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Henry Chapman Mercer and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
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Page i
Henry Chapman Mercer and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
Page ii
View of Pottery tower through cloister. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1980.
Page iii
Henry Chapman Mercer and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works Cleota Reed University of Pennsylvania Press Philadephia
Page iv
Published with the assistance of the J. Paul Getty Trust. This publication is supported by a grant from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Council on the Arts. Copyright © 1987 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All fights reserved First paperback printing 1996 First paperback printing printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Reed, Cleota. Henry Chapman Mercer and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works / Cleota Reed. p. cm Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0812280768 (cloth) ISBN 0812216016 (pbk) 1. Mercer, Henry Chapman, 18561930. 2. Pottery, American. 3. Pottery—20th century—United States. 4. Tiles—United States— History—20th century. 5. Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. 6. Potters—United States—Biography. I. Title. NK4210.M42R44 1987 738'.092'4—dc19
Page v
For FLORENCE and CHARLES REED
Page vii
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
ix
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Chronology
xv
Preface and Acknowledgments
xxi
Part I. Mercer and His Tile Works: An Archaeologist Becomes a Potter
1
1. The Gentleman Scholar
3
2. Mercer and the Arts and Crafts Movement
25
3. The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
37
4. Production: Art and Technique
49
The Pottery Buildings
49
The Tiles
57
Raw Materials, Techniques, and Equipment
66
Kilns: Construction and Firing
69
Men and Money
72
5. The Exhibition, Reception, and Influence of the Tiles
75
Part II. Mercer and His Tiles: Themes and Uses
85
Introduction
87
6. The Early Tiles
89
First Tiles: Stove Plate Designs
89
Old World Sources
92
Medieval Paving Tiles
95
7. The Mosaic Style and Harrisburg
103
8. The Brocade Style and Fonthill
113
Page viii
9. Major Themes
123
Columbus
123
Tiles of the New World
131
The Bible in Iron, the Bible in Tile
135
Picture Book Fireplaces
141
October
157
Notes
167
Appendices
189
I. The Published Catalogues
191
II. Mercer's Tile Designs
195
A. Tile Designs Listed in Catalogues IIV (MC)
195
B. Individual Decorative Tile Designs Not Catalogued by Mercer (MT)
211
C. Tile Arrangements (MCA)
214
III. Mosaics A. Harrisburg Mosaics (HMO)
217
B. Other Mosaics (MO)
217
IV. Brocades
219
A. Special Designs
219
B. Tiles of the New World (NW)
221
C. The Bible in Tiles (BT)
223
V. Mercer's Art Pottery (AP)
225
VI. Mercer's Colors
231
A. Components
231
B. Techniques
233
C. Color Numbers
233
VII. Two Letters
217
235
A. William De Morgan to Elizabeth Lawrence, 1897
235
B. Mercer to William Hagerman Graves, 1925
236
Bibliography
239
Henry Chapman Mercer: Published Writings
239
Publications About Mercer During His Lifetime
245
Primary Sources—Collections
247
Other Sources
247
Index
251
Page ix
ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Frontispiece: View of Pottery tower through cloister Mercer family coat of arms
i xxvii
1. Henry Chapman Mercer, ca. 1898
3
2. Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, ca. 1915
4
3. Fonthill
4
4. North facade, Bucks County Historical Museum (Mercer Museum)
5
5. Frances Lurman, 1905.
10
6. Pax vobiscum. Etching, ca. 1882
11
7. Frigora dant rami. Grien. Etching, ca. 1882
11
8. Tissue sketch of Lenape Stone
12
9. HCM's photo of friends on houseboat, 1889
14
10. HCM working on archaeological artifacts, ca. 1895
17
11. Interior court of Mercer Museum
20
12. "Historic Human Tools," 1921
21
13. HCM, Harvard Class of 1879
25
14. HCM's room in Brattle House, Cambridge, 187879
26
15. HCM at York Harbor, Maine, ca. 1896
29
16. Pottery, in collaboration with David Herstine, 1897
40
17. Benjamin Bergey: slipdecorated pie plate, ca. 1830
41
18. Indian House, 1896
49
19. Fireplace wall, Indian House, ca. 1897
50
20. Wilson Eyre: Sketch of interior of Indian House, 1901
51
21. Indian House, outbuilding with two kiln stacks
51
22. Indian House, roofing tiles
51
23. Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, aerial view, 1975
52
24. Sketch of mission in Yucatan, 1895
53
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25. Preliminary sketch for new pottery, 1910
54
26. Plan of Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
54
27. Studio fireplace, New Indian House
55
28. Molds for conventional relief and brocade tiles
57
29. Tile press designed by HCM in 1898
58
30. "Cookie cutter" for pressing floor tiles
59
31. Title page of HCM's first mosaic patent, 1903
60
32. Title page for second mosaic patent, 1904
60
33. Steps in process of pressing brocade tiles
61
34. Wall of Breakfast Room, Fonthill, 1912
62
35. Frog fountain wall, Doylestown, Pa.
64
36. Mold for Swan and Tower Inkstand
65
37. Concrete flower boxes with Spanish designs
65
38. Conservatory decorated with tiles, ca. 1908
65
39. Hand tools designed by HCM to make tiles
66
40. Title page, HCM's first relief tile patent
68
41. Tiles stacked in saggers
69
42. The Pottery's first kiln, ca. 1901
70
43. Glost kiln at Pottery
71
44. Pottery staff, ca. 1901
73
45. Exhibition room, Arts and Crafts Exhibition, Rochester, 1904
77
46. Display cases, New Indian House studio
77
47. Display, Architectural Club Exhibition, Seattle, 1910
78
48. Illustration in HCM, The Bible in Iron, 1914
89
49. Stove decorated with floral pattern, reproduced in Tile of SF
90
50. Fireplace facing based on "Raging Year" stove plate
91
51. Tile of SF plaques displayed at Indian House, ca. 1907
92
52. Small wooden box, design copied for Bird of Siena tile
93
53. Variations on Impetus Fluminis subject
94
54. Spanish tile, source of Impetus Fluminis designs
95
55. Original Castle Acre tiles
97
56. HCM's Castle Acre tiles
98
57. Dutch Room, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston
99
58. Tiles derived from medieval English and French sources, Syracuse, N.Y.
100
59. Fireplace at old Aldie, ca. 1900
101
60. Fireplace, possibly in Indian House, ca. 19021907
103
61. Preliminary design, corridor pavement, Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg, ca. 1902
104
62. Corridor pavement, Pennsylvania State Capitol, ca. 1906
105
63. Tile designs for pavement, Pennsylvania State Capitol, 1903
107
64. Mosaics, entrance to Jacob Reed's store, Philadelphia, 1904
109
65. Paul Revere: "A Perspective of the Town of Boston," 1770
110
66. Mosaic murals, Avery Coonley School, Downer's Grove, Ill., 1926
111
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67. Clay model for preliminary design for Fonthill, 1907
113
68. MarlboroughBlenheim Hotel, Atlantic City, 1905
115
69. Concrete fireplace, Racquet Club, Philadelphia, ca. 1908
116
70. Hall of the Four Seasons, Fonthill
117
71. Dormer Room, Fonthill
118
72. True brocade border, Library ceiling, Fonthill.
118
73. Library, Fonthill
119
74. Sketches for HCM's method of earth vaulting, 1908
120
75. Balcony, Albert Moyer House, South Orange, N.J., ca. 1908
121
76. George Jacob Frank, ca. 1909
121
77. Construction photographs of Fonthill, 1909
122
78. Columbus Room, Fonthill
124
79. Columbus Room, details and source designs
125
80. ''Cuzco," source for Pizarro and the Inca, 1889
127
81. "Cuzco" woodcut, 1553
127
82. Cuzco, west part of Columbus Room ceiling
128
83. Pizarro and the Inca, relief panel, Columbus Room
129
84. Tenochtitlán, Bow Room ceiling, Fonthill
132
85. "Tenochtitlán," source of Bow Room ceiling design
133
86. The Departure of Columbus, adjacent to New Indian House studio
135
87. The Bible in Tile, mural, Zion Church, Baltimore, 1913
137
88. The Death of Absalom, Stove Plate Room, Mercer Museum
138
89. The Death of Absalom, stove plate
139
90. "The Death of Absalom," illustration, The Prince's Bible (1747)
139
91. The Family Quarrel, panel, Stove Plate Room, Mercer Museum
140
92. The Rich Man and Lazarus, mural, Saloon fireplace, Fonthill
141
93. Wild Fire mosaic prototypes, floor of Crypt, Fonthill
142
94. Sketches for History of Firefighting
143
95. Wagner fireplace, private residence, Haverford, Pa., ca. 1915
144
96. Siegfried, detail of Wagner fireplace
145
97. Pickwick in the Pound, detail of Pickwick fireplace, Fonthill, ca. 1914
146
98. "Pickwick in the Pound," illustration for Dickens's novel (1837)
146
99. Bluebeard fireplace
147
100. Rip Van Winkle fireplace, Saugerties, N.Y.
148
101. "Rip Leaves Home," detail of Rip Van Winkle fireplace
149
102. "The Awakening," detail of Rip Van Winkle fireplace
150
103. Turn of the Tune, Currier & Ives lithograph, 1870
152
104. "The Turn of the Tune," detail of The Arkansas Traveller fireplace
153
105. Sketch for "The Demijohn," detail of The Arkansas Traveller fireplace
154
106. "The Demijohn," detail of The Arkansas Traveller fireplace
154
107. Cornstalk Fiddles, relief panel, private residence, Easton, Pa.
155
108. "Smoking Cornsilk, Making Fiddles, Cutting Corn Stalks," Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel
155
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109. "Cows in the Corn," Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel
156
110. "Caught Smoking by the Farmer's Wife," Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel
156
111. "Chased by the Farmer," Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel
157
112. Terrace Pavilion, garage, Fonthill
159
113. "Paring the Apples," photograph by HCM, 1897
160
114. Paring the Apples, mosaic, Pennsylvania State Capitol pavement
160
115. Section of brocade mural, Pioneer "Trades"
161
116. Scraping Hides for Tanning, mural, Academy High School, Erie, Pa.
162
117. Antonius Tempesta: October, etching, 1599
164
118. Preliminary sketch for October mural
165
119. "Grinding in a Quern," detail of panel from October murals
165
120. HCM in his library, ca. 1926
166
121. Cover page of Catalogue IV, 1913
192
122. Illustration from Paul LeCroix, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages (1874)
205
123. Saint John, relief tile
205
124. Part of page from Forrer, Geschichte (1901)
206
125. Spanish animal tile designs, fireplace, private residence, Syracuse, N.Y.
207
126. Arms of American States, floor tiles, Columbus Room, Fonthill
209
127. Spanish Brocade, wainscotting, Smoking Room, Fonthill
219
128. Italian Brocade, wall pattern, Morning Room, Fonthill
220
129. Floral Brocade, Russian stove, Breakfast Room, Fonthill
221
Plates follow page 84 1. Saint George and the Dragon mosaic 2. Mosaic mural for Beetem Carpet Mills, Carlisle, Pa., 1914 3. Art pottery in novelty shapes 4. "Reaping with a Sickle" mosaic, Harrisburg 5. "The Automobile" mosaic, Harrisburg 6. Paul Revere's Boston Harbor mosaic (reproduction) 7. The Arkansas Traveller fireplace 8. October, pastel, 1920 9. Hall of the Four Seasons, Fonthill, showing October murals 10. Four Seasons mosaic fireplace, 1929 11. Examples of early tiles, 18911901 12. Conventional relief tiles, English and Spanish sources 13. Tiles, mostly conventional, mostly American themes 14. Uncatalogued designs 15. Tiles of the New World panel, New Indian House studio 16. Art pottery based on Native and Colonial American vessel forms 17. Art pottery impressed with conventional tile designs 18. Art pottery based on Native American vessels
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ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations used in this book fall into two categories: (1) abbreviations for credits in captions and (2) all other abbreviations. Abbreviations for Credits in Captions FH/BCHS
Fonthill Collections of the Bucks County Historical Society
MM/BCHS
Mercer Museum of the Bucks County Historical Society
MPTW
Moravian Pottery and Tile Works
SL/BCHS
Spruance Library of the Bucks County Historical Society
All Other Abbreviations AAA
Archives of American Art
AN
American Naturalist
AP
Mercer's Art Pottery (see Appendix v)
BCHS
Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pa.
BCHSJ
Bucks County Historical Society Journal
BCHSP
Bucks County Historical Society Papers
BCI
Bucks County Intelligencer
Bible
Henry Chapman Mercer, The Bible in Iron . . .
(Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1914). Second edition, 1941. Third edition, 1961.
BM
British Museum, London
BR
Bow Room, Fonthill
CR
Columbus Room, Fonthill
EAMES
Elizabeth Eames, English Medieval Tiles
FH
Fonthill (Mercer's home), Doylestown, Pa.
FM
Fonthill Manuscripts
GNM
Germanisches NationalMuseum, Nuremberg, Germany
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HCM
Henry Chapman Mercer
HMO
Mercer's Harrisburg Mosaics (see Appendix III)
JW
Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, 8 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 18841889).
MC
Mercer Catalogues (Catalogues IIV; see Appendix II, A)
MCA
Mercer Catalogue Arrangement (see Appendix II, C)
MM
Mercer Museum, Doylestown, Pa.
MO
MPTW Catalogue VIII designation for reproductions of Mercer's mosaics (see Appendix III, B).
MPSL
Mercer Papers, Spruance Library of the Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pa.
MPTW
Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, Doylestown, Pa.
MT
MPTW Catalogue VIII designation for Mercer's uncatalogued tile designs (see Appendix II, B)
Notes
Henry Chapman Mercer, "Notes on the Moravian Pottery of Doylestown," BCHSP 4 (1917): 482487.
NW
New World Subjects (see Appendix Iv)
PSCA
Pennsylvania State Capitol Archives
SACB
Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston
SAL
Society of Antiquaries, London (see Appendix II, A)
Tools
Henry Chapman Mercer, Tools of the Nation Maker, Exhibition Catalogue (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897).
Page xv
HENRY CHAPMAN MERCER: A CHRONOLOGY 1856 June 24, born in Doylestown, Pa. 185861 Lived with family in Claverack, New York. 1862?65 Privately tutored by Thomas Hughes in Doylestown. 186569 Attended Tennent School, Hartsville, Bucks County, Pa. 1870 MayOctober, first trip to Europe; visited England, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Austria, and Italy with mother, father, and aunts. 1871 "Aldie," Mercer family residence, completed in Doylestown. 1871?75 Attended Mohegan Lake School, Peekskill, N.Y. 1876 Visited International Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. 1877 Family begins annual summer vacations at York Harbor, Maine. 187579 Attended Harvard University, graduating with the class of 1879. 1880 Participated in the founding of the Bucks County Historical Society. 188081 Attended University of Pennsylvania Law School. Read law with firm of Fraley and Hollingsworth. 1881 Admitted to Philadelphia Bar Association. 188182 NovemberApril, traveled to England, France, Italy, Egypt, Corfu, Germany, and Austria. 1883 August, traveled to Germany. 1884 Traveled to England and Germany. Read first paper for Bucks County Historical Society. 188485 Published The Lenape Stone. 1885 MayJune, journey by wagon with a friend from Doylestown to Williamsburg, Va.
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1886 MayDecember, visited Germany and Austria, descended the Danube by raft and houseboat. 1887 JanuaryNovember, visited Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey, then completed Danube voyage. 1889 January, elected a director of Bucks County Historical Society. MaySeptember, visited France, descended the Loire Valley by houseboat. October, visited Oxford and London. 1890 Travel to Paris. 1891 January, appointed a manager of the Free Museum of Science and Art (University Museum) of the University of Pennsylvania. MarchApril, traveled to London and Paris. Began archaeological investigations in Delaware Valley, Bucks County, Lehigh Hills. August, dug shell heaps in York River, Maine. 1892 JanuaryAutumn, continued archaeological investigations in Maryland and Pennsylvania. 189293 DecemberApril, visited Spain as honorary member of the U.S. Archaeological Commission to the Columbian Exposition; received Spanish government award for his display. Visited Granada, Seville, and Gibraltar, as well as archaeological sites in Spain, France, and Belgium. April in Paris. 1893 AprilMay, archaeological investigations in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas. Discovered Native American argillite quarry at Gaddis Run, Point Pleasant, Bucks County. August, elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. November, elected member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. December, investigated Lookout Mountain and Nickajack Caves, Tennessee. Awarded Diplome d'Anthropologie from Ecole d'Anthropologie of Paris. 189397 Associate editor of the American Naturalist. 1894 February, appointed Curator of American and Prehistoric Archaeology at the University Museum. Served as Manager of the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology actively until 1897. July, traveled down Ohio River. AugustSeptember, visited Austria, Germany (Wagner festival in Bayreuth), Italy, and England. 1895 JanuaryMarch, led Corwith expedition to explore hill caves in Yucatan. February, elected to the American Philosophical Society. 189596 Designed and built archaeologial studio, Indian House, on grounds of Aldie. 1896 Published Hill Caves of the Yucatan.
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AprilMay, explored at Big Bone Cave, Tennessee. June, hired Frank King Swain as assistant. OctoberDecember, excavated at Port Kennedy, Pa. 1897 January or February, left University Museum for good. MarchApril, catalogued collections for Bucks County Historical Society. Began collection of American pioneer hand tools. April 12, death of Edward Drinker Cope. July 9, visited Cornelius Herstine's pottery in upper Bucks County. July 20, outdoor exhibition of early American tools at Galloway's Ford for Bucks County Historical Society. Rained out. October 7, presented exhibition "Tools of the Nationmaker" and published catalogue of same title. OctoberNovember, conducted first pottery experiment. Worked with David Herstine to learn potter's craft with idea of creating adjunct for Bucks County Historical Society. December, Aunt Elizabeth Lawrence gave sample of clay to Ulisse Cantigalli. William De Morgan suggested making tiles in United States. 189799 Lectured and published studies on pioneer lighting, stove plates, pioneer tools, and antiquity of man. 1898 April, visit from Wilson Eyre to Indian House. Remodeled Indian House. MayJune, visited Ireland. Met William De Morgan in London. Visited Bayreuth. August, planned pottery while visiting Maine. September 27November 26, conducted second pottery experiment. Hired Frank Bartleman and made tiles at Indian House. Wrote C. S. Smith, glaze chemist in Trenton, N.J., for advice. Fired tiles at Miller's kiln. Experiment failed. Began final pottery experiment. December, built muffle kiln at Indian House; William De Morgan sent glaze formula. 1899 Left Bucks County Historical Society after row with directors. January 27, hired John Briddes to build kiln; June 3, first regular firing; June 19, filed for tilemaking patent; October 24, sold first tile order to Dr. Swartzlander of Doylestown. 1900 Published first part of Moravian Pottery Catalogue I. Exhibited tiles at Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, and Architectural League and Arts Club, New York. August, visited Paris Exposition, studios of Auguste Delecherche and Emile Muller, Hôtel de Cluny; also British Museum in London, Austria, and Bavaria. 1901 Elected Craftsman member of the Society of Arts and Crafts,
Page xviii
Boston. Exhibited at Providence Art Club Arts and Crafts Exhibition, Chicago Arts and Crafts Society, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. 1902 Elected Master Craftsman, Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. FebruaryMarch, traveled to Madeira and Italy. Exhibited in Milwaukee and at Pennsylvania Academy. Spring, met with Joseph Huston to discuss Harrisburg commission. Published enlarged Moravian Pottery Catalogue I. November 21, filed first mosaic patent. 1903 Built second kiln at Indian House in Upper Pottery. April, traveled to Rome and Bayreuth. Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and Exhibition of Art Craftsmanship at the Mechanics Institute, Rochester, N.Y. August, received commission to design mosaic pavement for Harrisburg Capitol. October 27, death of mother, Mary Mercer. December 3, filed for second mosaic patent. 1904 Awarded grand prize, Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, St. Louis. March, traveled to Gibraltar, Spain, Germany, and Austria. Canceled plans to study ancient potters' processes because of illness. Visited Society of Antiquaries, London. Published Moravian Pottery Catalogue II. Filed patent for printmaking technique based on mosaic process. 1905 Exhibited at National Arts Club, New York, and at Pennsylvania Academy Watercolor Show. December 3, death of Aunt Lela (Elizabeth Lawrence). 1906 Built Lower Pottery at Indian House to house two new large bisque kilns. Completed pavement for State Capitol. Published Moravian Pottery Catalogue Supplement III. Exhibited at the Detroit Institute of Arts Annual, the Pennsylvania Academy, and Newcomb College, New Orleans. 1907 April, exhibited at the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. May, Elkins Building completed for Bucks County Historical Society; moved Tools of the Nationmaker exhibit to it from Courthouse. Bought property to build Fonthill. 1908 January 21, elected VicePresident of Bucks County Historical Society. Published Guide to Pavement in Capitol of Pennsylvania. March, began construction of Fonthill. 1909 Became communicant of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Doylestown. Exhibited at the New York Society of Keramic Arts, National Arts Club, New York, N.Y.
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May, moved into Linden, a house in Doylestown (no longer standing). 1911 January 17, elected president of Bucks County Historical Society. March, began construction of new Pottery. 1912 March 27, fire at Upper Pottery. May 29, moved into Fonthill. October 12, completed new Pottery, moved in and assumed work in ten days, destroyed Upper and Lower potteries and abandoned Indian House. 1913 Began construction of museum building for Bucks County Historical Society and a garage at Fonthill. Published Moravian Pottery Catalogue IV and New World flyer. Awarded Master Craftsman medal from Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. 1914 Published The Bible in Iron. 1915 Published brocade fireplace flyers. Exhibited in "Tiles," exhibition curated by Edwin AtLee Barber for the Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1916 Received Sc.D. honorary degree from Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. Presented new museum (Mercer Museum) to Bucks County Historical Society. 1917 September 16, death of father, William R. Mercer, Sr. 1920 Drew October and other pastels. 1921 Organized and financed expedition to send Rudolph Hummel to China to make a glossary of objects, tools, and implements of daily life. Presented Gold Medal for Allied Arts by American Institute of Architects, its first craftsmanship award for "distinguished achievement in the design and manufacture of decorative tiling" (awarded in 1918). 1925 Exhibited at the International Museum of Ceramics, Faenza, Italy. 192729 Completed decoration of Terrace Pavilion in garage for use by Doylestown Nature Club. 1928 May, old Aldie torn down. November, published November Night Tales. 1929 June, published Ancient Carpenters' Took. Awarded Sc.D. by Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.). Finished manuscript for The Well of Monte Corbo. Set October murals in alcove at Fonthill. 1930 March 9, died at Fonthill. April, posthumously awarded the first Master Craftsman's Medal of the Arts and Crafts Guild of Philadelphia. Frank King Swain inherited and continued to operate Pottery. 1954 Frank Swain died at Fonthill; willed Pottery to his nephew, Frank H. Swain, who continued to operate it.
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1956 Raymond F. Buck bought and operated the Pottery for a few years before closing it in 1964. 1967 Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation bought the Pottery and opened it to the public in 1969. 1974 Ceramist Wayne Bates revived Mercer's tile processes. 1980s Fonthill, Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, and Mercer Museum listed as National Historic Buildings.
Page xxi
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Between 1900 and 1930, Henry Chapman Mercer transformed the art of the ceramic tile in America. He elevated it from a prosaic form of decoration to a medium of plastic expression capable of conveying original and complex ideas. His work as a ceramist was one of the most distinctive products of the American Arts and Crafts movement and its advocacy of handcrafted decorative objects. His tile pavements, murals, and sculptural reliefs represented an unprecedented approach to architectural decoration in the United States and had no close counterparts in Europe. When interest in the Arts and Crafts movement and its products faded rapidly in the years following his death in 1930, Mercer's reputation began to wane. By the 1940s, when little remained of the ethos of handcraft that had fueled the movement, Mercer's widely dispersed life work seemed oldfashioned. As the austere International Style of the 1950s came to dominate architectural taste, eschewing decoration and calling for flat, machinefabricated, seamless surfaces of uniform color, Mercer's irregularity shaped, variously hued, and richly textured handmade tiles were at odds with it. A third of a century after his death, his reputation as a ceramic artist had faded so extensively that most younger American ceramists and architects had no knowledge of his contributions to their fields. Mercer began to reemerge as a significant figure in the history of the American decorative arts only in the 1970s, when scholars and collectors too young to have had any personal association with the Arts and Crafts movement began to seek out his work and study it objectively. His tiles then took their place among such other products of the movement in America as Gustav Stickley's furniture, Louis Comfort Tiffany's glass, William Grueby's ceramics, Arthur Stone's silver, and Will Bradley's posters. This interest in Mercer's work received further encouragement in the 1970s from the revival of his pottery processes by a group of young ceramic artists from the Philadelphia College of Art. Still, the intellectual underpinning that gives Mercer's work its originality and distinguishes it from most other products of the Arts and Crafts movement remained unexamined. Mercer's work as an amateur architect—he had designed and erected a few quite remarkable concrete buildings early in the twentieth century—had never been forgotten so thoroughly as his work as a ceramist. His imaginative use of ferroconcrete assured him at least a footnote in the early history of the medium in the United States, linking him, however tenuously, with modernism. And Mercer's published works as a scholar, ranging over several historical subjects, continued to be consulted by other specialist scholars. Only his work as a ceramist entered neartotal eclipse. When research for the present study began in the mid1970s, the owners and curators of some of his most important tile installations—in museums and public buildings as well as in private residences—were unaware of the identity of the maker of their tiles. To some extent, Mercer was responsible for this decline of his reputation. He had avoided personal association with most other artists and architects and had
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maintained such a low profile nationally throughout his career that he was better known as a name than a person, even to other ceramic artists. In his later years he rarely left Bucks County, Pennsylvania. By then his local reputation had become, unfairly, that of an eccentric old man of wealth who avoided the comforts of affluence and society to live a hermetic life in his concrete follies. He seemed to burrow deeper into the past, while the spirit of the time—the 1920s—was one of seeking all that was new and modern. In the decades following his death, this picture of Mercer in old age, its outlines blurred and its inaccuracies amplified by the passage of time, became the standard image of the man. It overshadowed his earlier reputation as a enormously creative person who had established himself as a vital figure in the world of learning and the arts. I hope that the present study will restore Mercer's reputation as a ceramic artist while establishing his place within the context of the Arts and Crafts movement. I hope too that it will be clear that his work as a ceramist cannot be adequately comprehended except in relation to his achievements in the fields of archaeology, museology, and architecture. <><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer preserved a huge quantity of material about his life and work. Through it, I was able to trace in detail his entry into the Arts and Crafts movement and document virtually every aspect of his design, production, and marketing techniques. The business records, tools, molds, kilns, and buildings of his Moravian Pottery and Tile Works have survived almost intact. The Pottery's order books, consisting of 9,000 handwritten pages, document each tile installation. Mercer's personal papers are voluminous. No other major figures of the Arts and Crafts movement in America recorded and preserved so much about the thinking and actions that led to their products. Mercer was not a facile writer, however, and his prose is often painfully convoluted. Despite the difficulty this presents for readers, it has seemed best to quote him often. Graceless though his style often is, it manages to illuminate his motives and sensibilities better than any paraphrase. Because much of the scholarship concerning the Arts and Crafts movement has been objectdirected and has not, with few exceptions, gone very far in examining the ideas, motives, and constraints of the individuals who made the objects, it is easy to conclude that the makers did not think very much, at least not about their work in ways that are of interest to historians of the arts. Indeed, some writers have left the impression that the ideas of the movement in the United States were little more than echoes of the movement's European (mainly English) progenitors. But as with all movements of any significance in the arts, the leading figures were not carbon copies of each other in either their ideas or their work. Their differences are as revealing of the period's achievements as are their similarities. When we know more about what makers such as Mercer said and did, we will understand the American movement and the objects it produced better. The importance of Mercer's legacy extends well beyond the United States and the Arts and Crafts movement. For the history of tile making worldwide, the Moravian Pottery's collection of molds is second to none, and in size and significance it is approached only by the collection of Victorian art tile molds from Maw and Company, one of the major nineteenthcentury English tile manufacturers, whose molds are now preserved at Jackfield, Ironbridge, Shropshire. The molds of nearly all Mercer's contemporary American tile makers and their predecessors have been destroyed. Mercer's Doylestown kilns are rare survivors of a type once common in nineteenth century potteries but long since replaced by wholly different kinds. Mercer's papers and related materials are with few exceptions preserved in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, by the Bucks County Historical Society and by the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation, which owns the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. But most of the tiles that Mercer made at his Pottery were installed in buildings far from Doylestown. I traveled to dozens of installations throughout the East and the Midwest to examine and photograph many of his most original and impressive designs. His achievements as an artist and his remarkable feeling for largescale architectural decoration can be fully comprehended only by seeing his work in situ, installed as part of buildings. Loose tiles make charming and attractive decorative objects, but they convey only a small part of what Mercer had in mind when he made them. <><><><><><><><><><><><>
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''Cast your net broadly. Examine the periphery," advised Jacques Paul, Head of the Department of Architecture at Thames Polytechnic, London, when I told him that I was about to embark on this study. Though my background as a ceramist and historian of American ceramics provided the essential foundation for this study of Henry Mercer and his tiles, the periphery proved to be very rich indeed, and I am grateful for the good advice, support, and trust that many persons offered while I explored terrain that was, in some instances, new to me. Harley McKee, Professor Emeritus of Architecture at Syracuse University, and E. P. Richardson, the historian of American art and formerly director of the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Winterthur Museum, gave me early encouragement. As the study progressed, Elizabeth Gilmore Holt, another distinguished scholar, reinforced this credo and urged me on. William Jordy, Professor of Architectural History at Brown University, on more than one occasion endorsed my plan of research. I regret that Elizabeth Holt, Professor McKee, and Dr. Richardson did not live to see the completion of the study. Casting my net widely meant reading in subjects as varied as PennsylvaniaGerman folklore and Charles Dickens, the voyages of Columbus and medieval heraldry. I had expected to read many primary sources relating to Mercer and the Arts and Crafts movement in America, but I underestimated the extent to which these readings would draw me to peripheral but important topics that needed close examination. I found it essential to visit some of the places and collections in Europe that had deeply impressed Mercer, including the Villa Torrigiani in Florence, the British Museum and the Society of Antiquaries in London, the Cluny Museum in Paris, and the Alhambra in Granada. In 1984, ninetytwo years after his own winter journey through Spain, I retraced Mercer's steps in that nation to examine, as he had, the textures of the country and the variety of ways in which tiles had been used in the built environment for centuries. It was clear to me that Mercer's memory of the use of tiles in the Alhambra had profoundly affected his own approach to architectural decoration. I returned to the Alhambra in March 1986 to write the last pages of this book and to record my thanks to those persons and organizations who have contributed so much to it. I acknowledge with special thanks a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for Independent Study that enabled me to spend all of 1980 in fulltime research, and a grant from the American Philosophical Society that made it possible for me to examine Mercerrelated materials in a number of libraries and museum collections in England. I am grateful to those who have read and criticized all or parts of the manuscript. James R. Blackaby, Curator of the Mercer Museum, read both early and late drafts of the entire manuscript and offered insights and criticisms that have improved it in a multitude of ways. He shared with me information from his own research, especially on the Harrisburg capitol mosaics, and helped me in site photographic work. Terry A. McNealy, Librarian of the Spruance Library of the Bucks County Historical Society, and Linda Dyke, Associate Curator of the Fonthill Museum—two people who, like James Blackaby, possess an intimate and authoritative knowledge of Mercer's life and work—both read most of the manuscript and generously offered many thoughtful suggestions. Mercer has been fortunate in having such able and resourceful persons associated with the institution he developed, and I have been fortunate in having them as readers. Among the others who read specialized sections of the manuscript and made useful critiques, I must first thank Lynne Poirier, formerly Curator of the Mercer Museum, then Director of the Bucks County Historical Society, and now Deputy Director of the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum in Rochester, New York. She not only reviewed the manuscript but also shared with me her unpublished study of Mercer's art pottery. Mandy Sallada Baker, Head Ceramist at the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works; Richard Zakin, Professor of Ceramics at the State University of New York College of Arts and Sciences at Oswego, New York; Thomas Bruhn, Curator of the William Benton Museum of Art in Storrs, Connecticut; John Cherry, Deputy Keeper of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum; David Gradwohl, Professor of Archaeology at Iowa State University; Coy Ludwig, Director of the Tyler Art Gallery at the State University of New York College of Arts and Sciences at Oswego; and Rebecca Lawton, Curatorial Assistant at the Delaware Art Museum, also read parts of the manuscript, as
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did my sister, Virginia Noe, a journalist, who had good advice on matters of style. Whatever imperfections remain in the text are, of course, my own responsibility. Douglas Dolan, Director of the Bucks County Historical Society, and his predecessors in the post, Lynne Poirier and Gary Schuman, welcomed me and my project and opened many doors. Members of the Society's staff to whom I owe special thanks include Marilyn Arbor, Lucy Eldridge, and Jim Stanley of the Mercer Museum; Kenneth Hinde and Helene Walls of Fonthill; and Jackie Brenner, Judy Hohmann, Pat Lyons, Bruce Hanson, and Angela Conran at the Spruance Library. Helen Gemmill, a member of the Society's board of directors, whose publications on Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence and other of Mercer's relatives have been of great use to my own project, has generously shared pertinent material from her own research with me. At the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, Charles Yeske, Director of Historic Properties for the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation and ever resourceful overseer of the livinghistory museum that the Pottery has become, gave me access to every nook and cranny of the Tile Works. Ray H. Shull, Executive Director of the Bucks County Parks Department, and Ronald W. Chase before him, encouraged the project. I am indebted also to each of the head ceramists of the past dozen years, beginning with Wayne Bates, who in 1974 conducted the feasibility study proposed by the late Herman Stotz to restore Mercer's Pottery. Bates's successors Beth Starbuck, Breeze Sobek, Diane Becotte, Mandy Baker, Larry Moore, Adam Zayas, and their assistants Larry Donahue, Steve Goldner, Scott Ferrera, Vaka Pereyma, Jack Flotte, Ann Irwin, and many others, became virtual colleagues, guiding me through every step of Mercer's processes. David Driscoll, Curator of Historic Properties for the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation was very helpful in the final stages of the project. Mike Sabella raised important questions and offered valuable insights. I am grateful to all of them. For their expert assistance in special matters of research, I thank Bernard Reilly of the Library of Congress; Kenneth Finkel of the Library Company of Philadelphia; Edward Gruscheski of the Civic Center Museum in Philadelphia; Sinclair Hitchings of the Boston Public Library; Robert Brown of the Boston office of the Archives of American Art; Herta Loeser of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston; Jonathan Fairbanks, Wendy Kaplan, and Cathy Zusy of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston; John Claridge and John Kane of the Erie County Historical Society; Ruth Ann Hubbert of the Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee; Randall Bond, Barbara Opar, Amy Doherty, Mark Weimer, and the late Daniel Cordiero of Bird Library at Syracuse University; Richard Wright and the late Violet Hosler of the Onondaga Historical Association; Gerald Parsons of the Onondaga County Public Library; Georgia Bumgardner of the American Antiquarian Society; Laury Baty of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution; Diana Waite of the Preservation League of New York State; and Lisa Vicari of the Catonsville, Maryland, Public Library. In England, I thank John Cherry of the British Museum Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities; John Hopkins of the Society of Antiquaries, London; Tony Hebert and Kathryn Huggins of the Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society; and Louise Irvin of Royal Doulton. Mark Willcox, Jr., and James Sands of Wawa, Pennsylvania, offered invaluable insights about their distant cousin Henry Mercer and his relatives. Garth Clark, Robert Edwards, David Rudd, and Lisa Taft contributed helpful and authoritative opinions on a number of matters concerning the products of the Arts and Crafts movement in America. My colleagues over several years in the Institute for the Development of Evolutive Architecture, William J. Fisher, Donald Pulfer, Dorothy Terino, Laurence Kinney, and Gail Wiltshire, encouraged me to get on with the project; Ann Hutchinson helped with proofing the manuscript. All offered constant moral support. Many friends and colleagues at Syracuse University merit my thanks for assistance and encouragement, including Professor J. F. Gabriel, who was an important associate in research at the beginning of the study. Others who deserve special mention include Professors George Nugent, Mary Ann Smith, Paul Malo, Peg Weiss, Donald Mills, Stanton Catlin, John Haggard, William Fleming, Mary Fitzgerald, and the late Charles Croom. Owners and tenants of many houses designed by the architect Ward Wellington Ward in Syracuse and Rochester generously allowed me access to fireplaces and other Moravian tile installations in their homes: of these, John Nau, Jalal and Mary Lou Sadrieh, and the
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late Professor Charles Daniel Smith and his widow Violet were particularly helpful. Others who allowed me access to their collections or who aided in site studies include Clive Driver of Truro, Massachusetts; Toni Mitman and Lee Grifo of Easton, Pennsylvania; M. Otis of the Insurance Company of North America and Elva Turner of Richmond, Indiana; Mary Prebys, South Bend, Indiana; Edward Teitelman, Camden, New Jersey; John Holt and Patrick Dressier, Ames, Iowa; Paul M. Gherman and Ivan Hanthorn of Iowa State University; Robert and the late Eleanor Price Mather, Rose Valley, Pennsylvania; Nancy Baker of the Saugerties Public Library; Edgar Tompkins of the Albany Public Library; John Malach and Richard P. Ericksen of the Avery Coonley School in Downers Grove, Illinois; Tandy Hersh, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Franca Toraldo and the Marchese Torrigiani of Florence, Italy; Malcolm and Judith Whitaker of Syde, Gloucestershire, England; James Dautcher, Mrs. John Mason, and the staff of Salem Church, Doylestown; Susan J. Montgomery, Beverly, Massachusetts; and the Lancaster Theological Seminary, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. I acknowledge with deep appreciation the photographic work of Courtney Frisse, Craig W. Pillon, Herbert Barnett, and James R. Blackaby, and the drawings of Jack Flotte. All have sensitively captured the spirit of Mercer's work. I thank Jimé Cardinale for his valuable assistance with computer matters, Hara Zerva for her help with the assembly of the illustrations, and Lindy Cirigliano for help with the indexing. Lynne Poirier, Mandy Sallada Baker, James Blackaby, Anita Blackaby, Ann Hutchinson, Dean and Betsy Lahikainen, Roberta and Tom Wolfe, Linda Lehman Sepe, and Judy Hohmann merit my thanks for hospitality during my extended research visits to Doylestown and other places. Alison Anderson, Carl Gross, Jean Sue Johnson, and Jo Mugnolo of the University of Pennsylvania Press made the task of transforming a manuscript into a book an exciting and enjoyable one, for which I am grateful. I thank my children, Ragen Martin Tiliakos, and Reed, Heila, and John Martin, for their great patience, interest, love, and understanding as Harry Mercer loomed ever larger in their mother's life. And I thank my husband, Professor David Tatham, without whose constant encouragement, good humor, and practical advice I could scarcely have sustained the project. He insisted from the outset that the book be entirely mine, but the adventure of casting nets and searching the periphery was often a shared one, and all the better for it. CLEOTA REED GRANADA, MARCH 1986
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Mercer family Coat of Arms. 14 × 10 1/4 inches. Glazed brocade tiles set in a concrete plaque. Collection, FH/BCHS. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. Per varios casus, per tot discrimna rerum tendimus in Latium —Virgil
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PART I— MERCER AND HIS TILE WORKS: AN ARCHAEOLOGIST BECOMES A POTTER
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Chapter One— The Gentleman Scholar He is an extraordinary figure, a figure straight from the Renaissance. —David RandallMacIver (1929) 1 It has been the consensus of opinion of his friends for years that Harry Mercer is the only man in America who has made every abstract idea he ever had, concrete. —William J. Robinson (1914)2
On February 14, 1930, the American novelist Owen Wister left his home in Philadelphia to visit an old friend in Doylestown, twentyodd miles north in the rolling hills of Pennsylvania's Bucks County.3 He traveled to the edge of town, where two remarkable buildings, both built of pouredinplace reinforced concrete, dominated the fields around them. One building, lowlying and with the suggestion of a cloistered California mission about it, sprouted tall smokestacks from its roof, each embellished with colorful handcrafted ceramic tiles. This was the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works (Fig. 2), one of the foremost manufactories of decorative architectural ceramics in America. On higher land nearby, the second concrete building seemed to be a faint evocation of an Elizabethan country house, with its square corner tower and large, many paned windows. Inside, most of the floors, ceilings, and walls were encrusted with richly colored tiles, some in relief and some forming murallike pictorial images, nearly all of them products of the Moravian Pottery. This was Fonthill (Fig. 3), the residence of the founder and owner of the Pottery and the designer of all of its tiles, Henry Chapman Mercer. Mercer had planned and closely supervised the construction of both these unusual edifices. A mile distant, he had erected a third building— the museum of the Bucks County Historical Society, later named the Mercer
Fig. 1. Henry Chapman Mercer, ca. 1898. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 2. The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. Early view (ca. 1915) of the Pottery with coal sheds in place. Collection, SL/BCHS.
Fig. 3. Fonthill. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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Fig. 4. North facade, with original main entrance, of the Bucks County Historical Museum, now Mercer Museum. Collection, MM/BCHS.
