 fatality management, 531–532 response, 528–531 decontamination, 530 animals, 530–531

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Index

761

casualties/personnel, 530 fomites, 531 food, 530 large area fumigants, 531 plants, 531 property, 531 surface disinfectants, 531 infected individuals, working with, 529–530 airborne precautions, 529 droplet precautions, 529 infection control guidelines standard precautions, 529 VHF-speciﬁc barrier precautions, 530 personal protective requirements, 528–529 responding to the scene of a release, 528–529 Viscumin, 484 Volkensin, 485 Vomiting/Sternatory agents, 427–437 additional hazards, 429–430 exposure, 429 ﬁre, 430 hazardous decomposition products, 430 combustion, 430 hydrolysis, 430 livestock/pets, 430 reactivity, 430 agents, 434–437 characteristics, 428–429 environmental fate, 429 persistency, 429 physical appearance/odor, 428–429 laboratory grade, 428 mixtures with other agents, 429 modiﬁed agents, 428–429 munition grade, 428 stability, 429 fatality management, 433 medical, 432–433 casualty management, 433 CDC case deﬁnition, 432 differential diagnosis, 433 mass-casualty triage recommendations, 433 signs and symptoms, 433 protection, 430–431 decontamination, 431–432 solutions, or liquid aerosols, 432 solids or particulate aerosols, 432 evacuation recommendations, 430–431 personal protective requirements, 431 chemical protective clothing, 431 respiratory protection, 431 structural ﬁreﬁghters’ gear, 431 toxicology, 427–428 effects, 427 general exposure hazards, 428 latency period, 428 aerosols, 428 pathways and routes of exposure, 428 V-series nerve agents, 3–4, 25–33 decontamination, 13 general exposure hazards, 5

Ellison:

lethal concentrations, 5 lethal percutaneous exposures, 5

W West Nile fever, 585–586 in agricultural animals, 586 communicability, 586 differential diagnosis, 586 exposure, normal routes of, 586 incubation, 586 mortality rate, 586 secondary hazards, 586 signs and symptoms, 586 target species, 586 in people, 585–586 CDC case deﬁnition, 585 communicability, 585 differential diagnosis, 586 exposure, normal routes of, 585 incubation, 585 infectious dose, 585 mortality rate, 586 secondary hazards, 585 signs and symptoms, 586 Western equine encephalitis, 586–587 in agricultural animals, 587 communicability, 587 differential diagnosis, 586 exposure, normal routes of, 587 incubation, 587 mortality rate, 587 secondary hazards, 587 signs and symptoms, 587 target species, 587 in people, 586–587 CDC case deﬁnition, 586–587 communicability, 587 differential diagnosis, 587 exposure, normal routes of, 587 incubation, 587 infectious dose, 587 mortality rate, 587 secondary hazards, 587 signs and symptoms, 587 Wheat cover smut, 613 in plants, 613 normal routes of transmission, 613 secondary hazards, 613 signs, 613 target species, 613

X Xanthomonas albilineans, 518–519 Leaf scald disease, see separate entry Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, 519 citrus canker, see separate entry Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, 519 bacterial leaf blight, see separate entry Xylella fastidiosa, 519–520 Pierce’s disease, see separate entry Xylyl bromide, 424 Xylylene bromide, 424–425

“1434_index” — 2007/7/4 — 15:15 — page 761 — #27

762

Index

Y Yellow fever, 588 in people, 588 CDC case deﬁnition, 588 communicability, 588 differential diagnosis, 588 exposure, normal routes of, 588 incubation, 588 infectious dose, 588 mortality rate, 588 secondary hazards, 588 signs and symptoms, 588 Yersinia pestis, 520–521 plague, see separate entry Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 521

yersiniosis, see separate entry Yersiniosis, 521 in people, 521 CDC case deﬁnition, 521 communicability, 521 differential diagnosis, 521 exposure, normal routes of, 521 incubation, 521 infectious dose, 521 mortality rate, 521 secondary hazards, 521 signs and symptoms, 521

Z Zearalenone, 488

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