Museum in his honor (Fig. 4). This towering structure, whose gray concrete walls were perforated by windows of curiously varied shapes and alignments, housed Mercer's vast collection of American pioneer tools. All three structures were built between 1908 and 1916, when reinforced concrete was still a novel building material. Now the creator of these remarkable works of architecture lay gravely ill. As Wister approached Fonthill, he believed that he was making his last visit to his old friend. He was correct. Mercer died three weeks later at the age of seventythree. At their final meeting, Mercer had no illusions about his condition. He had remarked to another visitor, "I'm busted," likening himself to a broken tool. 4 Most of what passed between Wister and Mercer in their final meeting is lost, but Wister later reported a small part of it. He had journeyed to Fonthill with the aim of conveying to Mercer some new grounds for believing that his life's work had been important and was more widely and deeply appreciated than he believed possible. To do this, Wister told Mercer what he had heard a few weeks earlier from their common friend, the distinguished anthropologist David RandallMacIver. He had remarked to Wister that he believed Mercer to be nothing less than "quite the greatest potter living at the present time." Then, after mulling this over for a few moments, he added, "probably the greatest potter in the last thou
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sand years." Months later, in recalling his last visit with Mercer, Wister wrote, "I am happy to think that I got this chance to tell him what RandallMacIver had said. Of course, he disclaimed it, but I saw that it had given him very deep pleasure." 5 There was some wellintended exaggeration in RandallMacIver's assessment, as everyone concerned knew, but there was also a large germ of truth in it. If Mercer was not the greatest potter of the millenium, he was without a doubt one of the major ceramic artists of America, and widely recognized as such. But his achievements were not only those of a master ceramist and amateur architect. His other accomplishments were so varied that RandallMacIver, in his conversation with Wister, had found that to praise him only as a potter was insufficient. He added, "He is an extraordinary figure, a figure straight from the Renaissance."6 Like the proverbial Renaissance man, Mercer had set out to master many things. His means were substantial but he was in no rush. He was about thirty years old before he settled on prehistoric archaeology as a field of practice, making in the course of ten years a number of quietly significant contributions to the search for evidence of PaleoIndian culture in the New World. Then, shifting his interest to early American material culture, he amassed, categorized, catalogued, and studied a collection of more than 30,000 preindustrial tools and other implements, in time presenting it to the Bucks County Historical Society along with the concrete museum building he had designed to house it. This collection, which has since grown to 50,000 objects, remains preeminent of its kind. He was a pioneer in the thenfledgling field of museum and exhibition design; a folklorist who was an early master of the art of recording with notebook and camera the fastdisappearing ways of traditional culture; a leader of the new movement to preserve American vernacular architecture; and a local historian whose studies still have value. He was a competent etcher, an avid print collector, an enthusiastic amateur fiddler, a dabbler in the writing of fiction, an active horticulturalist, and an impassioned antivivisectionist. He was a devotee of Wagner, often visiting the Bayreuth Festival, and of American folk songs, which he collected in the field. At the time of his death, however, Mercer's reputation rested on his tiles. By 1900 he had become an important figure in the Arts and Crafts movement in America, having shown what could be done through sensitive design and skillful handcrafting to rescue architectural ceramic decoration from the doldrums of Victorian factory production. The many colorful tiles and ceramic relief sculptures that enriched the walls, ceilings, and floors of Fonthill and the Pottery also decorated surfaces in thousands of other buildings throughout the United States, though rarely with such spectacular effect as in Mercer's own structures. In one way or another, the tiles and the buildings alike commemorate all of his endeavors—those as a folklorist and archaeologist as well as an architect and collector. Few buildings in the history of modern architecture are as pointedly autobiographical as his. Both Wister and RandallMacIver understood this. They also understood that, except for his early work in archaeology, all Mercer's significant achievements were products of the last thirty years of his life. If he had died at age forty he would have left no lasting mark on American culture. The powerful individuality that burst forth in clay and concrete beginning in his early forties has always seemed at odds with everything that came earlier. But Mercer made no distinction between his early and late careers. He saw his work as a tile maker and architect as the natural outgrowth of his first forty years. To be more specific, he saw them as the products of a life of scholarship. Mercer's concept of himself as a scholar unified the varied activities of his lifetime. He was a gentleman scholar, of course, enabled by birth and wealth to devote his life to the pursuit of knowledge wholly on his own terms. He was also a productive scholar, as his seven books and dozens of articles attest. Yet he was distinctive among scholars of his or any other time in his singleminded determination to give material expression to his learning, to make the abstract concrete. He succeeded in doing this in highly original ways, ways that have endured almost without change at Fonthill, the Mercer Museum, and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. They have endured as well in the installations of Moravian tiles that grace thousands of public and private buildings throughout the United States. Of all his varied accomplishments, Mercer's tiles most clearly explain the man and the unifying force of a lifetime of learning. As fine works of decorative art, his tiles need no explanation to be enjoyed; they are quite capable of exerting their power on the senses and on the visual intellect without outside help. Further, one need know nothing about Mercer to appreciate them
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within the context of the Arts and Crafts movement in Europe and America and to see them as one of the most successful manifestations of the movement's ideals. But beyond their intrinsic beauty and their value as documents of a vital period in the history of the decorative arts, Mercer's tiles have an abundance of meanings— autobiographical as well as scholarly—that can be comprehended only through a searching knowledge of their maker. They stand as a summation of Mercer's life, with roots running deeply into his childhood. To understand this aspect of the tiles, we must get to know Mercer himself. <><><><><><><><><><><><> In 1918, when he was sixtytwo and enduring a spell of poor health, Mercer began to sort through a large collection of his personal papers, motivated by a request for an autobiographical sketch. 7 His quickly jotted chronology of the main events of his early life introduces key members of his family, including his maternal grandfather, Judge Henry Chapman; his mother, Mary Rebecca Chapman Mercer; and most important, his mother's elder sister, Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence. His first entry reads: 1856. Born in white house S.W. corner Main & Dutch Lane, Doylestown, Pa. Then owned by my grandfather Henry Chapman.8
Doylestown was the seat of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In 1856 Henry Chapman, a Presbyterian descended from a line of Bucks County Quakers reaching back to Colonial times, was an attorney, judge, and former U.S. congressman. He had long been a leading citizen of the community, and a modestly prosperous one. In the course of two marriages, he had fathered three daughters and two sons, but only his daughters figured importantly in Mercer's life. He lived long enough—to 1891— to see his grandson and namesake well established as an archaeologist. Like his grandson, Judge Chapman had wideranging interests, including the writing of fiction. 1863. Living at farm at Doylestown. Mother makes an album of photographs sent from Florence by Aunt Lela. Album is in my possession (April 1918).9
Mercer's mother, Mary Rebecca Chapman Mercer, was the only child of Judge Chapman to present him with grandchildren. She was a refined, intelligent person and her letters reveal that she was the hub of the active family around her depending on her nurturance. Her son Henry was devoted to her. For different reasons, he doted on his "Aunt Lela," Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence. Elizabeth, the eldest of Judge Chapman's daughters, had married Timothy Bigelow Lawrence of the wealthy and socially distinguished Boston family in 1854. With his appointment to a diplomatic post in Italy by President Lincoln in 1861, the Lawrences left Boston to reside in Florence. In 1870, a year after Lawrence's death, Lela returned to Doylestown, now a woman of cosmopolitan tastes and considerable wealth. Over many years she vitally influenced her nephew in many ways, shaping his education, introducing him to high culture on both sides of the Atlantic, and ensuring that he had a comfortable private income. She played a crucial part in the sequence of events that led to his first success as a ceramic artist in the late 1890s. Her vivacious younger sister, Fanny Chapman, never married and served as her traveling companion during much of her lively widowhood.10 Henry Chapman Mercer—Harry or Hal to family and friends—was the judge's first grandchild. Mercer's father, Lieutenant William Robert Mercer of the United States Navy, came from a long line of Virginia and Maryland planters. He had been born in 1827 at Cedar Park, the family's seventeenthcentury ancestral home on West River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. His grandfather, John Francis Mercer, had been the tenth governor of Maryland. William Mercer graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1847.11 His marriage to Mary Chapman in 1853 merged lines descended from Chesapeake patricians and Quaker men of affairs. The differences in outlook of these two dissimilar cultural backgrounds persisted in Harry's makeup, sometimes oddly juxtaposed. The couple's second child, Elizabeth, named for her aunt and like her called "Lela," arrived in 1858. A son, William, known in the family as "Willie," followed in 1862. Willie later studied sculpture in Munich and Paris. For several years after 1900, he produced castconcrete reproductions of Renaissance and earlier fonts, urns, and friezes. In 1858, the year before he resigned his commission, William Robert Mercer bought a farm in Claverack, New York, a rural township east of the Hudson, about thirtyfive miles south of Albany.12 There he grew peaches, potatoes, and other crops. By 1863 he had returned to Doylestown, settling on the old Chapman
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family farm, a little less than a mile from the center of town. William Mercer farmed his fatherinlaw's land while the judge continued to reside in town with his wife and Fanny. In these years the Mercers lived the genteel, quiet life of a proper Victorian family in comfortable circumstances. In 1863 and 1864 Mercer attended the private school of Thomas Hughes in Doylestown. From 1865 to 1869 he was a boarding student at the Tennent School, conducted by the Reverend Mahlon Long at Hartsville, a few miles south of Doylestown. He admired both men and late in life liked to trace back to their teaching the origins of many of his persistent interests. In his amusing ''Recollections of Tennent School," Mercer compared the two: Mr. Long set up for our emulation the lives of eminent men, college professors, etc. But unlike my old Scotch tutor, Thomas Hughes, told us no stories to excite wonder or reverence for the past or its glories, such as how Cortez betrayed the Inca of Peru, or how the Roman General Sertorius swam the Rhone with his armour on. . . . Almost fanatical, yet loveable, was his [Long's] inspiring theory, for which I have never ceased to thank him, that the whole country side was our play ground. 13
Hughes implanted the germ of Mercer's interest in the Spanish discovery and conquest of the New World, a subject that half a century after he left his tutor's care found spectacular expression in the tiles he designed for the Columbus Room at Fonthill. Long's love of nature inspired Mercer, and he never ceased to view all of Bucks County as his personal treasure trove. An extended trip to Europe, from May to October 1870, interrupted Mercer's former schooling, and it was perhaps not until 1871 that he enrolled in the Mohegan Lake School near Peekskill, New York. He completed his studies there no later than the spring of 1875.14 The few letters that survived from those years show him as a confident, increasingly sophisticated young man and already a determined, methodical collector. He collected birds' eggs at the school—his collection is preserved at Fonthill—and at the request of his sister he also collected for her the monograms of the other boys. He wrote to her: I have time only to write you a very short letter, as it is long after bed time and I have lit my lamp contrary to all rule. I enclose you all the monograms I could get. . .. That silver and blue monogram which you wished me to get for one of your friends I will not be able to get until the boy who gave it to me receives a letter from his brother which he does only about once a month, so I will have it I guess by my next letter. I am very well (which interesting assertion exhausts my fund of information). Good bye. Always your loving brother, H. C. Mercer15
The trip to Europe in 1870 that had delayed Henry's schooling was made with his mother and aunts. They sailed for England in May, then traveled on through France, Germany, and Austria to northern Italy, and finally arrived in Florence. There the scenes Henry had first seen in the photographs his mother had pasted into her scrapbook seven years earlier sprang to life. He wrote a long letter from Florence to his father and grandparents in Doylestown, vividly describing the highlights of his tour to that point. In London the Zoological Gardens and Madame Tussaud's waxworks had enchanted him, and so had a glimpse of the Princess of Wales and the visiting King of Belgium. In Paris, scarcely two months before the outbreak of the FrancoPrussian War, he rode velocipedes and found the views from the tops of the Arc de Triomphe and the Vendôme Column equally thrilling. In Germany he was quite taken by BadenBaden ("I think it is the nicest place I have been yet") and the Black Forest, with its castles, dungeons, and aeolian harps. He wrote at length about how he had spotted a wild deer and of how "on Sunday evening Aunt Fanny and I went to the gambling house and I saw the gambling going on, the wickedness of which impressed her very much."16 The letter foreshadows his later interest in implements. "I bought a large Alpine hunting knife which they all hooted at. It is about the size of Mary's [the family cook's] butcher knife." He found things that reinforced his interest in the history of the discovery of the New World. "Among the other things we saw in the Laurentian Library in Florence was a map of the world before America was discovered in which the world appeared like a circular raft in water and several monsters were blowing around it to keep it from sinking." He would later use such images as sources for his tiles. Aunt Lela's contagious enthusiasm for art echoes in his excited descriptions of the paintings and sculpture he saw.17 The Lawrence residence in Florence since 1861 had been the Villa Torrigiani on the Via de' Serragli, a few hundred yards west of the Pitti Palace. The villa's grounds, elaborately enriched with sculpture and fountains, were the largest and finest privately owned gar
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dens in Florence, second in size only to the public Boboli Gardens. In 1821 the architect Gaetano Baccani had erected a fantastic Gothic Revival tower on a hillock in the gardens for use as an observatory. This torre (tower) also emblemized the Torrigiana family name. Mercer played in the tower and a nearby garden grotto during his visit. It is likely that memories of this private lookout helped shape his ideas for towers at Fonthill, the Pottery, and the Museum. 18 Aunt Lela's hospitality matched the splendor of the gardens. As a diplomat's wife during her first eight years in Florence, she met and charmed nearly everyone of significant social stature in the international community. She was a brilliant hostess and much admired for her intelligence, taste, and independence of spirit. She had a special talent for befriending artists and connoisseurs of art. After she left Florence, she moved the locus of her social life to Washington, D.C., and Boston for a while, though her residence became Doylestown. She was a model for Madeleine Lee in her good friend Henry Adams's novel Democracy (1880).19 <><><><><><><><><><><><> With the visit of her sisters and nephew in the summer of 1870, Elizabeth Lawrence brought to a close her long residence in Florence. Although she would often revisit Italy and travel widely elsewhere, her home henceforth would be in the United States. By 1870, she and her sister Mary had already planned in great detail the residence she would soon build for the Mercer family across from the old Chapman family farm, where they had been living since 1863. Eventually this would be her home as well. She selected the thirtyone acre site and the architect, Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia. She chose the style of the house—Victorian Italianate—furnished it, and paid the bills, but the owner of record was her brotherinlaw, William Robert Mercer. She named the house "Aldie" to commemorate a Mercer ancestral home in Scotland. She liked to describe her Doylestown Aldie as an unpretentious country house, but it was quite grand by any Bucks County standard. In its grounds she created a walled garden, fitting it out with fountains and statuary as a memento of the Villa Torrigiani gardens. William Robert Mercer planned and oversaw the development and maintenance of the Aldie gardens and arboretum, a project to which he devoted the rest of his long life.20 In the late 1890s he began adding the tile and concrete works of his sons, Harry and Willie. Aunt Lela's return to Doylestown transformed the lives of her family. The quiet routine of provincial gentility gave way to the far more active and cosmopolitan life that followed her wherever she went. Judge Chapman retired from the bench, sold his house in the center of Doylestown, and moved with his wife and Fanny to a newly erected home on the family farm, a few hundred feet down the road from Aldie. He named his new residence "Frosterly," after a Chapman family seat in Yorkshire, England.21 Childless and vastly enjoying the freedoms of an affluent widowhood, Aunt Lela assembled her family around her, housed them according to her own taste and historical sense, and covered the expenses. She undoubtedly believed that she was creating a family seat for such offspring as Harry and his brother Willie might sire. But both men died childless, and the fate of Aldie in Mercer's last years—despite his protests Willie pulled it down—was one of Mercer's bitterest disappointments. Built to last for the ages, Aldie stood for less than sixty years.22 At Aldie, Aunt Lela assumed a central position in Mercer's life. She reinforced the strain of egoism that his parents had instilled. When he came home from school for holidays and summers, she swept him up in her social whirl. After its opening in 18711872, the stream of distinguished visitors at Aldie was interrupted only when his aunts slipped away to the nation's capital for the winter social season or to Maine or Europe for the summer. In 1877, Lela established a summer residence at York Harbor, Maine, where the family retreated annually and where the entertainment of friends from near and far continued.23 She remained a vital force in Mercer's life even after her death in 1905. In 1909, he dedicated the Columbus Room in Fonthill to her. When the question of where Harry should receive a university education arose, Aunt Lela's Boston friends counseled Harvard rather than the University of Pennsylvania, the more conventional choice for a young man from Doylestown. His admission to Harvard was probably arranged by Boston literary figure and wit Thomas Gold Appleton, who, as a houseguest at Aldie, recognized unusual talents in Mercer.24 He entered at age nineteen in the fall of 1875, after a year's private tutoring in Doylestown. He studied philosophy with George Herbert Palmer, history with
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Henry Cabot Lodge, and the history and appreciation of the fine arts with Charles Eliot Norton. He knew, and may also have studied American history with Justin Winsor, the college librarian. Mercer was only an adequate student, graduating 115th in a class of 200 in 1879. 25 His Harvard years and his Aunt Lela's friendships gave a Boston cast to Mercer's artistic and intellectual life, and Bostonians above all others always sustained his work as a tile maker. Yet he remained a Pennsylvanian at heart, and immediately after Harvard, Philadelphia loomed on his horizon. Harvard had made a cultured gentleman of him, but it had not prepared him adequately for the profession that his family expected him to enter: law. With Judge Chapman's blessing, Mercer dutifully went off to Philadelphia in 1880 to read law in the office of his uncle, Peter McCall, a former mayor of the city. After McCall's death in 1881, Mercer read law with the firm of Fraley and Hollingsworth. In May 1881, he passed the University of Pennsylvania's annual examination and in November was certified to practice law.26 Henry Mercer was now twentyfive years old, just under six feet tall, grayeyed, mustachioed, and well groomed. The women in his family considered him handsome, and it would be difficult to disagree. He was intelligent, refined without being effete, somewhat reserved, aloof rather than gregarious, and disposed to take himself and his interests seriously. His protective mechanisms—his social reserve became stiffness among strangers—were those of an essentially shy person, and although they became more pronounced with age they were never extreme. There was much to like in him; he was generous, thoughtful, spontaneous in his enthusiasms among friends, and open to new ideas. His success as a lawyer seemed assured. His pedigree was impeccable, with generationsold Mercer, Chapman, and McCall ties to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Annapolis and newer ties through Aunt Lela to Boston and Washington, D.C. His circumstances were comfortable, and he was the likely heir to a substantial part of his aunt's fortune. He was eminently marriageable but he never married. In the 1880s and 1890s his family hoped that his friendship with Frances Lurman (Fig. 5), the notably beautiful daughter of a wealthy Maryland family, would result in matrimony. It never did, but their friendship lasted for many years and was apparently deep.27 Increasingly, much of the energy and emotion that might have had a domestic outlet went into his work instead. Beginning in the autumn of 1881, instead of joining a law office after completing his legal training, Mercer traveled abroad. This was the first of his adult journeys overseas. He began by retracing much of the trip he had taken with his mother and aunts in 1870, but now he examined art and architecture with eyes trained by Norton at Harvard. He began to explore new terrain when he traveled south from Florence to Naples and Pompeii. At some point he joined forces with his Harvard classmate Arthur Astor Carey, and by early 1882 they were in Egypt. In Cairo he bought many artifacts, including the examples of native costume still preserved in the Fonthill collection. He was attracted not only to the bright fabrics but also, according to his notebooks, to the darkeyed women of the city. On this and other excursions he sketched picturesque scenes, some of which served as the basis for etchings he made in the mid1880s, when he was briefly caught up in the American etching revival (Figs. 6 and 7).28
Fig. 5. Frances Lurman, 1905. Collection, the Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr., Archives of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
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Fig. 6. HCM. Pax vobiscum. View of Doylestown through open window. Etching, ca. 1882. 4 1/8 × 3 3/8 inches. Collection, SL/BCHS.
In April 1882, toward the end of this halfyear holiday, Mercer fell ill while still in Egypt, but he recovered sufficiently to go on to Corfu before his return to Austria, where he had a relapse. His father sailed from the States to bring him home. A German doctor diagnosed his illness as a recurrence of gonorrhea, which he had contracted three years earlier, probably while at Harvard. Fear of further recurrences may have contributed to his reluctance to marry. It may also have been a factor in some of the debilitating illnesses that Mercer endured for the rest of his life. The onset of most of the illnesses followed periods of overexertion and emotional stress, and on more than one occasion he was stricken while traveling abroad. There may or may not have been an emotional component to his illness in 1882; in any event, recuperation meant a further delay of his entry into the legal profession. Within a year or two, as he found other things to occupy his time, it became clear that he would never practice law. 29
Fig. 7. HCM. Frigora dant rami. Grien. Etching, n.d. (ca. 1882). 3 ¾ × 3 ½ inches. Collection, SL/BCHS.
Among the things that occupied Mercer as his health improved in the fall of 1882 was the exhibition mounted by the Bucks County Historical Society to celebrate the county's bicentennial. Centered in Doylestown, the Society, which he had joined at its founding in 1880, later became inextricably associated with him, but in 1882 it served primarily as an outlet for his growing interest in local history.30 The 1882 exhibition included a large display of artifacts of the region's past, some contributed by Mercer himself, whose earlier collections of curiosities—bird's eggs, hunting knives, Egyptian costumes—now began to be overshadowed by a rapidly growing collection of historical objects from his home region. To some extent, Mercer's interest in the material culture of America was probably an outgrowth of the attention given to artifacts of Colonial and Federal America at the Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia (which Mercer attended), and the resulting develop
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ment of the Colonial Revival. Some of his work reflects or parallels that development in American thought, but his interest in the past was so broad and extended to so many periods that it defies easy categorization. By late 1882 this interest began to focus on the question of the antiquity of human culture in the Delaware Valley. Ever since Norton had introduced him to the concepts of archaeology at Harvard, Mercer had closely followed reports of the Paleolithic discoveries in European digs. American archaeologists searched sites along the Delaware looking for evidence of their prehistoric forebears. Though he had no formal professional training, Mercer read their studies closely and soon involved himself in the search. He trained himself through discussions and close association with his good friend Professor Edward Drinker Cope of the University of Pennsylvania, America's foremost paleontologist. 31 Within a few years Mercer was widely known as a leading American archaeologist. The breakthrough in this development came with Mercer's study of the Lenape Stone (Fig. 8). Years earlier a farmer had found a small, geometrically shaped gorget in his fields near Doylestown. It was incised with a picture of a mastodon. In 1881, a local collector of Indian artifacts acquired it, calling it the Lenape Stone in the belief that it was a relic of the LenniLenape Indians who had lived in the Delaware Valley in previous centuries. If the stone were authentic, it would suggest that humans had existed in the region at the same time as the prehistoric mastodon. Claims for and against the authenticity of the stone flew in the early 1880s. Some were preposterous, and all lacked solid foundation. In 1883, Mercer began his own study of the stone, bringing to bear on it the kind of objective, methodical analysis that was then becoming a hallmark of anthropological archaeology. He interviewed everyone who had been associated with the stone, sought out expert advice in many fields, consulted with other ethnologists, dispassionately weighed the evidence, and published his findings in 1885 in a little book entitled The Lenape Stone.32 He concluded that the stone could be proved neither genuine nor fraudulent, and while this was scarcely a dramatic conclusion, his cautious, systematic approach to the problem marked him, at age twentynine, as a responsible scholar with a scientific bent. Mercer's work on the Lenape Stone crystallized his ideas about the historical development of cultural artifacts. He joined other archaeologists in putting to rest the older, longestablished belief that all things had been created at once. Mercer's developmental view applied Darwinian thought to objects of material culture. It made possible his study of the evolution of implements, and this study, which never flagged for the rest of his life, had a great impact on his work as a tile maker. The Lenape Stone established Mercer as an ethnologist. The fieldwork he conducted over the next few years established him as an archaeologist. He usually funded his work from his own resources, as did most archaeologists of his day. In the next few years he searched caves from Bucks County to the Yucatán Peninsula for human and animal remains, seeking to unearth artifacts of the distant past in order to establish the existence of PaleoIndian culture in America. Although he made no
Fig. 8. HCM. Sketch of the Lenape Stone on tissue. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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major discoveries—few archaeologists ever do—he earned a respectable position for himself in the annals of American archaeology. 33 In May 1885, after his book had gone to press, Mercer set off to travel by wagon from Doylestown to Williamsburg, Virginia. A Harvard friend, Thomas R. Plummer, joined him on this selfconsciously contrived sentimental journey. They took old routes, stayed at old inns, interviewed Civil War veterans, collected tales and folkways, and filled the wagon with old implements. Mercer examined carvings made by Indians on rocks in the rapids of the Susquehanna at Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania. He later adapted these carvings for tiles he designed for the State Capitol in Harrisburg. On the way, the travelers visited another house called "Aldie" in Loudoun County, Virginia, which Mercer's ancestors had built late in the eighteenth century; it was now out of the family and in disrepair.34 At home, Mercer continued to collect historical artifacts, though he had not yet become consistently systematic about it. He gathered anything that struck his eye: quilts, illuminated manuscripts, signboards, clothing, pottery, Indian relics, and many other objects from Colonial times to the middle of the nineteenth century. At Taylorsville on the Delaware River in 1889, he acquired a "Washington Crossing" signboard by the Quaker artist Edward Hicks. He later obtained a fine Peaceable Kingdom by the same painter.35 His collection of works by Hicks and a few other "naive" artists proved to be one of the germs of the interest in American folk art that became such a distinctive part of American cultured taste beginning in the 1920s.36 But in the late 1880s, a decade out of Harvard, Mercer had only just begun to envision the ways artifacts of the American past could influence the visual arts in coming generations. He had not yet begun to see that his hunt for these artifacts was a special kind of archaeology, one that searched the recent past following the principles and methods of prehistoric archaeology. Between 1885 and 1889, Mercer spent almost as much time in Europe as in the United States, leading the leisurely life of a cultured gentleman of means. He toured with friends and relatives, including Frances Lurman and her family, and he took a stab at writing fiction. In the spring of 1886, he and his friend Plummer outdid their earlier adventure in a wagon by setting out to descend the Danube, first by raft and then on a Mercerdesigned houseboat. Embarking in June at the foot of the Alps, they journeyed, attended by a servant, as far as Pressburg (now Bratislava in Czechoslovakia) by October. He visited castles and other historical sites that he had known about since childhood. In June of the next year, Mercer resumed the voyage, getting as far as Viden in Bulgaria by July. Among the guests who came aboard that summer were Mercer's brother Willie and sister Elizabeth, his Harvard friend John W. Codman, and the Baron Hubert Fidler von Isarborn of Austria, whom Elizabeth married in 1888. Two years later, in 1889, Mercer commissioned the building of another houseboat, this time in France, and descended the Rhone, Allier, and Loire rivers for some 700 miles from May to September (Fig. 9). This time his companion was John Hall Ingham, a childhood friend. Ingham later opened a law office in Philadelphia from which he operated a Moravian tile dealership.37 In October 1889, Mercer was in England. After visiting Oxford he stopped for a while at Albury House in Surrey, designed in part by Pugin in Gothic Revival style. Here, in an "ancient bedroom," he wrote "The Sunken City," a story that reached print thirtynine years later.38 He might better have been at home, for when he returned to Doylestown in November he found in his mail an invitation, posted several weeks earlier, to participate in a symposium on archaeology that had been held in October while he dallied in England. The invitation had come from William Pepper, president of the newly organized Archaeological Association at the University of Pennsylvania. Though Pepper had never met Mercer, he considered him a likely prospect for a professional post in the archaeological section of the University Museum. In this he was almost certainly encouraged by Mercer's mentor, Cope, but before issuing the invitation he had inquired of one of the association's vicepresidents, "Do you know Mr. H. C. Mercer of Doylestown? A good fellow; a member of the Rittenhouse Club; Harvard product; a collector and traveler; a man of means. . .. Dr. Brinton is anxious that he should be joined to us." Daniel G. Brinton was Professor of Archaeology and Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Mercer's letter of regret at having missed the symposium began his affiliation with the University Museum.39 <><><><><><><><><><><><>
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Fig. 9. HCM's photograph of (from left to right) his manservant Antoine, his friend John Hall Ingham (seated), and either his cousin Gertrude McCall or her sister Jane, on houseboat during travels in France, 1889. Collection, SL/BCHS.
In 1891, Mercer became one of the ten managers of the recently established (1889) Free Museum of Science and Art, soon to be renamed the University of Pennsylvania Museum. He worked with some of the leading archaeologists, enthnographers, and paleontologists in the United States. Besides Cope, Brinton, and Pepper, his closest colleagues were Stewart Culin, an American ethnologist and director of the University Museum's Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, who later had a distinguished career at the Brooklyn Museum, and Charles Conrad Abbott, M.D., curator of the University Museum's Department of American and Prehistoric Archaeology. All these men were to play important roles in Mercer's relatively short career as an archaeologist. For the next six years, from 1891 to 1896, Mercer practiced aboriginal "dirt" archaeology in the Delaware River valley, at first in the company of Abbott, another "gentleman scholar" who had given up his medical practice in Trenton, New Jersey, to become a specialist of Delaware Valley archaeology. His goal was to duplicate for the University Museum the large collection of Native American specimens he had earlier formed for the Peabody Museum at Harvard. In the winter of 18921893, Mercer and Culin served as honorary members of the United States Archaeological Commission to the Exposición HistóricoAmericana at Madrid, where they mounted an exhibition of Native American artifacts based on their developmental views. Mercer was awarded a bronze medal from the Spanish government for his display. 40 From Madrid he visited Toledo, Seville, and Granada and found himself deeply interested in the Moorish and later tile installations
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that are among the glories of these cities. While in Europe, he took the opportunity to dig at Abbeville in France, Spiennes in Belgium, San Isidro in Spain, and Caddington in England, seeking in these sites data that would inform and amplify the results of his digs in the United States. 41 In 1893, he was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia on Cope's recommendation. About this time, he entered into a protracted series of disagreements with Abbott about the interpretation of archaeological evidence. Abbott claimed he had proved the existence of PaleoIndian culture in the Trenton gravels; Mercer challenged his methods and therefore his conclusions. In 1894, he succeeded Abbott as curator of the Department of American and Prehistoric Archaeology at the University Museum, adding those responsibilities to his ongoing duties as one of the managers of the museum's Department of Archaeology and Paleontology. This was a sure measure of his progress in the field and the acceptance of his work by his peers.42 The two men argued over archaeology for years, at times bitterly, but the typically genial Abbott insisted on preserving their friendship and in time became one of Mercer's most enthusiastic advocates—not for his archaeological work, however, but for his architecture.43 Mercer's fieldwork brought forth a steady flow of scholarly papers. He supervised the paleontological work at the Port Kennedy Bone Cave for the Academy of Natural Sciences from 1894 to 1896. He was an associate editor of the American Naturalist in charge of the Department of Archaeology and Ethnology from 1893 to 1897, writing monthly contributions for the magazine, whose editor was his friend Cope. In 1895, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society, one of several learned societies with which he affiliated during his lifetime. At the University Museum, Mercer found it necessary to concern himself with such matters as artifact registration and exhibition schemes. He sought advice from an old friend, Charles Hercules Read, then assistant keeper of the British Museum's Department of British and Medieval Antiquities and Ethnology. He had first met Read in England, perhaps as early as 1870, and had hunted out old tiles with him in Spain in 1893 when they both were there in conjunction with the Columbian Exposition. Their correspondence, which lasted for more than thirty years, documents many of Mercer's professional and private concerns. On 10 November 1893, Mercer wrote to Read about his new appointment: Dr. A. [Abbott] is out—and I am in charge (and have a big notion to go over to your cataloguing system). As usual I am working for nothing and cold water. I get buckets down my back and my shoes hiss like serpents these cool evenings coming over the Schuylkill Bridge. But wait till I get off to Tennessee and in the caves again. . .. I have to manufacture boxes, barrels, hatchets, assistants, ropes, pulleys, and everything else out at our museum, and it takes full steam.44
Mercer dug in at least thirty archaeological sites in the Delaware Valley and neighboring counties, looking for paleolithic argillite quarries. He also dug in shell heaps in York, Maine, on his summer holidays there, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, and in southern Indiana, Ohio, and Virginia, in his search for evidence of PaleoIndians in America. In 1895, he led the Corwith expedition to the Yucatán, publishing his findings in Hill Caves of the Yucatán the following year.45 Although he made some interesting finds, Mercer found no positive evidence of an ancient culture from tool remains. He returned discouraged and ill with malaria, published his last major archaeological work in 1897, and then his career in archaeology was over. It is worth examining how and why this career came to an end. Alden Mason, a younger contemporary in the field, described Mercer aptly many years later when he wrote, "He [Mercer] was distinctly not a greeter or an extrovert."46 This aloofness created problems for him at the University Museum. Temperamentally, his egoism and independent spirit prevented him from working easily in a subordinate position. As a result, his relations with Stewart Culin, an equally strongminded man, became strained and then worsened as their research interests began to overlap. He found it uncomfortable to be part of an institution that was still defining itself and whose policies and practices were in flux. As late as 1896, when a new museum building was already under construction, Mercer still found it difficult to negotiate his department's needs with the building committee. In the overcrowded conditions in which they worked, Culin was not always able or willing to let Mercer have unrestricted authority over his own work, and he asserted jurisdiction over display cases, specimens, labeling, and arrangements of materials that Mercer considered part of his own rightful domain. In a moment of exasperation early in 1897, Culin ordered Mer
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cer out of the museum. He scarcely meant to sever Mercer's association with the museum, but that was the outcome. Mercer returned to Doylestown, sick at heart and soon in body. 47 Other difficulties added to Mercer's turmoil. At the end of 1896 he was seriously overextended in his commitments as an archaeologist and felt growing anxiety over his ability to meet them. Worse still, some of his research had begun to draw criticism from others in his field. This criticism was the kind routinely encountered in scientific disciplines where newly reported findings are open to differing interpretations, but except for his arguments with Abbott, Mercer had not met with such serious questioning before. He viewed it as an ad hominem attack. Rather than participate in the giveandtake of learned debate, he stuck obstinately to his guns, held Abbott responsible for what he saw as an uprising against him, and left the unfortunate impression on his colleagues that he had closed his mind to any ideas except his own.48 Then the catastrophic happened. In April 1897 he lost his mentor, friend, and principal supporter within the archaeological profession when Edward Cope died suddenly in April 1897. Pepper, his only other powerful ally in the profession, died not long after. This was the final blow. Attempts to sooth Mercer and to keep him actively associated with the University Museum were made, but to no avail, even though as late as the end of 1898 he held out some hope that he might return to it. He wrote to Read that all he needed was "a department where I can work unmolested and safe from solicitors and their deputies."49 But he never returned. <><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer's transition from archaeology to ceramics took place between the beginning of 1897 and the end of 1898. It was highly unusual for a man who had reached early middle age, and who had no training or family tradition in the trades or crafts, to change his profession so drastically. It was more remarkable still for him to become a leading ceramist of his day. His Moravian Pottery owed its origin, he wrote, "not to a carefully matured plan, but to a sudden series of disappointments, grievances and contentions, painful at the time, but which in the end seemed to have worked for the best." In his published account of the founding of the Pottery, written in 1914, Mercer said nothing about these painful details, passing over them as "too personal." But they deserve a close look, for his career as an archaeologist contributed much to his career as a ceramic artist.50 While at the University Museum, Mercer had escaped the stress of daily museum life first by taking to the field and then, in 1895, by erecting a workshop on the grounds of Aldie that allowed him to work on specimens at home (Fig. 10). He named the workshop "Indian House" after one of the first caves he had explored in upper Bucks County. He had nearly completed Indian House in March 1896 when he hired Frank King Swain (18761954), a local young man of twenty, as his archaeological assistant. Swain rapidly became his "man Friday," a position he would hold for the remaining thirtyfour years of Mercer's life. Swain became a jackofalltrades, and a very good one. Temperamentally, he complemented Mercer. He was sensitive to and respectful of the older man's quirks and moods, and he had a remarkable ability to anticipate Mercer's needs. Swain quickly gained an extensive knowledge of most of Mercer's fields, and he used this expertise with impeccable judgment, always to further Mercer's interests and never his own. He possessed little of Mercer's originality of thought, nor did he have Mercer's creative instincts, and he would not have been so successful an assistant if he had. There can be no doubt that Mercer also found in Swain a surrogate son and grew to have great affection for him, though their relationship always remained one of employer and employee. In 1925, Swain married Laura Long (18881975), who had come to Aldie as a maid in 1907 and who remained as Mercer's housekeeper for the rest of his life. When Mercer could no longer travel great distances, beginning about 1911, he sent Swain in his place. Swain's letters from a long trip to the southern states in 19161917 and from England in 1911 and in 1925 (the latter his honeymoon trip) document their working relationship. In his selfeffacing way, Frank was a phenomenon, an alter ego, and a source of vital energy necessary to carry out the momentous changes that were to occur in Mercer's life beginning in 1897.51 Back home and out of work, so to speak, Mercer turned his attention to the affairs of the Bucks County Historical Society. He fully intended to work at Indian House cataloguing his archaeological collection. But a chance event turned his attention in another direction. He described it thus:
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Fig. 10. HCM working on archaeological artifacts in yard behind Indian House, ca. 1895. Collection, SL/BCHS. It was then probably one day in February or March of the Spring of 1897 that I went to the premises of one of our fellowcitizens, who had been in the habit of going to country sales and at the last moment buying what they called "penny lots," that is to say valueless masses of obsolete utensils or objects which were regarded as useless, or valuable only as old iron or kindling wood, things which fortunately have been preserved among us for two noteworthy reasons, first because of the existence in our country of several of these unthanked and nonmercenary hoarders, and second because of the abundance of wood and consequently of outbuildings, such as are lacking in Europe, adapted to the preservation of perishable heirlooms. The particular object of the visit above mentioned, was to buy a pair of tongs for an old fashioned fire place, but when I came to hunt out the tongs from the midst of a disordered pile of old wagons, gumtree saltboxes, flaxbrakes, straw beehives, tin dinnerhorns, ropemachines and spinningwheels, things that I had heard of but never collectively saw before, the idea occurred to me that the history of Pennsylvania was here profusely illustrated and from a new point of view. I was seized with a new enthusiasm and hurried over the country, rummaging the bakeovens, wagonhouses, cellars, haylofts, smokehouses, garrets, and chimneycorners on this side of the Delaware valley. 52
Mercer referred to these diverse artifacts as "tools," a term that for him embraced all the implements used in trades, crafts, and household activities before the middle of the nineteenth century. He sensed that the time was propitious for the systematic collection of such handcrafted objects. They had already been cast off for a generation or more, supplanted by massproduced equivalents if they were supplanted at all, and now they were rotting, rusting, crumbling, and sinking away, disappearing along with the great body of traditional knowledge that explained them. Mercer was struck by the realization that the castoff tools of early America represented a rich lode of archaeological evidence of preindustrial culture. The appeal was irresistible. Mercer soon found the searching out, classifying, and interpreting of these artifacts more intellectually rewarding and more satisfying than the search for PaleoIndian culture had been. He was practicing what soon became a new branch of archaeology, historic rather than prehistoric. He was among the earliest of serious scholars to recognize the value of the seemingly mundane artifacts of recent history for cultural studies of many kinds. Mercer created a new problem for himself when he decided that the local historical society should be the recipient of his tool collection. To the dismay of many of its members, he stored this fastgrowing mass of artifacts in the Bucks County Historical Society's clubroom in the Bucks County Courthouse. To appease his
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fellow members, and to try to explain the historical value of his collection, he arranged to exhibit it at a summer meeting of the Society at Galloway's Ford, a site near Doylestown. He hung artifacts in trees and set groups of them out in the fields, but rain made the exhibition less than a success. In October he displayed the collection again, enlarged in size, classified, and arranged around a room at the Bucks County Courthouse. For this occasion the Historical Society published his catalogue, Took of the Nationmaker, a volume of eightyseven pages that remains a foundation work in its field. In his introduction to the catalogue, Mercer expressed ideas that were still inchoate but that would soon develop into a body of thought still important in the study of material culture: These castaways, gathered together, offer valuable suggestions on all sides. Manifold elucidations of nationality. are in store for us as we study them. Leading us by way of an untrodden path, deeper into the lives of people, they give us a fresh grasp upon the vitality of the American beginning. At first, illustrating an humble story, they unfold by degrees a wider meaning, until at last the heart is touched. 53
Mercer's catalogue heralded the serious beginnings in the United States of the systematic study of the remains of the material culture of the recent past. He may have had some knowledge of similar attempts already under way in Europe, such as Artur Hazelius's folk museum, Nordiska Museet in Stockholm, but Mercer's work was in many respects innovative. He was a true pioneer in the sophisticated use of objects to articulate a historicalcultural context. The full implications of his approach has been realized only since the 1970s, when museums in significant numbers began to include cultural historians on their staffs to study objects as documents of history. Mercer did not at first succeed in persuading his fellow Historical Society members of the importance of his collection. They viewed his specimens as objects fit for junkyards. Their understanding of the significance of artifacts of the past was narrowly limited to objects that could be associated with important historical figures or events—a cup that George Washington had held or an oarlock from William Penn's barge—while Mercer's goal was to document the common experience of a people. The board of the Bucks County Historical Society saw Mercer's efforts to expand the scope of their small, locally oriented organization into a base for his own wider ranging scholarly work as selfserving, and to some degree they were right. His proposals that the Society publish scholary works, conduct oral history programs, and demonstrate folk pottery processes fell on deaf ears. He and Alfred Paschall, the Society's secretary and publisher of a Doylestown newspaper, the Bucks County Intelligencer, fell out over the printing of papers Mercer had prepared for publication. Incident followed incident until January 1900, when Mercer quit the Society. Having already presented his ''Tools of the Nationmaker" collection to the Society, he set out to assemble another and even more extensive assemblage of the same kind of objects for himself.54 To complicate matters, his visionary "Tools" exhibition had inspired new collectors of pioneer implements. Mercer resented their appearance on the scene. One was Colonel Henry D. Paxson, an old friend and fellow Society member who owned the Lenape Stone, and another, to his dismay, was Stewart Culin. Mercer accused Paxson and Culin of conniving to start a "rival collection" and of worsening his relations with the Society.55 By the end of 1898, Mercer was inactive as an archaeologist, disgruntled as a tool collector, and "out" of both the University Museum and the Bucks County Historical Society. The only field over which he now had unchallenged domination—or, as he saw it, the power to do his work "unmolested"—was a newly found one. This was the field of ceramics. During the period when he had been collecting tools, phasing out of archaeology, and arguing with the leaders of the Historical Society—that is, from the summer of 1897 to the end of 1898—he had also been deeply involved in his first ceramic experiments. It would be too simple to see Mercer's plunge into tile making as merely a means of escaping unsettling problems in other parts of his life. Positive influences were also at work and had been growing in strength for some years. Chief among these was a love for the plastic arts of the past, instilled by his Aunt Lela, systematized and given a rationale by Norton at Harvard, and nurtured over nearly two decades of travels at home and abroad. This love of art flourished through his close association with European and American connoisseurs, collectors, and curators. His talent as a draughtsman had served him well as an amateur; now it began to serve him professionally. The emergence of the original artist took a little time. While there was no outward change in the man,
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his ceramic work began to reveal previously hidden talents. But if there was no visible difference in Mercer, there was a good deal at Indian House, where by 1900 the sooty stacks of Mercer's kilns had become odd neighbors for Aldie and its Italian gardens. <><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer's work as a ceramic artist is the subject of the following chapters, so it need only be said here that his critical and commercial success was rapid and sustained and that as late as the last year of his life he was envisioning new tile designs. But the demands of the Pottery never occupied him totally. He traveled to Europe in 1900, 1902, 1903, and 1904. This last trip, cut short due to illness, was his final voyage abroad. His mother died in 1903, and his Aunt Lela in 1905. 56 Willie, who had married Martha Dana of Boston in 1905, later built a new house for himself and his wife on the grounds of Aldie, well away from the bustle and soot of the Indian House tile works. In 1907, Mercer put together a large tract of land in the northeast corner of Doylestown as the site for a new residence for himself. The house that resulted, Fonthill, incorporated an eighteenthcentury farmhouse that stood on the site. Mercer encased the farmhouse in concrete, except for the doors and windows, and used it as a kitchen wing and servants' quarters. Fonthill's site—a gentle rise of land with a spring flowing from one side—gave the house its name. This name repeated that of James Wyatt's wellknown Gothic Revival folly, Fonthill Abbey, designed for the eccentric William Beckford in England. Mercer disclaimed any intention of associating his buliding with Beckford's, and in scale and style they were very different, but because at this point in his life Mercer enjoyed thinking of himself as mildly unconventional, he probably took some pleasure from the loose parallel that his friends were bound to draw between the two highly romantic buildings. Construction began in January 1908. The following year he moved from Aldie to Linden, a cottage in Doylestown (now demolished) a few blocks south of the construction site. Once Fonthill was enclosed in 1910—it was not finished until 1912—Mercer relocated his tile works. During the months from March 1911 through November 1912, he erected the pottery a few hundred yards northeast of Fonthill. The new kilns went into operation in October 1912. In 1913, Mercer's crew erected a concrete carriage house (Mercer called it a garage) next to Fonthill. The crew then spent most of 1914 and 1915 in town constructing a museum building to house his by then vast collection of "tools." Mercer had resumed an active association with the Bucks County Historical Society about ten years earlier when it was clear that he could control the organization. He became its president, curator, editor, and chief benefactor. As its new leader, he emphasized his conviction that only through a preeminent collection of implements would the Society ever become more than an ordinary local history organization. He said, "The point I earnestly desire to make . . . is that in this collection called "The Tools of the Nationmaker" we are ahead of everybody; we are original, alone, unique."57 And so in 1916 he presented the Society with a museum facility, a massive structure that overshadowed the organization's original Colonial Revival building of 1905. The new museum building was as unique as the collection it housed. Following the precepts of Pugin, Mercer had designed it from the inside out. When he presented the facility to the Society, he emphasized, "The building, which may or may not please the eye, is a secondary matter. It was made for the collection, while the collection was not made for it."58 In fact, the building and its collections vie for attention. Immediately upon entering the towering space of the central court and looking up into an apparent jumble of large and small suspended objects, the visitor is struck by the drama of the place (Fig. 11). A Conestoga wagon juts out into the court from an upper gallery, seeming to defy gravity; chairs and baskets hang from the concrete vaults of the roof; columns are sheathed with displays of tools for lumbering and harvesting, brickmaking and blacksmithing, threshing and whaling, among many other trades. When the visitor's eyes return to the court's ground level, they meet the carved faces of polychromed cigarstore figures. On every level and from every side, balconylike galleries open onto the court. This relation of galleries to a central space may call to mind Edward Sears's Fenway Court, now the Gardner Museum (1902), in Boston and Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum (19571959) in New York, but no one would ever mistake any one of these buildings for the others. On each floor of the Mercer Museum, small enclosed exhibition rooms hug the outer walls, their contents bathed in natural light from windows in the outer wall and visible
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Fig. 11. View of interior court of the Mercer Museum. Collection, MM/BCHS.
to viewers through glazed interior windows along the galleries. Each of these exhibition rooms contains the tools of one or more trades and, when practical, each trade's raw materials and products. In various larger rooms at different levels are a pioneer kitchen, a schoolroom, a country store, and collections of musical instruments, toys, and iron stoves. A gallows—the tool of a grisly trade—occupies a room adjacent to one filled with artifacts of the undertaker's profession. Mercer's technique of arranging artifacts in open displays, now called visable storage, made his entire collection accessible for study. With this end in mind, Mercer collected as many examples of each tool as he could lay his hands on, for he knew that a serious student of cultural history could learn more from seventyeight different apple parers than from just one.
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Fig. 12. HCM. "Historic Human Tools." 1921. Reproduction in 1981 by Charles Ingerman on a Smith Press, made by the R. Hoe Company in 1830 and now in the collection of the Mercer Museum.
He developed a classification of tools, grouping them in "primary" and "secondary" categories. The primary category consisted of tools for the making of other tools, food, clothing, shelter, and transport. In the secondary category were tools for use in communication (language), religion, science (pure or applied), commerce, government, art, and amusement. In 1921, he printed his classifications in the form of a chart entitled "Historic Human Tools" (Fig. 12). Mercer placed examples of his tiles in the museum building. They are modest installations compared with the lavish displays in Fonthill, because he knew that the exhibits themselves would be a sufficient feast for the eyes. There are, however, four tiled fireplaces of great importance, and in the research library he placed a spectacular display of tiles symbolizing the history of Bucks County. He signed the building in concrete with a handprint, his initials, and the year, 1915, high on a northwest exterior wall. With the completion of the museum building in 1916, Mercer came to the end of his nineyear construction agenda. He was now sixty years old, had just received an honorary doctorate from Franklin and Marshall College, and might have been expected to slow down his pace. He did nothing of the sort. He added steadily to the museum's collections, and just as steadily published scholarly treatises about them. He also published writings on local history, arboriculture, and antivivisection. Swain managed the daytoday operations of the Pottery, but Mercer oversaw everything and continued to create new tile designs. The entry of the United States into the war in Europe in 1916 depressed the building trades and lessened the demand for his tiles, but the Pottery still managed to turn a modest profit. The building boom of the early 1920s, which saw the last efflorescence of the Arts and Crafts aesthetic, brought a problem of a different kind. The demand for tiles became so great that Swain found it difficult to find enough reliable workers to keep the Pottery operating at full steam. After the war years, Mercer became more reclusive, though hardly inactive. As a Germanophile, he was dis
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tressed about the virulence of antiGerman feeling that had swept the United States during the war, and his bitterness over this persisted. His bouts with illness laid him low for weeks and months on end. His chief satisfactions now came more from the life of the mind than from active involvement with the world beyond Bucks County. While he rarely traveled outside Bucks County after World War I, and made few new friendships, Mercer maintained a lively correspondence with many old friends and fellow scholars throughout the United States and Europe. Isabella Stewart Gardner, then eighty, wrote to him in January 1921: If I could only see you and tell you how I long to hear about your work! I know you are doing amazing things, and will not be induced to come to Boston. If the charming Miss Lurman couldn't make you come, there's no use trying. 59
His old friend, Hercules Read, wrote to him from Madrid in 1921, reminiscing about old times. What a feeling to be here again, where I spent so many happy weeks with you, nine and twenty years ago! How I should love to see you advancing to meet me along the Alcalá, or anywhere else! These . . . years have made me a great personage here! . . . I am now informed that the King [George V] wants to have "a nice long chat" with me. . .. All of which is very fine and distinguished—but I'd far rather renew my youth by going around with you and old Culin—if that were possible—in the old way.60
On Read's return to London, he wrote to Mercer again, this time reporting that he had been invited "to meet some old friends" and that one of them turned out to be Culin. In a gesture of good will, he conspired to renew the longlapsed cordiality between his old colleagues.61 Mercer replied: . . . I do wish I was well and could live in England half the time. I would keep renting houses in the country until at last I got one that suited me and then if I could get you or somebody to get me elected into the [Society of] Antiquaries, would be as near happy as possible. But no go. I am waterlogged and can only have pipe dreams. . .. Art seems to be dead. The Cubists or Futurists appear to have made a deliberate and savage onslaught upon beauty which all artists back to primitive man can have sought for about three thousand years. They worship ugliness and I hope no more of them will come to see me and show me their infernal productions. . .. Poor old De Morgan is gone. . .. Now that you are free things must seem very strange. But the grand field of research that took us all to Madrid still exists, keeps up the glow in our left side, and leads on far beyond the Pillars of Hercules. PLUS ULTRA is still written in the sky.62
In Mercer's last known letter to Read, he sent a detailed technical analysis of concrete construction, requested by Read. He went on to news of the Pottery and the Museum, and other matters, addressing Read as "Dear Old Man": I haven't been to Philadelphia for five years and don't want to go as they appear to be tearing everything to pieces in true American fashion. If the lady from Sewickley ever comes this way I will do my best to please her with the ulterior motive of learning about you, for if, like the majority of her sex today, she has bobbed her hair and wears one of those bushel basket earcrushing hats or centipede head buttons, I fear I am too much of a Victorian to warm up to the old gallant level. A group of young women in Knickerbockers with bare knees and congo hair bobs have just left the pottery. . .. Now and then I hear from old Culin over at Brooklyn. He is one of the only enthusiasts left. Archaeology has gone to sleep. . .. Some one found a wouldbe Lenape Stone near the Deighton Rock in Massachusetts but . . . don't seem to have the energy even to investigate it. Wissler's book on the American Indian is a sample of how to prevent yourself from knowing anything in Archaeology. Ipse dixit. — H.C.M.63
These letters and others are full of an active if not always sympathetic interest in the affairs of the world at large, and they document how very busy Mercer was. Around him spun a staff just as busy. He had in Horace Mann a resourceful curator to manage the daytoday affairs of his museum.64 The everreliable Frank Swain's pottery staff included a handful of faithful jacksofalltrades, such as the redoubtable Benjamin Barnes. Barnes often chauffeured Mercer through the countryside in the neverending search for tools and antiques. At Fonthill, Laura Long Swain and her small staff, joined weekdays by a typiststenographer, kept the place cheerful and lively. So did Mercer's Chesapeake Bay retrievers, from whom he was inseparable, as pawprints in the concrete at both the museum and Fonthill attest. At the center of all this activity was "Dr. Mercer," as he was addressed after his first honorary doctorate, preoccupied with organizing the past and planning the future of the small world he had created for himself in Doylestown. <><><><><><><><><><><><> In April 1928, when he was seventyone and in an autumnal mood, Mercer began a daybook to record "occasional happenings." The entries document the remarkable variety of his interests and accomplishments during the last two years of his life.65
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The first day of this record, 26 April, found Mercer at work on three manuscripts. He was corresponding with a publisher about bringing out a collection of his short stories; he was indexing and preparing captions and tables for his Ancient Carpenters' Tools, already in press; and he was editing and arranging the notes and photographs he had recently received from Rudolf Hommel, whom Mercer had commissioned beginning in 1921 to conduct fieldwork for a study of Chinese implements, a study that Hommel ultimately completed after Mercer's death. 66 On this day he also took time to accept a muchdesired example of a long plane for the museum, to meet with a visitor about "a picture of Franklin," to have a talk with Herman Carl Mueller, the Arts and Crafts tile maker of Trenton, who stopped by for a visit, to dictate some letters, and to "read a little in the Arabian Nights."67 Little more than a week later, on 5 May 1928, Mercer caught a chill on a motor trip into the countryside to examine some puzzle latches and drip stones. The chill settled in his kidneys and he was bedridden for ten days. A few days before, he had paid a call on his brother and sisterinlaw at the new Aldie to hear about their recent trip abroad. Nothing was mentioned then of what was communicated on 7 May in a letter Mercer received in his sickbed. Willie wrote to say that he intended to demolish the old Aldie, which, largely unoccupied since their father's death in 1917, he considered to be a nuisance and an eyesore. Mercer felt betrayed and protested vociferously. He pleaded Aldie's importance as an example of Victorian architecture and, more personally, its importance in family history—all to no avail. After fruitless discussion about the expense of the upkeep, Willie pulled the building down. The brothers became estranged. When Mercer remade his will, he eliminated Willie from his list of heirs.68 Despite this blow to his spirits, Mercer moved ahead with his projects, his body keeping up with his brain as well as it could. By early June he was completing decorative work on the second floor of his garage and its new terrace. He made them accessible from the Fonthill grounds with a new, grandly curving exterior stair of "easier grade," executed in concrete and adorned with tiles. Week ending Sat. June 2, 1928. Reasonably finished furnishing the Roof Room, alias Roof Bay, Terrace Parlour, Bay Terrace, (name not decided). . .. Old cupboard repainted & placed in corner of "Bay Terrace" next to inner door, Chinese talismen, "Pine, Wind, Water, Moon" painted on terrace door. . . . Wednesday, August 1st. Today finished topsurfacing the Pavilion Terrace and recasting steps with the finishing touches upon the outer new staircase. Had done a great deal of cement work with my own hands. Devised and with Ben Barnes's help made forms for resetting final steps and wall frames. Cast the latter myself.69
He refined designs and colors for his newly begun series of tree label tiles, and on 11 November he offered the farmland northwest of Fonthill to the Doylestown Nature Club for use as an arboretum. The planting soon began, with Mercer himself putting in "four fine persimmons and five or six fruits."70 November also saw, appropriately enough, the publication of Mercer's November Night Tales, a collection of six suspense stories. The stories are filled with thinly veiled allusions to the author and his friends and family. Meredith, the young hero of "Castle Valley," chooses a life in architecture over one in politics—idealism wins out over certain moral compromise. The story is justification in fiction of its author's own choice of a life of humanistic scholarship over one in law. The stories are peopled with sympathetic uncles and grandfathers who are distinguished jurists, calling to mind Judge Chapman; with Copelike professors of ethnology whose important work is little appreciated by the general public; and with heroes and friends who are young painters, scientists, dramatists, and the like, each with the unimpeachable values, dedication to hard work, and regular good luck of Horatio Alger, Tom Swift, and Henry Chapman Mercer.71 In March 1929, Mercer recorded in his daybook an incident that pointed up how, after some thirty years of disaffection, he once again had good feeling for the University Museum. Having joined the museum staff in 1907, David RandallMacIver made a point to get to know Mercer, and as the years passed he encouraged other new members of staff to seek the old curator's advice on sundry matters. Now Horace Jayne, the museum's director, had begun to write to him for advice on museum matters.72 On 8 May, Mercer noted that he had thus far designed eightytwo different tree labels, most of which had been modeled, cast in plaster, and put into production at the Pottery. He also noted that in his mail was a letter from the president of Lehigh University offering him an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Ben Barnes
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drove him to Bethlehem the day before the commencement exercises, toolhunting en route. Mercer spent much of the early summer designing, casting, and installing at Morrisville, Pennsylvania, the Graystones memorial tablet. This tablet marked the survey of the tract of land purchased by William Penn from the Delaware Indians in 1682. From this point the "Indian Walk" of 1737 began. 73 In midsummer, he wrote to Frances Lurman, who was then vacationing in California. She replied that his letter was "a joy to have" and chatted on for six pages. Every line from an old friend means a lot these days. Yours are always unique and flavored by your own individual self! There's nobody like you. You will say of course not— there's nobody like anybody else! So glad to have your news. Sorry your story book [November Night Tales] fell flat. Why didn't you send me a copy? . . . How are Laura and Frank? Remember me to them if they are still with you. Now write again to your old friend.74
July and August were lost to severe illness. Mercer rallied in September with the arrival of cool weather and had a good October. By then he had installed his last major work, the October panels, in Fonthill. On 22 October he wrote a letter to Owen Wister. The letter is interesting not only for its contents but also because as a result of a bizarre set of circumstances it did not reach Wister until 1931, in Paris, more than a year after Mercer's death. Mercer wrote it when he was buoyed by the momentary return of good health. Having recently published some fiction himself, he dwelled a bit, as one writer to another, on the decline of the art. Dear Owen, I am out and about again and send you very many regrets at missing one of your always delightful visits. Please repeat it. What do you think of the enclosed [a review of a London production of Offenbach's La Vie Parisienne]? Are they trying to "denature" Offenbach? I hope not. As to stories, I must have a last word if I retire—which is that Sinclair Lewis, Sherwood Anderson, and other uptodaters have "Chicagoized" American fiction, and that Galsworthy and a horde of photographers are undermining the old charm and atmosphere of England as created by Dickens and the Victorian writers ending with Hardy and sometimes Conrad. Many of them I find have started as newspaper reporters—they can't tell a story or get away from the telephone, etc. etc. Ipse dixit. The grape vine I showed you growing over the Pottery is still green. Come up again soon and see yours truly.75
Mercer's health broke again in late November. On New Year's Eve he made his last entry in the daybook, heading it "Accomplishments for the Year 1929." It lists the publication of his Ancient Carpenters' Tools; the tree label tiles; progress with the arboretum; his honorary degree; the Graystones tablet; and, last of all, a monument at Fonthill for deceased members of the Doylestown Nature Club. He might have extended the list threefold. He makes no mention, for example, of his important October panels or of work he had begun on the notes of his travels to Europe in 1885, intending to publish them.76 As his condition worsened in the early weeks of the year, word went out to his brother and sisterinlaw, who were in Europe. Wister, Sandford, and other old friends made last visits. Death itself called on 9 March. Willie and Martha arrived from overseas barely in time for his funeral. Frances Lurman journeyed up from Maryland, and Ben Barnes drove her to the burial in the Chapman family plot at the First Presbyterian Church, where after brief graveside services and the departure of all the other mourners, she remained alone in the churchyard until the grave was filled.77
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Chapter Two— Mercer and the Arts and Crafts Movement Nothing here said is meant to belittle machinery in its proper place, but the place of a machine is not in the field of art. . .. The writers of the Crystal Palace World's Fair period, intoxicated with their new machines, were oblivious to this fact. So, in spite of the Arts and Crafts movement, are most of us today. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1929) 1 Arts and Crafts, a comprehensive title for the arts of decorative design and handicraft—all those which, in association with the mothercraft of building (or architecture), go to the making of the house beautiful. —Walter Crane,(1910)2
For three decades, Mercer was a major figure of the Arts and Crafts movement in America. This movement, which sought to reform the practice of architecture, the decorative arts, and design in general, blossomed in the United States in the mid1890s, a generation after its flowering in England. Boston became one of its important centers. Mercer's ties with Boston, beginning with his studies at Harvard in the 1870s, put him in close association with those who later fostered the ideals of the movement in the United States. By the time Mercer arrived at Harvard in 1875 (Fig. 13), President Charles W. Eliot had nearly finished transforming the university from an institution with rapidly hardening arteries to one of remarkable vigor.3 He had broadened the curriculum, introduced a liberal elective system, and made inspired new faculty appointments to vitalize undergraduate instruction. To Mercer's generation, Harvard College seemed new and progressive rather than traditionbound. It was enlivened with a fresh sense of intellectual freedom and increased personal liberty. It was also, for the first
Fig. 13. HCM, Harvard College Class of 1879, graduation photograph. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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time, attentive to the fine arts. Mercer's studies in fine arts during the four semesters of his junior and senior years were of great importance to his later career. 4 A photograph of Mercer's room while he was at Harvard (Fig. 14) shows an array of exotic objects he had found at home and abroad: a Japanese screen, a Tunisian bowl, a skull, and other collectibles of the kind that aesthetical college students of the 1870s gathered. The eclectic interests and penchant for accumulation and display that later loomed so large in Mercer's life are already evident here.5 Harvard's finearts curriculum was twofold. The practical side consisted of instruction in the general principles of art and in drawing and watercolor painting under Professor Charles Moore, earlier an important member of the New Path group of artists. The intellectual side—historical and philosophical studies—was presided over by Professor Charles Eliot Norton. The offerings of both men constituted a major and controversial innovation of the Eliot presidency, one that flew against the longestablished view that the practice of the fine arts was extraneous to the education of the mind. This older view was now in decline. In the newer intellectual currents that swept up Mercer's generation, the aesthetic experience assumed a central role. The timehonored sources of essential truths—classical and biblical literature, poetry, history, and even science—now yielded some of their dominion to the fine arts.
Fig. 14. HCM's room in Brattle House, Cambridge, Mass., during his senior year at Harvard, 18781879. Collection, FH/BCHS.
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And so in his room at Harvard, Mercer displayed not only books but also art—prints, wall hangings, lustreware plates, statuary, tapestries, and exotica. Norton's appointment to the faculty in 1874, the year before Mercer arrived, was as "Lecturer in the History of Fine Arts as Connected with Literature." 6 This awkward description had the advantage of claiming the history of art as a branch of literature and thus an appropriate subject for collegelevel study. It also made it clear that Norton would not be teaching watercolor painting. He hardly needed such contrived justification, since he was already a major figure in American intellectual life. Following the lead of his friend John Ruskin in England, and in common with many other nineteenthcentury cultural historians, Norton taught that the arts of an era offered a concise and coherent summary of the spirit of an age and the genius of its people. This view of the arts as an accurate mirror of the prevailing ideas of an era came to seem uncomfortably simplistic to scholars in the early decades of the twentieth century, but in the 1870s it was a new and exciting concept in the United States and it found a true believer in Mercer. His faith in it never waned.7 Norton also taught that historically the most successful societies had been those in which there was an intimate alliance between the crafts and the institutions of social organization. The mystique of hand fabrication as a force for the good in society suffused his lectures, as it did the writings of Ruskin and William Morris. They and their followers in the movement romantically idealized those times before the Industrial Revolution when nearly all goods were products of hand industries. They found in late medieval times the best examples of cultures in which the practice of the crafts with its attendant guilds, apprentice systems, and pride in the fruits of individual labor seemed to have unified the entire social fabric of western Europe. By comparison, modern times were found wanting. The reasons for the dissatisfaction of the Arts and Crafts movement with so much of its own world are complex, but two central ideas were constantly at work. First, the rise of machine manufacturing that came with the Industrial Revolution debased human labor, creating masses of severely exploited, underpaid workers whose efforts produced nothing directly useful to themselves. The conditions under which they toiled robbed them of that sense of pride in work that came with handcrafting, and it alienated them from society at large. This created a social ill. Second, the products of machine manufacturing, especially those meant for domestic uses, were poorly designed and less well made than handcrafted objects. This created an aesthetic ill. In short, industrialization had dehumanized people and art alike.8 Though the aesthetic ill was rarely of concern to exploited factory workers, it rankled people of taste in the middle class who made up the Arts and Crafts movement. Most of them held little hope that they could do much to improve the lamentable condition of many in the laboring class, but they saw a way to rectify some of the aesthetic failings of their age, if not for the masses then at least for themselves in their domestic environments. Their goal became to live amid handcrafted furnishings, decorations, and architecture. The Arts and Crafts house came into being. It arrived first in England, where it remained a special and rather elite taste in spite of the best intentions of its leaders. In the United States the large, affluent, middleclass society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which was busily engaged in homebuilding, presented more fertile ground for the Arts and Crafts movement. Through publications and direct exchange between English and American architects, the principles and designs of the English movement became well known in the United States by 1900. Around this time, Arts and Crafts societies, exhibitions, and publications appeared in major cities across the nation and attracted a popular following. Architects and designers, such as Wilson Eyre, Will Price, Claude Bragdon, Gustav Stickley, Harvey Ellis, and Will Bradley in the Northeast; Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago; and Irving Gill and the brothers Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene in California, pioneered an Arts and Crafts architecture for America. Morris's influence was strongly felt. Americans perpetuated the design standards he had set forth for the making of objects for everyday use; these objects, they insisted, were to be functional, made by hand, and expressive of the materials from which they were made as honestly and directly as possible. American architects, designers, and craftspersons applied these standards to the design of such varied objects as chairs, rugs, wallpaper, tableware, and books, and also extended them to the house that contained them, so that ideally the total domestic environment would be a work of artful handicraft. Architects speci
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fied such richly handfabricated appurtenances as copper downspouts and fireplace hoods, carved wooden finials, and specially designed lamps. They created subtle relationships of color and texture by juxtaposing the natural materials of stucco, brick, wood, and slate in ways that emphasized the inherent qualities of each. In gardens they specified native plants and wildflowers and used carefully detailed planters, trellises, rose arbors, and garden seats to ''connect" the house to its landscaped setting. To integrate crafts with interiors, architects designed builtin furnishings such as pantry cupboards, breakfast nooks, linen dressers, and fireside benches. They encouraged owners to furnish in the Arts and Crafts fashion, creating a market for "mission" furniture, art pottery, and other handicrafts. The owners sought furnishings that would be consistent with the builtin decorative elements of their houses, such as stained glass medallions, leaded glass patterns in windows and doors, and handcrafted tiles in many applications, including fireplace facings, inglenook and entry parings, and exterior wall embellishments. 9 The movement's social theory derived from a romanticized historical notion of the Middle Ages. Another medievalizing aspect of the movement was its reluctance to accept the distinction between an artist and an artisan that had been drawn since the early Renaissance, a distinction that seemed false and invidious to the crafts oriented societies that sprang up in the United States in the 1890s and early 1900s. These societies consciously played down this distinction, encouraging the partnership of artists and artisans as virtual equals, and ultimately the combination of both activities equally in one person. Nineteenthcentury connoisseurs had never doubted that traditional crafts expressed a high level of artistic expression. The evidence was abundantly clear in the ceramic arts. Superbly crafted traditional ceramic wares from the ancient world to late preindustrial times and later—even from Colonial America—put to shame most machinemade ceramics of the nineteenth century. The handcrafted wares preserved a multitude of subtle, sensitive human responses in the throwing, decorating, and glazing of each piece, and none of these could be massproduced convincingly by machine. It was the machine's inability to manufacture the aesthetically reassuring signs of human involvement, almost as much as its role in worsening social ills, that offended the Arts and Crafts sensibility. Although the fervor of the movement's medievalism diminished in the early decades of the twentieth century, the belief continued to persist that some of the dehumanizing ugliness of modern society could be ameliorated by a revival of the handicrafts. The machine itself became less reprehensible in the decorative arts when it ceased trying to imitate the special qualities of handfabricated objects and instead emphasized its own machineness, as in the Art Deco and Art Moderne styles, but it remained the enemy to such Arts and Crafts purists as Mercer. He represented the movement's most conservative, medievalizing instincts. By contrast, the progressivist wing of the movement, with its "modern," ahistorical design aesthetic (best seen in the work of the Prairie School architects), welcomed the challenge of harnessing the machine and put it to work to further the movement's social and aesthetic goals. But it would be wrong to see Mercer simply as a medievalist. The two streams of thought that came together for Mercer at Harvard—that a society's soul can be discovered in its arts and that the crafts are the true foundation of the arts as well as the key to a healthy social order—ran far beyond the Middle Ages. Mercer launched himself on these streams not only through his study of the history of the arts but also through his appreciation of archaeology, also learned from Norton. Even as a student, Mercer saw that vital clues to the essence of a prehistoric society existed in craft remains, such as pottery shards and tool fragments. The arts—folk and fine alike—were to him inseparable from history. He would spend the rest of his life searching the arts for clues to history and searching history for subjects that would come alive in his own art. This interplay between history and art is essential to any understanding of Mercer's work. <><><><><><><><><><><><> In Boston they ask, How much does he know? In New York, How much is he worth? In Philadelphia, Who were his parents? —Mark Twain (1897)10
The Arts and Crafts movement had not yet begun to influence the practice of the arts in the United States to any significant extent while Mercer was at Harvard, but much else that was encouraging to Norton's followers
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Fig. 15. HCM at York Harbor, Maine, ca. 1896. Collection, SL/BCHS.
was going on, especially in architecture. The Boston that Mercer knew during his college days had been reborn architecturally following the great fire of 1872. By 1875 the destroyed blocks in the center of the city had been handsomely rebuilt. The filling in of the Back Bay, begun in the 1850s, continued to transform what had been empty wetlands beyond the Common into one of America's most striking examples of urban planning. 11 The fire had personal significance for Mercer. It had destroyed Timothy Bigelow Lawrence's important collection of arms and armor. Following his uncle's death in 1869, his Aunt Lela had donated the collection to the Boston Athenaeum. The warehouse in which that institution stored the collection, awaiting the development of a suitable display facility for it, was lost in the fire. When Mercer came to erect structures to house his own collections, the memory of this loss led him to build in fireproof concrete.12 By Mercer's freshman year, the Back Bay's great public space, Copley Square, was slowly taking shape. On its east side rose Henry Hobson Richardson's splendid Trinity Church. The medieval allusions of its architecture to Romanesque buildings of France and Spain were clear enough, but Richardson's design transcended the historicizing medievalism of his day. Irene Sargent, who had also studied with Norton, was as de facto editor of The Craftsman magazine a leading voice of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. 13 In 1903, she hailed Trinity Church as a "monument of American Art [which] . . . gave a rightly directed impetus to the building art in America: lifting and sending it out into untried possibilities." She continued: [Richardson] was a genius who accepted the legacy of a long past age, understood the modern uses to which it might be put, successfully allied the principles which he had adopted to the features borrowed from other periods of art, took into grave consideration conditions of climate, local atmosphere and site, thus producing an unique structure, showing indeed a continuity of tradition and acknowledging its source,—just as a highly developed language keeps in memory the people who first spoke—but, at the same time, displaying creative force sufficient to provide it with a long existence.14
Richardson chose John La Farge as chief decorator of the interiors. Sargent found in this collaboration a wellspring for the Arts and Crafts movement in America: [Richardson] initiated a movement, containing, as we now see, a valuable and permanent element. He brought into prominence a type of architecture which offered the largest opportunities to decorative artists in glass, in mosaic work and in mural painting. . .. In Trinity Church the sister and subsidiary arts found their promoter in John La Farge, whose mural paintings and decorative windows, like the structure itself, mark the beginning of an artistic epoch: in mural painting for America, in decorative glass for the world. Through the agency and influence of this single man, this modern place of worship has come to fulfill certain of the secondary functions which were performed by the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages, when they were the permanent repositories of the most exquisite production of all the arts and crafts.15
The decoration of Trinity Church, which went on for many years and was unexcelled in the United States, included stained glass and murals by La Farge as well as fine examples of decorative wood carving and metalwork. Stained glass windows by Edward BurneJones and Henry Holiday represented the English Arts and Crafts movement. (No ceramic tiles were included, for reasons discussed later in this chapter.) In a highly idiosyncratic way, Mercer followed the RichardsonLa Farge model of integrating structure and crafts into a unified whole in his own buildings. In these, however, there would be no collaboration of an architect with a decorator; he would do it all.
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In 1876, the newly founded (1870) Museum of Fine Arts opened its Ruskinian Gothic building on the south side of Boston's Copley Square. Mercer's Aunt Lela had donated the Lawrence Room as a memorial gallery to her husband. She counted many of the museum's founders and benefactors as friends, and among these connoisseurs, collectors, and benefactors were Thomas Gold Appleton and Martin Brimmer. When a younger generation of leaders arrived to guide the museum into both a new century and a new, larger building on the Fenway, Mercer's own association with the institution intensified. Its younger leaders included two men who had been his close friends at Harvard, Arthur Astor Carey and John Templeman Coolidge. 16 The three of them had been members of the Art Club, the Institute of 1770, and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Carey and Coolidge studied art in Europe after graduating from Harvard, while Mercer dutifully read law.17 Twenty years later, steeped in the teachings of Ruskin, Morris, and Norton, devoted to the study and encouragement of the fine arts, and deeply aware of the new interest in handicrafts, Carey and Coolidge, along with their mentor, Norton himself, became founders of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. <><><><><><><><><><><><> It was a great pity that we did not have some of [your] tiles at our Arts and Crafts Exhibition. They are exactly the kind of items needed. —Denman Ross (1899)18
The Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston, which Mercer joined in 1901, was one of the first organizations of its kind in the United States, and from its beginning it was one of the most important and influential. In January 1897, Henry Lewis Johnson, a young Boston printer, gathered "local leading lights interested in the arts" and asked them to help stage an exhibition of industrial arts.19 They agreed, and the first exhibition in America conceived and organized around the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement opened its doors in Copley Hall and Allston Hall on 4 April 1897. Viewers came from all over the nation to see the exhibitsmore than 400 entries by more than 150 exhibitors. Besides the traditional crafts of furniture, metalwork, ceramics, glass, textiles, leatherwork, and printing, they found examples of art photography and fine chromolithography. The best of the English Arts and Crafts movement was represented by the works of William Morris (he had died the previous year), the architect C. F. A. Voysey, and the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society of London. The Boston Architectural Club held its annual exhibition in conjunction with the Arts and Crafts show. In Allston Hall, drawings and photographs of the latest works of leading architects from Boston, New York, and Philadelphia complemented the crafts on display next door in Copley Hall.20 Architecture and the handicrafts formed a partnership as the Arts and Crafts movement burst forth on the American scene. Candace Wheeler, president of Associated Artists in New York, wrote of the exhibition, "I have made an effort for several years to organize such an exhibit in New York, but as usual find that Boston is more ready to act in matters which are purely in the interests of art."21 By any measure the exhibition was a resounding success. Immediately after it closed, planning began to form a permanent exhibition society. The Society of Arts and Crafts was incorporated by 28 June 1897. Charles Eliot Norton became the first president. Charter members included architects, craftspersons, educators, and businessmen.22 Several of these members were soon to be important to Mercer's budding ceramic career, though at the time he had just walked out of the University Museum and had begun scavenging Bucks County for pioneer tools, with no thought of becoming a professional potter. Besides his teacher, Norton, and his college friends, Carey (who followed Norton as president of the society in 1899), and Coolidge, several other founders personally encouraged and helped Mercer. These included Denman Waldo Ross, an artist and Professor of Design at Harvard and an influential theoretician of the American Arts and Crafts movement, and C. Howard Walker, an architect and Professor of History of Ornament at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Even more important than these was Sarah Whitman (Mrs. Henry), a wealthy socialite, patroness of the arts, and arbiter of taste. An accomplished painter, a former student of William Morris Hunt, and a designer of book covers for Houghton Mifflin Company, she was also a fine designer of stained glass. The Phillips Brooks memorial window for the rectory of Trinity Church, Boston, is one of her notable works. She was a close friend of Aunt Lela; the two women corresponded and visited each other over the years.23
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The Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston modeled itself after its English precursor, the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society of London. The London society had come into being in 1888 to provide "a platform for demonstrating not only the work of the movement but the philosophy that lay behind it . . . [through] a continuing series of public exhibitions devoted to the applied arts, 24 and it standardized the term "Arts and Crafts" as applied to the art movement begun by Morris and his followers a generation before. The Boston society dedicated itself to the same purpose, as summarized by this statement of artistic policy, probably written by Norton: This Society was incorporated for promoting artistic work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the dignity and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Law and Form, and the desire for overornamentation and specious originality. It will insist upon the necessity of sobriety and restraint, of ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation between the form of an object and its use, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it.25
It is worth noting that in this statement Norton says nothing about historical sources. The two noble purposes—to develop and encourage high standards in the handcrafts and to stimulate workers to appreciate the dignity and value of good design— echoed the benignly paternalistic credo of Morris. In fact, the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston began and remained objectdirected and was always more intent on promoting the work of its members, an elite group of architects, designers, and craftspersons from all over the nation, than on reforming the taste of the ordinary worker. It is of some significance for an understanding of the social level of the movement that the majority of consciously "Arts and Crafts" houses contained a maid's room. The Boston society offered membership in three classes: An Associate was a patron. A Craftsman gained membership upon submitting work judged worthy by the membership committee. Master was the honored title bestowed on a Craftsman whose work, as shown in the society's gallery and its exhibitions, demonstrated the highest standards of excellence. The society sponsored its second exhibition in April 1899. Mercer was not ready to exhibit his tiles then, nor did he have any opportunity to show in a society exhibition until 1907, for there was a long hiatus in the series of annual exhibitions. At this time the society granted him "Hors de Concours" recognition. He did, in the meantime, become a Craftsman member in 1901, submitting his work regularly to the jury committee beginning in January of that year. C. Howard Walker headed the jury. His taste was conservative even by Arts and Crafts standards. Sarah Whitman also served on the committee, which met frequently to accept or reject each member's work for placement in the society's salesrooms and gallery. From then on, Mercer's tiles were permanently on view. He did little to promote his product beyond issuing catalogues and entering tiles in exhibitions at home and abroad; the society's promotion was sufficient. It elevated him to the rank of Master in 1902. His brother Willie's work in concrete and plaster brought him Craftsman status in 1902 and Master status in 1913.26 Mercer profited greatly by his association with the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston. It acted vigorously as his New England agent, receiving a commission of 15 percent on all sales. It maintained a large and varied collection of Moravian Tiles as samples and kept its many architect members aware of Mercer's latest designs and installations. A. W. Longfellow, the partners Ralph Adams Cram and Bertram Goodhue, the firm of Winslow and Bigelow, and Irving Gill (who was not a member of the society) were among the bestknown architects to use Moravian Tiles in these early years, but countless others also ordered them through the society's showroom.27 Orders for the tiles to pave Isabella Stewart Gardner's Fenway Court came through the society, though as a friend of Aunt Lela she could have ordered them directly. A writer for Munsey's Magazine in 1906 speculated: A certain factory in Doylestown . . . practically came into being because Mrs. Gardner was not content to use an inferior and unItalian tiling for her floors. The factories that supplied the American market did not furnish the [tiles] she desired and it [was prohibited to import them]. Mrs. Gardner solved the problem by discovering a man who had adequate skills and technical experience, and by giving him the assistance necessary to enable him to produce the proper tiling with commercial and artistic success.28
Whether Mrs. Gardner herself would have agreed with the writer that her assistance brought Mercer's factory into being is doubtful, for the claim is exaggerated, but it is true that such a large order so early in his venture gave Mercer a chance to prove that he was capable of largescale production.
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In 1913, the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston began the custom of annually awarding bronze medals for excellence of work. The first year's awards went to Mercer, the silversmith Arthur Stone, and the wood carver I. Kirchmayer, three masters in an organization that by 1913 had grown to nearly 900 members including many amateurs. The society kept Mercer's work in the national spotlight. In May 1926, its Bulletin published a feature entitled "Moravian Tiles" in which, after briefly reviewing the history of the Pottery, derived from Mercer's own account, it added: "One does not easily forget the charm of these Moravian tiles. . . . Their unctuous quality gives the impression of age. This same quality is suggested in . . . [Mercer's] richly coloured glazes and in his tiles decorated in primitive motifs. . . . The growing appreciation of the artistic merit of these tiles has created a demand which the Pottery finds hard to fill." 29 <><><><><><><><><><><><> It is to the scientific experiments of . . . Mercer that we owe our first real revival of tile making. —Hanna Tachau (1921)30
In order to understand the originality of Mercer's contribution to the history of ceramic tiles, it is necessary to distinguish between the machinemade art tiles of the ceramic tile industry and genuine handcrafted Arts and Crafts tiles.31 A generation separated the origins in England of the two species. The art tile began its life in 1830 with the invention of the first mechanical tile press. The handcrafted Arts and Crafts tile, on the other hand, began in 1862 as a reaction to the art tile and the machines that made it. Both types were meant to be beautiful as well as practical. In the 1840s, English ceramic manufacturers began massproducing medieval inlaid tile designs, mainly in response to the Gothic revival in English architecture inspired by such reformers as the architect Augustus W. N. Pugin. Several important earlier events had set the tile revival in motion. In 1756, John Sadler and Guy Green of Liverpool developed the method of transfer printing decorative tiles. In 1830, Samuel Wright, a potter from Shelton, patented a process for producing inlaid tiles with plastic clay. Herbert Minton, of Minton, Hollins and Company, established in 1793 by his father Thomas in Stoke, bought a share in Wright's patent and perfected the technique. Richard Prosser from Birmingham invented the dry dust process to make buttons in 1840. Minton bought a share in that patent, seeing its potential for the manufacture of tiles, which he began producing in August 1840. In 1841, Minton copied the designs from the Chapter House at Westminster Abbey for the floor of Temple Church in London, and in 1842 he issued his first catalogue, satisfied that his tiles were successful reproductions of the early medieval tiles. Pugin cooperated with Minton, and his use of the tiles for church restoration helped lay the foundations of the market for inlaid tiles. He was not troubled by the fact that they were machine tiles.32 The Great Exhibition of 1851 at the Crystal Palace in London gave art tile manufacturers their first opportunity to show their products to a large international public. Their tiles were printed with pictorial or ornamental decorations or stamped with raised designs akin to sculptural relief. Plentiful, inexpensive, easy to clean, and fireproof, as well as decorative, they were entirely machinemade. The public took them to heart at once. A rash of new books and periodicals devoted to design and interior decoration promoted them. Sir Charles Eastlake's popular Hints on Household Taste (1868), which became a bible of Victorian middleclass decorating, helps explain the appeal of these tiles. Eastlake, an early advocate of design reform, sought to educate popular taste by setting forth principles of interior decoration. In the matter of art tiles, he wrote: This branch of artmanufacture is one of the most hopeful, in regard to taste, now carried on in this country. It has not only reached great technical perfection as far as material and color are concerned, but . . . it has [also] gradually become a means of decoration which for beauty of effect, durability, and cheapness has scarcely a parallel.33
The Arts and Crafts movement soon found fault with nearly everything Eastlake admired about these machinemade products. William Morris, already the leading force in the movement in England, could not find satisfactory art tiles, and resorted to painting his own designs on handmade Dutch tile blanks. Tile decorating soon became one of the many artistic activities of his firm, Morris and Company. He fired painted designs on the blanks in the firm's stained glass kiln. In view of Morris's propensity for thoroughness in other crafts, it is surprising that he paid little attention to developing the technical side of tile making. With him, tile decoration never became more than a painter's art.34
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Only with William De Morgan (18391917) did an artist within the English Arts and Crafts milieu begin to take tile making seriously enough to explore what it could offer to the artistcraftsperson. Encouraged by Morris, De Morgan had turned from easel painting to stained glass and furniture decoration. Then, in 1869, he began to experiment with tile decoration. It was typical of him—and of Mercer later—to forge on alone, trying to discover glazing methods and secrets of the craft that others had forgotten or no longer cared about. De Morgan could have learned "in five minutes" about the secrets of lustre by going to the commercial potteries in Staffordshire, but because it was in the spirit of the movement to know one's craft as intimately as possible, the time he took to discover on his own many fundamentals of ceramic work was time well spent. 35 De Morgan learned how to produce extraordinary lustres, unusual colors, and unique decorative effects, and he also devised an ingenious method of massproducing handpainted tiles. Historian Julian Barnard states: [De Morgan] was one of the truest exponents of the idea of craft industry, outside of Morris's immediate circle. Working independently, he was able to develop his own ideas in design and decoration. And in his determination to learn the art of ceramics from the very beginning, his work exemplifies one of the fundamental principles of the Craft movement.36
But Barnard rightly disputes the suggestion that Morris and his followers, De Morgan included, rescued the English art tile industry from degradation: The [art] tile makers learned from Morris, just as everybody learned from Morris, but what they learned was not, perhaps, what Morris would have wished. Nobody in Staffordshire threw out his dustpress or took a sledgehammer to his printing machine. There was a strong demand for decorated tiles from the popular market which craft processes could never hope to satisfy. Morris's contribution was in the general reform of decorative art. The novelty and freshness of his designs led to fashions that were to some extent taken up by the tile manufacturers. The small wooden panels, painted by Morris and BurneJones, that are to be found on the backs of chairs and on the doors of sideboards, have a direct connection with the use of tiles in furniture. The floral designs for wallpapers and tapestries are matched by the host of tiles decorated with poppies, lilies and roses. The rather clumsy patterns of the early years were superseded by figurative designs: flowers, birds—all the trappings of the movement.37
Ultimately it was the Americans and not the British who rescued the tile industry from degradation. In an article in 1916, Mercer described the rise and fall of the art tile in the United States.38 His account is much too selective and simplistic to be a valid historical summary, but it shows the context in which he placed his work. After reviewing the decorative stove tiles made by the Moravians from 1756 to 1820 first in Pennsylvania and then in North Carolina, and the use of imported Dutch tiles until 1800, imported English tiles after 1840, and American experimental tiles made between 1845 and 1872, Mercer turned to the years between 1876 and 1900. He ascribed the popularity of the tiles of this period to developments in American architecture following the Philadelphia World's Fair of 1876 and the opening of Trinity Church in Boston in 1877. He wrote: The young architects then appearing upon the scene . . . reintroduced the American colonial style of house architecture which is still in fashion [1916], and in doing so, they restored to use the ancient parlor and bedroom wood burning fireplace. . .. The architects of the revival not only immediately began to decorate these new and restored fireplaces with tiles . . . but they also used tiles in the Spanish style for the construction of dados in halls and vestibules, and lastly for pavements in hotels, lobbies and court houses.39
At America's Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, visitors primed by Eastlake's Hints, already in its sixth New York printing, showed enough enthusiasm for British machinemade art tiles to make it clear that a robust market existed in the United States. Americans imported some hand made and decorated Delft, Limoges, Spanish, and De Morgan tiles, but mostly they preferred the cheaper British art tiles. To compete with imports, a rash of American art tile manufacturers appeared, imitating British examples.40 With few exceptions, these firms made their tiles in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s by the pressed dry clay method and decorated them by machine transfer printing or relief stamping. Each tile exactly duplicated thousands of others. Some of the firms also produced art wares—machinemade reproductions of such historic ceramic vessels as ancient Chinese and Greek jars, bowls, and urns. In making both art tiles and art wares, the American potteries at first closely followed English models and methods but soon created a more distinctly American product. The first truly significant American art tile factory, established in 1877 in response to the Centennial, was the J. & J. G. Low Art Tile Works of Chelsea, Mas
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sachusetts. John Gardner Low, a talented American artist, had returned from Paris in 1870 and gone to work at the Chelsea Pottery, operated by James Robertson and his sons. Low astonished ceramic experts with his "natural process" tiles in which he reproduced the image of such natural materials as leaves and other plant forms that he had pressed in plastic clay to make his prototype tile models. His originality extended beyond these and his sculptural relief tiles—all massproduced by machine—to advances he made in glazing techniques. In 1879, Low hired Arthur Osborne, an Englishtrained American sculptor, as a modeler, and George Robertson of Chelsea Keramic Art Works as a glaze technician. Low won a silver medal at the Cincinnati Exposition in 1879. In 1880, he won a gold medal at an exhibition in Crew, Cheshire, in competition with the leading tile makers of England. This award established his company as one of the foremost art tile producers in the world. In 1883, Low's workmen produced some tiles modeled by hand from plastic clay. 41 The machinepressed art tile with a sculptural design in low relief gained a strong following in the United States. A number of professional artists and sculptors distinguished themselves as modelers in this genre. They saw the tile industry as a decent and rewarding place to practice the art of relief sculpture and, for the most part, complacently accepted the machine uniformity and monotonous glaze colors of art tile manufacture. Many were Europeanborn; virtually all had solid academic training in sculpture or painting or both.42 Some tile designers modeled subjects from American life, depicting New England farm scenes (Arthur Osborne in 1885) and the American frontier (Ruth Winterbotham in 1893 for the Columbian Exposition in Chicago).43 Though these were exceptions to the typical practice of working with more general, academic subjects, they were a hint of things to come. They were not true Arts and Crafts tiles, however. As Mercer put it, A blight had . . . fallen on the modern European tile maker's craft. Possessing all the clays and pigments and most of the glaze secrets of the past, the new potter, even where he had copied original designs which were themselves beautiful, had produced a hard, chilling and sometimes repulsive result. . .. Their defects arose, not because the designs were bad, or the color receipts [recipes] radically different from those of the ancient potter, but because the tiles were products of machines and not men. . .. But whatever were the defects of these European tiles, thus used by American architects, their faults were very soon augmented, since by about 1880 and particularly after the heavily protective American tariff acts, the imported tiles began to be supplanted by American imitations of English tiles, made at first by immigrant Staffordshire English potters, or English workmen under American management. Bad public taste soon permitted mechanics equipped with air brushes and dust mills, patent bodies, frits, printing presses, stencils, englobes, etc., who appear never to have tried to copy the work of Delft or Spain or De Morgan, to flood the country with imitations of the most mechanical of the English . . . tiles. . .. As the cost of American labor was too high to warrant painting the tile design by hand, the latter was stamped either in cameo or intaglio from a metal mould and more or less shaded by fluxing over it colored glazes that ran thick and dark in the hollows. Sometimes plaques with subjects in high relief were produced by pictorial artists rather than designers . . . in wet clay, but oftener in semidry dust. . .. As a rule, the ordinary tile designs Were not thus specialized but crudely stamped as rosettes, scrolls, borders, etc. from metal moulds. . .. We had "art tiles" of "sea green," "moss green," "bronze green,'' "apple," "jade," "celedon," "celeste," "malachite," "khaky," "turquoise,". . . mathematical chromatic blends, and "up to date" eruptive marblings encircling the openings of fireplaces, or glittering upon soda water fountains or upon the doors of iron cooking ranges, monstrous in design. The thing became worse and worse, until by 1900, wall tiles were an abomination in the United States and good architects, refusing to have anything more to do with them, set up the faces of the now universally fashionable fireplaces with common building bricks.44
In this account, Mercer was reluctant to be specific about his contemporaries. He alluded to "certain experiments, probably made by potters about 18951899, the exact date, credit, and sequence of which," however, he did not "wish to discuss." He specified 1906 as the year by which the new Arts and Crafts tiles had driven the old—"tasteless products of the past decades"—from fashion and "relegated [them] to dust bins." He noted the conditions that had fostered the formation of "a noteworthy school of architectural embellishment." These included the hand production of tiles "under the constant supervision of tasteful architects" and the establishment of Arts and Crafts societies in many cities with aims "to artistically improve hand work in house building and decoration."45 What Mercer did not say was that the emergence of the American Arts and Crafts tile was influenced by the fledgling American art pottery movement at least as much as it was by reformed architectural taste and growing unhappiness with art tiles. As we turn to art pottery (as opposed to art tiles), we encounter terminology that is confusing in its inconsistency. A piece of art pottery, like an Arts and Crafts tile, was hand
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crafted, while a piece of "art ware" pottery, like an art tile, was machinemade. In his American Decorative Tiles, Thomas Bruhn points out that handcrafted art pottery and machinemade art tiles have often been incorrectly linked by writers, even though the former was a product of studios and the latter of factories. He gives two reasons for the confusion: One is the adoption of the word "art" in the firm name of so many of the companies producing [art] tiles (i.e., Beaver Falls Art Tiles, Robertson Art Tiles), which by association links tiles to art pottery. Second is the simultaneous rise and flourishing of art pottery and art tiles after 1870, which would seem to link the two. 46
In sum, art tiles and art wares were machinemade, whereas Arts and Crafts tiles and art pottery were handmade. The art pottery movement in the United States was so crucial to attitudes that gave rise to the development of the Arts and Crafts tile that its influences must be spelled out, however briefly. The beginnings of the American fascination with art pottery came with the exhibition of Japanese ceramics and French Limoges ware at the Centennial exposition in 1876. Three years after that exhibition, in 1879, the artist Charles Volkmar of New York and the china painter Mary Louise McLaughlin of Cincinnati, independently and almost simultaneously, discovered through their own work the secrets of the Haviland ceramist Ernest Chaplet's procès barbotine. This was an underglaze technique of decorating ceramic surfaces with colored slips. McLaughlin organized the Cincinnati Pottery Club in the same year, and her technique became the backbone of the ensuing art pottery movement of the 1880s. In 1880, another Cincinnati china painter, Maria Longworth Nichols, established the Rookwood Pottery so that she could personally recreate "Japanese" pottery, using overglaze china painting techniques. These art potters concentrated their efforts on decorating pottery, but they also decorated some elaborate tile installations. However, it was not until after 1900, when the demand for Arts and Crafts tiles was apparent, that art potteries such as Rookwood produced them on a large scale.47 At first, the essential approach of the ceramic artists of the American art pottery movement was one of painting and carving handcrafted ceramic forms. Nichols, McLaughlin, and the other ceramic artists who followed their lead in the years before 1900 did not typically make the ceramic shapes they designed and decorated; professional potters nearly always did this for them. The potters performed the laborious tasks of clay preparation, molding, throwing, glazing, and firing the wares, leaving the artists free to perform the more specialized acts of creation for which they were trained. (There were exceptions in the work of the major ceramists who pioneered the American studio pottery movement, most notably George E. Ohr and then, after 1900, Adelaide Alsop Robineau. Both made a point of crafting every aspect of a ceramic work, pioneering the American studio pottery movement.)48 The division of labor was efficient and profitable, but of greater significance for the Arts and Crafts movement was the collaboration of the two professions, of the artist and the artisan, which produced an entirely handcrafted product. Each piece was unique, and each fulfilled the Arts and Crafts ideal that William Morris espoused. Like Morris, the Americans Nichols, McLaughlin, Volkmar, and Mercer himself were part of the international movement among cultivated artists, amateurs, and professionals alike to "get one's hands dirty." The move from handcrafted and hand decorated art pottery to handmade Arts and Crafts tiles occurred as a matter of course. By the early years of the twentieth century, the distinctions between art tiles and Arts and Crafts tiles had become clear. Arts and Crafts tiles were hand pressed or modeled from plastic clay (tiles were to look handmade even if, as was sometimes the case, in the strictest sense they were not); art tiles were machine pressed from dry dust clay.49 Arts and Crafts tiles were decorated by hand painting and slip work, often with dull, opaque, and densetextured mat glazes; art tiles were decorated by machine transfer printing, usually with translucent, high gloss glazes. It is difficult to generalize about color treatments because Arts and Crafts tile makers varied greatly in their approaches to glazing and their interests in achieving painterly finishes. The Arts and Crafts tile designer created stylized, conventionalized designs of medieval, romantic, and American vernacular subjects, supplanting the naturalistic pictorial designs and chastely classical motifs favored by art tile makers. Even though there were interesting exceptions on both sides, the tile makers themselves and the champions of the Arts and Crafts movement had no difficulty distinguishing one kind of tile from the other. Yet the machinemade tile, for all its failings, ultimately proved hardier. Its designs were influenced for
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the better by the Arts and Crafts tile in the early decades of the twentieth century. Large art tile companies such as American Encaustic Tiling Company established Arts and Crafts divisions to produce handcrafted lines, going so far as to hire such distinguished designers as Leon V. Solon, Paul Solon, and Frederick Hurton Rhead. But by the 1930s, after the Arts and Crafts aesthetic had passed, the machineproduced uniformity of the art tile once again became the norm of the ceramic tile industry.
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Chapter Three— The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works What you are about to see, the last survival here in our midst of an ancient art with a brilliant history reaching back to the beginning of civilization, inspired me and changed the current of my life. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1911) 1
On 9 July 1897, during one of their daily tool hunts, Mercer and Swain visited the defunct folk pottery of Cornelius Herstine in upper Bucks County.2 This was one of several abandoned or inactive potteries the two men explored that summer while searching for the tools of PennsylvaniaGerman traditional redware potters. Though he could have no inkling of it at the time, Mercer was embarking on a new course that would rapidly change the direction of his life and leave a lasting mark on the history of American ceramic art. Mercer surveyed these old potteries with the eyes of an archaeologist. He saw tumbleddown ruins filled with driedup clay buckets, rusting tools, and broken crockery, all covered with the clay dust of an earlier era. In hopes of finding both more implements used in the craft and more information about their uses, Mercer then visited the only three stilloperating potteries in upper Bucks County. These were located on farms. As the historian Harold Guilland has observed, traditional German potters who had emigrated to the United States had, "like most potters, turned to farming to make a living and made pottery on the side. But unlike most potters of other origins, the Germans were more traditional than ambitious and usually continued to farm as well as to make pottery long after demand for their wares would have allowed them fulltime work at their craft. . . . [These potters] slowly went out of business over a period of years, or were terminated suddenly by fire or the death of the potter."3 And so Mercer found that the last three traditional potteries operating in Bucks County were in the hands of GermanAmerican farmers. These were Milton Singer of Haycock Township, David Herstine (a nephew of Cornelius) of Ferndale in Nockamixon Township, and George Diehl of Rockhill Township. All three potteries were small affairs, limping along, making simple wares that echoed little of the glory of the ceramic past from which they had descended.4 Intrigued by his visits to these potteries, Mercer determined to learn more about the products they had once produced in great numbers. He turned first to the writings and collections of Edwin AtLee Barber (18511916), the leading American historian of ceramics. Barber's collection of PennsylvaniaGerman slipware had been purchased for the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia by John T. Morris. (Parts of the collection are now owned by the Philadelphia Museum of Art.)5 When Mercer saw Bar
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ber's pieces, his interest intensified. He believed he had found in them the basis for a hitherto untold story, a historical narrative of the transplanting, flourishing, and decline of traditional European ceramic art in America, and the decline also of the traditional ways of life and values of handicraft that went with it. Taking his cues from the Arts and Crafts movement, he found villains for his story in the Industrial Revolution and factory mass production. He found a possible champion in himself when he decided that in addition to collecting the tools of traditional Pennsylvania potters he would also attempt to learn the craft and then, using his new knowledge, revive a Bucks County pottery. The potteries he visited that summer were indeed the impoverished heirs of a oncerich tradition. The earliest PennsylvaniaGerman country potters had made elaborate, finely crafted sgraffito and slipdecorated wares that adhered closely to those made by their forebears for centuries in the Rhenish Palatinate. Their colorful Pennsylvania earthenware, which by Mercer's time had come to be called tulip ware or slipdecorated ware, is distinguished for its lively, bold decoration. The characteristic motifs are conventionalized flowers (mostly tulips), birds, animals, human figures, and inscriptions in High German. Potters applied these motifs with uncanny virtuosity to a variety of straightforward, functional forms including crocks, jars, plates, mugs, and pie dishes. Each object was unique. The craft skills and decorative motifs that these potters had carried from their homelands remained remarkably intact in America for more than two generations. These German immigrants and their children sufficiently isolated themselves from the surrounding predominantly English culture to maintain their own language and many cultural traditions, including the making of pottery. But in the early decades of the nineteenth century, with the introduction of more durable grades of white factory made crockery, the products of the German potters gradually ceased to be in demand. They could not compete with factory production methods. Further, the changing tastes of an evolving industrial culture moved away from rural products. The inexpensive, plentiful, factoryproduced white ware was promoted and accepted as more fashionable. 6 As the nineteenth century wore on, the decorative art of the PennsylvaniaGerman potters declined as the demand for their products dwindled. Once their acculturation into the mainstream of Englishspeaking American culture was under way, they began to lose the distinctly German folk meanings of their decorative motifs. Without demand for their products, they lost their skills as potters. Small wonder that Mercer was saddened by the ruins of Cornelius Herstine's pottery and what little remained of a oncevital art. He wrote in dismay: The potters who flourished in Bucks, Berks, and Montgomery Counties from 1770 to 1830, bringing with them fanciful impulses towards the decoration of pie plates, tea canisters, puzzle jugs, children's toys in the shape of bird whistles, rattles, and painted animals, by slow degrees lost hold of the decorative side of their craft. Now we see the device of slip decoration on the brown and blackglazed red clays of Bucks County at its last gasp in the shape of a few yellow zigzags and twirls on pie plates.7
But he cast the reasons for the decline of traditional redware in alltoosimple terms, pitting technology, the machine, and cultivated taste against folkways. It is true that the factory ware that eventually drove traditional, handcrafted pottery out of the market had been made possible by the German alchemist Hans Böttger's discovery in 1708 of the secrets of making hardpaste porcelain.8 And this had indeed led rapidly to an intensification of the imitation of Chinese ceramics already in vogue throughout Europe, of which seventeenthcentury blue and white delftware is an example. In Mercer's view, the craze for "china" had subverted European taste (and he was not alone in this regard). Mercer saw all of this as a history of dramatically opposed forces: [Of] the two motives—that of the chemist and that of the artist—which have dominated the development of pottery, the former triumphed. . . . It was the peasant, the man of the land as distinguished from the inhabitant of the cities, the humble agriculturalist as distinguished from the rich and powerful world of artists and patrons of art, that longest held on to the old order of things. [If the potter's art and craft had not survived in rural Europe] so as to be brought over to Pennsylvania and established in our back woods, it would have died out and been lost completely. . . . This brings us to the fact that this ancient pottery was thus transferred to America . . . the artistically decadent, socalled chinaware . . . which we know today, and which was the immediate result of Böttger's discovery, as the one and only, remarkable, fashionable, elegant household ware of the day came over with it.9
This was an oversimplified and overromanticized analysis of ceramic history, but it allowed Mercer to put himself in the position of acting first as witness to the allbut complete death of an ancient traditional art vir
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tually on his own doorstep, and then as savior, rescuing that art from extinction by making it part of "living history." Even before his exhibition of tools at the Doylestown courthouse in the fall of 1897, Mercer had toyed with the idea of reviving one of the old potteries as an adjunct to the Bucks County Historical Society. He persuaded a rural potter, David Herstine of Ferndale, to revive his nearly defunct operation. On 30 September, the potter's twentythreeyearold son, Stewart D., wrote to Mercer, "We have not yet started the pottery but expect to make some ware this fall." On the bottom of this letter some years later, Mercer scribbled, "Beginning of the Moravian Pottery." 10 Mercer meant to keep this revived Pottery in regular production. He was mindful of the new interest of Americans in crafts as art objects. Because the Arts and Crafts aesthetic and its milieu of artists and patrons had grown to heady proportions by 1897, there was a likely market for slipdecorated earthenware. The market would undoubtedly also extend to collectors, inspired by the Colonial Revival in architecture and furnishings, for objects of "oldtime" styles. Why, he seems to have thought, should he not profit from this new middleclass taste for historicized handcrafted objects? He was not seeking personal monetary gain so much as directing part of the new Arts and Crafts taste to his envisioned revival of Bucks County ceramics. Mercer planned a central role for himself in the operation of the revived pottery. At first he hoped, naively, to inspire the few remaining rural potters to recover, perhaps from ancestral memory, the lost skills of their forebears. He also thought that with his knowledge of the old forms and decorative designs he could direct the hands of potters such as Herstine. "The potter must ask for the suggestion of the artist," he said, meaning himself, "whose taste, with a wide perspective, discriminates between the work which keeps within the limits of its true capacity and that which does not. . . . Let the free character and life of the individual be expressed in such an art when the time has come for it, with as little to do with the mould, the stamp, and the machine as possible."11 The Arts and Crafts man in Mercer had been stirred to action. He plunged into his new project with missionary zeal, little knowing the trials that would face him in the months ahead. <><><><><><><><><><><><> After he dismantled the October "tools" exhibition at the courthouse, Mercer set out in earnest to revive the old pottery tradition. He returned to the Barber collection with sketchbook in hand to record the designs of the early decorated wares from the PennsylvaniaGerman communities. Dalton Dorr, the first curator of the collection, made rubbings of decorative designs for him.12 David Herstine, who knew how to mold pie dishes and to throw other simple forms on the potter's wheel, and how to apply basic slip decorations, set to work. Mercer also gave him the task of trying to locate from family records or memories a forgotten recipe for a copper green glaze used by earlier generations of potters in the area. At Indian House, in the meantime, Mercer studied not only the traditional PennsylvaniaGerman decorative designs but also designs from Native American culture. It is clear that Mercer intended to decorate the forms Herstine threw either by specifying the designs to Herstine or by applying them himself. This division of labor echoed that of the art pottery movement. What happened next is reported in three varying accounts by Mercer. The first account, published in House and Garden magazine in 1901 and based on interviews with him, stated that he and Herstine made plates and scratched designs on them through the slip. "After a long time spent in getting enough ware to fill the kiln, the fire was applied. The result, though crude, was encouraging. But the knowledge of the country folk was vague and inquiry often brought misleading information."13 Mercer painted a less sanguine picture in 1904 when he told a Doylestown newspaper, "So I made some small experiments that resulted in almost total failure. Then I went up the state to one of the last potteries in existence and worked as a laborer for weeks learning the practical side of the work that I had in hand. After finding out all that these old fellows could teach me, I returned to my experiments."14 The third account was Mercer's "official" version, given as a paper at the Bucks County Historical Society in 1914, seventeen years after he founded the Pottery, but not published in the Society's Papers until 1917. His "Notes on the Moravian Pottery at Doylestown" is a carefully edited historical account of the founding of the Pottery. Four manuscript drafts for the paper exist, each more detailed and highly charged than the published version. In his drafts, Mercer vented his feeling that he had been wronged in 1897 by the University Museum and then by the Historical Society, but he
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Fig. 16. HCM pottery made in 1897 in collaboration with David Herstine. Collection, MM/BCHS. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Original PennsylvaniaGerman 1793 drinking cup. 5 inches high, 3½ inches diameter at rim. 2. HCM. Copy of 1793 drinking cup (MC 98). 5 inches high, 3½ inches diameter at rim. 3. HCM. Pelican pie dish. 8¾ inches diameter. Molded by David Herstine, decorated by HCM. Copy of Benjamin Bergey pie dish of 1830 (see Fig. 17). 4. HCM. Sgraffito and slipdecorated "Indian" jar. 5. Drinking cup with Distelfink, a traditional PennsylvaniaGerman bird motif. Made by David Herstine, decorated by HCM. 5 3/8 inches high, 4 5/8 inches diameter at rim.
suppressed these in print. There, concerning the beginnings of the Pottery, he wrote, "After spending about a week of collaborative work in 1897 at his [Herstine's] pottery, a dozen or more jars, plates and bowls, in imitation of the old ware, were colored and designed [decorated], dried, placed in the kiln and after a delay of some months, occupied by a European trip, burnt." 15 It seems safe to conclude from these accounts and from other evidence that Mercer's experiments at Indian House and his venture with Herstine were of short duration, probably not more than a few weeks. Mercer undoubtedly tried his hand at the potter's wheel, but his main effort was specifying the form and decoration of the pots Herstine made, supplied from the designs Mercer had obtained from the Barber collection and other sources. There must have been some amusing moments. One can imagine this Harvard gentleman, rarely seen in public without a high, stiff collar, now covered with a generous smock and, shirtsleeves rolled up, submitting himself to the rigors of the craft under the rustic tutelage of a homespun potter. In fact, Mercer had a high regard for the men of the land who knew the secrets of the past that he collected so avidly, and he established a good rapport with them. Although Mercer claimed that a trip to Europe late that winter delayed the firing of these pieces, the delay was actually occasioned either by Herstine himself or by Mercer's busy winter schedule of writing and lecturing. He gave at least two lectures, one at the Franklin Institute on 3 December 1897 on "Research upon the Antiquity of Man in Europe and America," sent two articles off to press, and saw the publication of several more. His canceled checks show that he did not leave for Europe until 16 May 1898.16 Mercer was right to be disappointed with the pots he pulled from Herstine's kiln. Four surviving examples exist in the Mercer Museum collection, recorded as having been made by Herstine and decorated by Mercer in November 1897 (Fig. 16). (One of these is a redware dish marked "S. D. Harstine 1897," indicating that Herstine's son Stewart gave the two men a hand with their experiments.) One dish is a copy of a plate by Benjamin Bergey of Montgomery County' (Fig. 17). Comparison of the original piece with Mercer's copy of it explains his disappointment.17 The copy is inferior in every respect. The lost art of the PennsylvaniaGermans remained lost to Mercer. He was coming to realize that it would take more than a few weeks or months to retrieve it. Herstine, who was more farmer than potter, had been unable to summon up the skills of his forebears, and furthermore, he had failed in his search among the descendants of a number of earlier Bucks County potters to find their "lost" glaze formulas. Mercer conceded that his attempt to make pottery had been shortsighted. Of course, it was. Even a talented and passionately interested novice cannot in such a brief time master the skills of throwing on the potter's wheel, decorating by sgraffito and sliptrailing, glazing, and other aspects of a craft normally acquired through years of apprenticeship. He had neither the skills nor the interest to pursue this direction further. He had also learned that designs on paper in two dimensions do
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not translate easily to the three dimensions of clay vessel forms and that, further, drawing with slip on clay is quite a different thing from drawing with pencil on paper. He found that the drawings he had made of historical designs in the Barber collection were of little use. The experiment with Herstine was a failure. In spite of these setbacks, as Mercer explained in his first manuscript draft for Notes, he was encouraged to press on.
Fig. 17. Benjamin Bergey. Slip decorated pie plate, ca. 1830. 13½ inches diameter. Collection, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Photo by Eric Mitchell. It was the stimulus of this delay and the sight of the wares thus produced, . . . disappointing as they were, that at last turned me to the thought of making pottery myself, but I am satisfied that I would not have taken the step, if during the course of these speculations and experiments, I had not . . . been forced to give up my interest in this society [the BCHS] and abandoning all hope of continuing the formation of this collection of tools, implements and apparatus of the American pioneer, which was my chief interest. Several months intervened, during which the idea of restoring the old pottery was uppermost in my mind. I became clearly convinced that, as our native red clay was too soft for household use, and as it had been hopelessly superceded from a utilitarian point of view by the modern socalled china ware, that if the art was to be restored, it should be turned into some purely ornamental direction . . . not to the making of vases or flower pots, for which the demand was limited, but preferably to the manufacture of tiles, for which the comparative softness of the clay was no objection. 18
The conclusions that affected Mercer's next move were "practical." Since he could not reconstruct the old processes from the knowledge of old potters, he would need to conduct his own experiments, consulting modern glaze technology if necessary, to match the glaze effects of the old pottery. And he would make tiles instead of pottery. They required no throwing, and they lent themselves readily to twodimensional designs.19 <><><><><><><><><><><><> And it was natural for one bent upon artistic purposes to adhere to the softer more pliable material and confine himself, at first at least, to tiles for decorative purposes. —House and Garden (1901)20
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Mercer's early tests hinted at the special virtues of the relatively soft and wonderfully red Bucks County clay for making tiles. During the late fall of 1897, even while the Herstine experiment was still in progress, Aunt Lela took a sample of the local clay to Florence to get expert opinions on its suitability for tile making from distinguished Italian ceramists. Her interest in Harry's projects was as acute as ever, and she was confident that acquaintances of hers in Florence could help him. Once there she wasted no time in proclaiming her nephew's latest success with the tools exhibition and set about collecting examples of peasant lamps for him. She also lauded his new adventures with ceramics and sent him a book on pottery techniques. She wrote to him on 15 January 1898: I hope by this time the letter from Cantigali [sic] on the clay I took him has also arrived—praising & finding it satisfactory for majolica work. I hope you will be able to send me some rates factory wise that I can say to Mr. De Morgan. He is such a nice man. We will go & see his potteries together when we are in London. How nice it will be to have a little kiln of your own at the Indian House. In looking at Mr. De Morgan's tiles I reached the conclusion that it was not so much the designs in them that made the effect as the brilliant colors in which they were depicted—so that the crudity in the Indian designs you think of adopting—would not in the least detract from their beauty as I at first feared. 21
Aunt Lela had taken the clay samples to the renowned Italian ceramist Ulisse Cantigalli. He tested the clay with some of his glazes and reported in midDecember 1897 that he had found it quite fit for terra cotta work as it fires in a bright even red. It can be glazed with transparent glaze as is evident in the broken piece in [the] brownish shade. It can be glazed with enamel [colored glaze] like the small bit in blue. If other trials or information are required I am quite willing to do my best.22
This suggestion that the Bucks County clay was suitable for "terracotta work" from one of the world's leading ceramists was crucial to Mercer's decision to make tiles. Terracotta, a catchall term that in its literal sense means fired red clay, was commonly used by the ceramics industry to specify constructional or semiconstructional formed architectural ceramics for roofing, facing, and relief ornamentation. Terracotta was a very important product of the American commercial ceramic industry in the last half of the nineteenth century.23 Mercer had a sophisticated understanding of architectural terracotta, and he knew Cantigalli's handdecorated majolica tiles as well. Mercer received the Cantigalli letter in a packet from Aunt Lela in early January 1898 along with another letter written in midDecember. This one was from the celebrated William De Morgan, who was then in Florence. De Morgan's letter also encouraged the making of tiles, but for a different reason. Aunt Lela had for years cultivated the artists of Florence, American, English, and Italian alike, entertaining them lavishly and buying from them as well. De Morgan and Cantigalli were both part of her circle. When De Morgan wrote to her in December 1898, he had reached a crisis in his own career. Even though he was among the most gifted and influential of tile designers, poor health had forced him to live in Florence, and his business in London had suffered from his absence. De Morgan had negotiated to join his firm's forces with Cantigalli's in Florence, but his partner in England had refused.24 The letter to Aunt Lela outlined a new scheme. De Morgan now proposed to begin a pottery venture in the United States. Having learned from her of her nephew's new interest in clay, De Morgan sought to explore an alliance with him. What De Morgan had in mind is worth looking at in some detail, even though it never came to be. De Morgan had invented an ingenious process for decorating handpainted tiles. He had the designs painted on paper by Italian artisans; the painted papers were then mailed to England, where they were laid on tiles and fired. The paper burned away, and the design (which had been painted with ceramic colors) was fired onto the tile. De Morgan saw the possibility of doing the same in the United States because his tiles had become popular there. "I should like to see tens and even hundreds of painters at work here [in Florence]," he wrote, "decorating houses from Broadway to San Francisco."25 He pointed out that the prospect of shipping finished tiles from London was prohibitive. Tiles were too heavy and too fragile for export, there was enormous duty to pay, which would make them too costly, and hand painting was done better and cost less in Tuscany. What is wanted is a coadjutor in America to manage the concern. My contribution would be the knowledge and the fine art part of the business. He would have to find the local capital (not a very formidable investment) and look after the local till. We could quarrel over millions realized, if we preferred to do so, but an ordinary commercial arrangement could be easily made.26
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De Morgan saw Mercer as a potential partner. Knowing him only through Aunt Lela's affectionate praise, he probably hoped she would be willing to fund this venture if her nephew chose to embark on it. Of course, De Morgan was looking for more than "rates, factory wise." He sought a highlevel subordinate. He could not then have understood that Mercer was incapable of working in any capacity other than as his own boss. Mercer's overriding concern at that turbulent and critical time in his life was to have "power over his own work" and to be the "artist who directed the hand of the potter." It would be interesting to know how Mercer replied to De Morgan, if he replied at all, for the idea was a good one in principle. 27 But De Morgan's business had failed by the time his letter reached Mercer. A few months later, in June 1898, Mercer met with De Morgan and ''had a word with him about tilemaking."28 De Morgan's letter to Mercer about the commercial possibilities of making tiles, and perhaps also their conversation, reinforced Cantigalli's optimism about using the local clays for terracotta. Furthermore, tiles were in demand. Encouragement on this score came from the architect Wilson Eyre soon after the letters from Cantigalli and De Morgan. In a preliminary draft for his Notes in 1914, Mercer recalled his reasons: The time was very opportune, on the one hand, owing to the reintroduction of fireplaces by modern architects into all the finer, modern dwelling houses. A large demand for ornamental tiles had suddenly sprung up. On the other [hand], the repulsive colors, decadent designs, mechanical surface and texture, and chilling white background of most of the tiles then on the market . . . thoroughly disgusted modern architects of taste. . . . After some further speculation over clay colors, the use and history of tiles, the substitution of hand work for machinery, and the encroachment of machinery upon art, during which I was helped by encouraging words of Mr. Wilson Eyre, the architect, I finally took the important step.29
Mercer omitted mention of this debt to Eyre in his published version of the paper, but when sketching out chronological notes in 1918, his first line for April 1898 was "Wilson Eyre at Indian House."30 The significance of this visit on Mercer's decision to make tiles was profound. Mercer had invited Eyre to Doylestown in April to make suggestions for remodeling Indian House. The two were well acquainted by this time. They moved in a circle of young Philadelphia artists, among them the painters Maxfield Parrish and Violet Oakley and the sculptor Alexander S. Calder (father of the modern sculptor), who shared a common Arts and Crafts ideology.31 Mercer also knew Eyre as the architect of the new University of Pennsylvania Museum building, begun in 1893 during Mercer's tenure as curator there. He greatly respected Eyre and was eager to have his reaction to the new tile prototypes. Strolling through Aldie's gardens, they conversed about the state of the new architecture, the need for handcrafted decoration, and the potential market for architectural tiles of distinctive style, if Mercer should produce them. Eyre encouraged Mercer as no one else could have. After their meeting in April 1898, Mercer seriously envisioned a tilemaking operation that would, as De Morgan had said, decorate homes from Broadway to San Francisco. Later, in 1901, when Eyre became cofounder and editor of House and Garden magazine, a prestigious organ of Arts and Crafts taste, he published an article about Mercer entitled "An American Potter," based in part on his visit of April 1898. This article introduced Mercer's work to a national audience. It was profusely illustrated, including photographs of Eyre's sketches of Indian House (Fig. 18). The unsigned article was full of praise from an Arts and Crafts viewpoint. It has been said that a new birth of art is taking place in this twentieth century. Those who have broken away from the beaten tracks of wholesale production, and have sought to create beautiful objects by individual effort of hand and brain, give truth to the statement. . . . The work of Mr. Henry C. Mercer . . . is of this conscientious and independent kind.32
Soon after Eyre's visit, Mercer called in carpenters, plumbers, masons, plasterers, painters, and other workers to convert Indian House into a fullfledged pottery. In six weeks the extensive alterations were complete. Mercer paid for the work and then left for Europe, staying away from home for four months.33 From midMay to midJuly of 1898 he traveled in Ireland, in England (where he met with De Morgan in June), and in Germany, where he visited Bayreuth for the Wagner festival. He sailed for home with Aunt Lela and spent the rest of the summer in York Harbor, accompanied by Frank Swain.34 There he plotted his next move toward the business of making ceramic tiles. When he walked into his studio in early September he was ready to go to work. <><><><><><><><><><><><>
Page 44 In August, 1898, we went to Maine, and while there he [Mercer] made sketches of Aztec and other Mexican carvings, but those designs were never used. His first tiles were copied from designs on old stoveplates. He got the idea of making tiles while visiting the old potteries of upper Bucks County, where his first plan was to make pots, dishes, etc. for his collection, but his artist friends discouraged that feature, saying they wanted tiles and not crocks. —Frank Swain (1930) 35
On 27 September 1898, Mercer hired as an assistant Frank Bartleman, a retired potter from Cottageville in nearby Plumstead Township. Bartleman may have had tilemaking experience, though probably only that of making crude cellar floor and roofing tiles.36 Mercer sent Bartleman to dig at his own clay bed near Point Pleasant on the Delaware River and haul the clay back to Indian House. Mercer made his first tiles from this clay. They took the dried tiles to the abandoned kiln of the deceased potter Christian Miller on the North Branch of Neshaminy Creek near New Galena (about 4.5 miles) to fire them. Since Mercer knew little of kiln firing, he depended on Bartleman for this also. The experiment was shortlived and, by Mercer's own account, understandably so: The distances were great. The kiln was in bad condition. The saggers were unsatisfactory, and sometimes our journeys to the kiln (beginning November 11) were interrupted by storms and freshets on the North Branch, as when on one occasion, the bridge was nearly washed away and we had to ford the stream at great risk, with a heavy load of tiles. Besides which I found that we were learning nothing as to the old colors and glazes, and that I myself still remained in the dark as to some of the most important steps in the process. The effort was a failure.37
In 1914, recalling the same venture, Swain supplied a few more details: On Christmas Eve . . . Mr. Harry and F.K.S. [Swain] hauled one load of finished tiles from Millers to Indian House. . . . These were weeded out of the whole lot and were in pretty good condition though the bulk of the kiln was poor, glaze having disappeared in large areas.38
It is no small wonder that Mercer considered his second attempt to make ceramics a failure. It was apparent that he could not produce a marketable product using such tedious methods. But a handful of passable tiles gave him encouragement, and he began again.39 This time he worked at Indian House with Swain as his assistant and Rufe as a day laborer. Abandoning at last his practice of seeking information only from traditional potters and their wares, he wrote with questions to C. S. Smith, a manufacturer of commercial glaze materials at Trenton. Smith's reply was: "There are so many things referred to in your letter that I hardly know which to answer first. . .. Come to see me at once so that what you are about to do should be done right, according to the general principles of Potting."40 Besides the advice of modern chemists such as Smith, Mercer now consulted the works of Cipriano Piccolpasso (15241579), the Italian Renaissance architect who wrote about the potter's craft of Castel Durante, and of Alexandre Brongniart (17701847), the French ceramist responsible for the high reputation and great success of Sèvres porcelain.41 Mercer also read all that he could find about the ancient processes of Persian, Rhodian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian, Phoenician, and medieval English potters. His notebooks document his struggle to find good glazes. He testfired them in his dentist's kiln and in a small kerosene kiln purchased for that purpose. After both proved unsatisfactory, he built a small experimental muffle kiln in the Indian House chimney in December 1898.42 (A muffle is a heat conducting refractory chamber built inside the kiln proper to contain the wares, thus protecting glazes from direct flames and the deleterious effect of gases.) But Mercer still meant to uncover the secrets of the old PennsylvaniaGerman glazes. These potters had used two glaze decorating techniques that fascinated him and that briefly seemed important to his experiments with the local clays. Both techniques involved the use of slip, a white burning clay thinned to the consistency of thick cream. The first technique was sliptrailing, or the drawing of designs with slip directly on the red clay by means of a clay cup stuck with quills, called a slip cup. The result was red pottery decorated with thick white lines. Mercer soon rejected this technique in favor of experimenting only with the other traditional method, the sgraffito technique. With sgraffito, the white slip was applied over the entire surface of the ware, creating an opaque layer of white through which a design was scratched to expose the red clay body underneath. Some of the flat areas of the design were accented with colors, including the "lost" green glaze Mercer sought. In both techniques the decorated piece was covered with a transparent, shiny leadbase glaze.
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This glaze had a yellow tint that heightened the reddish color of the clay and gave the slip a yellow appearance. Mercer then abandoned sgraffito as well and developed his own technique. Instead of drawing designs on the tiles, either with, through, or on top of slip, he pressed designs into the wet clay surface, creating relief tiles. But he still needed glazes that fit his red clays. To this end, Mercer made many tests to find a good clear glaze and a white burning slip. He tried all the local white clays with a number of glazes over them. He marked the backs of these test tiles with an elaborate series of marks (see Appendix VI, A.2.b). 43 The first results were disappointing: the whites turned yellow, and the colors came out muddy or burned away completely. He attributed these faults to the slips, but later learned that the glazes were to blame. By the end of 1898, he was discouraged. For three months his attempts to produce bright colors had been consistently unsuccessful. He decided that "by this time, continued unsuccessful burnings made it seem desirable to go to Germany in order to study one of the ancestral potteries in the Black Forest," but then "a few fortunate turns in the experiment solved my difficulties."44 The chief fortunate turn was the arrival of a letter from Aunt Lela, who once again came to the rescue. She had obtained "a receipt for a glaze from the kind and helpful . . . De Morgan at Florence," Mercer later wrote, "which was immediately used in the Pottery and [which] is to this day called by his name."45 De Morgan's glaze made all the difference. It was a simple lead glaze that burned clear and glossy. It fit Mercer's clay body—that is, it did not fire yellow, peel off, or fire unevenly. Mercer's tests with the new glaze formula were so encouraging that he canceled his trip to Europe and his plans for a sixmonth stay there. Mercer decided instead to build a proper kiln. He was fortunate in finding John Briddes, one of a family of English potters who had recently emigrated to Kensington, an English neighborhood of Philadelphia. Briddes, an expert kiln builder, had offered his services and had "arranged to start in a moment's notice."46 He came to work on 26 January 1899 and supervised the construction of the new kiln in a woodshed next to Indian House. Mercer hired Herman Sell, a Doylestown mason, to build the kiln. (Sell constructed all nine of Mercer's kilns.) The kiln took one month to complete, and Briddes continued working for another month, test firing and contributing his expertise to the overall operation of the pottery. He gave Mercer another glaze recipe to try, which proved to be as usable as De Morgan's. Briddes left for the month of April, but he returned the first of May and stayed for eleven more weeks, until 19 July. During this time he taught Mercer and his men how to operate the kiln and supervised the early production firings. A regular kiln record was begun on 3 June to log the first official firing, loaded with glaze tests. The results of the De Morgan glaze in particular were carefully noted in each section of each layer of the kiln. The log notes that the glazes, especially greens and blues, "not only did well but very well, bright and rich."47 With the new kiln and glazes under control, Mercer geared up for production. Before the month of June was over, he had ordered three tons of clay and sent his design for a handoperated tile press and molds to the Doylestown Foundry to be cast. The kiln was fired two more times in June, when work was suspended to allow for Mercer's summer holiday in Maine. Briddes returned in September for three weeks. The fall firings commenced on 28 September. The logs show that this first kiln was fired a total of thirteen times in 1899 and then three or four times a month in 1900.48 Mercer was in business at last. In spite of the pottery, life went on as usual in the big house. While elegantly attired women strolled with splendidly dressed gentlemen through Aldie's garden paths, smoke belched from the kiln stacks nearby. Only a little more than a year had passed since Lela had written her nephew from Florence "How nice it will be for you to have a little kiln of your own at the Indian House." Now something considerably more imposing, a modern industrial kiln, stood by it. <><><><><><><><><><><><> Among the visitors to Aldie in April 1899 was Sarah Whitman. She came just after the closing of the second exhibition of the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston and she was so taken with Mercer's tiles that she scooped up examples to show to her architect friends, some of whom were also Mercer's friends. Soon after, Mercer sent her more tiles for inspection. (He was just then testing Briddes's new kiln.) He valued her criticism as well as her praise, both of which were to guide and bol
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ster him in the next few years. Her response to his first shipment of tiles came promptly in a letter written on 27 May 1899. She addressed him as "Dearest Harry." Here is your friend and critic returning to the artist, for the new box of tiles has come and you know what interest I take in each fresh product. . . . You see the more I look at those tiles I captured at Aldie the more I am sure they are remarkable; and I want you to make a quantity of some of one of the best ones; for as Howard Walker, the architect, said the other day, you must get ready for demand. And then he said, please tell Mr. Mercer that no matter what these cost they must be sold at marble rates—as has been the case with the De Morgan tiles. . . . And so you see yourself the great value of those chance appearances of the clay colors under a fine glaze? The story of the early decorative work [is] most interesting. 49
Whitman invited several of Mercer's old friends to view his new tiles. Arthur Carey wrote enthusiastically on 28 April: My Dear Harry, I went today to Mrs. Whitman's studio and saw your tiles which I admire very much. I think the designs you have selected have a great deal of charm and character, and the color very good and very much alive by reason of the varieties in each piece. I congratulate [you] very warmly on this work and hope you will keep it up and flood the market.50
Soon after, on 11 May, Denman Ross also wrote encouraging words to Mercer: [I] was greatly pleased with [your tiles], so much so, that [I] felt impelled to write to you. They are by far the most attractive things of their kind that I have seen,—and beautiful in their qualities of color and light. I congratulate you heartily.51
This successful reception excited Mercer, and he called in a patent attorney. On 9 July he filed to protect his process.52 Having abandoned the idea of decorating with the PennsylvaniaGerman techniques, he had instead developed his own means of making impressed tiles and a process for producing lustrous twotoned glazes with a subtle orange blush, which resulted in that "chance appearance of the clay color under a fine glaze" which Sarah Whitman found so remarkable. He patented the glaze process, but it was the combination of impressed designs and colors that marked his achievement. It was a major breakthrough for him. He had decided to call his business the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. In her letter, Sarah Whitman had cautioned that "the word 'Moravian' would, I fear, need the local explanation, otherwise it would take one far afield."53 Her concern was well grounded. The Pottery's name has always been confusing. It was meant to honor the Moravians who settled in America and earned reputations as fine musicians and craftspersons. They were among the PennsylvaniaGermans who settled around Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the mideighteenth century. There was never any connection, however, between the members or the products of any Moravian community and Mercer's pottery. Mercer chose their name chiefly because he admired them, but also "rather because some of the first designs [for my tiles] had been taken from [cast iron] stove plates . . . resembling others seen at the [Moravian] Young Men's Missionary Society at Bethlehem, than because Moravians had made stoves of decorated tiles both at Bethlehem and at WinstonSalem, North Carolina, which facts were not then known at the Pottery."54 It is ironic that he was unwittingly working in a craft at which the Moravians had once excelled—the making of decorative stove tiles—when he named his pottery after them. No one would ever confuse his tiles with theirs, however; the two are distinctly different. And though Mercer had begun collecting PennsylvaniaGerman decorated redware pottery and castiron stove plates much earlier, and had published his studies of these artifacts by the time he named his Pottery, he made no mention of the Moravians having had connections with either of these crafts. He had not yet understood the significance of the Moravian contributions to American material culture. By the time he did, his Pottery's name was too well established to bear any consideration of change. <><><><><><><><><><><><> The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works went into full production on 1 September 1899. On 24 October, Mercer sold his first order, a fireplace facing, to Dr. Swartzlander of Doylestown.55 Other orders followed, and by the end of December, a Philadelphia decorating firm, Craft and Nieman, began to represent the Pottery as an agent. Mercer also sold tiles to family members and friends, and soon his contacts in Boston and Philadelphia began to pay off. By 1900, he was producing fifty designs in nearly forty color combinations. Early that year, he entered a display of his new tiles in the Pennsylvania Academy's 69th Annual Exhibition, little more than a year after he had sent Bartleman out to hunt clay in the fall of 1898. Mercer devoted the year 1900 to product and design development, and he refined his techniques to such a
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degree that he scarcely changed his basic methods for the rest of his life. In January 1901, he joined the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston, and his work began to appear regularly in their showroom and sales gallery. He also exhibited his tiles at the Arts and Crafts exhibition held at the Providence, Rhode Island, Art Club in March 1901, again at the Pennsylvania Academy (70th Annual Exhibition), and later in the year at the exhibition of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society. In January 1901, he also began submitting his tiles "anonymously" as "Contributor No. 50" to the Boston society's jury committee, where individual items were to be ''approved" or "rejected" for the society's sales gallery. The first entry relating to his work in the jury's record book, dated 23 January 1901, reads: Considered No. 50. Rejected tiles #9 "John Pot", #8 "S.F." large, #5 Fleur de lys border, #54 Hercules, No. 6532 and 6232. Approved: City and River 2 sizes, Terras, Small S.F., Ravenna Peacocks and Grapevine, Swastica, Dragon, Quatrefoil, (5932), (6032), (6132), (6732), (6749), (6832). 56
The jury made a conscientious effort to review and comment on each piece and, it is assumed, sent a report to the members (though no such correspondence from the committee has been found in Mercer's papers). And though Mercer had the option to attend jury meetings, it is unlikely that he did so. The survival of the jury's first record book with its periodic consideration of tiles newly submitted by "No. 50" has greatly aided not only the documenting of the initial critical responses to Mercer's work, but also the dating of his early tile designs. Mercer's work appeared before the society's jury fourteen times until 3 November 1903. He valued its judgments. The jury included an enthusiastic advocate of his work in Sarah Whitman, one member (at least) who surely knew who "No. 50" was. The Boston society helped Mercer in other ways. When his friend Arthur Carey replaced Charles Eliot Norton as president in 1899, he hired Frederic Allen Whiting as corresponding secretary of the society. It was with Whiting and not Carey that Mercer dealt in his business matters. Mercer wrote to Whiting early in January 1901 about some "troubles" he was having determining to whom he should give discounts and how much they should be, how much to charge for his tiles, and whether it was up to him to supply tilesetting instructions. Mercer's naiveté in matters of business are apparent by Whiting's response. Whiting's elementary advice, "Be frank and honest with the public," is well taken in any age, but his detailed recommendations are worth quoting at length, for they offer a rare glimpse of the business side of the Arts and Crafts movement.57 No first class architect will accept commissions as it is prohibited by the society of architects all over the country, and members convicted of accepting commissions are expelled. I think you should make up a selling price list to be quoted to all enquirers and from which a discount would be made to purchasers in the trade. Other than this one discount, I would allow none. I think in all cases, the lower you can make prices, the . . . more you will sell. You must estimate the cost of material, labor, wear and tear, interest and so forth and to this amount, add a fair profit for yourself. This would add from 50 to 100 percent to the actual cost. Then to this, which is the net amount coming to you, must be added enough to cover the commission, although it may not be necessary to give it in all cases and perhaps you could make commissions average 20%. But I should make no discrimination between country and city dealers. Or rather in case of dealers who buy outright, allow larger discounts on larger purchases as an extra inducement. And in all cases, the selling price to the consumer should be your list selling price, the price for setting being figured extra. It is perfectly proper to charge more for small lots of floor tiles. And this same plan could be extended to the blanks at one dollar per foot. The matter of commission to your Philadelphia salesmen is hard to decide at this distance without more accurate knowledge of all conditions. But I should think from five to ten percent was the range. Perhaps you will have to experiment to learn what percentage you can afford to pay. Now, as to your last question, I should advise, and architects I have consulted with hold me up on this, stating frankly that the tiles can be laid by an ordinarily intelligent mason, etc., perhaps giving brief directions for setting. Tile setters would probably continue to do the greater part of the work and even if they should get grumpy, you have the public to appeal to directly and if buyers want your tiles, and the tile setters will not lay them, you can turn the work over to the bricklayer.58
Two days later, Whiting continued his discourse. He enclosed a book of tilesetting instructions and discussed his own orders for Mercer's tiles. The crux of the price matter, I have been trying to write out, is that if tiles are quoted by the foot, a single price should be given also, to save the architect, when figuring the cost of the tiles, the necessity of computing the number of tiles to the foot, which is not so easy with your uneven sizes. I will make up a new pricelist within a few days, according to my ideas, after talking with some of our leading architects.59
Mercer heeded Whiting's advice, established his prices, and turned the Pottery's business matters over
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to Frank Swain. On 30 April 1901, Swain issued his first financial statement and set up books for the new fiscal year. The Pottery by that date had completed twenty six orders, with more work ready to ship, including the vast pavements commissioned by the Society of Arts and Crafts in Boston for Isabella Stewart Gardner's Fenway Court. Swain's statement showed the business in the black and growing, with a profit of $1,129 for the first accounting period. 60 Mercer was making his own way at last. In 1904, he summarized the struggle of his first three years with confidence and pride for the local newspaper: I set about making tiles after my own method. I worked as a man never worked before. Day and night were given up to experiments, which were almost all entirely successful. The result was that I became sick again, and ever since have been compelled to work a little and then rest a little to keep myself from permanent valitudinarianism. By repeated trials I discovered old colors and old glazes and invented new ones. All these delicate shades and these rich colors that you see scattered around are the fruits of many attempts, but at last I have brought the art to the point where I know exactly what I am doing and can do exactly that which I want.61
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Chapter Four— Production: Art and Technique The art and technique of this craft are so closely interwoven, that to describe one without the other never gets us to the bottom of the subject. . .. The great tile processes of the past were precluded in the United States on account of the high cost of labor. My first effort therefore was to invent new methods of producing handmade tiles, cheap enough to sell and artistic enough to rival the old ones. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1925) 1
The Pottery Buildings Indian House, the studio Mercer built on the grounds of Aldie when he returned from the Yucatan in 1895, was the heart of the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works from 1898 to 1912 (Fig. 18). In 1912, Mercer moved his entire tile operation to his newly built Pottery near Fonthill on Swamp Road (Route 313) and abandoned Indian House. Photographs and drawings of the exteriors and interiors of Indian House leave no doubt that the older building was the prototype for the new and larger concrete Moravian Pottery.2 Indian House was three storeys high. The exterior, lightly halftimbered and with a highpitched saddleback roof, seemed to be a cross between a cottage and a barn. High on the south gable a window admitted plenty of natural light to the spacious studio, a room about 20 by 30 feet, soaring to more than 30 feet at the peak of the rafters.3 A large fireplace dominated the studio (Fig. 19). On the studio's east side, facing the fireplace, a gallery extended the length of the room, supported by a graceful colonnade of quatrefoilsection brick columns (Fig. 20). A brick staircase behind the colonnade rose to the gallery and gave access to a small private chamber with interior windows overlooking the studio below. Another stair led from the gallery to a thirdfloor room. Cooking and sanitary facilities allowed Mercer to use Indian House as a retreat from Aldie as well as a studio.4
Fig. 18. Indian House, 1896. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 19. Fireplace wall at Indian House, ca. 1897. Collection, SL/BCHS.
As an Arts and Crafts building, Indian House was honest, straightforward, and sophisticated in its use of natural materials; it was carefully proportioned and emphasized such detailing as exposed beams and braces, decorated stucco, and fine brickwork. The open spaces reflected its owner's penchant for displaying his collections, now not only of tools but also of tiles. In 1904, a newspaper account described the impression made on one visitor: Tiles are everywhere. On the walls in square cases, on shelves, on racks, on the floor, in corners, behind the door, under the table and on the chairs, they turn their multicolored faces,
glistening soft or brilliant, toward the eyes of the curious visitor. 5 After making his first tiles in this room, Mercer quickly outgrew the space. By 1900 he had relocated production activities to outbuildings, reserving the studio for his own design work, the display of his product, and his business office. In the adjacent woodshed, where he had built his first real kiln in 1899, he added another kiln by 1903. He named this shed the "upper pottery." Photographs found in 1986 in an abandoned safe show a building with two kiln stacks that seems likely to be the upper pottery (Figs. 21 and 22). In
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1906, he built a "lower pottery," a large fireproof shed of tin, clay, and cement in the far northwest corner of the grounds of Aldie, a few hundred yards from his studio. This housed two large kilns. 6 As early as 1907, when Mercer was producing the large pavement for the State Capitol at Harrisburg, it became apparent that tramping from building to building was too wasteful of time and energy to be tolerated and that a new and more efficient facility was needed. Even before Fonthill was finished, Mercer began constructing a new Pottery with everything under one roof, located in his own backyard, so to speak. His move into it, made between 17 and 22 October 1912, was done with such organization that he lost only one kiln
Fig. 20. Wilson Eyre. Sketch of the Interior of Indian House, facing office in rear. House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 16.
Fig. 21. Outbuilding with two kiln stacks at Indian House. This building in concrete predates Fonthill and is most likely the "upper pottery." Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
Fig. 22. Mercer later experimented with roofing tiles on a section of the concrete roof. Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
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firing from his regular schedule. On 11 November, he dynamited the old upper pottery, kilns and all. 7 Some time after Mercer's death, the two upper storeys of Indian House were removed to give a neighbor a better view. For many years only a decapitated ghost of this building remained on the site; in 1984 a fire severely damaged even that, and the ruins were razed in 1985. Because the present Moravian Pottery and Tile Works has changed little from its 1912 state, it offers a good idea of the layout and activities of the original Indian House complex. Many of the furnishings—tools, tables, and stoves, for example—from the first Pottery remain in use. Mercer measured familiar old spaces to plan new ones. On his early sketches for the new Pottery he noted measurements of the old buildings. He reevaluated their functions, adjusted their measurements, and coordinated them to newly defined areas in the new Pottery building. Consequently, the new Pottery is an enlarged and improved version of the old Indian House complex, with all the elements organized under one roof.8 The new building follows a Ushaped plan, with an appendage at one side of the base of the U (Fig. 23). The base and arms of the U are each approximately 125 feet long (outside dimensions) and two storeys high. The appendage is a 20by30foot wing, three storeys high. To achieve this configuration, Mercer placed the equivalents of the old upper and lower potteries at right angles to one another to form one side and the base of the U. The equivalent of the office wing of Indian House, greatly extended, forms the third side of the U. The interior of the threestorey appendage is organized as a nearreplica of Indian House itself, but now in concrete.
Fig. 23. Aerial view of Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, 1975. Photo by Paul B. Moyer. Collection, MPTW.
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Fig. 24. HCM's sketch of mission in Yokat, Yucatan, 1895. Collection, SL/BCHS.
The cloisterlike configuration may have inspired the new Pottery's architectural style—that of the Spanish colonial mission. The style was advocated for many purposes by both the Arts and Crafts movement and the American cement industry and Mercer knew it well—he had sketched a mission as early as his trip to Yocat in the Yucatan in 1895 (Fig. 24). 9 But his motive in configuring the Pottery as a mission was practical rather than religious. The building's picturesque details are freely adapted from historic California missions. He took curved, pedimented gables from the mission churches at San Diego and San Luis Rey, chimneys from San Juan Capistrano, and buttresses from San Gabriel. The tower follows the one at Santa Barbara. It is uncertain whether he ever visited California, but printed images of all the California mission churches were plentiful10 Like Fonthill, the heavily walled buttressed building is constructed entirely of exposed, reinforced concrete. In the northwest corner, the studio—the new Indian House—rises like a mission church above the cloistered form of the Pottery. Coal sheds, now removed, closed the open end of the courtyard (Fig. 2). As in monastic cloisters, the courtyard walls are faced with a low, arcaded continuous portico, called a "porch" by the Pottery staff. It supports a gallery that gives access to the Pottery's secondstorey rooms. The arcade also provides shelter in inclement weather. Above the studio a pierced, terraced tower crowns the building, accessible by an exterior stair from the cloister gallery (Frontispiece). Mercer and Swain often took visitors to the tower to enjoy the view of the surrounding countryside. Mercer decorated the exterior of the building liberally with his own tiles, all set directly into the concrete walls. He tucked a frieze of them under the eaves of the studio roof; he placed mosaic roundels on the ends of each gable and scattered others on the walls between the buttresses; he banded the tall chimney stacks with glittering rows of glazed tiles. He even made his own roofing tiles for the building. A preliminary sketch of the Pottery by Mercer explains how it functioned (Fig. 25). It is helpful to envision the building as having six sections: the studio appendage, the three sides, and the two corners of the Ushaped cloister. An augmented sketch (Fig. 26) shows the final arrangement of the spaces. Studio. Mercer labeled the new studio "Indian House Reproduced" on his preliminary sketch, making clear his intention to build a nearreplica of his original Indian House studio. He repeated the proportions of the room and the placement of the gallery, the windows, the openings, and the fireplace. Most of the differences in the room result from his use of concrete instead of wood, brick, and stucco. Concrete gives fortresslike
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Fig. 25. HCM's preliminary sketch for plan of new Pottery, 1910. Collection, SL/BCHS.
strength to the room, supplanting the delicacy of the Arts and Crafts cottage style interior of the old Indian House and replacing the colors and textures of its stucco and wood with the dense gray of concrete. A 30footlong pouredinplace barrel vault replaces the older building's peaked raftered ceiling. Massive concrete columns rise the full height of the room to carry its weight, forming a double arcaded wall. An immense fireplace dominates the northwest wall (Fig. 27). The room lacks the poetry of the graceful spaces of Fonthill, but it is a premonition of the great interior court he was soon to create in the Mercer Museum. The decor of the new Indian House echoed that of the abandoned one. Mercer imbedded large steel hooks in every square foot of the upper walls and ceiling. Barnes later recalled that "the walls were hung with a great variety of artifacts. There was a large carpetloom over a plank door in the southwest corner; a racing sulky was high on the north wall—all to be willed to the Landis Valley Museum when Frank Swain died in 1954." 11
Fig. 26. Plan of Moravian Pottery and Tile Works as it was built. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1987, after measured drawing by R. A. Lear, architect, for MPTW, 1985.
Mercer displayed his tiles by setting some directly in the concrete walls, on the fireplace facing, and around the capitals and pilasters of the office. He hung, leaned, and stacked boxes of tile arrangements in other spaces. These boxes contained the tiles that had won him a gold medal at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 (Fig. 46).12 Since the late 1950s, the studio room has been relatively empty. Tools no longer crowd against the ceiling, and tables no longer hold vast displays of samples, rolls of drawings, and modeled clay prototypes. But anyone standing in the Mercer Museum's central court can gain some idea of the colorful clutter that greeted Mercer's clients in both the old and the new Indian House. Clients seeing this panoply for the first time were not likely to forget it. Nor were they likely to forget the atten
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tion paid them by Mercer, Swain, and others. Samples of every tile design and color could be brought forth; full fireplace facings and friezes were laid out on the floor for inspection; blueprints, rubbings, tracings, pastels, and other drawings appeared at the room's massive work tables. Mercer set into the wall of the gallery overlooking the studio an arrangement of his earliest designs. These are glazed in such an unusual palette that they may well be some of his first glaze tests. 13 He hung a platform out over the edge of the gallery from which he photographed groups of tiles spread on the floor below.14 He designated the spaces under the gallery and under the northwest windows for glaze formulation and mixing. Here he placed builtin concrete shelving and work surfaces. He tucked a Russian stove into the colonnade for extra heat in winter and to keep the glazes from freezing.15
Fig. 27. Studio fireplace in New Indian House, faced with Bible in Tile brocade reliefs. A panel of New World brocade reliefs covers wall at left (see Plate 14). Italian brocade (below) and floral brocade (above) panels lean on hood. Mold, finished mosaic, and cartoon for "Woman Dipping Candles" line up on ledge to right. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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Office. The west corner of the U is the manager's office, strategically located to link the studio to the factory, just as the manager himself (Swain) linked the designer (Mercer) to the tile workers. A paneled glass partition separates the lowceilinged office from the soaring studio space. The new office is slightly larger than its precursor and lit from the north by two graceful arched windows. The low vaulted ceiling is supported by freestanding and engaged columns, their capitals decorated with brightly glazed tiles. A potbellied stove stands in front of a wall of blue and white glazed tiles. A room above, fitted with chickenwire shelving for the storage of large cartoons and blueprints, was reached from the gallery. stairway or from the main factory. There is no thirdstorey room, as there had been at old Indian House. Warehouse. The southwest side of the cloister, the elongated extension of the Lwing of Indian House, originally served as the warehouse of the new Pottery. Concrete plaster bins and shelves, which were used for storing finished tiles, line the walls of the ground level. The upper level, divided into two rooms, contains tiers of concrete shelves for storing production molds, most of which were intact and still in place in 1987. A large hole in the concrete ceiling of the far end of the wing provided for an additional small kiln, which was never built; it remains roofed over. Glost kiln house. The northwest side of the cloister, which forms the base of the U, is 60 feet long and 14 feet wide. It is the equivalent of the "lower pottery," but it houses three kilns instead of the original two. The kilns rise through both storeys and their stacks soar high above the roof. Bisque kiln house. The northeast side of the cloister corresponds to the "upper pottery" of the Indian House complex. It extends north from the east corner section and widens to accommodate two large bisque kilns. A large roofedover hole was left in the concrete ceiling at the east end of the wing for a third kiln that was never built. He added nonloadbearing wood and plaster partitions between the two large bisque kilns and two of the three glost kilns, filling the spaces next to the kilns with asbestos. He built other such partitions as needed around the building to help contain smoke and heat. Clay and boiler room. The north corner of the building linking the "upper" and "lower" pottery wings houses a boiler and the claygrinding machinery for which it was the original power source. In Mercer's preliminary sketch, this claymixing room was planned for the other end of the northeast wing, but he moved it to the corner between the two kiln houses so that clay processing would be more central to the tilemaking areas, which were located around the kilns. In the north corner he also located an artesian well, and he placed a cistern in a small tower that echoes the larger tower over the studio. One door opens to a backyard and a nearby stable, a concrete outbuilding put up at the same time as the Pottery. He placed a clay pit (which was originally planned to run underground from north to east along the porch side of the wing) immediately under the mixing room and accessible by a narrow curving stairway. The clay was lowered into the pit by means of a primitive dumbwaiter. The only other subterranean room in the complex is a tiny room under the studio gallery stairs reached from a door in Swain's office. This room has one builtin concrete shelf and may have served as a photographic darkroom. 16 Work spaces between the kilns on both levels were illuminated by natural light from rows of windows along both sides of every room. The building had no electricity until 1954. As Barnes observed, this latearriving amenity was convenient, [but] . . . spoiled the picturesque effect. We had used student lamps for the office, but needed them only for a little while in the late afternoon in the winter months, when it would be dark by five and we did not close until fivethirty. [Kerosene] lanterns were used in packing the kilns, and bracket lamps at the work benches where the tiles were made.17
The groundfloor workrooms have lowvaulted cast concrete ceilings rising from 6 feet at the eaves to 8 feet in the center. The secondfloor rooms have peaked ceilings about 10 feet high. Fragments of burlap and other woven materials are still visible in the unfinished concrete, evidence that Mercer saw no need to finish concrete surfaces in work spaces. Mercer's design for the Pottery was economical as well as functional. The ceilings are low, partly to conform to the dimensions of the kilns, which were constructed right along with the building, partly to save energy and time, and partly to conserve materials. The spaces between the kilns were warmed by the heat of the firings, augmented when necessary in cold weather by potbellied stoves. A former employee once remarked, "When you first started, you worked downstairs and made floor tile. When you got better, you were moved upstairs to do deco
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rated tile. . . . [We] worked between the kilns where it was warm.'' 18 The warmth helped to dry the tiles and molds. In summer the unfired tiles, placed on metalshelved stacking racks, were set in the sun to dry. A corrugated tin "room" built at the northeast corner of the courtyard gallery made it possible to dry tiles outdoors in wet weather. Metal trays and racks became standard after a fire at the old Pottery on 27 March 1912, when hot coals ignited wooden drying racks.19 Doors opening into the courtyard and onto the continuous gallery at several points enabled the staff to move easily back and forth within the complex. The gate in the coalshed end of the courtyard allowed vehicles to dump piles of fuel wood in the middle of the courtyard where it was roughly equidistant from each kiln. Flatlidded wooden bins for the storage of glaze chemicals and other raw materials lined the walls of the building under the continuous arcade. Mercer's scheme for wrapping all the new Pottery's operations around a central courtyard and within easy access of his studio had no precedent in American ceramics. His ample supply of funds—increasingly selfearned—now allowed him to execute his ideas in nearideal circumstances. The Tiles Mercer designed every tile his Pottery produced during his lifetime. Many of the designs were original; others were adaptations of historic tiles, printed images, and standard devices. On rare occasions he accepted and reworked designs submitted by others.20 With most designs he made preliminary sketches and then a final drawing. The drawing was always made about 10 percent larger than the finished tile, to allow for the shrinkage of clay in drying and firing. He then traced the design on a soft clay slab with a pointed tool and worked up a finished clay model of the proposed tile design. In a few cases he cast a design directly from an existing relief and worked it up into a clay model. Sometimes he had a Pottery employee develop the model from his sketch, always subject to his approval.21 Once approved, the clay model was cast in plaster of paris. Actually, two plaster molds were made, one negative and one positive, and stored together in a set called a case mold. The case positive mold was used to cast a negative production mold from which tiles were produced, thus saving the original case negative mold from wear. A production or working mold usually lasted through hundreds of impressions before it wore out and was replaced by a new casting from the case positive. Certain installations made in the Pottery's busiest years contain a few tiles that lack crisp detailing, evidence that they were made from worn molds. Though all molds were made by the same process, methods of making tiles from them varied according to the type of each tile (Fig. 28).22 Conventional Impressed Decorative Tiles Mercer's first tiles were conventional, that is, made in standard geometric shapes. His first decorative tiles of
Fig. 28. Molds for pressing conventional relief (left) and brocade tiles (center and right). Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986.
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1897 were rectangular (5 ½ × 7 inches) and nearly one inch thick. He stampmolded them with pictorial designs in relief, an agesold ceramic technique to which he contributed his own variations. He designed a tile press that was handoperated by one man (Fig. 29). The molds for this press were encased in steel holders, keyed on the bottom to fit in place on the press bed. The mold was inserted, designside up, on the press bed. A tilethick slab, precut from a bat of moist clay, was laid on the face of the mold. Pressure was applied to the back of the tile by the pulling down of the handle of a lever attached to the press. A wood block wrapped in a piece of carpet was forced by this action against the clay, impressing it with the design from the mold. The action also forced the mold into a depression on the press bed to a predetermined depth, gauged to the thickness of the tile. Since the depression was the same size as the mold, the sharp edge of the metal casing cut away the excess clay around the edge of the mold as it was forced into the depression on the press bed. The pressure was released and the mold, with the tile still affixed to it, was removed from the press bed. The process was then repeated with a new mold. With the help of an assistant who mixed and prepared clay, cut slabs, and removed the finished tiles from molds to drying racks, the press operator turned out a few hundred tiles in a day. By 1901, Mercer was making square and rectangular relief tiles in a range of sizes up to 10 inches square. They were also thinner than his earliest tiles, varying from ½ to ¾ of an inch in thickness. He found it necessary to abandon the steelcased molds and the tile press. This system, which had been useful so long as his tiles were all of uniform size, now proved cumbersome and too slow. From this point on, all new tile designs that did not fit the original tile press were made by hand. A wood block was stuck into the back of each working mold and secured with nails while the plaster was still wet. A tilethick slab of clay was laid on the work table and a mold put on top of it, design side down. The wooden block on the back of the mold was pounded with a wood mallet to impress the design into the clay. The excess clay around the mold was trimmed with a potter's knife, and the mold with the clay tile still attached was set aside to dry to a leatherhard stage. A potter worked in series, pressing twentyfive to thirty molds of different designs before removing the tiles and repeating the sequence. Mercer used the terms "cameo" and "full" to describe tiles in which the main design stands in low
Fig. 29. Tile press designed by HCM in 1898 for making conventional 5½ × 7 inch tiles. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986.
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Fig. 30. "Cookie cutter" designed by HCM for pressing floor tiles. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986. (a) aluminum dies fastened to wood base; (b) wooden extruders; (c) unit with extruders placed inside dies; (d) tiles cut from slab of clay (note hand holding extruder away from back; (e) extruder pressed against back to release tiles; (f) tiles arranged on drying racks.
cameolike relief. He used the term "intaglio" to describe tiles in which the design was in counterrelief. For those tiles in which an outline rather than a relief design was pressed into the clay, Mercer used the term "outline" (compare tiles 3 and 4 in Plate 12). Conventional Plain Tiles In 1899, Mercer designed his first fiatsurfaced tiles for use on floors and walls and as backgrounds and borders in combination with decorative tiles. Plain tiles were cut in geometric shapes, chiefly squares (called quarries), rectangles, hexagons, triangles, and lozenges. The smallest was a 1inch quarry, called a plug, and the largest was a 7inch hexagon. He made them the same thickness (½ to ¾ inch) as the decorative tiles with which they were used. He said that he "thought little of these and . . . that he might as well make soap if they were the sole product of the pottery." 23 But while his reputation rested on decorated tiles, his income depended on plain tiles, which accounted for a large percentage of his business. Mercer devised another ingenious hand tool for making plain tiles (Fig. 30). It was a cutter made of sheet metal welded into groups of patterns which made it possible to cut a dozen or so tiles of the same size at once. Individual wood blocks attached to a wooden board served as multiple plungers to press the clay from the cutter. The tool worked rather like a cookie cutter
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and was operated by one person who cut the tiles from a slab of clay, lifted the cutter with the tiles still inside, and expelled them from the cutter into a drying rack with a squeezing motion. The clay slabs were rolled by hand on boards of varying sizes with 5/8inch wood shims nailed on each side to regulate their thickness. Two men working as a team could make from 1,500 to 5,500 conventional plain tiles a day, depending on the size of the tiles. Mosaics Unlike conventional stone and glass mosaics, which are made up of thousands of small tesserae, Mercer's tile mosaics consist of relatively large pieces of clay. In design, they are akin to stained glass windows. The irregularly shaped pieces of colored or glazed clay that constitute his mosaics are cut apart, fired, and then reassembled like jigsaw puzzles in a base of cement. He intentionally left the joints wide, up to half an inch, so as to form the contour lines of the pattern, much as do the lead lines in a stained glass window. In addition, he sometimes incised intaglio lines on the title surfaces to delineate details. Mercer believed that his clay mosaic process had never been practiced before in the United States and hurried to take out two patents to protect it. The originality of the process was challenged by Paul Cret, the Philadelphia architect, but Mercer was convinced otherwise. 24 He said that in his search for precedents for his mosaic process, "with the help of the British Museum
Fig. 31. Title page of HCM's first mosaic patent, 1903. Collection, SL/BCHS.
Fig. 32. Title page for HCM's second mosaic patent, 1904. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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[he had] found no evidence old or new of its use in Europe and no parallel, except in the Cathedral pavement of Siena [Italy] where the similar units of design are cut out of stone, and [in] the small Persian and Indian mosaics where they are . . . chipped out of thin previously baked sheets [of clay]." 25 Mercer recognized, however, in his Notes of 1914, that his mosaics had been preceded by the cut stone mosaics in the frieze of Wilson Eyre's new University of Pennsylvania Museum building in 1893.26 Eyre's mosaics, depicting animals, flowers, and birds, were quite different in concept and style from Mercer's clay mosaics, though they might have provided the germ of his idea. Mercer's first patent application for his mosaic process (Fig. 31), filed on 21 November 1902, described specifications for "New and Useful Improvements in Tiles or Other Decorative Devices" and stated the general concept of making tile pictures like picture puzzles or stained glass windows.27 He filed his second patent application, which described the "Process of Mosaic Tiles" on 3 December 1903 (Fig. 32).28 The legal language of the patent makes the process sound unduly complicated. Barnes's description describes it more clearly: These designs were first drawn on translucent tissue small enough (about 4" × 5") to be used in our kerosene lamplighted "magic lantern" which projected the design on paper to the desired size. This image was traced with charcoal and colored with chalk by Dr. Mercer. I would then spray the drawing with a solution of white shellac and alcohol, called ''fixative" to keep the design from rubbing off. A tilethick slab was cut by slicing a bat of moist clay with a wire that had a traverse handgrip at either end [a toggle wire]. The drawing was laid on this slab and traced off with a wooden stylus. After that the paper was removed and the traced lines deepened by pressing with a small squared stick of plaster of paris, the working end of which had been cut wedgeshaped. From this clay original a plaster mold was cast, the deepened lines appearing as sharp ridges on its face. When the mold was to be used, a tilethick slab of clay was placed on it and pressed. When partly dry or "leather hard" it was removed and the sections cut apart along the lines left by the ridges. The separated pieces were then fired, painted with glaze of the right color and fired again.29
Mural Brocades In 1906, Mercer took the first step toward creating his sculptural relief style when he issued a new series of conventional tiles that were not his usual stamped relief designs. Instead, he modeled their designs in much richer, sculptural relief. These designs heralded his full brocade style. Because their relief was too deep to be stamp molded, they were press molded: plastic, that is, moist clay, was stuffed into the molds by hand and then pounded with a special tool, another of Mercer's inventions (Fig. 33). This is a thick, round disc of plaster, about seven inches in diameter, backed with a wooden handle.30 Once pressed the excess clay was cut off with a togglewire drawn across the surface of the mold. The design was modeled to avoid undercuts and to allow the finished tile to release easily from the mold.
Fig. 33. Steps in the process of pressing brocade tiles. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986. (a) mold, clay, toggle wire, and pressing tool readied; (b) clay is pressed into mold; (c) excess clay is cut away with wire; (d) additional clay is added where needed; (e) tiles are released from mold; (f) finished tiles on drying rack in front of potbellied stove.
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Fig. 34. Architectural molding tiles frame mirrors (reflecting Floral Brocade) on wall of Breakfast Room, Fonthill, 1912. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
The brocade style was an outgrowth of his mosaic style. From a picture or other design, Mercer extracted the main elements, selecting those parts that lent themselves to sculptural representation—figures, animals, birds, flowers, trees, architectural elements, and other threedimensional shapes of known volume. He treated each one as a separate entity, cut it in full silhouette, and richly modeled it in deep relief, sometimes even piercing it through for contrast, to further the play of light and shadow on its surface. These irregularly shaped tiles were either left unglazed or handpainted in brightly colored glazes, finishfired, then freely assembled into pictures or other elaborate designs. Mercer set the tiles directly into concrete or plaster, exploiting the background rather than ignoring it. The mortar became a part of the design, a field rather than mere joints, and tied the composition together. Mercer wrote of his new brocade style: This previously unheard of process was too novel to be rapidly accepted, but by dispensing with the rectangular block of clay theretofore known as a tile, it not only got rid of the monotonous network of rectangular joints but greatly cut down on the cost of burning, and facilitated the expanding, contracting and alteration of tile designs to fit varying spaces by shifting the figures in the pictures. 31
Brocade elements, each technically a tile, ranged from 2 inches to 2 feet or more. A brocade composition could be anything from a single tile to a wallsized mural. Mercer chose the name for these tiles because the repetitive floral textures of his early designs reminded him of brocade fabrics, but the name is inadequately descriptive for a style that allowed him more exercise of his imagination than had any of his previous styles. In 1912, when the interior spaces of Fonthill were ready for decoration, he created brocade tiles after historic fabrics (one on a cushion belonging to his Aunt Fanny) and Spanish tiles in repeat patterns and used them as a substitute for tapestry, wallpaper, and painted decoration on the concrete walls. Though this treatment of walls with tiles had something in common with what he had seen at the Alhambra (Figs. 127, 128, and 129), his Fontill brocades have no close counterparts anywhere. Architectural Elements From the start, Mercer designed threedimensional architectural elements for use with his other tiles. He produced ceramic moldings, brackets, cornices, shelf elements, engaged columns, and other shapes to frame and accent his tile installations. Most of these molding tiles never appeared in his catalogues, although molds and templates for over a hundred designs exist. He cast a few of these shapes from clay models; most he made by dragging metal templates based on typical molding styles over wet plaster.32 Large or complicated moldings
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were cast from piece molds (Fig. 34). Smaller moldings were made in press molds like brocade tiles. Roofing Tiles In 1908, after looking into the availability of commercial roofing tiles when he was building Fonthill, Mercer decided to make his own roofing tiles. He had already tried using conventional plain tiles of the kind used for pavements and hearths, laying them like shingles on the concrete roof of a kiln house (Fig. 22). For Fonthill he developed curved tiles, but unlike traditional interlocking roofing tiles that are supported by woodframed structures, Mercer's curved tiles were set directly into pouredconcrete roofs. He made curved roofing tiles by draping rolled slabs of clay over molds and cutting off the excess by hand. He was so pleased with the prototypes that he offered roofing tiles in three shapes—6 × 8 inch fiat shingles, half rounds, and flat rounds—and in various colors—plain red, stained brown, or slipped green or blue. Though he never catalogued them, he offered roofing tiles as a regular line and filled orders for several large roofing jobs over the years. Cement Age, a trade magazine, reported on this innovation with great enthusiasm, convinced that a roof covered with Moravian Tiles would be durable and waterproof as well as achieving the effect of old Spanish tiles. 33 Perforated Tiles Mercer introduced this hybrid style about 1913. It combines features of relief, mosaic, and brocade tiles. For one type of perforated tile, he retained the rectangular framework of a conventional tile, cutting a notch out of each corner to make a quasioctagonal form. He removed the backgrounds from decorative or figurative elements in the design, leaving the design in open silhouette, connected to its border at a few points. He sometimes incised the remaining fiat surfaces with outline "intaglio" designs. He made these perforated, or "open and notched" tiles, as he called them in his catalogue (though most of them were late developments and never catalogued), in several series of 4inchsquare designs depicting such subjects as the signs of the zodiac, flowers, fruits, and animals, and the elements (three of them only, fire, smoke, and rain; he left out earth). He also made a series of 4 and 7inch round perforated tiles depicting symbols of constellations (Plate 14:3, 6, 8, 11). Mercer considered his introduction of perforatedtiles to be "a novelty in the United States but long used in wood framed tiled balustrades in China." They were a great success. He explained that piercing the tile increased its "artistic effect by surrounding the pattern with deep luminous shadows. If set in a much used pavement as a flat design with the perforations filled [in] with cement the same tile would hold it pattern till its full thickness was worn through."34 Mercer was intrigued by the combination of the flat surface and open background of the perforated tile, a concept that became the basis for the stylistic innovation now called mosaicbrocade. MosaicBrocades In 1928, Mercer developed a new mural style, mosaicbrocade, based on his perforated tiles, by combining the flatsurfaced mosaic style with the mural brocade style. Originally, he had developed the brocades from the mosaics by cutting away their backgrounds and modeling the pictorial elements in deep relief; now he cut away the backgrounds of the mosaics and left them unmodeled. He incised the pictorial details as he had on his mosaics, rather than carving them in relief, and set the elements freely in backgrounds of cement. He installed prototypes for this style in the Terrace Pavilion of the garage (Fig. 112) and then used it to execute his October murals (Plate 9) in Fonthill. Art Pottery After his early experiments with Herstine, Mercer decided against throwing traditional forms on the potter's wheel. Nonetheless, he made art pottery forms as early as 1899 (Plates 3, 1618). Instead of throwing them, however, he turned to and modified his tilemaking techniques. He made bowls, dishes, cups, mugs, boxes, inkwells, sconces, vases, candlesticks, flower boxes, and an amusing frog fountain spout (Fig. 35), by pressing them from molds. He sold a surprisingly large number of these—nearly 4,000 between 1899 and 1930.35 A discussion and catalogue of Mercer's art pottery appears in Appendix V. Mercer's art pottery is not in the mode of such Arts and Crafts studios as those of William Grueby, Adelaide Alsop Robineau, or Maria Longworth Nichols, for their best works are more elegant in shape and enhanced by hand carving and hand painting. Mercer's art pottery is much less refined. Some of his forms could
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be described as incompletely realized; some are more like tiles than pots. Still, there is much to admire in Mercer's art pottery. His reproductions of Native American duckhead bowls are true to the primitive spirit of the originals and made by similar techniques. On the other hand, his attempt to reproduce two Arrentine bowls from the collection of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts is less successful. The jury of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, rejected them outright in 1901, suggesting tactfully that they needed "more exquisite treatment, owing to the beauty of the subject." 36 This kind of treatment was beyond the Pottery's resources and Mercer's interests. His most successful forms, such as his inkwells and sconces, were constructions using his own tiles as basic components. These were honest, straightforward, and true to Arts and Crafts principles of design. As with his tiles, Mercer began each pottery form with a clay model, hand made by the standard ceramic techniques of pinching, coiling, and slab construction. From the model, he cast plaster molds, some of several sections (Fig. 36).37 He used two basic techniques to make the pottery, often in combination. The first was the method he used to make tiles, in which he pressed
Fig. 35. Frog fountain wall in private residence, Doylestown. 95 × 80 inches. Photo by Courtney Frisse. 3. Goose Girl (MT550) 5. Bone et Bene (MC 255) 8. Frog fountain head (AP 27) 9, 13. Ravenna Peacock Panels (MC 48) 11. City of God (MC 282) 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14. Brocade cities (MT 505)
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moist, plastic clay into molds. The second was a method of slab construction, in which he joined precut or molded flat pieces. He smoothed the inside contour of his bowl shapes, either with a special tool designed for the purpose or with another piece of the mold. Sometimes he formed and joined separate sections of a piece by hand. Mercer also offered square flower pots made of concrete and decorated with ceramic elements (Figs. 37, 38, 46). For these, he poured the cement in wood forms, leaving recessed spaces in the sides in which to insert large tiles or preset mosaics once the cement was set. The Society of Arts and Crafts rejected all the concrete planters in 1901 with the comment that they would be acceptable only if fully glazed because "the cement surface is not in harmony with the tiles." 38 Undeterred, Mercer continued to make them in his original manner.
Fig. 36. Mold for making Swan and Tower Inkstand. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986. (a) assembled inkstand; (b) shaft and one side of mold; (c) partially assembled mold.
Fig. 37. Concrete flower boxes set with Spanish designs (MCA 2022) lined up in a row at the Pottery. Photo found in abandoned safe in 1986. Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
Fig. 38. Conservatory decorated with tiles, illustrated in Cement Age, 1908.
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Potter's Marks Mercer did not normally stamp his production tiles on the back because they were intended to be affixed permanently to architectural surfaces. But he designed at least four potter's marks, which he stamped on the backs of sample tiles and on some tile surfaces. All new works made at the Pottery since the 1976 revival are stamped and dated on their backs. 1. This mark is composed of the name of the pottery and a monogram made of Mercer's initials, enclosed in an arch:
2. A slightly more elaborate variation, this mark encloses "Moravian" in a double arch over Mercer's monogram:
3. This mark is the word "Moravian" in block letters, sometimes having the "i" dotted with a flame, as if it were rising from a smokestack:
4. In 1904, Mercer designed this "MOR" monogram, which he stamped on the outer surfaces of his mosaics and brocades.
Raw Materials, Techniques, and Equipment As a tile maker, Mercer sought to approximate ancient hand processes that were, in his opinion, truer to the nature of clay (Fig. 39). He complained: In 1897, as a result of what is called the industrial revolution, . . . the ceramic process in the United States was, so to speak, stifled by machinery. Added to their chemically purified and "freak" colors, tiles were made, not of native clays but of white artificial mixtures . . . not from wet plastic clay but from DRY CLAY DUST. 39
Far from industrial clay dust, Mercer's basic raw material was the common, unadulterated redburning clay of Bucks County. Throughout most, if not all, of his years of operation, he used a clay dug from the Pierce Buckman property in Doylestown, less than a mile from the Pottery near the Cross Keys Inn. The clay was hauled to the Pottery by horsedrawn cart at a cost of about three dollars a load. Mercer also needed white clay as a base for colored clays. After trying several, he settled on one from Tuckahoe, Cape May County, New Jersey.40 Mercer made only one exception to the exclusion of machines in the Pottery when he replaced a horsedrawn quern with a large steamoperated Mascot clay grinder in 1903.41 The dry clay was first crushed, then mixed with water and fed into a horizontal pug mill. With this machine, intended for the brick industry, the
Fig. 39. An assortment of hand tools designed by HCM to make tiles. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986. (a) form for casting; (b) plaster and wood tool for pressing brocade tiles; (c) calipers; (d) trowels; (e) wire loop cutters; (f) plaster stamps; (g) filfot design press; (h) piece of carpet for rubbing texture on glazed surfaces; (i) roller; (j) press; (k) wooden modeling sticks.
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clay was turned and mixed by large blades and forced through a series of screens that refined it. It was put through the mill more than once, and on the final run the clay was extruded through a die to shape it into flat bats or slabs of plastic clay, 2 inches thick by 12 inches wide. These bats were cut into sections and lowered into the clay storage pit by the dumbwaiter. Here they were stacked and kept damp by periodic spraying. The clay was rotated regularly so that each fresh batch had ample time to age or "ripen," a bacterial action that increases clay's plasticity. Having found suitable formulas by early in 1899, Mercer ceased searching for new glazes and limited himself to a few good recipes which, in all, used about twenty ingredients. His experiments had as much to do with techniques as with formulas. He commented in 1924: Technically considered, with a few exceptions, there is nothing unknown to ancient or modern clay craft in the colors. Their seeming novelty consists in their combinations and the prominence given to longforgotten body tints . . . set against glazes, enamels and slips. But this free use of the colors of Mother Earth and native clay, shrinkage included, is only an aesthetic language which has been or should have been greatly conventionalised and restrained by taste and the limits of material. Hardly worth a record unless used to express not mere filagree and color thrills but a meaning that may be explained in plain English, not things . . . ugly or evil, but good and beautiful. 42
Mercer's glazing system combined three clay bodies (red, buff, and white), three slips formulas, and two glazes (see Appendix VI). He added pigments to each to create a surprisingly broad range of colors. The three slips (solutions of liquid clay) each had different properties, and in combination with the clay body and a glaze they affected the color and texture of the finished tiles. The first was a thick white slip made from Billingsport slip clay, mined in New Jersey.43 Mercer used this slip over the red clay body. It produced a dense, hard, opaque white surface on the tile which acted as a barrier, preventing the iron in the red clay from darkening colored glazes that were laid over it. The second slip was the same Billingsport clay to which Mercer added commercial colorants. He normally fired it without a glaze; it produced a dense, dry surface colored dark blue, sky blue, pare green, olive green, or black. The third slip was a high clay formula recipe obtained from John Briddes and was used as an underglaze. It was colored with the addition of any number of commercially available pigments and applied in a thin layer over the white Billingsport slip after it had dried on the tile but before it was fired. The tile was then biscuit fired. The thin slip colored the clear glaze applied over it. The first of Mercer's two glazes was "No. 7, De Morgan." Clear and glossy, it produced a bright orange when applied over the local red clay. When applied over slips and underglazes, it produced bright clear colors. The other glaze recipe, No. 10, which Mercer obtained from Briddes and revised, was a satin mat with a buttery surface. Both formulas contain large amounts of raw lead, but because Mercer was making tiles and decorative pottery rather than dishware, he apparently had no qualms about using this highly toxic substance. As for the cups and mugs he made, one assumes that he meant them to be purely decorative. It would be unwise to drink from them. Mercer patented his system of combining slips and glazes on relief tiles, a method of layering that produced a stunning variety of special effects, textures, and colors (Fig. 40). In essence, he pressed a design onto the wet red clay, creating a twolevel imprint on its surface. Then he spread a layer of Billingsport slip over the entire tile, giving it a hard white surface when dry. Next he poured a layer of the thin, colored underglaze slip completely over the first slip. When it had dried, he gently wiped the upper surface, which was powdery, with a piece of chamois, exposing the white slip on the raised portions of the design and leaving the colored underglaze in the recesses. Mercer then fired the tile to a biscuit stage. This lowtemperature firing hardened the clay with its layers of slip in preparation for glazing. A second firing at a higher temperature fixed the glaze. It is important to understand the effects that firing has on clay. A tile that has never been fired is simply dried mud. This is its "green" state; it can be returned to the clay pile and reused. But as soon as clay is subjected to fire, its physical structure changes permanently. Exposed to increasingly higher temperatures, clay will first harden, then vitrify (becoming glasslike) and eventually melt. Some clays change significantly in character between low and high temperatures, but with Mercer's method this did not happen because his final firing was not significantly hotter than his biscuit firing. In Mercer's process, when a relief tile in the biscuit stage with two fired slip layers came from the kiln with a light color on the uppermost surface and a darker color
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Fig. 40. Title page of HCM's first relief tile patent. Collection, SL/BCHS.
in the recessed areas it was a twotoned tile with a dry lustreless surface. By applying a glaze over these fired slips and refiring the tile, Mercer created endless possibilities for twotoned relief tiles of various colors with shiny or satin finishes. The glazes protected the tiles and brought the slip colors to life. One further step in this procedure resulted in a distinctive color effect that Mercer said "made his fortune" in the tile business. 44 After applying the two slips in the sequence described above and wiping the second slip from the top surface, he scratched the upper surface with sandpaper, thicknapped carpet, or some other rough, abrasive material attached to a wooden block, exposing a trace of the red clay underneath the white slip. When he glazed and fired the tile a second time, it gained an additional color: the two contrasting slip colors were now joined by a subtle orange blush on the surface coming from the underlying red clay body and varying in its tone according to the degree of abrasion. This was that "chance appearance of clay color under a fine glaze" that Sarah Whitman had praised so highly in her letter to Mercer in 1899. Mercer achieved special effects in other ways. By varying the thickness of the underglaze slip, he could produce a granulated or flecked color that he called "mezzo tint." Sarah Whitman also commented on this effect in her letter: These are quite different and to me not so fine as the others, though I see that it is an interesting mode of treatment. But . . . less distinguished in color and treatment to my mind. To begin with, that wiping of its color which gave you such a palette in spite of your using so little paint [glaze], by virtue of the red and white of slip and clay—that seemed a scheme of most singular charm and painting. I don't believe the granulated effect with less varied and less contrasted results can give as free a chance for handling as that you invented first.45
Other variations were more successful. By substituting white clay for red, Mercer eliminated the need for the Billingsport slip layer. By eliminating slips altogether and glazing directly over the red clay, he produced a bright orange tile. By wiping everything off the high surface of the relief and leaving only the slip or glaze in the recesses, he produced a twotoned tile with bare clay on the "foot level" of the tile and a color in the depression, an effect he called "halfglazed" and recommended for floors. He could cover the entire tile with a colored slip or glaze it all over with an ''enamel" (a colored glaze as distinguished from a clear glaze, made by adding pigments to the De Morgan formula). He could also fire the tile without any addition of colors in plain red or plain white clay. This led to the idea of adding colors directly to the clay body, usually in the form of metallic oxides or commercial stains. Mercer was a pioneer in the coloring of clay bodies, which became a common practice in the last quarter of the twentieth century. He produced a wide variety of colored clays, especially for his mosaics and for plain tiles. Mercer could also vary the color of his clay by varying his firing technique. The residue (flyash) of a coalburning tire tends to cloud color and blemish glazed surfaces. For this reason, Mercer fired glazed tiles in saggers (Fig. 41), or clay boxes, which were sealed from
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the atmosphere of the kiln to protect the wares from the flyash. The tiles were leaned on their edges inside the saggers, causing the glazes to run slightly. Tiny flecks of pigment would move and streak on the surface of the glazes, enhancing the individuality of each tile. Mercer also used saggers to create special smoked colors on unglazed plain and colored clay bodies. To do this he layered the tiles (unglazed only) with sawdust and coal in the saggers and sealed them against the direct heat of the kiln. These materials would not burn away completely, and the tiles would smolder in the ashes. Clay is porous and becomes carbonimpregnated in these conditions, giving it a smoky color. The uneven circulation in the sagger caused a variation in the amount of carbon deposited in the clay, creating variegated color patterns. Mercer gained a great deal of control over this process of carbon deposition. The natural red clay would take on a complex color that he described as "roast ochre, leather brown and reddish ochre, shading into black" and the greenstained clay, "moss chrome green shading into dark brown and leather hues." 46 Smoked tiles of this or any sort were unusual in Mercer's day. This technique also became popular in the work of later twentiethcentury American ceramists, most of whom were unaware that Mercer had pioneered its use. No other Arts and Crafts tile maker used such primitive processes. In 1906, his friend David RandallMacIver credited Mercer with discovering the secrets of Nubian African blackrimmed Haemetitic ware (Plate 16.15). Mercer's experiments in openpit firing correspond to his development of smoked tiles.47
Fig. 41. Tiles stacked in saggers. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986.
Mercer could also change the colors and hardness of his finished tiles by varying the temperature of the firings. Fired red clay bodies ranged from rosy pink to dark brown, depending on how hot they became. Most tiles were fired at a middle range, resulting in bright redorange terracotta hues. The hotter the temperature, the darker the color became. The clay also became more vitreous, creating a harder tile. Sometimes, especially for parings that were to bear heavy traffic, clients would order such harderfired tiles. Most glazes and slips were applied by dipping the face of a tile held by its edges between the fingers into a large container of liquid glaze formula. If the tile was too large to hold, it was leaned upright and the glaze was poured over it. The brocade figure tiles were handpainted. The mosaics were colored with the whole range of Mercer's palette, containing colored slips, colored clays, smoked clays, and glazes. Mercer deliberately set out to create a product that would look hand made. He did not worry about fingermarks, small cracks, or the many minor irregularities inherent in the hand rolling, pressing, and cutting of clay or in the hand application of glazes and colors, or the hand stacking of saggers. As a result, no two tiles were every precisely the same, certainly not when compared with machinemade products. Although the colors were never quite uniform, Mercer's control over these variations allowed him to catalogue sixtythree color combinations with the confidence that they would always be acceptably close to what his customers expected.48 Kilns: Construction and Firing The kiln that John Briddes had built for Mercer at Indian House in 1899 (Fig. 42) and that became a model for all his others was a variety of an industrial bottle kiln. Though all were similar in design, each had its own personality. Mercer dubbed the two larger bottle
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kilns he put in the "lower" pottery in 1906 "Draco" and "Castellum.'' 49 The five bottle kilns Mercer built at his new Pottery in 1912 are among the last of their type remaining in the United States. One of them has been fired regularly since 1974. The bottle oven derives its name from its shape. A typical bottle oven is a brick structure, up to 70 feet high, consisting of two main parts. The outer part, which provides the bottle shape, is known as the hovel. It has two functions: it serves as a chimney, producing a draft and drawing smoke away, and it acts as a sheltering structure to provide work space around the kiln and to protect the inner part of the oven proper from wind and weather, for most bottle ovens stood exposed to the elements. It would have been foolhardy to place them within the typically woodconstructed buildings they served. The oven proper is a roundplan structure with a domed roof, called the crown. It has brick walls typically more than a foot thick, tied round with iron bands known as bonts. A doorway, called the clammins, is often large enough for a man (the placer) with a sagger on his head to pass through. Around the base of the oven are firemouths in which the fires are lit. Inside the oven a brick bag wall over each firemouth carries some of the heat from the fire into the oven. Flues underneath the oven floor distribute the heat throughout the kiln.50
Fig. 42. The Pottery's first kiln, built by John Briddes, 1899. Tiles are stacked on the ledge above the fire mouth. Published in House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 19.
Mercer's kilns vary from this typical bottle oven in important ways (Figs. 43a, b, c). He eliminated the bottleshaped hovel by placing the oven proper inside the concrete Pottery building (as he had put his first Indian House kilns in wooden sheds), thus creating a studio version of the bottle kiln. This allowed him to take advantage of the heat of the kiln to warm his building, at the same time surrounding the oven with more flexible sheltered work space. Where his kilns pass through the floor of the second storey, they take on the bottle shape, tapering to the diameter of a chimney as they pass through the roof and become the tall, decorated stacks visible from outside the Pottery. This tapering forms a collector chamber accessible from the second storey of the Pottery. The collector controls the draft and partly cools the circulating hot air mass as it rises from the firing chamber and before it passes up the chimney above. The firemouths extend from the sides of the kilns at regular intervals, two for the smaller kilns, four for the larger ones. They are bricked up to about 4 feet high on each side. They house grates or fire bars on which the fuel is burned. In the Indian House kilns, the ash pits were sunk below the floor as in typical bottle ovens; in the new Pottery, Mercer raised them to floor level for easier access. This is the only known change he made in the design of the kilns he built in 1912, but he may have altered other aspects as well. Since no detailed documentation of the kilns he destroyed in 1912 at Indian House has been located, there is no way of knowing for certain. He scarcely interrupted his regular firing schedule (for one week only) when he moved from Indian House to his new Pottery, which suggests that the new kilns were essentially the same as the old ones.51 Before 1900, the basic industrial bottle oven was fired by an updraught system. In this type of oven, flues and bags lead from the firemouth to the center of the oven to carry the heat to the ware, up through the setting, and out through a hole, called a damper, in the top of the crown. Mercer's 1912 kilns, by contrast, were
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Fig. 43a. Top portion of one of Mercer's glost kilns in second story of Pottery. Door is opening to collector chamber. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1987.
Fig. 43b. Lower half of glost kiln on ground floor of Pottery. Fire box is on left, steps lead into clammins. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1987.
Fig. 43c. Diagram of one of HCM's small kilns at MPTW. (a) chimney stack; (b) stack damper; (c) collector chamber; (d) crown; (e) crown damper; (f) bont; (g) oven (firing chamber); (h) bag wall; (i) clammins; (j) floor; (k) flue; (l) base; (m) fire door; (n) fire mouth or box; (o) fire bars; (p) ash pit. Drawing by Jack Flotte, 1986.
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fired by a downdraught system, in which the airflow is controlled in quite a different way. The crown damper is closed, forcing the air down through the setting and out through holes in the base of the ovens. In most industrial situations, two or more bottle ovens were connected to a single straight chimney that drew the smoke away from the lot. Mercer's kilns have individual chimney stacks. It seems likely that the Indian House kilns also had downdraught ovens, which would have made Briddes's kiln design an advanced one for 1899. 52 In Briddes's design, tall bag walls carry the heat to the top of the oven, from where the draught is forced down through the setting and out through channels in the base of the oven that connect to channels built into the walls (accounting for their extra thickness). These channels bring the smoke into the collector chamber at the top of the kiln before it rises from the chimney. At the new Pottery, the small kilns are about 9 feet in outside diameter, with walls 19 inches thick, leaving an inside diameter of about 5 feet. These are glost kilns and were used for glazing. The large kilns are 12 feet in outside diameter with walls almost 2 feet thick, with an inside diameter a little larger than 8 feet; these were used for firing floor tiles and biscuit ware. The large and small kilns are all about 18 feet high to the roof. The firing cycle took one week. It began when the first tile was placed or set in, and ended when the last was drawn from it. Saggers (made at the Pottery) were filled with glazed tiles and piled from floor to ceiling in stacks called bungs (Fig. 41), set in from the outside walls toward the center and then forward toward the clammins until the oven was full. (The clammins in Mercer's kilns were too small to accommodate a placer with a sagger on his head, so the saggers had to be carried into the oven by hand.) Unglazed biscuit and floor tiles were piled in layers on refractory shelves and fired in the open atmosphere of the fire. Once the setting was placed, the clammins was bricked up and sealed with wads of plastic clay. Wood fires were lit in the firemouths and then baited or shoveled with soft coal at regular intervals for the duration of the firing. At the onset of the firing, the crown damper was left open and the temperature was kept low while the moisture remaining in the clay was driven out. Then the damper was closed and the draft was forced downward. In about fortyeight hours, the temperature reached its peak at about 1,200°C and was maintained or soaked for about three hours before the fires were left to go out. The fireman virtually "lived" with the firing and was responsible for its outcome. After the firing, the clammins was broken down and the oven was left to cool. Then the ware was drawn from the oven and the process began again, often while the kiln was still warm from the previous firing. From 1907 to 1930—from the time the large kilns were built until Mercer's death—a small kiln was fired on the average of fiftyone times per year, nearly weekly; the most was seventyfour times in 1907 and the least was twentysix times in 1919. A large kiln was fired on the average of eleven times a year; the most was twenty three times, in 1911, and the least was two times in 1920.53 Men and Money One of Mercer's remarkable achievements was that he consistently made a profit producing Arts and Crafts tiles. Of course, he had virtually no capital expense in machinery, using, as he did, the basic hand tools of the potter's art: kilns, querns, tile presses, cutters. These were his own variants of traditional, preindustrial tools of the sort he collected. Fortunately for Mercer, labor was cheap. In the main, he hired and trained farm laborers who had no pottery experience. He took on a few specialists when he needed them. He never hired women. Before World War I, his top pay for a skilled carpenter or mechanic was $2.00 for a tenhour day, with an hour off for midday "dinner." The workweek was six days. All holidays were unpaid, as was then standard practice in the world of work. Most of Mercer's men started at $1.25 a day. Even his highly skilled kiln designer, Briddes, was paid only a weekly wage of $9.00 plus room and board. It is not surprising that Mercer deplored the rise of labor unions, and with them his labor cost. The Pottery was never unionized, however. It was too small an operation to attract organizers. While Mercer can scarcely be said to have exploited his workers unfairly by the standards of the day, his treatment of them was a far cry from the shared responsibilities envisioned by William Morris. The celebration and dignifying of labor that figures prominently in the themes of Mercer's tiles was less evident in the reality of his Pottery. Mercer was a benign and even enlightened autocrat in all things.54 At Indian House, Mercer began with a staff consisting of only Frank Swain and Alexander Ruth, but he
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soon added more men. In 1901, he had as many as seven employees (Fig. 44). In the entire history of the Pottery, there were never more than eighteen men working at any one time. Many workers came and went; a few stayed on for years, working up to supervisory positions. Mercer rewarded those who stayed with bonuses and other acts of generosity. He never doubted that his success owed a good deal to the "efficient help of collaborating hands and hearts." 55 Among the foremen and others who performed special tasks over the years were (in addition to Frank Swain), Benjamin Barnes, George Jacob Frank, Wilson Wismer, Oscar Rosenberger, Clarence Rosenberger, and Herman Sell. Swain, the "invaluable helper and master of every detail," maintained the pottery's business records from the start.56 His annual reports detailed monthly cash flow, sales, expenses, and investments. They summarized each year's business highlights, noting local improvements and assessing the effects of the national economy on the Pottery's business and on business in general.57 By 1905, gross sales had reached $16,926; some 1,635 orders were filled that year, compared with 26 in the first accounting period. In 1906, gross sales leaped to more than $26,000. Except for a slump in 1908, business boomed until World War I. In 1914, Swain reported: "Business dull. European War. No imports." Early in 1919, reflecting on the end of the conflict, he wrote: "War restrictive, costs of labor and building materials stopped most work. Government allowed no new building started and none finished except by permit.'' But later in 1919 he wrote: "Business increasing. Stock nearly all used up. Only six men. No more to be had at any price. The country is rank mad on the wage question and boys expect $90.00 or more per month or remain idle. But our business is increasing. Demand beyond the supply."58 Despite this renewed demand for tiles, the economy played havoc with business. Swain wrote, also in the fall of 1919, "The pottery with no stock is in bad shape. Some orders placed in March were filled in November. Business affected and many factories almost done. Orders cancelled everywhere. . .. Suspension of all work and more careful living."59 Swain's dismay seems overdone in a year when the Pottery still managed to turn a profit on gross receipts of more than $25,000. In 1922, he wrote, "Evidence of a building boom. Badly rushed. Design stock poor. Payroll double that of four years ago. Coal $14.50 per ton [compared with $3.50 in 1900]. New workmen poor, indifferent, or altogether unreliable, changing jobs often." The building boom of the years between 1922 and 1927 kept the Pottery very busy. The huge inventory that had been built up before the war had been largely exhausted when the war was over in 1918, and Swain never managed to
Fig. 44. The Pottery staff, ca. 1901. From left to right, Oscar Rosenberger, foreman; Frank K. Swain, manager; Howard Holden, tile maker; Samuel Riegel, mosaic maker; Wesley Dieterich, tile maker; William H. Kenderdine, mosaic maker; Harvey Theirolf, tile maker. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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build it up again. By January 1927 the rush was over, and in 1929 Swain reported: "Times very dull and men out of work." 60 Mercer had annually invested an average of $13,000 of his Pottery's profits in railroads, utilities, and bonds. His dividends from these investments alone amounted to $30,000 for 1929.61 The Pottery was, on the whole, a highly lucrative enterprise, and its strengths pulled it through the difficult years of World War I. William Hagerman Graves, a former partner in the Grueby Faience Company, observed in a letter to Mercer in 1925: You have enjoyed a greater measure of success than the others [tile makers] because you recognized the economic fact—which we didn't—that the Oriental methods [Persian and Moorish hand painting] were precluded in the United States on account of the high cost of labor and because your "first effort was to invent new methods of producing handmade tiles cheap enough to sell and artistic enough to rival the old ones."62
Frank Swain and his wife, Laura Long, were Mercer's heirs. Mercer bequeathed the Pottery to Swain and gave the couple life rights to Fonthill. Unfortunately, the Great Depression had just settled in when Mercer died in March 1930. Had he lived, Mercer himself would have found the going difficult. Without Mercer's guiding spirit, Swain hit low after low. "The wolf is at the door," he lamented more than once in his books. But his good management kept the Pottery alive when, with few exceptions, the rest of the Arts and Crafts tile makers went under. Swain reproduced Mercer's designs, attempting only rarely to introduce anything new. Swain maintained the Pottery essentially as a memorial to Mercer, changing virtually nothing, least of all production methods. A tile made at the Pottery in 1940 is indistinguishable from one made there in 1920. The volume of production dropped, but it never ceased until shortly after Swain's death in 1954, when his nephew, to whom he had willed the Pottery, closed it down. Swain's records offer exceptional insights into the workings of an Arts and Crafts business. Most of Mercer's competitors left so little trace of their business and manufacturing practices that it is difficult to learn precisely how they made their tiles, how many they made, or to whom they sold them.63 Swain's accounts also help explain why the Arts and Crafts movement died. Historians have often located the demise of the movement in America's entry into the world war in 1916 and the failure of Gustav Stickley's Craftsman empire in the same year. There is good reason for this. The spirit of the movement was certainly in decline in 1916, when Stickley declared bankruptcy, and moreover, most of the movement's marginally successful practitioners were by then no longer operating in the black, if at all.64 But the public's taste for Arts and Crafts products persisted, and those operations that had survived World War I, such as the Moravian Pottery, reaped the rewards of the building boom of the 1920s before succumbing to the Great Depression. The Pottery survived even the Depression, but only as a shadow of its former self. It survived mostly through the devotion of Frank and Laura Swain and their stubborn and conscientious determination to preserve Mercer's heritage. Swain operated the Pottery as a memorial to his mentor and friend, just as he kept Fonthill intact, even to the point of preserving Mercer's clothes in the closets, as a monument to its builder. But Swain could not stop changes in taste. By the mid1930s most Arts and Crafts artists, architects, craftspersons, entrepreneurs and their products were anachronisms, soon to be dismissed, along with the nineteenthcentury ideals that had bolstered and nurtured them. Tastes expressive of the twentieth century's love of the machine at last arrived in force.
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Chapter Five— The Exhibition, Reception, and Influence of the Tiles All goes well at the pottery. We have more than held our own all these years. Most of our artistic rivals are gone in the sheriff's hands—Grueby of Boston included, whose watermelon enamel was setting the world on fire about 1900. . . . We have stirred up things pretty well in the tile world over here. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1924) 1
Mercer's tiles became known nationwide during the first decade of the twentieth century, not only through the good work of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, and a few dedicated agents, but also, and more broadly, by two other means: their inclusion in the many regional Arts and Crafts societies' exhibitions and the attention given them in the popular periodicals of the day. In these circumstances they were often compared with the work of other Arts and Crafts tile makers and held their own well. Soon after the turn of the century, Arts and Crafts societies existed in most major American cities and many smaller cities as well. Periodic exhibitions, typically inviting work from major figures of the movement to be shown with members' work, were an essential part of their programs. Publications such as House Beautiful, House and Garden, International Studio, and The Craftsman reviewed the major exhibitions and introduced their readers both to the ideas of the movement and to the work of leading craftspersons. Much of this writing about Arts and Crafts exhibitions was unpretentious to the point of chattiness, as if the language of domestic life best suited descriptions of objects made primarily for domestic use. Madeline Yale Wynne, a Chicago craftsperson, described Mercer's tiles in her review in House Beautiful of the 1901 exhibition of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society: For a rose there's always room. . . . A row of tiles stood on a narrow ledge, and here it was that a veritable sensation was experienced. These squares of baked clay are delicious things; they are deeply impressed with the design, charmingly colored and composed. "Irregular?" Yes, beautifully so. "Hard to set?" Perhaps, but well worth any labor. "What shall we do with them?" Oh, anything, everything, hang them on the wall; enjoy them first, and utilize them afterwards; just as a note of color, they are their own justification.2
Wynne also discussed some Grueby pottery and could find no more telling comparison with Mercer's work than this: "The ivorytextured surface of a Grueby vase will lose none of its charm in contrast beside the glazed mug or tile of Mercer's made at the Moravian Pottery Works."3 While these words were not very enlightening, they reached several thousand readers who would reencounter Grueby's and Mercer's names in other reviews and articles in newspapers, magazines, lectures, and general conversation and understand that the names represented commonly acknowledged high accomplish
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ment. Some readers would also encounter the tiles at exhibitions. Moravian Tiles succeeded very well in exhibitions. Mercer followed his first showing early in 1900 at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Annual with one in New York at the Architectural League and Arts Club. 4 In March of 1901, the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts sent "a group of Moravian Tiles, . . . reproductions in tiles of Pennsylvania German iron stove plates" to the Arts and Crafts exhibition of the Providence Art Club.5 The Providence show was an important one of international scope, and Mercer's inclusion was an early sign of his acceptance as a serious ceramist. Some of the other American potters represented were George E. Ohr, Charles Volkmar, William Bulger, and Thomas B. Nickerson. Products of the Grueby, Newcomb, and Rookwood potteries were also included. Only Mercer and Grueby exhibited tiles, however. Later in the year, Mercer sent two pieces of pottery and four tiles to the Chicago Arts and Crafts exhibition; these were the "roses" that Wynne praised in her review. He also sent several groups of tile arrangements to the Pennsylvania Academy Annual.6 In August, "An American Potter" appeared in House and Garden and introduced Mercer and his work to the public at large.7 For about ten years, this was the standard pattern. Mercer would be invited to send examples of his work to an exhibition, local reviews would take brief notice of them, and writers for national magazines, having seen the shows, would write feature articles on one or more craftspersons, treating them in a broader context than the restricted scope of an exhibition allowed. Though he exhibited year after year in certain places, such as the Pennsylvania Academy, at other venues his tiles appeared only once. Mercer's ceramic work was submitted to some exhibitions not only by the Pottery but also independently by interior decorators and dealers. These included, in addition to the Boston society, Craft & Neiman and Adolph Grant of Philadelphia, and Robert Rossman and Taft & Belknap of New York, as well as John Hall Ingham, the most active and personally involved of his agents. Taft & Belknap decorated a series of rooms as their entry in the American section of the Premiere Exposition Internationale d'art Decoratif Modern in Turin in 1902. One of these rooms featured a Mercer fireplace facing made up of green glazed quarries and Knight of Nuremberg tiles. Walter Crane reviewed the exhibition for the Art Journal, hailing it as the first in which the decorative arts were the main attraction. The decorative arts, he said, as a means of language or aesthetic expression, either in a national or international sense, scarcely existed a quarter of a century ago. We had the "Fine Arts" and "Industrial Art." The . . . Decorative Arts are manifesting themselves in a kind of international expression of line and form, an evolution that can be traced to comparatively few and simple parental germs.8
The amount of attention Mercer received in exhibitions varied considerably, sometimes as a function of the "politics" of the organization. His experience in two major exhibitions of 1903 and 1904 dramatically illustrate this. In 1903 he was first excluded from, and later included in, the most important Arts and Crafts exhibition of the year. The first presentation of this show was under the auspices of Gustav Stickley's United Crafts at the Craftsman building in Syracuse, New York, from 23 March to 4 April. It displayed one thousand objects, selected by Stickley, Irene Sargent, Theodore Handford Pond, Frederick Stymetz Lamb, and others. After closing in Syracuse, this show, renamed the Exhibition of Art Craftsmanship, moved directly to the Rochester, New York, Mechanics Institute. The Syracuse version of the exhibition included none of Mercer's tiles, perhaps because Stickley favored Grueby's plainglazed tiles over all others, finding them more in the spirit of Stickley's own austere Craftsman interiors. But Pond, who directed the Rochester show, added his own personal collection of "Moravian Ware" to the exhibition when it moved to his city. Thus, Mercer was represented by a drinking mug and two "ash receivers" (small hexagonal bowls; Fig. 45), hardly the most representative selection of his work, but better than nothing.9 In 1904, Mercer's exhibition experience was different in every regard. The Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, popularly known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was the most important exhibition of his career. He showed eightyfour pieces, including sixty cases of set tiles showing various designs and arrangements for floor, wall, and fireplace uses (Fig. 46), fourteen glazed mugs, six glazed sconces, four glazed boxes, and a plaster panel with incised decorations for a church (his Gothic Design mosaic, Fig. 47).10 His display won a grand prize, and for the rest of his life Mercer considered this to be one of his finest achievements. He noted this prize on
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Fig. 45. Exhibition room designed and executed by the students of the Department of Fine Arts, Rochester Mechanics Institute, for the Arts and Crafts Exhibition, 1904. HCM's Chinese toy bowls, listed in the catalogue as "ash receivers," appear on the table. Collection, Wallace Memorial Library Archives, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y.
Fig. 46. Display cases of set tile arrangements hung on the walls of New Indian House studio. HCM exhibited these at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis. Notice concrete and tile planters lined up on ledge. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 47. A display of Moravian Tiles in the Architectural Club Exhibition at Seattle Public Library in 1910 sponsored by HCM's Seattle agent, Wm. W. Kellogg. On the floor, three boxed tile arrangements, unidentified planter (possibly made by Mercer's brother, Willie); on right panel, three shelves of assorted tiles; on back panel, from top, Gothic Design mosaic panel after thirteenthcentury tiles from Great Malvern Priory Church, two Ravenna Peacock Panels (MC 48), Green Tree plaque (MC 265), two mosaic panels from Native American Fireplace, "Indian Making Fire" and "Indian Blowing Conch Horn." Collection, SL/BCHS.
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the Pottery's letterhead. The Boston society's influence was evident here; it had played a major role in organizing and judging the exhibition, something it had not done in Syracuse and Rochester. Frederic Whiting, the society's secretary, served as superintendent of the Division of Applied Arts at the St. Louis Exhibition Not only did he ensure a major showing of Mercer's work, but he also showered it with praise in an article for International Studio: Mercer . . . exhibits some sconces, mugs, etc., in pottery and also arrangements of his remarkable tiles which in their simplicity and directness both as to design and method of manufacture, mark a new era in the making of tiles. No one who has struggled to find something good in an ordinary tile wareroom can fail to be impressed with their charm. 11
The exhibition was a triumph for Mercer, though characteristically he did not attend it. After 1910, following a decade of intense activity, the number of Arts and Crafts society exhibitions held annually began to decline. Mercer seems to have shown his work only twice after that date, both times in very special circumstances. The first of these was an exhibition of the history of tiles organized by Barber at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1915.12 The other was at the International Museum of Ceramics in Faenza, Italy, in 1925.13 The first of these shows placed Mercer's work in historical context; the second placed it among the most significant ceramic work of the day internationally. Mercer's dealers, however, continued to show his work often in their own showrooms and in local exhibitions. A typical instance was the Architectural Club Exhibition at the Seattle Public Library in 1910, in which William W. Kellogg, Inc., Mercer's agent in that city, set up displays of Mercer and Rookwood tiles (Fig. 47). The decade of intense exhibition activity from 1900 to 1909 had established Mercer's reputation solidly. It brought him many awards, the three most prestigious of which came not for work shown in a single exhibition but for the achievements of his career. In 1913, the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts awarded Mercer one of three bronze medals for "excellence of work" struck to commemorate the society's Year of Progress.14 In 1921, the American Institute of Architects awarded Mercer its gold medal. Following his death in 1930, the Philadelphia Arts and Crafts Guild, posthumously awarded Mercer its first Master Craftsman's medal. His two honorary degrees, a Doctor of Science in 1916 from Franklin and Marshall College and a Doctor of Laws in 1929 from Lehigh University, recognized his work as a ceramic artist among his other achievements.15 <><><><><><><><><><><><> The informality of the writing style favored by the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century points up the very real difficulties that all writers of the era, scholars as well as journalists, had in articulating the importance of the decorative arts in general and the significance of specific works in particular. Only Irene Sargent, Ernest Batchelder, and a very few others seemed capable of rising above the level of chitchat or the hollow repetition of ideas from Ruskin, Morris, and Norton, and even so prolific and thoughtful a writer as Sargent often seemed to be struggling to find ways to formulate useful concepts about the movement. Lesser authors often resorted to describing the feelings aroused by works rather than describing any qualities intrinsic to the works themselves. A good instance of this is Oliver Coleman's passage in his article entitled "The Mercer Tiles and Other Matters." Coleman's homey tribute to Mercer deserves to be quoted at length: Next to . . . Mercer's studio, "Indian House," the place at Doylestown which a stranger is sure to seek, is "The Jug in the Wall." This is a very small but unique tavern . . . where . . . all the lower part of the room is decorated with Mercer tiles . . . the upper part of the fireplace has inserts of these tiles, and suspended from the walls are iron implements belonging to colonial days. Perhaps the drinks . . . are not better than one gets in the ordinary village inn, but the surroundings make them taste sweeter. . . . If people would only learn the incalculable, though often indefinable, influence of pleasant surroundings in houses and rooms, there would be much less unhappiness in this world of ours. It is not probable that one out of a hundred of the patrons of "The Jug" are conscious of why they prefer to take their nightcaps while seated before Mr. Mercer's fireplace than at a bentwood table in the establishment across the street but the psychological influence is present and compelling, nevertheless. It is a true achievement in this world to create something out of nothing, or to save something from oblivion which is worth the saving. Both of these things Mr. Mercer has already accomplished.16
This says very little about the tiles, but recurrent mention of them, sometimes at length, reinforced the feeling that they were important. They were also talked about, of course, but with the exception of the Boston
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society's jury reports, most of what we know is general and secondhand. The best record of what the public knewabout the products of the movement remains the popular journals. Coy Ludwig points out in his Arts and Crafts Movement in New York State (1984): Good networks of communication among its advocates and diverse channels for disseminating information to the wider public were prominent features of the American Arts and Crafts movement. . . . Societies sponsored lectures by both "thinkers and makers," often in the same figure, and helped to promote the movement's principles by providing centers for discussion about philosophy and individual crafts. . . . With all this, it was still the magazines of the period which were most effective and influential in spreading the ideas of the movement to a wide audience. While a number of publications specialized in the handicrafts, many general readership magazines also carried illustrated features and series of articles that conveyed the Arts and Crafts philosophy to every corner of the country. 17
Through these publications, and reports from his pottery staff about what they had seen at exhibitions, Mercer kept abreast of what other tile makers were doing. On rare occasions he corresponded with them, and sometimes they visited him, but mostly he maintained an Olympian stance, viewing the efforts of others at a distance, from Fonthill. In view of the critical success of his work and the financial success of the Pottery, Mercer had no reason to enter into rivalries. <><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer's associations with five other tile makers of his era are worth brief examination for what they tell about the man and his work. His contacts with them, though never close except in the case of Herman Carl Mueller, offer insights into the interrelationships among American Arts and Crafts tile makers. The potter who, along with Mercer, was responsible for the first real shift of taste to the Arts and Crafts tile was William Henry Grueby (18671925) of Boston, a ceramist who had learned his profession through an apprenticeship with the Low Art Tile Works. In 1890, Grueby began his own company in Revere, Massachusetts, and in 1891 he formed a partnershp with Eugene A. Atwood to produce glazed brick, tile, and architectural terracotta in the Italian Renaissance and Moorish styles. In 1893, Grueby encountered the work of the French ceramist Auguste Delaherche at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Delaherche's simple, vegetal forms and dead mat glazes profoundly changed Grueby's aims as a ceramist. He established the Grueby Faience Company in 1894 and incorporated it in 1897. George Prentiss Kendrick, a designer whose principal early work had been in brass and silver, with emphasis on sculptural treatment, became the firm's head designer. William Hagerman Graves, a Boston architect, assumed the position of business manager. All three men became active members of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston.18 Grueby's skills were technical rather than artistic. His chief interest was in glazing—he had been listed in the Boston city directory in 1892 as an "enamelist."19 Although his company continued to produce an eclectic mixture of architectural faience in historical styles, including reproductions of both della Robbia and Donatello reliefs made into plaques and planters, as well as reproductions of Moorish and Chinese tiles, its popular success came late in the decade from its line of art pottery, inspired by Delaherche, designed by Kendrick, and glazed with Grueby's new dead mat glazes. This pottery was exhibited at the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts in 1899, and then in Providence, when the Boston show traveled there. A Providence newspaper reported: Among the groups, skillfully wrought pieces of handiwork which receive the most attention from the connoisseur, the following are the most prominent: A large collection of Grueby pottery, designed by Prentiss Kendrick. . . . The characteristic of this ware which distinguishes it from other pottery is its peculiar green finish. It is used principally for decorative jars and vases, and at the present time is new, popular and proportionately expensive.20
Two years earlier, Grueby had exhibited "tiles of various colors" in the society's 1897 exhibition, but these apparently were tiles without designs, meant to show off his new mat glazes. Plain glazed tiles remained a mainstay of his pottery. Before 1900, Grueby's architectural faience, glazed with his new mat colors, had been the only ceramic tiles to be exhibited in American Arts and Crafts exhibitions. In spite of Grueby's innovative glazes, Kendrick's known designs were runofthemill and prevented these early tiles from having much distinction as Arts and Crafts tiles. However, recent discoveries of rich sculptural fireplace facings and
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bathroom border tiles, most of them picturing naturalistic plant forms, are attributed to the Grueby company. Their early date (1898) and their characteristic green mat glazes point to Kendrick as their designer, a fact that could elevate his stature as a tile designer and shed new light on the development of Grueby's Arts and Crafts tiles. 21 When Kendrick left the firm in 1901 and Addison B. Le Boutillier, another Boston architect, succeeded him as designer, Grueby Faience began the successful production of Arts and Crafts tiles. Le Boutillier's masterfully stylized designs of trees and such favorite Arts and Crafts motifs as sailing ships, rendered in a cloisonné effect, were very suited to Grueby's mat glazes. Le Boutillier thought that "a tile picture would doubtless outlive a man's fancy for it. . . . Landscapes and figures, if used on tiles, should be reduced to ornament, in some such way as the Chinese artist treated the subject . . . in fact, as was always done until recent years."22 He thought it desirable that tiles be irregular in shape and color, and he admired Mercer's tiles for their heavy, handcrafted appearance. "Mercer has revived the true medieval spirit of the potter's art," Le Boutillier wrote for the Architectural Review in 1906, the spirit which has prevailed up to the time of the rediscovery of porcelain in the 18th century, when the potter's enthusiasm for technical perfection left no room for art. Mr. Mercer's tiles retain the plastic quality of clay which is so characteristic of the work of the medieval potter. We can hardly say too much in the praise of the missionary work . . . [he] has done, not only in reviving art in tiles themselves, but in the setting as well.23
But Le Boutillier's original designs owe little to Mercer or to any other ceramic artist and remain one of the major achievements of American Arts and Crafts tile making.24 Grueby's business manager, William Hagerman Graves, was an active spokesperson for Arts and Crafts ideals. "If Arts and Crafts Societies stand for one particular thing more than another," he said in 1904, "is it not for the promotion of 'good taste' or the fitness of things in matters of decorative art—by exhibition, by keeping a shop, by making themselves fit in the community?"25 Many years later, in 1925, Graves was invited to lecture at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts on "Decorative Tiles and the Tile Makers of Today." The subject may have been prompted by Grueby's death in February of that year. Well in advance of his lecture, Graves addressed a letter to Mercer: I am writing to ask you for some interesting facts about yourself and your work as a designer and maker of tiles. My audience, of course, would have very little technical interest in the subject, but would certainly be interested in the motives and sources of the design and process and the very significant part you have played in their decorative use by architects and owners. The tile makers who have done anything to improve the artistic value of tiles, are of course, very few indeed. You were, perhaps, the first to awaken any interest in tiles beyond their sanitary value. I know that Grueby and I profited very much by the standards you had already established and the desire for better things which you c??ed among your artistic friends here [in Boston].26
Mercer responded to Graves's request without delay with a long, candid letter, enclosing a copy of his manuscript for "Notes on the Moravian Pottery in Doylestown." He was now seventy, had founded the Moravian Pottery twentyeight years earlier, and welcomed the opportunity to give Graves, a knowledgeable architect, an extensive account of his work. He wrote as one professional to another. Graves's interest in motives and sources caused Mercer to sit down and sort out his experiences. His letter documents his thinking on technical matters while it illuminates his aesthetic concerns. Despite its lack of polish, Mercer's letter to Graves is not only his most meaningful rationale for his own work but also an important major statement of Arts and Crafts ideals at work. Extracts from it appear throughout this book; it is reproduced in its entirety in Appendix VII.27 Graves was so enthusiastic about Mercer's response that, immediately after his lecture, still "high" from his success, he wrote Mercer again, on 6 December: I have just come in from my talk . . . and I want to tell you at once how grateful I feel for your very complete and helpful contribution to the subject. I had shared your good letter with Mr. Templeman Coolidge [Mercer's old friend and Harvard classmate] who advised me to read a good part of it to my audience, which I did. I also read extracts from your address on the Moravian Pottery and showed a few example of your tiles—with some old Persian, Moorish, [and] modern imitations of these and, of course, some [of] Grueby and Solon's latest work based on Oriental models. My idea was to show the old world sources of American potters who have had the greatest influence in the development of present day methods and results—yourself, the late Wm. H. Grueby and Leon Solon of the American Encaustic Company.28
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Grueby's firm had always been beset by financial difficulties. His art pottery was much imitated, and as with the furniture of Gustav Stickley, another American Arts and Crafts entrepreneur who insisted on fine workmanship, cheap imitations took most of his market. In 1919, the C. Pardee Works of New York and New Jersey bought the firm. Grueby joined the company as a consultant and became a member of the executive committee of the New Jersey Clay Workers Association. In May 1923, two years before his death, this committee planned a combined business and pleasure trip to Doylestown to see "the Bucks County Historical Museum and other points of interest in the vicinity." 29 A member of the committee, Charles A. Bloomfield, penciled a note to Mercer at the bottom of the form letter announcing their visit for 22 May: My Dear Doctor About a year ago, you expressed to me a very high opinion of the artistic qualifications of Mr. Grueby. Today he promised to be with us next Tuesday. He wants to meet you.30
How curious it is that Grueby and Mercer, both associated with the origin of the Art and Crafts tile in America and both fellow members of the Boston society for nearly a quarter of a century, had never met earlier. Presumably they did so then. Mary Chase Perry (18671961), a china painter turned art potter, was another important Arts and Crafts ceramist. Her admiration for Mercer's work shows in her tiles. Perry began handmaking tiles at her Pewabic Pottery in 1903. She gained national recognition especially for her iridescent glazes and architectural decorations.31 Perry became a member of the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, in 1907, after helping to form the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts in 1906, of which Mercer became a member.32 She visited Mercer at Doylestown at least once, in 1916.33 She and Mercer both received commissions from such leading architects as Ralph Adams Cram and Cass Gilbert. Perry used Mercer's 1906 tile catalogue as a source for some of her early tile designs, and his mosaic process as a point of departure for her picturebook fireplace in the Detroit Public Library, and other works. Inspired by his example, she made her own adaptations of British medieval tile designs. She freely adapted Mercer's City, and River design (MC 10) for her City of Detroit tile, in which the Detroit river flows by the city's skyline and the border reads "In Detroit, life is worth living."34 Ernest Batchelder (18751957), who was one of the most influential design teachers in the United States and a distinguished ceramist, was an early admirer of Mercer's tiles. He helped organize the Handicraft Guild of Minneapolis in 1902, which was modeled after the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. He published two important books on design theory in 1904, moved to Pasadena in the same year, and resided in California thereafter.35 The pottery Batchelder established in 1909 was thriving by 1912. While his tile designs show a debt to both Mercer and Grueby, they also have their own individuality. Batchelder adapted and developed a number of Mercer's original subjects: Mayan motifs, musicians carved in deep relief, and designs of fruits and flowers. Unlike Mercer's, Batchelder's floor tiles are uniformly molded, and the resulting appearance is smooth and even. When his ceramic business failed in 1932, Batchelder was employing 150 workers. He began again in 1938, concentrating on fine pottery until he retired in 1951 at age seventysix. In 1905, Batchelder traveled to Europe to give a series of lectures on American handicrafts. Before sailing he wrote to Frederick Whiting at the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, to obtain photographs from which to make slides to illustrate his talk. "I wish about thirty plates," he requested, "[including] three or four of those stunning things of Mercer's if possible."36 But there is no reason to think that he ever met the designer of these stunning things. The Newcomb Pottery at Newcomb College of Tulane University in New Orleans did not make tiles on a commercial scale, but those that it did produce are among the finest examples of American handcrafted tiles. Mary Given Sheerer, a product of the art pottery movement in Cincinnati, had been brought to Newcomb in 1894 to teach china painting and became, in a sense, the founder of the Newcomb Pottery. She had included some of Mercer's tiles in a Newcomb College exhibit in 1906 and then visited the Moravian Pottery in 1908, apparently accompanied by her cofounding faculty members, Elsworth and William Woodward. Frank Swain, on a visit to New Orleans in 1917, reported to Mercer by letter that Miss Scheerer [sic], who is Supt. [superintendent], has two or three tiles on her desk. You gave them to her at the old pottery
Page 83 & then took her over to Fonthill when nothing but the crypt was set [summer, 1908]. Dr. Woodward, who sent you the vase, sends his warmest regards to you & says he looks back to his visit as something pleasant that comes to one but seldom in a lifetime, for he saw you doing so easily what a great many people would like to do and what a few strive to do but don't succeed even by working hard at it and he considers our tiles the only real tiles or the best things made since the 15th century, & that, as he says, is saying a good deal. What he admires too is that year after year they do not become more mechanical which he thinks is too apt to happen. 37
Hospitable though he doubtless was when such ceramists as Grueby, Perry, Sheerer, and Woodward visited, Mercer formed no real friendship with any potter other than Herman Carl Mueller, and then only late in life. Mueller (18541941), trained first in the industrial arts and then as a sculptor in his native Germany, came to the United States in 1878, settling in Cincinnati. He worked as a modeler for two tile companies and also as a freelance sculptor. He designed and modeled in clay nine figuresintheround (American Indians, a pioneer family, a farmer, and a blacksmith) for the Indianapolis State House in 18851887. He also operated a cement sculpture business before joining the American Encaustic Company in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1887 as a modeler. There he worked with Karl Langenbeck (18611938), a distinguished ceramic chemist. Their collaboration on technical processes led to the establishment of the Mosaic Tile Company in 1894, where they developed and produced a highly original and quite extraordinary tile mosaic process. By an intricate system of grids, Mueller and Langenbeck made muralsize mosaics that appeared to have been assembled from tesserae, although they were actually 1/8inch sections of colored dust clays pressed together into 6inch tiles. When the company stopped producing the mosaics, Mueller packed up his family and moved to New Jersey. In 1908, he established the Mueller Mosaic Company in Trenton, manufacturing ordinary floor and wall tile as well as a number of Arts and Crafts styles of tiles. His ''Florentine" panels resemble Mercer's mosaics of 1903.38 Mueller visited Mercer at Fonthill for the first time in 1923. As he had lived not more than thirty miles from Mercer since 1908, it is surprising that they had not met sooner. After his visit, Mueller wrote to Mercer: I am very sorry that I did not see you before this as it would have meant much to me during a period of hard struggle against our hard boiled mechanical clients. Still your success in a real artistic field has always encouraged me, though I could not follow it as I would have liked to.39
The two men, now in their later years, became fast friends. Mueller visited Fonthill periodically. They shared many common interests, including time spent in Germany and Arts and Crafts idealism. In May 1924, Mueller wrote: I heard you were "under the weather" and your evident recovery is therefore a relief. We cannot spare you just yet. There seems to be a swing in the right direction, even among the architects, who are as a rule rather backward—conservative they call it. Our period of mechanical perfection and brainless "efficiency" seems to tire the people and the call for more artistic craftsmanship is evident. I have made a good many efforts to compromise the modern taste with medieval methods but found that it is either one or the other. I was at a meeting of the tile people in New York the other day. Mr. Vickers, designing Architect of the Public Service Commission, talked about the relationship of Tile to Architecture and made a strong plea for the hand made tile versus the mechanical product, but I think he was not understood. Manufacturers present, who treated me somewhat condescendingly, asked me how many kilns I had; salesmen talked about new hotels with three hundred and fifty bathrooms and tile setters talked about the high cost of labor. Mr. Vickers' arguments did not seem to interest them at all. I am eager to see you again.40
In another letter Mueller talked about how he came to use Native American designs. Mercer responded with a long discourse on German storytellers and castle stories and other reminiscences unrelated to tile making. In 1927, Mueller sent a copy of a paper he had written ten years earlier on the subject of industrial education, an aspect of the Arts and Crafts movement in which he had been very active. Mercer replied that he did not know much about industrialschool training but, as to the bearing of art on technology, there we have a very deep question. No doubt a good deal is being done in decorative art. But to my mind all art, decorative or other, has soul and how are you going to teach soul. Probably all the schools on earth can only help the man with soul to use his tools and as there is only one of these probably per thousand students, they will go on producing aesthetes, thrillers, cubists, limelighters, gogetters, etc., but not artists. Jazz is the order of the day.41
Early in the autumn of 1929 Mueller was in Germany, where at Mercer's urgings he visited Durnstein. Mercer had made an extended stay in this town while
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on his journey by houseboat down the Danube in 1886. In Durnstein, Mueller found people who remembered Mercer's visit. Indeed, if Mueller is to be believed, Mercer had become part of the city's lore. Mueller wrote from Austria to tell him so, genially: The legends of the Village or City as it is called contain three principal personalities—Richard Coeur de Lion, Blondel and Harry Moser which of course is Henry Mercer. When I mentioned the fact that I came from this legendary Harry I had the whole town around my neck; that is—the older inhabitants and even some of the younger, especially one very pretty young lady who told me that her mother knew Mr. Mercer quite well. . .. I hope there may be some places where I will be as well and with much genuine affection remembered as you are in Durnstein, where Harry Moser is really ahead of the other two historical figures. 42
Back in the States in late October, Mueller delivered to Mercer two seeds from a tree of unidentified species that Mercer had planted in a Durnstein courtyard in 1886 and that had recently been cut down. The day after Mueller's visit, Mercer planted the seeds in his Fonthill arboretum.43 On 24 December 1929, Mueller sent his Christmas greetings and a few photographs of the facade of the Steward Building in New York, where he had recently installed tiles. "I hope you don't dislike it too much," Mueller wrote, and signed, "I am your devoted, H. C. Mueller."44 Three days later, Mercer replied: The pictures came last night, and it gives me great pleasure to send you, without any friendly evasions, my warm compliments. To my' mind, your portal, made by the human heart, and brain, is a novel and charming work of decorative design. With striking taste you have adapted and blended into a soft harmony enlivened with variations, the gorgeous filigrees and borderings of the FAR EAST. For you a triumph. All the more impressive here, because the machinemade skyscraper, though pressing cruelly upon your work, cannot stifle its song of beauty. If I could criticize most unwillingly anything, it would be the less significant and harmonious detail within the radiating arrow over the arch. Possibly also, although not certainly, the sharp edged triangulation of the six lower brackets, and finally the concession to uptodate female hair cut, on the central figure. But these are minor details. Again the congratulations of Yours admiringly H. C. Mercer45
<><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer's contemporaries took careful note of his success as an Arts and Crafts tile maker, but most of them—Graves and Mueller excepted—never fully comprehended his aims or his extraordinary sensitivity to the relationship that necessarily exists between tiles and architecture. Individually, tiles handcrafted by others were sometimes more refined and even more beautiful, but this extra refinement was costly, and it was lost or out of place in many architectural contexts. Further, the tiles of Mercer's competitors rarely show, as Dorothy Garwood characterizes some of Perry's work, "a personal sense of private expression."46 Mercer's art, though used in public places, was always full of private meanings. These meanings unified and vivified his work in his lifetime. Since his life was an interesting one, intersecting many of the currents of art, science, and culture in America, and since the creative intelligence behind the tiles never flagged, Mercer's ceramic work has always had the capacity to engage the intellect of the thoughtful viewer more deeply than the work of most of his contemporaries.
Plate 1. Saint George and the Dragon mosaic. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 2. Mosaic mural for Beetem Carpet Mills at Carlisle, Pa., 1914. 3'5" × 8'11". Panels depict crafts related to the weaving industry. Photo by Tandy Hersh, 1980.
Plate 3. Art pottery by HCM in novelty shapes. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Small Mortar (AP 39). Collection, FH/BCHS. 2. Chinese Toy Bowl (MC 100, AP 12). Collection, FH/BCHS. 3. Large Mortar (AP 44). Collection, MM/BCHS. 4. Carlyle's Candlestick (AP 41). Collection, MM/BCHS. 5. Castle (AP 43). Collection, FH/BCHS. 6. Tower (AP 42). Collection, MM/BCHS.
Plate 4. "Reaping with a Sickle." Harrisburg mosaic. Photo by James R. Blackaby, 1986.
Plate 5. "The Automobile." Harrisburg mosaic. Photo by James R. Blackaby, 1986.
Plate 6. Paul Revere's Boston Harbor mosaic. Reproduction by Moravian Pottery, 1984. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 7. The Arkansas Traveller fireplace. Private residence. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 8. HCM. October. Pastel, 29 × 32½ inches. 1920. Collection, FH/BCHS. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 9. Hall of the Four Seasons, Fonthill, showing October murals. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 10. Four Seasons mosaic fireplace. 1929. Charles Freeman House, Salem Church, Doylestown, Pa. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Plate 11. Examples of Mercer's first tiles, 18981901. Designs based on stove plates, travels abroad, and English, French, and German medieval tiles. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. One of HCM's first tile prototypes, uncatalogued. Collection, FH/BCHS. 2. Lotos (MC 3). Collection, MM/BCHS. 3. Uncatalogued prototype. Reduced version of upperleft section of ''Raging Year" stove plate. Collection, MPTW. 4. Thomas Carlyle's Candle (MC 6). Collection, MM/BCHS. 5. Little Pomegranate, 14 seeds (MC 41). Collection, MPTW. 6. Creation of Eve (MC 75). Collection, MM/ BCHS. 7. Little Fox (reduced version of MC 374, after MC 39). Collection, MM/BCHS. 8. Little Maltese Cross (MC 87). Collection, MPTW. 9. Little Chequer of Cluny (MC 154). Collection, MPTW. 10. Persian Bird (MC 38). Reproduction by MPTW, 1982. Private Collection. 11. Scaled Dragon on Castle Acre (MC 137). Collection, MPTW. 12. Vicar of Stowe (MC 58). Collection, MM/BCHS. 13. Shamrock of Castle Acre (MC 66). Collection, MPTW. 14. Foliate Circle of Castle Acre (MC 164). Collection, MPTW. 15. Crescent Arms of Castle Acre (MC 112). Collection, MM/BCHS. 16. Small Swan and Tower (MC 79). Collection, Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, N.Y. 17. Little Stripe, outline (MC 89). Collection, FH/BCHS. 18. Little Castle, outline (MC 90). Collection, MPTW. 19. Little Stripe, full (MC 86). Collection, MPTW. 20. Interlaced Circles of Nuremberg (MC 68). Collection, FH/BCHS. 21. Centaur of Nuremberg (MC 65). Collection, FH/BCHS. 22. Demon of Nuremberg (MC 63). Collection, FH/BCHS.
Plate 12. Conventional relief tiles from English and Spanish sources. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Quatrefoil and Flowerets (MC 152). Collection, FH/BCHS. 2. Swastika of Persepolis (MC 158). Collection, FH/BCHS. 3. Square and Fleur de Lys, full (see MC 192). Collection, FH/BCHS. 4. Square and Fleur de Lys, outline (MC 192). Collection, MPTW. 5. Birds of Tintern Abbey, inlaid (see MC 122). Collection, FH/BCHS. 6. Arms of England (MC 167). Collection, FH/BCHS. 7. Crossed Lozenge of St. Cross (MC 161). Collection, MM/BCHS. 8. Squared Border of Andover (MC 151). Collection, MM/BCHS. 9. Linked Shields of Lewes Priory (MC 166). Collection, MPTW. 10. Star of Granada (MC 134). Collection, MPTW. 11. City of God (MC 282). Collection, Everson Museum of Art. 12. Spanish Fox (MC 279). Collection, MPTW. 13. Tower of Castile (MC 284). Collection, MM/BCHS. 14. Spanish Lion (MC 252). Collection, FH/BCHS. 15. Arms of Leon, uncatalogued. Collection, FH/BCHS. 16. Arms of Castile (see MC 113). Collection, FH/BCHS. 17. Spanish Hare and Hawk (MC 275). Collection, MPTW.
Plate 13. Mostly conventional tiles, mostly American themes. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Indian Making Fire (MC 228). Collection, MM/BCHS. 2. Amerind (MC 264). Collection, MPTW. 3. Blowing the Conch Horn (MC 321). Collection, MPTW. 4. Duck (MC 382). Collection, FH/ BCHS. 5. Brocade Pomegranate (MC 366). Collection, FH/BCHS. 6. Tile of Jamestown Church (MC 281). Collection, FH/BCHS. 7. Blast Furnace (see MC 204). Collection, MPTW. 8. Shield of Harvard College (MC 285). Collection, FH/BCHS. 9. Boston State House (see MC 204). Collection, FH/BCHS. 10. Boston Harbor (see MC 209). Collection, FH/BCHS. 11. Pine Tree Shilling (MC 211). Collection, FH/BCHS. 12. Tree, uncatalogued. Collection, MM/BCHS. 13. Tulip Tree, Everlasting Tree Label (MT 533; see Appendix I). Collection, MM/BCHS. 14. Tulip Poplar Leaf (MC 196). Collection, MM/BCHS. 15. Tulip (MC 419). Collection, Everson Museum of Art. 16. Spanish Galleon (MC 236). Collection, FH/BCHS. 17. Music (MC 351). Collection, FH/ BCHS. 18. Alphabet (MC 431). Collection, FH/BCHS. 19. Brocade Heart (MC 380). Collection, MM/BCHS. 20. Cat (MC 353). Collection, FH/ BCHS.
Plate 14. Uncatalogued tile designs, brocades, pierced tiles, and conventional tiles, mostly relating to the Four Seasons. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Hoop Boy, brocade (MT 5041).Collection, MM/BCHS. 2. Sun, inlaid (see MT 50618). Collection, FH/BCHS. 3. Zodiac, "Cancer" (MT 5136) Collection, MM/BCHS. 4. Open Lock, brocade (50413). Collection, MM/BCHS. 5. Musician, "Viola da Braccio" (MT 5014). Collection, FH BCHS. 6. Constellation "Pegasus" (MT 5101). Collection, MM/BCHS. 7. Musician, "Dulcimer'' (MT 5019) Collection, MPTW. 8. Rain (MT 514a3). Collection, FH/BCHS. 9. Priscilla (MT 5223). Collection, FH/BCHS. 10. Zodiac, "Aries" (MT 51119). Collection, Everson Museum of Art. 11. Constellation, "Lyra" (MT 51119). Collection, FH/BCHS. 12. Hoeing Corn (MT 5049). Collection, MM/BCHS. 13. Summer, "Reaping" (MT 5082). Collection, MM/BCHS. 14. Santa Maria (MT 526b4). Collection, FH/BCHS. 15. Dipping Candles (MT 5082). Collection, MM/BCHS. 1619. Seasons Animals, Robin, Bee, Rabbit, Owl (MT 509a14). Collection, FH/BCHS.
Plate 15. Tiles of the New World. Panel in MPTW, New Indian House studio. Photo © H. K. Barnett, 1984. Row 1: Madoc (NW 5), Leif Ericsson (NW 55), Hudson (NW 62), Vinland (NW 52), De Soto (NW 65), Triste Noche (NW 31), Fortunatae Island (NW 64). Row 2: Norum Bega (NW 43), Eskimo Dogs (NW 46), Norse Ships (NW 33), Skrellings (NW 54), Crossing Behring Straits (NW 50), Making Arrow Heads (NW 41), Plucking Indian Corn (NW 59), Incense Burning Copal (NW 61). Row 3: Arms of Captain John Smith (NW 32), Conch Horn (NW 53), The Mayflower (NW 73), Digging Potatoes (NW 35), Penn's Treaty with the Indians (NW 45), Landing of the Pilgrims (NW 58), Nose Pipe (NW 44), Powhatan (NW 48). Row 4: Potatoes in Ireland (NW 40), Smoking Tobacco (NW 39), Gardens of Montezuma (NW 70), Fu Shah (NW 42), Kabal (NW 60), Destruction of Atlantis I (NW 37).
Plate 16. Art pottery based on Native and Colonial American vessel forms. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1.5. Examples of Mercer's experiments with primitive firing techniques. Collection, FH/BCHS. 6,7. After Dinner Coffee Cups (AP 25). Collection, MM/BCHS. 8. Tall Vase (AP 37). Collection, FH/BCHS. 9. Medium Vase (AP 38). Collection, FH/BCHS. 10. Apple Butter Jar (AP 36). Collection, FH/BCHS.
Plate 17. Art pottery impressed with conventional tile designs. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1 Swan and Tower Beer Mug (MC 99, AP 10). Collection, MM/BCHS. 2. Jonah and the Whale Drinking Cup (MC 101, AP 13). Collection, FH/BCHS. 3. John Fitch Ink Stand (AP 4). Private collection. 4. Deer Riding Wolf Sconce (MC 189, AP 17). Collection, MM/BCHS. 5. Vicar Box (MC 76, AP 6). Private collection. 6. Swan Ink Stand (MC 95, AP 2). Collection, MM/BCHS. 7. Little Castle tile (MC 89). Collection, MPTW. 8. Small Swan and Tower tile (MC 79). Collection, Everson Museum of Art.
Plate 18. Art pottery based on Native American vessels. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Duck Head Bowl (AP 29). Collection, MM/BCHS. 2. Headless Bowl with Ears, bottom view with added feet and stamped filfot pattern (AP 30). Collection, FH/BCHS 3. Four Head Bowl (AP 34). Collection, MM/BCHS. 4. Oval Dish (AP 28). Collection, MM/BCHS. 5,6. Small Dish with Ears, 2 sizes (AP 45). Collection, FH/BCHS.
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PART II— MERCER AND HIS TILES: THEMES AND USES
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Introduction To Part II Mercer's romantic concept of himself as a rediscoverer of the past found its greatest outlet in his tiles. His designs commemorate his discoveries. Some design sources, such as the medieval tiles shown to him by Hercules Read in England and the early American tools he collected in Bucks County, come from his life as a scholar. Others have to do with the revelatory act of discovery itself, as when in one of his favorite folk tales, the old squatter first hears the "turn of the tune" from the Arkansas Traveller. His New World tiles encompass nothing less than the discovery of the Americas by one of his great heroes, Christopher Columbus, and the exploration of these new lands by others who, like Mercer, sought what Columbus's motto proclaimed: "more beyond." On a different level, the New World tiles also celebrate Mercer's own discovery of Spanish culture during his visit to Spain in 1892, and Latin American culture during his expedition to the Yucatan later in the decade. Even in such traditional subjects for Victorian and Arts and Crafts tile makers as the Four Seasons and the Labors of the Months, Mercer believed that he had found something new to say, some fresh insight into an old tale, some original way to interpret a familiar theme. In the case of biblical stories, he had discovered a long forgotten pictorial treatment of them by early GermanAmericans and adapted it for his own use. His later tiles directly reflect the activities of his last years, when he was largely absorbed by his tool collection and the study of early American rural buildings. In one way or another, all Mercer's tiles are memorials to his experiences as an archaeologist, collector, connoisseur, and historian. Mercer knew perfectly well that his tile designs were rooted in his experiences, and he once summarized those aspects of himself that had found their ways into his tiles: Veneration for the past; deficient knowledge but a great love of Latin; great interest in the technical history of industries; several visits to Europe; my experience in archaeology and museums; consultations with friends who have studied directly the clay work of primitive peoples, all these have helped me very much. 1
Mercer also understood that few viewers would be able to comprehend these autobiographical aspects of his tiles. And so he selected, adapted, and invented images that, while closely associated with his life, were often also generally familiar motifs evocative of past ages. These included allegories of such familiar ideas as the Four Seasons, illustrations of biblical and traditional stories, and copies of medieval decorative designs. He also hoped that his tiles would help preserve American folklore. He viewed "storytelling"—his term for any literary program underlying a work of art—as his most essential task, and he pursued it with a seriousness that sets him apart from most if not all of his contemporaries in American ceramics. "I agree that
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the design must be an aesthetic success," he wrote, "but if tiles could tell no story, inspire or teach nobody, and only served to produce aesthetic thrills, I would have stopped making them long ago." 2 In his larger works, such as the Harrisburg floor and many brocade panels, he showed a kinship with the American mural movement of the 1890s; both depended heavily on literary programs and didactic, uplifting themes. He meant his tiles always to be beautiful, but never at the costof surrendering their meanings. Barber, the foremost historian of ceramics of his day, did not fully understand this and said virtually nothing about Mercer's subjects. Nor did any of Mercer's other contemporaries remark in print on the meanings of his tiles, though some of his closest associates in the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts must have undersood the importance of his subjects, as RandallMacIver almost certainly did. Mercer moved beyond simple relief tiles in standard geometric forms to his mosaic style and then on to his brocades to gain the means to treat his increasingly complex subjects. His early relief tiles were adequate for the depiction of conventionalized symbolic images such as the wyverns, wheels, and heraldic designs of Castle Acre, images that do not illustrate stories so much as they evoke an era—the medieval past as idealized by Sir Walter Scott and other nineteenthcentury writers. But to illustrate a story fully, and not merely allude to its era with motifs, requires more than 4by4inch tiles can offer. The greater pictorial potential of his mosaic and brocade styles allowed Mercer not only to work on a larger scale but also to profit from the expressive possibilities of the art of relief sculpture. The progress from his early tiles to his late major sculptural brocades was rapid, closely linked to architectural concerns and always propelled by Mercer's need to say something in clay about his discoveries. During this progress, several major themes developed in Mercer's work, each closely associated with his life. His early medieval tiles were an outgrowth of his European travels and his nearobsession with hand manufacture. His preoccupation with the theme of Columbus and the New World paralleled an emotional crisis. His Bible theme directly reflected the thrust of his scholarly work as well as his reawakened religious beliefs. The American legends brocade reliefs record not only the development of Mercer's mature sculptural style, but also his involvement with the ideas of the Colonial revival and his abiding interest in folklore, carrying the Arts and Crafts ideal well beyond the Arts and Crafts movement. His final, culminating treatment of humankind at work was a summation of his own labors and perhaps a valedictory.
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Chapter Six— The Early Tiles First Tiles: Stove Plate Designs Veneration for the past. . . . —Henry Chapman Mercer (1926) 1
In the autumn of 1898, Mercer cast the molds for his first production tiles directly from the relief designs on eighteenthcentury PennsylvaniaGerman castiron stove plates. He was just then deeply involved in the study of these black, reliefdecorated, nearly square plates, each about two feet on a side. He had discovered them among the rubbish of old farms, where they had once served as the sides of fiveplate jamb stoves (Figs. 48 and 49). These stoves had been of great importance in Colonial America, but they rapidly became obsolete early in the nineteenth century after the widespread acceptance of the freestanding tenplate stove. Mercer found the castoff plates of disassembled jamb stoves throughout Bucks County in use as stepping stones, makeshift chimney covers, and wall patches; some lay buried in the soot and ashes of fireplace hearths. He described them as "perhaps the most interesting and instructive of any of the relics of colonial times" because they documented the transplantation and survival for more than a generation of a species of German folk art.2 At the time, Mercer was a leading authority on PennsylvaniaGerman traditional designs. In 1897, he had published two pioneering papers on the subject. One,
Fig. 48. Illustration in HCM's The Bible in Iron (1914) of a fiveplate jamb stove.
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Fig. 49. A fiveplate castiron stove decorated with a conventionalized floral pattern; HCM reproduced this plate in the fourpiece Tile of SF (MC 8). Collection, MM/BCHS.
"The Decorated Stove Plates of Durham," for the Bucks County Historical Society, concerned stove plates; the other "The Survival of the Medieval Art of Illuminative Writing Among Pennsylvania Germans," for the American Philosophical Society, concerned fraktur. 3 Then, a year later, precisely when he was at work on his first tiles, Mercer wrote an updated, illustrated version of his Durham paper, retitling it "The Decorated Stove Plates of the Pennsylvania Germans.''4 His interest in this subject never flagged. Seventeen years later, after he had amassed the largest single collection of American stove plates, he published his The Bible in Iron, which, with its later revisions, remains the standard study.5 Mercer derived fourteen of his first twentyfive designs for production tiles from the three stove plates he had included in his Tools exhibition in 1897. In his catalogue of that show, he noted that the heart, tulip, and bird designs cast in iron at Durham from about 1750 to 1770 bore a striking resemblance to the treatment of the same subjects in fraktur.6 He had also observed the iconographical similarities with the heart and tulip designs of the PennsylvaniaGerman pottery that he had tried without success to produce with Herstine in 1897. Instead of applying these motifs to the surfaces of pottery by the sliptrailing or sgraffito techniques, he now pressed them into clay with molds cast directly from the stove plates. The motifs were freed from the decorative configurations of the plates and, now available in quantities, could be reassembled into new patterns. Mercer did just this, both in Indian House and later in the gallery of his new studio at the Pottery. A typical stove plate design appears on the "Raging Year" plate, one of the three he collected in 1897.7 It consists of a large upper panel divided into two arched sections, each arch supported by fluted columns. Each of the two sections contains a floral design, one a tulip in a pot balanced with lozenges, eightpoint stars, and sheaves of wheat, and the other, a fluted circlet (which may represent an aureole) with divergent rays enclosing a heart. A central friezelike panel contains part of the inscribed motto that once banded three sides of the stove. The lower panel has a decorated medallion containing the year of the plate's manufacture. Mercer's other two stove plates were similar: "Judge Not of S.F." features a circlet under a single canopy which signifies that it was a front plate rather than a side plate of a stove.8 "Cross and Tulip of 1751" has no circlet in the
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left panel, but instead the name "Jahn Pot." 9 Details from all three of these stove plates found their way into Mercer's tiles. He understood from the outset how well these stove plate details could be adapted to architectural settings. He envisioned them framed by columns and arches and unified with bands of lettering. He used the "Raging Year" plate as the basis of a fullblown fireplace facing that he illustrated in Catalogue II as Arrangement 14 (Fig. 50). He developed a modular system based on a 7by5 ½inch tile, offering five tulip motifs (MC 15; Plate 11;2) as the basic pictorial elements and three sections of columns (three of the tulips and one section of column combined to form an arched colonnade). He offered a choice of four mottos for decorative bands, modular plain tiles (blanks) and small tulip tiles for fillers, edging tiles for borders, and a heavy cornice tile for a mantellike molding. In addition to this modular treatment of the stove plate details, Mercer also reproduced the entire "S.F." and "Jahn Pot" end plates, each divided into four sections, for use as plaques (Fig. 51). In 1929, Mercer was amused to learn from a friend that an antique dealer was offering one of these as a genuine PennsylvaniaGerman relic. He wrote to his friend: "I must laugh at the tile version of the old S.F. stove plate. I made it about 1900 and have made a very few since but feel sorry that my ceramic effort throws cold water on financial hopes of the dealer in whose possession you found it."10 In summarizing the history of the castiron plate stove in 1914, Mercer explained that they were a reconstruction in iron by PennsylvaniaGermans of a kind of stove that had traditionally been made of earthenware, raw clay, or tiles in Europe since Roman times, though not always in the same size or for the same purposes.11 The early Moravian settlers had made ceramic tile stoves of this type in eighteenthcentury America, though, as we have seen, Mercer was unaware of this when he was devising his earliest tiles. Having failed earlier to reproduce PennsylvaniaGerman pottery, Mercer had now transformed a different product of the same culture into decorative art
Fig. 50. Fireplace facing of tiles based on "Raging Year" stove plate (see MCA 14). Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 51. HCM's Tile of SF plaques displayed on a wall at Indian House, ca. 1907. Leaning against the wall at the left are the Green Tree plaque (MC 265), a mosaic version of it, and the Hercules plaque (MC 54). Among the drinking cups, inkstands, and tiles on the table are the Phaeton Bowl (MC 96, lower left corner) and Swan Box (MC 77, to the right of Hercules). Collection, SL/BCHS.
meaningful to the early twentieth century. 12 PennsylvaniaGerman conventionalized patterns, such as those of the stove plates, appealed to the Arts and Crafts taste. They were historical, "medieval" in the sense of having old European origins, while also distinctively American in their more recent history. They were survivals of a handicraft culture and were warmly received by architects in the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, whose work emphasized crafts, the Colonial Revival, and other historicizing styles. Old World Sources Great love of Latin. . . . —Henry Chapman Mercer (1926)13
The critical and commercial success of his early tiles urged Mercer on. By early 1900 he had added several new designs to his line. Like the stove plate derived tiles, these came from sources at hand. For his Persian Antelope (MC 33) and Persian Bird (MC 38; see Plate 11: 10), he reproduced details from brass trays that he bought in Egypt in 1882; he lifted Bird of Siena from a wooden box (Fig. 52). He also worked from photographs of objects he had seen and admired elsewhere, such as a Byzantine candelabrum from the Porta Maggiore of the Church of San Martino in Lucca, Italy, which became the source of his Byzantine Birds, Beasts, and Flowers series (MC 3537; see Plate 11:5, 7). Taken from classical, medieval, Byzantine, and PennsylvaniaGerman objects, these early designs attest to both the catholicity of Mercer's taste and his penchant for strong patterns (Figs. 122125). At this stage Mercer was more concerned with his processes of hand fabrication than with developing original designs. He was content to reproduce or adapt historical sources. These sources, which he always identified in his catalogues, also suited the taste of his Boston Arts and Crafts friends. "The Classical spirit was manifest," writes Beverly Brandt in her history of the Boston Society: C. Howard Walker, the official "Critic of the Jury," which was the arbiter of the Society's communal taste, urged all members to study the craftsmanship of the past. He had little patience with art nouveau or the style of selfconscious affectations of the socalled "arts and crafts" style. He preferred to see craftsmen use as models the collections at the Boston Public Li
Page 93 brary if they wished to improve their understanding of design elements and principles. He insisted that direct imitation of the masterpieces of the past inspired better results than did individual experimentation. 14
Walker had traveled with the American Archaeological Society through Asia Minor on the Assos Expedition between 1881 and 1883. His interest in the past was conditioned, much as Mercer's had been, by his experience as an antiquary.15 On an archaeologyrelated trip of his own, Mercer fell in love with an old tile that became one of his most important design sources (Fig. 53). With his friend Hercules Read of the British Museum, and Stewart Culin of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Mercer had attended an international meeting of archaeologists and antiquarians in Madrid in 1893. They then spent several weeks touring Cadiz, Seville, Gibraltar, Granada, and Toledo. In Granada, Mercer photographed Moorish tiles in the Alhambra. But no single tile he saw in Spain interested him more than one that Read bought in Toledo and which is now in the collection of Spanish tiles in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities of the British Museum. The exquisite design of the relief tile, "Impetus Fluminis," as Mercer called it, features a central armorial device—a graceful swan facing a castellated tower with undulating lines below them; the whole is surrounded by a Latin inscription and bordered by an inchwide, incomplete (too closely trimmed) symmetrical curvilinear scroll pattern. It is a cuenca relief tile glazed white, blue, green, and brown. Mercer believed that it had been made in sixteenthcentury Spain (Fig. 54).16 Of all the historical designs that followed his stove plate series, Mercer prized this one most. In Spain, he had jotted down its Latin inscription, a passage from Psalm 46:4, Fluminis Impetus Letificat Civitatem Dei (in Mercer's translation, "There is a river the streams thereof make glad the City of God"). Then, in November 1893, seven months after they had first seen it, he wrote to Read in London, "How is the tile? I get the 'Impetus Fluminis' but miss the 'Civitatum Dei' and no 'Laetificate.'"17 A few years later, when he began to make his own tiles, Mercer tried to reconstruct the design from memory. He made a 10inchsquare tile, which he called Large City and River (MC 10), picturing a flat silhouetted city with a castellated lower edge standing above rows of undulating lines representing a flowing river. The Latin inscription surrounds the border of the tile in block letters. The tile's flat relief resembles that of his own stove plate tiles.
Fig. 52. Small wooden box whose decorative design HCM copied for his Bird of Siena tile (MC 191). Collection, FH/BCHS. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1983.
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Fig. 53. HCM's variations of the Impetus Fluminis subject. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986. 1. Large City and River (MC 10). Collection MM/BCHS. 2. City and River Reduced (MC 53). Collection, MM/BCHS. 3. Swan and Tower (MC 32). Collection, MM/BCHS. 4. Small Swan and Tower (MC 79). Collection, Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, N.Y. 5. City of God (MC 282). Collection, Everson Museum of Art. 6. City, "Avalon I" (MT 505:2). Collection, FH/BCHS. 7. City, "Avalon II" (MT 505). Collection, FH/BCHS. 8. City and River, uncatalogued. Collection, MM/BCHS.
Even though Large City and River derives from his hazy memory of a tile he had seen a few years earlier, it is really Mercer's first original production design. But since he also meant to reproduce the original medieval design exactly, he wrote to Read in late December 1898: "In the bye hours I have gone into tile making, having, I think, some good ideas in the matter. . . . In which connection, I wish you would send me a photo of the 'Impetus Fluminis' tile with a note of the colors and let me try my hand at reproducing it." 18 Instead of a photograph, Read sent a wax impression of the tile, now preserved in the Fonthill collection. When Mercer reproduced it, acknowledging "the kindness of Mr. Charles H. Read," he called it Swan of Toledo (MC 32) after the fortified Spanish city below which the Tagus River flows. The "city and river" pairing fits many other places; Mercer doubtless saw its suitability to his own city of Philadelphia, made great by not one but two flowing rivers. Mercer was faithful to the original tile design to the extent of presenting it exactly as it was, with an incomplete border. He added a blank band on the bottom so the tile would fit his module of 5 ½ by 7 inches. He then produced a 4by4 tile of the same design, without the scroll border, which he called Swan and Tower (MC 79; see Plate 11:16). He persisted with variations on the design. There are molds for a version of a 10inch City and River with the design and motto drawn in crisp raised outlines, a tile that was never offered in the Pottery's catalogues.
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In 1910, when Mercer made four 28by30inch mosaics for the ceiling of the Study at Fonthill, complete with mottos and scroll borders, he adapted the Swan and Tower design for one and the City and River design for another. (A third mosaic varied the theme, depicting factories Ignis Fornacis Laetificat Civitatem Laboris ["The fiery furnaces gladden the laborer"], and the fourth depicted a bird in a garden Avum Cantus Laetiicat Hortum Hominis ["The bird's song gladdens the garden of man"].) Then, in 1912, he offered a finely modeled relief version of the design as a conventional tile called The City of God (MC 282). He also turned to the city as a theme in a series of brocade 4by4s depicting such "lost cities" of the New World as Cuzco, Cibola, and the Isle of Avalon, produced after 1912 but never catalogued (see Appendix II, B). He also used Latin inscriptions in the borders of his ''bookplate" series of tiles illustrating Painting, Music (Plate 13:17), Architecture, and Literature (MC 349352). In one way or another, each of these tiles owes something to the Toledo/British Museum Impetus Fluminis.
Fig. 54. Original Spanish tile from which HCM drew Impetus Fluminis designs. Collection, Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, British Museum. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1984.
All this was typical of Mercer's modus operandi. When he liked a design, he often reused it in several ways. When he "reproduced" a historic design, he seldom copied it exactly. In adapting it, he often redefined it. He created dozens of tile designs from a few historical models. In 1904, he told a local newspaper reporter: My designs . . . are copied from old abbeys and monasteries in England, Scotland, and Ireland, from public buildings in Rome, Madrid and Paris, from Persian and Arabic tiles sent me by friends, but especially from German stoveplates. . .. These have been my models, but I have not stuck slavishly to them. Whatever you see here has at least the merit of originality worked into it. 19
Medieval Paving Tiles By the by, what are those queer animals and heathen gods you sent? —Sue Williams (1905)20
In 1900, after introducing about fifty production designs, Mercer returned to Europe for the first time in two years. Now he saw medieval tiles with the eyes of an experienced tile maker and gained a new appreciation of their designs, glazes, and uses. His revelations began with a visit to his old friend Hercules Read, who had moved up to the post of Keeper of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum. Read gave him full access to the museum's collection of English medieval paving tiles. Mercer sketched them, made copious notes about their history, designs, and colors, and took away wax impressions of several.21 On the same trip, Mercer searched out examples of French tiles at the Hôtel de Cluny while attending the Exposition of 1900 in Paris, and German tiles in museums in Cologne, Hamburg, Vienna, and elsewhere. He returned to Doylestown determined to reproduce many of these designs and to incorporate them into pavings of a kind previously unknown in America.22 Tile pavings loosely based on medieval designs had been popular in both America and England since the early years of the Victorian era, but to Mercer they were false copies in every respect, completely missing the look and spirit of the originals. Beginning in the 1840s and continuing to the end of the century, antiquarian collectors had scoured the ruins of British abbeys, cathedrals, and churches for old tiles. Some wrote about their findings and reproduced the designs of the tiles
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they had found as illustrations in books and articles. Among the first were John Gough Nichols, head of a distinguished firm of printers and also, in succession to his father and grandfather, editor of Gentleman's Magazine; Alwyne Compton, later Bishop of Ely; and the young Augustus Wollaston Franks, who in the 1860s became Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities of the British Museum and who was Read's mentor. In his Examples of Decorative Tiles, Sometimes Termed Encaustic of 1845, one of the first important books on the subject, Nichols published 106 medieval tile designs as well as a list of all other tile designs known to have been published by others to that date. His express purpose was to provide authentic designs for the revival of tile manufacturing. 23 Continuing interest in the subject brought forth other publications, including Henry Shaw's Specimens of Tile Pavements (1858) and Thomas Oldham's Irish Paving Tiles (1865). All these publications provided design sources for English art tile manufacturers such as Maws, Chamberlain, Minton, and Doulton, who after the invention of the dust press in 1840 stepped up the mass production of medieval tile designs for churches and other buildings. Later in life, Mercer recalled to his English friend W. J. Andrew how the illustrations in these books, and the tiles based on them, had misled him: The pictures of encaustic tiles in . . . books such as Shaw had set me against them. I thought they looked like oilcloth. I was still more offended by the thousands of imitations of encaustic tiles sent to this country from England up to about 1890 and afterwards kept out by a tariff and imitated in this country. We have them in our Courthouse here and about in certain churches, hotels, etc. They are as hard as flint and as unsympathetic as a cast iron stove. When I went to the British Museum and saw the originals I was utterly astonished and delighted and have been delighted ever since. The trouble was that Shaw had handed his pictorial work over to die cutters who had trued up all the patterns with compass and square and secondly that Maw, Doulton and others who had been making these imitations in England had ruined the whole thing at the start by pressing these tiles by the thousands in steam or water run machines in dies, also trued up the same way; then worse than this, a man named Prosser invented a process by which you could stamp tiles out of semidry dust. This saved expense in drying and stopped shrinking, but altogether killed clay's greatest natural charm, mainly plasticity. Every one of the old [i.e., original medieval] tile designs I have seen has been drawn freely by hand with reasonable but never mathematical balance. These facts . . . have been of immense help to me. . . . For the past twenty years I have been trying to make . . . tiles as the monks made them.24
His new understanding of how tiles had been made and used in medieval England inspired Mercer's next series of reproductions. Though tiles had been made in the Near East as far back as the fourth millennium B.C., their general use in Europe dated only from the second half of the twelfth century A.D. In England the use of tile pavings was well established by the middle of the thirteenth century. English artisans made decorative tile pavements, first for churches and cathedrals, then for residences of the nobility, and finally for buildings of rich townspeople and gentlemen. These colorful tiles were part of the move toward greater comfort and finer decoration in later medieval buildings, and their fabrication continued until the sixteenth century.25 In sacred settings, Mercer observed: These pavements when first set . . . must have almost vied with the stained glass. . .. [The surviving pavements] tell us a little more about the art of these tiles, based not merely on their design and meaning but also on their technical process. . . . This process is so intimately connected with their history and significance that the one can hardly be understood without the other.26
To comprehend the process, Mercer experimented with methods of making two types of medieval tiles, both based on specimens he had examined at the British Museum.27 The first type was the inlaid or "encaustic" tile. (The term "encaustic," which came into general use in the nineteenth century to describe inlaid tiles, was advocated by Mercer but not universally accepted. It is now considered archaic.)28 In design, inlaid tiles were the most sophisticated made in medieval England. Wellpreserved examples remain from Chertsey Abbey, Surrey. They were made by a seemingly simple method: A design was stamped into a tile of plastic, red burning clay, and the recessed sections were then filled with a thick whiteburning slip clay. When dry, the foot surface was scraped smooth to reveal a white design on a red background. A transparent lead glaze on the surface produced a brilliant orangered and yellow tile. Mercer experimented with the lost technique of making inlaid tiles in 1898, but he showed little interest in pursuing the process, perhaps because machinemade versions were a specialty of the Victorian art tile manufacturers. Perhaps also he was not willing to spend the time it would have required to rediscover this highly specialized and difficult technique of inlaying white clay.
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Fig. 55. Original Castle Acre tiles. Collection, Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, British Museum. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1981.
(The problem was one of fitting red and white clays so they would shrink at the same rate and not separate in drying or firing.) Mercer returned to the problem much later, perfecting the technique in 1926 in response to an ultimately unfulfilled order to pave a chapel in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England. He may have been one of the first potters since the Middle Ages to make handmade inlaid tiles successfully (see Plate 12:5). 29 In the meantime, Mercer concentrated his attention on reproducing a second medieval type, the relief or counterrelief tile. He especially admired the products of East Anglia tile makers active in the last half of the fourteenth century at Bawsey near King's Lynn, Norfolk. At the British Museum, Mercer took careful note of the tiles made by these potters for Castle Acre Priory (Fig. 55). The designs of the Bawsey tiles, stamped from handcarved wooden molds, were debased compared with those of Chertsey and further, the examples in the British Museum were wasters (rejected by their makers as flawed). Mercer did not seem to mind because the Bawsey tiles had been made by methods similar to his own. The recessed parts of their designs were not filled with slip to make the tile face level. Instead, the entire face of the tile, including the recesses of the relief, had been covered with a green or brown leadbased glaze. Centuries of footwear on "Castle Acre tiles," as Mercer called them, produced quite a different effect from that found on the inlaid type. The glaze on the foot surface wore away, exposing the clay, but the glaze in the recessed parts remained intact, allowing the design that had been pressed 600 years earlier to shine forth. The contrast between the glazed, recessed part of the design and the worn surrounding of its now unglazed clay foot surface was striking. In 1900, Mercer began to make this type of tile by reproducing nine of the Castle Acre priory designs (see Plate 11:1115). He copied not only the patterns exactly, but also the effects of wear he saw on the examples in the British Museum. For tiles to be used on walls or fireplace facings, Mercer had glazed the surface all over by his twotoned blushing method. But to achieve the Castle Acre effect for floor tiles he devised a new system. His lowfired lead glazes, like those of the East Anglian potters, could not bear the wear of even moderate foot traffic for very long. The medieval potters had coated the entire tile with glaze and let it wear off naturally from the foot surface. Mercer decided to bypass the effects of time. He wiped the glaze off the foot surface before firing the tile, exposing the clay on the upper layer and leaving the glaze in the recesses. With this variation he achieved the old look in new tiles (Fig. 56). The method was so easy that he wondered why the medieval potters had not thought of it. "You get your contrast at the start and don't have to wait for it until everybody is dead," he quipped.30 At first Mercer used dark green and brown glazes to approximate the appearance of the old tiles, but he soon abandoned these colors for his own richer palette. In doing so he breathed new life into the old tile designs and gave them a brighter personality. Like the medieval revival
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Fig. 56. HCM's Castle Acre tiles, Wheel (MC 59), Dragon (MC 60), Vicar (MC 58), on an Arts and Crafts fireplace facing. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1981.
tile makers of the nineteenth century, he took what amounted to an unhistoric approach to reproduction. With designs gleaned from his European trip in 1900, Mercer created the Castle Acre, Nuremberg, and Cluny series with their corresponding English (4 × 4 inches), German (4 ½ × 4 ½ inches), and French (2 ¾ × 2 ¾ inches) quarries. He visited Professor Hans Bosch, the director of the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg, who gave him designs from original tiles of the thirteenth century found at the Chapter House of the Cathedral at Constance (Plate 11:2022). The originals are of red and yellow, hard burned, unglazed clay. The figures are deeply carved, their extremely sharp outlines suggesting that the designs were cut with a knife. 31 When Mercer visited Paris, he sketched fourteenthand fifteenthcentury tiles and their arrangements in a pavement he saw there. He reproduced them, described as "castles, fleurdelys and little stripes, from an ancient pavement excavated at Hôtel de Cluny, Paris, showing the arms of the founder Jacques D'Amboise (Plate 11:1719)."32 Inspired by conversations with RandallMacIver, Mercer made his final trip abroad in 1904 to "dragnet the subject of tiles."33 He wanted to know more about historic processes and was frustrated by the lack of information, even in the most authoritative books. The note he made in his copy of Robert Forrer's study in 1901 pinpoints some of his frustrations: [This] whole book is obscured by failure to discuss the fundamental constructive difference between wall tiles and floor tiles. He [Forrer] talks from the wrong end of the subject— decoration. Why did the great Arabic tile makers break down on pavements? Why did the Italians fail with pavements? Why the Indian and Chinese? Why did the monks of England and France decorate pavements and not walls with tiles? Why did not the Arabs discover encaustic tiles for pavements? Why did not the Romans make pictured tile pavements?34
Similarly, on the title page of his copy of Brongniart, he wrote: Exaggerated classification. Continual talking of preliminary things, away from the subject. At the real point How to do it? he breaks down. He knows of porcelain but little else. Theoretically he discusses the history of the art. Practically he begins at the wrong end of the subject & talks backwards. Nobody could fathom this outrageous classification but himself. . . . Every bit of information you want is a needle—The book is a haystack. Find the needle if you can.35
Later in Brongniart, he admonished: Stop your lecture—exactly hereStop! and tell us whether these bricks are glazed with glaze put on them—or superficially vitrified by the fire. . . . The most interesting question of all—you can't answer—How do the Dutch glaze their bricks and roof tiles?36
And in 1921 he described his motives for taking the 1904 trip to his friend Ralcy Husted Bell: As to Pottery, I had started about 1905 [sic] to make tours of Southern Europe including Transylvania, Hungary, etc., the islands of the Levant and the shores of the Mediterranean to collect facts for or against my ideas as to the origin of pottery glazes, etc. But health broke down and I had to come home without this. . . . In other words, I could only say, my friend, we have the technique but have lost the art.37
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Despite subsequent historical research by ceramic historians, many of Mercer's questions still await definitive answers. Mercer stopped off in London on his way home to see Read, who in addition to heading his department at the British Museum was now also secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. Read gave him access to the society's large collection of medieval paving tile tracings made in the 1840s by Franks and Compton, of which he had sent him examples in 1901. Mercer had reproduced some of these English designs in 1902, and when he saw the tracings firsthand he decided to reproduce more of them. He was able to offer more than fifty English designs by late 1904 (Plate 12: 19). 38 Mercer's medieval pavings were strikingly different from any others made in the United States, not only in their designs but also in the chance effects resulting from their hand fabrication. These irregularities in his tiles annoyed many tile contractors who were accustomed to working with machinemade tiles of highly precise, standard dimensions and colors. Tile setters tried in vain to make absolutely level pavements from his tiles, but most learned soon enough to appreciate the subtle effects of the minute risings and fallings of the surfaces they installed. Mercer's dealer and friend, John Ingham, writing for Handicraft in 1912, affirmed, "These tiles, being all made by hand, not by machinery, are at first appearance somewhat rough in shape and texture. But this roughness entirely vanishes (except so far as to lend variety) when they are properly set and pointed."39 Mercer sent the Pottery's own tile setter, Herman Sell, to set the most complex installations. Mercer offered several floor tile arrangements in his tile catalogues (see Appendix II, C); these patterns were but a hint of what was possible. From such straightforward applications made up entirely of one type of tile, say a hexagon or a quarry, laid all over a floor, he progressed to very complex designs. He incorporated conventional decorative tiles into medallions and borders, glazing them as floor tiles. Some of his paving designs were from historical sources. He reproduced a pavement from Fountains Abbey, made up of lozenges and diamonds. He repeated several medieval designs, such as Shamrock of Castle Acre (MC 66; see Plate 11:13) and Flowers of Gloucester (MC 74), to create quite elaborate paving patterns. With the number of tile sizes, shapes, colors, and decorative motifs available to him, Mercer was able to design a great variety of pavings, each different from the others. Mercer's pavements at first seemed unorthodox enough to require a visionary architect, or at least a brave one, to convince clients that their floors would not seem bizarre. Very soon, however, these pavings became fashionable among those in tune with the Arts and Crafts movement. One client, remodeling an 1815 church in New Haven, Connecticut, said that he liked Mercer's tiles because they looked old, "as though they were put down when the church was built."40 "The work has become a missionary one," Mercer declared. "I have been compelled to teach architects and decorators to think as much of my product as I think of it."41 Some of this missionary work among architects was done with great effectiveness by the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, which landed Mercer's first major order for a floor incorporating Castle Acre tiles, that for Mrs. Gardner's Fenway Court (Fig. 57). Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson, the Boston architects most responsible for the vogue in America for NeoGothic church building styles in the early part of
Fig. 57. Dutch Room of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, paved with Mercer tiles in 1901. Darkerglazed relief tiles provide accents in the expanse of plain tiles and form a square cross in the center of the pavement. Collection, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
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the twentieth century, used Mercer's tiles to pave at least fifteen churches, including the Chapel at West Point (1909). In Church Building, Ralph Adams Cram wrote, "The amazingly original and captivating designs that Mercer produces at Doylestown have achieved a place, in the estimation of those who know, that is unique and unchallenged." Cram advocated Mercer's tiles because they derived from medieval sources, just as he championed NeoGothic stained glass windows. They harmonized with his architecture rather than competed with it. 42 Mercer's medieval paving tiles went not only into floors; thousands of fireplace facings incorporate these tiles, often fully glazed because there is little chance of wear on vertical surfaces (figs. 59 and 60). Perhaps the greatest number of Mercer's tiles of the Castle Acre type still extant grace the intimate spaces of fireplace inglenooks in Arts and Crafts houses all over the nation, some of them designed by such leading architects of the movement as Irving Gill and Julia Morgan, and many others by scores of lesserknown regional architects, such as Ward Wellington Ward of Syracuse, New York, who used Moravian Tiles in more houses than any other architect in America (Figs. 56 and 58).43 Time has affected Mercer's pavings, as he knew it would. Because differences in firings created tiles of varying degrees of hardness, several decades of foot wear have worn them unevenly, causing them to develop softly undulating surfaces. Those that have been well maintained have acquired a dark, glowing patina, sunken bits of glaze catching the light here and there. The floors made centuries ago at Bawsey and elsewhere must have worn in the same way, for their tiles were also fired unevenly. In a sense, Mercer's pavings tell us more about the effects of time on fourteenthcentury floor tiles than do the fragments of the originals preserved in the British Museum. Few of Mercer's clients were concerned with the historical aspect of his tiles or with the significance of his designs and techniques. His tiles were seen as emblems
Fig. 58. Moravian Tiles derived from medieval English and French sources adorn Arts and Crafts fireplace facing in Syracuse, N.Y. Ward Wellington Ward, architect. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1978.
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Fig. 59. A fireplace at old Aldie, ca. 1900, faced with Mercer's adaptations of medieval English and French designs in a background of little bricks. Illustrated in catalogue II (as Arrangement 7) and in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903):81. The grand scale and horizontal bands consisting of several different tile designs are typical of Mercer's early concept for fireplaces. He made herringbone firebacks for these early fireplaces (see also Fig. 130). Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
of the Arts and Crafts movement, signifying the survival—or rebirth—of the handcraft tradition. Today we see them also as a vivid reminder of an artist whose greatest gift was his sense of history—not only the history of art but also the history of technical processes, and their meaning to contemporary life. Though Mercer's later, highly original works in clay are the true foundation of his reputation as an original ceramic artist, his early medieval revival tiles paved the way to that achievement.
Fig. 60. A fireplace, possibly in Indian House, ca. 19021907, showing Mercer's early use of concrete decorated with conventional tiles. Mercer prototypes above the door and on the ceiling were later placed in the Moravian Pottery. Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
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Chapter Seven— The Mosaic Style and Harrisburg If [these mosaics] are not decorative they are a failure artistically. If they are only decorative they go no farther than would mere pleasing patches of color. . . . The collection of implements in the Bucks County Historical Society suggested . . . the building of a Commonwealth by the individual work of thousands of hands, rather than by wars, treaties, declarations of independence or moral ideas held up as examples to mankind. It is the life of the people, rough, powerful, and absolutely real, that seems to struggle in this pavement . . . for expression. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1907) 1
In 1902, the Philadelphia architect Joseph M. Huston received the commission to design the Pennsylvania State Capitol at Harrisburg. Construction began in December 1902.2 In that same month, Mercer applied for the first of two patents to secure his mosaic process. In August 1903, Huston commissioned Mercer to make the tiles for the floor of the great rotunda, some 16,000 square feet, which was to include nearly 400 of Mercer's new mosaics.3 Though Mercer patented the mosaic process, Huston privately took credit for the idea. His account of how he met Mercer and how the pavement came to be is worth examining closely, even though it was written by Huston some years later, when his career was in ruins and his memories of the collaboration were less than wholly positive. In 1907, Huston had been convicted, probably unfairly, of criminal negligence in failing to prevent graft in the Capitol project and served a short term in prison. He was understandably embittered and resentful of the unalloyed success of others who, like Mercer, had worked on the project. His tone was defensive: Henry C. Mercer, who contracted to put the tile on the first floor, came to me in my office during the preparation of the plans and specifications for the Capitol, i.e., between March 1st and July 1st, for I specified the tile in the Capitol Building specifications. His visit was unsolicited of me. I had never seen the man before and he sought my interest in his tile. I had seen his square tile in stores and like most architects took little interest in it. I liked Mercer—took an interest in him—asked him if he could make pictures in his tile, i.e., make the joints in cement as we do in leaded glass. He had up to this time never done it and I opened a new world to him and even offered to have an artist to draw cartoons for him but he wanted to draw his own cartoons and did so to my satisfaction. This suggestion of mine was the beginning of a new industry in tile for Mercer and can be seen in the floor of the Capitol.4
Mercer claimed that the idea for the mosaic style originated at the Pottery, but he always acknowledged Huston's providing him the opportunity to develop the concept. After Mercer's death, Swain responded to a note from Huston, saying, "He [Mercer] was always very fond of you for you enabled him to express his thought and hand in the largest group of tiles we ever made."5 Perhaps credit for the idea of the mosaic process should be shared, but Mercer merits full credit for successfully executing the idea, not only in the State Capitol but also in many other places. The idea of paving the Capitol floor with tile mosaics depicting the history of the Commonwealth differed considerably from what Huston originally had in mind, as his preliminary drawings for the floor in the collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia show. Huston first envisioned a smooth, colorful marble floor consisting of banded, boldpatterned mosaics sur
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rounding depictions of allegorical or historical subjects (Fig. 61). "The idea in my mind at the time was to make such a floor as that in the Siena [Italy] Cathedral," he wrote. 6 Mercer's recently completed floors for Mrs. Gardner's Fenway Court attested to his Pottery's capacity for handling such a large job, but the Boston floors consisted mainly of plain tiles, discreetly sprinkled with decorative relief tiles, and it served as a background element in the environment created by Mrs. Gardner's art collection. Huston wanted something much more active, a pictorial floor that would assert itself in the colossal, elaborately decorated domed space he had designed for the entry hall of the Capitol. Mercer agreed that he could make "pictures" as Huston envisioned, but he may have had to persuade him that a roughtextured red tile floor stretching across the rotunda and down the corridors would contrast with the highly polished white marble walls in a way that would be to the advantage of each (Fig. 62). Mercer emphasized this contrast in Arts and Crafts terms. He said that the tiles were "hand made and hand smoothed" while the marble was "planed and polished by machinery, . . . [thus] setting shadowy roughness against polished smoothness [producing] a dominant counter balance over the planing and polishing of machines." He went on to explain this texture as a characteristic of the tiles themselves:
Fig. 61. Joseph Huston, architect. Preliminary design for pavement of corridor in Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg, ca. 1902. Collections, Library Company of Philadelphia and SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 62. HCM's pavement in a corridor of the great hall of the Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg. Photo by William H. Rau, ca. 1906. Collection, Library Company of Philadelphia. Somewhat varying in size, reasonably square, and somewhat bevelled upon their rims like pancakes, the little red tiles, intercepted with comparatively wide spaces or joints, cleaned out below the general plane of their surface, and not set on a broad mathematical level yet giving a pleasing sense of reaction or leverage to the walker's foot, cast shadows and intercept horizontal lights across the entire Rotunda. Reaching out of the darkening corridors on either hand, is spread the equivalent of a large Oriental rug, which if less varied in color than the carpet, is more so in its luminous interweaving of tinted shadows. Along their surfaces in a manner almost as complex as do the pebbles upon a beach, . . . the lines of the floor change and vary from light to dark and dark to light almost as we watch them while the sun changes. 7
The great variety of warm reds and rich browns inherent in the fired Pennsylvania red clay blended to create a rich but subtle reddish field into which Mercer set his decorative mosaic panels. These he colored in subtle hues of green, blue, brown, gray, and black, with accents of yellow and white. His allusion to an Oriental carpet in describing its effect was apt. Huston's preliminary drawings suggested that the Moravian Tile floor be, as Mercer later noted, "mapped out with a series of bands or stripes bordering the mosaics and binding them together at regular intervals." But Mercer had other ideas. He said, the mosaics are not "framed as isolated patterns, and though they are reasonably aligned there is no mathematical or exact counterplacing" of them.8 The overall effect seen from the grand staircase or surrounding gallery is as a blur of pleasant colors. At close range the mosaics present a quite different impression to the person who stops to look at them. These figurative and ornamental plaques are large enough to be seen easily by the hastily focused human eye at a distance of five to six feet. Since none are larger than 5 feet in diameter, each can be seen fully in a single glance. At close range the "pleasing patches" of color come alive, each separated from the others, and the meanings of the details also begin to register. To a degree that is remarkable in a commission for a public building, Mercer was left entirely free to devise the program. He reviewed the subjects with Huston, but there is no evidence or even a hint of meddling with the program, for political or other reasons.9 Huston's altruism in this regard was remarkable, and it extended to the other American artists on whom he called to help decorate the Capitol with sculpture, paintings, murals, and stained glass: George Grey Barnard, Edwin Austin Abbey, Violet Oakley, and William Brantley Van Ingen. It would have extended also to the painter John La Farge, whom he invited to serve as a color consultant but who declined because of poor health.10 Perhaps the bestknown precedents in the United States for calling on a distinguished group of artists to decorate a major new work of architecture were the two examples well known to Mercer in Boston: Richardson's Trinity Church (mentioned in Chapter 2) and, facing it across Copley Square, McKim, Mead of White's Boston Public Library, the latter with murals by Abbey, Puvis de Chavannes, and John Singer Sargent (the space for James A. McNeill Whistler remains unfilled)
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and sculpture by Daniel Chester French, Augustus Saint Gaudens, and Bela Lyon Pratt. The new Library of Congress building in Washington, D.C., offered another striking example of the decorative enrichment of grand architectural spaces. The decorations in all these buildings were learned, refined, and international in style. By contrast, Mercer's program for the Pennsylvania State Capitol floor was, in its sophisticated way, closer to popular culture in meaning and style and purposefully provincial in its history. It made little use of traditional allegories or standard historicizing conceits. Rather than following the styles and outlooks of the fine arts of the 1890s, Mercer kept to the precepts of the Arts and Crafts movement, giving them a distinctly American expression. By applying them on a grand scale, however, and in a public building, he freed those precepts, in this instance, from their ties to domestic and domesticlike settings. It seemed highly appropriate to Mercer that a building meant to be freely accessible to the general public should have a major decorative work in which both subject and medium came from the most common levels of Pennsylvania life. There have been allegories of work throughout the history of art, but never any quite like Mercer's in his Capitol floor. Its mosaics, taken together, represent the building of the Commonwealth, he wrote, ''by the individual work of thousands of hands." 11 This was in keeping with Huston's own grand scheme for the decoration of the building. Huston wrote: I intended if possible to carry out my college day dream . . . to tell the story and philosophy of the State in architecture, painting and sculpture—to house and organize all of the departments of the state in their proper relation one to another and to do as [Horatio] Greenough the old American sculptor said the Greeks did—"He believed that the Greeks had wrought in schools or fraternities—the Genius of the Master imparting his design to his friends and inflaming them with it." This is what I did and my theme or design was to have as nearly as possible one great idea permeate the whole decorating scheme.12
No theme could have been more congenial to Mercer. From his exploration of the American Indian caves of Pennsylvania to his collection and study of the tools and folkways of the American settlers, he had focused on work and its implements as his key to the understanding of human society. The Harrisburg floor was the single most important tile job of Mercer's career and it remains one of the most original works of public art in the United States. His awkwardly eloquent discussion of the floor, in which he pays generous tribute to Huston, reveals how strongly he wanted his floor to be understood as distinctly American and not as dependent on European models and influences, as were the other decorations and the Renaissance revival architecture of the building itself: We need not search Europe for authorities and precedents. The great church pavements of Italy have been often restored beyond recognition of their original intent. The Gothic pavements of Northern Europe are almost gone. In certain of the mosaic pavements of Italy we have not the contrast marked here [in Harrisburg] between a smooth wall and a rough floor. All the more credit to the architect who, under the circumstances, ventured to carry out the idea. He recognized the value of a process [i.e., Mercer's mosaics] for the expression of his plan which, until then had been . . . [used] only in a limited manner. He utilized it in the freest and fullest extent. The European who made Pennsylvania and wrought her fortune looks back to the motherland for inspiration in the construction of a building to stand for the Capitol of his Commonwealth. This is the builder's thought—as in the Capitol of Washington, we are in Italy. Ceilings, walls, pilasters, dome, gilded, painted, polished and glowing, take us back and borrow glory from the past to adorn the present. Such being the dream of the architect, where in the midst of it [can he] find a place for the rude toil, the inspiring energy, the selfreliance and the labor of the people? How blend the clearing of an American forest, the pioneer and his rifle, the school house of logs, the dipping of candles, the tinder box, the work of the modern miner and mechanic, the blast furnace, the grain elevator, the oil well, the locomotive, with thoughts of Michael Angelo and the Renaissance of European art? For the expression of these things no forms of architecture have yet existed. In a struggling process not yet fully developed [again, the mosaic process], the archtect saw the realization of thoughts not otherwise within the scope of his structure. Daring all criticism he placed these in a position where they would be neither too much nor too little, namely in the floor of the Capitol.13
Putting pictorial mosaics on the floor to be walked upon presented an aesthetic dilemma. Mercer skirted this argument by allying his mosaics with the decorative arts rather than the illusionistic pictorial arts, claiming that his mosaics were significant decorations, that is, "true decorations, which can be restfully walked upon, rather than pictures which cannot." He went on to say: Inasmuch as the design was not intended to stand forth prominently . . . the viewer must find the meaning rather by degrees than suddenly. The pioneer felling trees with a long bitted ax, the iron caster pouring moulten metal into a pile of
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Fig. 63. Some of HCM's designs for the Harrisburg pavement, 1903. Collection, SL/BCHS.
Page 108 sand, seem to rise gradually as from shadows of an autumnal forest . . . in no sense a picture, but . . . always intended to be decoration. The drawing is simplified to the last degree, so as to satisfy the clay [mosaic] process. The colors of men, animals, and objects are fantastic and by no means realistic. Skies may be red, water black, trees yellow. It matters not. Is the meaning expressed? Granted that the colors are harmonious. That is all we ask. 14
Mercer created 265 designs related to his theme with ease and vigor (Fig. 63). He made long lists of subjects and filled several sketchbooks with ideas. In mid September 1902 he wrote Huston from York Harbor of his progress: I have been in Boston for the last 2 months with intervals here developing my pottery. . . . I have planned roughly [35] designs . . . as a beginning and there is a freshet of ideas. . . . I will work up a lot of designs before going farther. Hope to see you by end of month.15
Mercer developed the theme of the building of the Commonwealth around the life and labor of its inhabitants over the centuries. His broadly defined concept of a tool was central to the theme. He broadened the usual understanding of the term "inhabitants of Pennsylvania" to include not only the settlers, black as well as white, who became nation builders, but also the Native Americans and the wildlife—plants, birds, and animals. The tools he depicted ranged beyond hammers and saws to oil wells, beehives, dutch ovens, and cameras. Tools used by the Indians, tools used by farmers, tools for education, transportation, and communication—all found a place in his scheme. Mercer believed that tools were so closely related to their uses that it becomes possible to view the log schoolhouse metaphorically as a tool of education, and education as a tool of nation building. Though he denied that his Harrisburg mosaics were pictures in the true sense, they were pictorial nonetheless. Some of them portrayed people (men, women, children) in relationship to one other or to their tools, engaged most often in commonplace activities. Reaping with a Sickle (Plate 4) is a typical example. Mercer's published explanation of this subject reads: Lean forward, seizing a large bunch of wheat or rye with the left hand, and cut the stalks near the ground by drawing the keen serrated narrow sickle blade across them from left to right. Then, as the mosaic shows, you reap as your ancestors did from Egyptian times until about 1820. When, at the invention of the old European grain cradle, or the Hainault scythe (dispensing with stalk grasping), and finally the reaping machine, the greatest craft of husbandry changed suddenly and forever.16
A few mosaics portrayed such isolated but important events in the history of Pennsylvania as Penn's Treaty, Franklin and His Kite, and Washington Crossing the Delaware. To Mercer's way of thinking, Washington's boat was as much a tool as was Franklin's kite. Many mosaics consisted of a single pictorial image, abstracted from its user and use and depicting such diverse subjects as Indian Pipe, Wooden Plough, Cider Flagon, Skunk, Chimney Swallow, and Sugar Maple. Sometimes Mercer set this image with an elaborate border and lettering. This type of design came closer to his description of his mosaics as truly decorative. One can tread on a bird in this pavement without feeling that one has squashed a robin. Mercer completed the Harrisburg job in 1906. The next year he compiled his Guidebook to the Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania, published in 1908, in which he illustrated every mosaic with a photograph or drawing.17 He described the mosaics in a highly personal way, often acknowledging his sources of inspiration. The reader learns, for example, that the rock pictures Mercer discovered in the Susquehanna rapids at Safe Harbor during his "Journey in a Wagon" with Plummer to Virginia in 1886 are reproduced in the pavement mosaics. Mercer's Arts and Crafts bias against the machine did not prevent him from including heavy industry and its products in his designs, for they were undeniably an important part of the history of the Commonwealth. He did so with reservations, however, for as late as 1928 he asked, "Why should we concern ourselves so much with these machines of today, and their immense economic importance, when, because they have only been with us for about a hundred years, their meaning in human industrial history is so restricted?"18 On the other hand, he fully understood tools as symbols of progress. He personally used the telephone, rode the trolley, invested in railroads, and was driven around in an automobile on his tool hunts. He accepted these machines as, on balance, improvements to life, though part of his rationale now seems quaint. He wrote in his Guidebook that the automobile eased the toil of horses and "renewed the city man's acquaintance with the country" (Plate 5).19 The mosaics for Harrisburg account for many of Mercer's mosaic designs in this process, and though he
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installed some of the Capitol designs elsewhere, he created many more fresh mosaic designs for other projects, beginning while he was still at work in Harrisburg. One of these was the Van Trapp Church mosaic pavement for a 1904 addition to "Long Oaks," Huston's residence in Germantown. 20 He introduced the new process with illustrations in his 1904 catalogue. The Philadelphia architectural firm of Price and McLanahan was an early user of Mercer's mosaics. Mercer's first recorded mosaic installation was on the entrance facade of Price and McLanahan's Citizens National Bank of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1903, five designs that were different from those he was then making for the Capitol. In 1904, he designed five large circular designs depicting the making of textiles for Jacob Reed's Sons men's clothing store in Philadelphia (Fig. 64) also by Price and McLanahan.21 Mercer designed an oversized mosaic taproom mural depicting the story of Rip Van Winkle in three panels for the Rensselaer Inn in Troy, New York, a building by the Albany architect William Woollett in 1904. Woollett was an early enthusiast of Mercer's mosaics and was, with Price and McLanahan, one of the first architects to use them on a building's exterior.22 Mercer created another taproom mural, The Arkansas Traveller, for the Easton Hotel in Easton, Pennsylvania, a building designed by the local architect William Michler in 1919. Cartoons (fullsized preliminary drawings) exist for each of these murals, but the mosaics themselves are lost.23 Mercer made several pictorial mosaics based on early woodcuts depicting scenes and events in U.S. history. In 1905, he made The Departure of Sebastian Cabot for the residence of Samuel Cabot in Canton, Massachusetts, a building by the Boston architects Winslow and Bigelow.24 In the same year, he made a large mosaic pavement for the entrance foyer of the Hispanic Society in New York, depicting The Departure of Columbus and The Arms of Spain.25 He designed New Amsterdam for a client in New Jersey, Newport for the Reginald C. Vanderbilt estate in Newport, Rhode Island, and Paul Revere's Boston Harbor (Plate 6) for an unknown client in Ohio, based on Paul Revere's small metal cut "A Perspective View of Boston, and the Landing of Troops in 1768 (Fig. 65)."26 Mercer designed new mosaics for the rest of his life. He created two distinctive fireplace facings in the
Fig. 64. Mosaics by HCM on soffit of the arched entrance to Jacob Reed's clothing store, Philadelphia, a building designed by Price and McLanahan in 1904. Each mosaic is approximately 5 feet in diameter and depicts subjects relating to the American clothing industry, past and present: (left to right) "Pattern Making," "Spinning," "Shearing Sheep," "Indian Weaving,'' and "Tailoring." Collection, SL/BCHS.
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mosaic style, one on the theme of the Four Seasons and another depicting Native Americans working with tools (Fig. 47). He designed a mosaic panel for the new School of Household Arts at Teachers College, Columbia University, depicting a Woman Churning. 27 One of his most original mosaics was for a client in Syracuse, New York, a roomhigh threepanel fireplace design of a popular Arts and Crafts medieval subject, Saint George and the Dragon (Plate 1).28 In 1927, Mercer designed three mosaic panels for the Avery Coonley School in Downer's Grove, Illinois (Fig. 66). This school for gifted children had been founded (and named for her husband) by Mrs. Queene Ferry Coonley in 1909, to follow the ideas of John Dewey. Her soninlaw, Waldron Faulkner, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright, designed the new facility in Prairie School style. The mosaic murals are installed on the exterior facade of the auditorium and reflect in a pool below. Side panels depict the two hemispheres of the world in which each nation is treated in the color of its dominant race (China is yellow, Africa is black, South America is red, Europe and North America are white). In the center panel, a sailing ship representing Education joins the two hemispheres as the symbolic hope of the world.29 The mosaic style and the innovations it precipitated (solidcolor clay bodies, widerset mortar joints) offered Mercer much more flexibility in design and many more possibilities for original composition than his plain and conventional tiles. The Harrisburg pavement was a breakthrough for him in many ways, but most important it showed that as a ceramic artist he had moved beyond the adaptation of historic styles and Old World subjects and had found a new and original voice in the American subjects and images he knew so well.
Fig. 65. Paul Revere. "A Perspective View of the Town of Boston . . . The Landing of Troops in 1768." Metal cut, 3 3/8 × 6 inches. From Edes & Gill's North American Almanack (Boston, 1770). Reproduced in Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. 6. Collection, American Antiquarian Society; reproduced by courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society. Compare with Plate 6.
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Fig. 66. HCM's mosaic murals for the facade of the auditorium, Avery Coonley School, Downer's Grove, Ill., 1926. Waldron Faulkner, architect. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1986.
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Chapter Eight— The Brocade Style and Fonthill From first to last I tried to follow the precept of the architect Pugin: "Decorate construction but never construct decoration." —Henry Chapman Mercer (1916) 1
By 1908, Mercer had introduced an entirely new style of tile that he called "brocade." His brocades are silhouetted tiles, modeled in high relief and quite different in appearance and character from his flat mosaics. In his mosaics, the many small elements form a picture in which the concrete joints serve an outlining function, defing the picture's forms. This is not the case with his brocades, in which each modeled tile is a separate pictorial entity—a figure, a tree, a building—often set well apart from others. Here the concrete serves as a background field, vignetting rather than outlining highly irregular shapes. The brocade style developed out of Mercer's increasing interest in the decorative value of concrete. He began making brocade prototypes at least a year before he designed Fonthill. After he began construction of his new home, the style and the building developed together. It is important to understand how Fonthill came to be and how he perceived it. He later recalled: Several sketches and memoranda in my note books show that the building of "Fonthill" was first considered definitely during my visit to New England in the summer of 1907, and that the cheerful confronting of certain houses, overlooking Commercial Street, Boston, running N.N.E. by 1 point East, were studied for this purpose. The house was planned at "Aldie," Doylestown, Pa., by me in the winter of 1907, room by room, entirely from the interior, the exterior not being considered until all the rooms had been imagined and sketched, after which blocks of clay representing the rooms were piled on a table, set together and modelled into a general outline [Fig. 67]. After a good many changes in the profile of tower, roofs, etc., a plasterofparis model was made to scale, and used till the building was completed.2
Fig. 67. Photograph of HCM's clay model for a preliminary design for Fonthill, 1907. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fonthill is one of the great lateRomantic buildings in the United States. Its form and many of its details were inspired by Mercer's "literary and artistic dreams, and memories of travel." The building contains countless allusions to places he remembered vividly and with strong feeling. "The arrangement of rooms at different levels seen over the gallery in the Saloon is a memory of a Turkish house seen by me from a rear garden in Salonica in 1886." 3 There was no geographic consistency, however. Memories of architectural interiors and exteriors in Boston and Genoa exist cheek by jowl in Fonthill. Mercer freely adapted decorative details from such dissimilar buildings as St. Mark's Church in Venice, Haddon Hall in England, Mont St. Michel in France, and Tratsberg Castle in the Austrian Tyrol. Artifacts from his tool hunts found places in Fonthill; old Bucks County farm buildings provided most of the door hinges. Images from old prints contributed special effects: "A woodcut illustrating a story called 'Haunted' in a book published about 1865 by Tinsley's Magazine . . . gave me the night lighting of the Morning Room."4 Though Fonthill grew from a kaleidoscope of memories, these were only points of departure. "The original fancies for nearly all the rooms were changed as we proceeded, sometimes perhaps for the better and sometimes for the worse."5 Each of the more than forty rooms and major passages has its own distinct feeling, but Mercer unified them through his sensitive use of concrete and tiles. To a significant degree, Fonthill is a handcrafted building. Mercer directed the efforts of a crew of laborers whose only source of nonhuman power was their supervisor's horse, Lucy. Despite this, the essential technology of construction was as modern as the building's appearance was historical. The ferroconcrete work was close to the state of the art of its time. Mercer was among the first in the United States to realize the potential of exposed concrete as an aesthetically appealing structural building material. Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Church in Oak Park, Illinois (1906), is an earlier significant example. Mercer claimed that in designing Fonthill he did not consult professional architects and that in building it he did not work from conventional architectural drawings. This was true in the sense that the concepts, details, models, and supervision of the job were all his own doing, but it was also true that he was architecturally sophisticated and drew up his own unconventional roughly sketched plans for the building. He was acquainted with a number of architects to whom he could easily have turned for advice, especially William Price of Philadelphia and Albert Kahn of Detroit, as well as Wilson Eyre, but there is little evidence that he did. Mercer did consult, however, with Robert Leslie, editor of Cement Age magazine, on questions of concrete construction, and he was well acquainted with George Elkins, a director of the Vulcanite Cement Company and an exponent of concrete buildings.6 It is worth noting that Doylestown was not far from Portland, Pennsylvania, one of the nation's important centers of cement manufacture. Mercer's crew, supervised by Patrick Trainor, completed the major concrete work in the better part of three years. Another year and a half was required for finishing the interiors—laying the tiles on floors and elsewhere, paneling and plastering, installing railings, and pouring builtin concrete bureaus, cabinets, bookcases, and tables. His movable furniture consisted of a mix of country pieces he had found on his tool hunts and a few more recently fashionable pieces brought from Aldie. He did not move into the building until 29 May 1912, when he was finally able to write "Took my first meal at Fonthill."7 Well before its completion, a steady stream of the curious traveled to Doylestown to wonder at the building. After 1912, Laura Long gladly toured visitors through the main rooms, and she continued to do so for more than forty years after Mercer's death. Mercer intended that Fonthill be not only his residence but also a museum of tiles. To this end he installed throughout the building displays of historic tiles from Persia, China, Holland, and Spain, framed with his own tiles. He placed Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets—ancient ancestors of his relief tiles—in glazed niches in the columns of the Saloon. But his own tiles overwhelmed all the others. Except for most of the Harrisburg mosaics, Mercer placed many designs produced at the Moravian Pottery on some surface in Fonthill: floors, walls, ceilings, capitals, fireplace facings and hoods, tabletops, window jambs, stair risers, and other locations. He made many new designs specifically for Fonthill. In color, all these tiles rivaled and probably outshone the tapestries and painted concrete that shared their spaces. Over the years, the colors of the tapestries have faded and those of the concrete have darkened, but the tiles have remained as bright as the day they came from the kiln.
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In the "ideabook" Mercer maintained for Fonthill—a volume meant to contain "notes and sketches of ancient and modern structures . . . that I might utilize . . . in case I should ever build a home" 8 —he makes it clear that from the outset he envisioned tiles on most surfaces. Floors and other fiat surfaces presented no special problems in this respect, for he could lay pavings and decorate walls with standard geometric tiles, placing mosaics here and there for variety. But to decorate the curved surfaces of vaulted ceilings and to achieve decorative effects equivalent to those of carved capitals, required something more. His brocade style met this need. As early as the first months of 1907, Mercer had the brocade concept well formulated. He described it to Read in London: Though confined here and generally out of gear, I have advanced a peg . . . with more tiles. [They are] sui generis designs not set on square tesserae but cut in full silhouette. In relief or flatrunning patterns over concrete walls with concrete itself for background. May call them brocade tiles.9
But Mercer's interest in the problem of decorating architectural concrete predated even this. He had the example of Price and McLanahan, who as early as 1903 had begun to integrate Mercer's tiles into building exteriors as color accents and outlines. Instead of creating a horizontal line on a building surface in the traditional way, with the shadow cast by a projecting molding—a string course—these architects achieved an analogous visual effect with a fiat row of colored tiles. Other architects followed suit. Price and McLanahan had ordered prodigious amounts of mostly mosaic or conventional tiling from the Moravian Pottery to decorate two large hotels in Atlantic City, the MarlboroBlenheim (1905; Fig. 68) and the Traymore (19071909). In a 1906 article in American Architect, William Price wrote about his use of concrete as a structural material. He pointed out that a system of joints is an essential element of design in a block (e.g., brick) building but redundant in a concrete one, because "concrete is built with shovel and trowel."10 He suggested that ornamentation on a concrete building needed to be either cast in molds or applied directly to the surface with the addition of such colorful materials as terracotta, tiles, or marble. He also explained his
Fig. 68. MarlboroughBlenheim Hotel, Atlantic City, N.J. Price and McLanahan, architects, 1905. Moravian Tiles are set into the stucco facade. Collection, George E. Thomas.
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attempt at the Blenheim to preserve, partly by the use of tiles, the "feel" of wall in a structure made up of the many windows that a hotel requires. And with some beautiful color obtained with Mercer tile, we have secured sufficient color and variety to make a building [that is] essentially plain in [its] wallsurface . . . [take on] a sense of rightness not always obtained by the use of elaborate and expensive ornamental work in stone or terracotta. 11
The architect Horace Trumbauer asked Mercer to decorate the grill room of the Racquet Club in Philadelphia, for which project Mercer eagerly proposed his brocade prototypes. In January 1908, a few weeks before he poured his first bucket of cement at Fonthill, Mercer appeared in print in Cement Age, proselytizing eloquently for the cause of reinforced concrete as a building material. He illustrated his article, "Where Concrete Stands for Concrete," with photographs of his work at the Racquet Club (Fig. 69). In his text he urged architects to face up to the challenges of reinforced poured concrete and added some moral overtones. He lauded the "noble and beautiful process" that revealed ''the real life of the building—the vertebrae, ribs, arms and feet, as it were." He argued that concrete was "good and desirable" and, in a passage that foreshadows the aesthetics of the Brutalism of the 1950s, Mercer lamented the tendency that the architect, frightened at the reality of it, masks all with plaster boards or stone. He is ashamed of the marks of the mold, the welts and the boards which show that the walls were cast, the spring of the vault not perfectly true, and the richness of the texture, that like the rocks of the world, reveals creative work. . . . Up to the time of masking these buildings with plaster we have a good thing. The building is alive until we kill it. We hold that our work should be to wonder, in the first place, which one of a hundred things should be done to decorate the rough cast as it stands. . . . Having produced . . . a texture of the softness of pumice stone, and suggesting the touch of time and weather, what shall we do with it?12
Of course, Mercer knew what to do with it (and here he departs from premonitions of Brutalism to a preecho of postmodernism). "One thing remains, namely color, and our contribution to the subject is in the form of applying lintels, medallions, corbels, bands, corners and capitals as details, and mosaics [as decorations], to the structure in an artistic way."13 He devoted the rest of his article to ideas for decorating concrete with tiles, showing what he had recently done at the Racquet Club. He offered specific and elaborate suggestions based on his own experiments, divided into four categories: the amount of decoration to use; the form decoration should take; the range of color possibilities available; and methods of installation. He included photographs of prototype brocade tile panels and of the interior of an unidentified conservatory (Fig. 38) in which he had installed some of these tiles.
Fig. 69. Concrete fireplace in Racquet Club, Philadelphia, set with Moravian Tiles in border patterns. Illustrated in Cement Age, 1908.
Although the mortar around brocade tiles is too extensive to be called a joint, Mercer nevertheless used that term in explaining what he was after: Patterns at a great height from the ground are developed by increasing the width of the interlocking joints in proportion to the distance from the observer. . .. These joints have been developed in large intervening areas of cement or concrete
Page 117 where the . . . pattern of each unit is . . . cut or silhouetted completely out of the clay as to stand alone. . .. In all this work the value of contrast is largely depended upon. . .. Glazes look more rich and glossy against the dullest and greyest possible surfaces. 14
The evolution of his conventional geometric tiles into brocades began with border designs. At first he created borders with plain tiles—triangles, squares and so on— arranged in colorful patterns that repeated a motif. He used these around capitals, as soffits, as friezes, and for other areas where a border of colorful tiles could be applied to concrete surfaces (Figs. 60 and 69). Mercer had suggested in Cement Age that "as to the amount of [tile] decoration to break the flatness of a large area of concrete in the proportion of from five or ten per cent of the whole area would frequently be sufficient while, on the other hand, an effort to increase these proportions might overload the surface and defeat the purpose."15 This is a lesson he had learned at Harrisburg. Sometimes he placed small pictorial conventional relief tiles from his stock patterns among the plain tiles, enough to give the border a subject, and called them "Byzantine" or "Gothic" borders. The effect was a rather solid frieze of tiles with mortar joints of about half an inch. Then he began to widen the joints of these borders even farther, until the background achieved equal prominence with the tiles. His next step was to cut the figures out of some of his conventional tiles, changing them into silhouetted forms. He rounded the cut edges to soften them, modeling them without significantly increasing their relief. He set these silhouetted tiles in concrete within widely spaced diamond patterns of striped border tiles. The background gained greater prominence, not only because there was more of it but also because it now existed as interesting negative space, a counterpart to the irregular forms of the tiles. Next he made a pictorial border, first a modest pseudobrocade, Byzantine Border, with a vinelike pattern reminiscent of mosaic shapes. Then he made a true brocade, a fully modeled sinuous grapevine border of chunky grapes and leaves. He enlarged the pictorial elements, making them thicker and modeling them more deeply. He included some of its elements, Grapes (MC 418) and Grape Leaf (MC 423), in his 1913 catalogue. He created several variants of these vine patterns as well as other brocade borders, installing many of them at Fonthill (see Appendix III and Figs. 70 and 71).
Fig. 70. Hall of the Four Seasons, Fonthill, with brocade Grapevine Border cast into the ribs of the vaults and, left of center, a brocade pattern tiled fireplace hood. Collection, MM/BCHS.
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Fig. 71. Dormer Room, Fonthill. Floral Brocade borders the soffits of the arches. Photo by J. F. Gabriel, 1974.
The problem of scale now needed attention. While Mercer's regular pictorial tiles could be "read" at close distance on pavings and fireplaces, they became indistinct images a few yards distant. And so for pictures in borders or plaques placed high on a building, Mercer created larger images. Using larger mosaics in bright colors partly solved the problem. Better yet, enlarging brocades in size and relief increased their readability and created a highly dramatic effect. Toward the close of his period of experimentaton with his new brocade style, Mercer adapted the designs on an old, embossedtin Spanish trunk in his collection. He interpreted its four distinct patterns first in 1906 as relief tiles, cataloguing three of them: Snakes and Grapes, Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, and Arabesque (MC 261263). He also made Snakes and Grapes and The Imperial Eagle as protobrocades to insert into the sides of square concrete planters (MCA 21 and 22, Fig. 37). And then, in brocade style, he designed Snakes and Grapes (see column in Fig. 38) and Doubleheaded Eagle (see Figs. 72 and 73) with Fonthill in mind. He described how these brocades had been set: "Tiles were pushed into the wet mortar, thus obviating necessity of pointing." 16 These prototypes behind him, Mercer was working confidently in the brocade style when he began the construction of Fonthill. He improvised as he proceeded. He found a new way to set brocades into vaulted ceilings. This was a method of construction Mercer borrowed from the ancient Romans called "earth vaulting." He described the process in a letter to Read in the winter of
Fig. 72. True brocade border. Spanish Double Eagle border on ceiling of Library in Fonthill. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1981.
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Fig. 73. Library, Fonthill, with Spanish Border on the vaulted ceiling. A frieze of New World brocade panels decorates the fireplace. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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1909, just after the successful pouring of three tiled ceilings (Fig. 74). It was his first mention of Fonthill to Read, though construction had been under way for nearly two years: I was getting ready to tell you of a lot of vaults I'm throwing together to call a house in reinforced concrete on a hill nearby—Mercer's Folly—quite the thing. Ceilings, floors, roofs, everything concrete. You stand up a lot of posts—throw rails across them—then grass—then heaps of sand shaped with groined vaults, then lay on a lot of tiles upside down & throw on concrete. When that hardens pull away the props & you think you're in the Borgia room at the Vatican. Quite an experiment but I wasn't going to say much till I had it done. Then astonish people. All the intricacies of Holanby House including the "Priest's Hole." You must come over and see it. And if it don't give us the rheumatism it ought to please you. 17
In the same issue of Cement Age in which Mercer wrote about his Racquet Club tiles there was also an article by Albert Moyer, a civil engineer a well as an officer of (along with Elkins) the Vulcanite Portland Cement Company, for which he also served as sales manager. In "An Artistic True Concrete Residence," Moyer claimed that the house he had built for himself in South Orange, New Jersey, was "unique in this country." He wrote: Decoration and color of the outside walls were provided for by primitive handmade colored clay tiles, both glazed and unglazed. All designed by Mr. Henry C. Mercer. The size of the panels and their distribution were from drawings furnished by the architects [Tracy and Swartout of New York]. When the forms for the concrete walls were taken down, these board
Fig. 74. HCM's sketches explaining his method of earth vaulting, 1908. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 75. Balcony of the Albert Moyer house, South Orange, N.J., decorated with brocade tiles. Cement Age, 1908. negatives were left in the concrete until the wall had been scrubbed. They were afterwards removed, thus leaving a 1inch recess comforming to the design, in which the handmade tiles were placed, they being set in mortar, sometimes a light colored mortar, sometimes darkened. As . . . Mercer aptly expressed it, "I paint my patterns with clay paint, but I draw my outlines with your cement." 18
The Moyer house was finished with a very rough, exposed aggregate concrete surface into which were set several triangular mosaics as accents. Mercer's new brocade grapevine border framed the front balcony (Fig. 75). Moyer thought so much of this feature of his house that he included a photograph of the tiledecorated balcony in a flyer entitled "Concrete Surface Finishes" distributed by the Vulcanite Company."19 Since its founding in New York in 1902, the monthly magazine Cement Age had acted as a forum for the discussion of new ideas in the medium. The "frank use of concrete" in the Racquet Club and for Moyer's house excited its editor. He remarked on the "liberal use of colored tiles and mosaics, not for the purpose of hiding the concrete but to relieve the monotony" and commended the tiles as decoration that exercised its true function by emphasizing instead of hiding the structural beauty of concrete. The editor commended the members of the Racquet Club and Moyer for setting examples "that other architects will doubtless emulate with profit to themselves and their clients."20 Cement Age could scarcely wait for the concrete to dry at Fonthill. In the spring of 1909 its photographer scrambled around the site of the halffinished building,
Fig. 76. George Jacob Frank, for many years the Moravian Pottery's chief tilemodeler. He set the complex tile installations at Fonthill and elsewhere. Here he poses for a construction shot in Fonthill, ca. 1909. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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Fig. 77. Construction photographs of Fonthill made for Cement Age, 1909. Collection, SL/BCHS.
shooting tiled vaults and other details of construction (Figs. 76 and 77). The editor praised the wonderful color effects . . . [ranging] from dull ochre tints to cool light grays, with patches of red, yellow and blue here and there. These colors . . . are in the sands used for the top coat of the forms, and are thus embedded in the concrete. They do not in any sense give the effect of a stained or color washed wall. The color resembles that in a building centuries old, tinted and mellowed by time. These tones are emphasized by the bands and clusters of glazed tiles which adorn capitals and arches in more pronounced color and form. . . . In the matter of ornamentation the builder [Mercer] is feeling his way, but with definite purpose, in order that there may be perfect harmony between structural and decorative forms. In considering his work from this point of view it is pertinent to say that architects have laid down many precepts that are not exemplified in the average structure, but which have been carried out in this house. Every feature of it has an absolute and definite meaning, but always a dignified purpose. 21
William Morris wove new tapestries to look old; in his work he sought not the bright colors of newly made textiles but the subtle colors of old tapestries, colors that he preferred. In like manner, Mercer in his early work had created tiles meant to look old. Now he was creating entire concrete buildings meant to look "tinted and mellowed by time." He furthered this aging process by the controlled burning of tar paper in the rooms of the completed building to add a light layer of oily soot that left a patina of "age" on the newly poured concrete. But what distinguished his buildings from other "toned" Arts and Crafts interiors was his striking innovation in tile design—brocades so unusual that no one conversant with the history of ceramics could stand in Fonthill without realizing how new and original its most prominent decorations must be.
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Chapter Nine— Major Themes Columbus The Columbus Room was dedicated to my aunt, [Lela ] . . . to whom I owe my education and travels, and all the rhymed tile inscriptions on the columns and corbels are original, and refer to her, in gratitude for her incessant encouragement and help in things good and worthy that I have tried to do since my early youth. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1916) 1
In 1909, Mercer designed, fabricated, and installed his single most spectacular display of brocade tiles. They decorate the vaulted ceiling of the Columbus Room, which occupies the third floor of Fonthill's tower (Fig. 78). They continue thematically on the ceiling of the adjacent Bow Room. In both rooms, he also installed a great variety of newly designed conventional tiles on the floors and walls, allied in subject to the ceiling brocades. The theme of all these decorations is the discovery and early exploration of the New World. The subject had enthralled Mercer since childhood, when his Scottish tutor had recounted the stories of the Spanish conquests. Mercer's visits to Spain in 1892 and his expedition to the Yucatan in 1895 sharpened his interest. By 1909 he saw the theme of the New World as one that, more than any other, embraced his multifarious activities as scholar, archaeologist, architect, collector, and artist. Accordingly, he dedicated the two rooms and their decorations to his late Aunt Lela, the person who, more than any other, had supported his work in all these realms. Other rooms in Fonthill have remarkable brocade tile installations, but none so lavish or elaborate in their programs of meanings as the Columbus and Bow rooms. The Columbus Room is nearly square, about 18 feet on each side. Its ceiling, capitals, and corbels are thickly encrusted with pictorial brocade tiles. Others band the fireplace as friezes. Smaller brocades and quarries line the window soffits. On the floor, where essentially fiat surfaces were called for, six pictorial mosaics are surrounded by relief tiles and quarries arranged in borders and blocks. Inscriptions in tile run across the ceiling, floor, columns, and corbels. The adjacent Bow Room is slightly more subdued in the richness of its tiling. It is a smaller room, essentially semicircular or bowshaped. It not only serves as an anteroom to the Columbus Room but also gives access to a roof terrace. Mercer originally furnished these spaces for use as bedrooms, but it is unlikely that he added much beyond the concrete builtins other than a bed, table, and chairs. The primary function of each room is the display of its tiles. The effect is overwhelming, and later in his life Mercer half apologized for the exuberance of these rooms, recalling that he had created the tiles in a frenzy to beat the arrival of winter. He said: The elaborate and probably overworked pictures in the Columbus and Bow Rooms, which may be called adaptations of our mosaics with patterns modelled in relief and [with] no
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Fig. 78. View of the Columbus Room, Fonthill, facing the fireplace. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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Fig. 79a. Detail of Columbus Room ceiling: Arms of Spain and the Landing of Columbus. Collection, SL/BCHS. background [save the concrete in which they are set] were designed in August [1909] and burnt and set before frost. 2
Both rooms share the theme of Columbus's discovery of the New World and what he and those who followed him in the century after his first voyage found there, but it is in the Columbus Room that this program comes most sharply into focus. A key symbol in the program is the sixteenthcentury Arms of Spain (see Fig. 79a). In designating this as Panel I, Triangle 1, in his ceiling, Mercer established its importance. It signifies the primacy of Spain in the New World from its discovery through the sixteenth century. Mercer described the panel: Lion, Castle and other quarterings bourne by DoubleHeaded Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, grasping in its claws the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar) with initials P.U. for Plus Ultra, "More Beyond," meaning America, with the motto of Columbus, A Castilla y a Leon Nuevo Mundo Dio Colon (To Castile and to Leon Columbus gave a New World).3
The Arms of Spain had appeared on the title page of Bartholomé de las Casas's Breuissima relacion de la destruycion de las Indias of 1552. In 1889, Justin Winsor reproduced them with reasonable fidelity, though much reduced in scale, in his Narrative and Critical History of America (Fig. 79b), and this reproduction was Mercer's direct source.4 Mercer owned a set of Winsor's eightvolume history. Winsor, whom Mercer knew at Harvard College and perhaps later, had prepared the publication for the quatercentenary of Columbus's first voyage. Mercer's
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set of Winsor served him well during the intense period of designing the Fonthill ceilings. He said, ''The whole [Columbus Room ceiling] is decorated with tiles adapted from woodcuts of the sixteenth century, illustrating events in the voyages of Columbus, and the discovery and exploration of America." 5 Winsor had compiled these images because they were among the first prints to depict the New World. Printed and published in Europe, they had helped satisfy the European demand for pictorial information about the lands beyond the Atlantic. Now they represented the vital interplay between the Old World and the New, from which Mercer's civilization had sprung. It is probable that Mercer knew some of these prints firsthand, but for the purpose of making tiles from them he adapted the small reproductions in Winsor (Fig. 80). Mercer traced the illustrations onto tissue paper, and then enlarged them with a magic lantern projector to the size needed to fit the ceiling panels. Pinpricks and penciled indexes in the backs of the volumes document this act of borrowing the images, images that Winsor had borrowed before him (Fig. 81). The unrefined and sometimes coarse quality of the prints translated easily into the brocade style. The quasiprimitive flavor of both the prints and the tiles suited the Arts and Crafts taste.
Fig. 79b. "The Arms of Spain." Adapted by HCM from a Spanish engraving reproduced in Winsor, Narrative History (1889).
Mercer successfully transformed small, twodimensional blackandwhite prints into bold, colorful ceramic reliefs (see Figs. 82 and 83). He enlarged some of the illustrations in Winsor as much as fifty times, rearranging their elements to convert them from rectangular to triangular formats that would fit the sections of
Fig. 79c. "Columbus at Hispaniola." Adapted by HCM for his Landing of Columbus from an engraving by De Bry, reproduced in Winsor, Narrative History (1889).
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Fig. 80. "Cuzco." HCM's source in Winsor, Narrative History for Pizarro and the Inca. Winsor "improved" the original woodcut illustration by Pedro Cieza de Leon, reversing it in the process (see Fig. 81).
Fig. 81. "Cuzco." Woodcut published in 1553 by Pedro de Cieza de Leon. Also in Sturtevant (1976). Collection, British Library.
groined vaulting. Though he adapted them freely, the images remain recognizable in spite of their enlarged scale and bright primary colors. Columbus is the essential figure. He dominates the ceiling, not in the scale of his depiction but in the number of direct and indirect references to him. Direct references include the brocades Departure of Columbus showing his ships about to sail while he bids farewell to the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella; Title Page of Columbus, depicting his letter to Ferdinand describing the lands he had discovered; Landing of Columbus, in which Indians and an Indian village appear (Fig. 79a and c); and Indians Fishing in Boats, as described by Columbus in his journals and depicted by Benzoni. The other subjects relate to his discovery indirectly. Map of the Northern Hemisphere, "adorned," Mercer said, "with the mermaids, sea monsters and blowing heads of the old cartographers," shows the addition of America (as far north as Florida) to maps of the world soon after Columbus's voyage. For contrast, The Sea of Darkness shows the earlier, unenlightened concept of the world destroyed by Columbus's discovery. Several subjects, Worshipping the Sun, Fruit Trees of Hispaniola, and Llamas; Healing the Sick [in Hispaniola]; Titicaca; Pizarro and the Inca (Figs. 8083); Fountain of
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Fig. 82. Cuzco. The west part of the Columbus Room ceiling, showing five .New World subjects: Pizarroand the Inca (NW 9, center); Worshipping the Sun (NW 14), Llamas (NW 12), and Fruit Trees of Hispaniola (NW 75, left); Healing the Sick (NW 23, right); Titicaca (NW 16, top); and Sea of Darkness (NW 6, lower, facing left). Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
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Fig. 83. Pizarro and the Inca. Modular relief panel. MPTW. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
Youth; Eldorado; Cannibals; and Vacos de Cibola (bisons) portray the marvels of the New World that astounded the Old World. Beneath the ceiling, Mercer's pavement continues the Columbus theme. It includes more than twenty designs that he created during the break in construction during the winter of 19091910. These were conventional floor tiles with intaglio designs. Jacob Frank set the first series in four days, beginning on 22 February. Swain complained that too much of Frank's time went to this work at Fonthill, keeping him from his duties at the Pottery. Swain also fussed because he was not allowed to count the large volume of tiles made for Fonthill in his profit and loss statements, but to no avail. 6 Mercer drove ahead relentlessly to finish these spaces. Most of the pavement is made up of tiles titled as a group The Arms of the American States. For these Mercer freely adapted and simplified the coatsofarms of virtually every nation or colony that existed in the Americas in the early twentieth century. These were the descendants of Columbus's discovery. He offered twenty one of the designs in his catalogue of 1913 (MC 328348; Fig. 126). Each set of arms consists of a group of four tiles. One bears a heraldic motif, while the others carry the name of the state in block letters. Mercer divided the pavement into eight rectangular sections and surrounded each with borders containing a running inscription in block letters. The inscription is the refrain of the poem Columbus (1896) by the American poet, Joachin Miller. These lines purport to express Columbus's reply to his crew when, far into the Atlantic, their confidence flagged and they asked: Brave Admiral speak but one good word, What shall we do when hope is gone? The words leaped like a leaping sword: Sail on, sail on, sail on and on.7
It seems certain that Mercer liked to see a parallel between Columbus's singlemindness of purpose and his own, though he can hardly have carried the comparison very far. Amid the Arms of the American States, and contained by the bands of tile carrying Miller's verse, are six large mosaic panels. These subjects (two of them repeated) are The Departure of Columbus, The Arms of Columbus (x2), Plus Ultra (x2), and The Caravel of Columbus.8 In decorating the capitals of the room's columns and corbels, Mercer shifted from the theme of Columbus and the New World to the dedicatee of these decora
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tions, Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence. Within colorful thick brocades that Mercer described as "floral baskets and scrolls in the style of the sixteenth century, surrounding the initials E. L., for Elizabeth Lawrence," he enclosed "inscriptions in rhyme in her honor." 9 He intended these inscriptions to read as follows (the bracketed letters were not set, presumably due to an error by the tile setter). East column: "As Tiles in bright fire burn, bright thoughts to E. L. turn." West column: "These Tiles the eye delight, for E. L.'s memory bright.'' Over the door to the Bow Room: "Clay and rust in fire burnt bright, for E. L.['s] sake, here flash the light." Adjoining corbel: "Though[t], clay and fire, for E. L. love inspire." Corbels over Rollo's stairs: "Shapes of clay in fire born, for E. L. these walls adorn." Rollo's stairs, so named because Mercer's Chesapeake Bay retriever by that name left pawprints in the newly poured concrete, lead from the Columbus Room to the tower above. (A similar set of pawprints is preserved on stairs in the Mercer Museum.) Although the Bow Room is nearly as richly decorated with ceiling brocades and a pavement of relief, incised, and plain tiles, its smaller size and its concentration on a single subtheme make it seem more restrained and orderly. Here Mercer presented a complex of images of late preColumbian Mexico as it existed when the Spaniards discovered and destroyed it. The center of the ceiling holds a brocade depiction of the city of Tenochtitlán or Map of Mexico (Fig. 84), surrounded with a wide border bearing many inscriptions in Latin. About Tenochtitlán Mercer wrote in his Fonthill notebook. "The tiles . . . were made . . . in 1909 from a reprint of the ancient map of the prehistoric City of Mexico which accompanied the first letter of Ferdinand Cortez to Charles V (Fig. 85). . .. The tiles were cast into the ceiling in reinforced concrete upon a mound of earth and yellow and black sand in October."10 A large mosaic, Indian Making Fire, depicting a Mayan priest in a ritual of fire making, carries the Mexican theme onto the Bow Room pavement. The rest of the pavement consists of a series of 4by4 floor tiles designed by Mercer specifically for the room. He called this series "Reproductions from Pictographs and Symbols in the Ancient Native Manuscripts [codices] of Mexico and the Yucatan" and first offered the tiles in his 1913 catalogue (MC 287327). They include such subjects as Warrior with Feathered Shield and Stone Battle Axe from the Codex Columbino (MC 288), Symbol of Cornstalks from Pintura des Gobernador (MC 295), and Blowing the Conch Horn from the Codex Borgianus (MC 321; Plate 13:3). The theme of the room reflects the fascination Mexico had held for Mercer since his return from the Corwith expedition in 1895. When designing his tiles, consulted the University of Pennsylvania Museum for documentation of these codices. He had corresponded with Zelia Nuttall, one of the leading authorities on the subject of ancient Mexican codices, whom he had met in Madrid in 1892. He was fond of depicting details of codices in his tiles. As we have seen, his earliest logo for Indian House was taken from a codex and he seriously considered adapting glyphs from the codices for his first tile designs.11 This intense concentration of images in the Columbus and Bow rooms, all especially devised for the spaces they occupy and all conceived, fabricated, and installed at close to breakneck speed, was as much an outburst of self as it was a display of gratitude to his late aunt. It memorializes, as well as clay and concrete can, the powerful emotional bond that existed between them. This dependency on Aunt Lela had been manifold. She had provided the funds, discreetly and openheartedly, that allowed him to do what he wanted to do. She had guided his taste in art and society, and she had demonstrated through her own example the virtues of being an independent, strongwilled adventurer. In short, she had succeeded in capturing his mind at an early age, in shaking it loose from the Quaker egalitarian complacency that surrounded it in Bucks County, and in reshaping it on the model of the Boston aesthetes. She did this with the willing and even admiring support of his parents. The loss of Lela, difficult in itself, was compounded by other emotional strains in the years just before the building of Fonthill. In 1904, his brother Willie, with whom Mercer had a close relationship, married Martha Dana, a product of Boston elite society. Martha and Harry did not care for one another, so Willie became less accessible to his older brother. The deaths of their mother in 1903 and Aunt Lela in 1905, and the failure of Mercer's long friendship with Frances Lurman to develop into something more, left Mercer emotionally at sea by the middle of the decade. A period of increasing turmoil and spiritual crisis followed. In October 1907, distraught and depressed, Mercer poured out his feelings somewhat incoherently in a note
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he scribbled on the train from New York to Philadelphia. In a soulsearching statement unusual for its overt expression of religious feeling on the one hand and self chastisement on the other, he wondered if his only hope might be to "fall back upon the love of God's spirit in Christ." He asked himself: Were you better off when your Mother & Aunt were alive, and when enjoying their love you lived with self unconquered—armed for no difficulty—slave to sensual things, anger, bitterness & critical attitude? Were you better off when traveling with Frances you lived in fear & dread of evil evading life's battle, trusting to her love to make you conquer sensuality, grief, bitterness & anger. Enemies evaded but not conquered while she was near? Were you better off as a boy going to Mohegan School, full of the roseate hopes of youth with vivid pictures of delight, friends, fun, human love, woman's charm ahead, yet ignorant of all spiritual things, unarmed for the conflict? Were you better off when thrilled with . . . enthusiasm you walked across this city as upon clouds to search Yucatan caves—yet forgetting, heedless of all ways of escape from false beliefs—bad thinking. Pain & sickness only putting off the evil day? Far far better the light of this morning. Remember this morning. Turn back to it when you are weak or sad. Here is the written testimony Oct 22, 1907 on the Reading NY train NY to Phila/12.11 for Jersey City. . . . ALWAYS REMEMBER THIS HOUR. 12
Within a few weeks, Mercer decided to build Fonthill and to live independently while it was under construction. He moved to his interim residence, Linden, a house in Doylestown, (taking Laura Long from Aldie as his housekeeper). He became a communicant of St. Paul's Episcopal Church (this had not been the family church) and remained intensely religious the rest of his life. Mercer began to rechannel his feelings in directions that led to the building of Fonthill and ultimately to the decoration of the Columbus and Bow rooms.13 Here, well before the building was complete or even habitable, Mercer revived the "Spanish years" of his life, which he had shared so fully with his aunt, and celebrated them in a way—ceramic tile murals of great originality—that she had made possible. These brocades, more than any other of his major works, looked entirely to his past and had little to do with his active interests. At the same time, they signaled a final break from his longstanding dependence on family and Aldie. They announced (to anyone who understood) the beginning of his life alone and his determination, like Columbus, to sail on. Tiles of the New World The Spaniards, as the great mural tile decorators of Europe, . . . never developed [that art] after they discovered America; never translated their own dramatic American discoveries into pictures and stories upon tiles. [I thought] that the modern American maker of tiles might well find his best and most inspiring and appropriate theme in the dramatic story of the discovery and first exploration of America. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1926)14
Mercer's "best and most inspiring" theme was the dramatic story not only of the discovery and exploration of America but also of the growth of a new civilization in the New World. This theme embraced America's history and folklore, and the arts and material culture of its peoples. Mercer first touched on the theme in some of his Harrisburg mosaics, and then elaborated on the earliest part of it by turning back in time in his Columbus Room and Bow Room brocades and focusing on that great discovery and its impact on the life and customs of the indigenous peoples of the New World. He conjured up the great Mayan and Inca civilizations and the Spanish conquerors who destroyed them. In 1912, Mercer created a new series of brocade tiles, smaller and somewhat different in style from those of the Columbus Room. He named the series Tiles of the New World. The differences in style gave the tiles a greater utility than his earlier brocades, which he had designed to decorate the curved surfaces of vaulted concrete ceilings. For common flat surfaces—walls, especially—both in Fonthill and in the general market, he introduced a series of modular brocade panels in two standard heights: 8 and 14 inches (measurements that apply only to pictorial elements) and in varying widths, according to the subject of each panel. The addition of borders, architectural frameworks, and fillers according to the space needs of an installation made the panels practical for conventional applications. These relief panels could be ordered in suggested arrangements for fireplace facings or by the running foot for friezes (i.e., "13 feet of New World"). As with his mosaics, Mercer found no contemporary models for these modular brocades, though he knew well the application of a similar modular scheme in the Italian Renaissance in the ceramic reliefs of the della Robbia family and their followers.15 Mercer installed his New World relief panels around the fireplaces in the Columbus Room and his library
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Fig. 84. Tenochtitlán. Bow Room ceiling, Fonthill. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
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Fig. 85. "Tenochtitlán." Map of Mexico before the Conquest. Source of HCM's Bow Room ceiling design. From Winsor, Narrative History.
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(Figs. 73 and 78). He also installed a major display panel of the designs in the Pottery's new Indian House studio (Plate 15) and as a frieze above the Pottery's entrance. In 1912, his friend and fellow Bucks County Historical Sociey member, Mrs. A. Haller Gross, approached him for suggestions on the remodeling of her home, "Harewood," an eighteenthcentury farmhouse in nearby Langhorne. He responded by designing a pavilion and garden wall of rough cast concrete set with brocade tiles. The concrete pavilion featured five cast arches springing from columns supporting a domed roof covered with Moravian Pottery roofing tiles. He topped the high garden wall with a course of small arches supporting a cornice, echoing the arches of the pavilion. He set chunky originalstyle brocade flowers and animals in all the walls. For the interior of the house, Mrs. Gross received panels of floral brocades, a New World frieze for the dining room, and fireplace facings, in which he began the development of a new modular brocade series, The Bible in Tile. The success of this order encouraged Mercer to market the New World brocade panels actively. In July 1913, even before the last of the Harewood tiles were set, he printed a fourpage folder entitled Tiles of the New World, in which he listed his first twentynine subjects. 16 In it he said, "The tiles appear in a decorative border not as pictures but as ornamental symbols of events." 17 He elaborated on this idea in unpublished manuscript notes for the folder: Unlike prints or paintings from nature, the clay patterns are conventionalized pictures, not intended to be correctly drawn, or to show perspective, distance or the scale of size or natural objects, but like the ornamental carvings of the old Cathedrals, to decorate the room by balancing each other as units of one continuous frieze or border, while telling a story in their own way.18
Of the twentynine designs described in this folder, Mercer had adapted seventeen subjects from the Columbus Room ceiling. The rest were new and continued his American saga, "a marvelous cycle of facts stranger than fable, inspiring achievements, and dreams turned true or half real, linked with great deeds."19 The first seven panels form a sequence that describes Columbus's voyage. The first of these is not a brocade but a mosaic Map of the World Before Columbus (NW 1), derived from a map by the ancient geographer Macrobius. Mercer's source for the image was an illustration in Winsor.20 The next panel depicts in brocade Atlantis (NW 2), the legendary land of the midAtlantic submerged according to the fable by a prehistoric earthquake. Mercer made apparently original designs for two other mythical islands, Antiglia (NW 5) and Avalon (NW 19), the isle of apples. Departure of Columbus (NW 3) shows Ferdinand and Isabella under a pair of triumphal arches (Fig. 86), which rest on columns with capitals treated freely in a Romanesque style. In the spandrels putti holding birds recline against the voluted keystone, initialed "P.U." for Plus Ultra. Mercer pulled this decorative surround from his bag of tricks, so to speak, for it is the same as that of his tile Terra (MC 56), which reproduces a seventeenthcentury German stove tile. He took the figures from an engraving by De Bry. Because he meant them to be seen at close range, Mercer detailed the clothing of these figures to a greater extent than he had in their larger counterparts on the Columbus Room ceiling. Columbus, under the left arch, wears armor and a plumed hat; his three ships line up behind him. The royal pair, though reversed from the De Bry image, wear the same attire as in the print. Columbus passes through the Straits of Gibraltar (in actuality he did not), which symbolically represent the gateway to the New World. Mercer's tile panel Plus Ultra (NW 4)—"more beyond"—shares the same meaning.21 The pillars support a canopy representing the sky and through them a variety of images appear: the sun and a ship representing the voyage, and a golden city and a llama, representing the wonders of the New World, soon to be discovered by Columbus. The Sea of Darkness (NW 6), the Atlantic Ocean, stretches before him. With only a Mariner's Compass (NW 2) and an Astrolabe (NW 26) to guide him, Columbus sailed on for ten weeks by dead reckoning to find the land in the west which he at first believed to be India.22 The Landing of Columbus (NW 7) depicts Columbus meeting a Native American who places a bowl of fruit at his feet; his ship is in the background. Beginning with the next panel, Mercer leaves Columbus behind and explores the New World with such subjects as El Dorado (NW 8), Pizzaro and the Inca (NW 9; Fig. 83), The Fountain of Youth (NW 10), Llamas (NW 12), Cannibals (NW 13), Worshiping the Sun (NW 14), Lake Titicaca (NW 16), and Vacos de Cibola (the bison) (NW 20). These, along with the Arms and Title Page of Columbus (NW 21 and 22) and Healing the Sick (NW 23), are all adapted from the Columbus Room ceiling.
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Fig. 86. The Departure of Columbus. Modular relief panel on capital in office adjacent to New Indian House studio, MPTW. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
Mercer added to the series what he called New World "symbols of events." From Mexico and the Yucatan he developed Montezuma, ruler of ancient Mexico (NW 11), and Indian Making Fire (NW 24) in the style of the Mayan codices, Torture of Guatemoc (NW 29), and House of Turkeys (NW 25) from the map of Mexico on the Bow Room ceiling. He moved to other areas and stories of the New World with such panels as Pocahontas (NW 15) and Balboa Claiming the South Seas (NW 28). In all, he treated eightysix subjects in this great series of discovery. 23 He published two onepage flyers in 1916 illustrating his New World fireplace brocade panels. He also designed a series of brocade tiles for use in conventional wall settings with standard 4inch quarries, by at first extracting details from the New World panels and treating them on a smaller scale. Later he expanded the range of subjects by developing complementary series in smaller brocade tiles on the cities of the New World and the great discovery ships, including the Mayflower and the Aves. The New World in Tiles proved to be the most popular of Mercer's relief series. And since each New World relief panel is a distinct subject, some homeowners ordered only a panel or two to be set into a wall as an accent, as for example, in a brick background over a mantel. By far the most popular design was the Departure of Columbus. Though Mercer did not make many New World fireplace facings or extensive friezes, notable installations included those for the Garden Theatre Building in Johnstown, Pennsylvania (1914), the St. Paul, Minnesota, Athletic Club (1917), the Arsenal Golf Club in Rock Island, Illinois (1919), Blairmont Country Club in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania (1921), Portage Country Club in Akron, Ohio (1922), Price School in Clayton, Missouri (1924), and Brookmead Guernsey Dairies in Wayne, Pennsylvania (1924). One particularly fine installation is in the library of Iowa State University at Ames, Iowa. In 1924, the librarian, Charles H. Brown, selected ten New World designs for a frieze that bands the top of a 7foothigh fireplace. He chose subjects, he said in a letter to Mercer, that "incorporated fact with fancy to denote a reaching out into the unknown, i.e., the seeking for new knowledge through research."24. The Bible in Iron, the Bible in Tile The Lutherans, not the Catholics or Anglicans or Presbyterians, brought this wonderful mine of inspired church decoration over here . . . cast on black iron it has been lost and forgotten, but turned out into tile it blazes. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1929)25
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After completing his move into Fonthill in July 1912, and settling the Pottery into its new quarters in October of that year, Mercer devoted the next eighteen months intensively to scholarship, design, and writing. One result, issued in November 1913 to celebrate the move to the new Pottery, was an updated, enlarged catalogue of Moravian Tiles. It featured 431 designs, including mosaics and brocades, illustrating 216 of them in halftones. In 1913, Mercer also completed the mauscript of one of his major works, The Bible in Iron, which reached publication the following year. 26 He had continued to gather material for the book since the publication in 1897 of his article on the subject of castiron stove plates. He had amassed a very large collection of the stove plates themselves. Now, in 1913, his scholarship once again spilled over into the ceramic side of his life to produce new tile designs. His second series of modular brocade panels, The Bible in Tile, fulfilled a commission received in February 1913 from the Zion Lutheran Church of Baltimore. The church requested two exterior wall murals in tile for an arcade that overlooks a garden (Fig. 87). It is not clear how the subjects of the murals were decided upon, but it seems certain that the order from this longestablished GermanAmerican church (founded in 1755), coming as it did just as Mercer was working on a book about GermanAmerican stove plate designs, sparked the idea for Mercer's return to the stove plates for his designs.27 Mercer had learned a great deal about castiron stove plates since he had selected the symbolic floral design common to many of them as the basis of his first tiles in 1898. Now he turned to pictorial designs, selecting and adapting details from plates that were decorated with primitive illustrations of either biblical stories or secular fables. In both cases the illustrations conveyed moral lessons. Some of their pictorial images may have been adapted from illustrated Bibles. Mercer had adapted one of these pictorial plates for a tile as early as 1901, Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (MC 105), but this was a fullsize reproduction of "The Temptation of Joseph" stove plate rather than an adaptation.28 The art of Americanmade castiron stoveplates had died out about 140 years before Mercer published his major study, much as had the art of the Pennsylvania German potters in the early decades of the nineteenth century. As he had done with pottery, Mercer supposed that he might preserve some flavor of the old decorations by treating them in tile. "The memory of an ancient and foreign art, long the servant of religion, inspired the [American] stovemakers . . . [and] the story of the Bible thus told might again ally itself with the work of any church.29 Between 1913 and 1928, Mercer designed forty modular brocade Bible in Tile panels. With three late exceptions, they were adapted directly from stove plates. He first cast the stove plate in plaster, next made a clay impression from the cast, then cut the figures and other pictorial elements out of their backgrounds, and finally modeled them into higher relief brocade elements. Because the relief of the stove plates is very shallow, this amounted to a transformation of the designs. When Mercer assembled the elements into pictorial panels, he took many liberties in composition, feeling no great need to adhere strictly to the layout of the original stove plates. As with the New World reliefs, he made the panels in two modular sizes of 8 and 14 inches high and variable widths according to subject. Mercer designed the first twentyone Bible reliefs in 1913 and immediately put them into production. In 1914, he faced the fireplace of his new Pottery studio with this series (Fig. 27), and he included a photograph of the studio fireplace in the 1915 supplement to his catalogue. That year he received another important church commission for Bible tiles, this time from the St. James Episcopal Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and as a result he added two more designs to the series.30 In 1916, he received another commission from the Theological Seminary of the First Reformed Church in Lancaster for a large fireplace in the students' social room. This fireplace contains two castiron stove plates surrounded by Mercer's Bible tiles. For another building at the seminary, he designed an original tile fireplace facing on the subject of Saint Callixtus, decorated with large tile mosaics. Mercer adapted the images from reproductions of very early Christian catacomb paintings brought from Rome by John C. Bowman, president of the seminary. The client wrote, "I am sure [Saint Callixtus] will prove to be a gem—perhaps something new under the sun, for which you and our seminary shall have credit."31 Mercer donated the tiles to the seminary and never duplicated them. In 1917, Mercer installed Bible tiles on the pulpit of the Morgan Memorial Church (now destroyed) in Boston, and in 1928 he created a magnificent Bible in Tile
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Fig. 87. The Bible in Tile, mural for Zion Church, Baltimore, Md., 1913. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1982.
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altar as a gift to the Salem Church in Doylestown. He designed fourteen new panels for this job, basing them on stove plates newly added to his collection. One panel, The Baptism of Christ, is unique to Salem Church. 32 Though Mercer called his series The Bible in Tile, not all the subjects are strictly biblical. Where there are several versions of the same subject, each derives from a different stove plate. The subjects divide into five categories: 1. Biblical subjects derived from American stove plates, such as Miracle of the Widow's Oil (of which there are four versions) and Samson and Delilah and Samson with the Gate (both designs from one plate) 2. Biblical subjects from other sources, such as Good Samaritan and Salem 3. Nonpictorial subjects derived from a floral stove plate such as God's Well 4. Biblical subjects derived from a European stove plate, such as Woman of Samaria 5. Nonbiblical plates devoted to moral and other subjects, such as The Scales and The Family Quarrel All the subjects are listed in Appendix IV, C. Mercer's book, The Bible in Iron, is the best source for the study of his Bible in Tile panels. Two examples from American stove plates, one biblical and one secular, illuminate how he interpreted and explained the content and meaning of these tiles. The Death of Absalom brocade panel (Fig. 88) depicts the passage in 2 Samuel 18 in which Absalom, King David's rebellious son, abandons his army and flees on a mule, pursued by Joab. Absalom catches his hair in an oak tree, his mule runs from under him, and Joab kills him by shooting three darts through his heart. King David cries to God in anguish that he would rather have died than lose his son. The stove plate depicts this scene with two horsemen (Fig. 89). (The mule has been replaced by a horse.) Mercer's relief is a free interpretation of the stove plate design. He has kept the basic elements of the composition, moving Absalom and his horse into a more central position. The figure of Joab on the right sets up a strong diagonal which follows his spear into Absalom's heart. The other horseman balances the composition. In 1922, Mercer found in an old Germanlanguage Bible, The Prince's Bible, printed in Nuremberg in 1747 and recently acquired by the Bucks County Historical Society, eight woodcuts that he believed were the probable sources for the designs of one of the American stove plate mold carvers. The Death of Absalom is one of the eight illustrations (Fig. 90).33 Mercer observed that "while none of the designs is exactly like those of the woodcuts, the general pictures and arrangements of fig
Fig. 88. The Death of Absalom. Brocade relief panel on facing in Stove Plate Room, Mercer Museum. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1986.
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Fig. 89. The Death of Absalom stove plate. Collection, BCHS. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1987.
Fig. 90. "The Death of Absalom." Illustration in The Prince's Bible, 1747. SL/BCHS.
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ures were followed closely and the inscriptions that accompany the woodcuts were copied almost verbatim on the stove plates.'' 34 Since Mercer did not know of The Prince's Bible illustration when he designed his Absalom brocade panel, he was interested to see that his adaptation of the design was closer to the woodcut than the stove plate. The stove plate mold carver, who apparently followed The Prince's Bible illustration (though an intermediate adaptation or a common ancestor may have been his source), seemingly failed to appreciate the strength of composition in the original woodcut. The proof for Mercer (others question the certainty of the source) was that the inscription on the stove plate closely followed the one on the woodcut. He translated it: "The bad boy Absalom stays hanging in a tree and must there receive three spears in his breast." 35 An example of an amusing brocade relief design intended for moral instruction is The Family Quarrel (Fig. 91). Mercer took great liberties with this design. He transformed the static, silhouetted figures of the stove plate into a convincingly rowdy brawling family, mainly by placement of the figures. He described the stove plate in The Bible in Iron: Husband and wife, both inspired by bellowsblowing demons, attack each other, he armed with tongs and she with upraised pothook, while with one hand she pulls his hair. The distressed children . . . stand near two fighting pigs to the right, and a fighting dog and cat to the left. The full legend from the Sermon on the Mount runs above the picture, "Blessed are the peacemakers," . . . while below in four rhymed lines, it continues: DURCH.STILLE.DURCH. GEDULT. DURCH.LBEN.DEDN.HOFFEN.UND. NICHT.DURCH.ZANCKEN.WRD.DER. FEIND.AUFS.HAUPT.GETROFEN. "By stillness, by patience, by loving, suffering, hoping, and not by quarreling, is the Devil struck on the head." 36
Mercer created one Bible brocade relief panel in a format different from the others, designing it specifically for the hood of the great fireplace in the Saloon at Fonthill (Fig. 92). This was a large, nonmodular rectangular panel derived from The Rich Man and Lazarus stove plate.37 He published a flyer for this panel. He also created a series of small Bible brocades, based on details of the larger panels, for use with 4inch quarries as embellishments to the reliefs or alone. He catalogued none of these, nor any of the brocades in the same mode based on the New World series, though
Fig. 91. The Family Quarrel. Brocade relief panel on facing of Stove Plate Room, Mercer Museum. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1986.
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Fig. 92. The Rich Man and Lazarus chimney piece mural, Saloon fireplace, Fonthill. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
there is evidence that the Pottery made quite a few of them. Inspired by the success of his New World and Bible panels, Mercer began to jot down ideas for more brocade series. In every case the potential for storytelling was great. He now meant to embark on a new means of expressing his ideas in tile, arranging brocade panels as a frieze (or a fireplace facing) in a succession of scenes illustrating a story. Unlike the New World or Bible series, in which the panels were often installed randomly, he designed his new Picture Book series as narrative progressions. Picture Book Fireplaces But if tiles could tell no story, inspire or teach nobody, and only served to produce aesthetic thrills, I would have stopped making them long ago. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1925) 38
After successfully launching his New World and Bible series, Mercer developed, between 1914 and 1925, modular brocade panels that illustrate wellknown stories from literature and American folklore. He expected them to be used primarily as fireplace facings. The first two of these "picture book" fireplaces
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Fig. 93. Wild Fire mosaic prototypes, 18 inches diameter, set into floor of Crypt, Fonthill. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1986.
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Fig. 94. HCM's sketches for his History of Firefighting. The images are (left to right) "Pumping Water," "Carrying Water," "Old Engine," "Spraying Water," "Wagon Engine,'' "Spraying Water," "Modern Engine." The brocade frieze (2'8" × 19'9") was installed in the Ambler, Pa., Fire House and Borough Hall in 1916, and moved to the Ambler Furniture Company in the 1970s. Collection, SL/BCHS.
illustrated scenes from Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers and Charles Perrault's Bluebeard, stories of European origin well known to American readers. He then produced three other subjects that illustrated American legends in which he had great personal interest: Rip Van Winkle, The Arkansas Traveller, and Cornstalk Fiddles. Mercer considered many other subjects from American folk and popular culture; one of his working lists includes Wild Fire, Grasshopper War, Buffalo Girls, Elbedritches, The Glass Snake, Ginseng, The Raven, Davy Crockett and the Bear, Blindman's Buff, Prisoner's Base, and Monkey Moonshine. 39 Most of these subjects never got further than this list of quickly jotted ideas, though he made rough drawings for Blind Man's Buff and mosaic prototypes of Wild Fire—a depiction of Native Americans using "wild fire" to cook and make pottery—which he plugged into the floor of the crypt at Fonthill (Fig. 93). Mercer also made a few picture book series in which the subject was custommade for its location and installed nowhere else, such as the History of Firefighting brocade frieze for the Ambler, Pennsylvania, Fire House and Borough Hall, in 1916, now removed (Fig. 94).40 In contrast to these subjects from popular and folk literature and history is a unique Wagner fireplace that Mercer made for a private home in suburban Philadelphia in 1915 (Fig. 95). This was the grandest of the fireplaces he designed for any domestic setting other than his own. It is 9 feet high by 13 feet wide, with a 2foot return. Above the mantel, four large panels depict figures and scenes from Wagner's operas. The panels are titled Lohengrin, Siegfried (Fig. 96), Prize Song (from Die Meistersinger), and Bruyhilde [sic] (from Die Walküre). Each panel is elaborately framed and separated by exotic columns. Below the mantel, which is supported by four classical engaged columns, Mercer surrounded the fireplace opening with eight smaller panels. These contain his Musician tiles (Plate 14:5, 7), a series of twelve 7inch brocades designed especially for the Wagner fireplace, depicting late medieval figures (angels and kings), each sprouting from a flower and each playing a different instrument, such as a lute or a bagpipe. Mercer also created smaller brocades (a swan, a harp, etc.) that refer to images in Wagner's operas and used them with 4inch quarries around the mantel and the cornice. They band the design together. Artistically and architecturally, this reliefcovered fireplace dominates its room. It is one of Mercer's most imposing works. Though he photographed it, he never advertised it, nor did he ever make anything quite like it again. He did, however, reproduce its Musician figures and the smaller brocades, offering some of the latter in his 1914 catalogue. In 1916, Mercer published a series of illustrated flyers advertising all the picture book fireplace series that then existed. He called them "original designs" rather than "picture panels," but an article in The Craftsman for December 1916 called them "picture fireplaces." This unsigned article, "Picture Fireplaces: Illustrating Stories for Sitting Rooms, Library, and Nursery," praised the fireplace facings at length and illustrated
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Fig. 95. Wagner fireplace, private residence, Haverford, Pa., ca. 1915, 84 × 115 inches, 31 inch return. Originally unglazed stained and smoked tiles, later painted white by owner. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982.
them with Mercer's own photographs. It is surprising that it failed to mention him by name as their creator. 41 The origins of "picture book" as a term for them is unclear. Although Mercer hoped these fireplaces would have an impact on the new American Arts and Crafts ideas about domestic architectural decoration, they never attained the popularity he expected. Vividly illustrated narratives may have seemed too active a presence for domestic settings. Further, in these works Mercer moved sharply away from the Arts and Crafts movement's favorite idiom of flat, conventionalized designs and into the realm of sculpture. Moreover, they arrived late in the Arts and Crafts era. Though the Pottery made only a few sets of each design, and not all were installed in locations open to public view, the picture book reliefs rank among his most important works, not only in the history of ceramics but also in the history of American sculpture. They remain surprisingly little known, though a rich body of documentation surrounds them. Mercer's first picture book fireplace developed from an especially attractive commission. In May 1914, Margaret Agnew Adams, wife of J. Howe Adams, a physician, wrote to Mercer from "Dingley Dell," their residence in Paoli, Pennsylvania, requesting two fireplaces. The first was to be an "heirloom" fireplace and was to illustrate the notable deeds of some of Dr. Adams's ancestors. Its subjects were to be The Capture of Major Andre ("Dr. Adams wishes . . . [this], as one of his
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people was one of the three to capture Andre—Spaulding by name," Mrs. Adams wrote), George Howland Sighting a Whale, Robert Hodgson Chased by Indians in 1637, The Mayflower: Landing of the Pilgrims (a New World subject), and The Paoli Massacre. Alhough this fireplace facing has disappeared from the house, correspondence and drawings indicate that it was made and installed . 42 For their second fireplace, the Adams family, who like many other Americans at the time were Dickens enthusiasts, specified a Pickwick Papers subject. They had named their residence Dingley Dell after Dickens's setting of some of his Pickwickian adventures. Mercer wrote to Mrs. Adams suggesting incidents in the novel that might provide images for the fireplace. Mrs. Adams replied with suggestions of her own that must have given Mercer pause. She said:
Fig. 96. "Siegfried." Detail of Wagner fireplace (see Fig. 92). 18 × 14 inches. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982. The Cruikshank pictures have, for the most part, too much detail to look well in tiles, and the pictures in Pierce's Dickens Dictionary seem to us very desirable. They are simple bold figures with excellent backgrounds of mantels, tables, crockery, etc., which can be worked out charmingly. The Dingley Dell coach picture I am sending you under separate cover. There is a good deal of detail, but it would be stunning, and most of the figures need not be brought in, as the main thing is to get the coach, the background and the Pickwickians.43
Though George Cruikshank illustrated Dickens's Oliver Twist, he had nothing to do with The Pickwick Papers. Further, the three illustrations in Pierce's Dictionary scarcely do the story justice; Mercer rejected them.44 He also rejected Mrs. Adams's suggestion about the coach and developed instead a series of sketches based on the original illustrations for The Pickwick Papers by Robert Seymour (17891836), Robert W. Buss (18041875), and Hablot Knight Browne (18151882), who signed himself "Phiz."45 Mercer understood, perhaps better than his clients, that there could be no adequate substitute for the original depictions of Pickwick and his cronies, illustrations that were well known to the reading public of his day. Eight days after she had written to Mercer, Mrs. Adams had his preliminary sketches for the Pickwick fireplace in hand. She responded enthusiastically, and also apologetically: Mr. Pickwick's troubles have pursued him even to our little fiat. As he was being admired at the dinner table, a dish of asparagus was tipped off a tray and the contents was sprinkled over his benign and philosophical person. This seems quite dreadful to tell you, but it is better to be truthful and we did not dare try to repair damages for fear of injuring the drawing. The family is delighted with the drawings but they deplore the absence of Tony Weller. . . . We are making the whole dining room Dickens, furniture made with a rubbed in queer green, like your tiles—just the grain of the wood showing—no shine anywhere—solid substantial hand work.46
The completed Pickwick fireplace contains five panels, including one in the center of the arrangement with Tony Weller. From the more than fifty plates of illustrations in the original serialized publication, Mercer chose those that best portrayed the major characters. He emphasized the main action and eliminated most other details. He rearranged the pictorial elements to suit his compositions, but he preserved the essential spirit of each illustration. Mercer's own titles for the scenes vary from those found in the early Pickwick editions (though the plates appeared without titles in the first printing). The five
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panels are Mr. Tupman and the Horse, after Seymour's "Mr. Winkle Soothes the Refractory Steed"; Pickwick in the Pound, after Phiz's "Mr. Pickwick in the Pound"; Tony Weller and the Parson, after an untitled vignette by Phiz for the title page of the original edition; The Fat Boy Interrupting the Lovers, from Phiz's (after Buss's) "The Fat Boy Awake on This Occasion Only"; and Sam Weller and the Housemaid, after Phiz's "First Appearance of Mr. Sam Weller." 47 The second of these, his Pickwick in the Pound (Figs. 97 and 98), is a good example of how Mercer worked in adapting his sources, in this case Phiz's illustration. In Dickens, a lame Pickwick is brought to a shooting party in a wheelbarrow. After an ample lunch he falls asleep and is left in the barrow by his friends. An irate landowner, who considers Pickwick a trespasser, wheels him to the animal pound. Pickwick awakes to find himself enclosed in a corral with a donkey and three pigs and villagers gathered around the fence taunting him. In his panel, Mercer brings Phiz's Pickwick in the barrow to the fore, moves the donkey from left to right, and replaces the pigs with a little dog. Behind Pickwick, Mercer interpolates the fence, the crowd, and the village. He reduces Phiz's crowd from twentysix men, women, and children to two boys hanging on the fence; Phiz's village, with its perpendicular Gothic tower and thatched roofs, becomes a mere suggestion of a building. These serve only to frame Pickwick or, to be more specific, the expression on Pickwick's face, the one detail in the original print that Mercer preserved, in spirit
Fig. 97. "Pickwick in the Pound." Modular relief brocade panel, detail of Pickwick fireplace, Fonthill. ca. 1914. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1980.
Fig. 98. "Pickwick in the Pound." Illustration by "Phiz" [Hablot Knight Browne] for the original publication of Charles Dickens's The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, 1837.
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Fig. 99. The Bluebeard fireplace photographed for Mercer's catalogue supplement. Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
if not in the precision of drawing, because it best portrayed the character of Dickens's hero. The AdamsPaoli Pickwick panels served as a prototype for Mercer's final version of the subject, which he installed as a fireplace facing in Fonthill and photographed for his 1915 flyer. He kept the figure elements of the brocade but changed parts of the background. He had set the Paoli fireplace in an open framing and connecting ceramic border. At Fonthill he replaced this framework with a brocade surround of Colonial Revival elements. Mercer next turned for a picture book subject to the tale Bluebeard, well know in the version by Charles Perrault (16281703). He arranged the images in a narrative seqence of nine panels that depict the essentials of the story from beginning to end. The five Pickwick images are different; they illustrate episodes from Dickens's novel but do not—and could not possibly—encapsulate the entire story. Though Mercer designed Bluebeard (Fig. 99) as a fireplace facing, the only known installation of the tiles is at Fonthill. The grim aspects of the story may have made it seem unappetizing for parlors and dining rooms. Mercer's images for the story seem to be original rather than derived from any of the numerous illustrated editions of the tale. The scenes from the story, as presented in his flyer of 1916, are Feast, The Forbidden Door, Bluebeard's Castle, Forbidden Chamber, The BloodStained Key, Bluebeard Enraged, Anne Calls for Help, Chased by Brothers, and Death of Bluebeard. 48 Mercer's next three picture book brocades, all derived from American legends, represent an advance in style over his Pickwick and Bluebeard reliefs. The images are finer in detail, more expressive in modeling, and more clearly concerned with the character and content of the stories they illustrate. The first of these American series illustrates Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle." Mercer had treated the subject as a mosaic in 1904, and now in June 1915 he designed it in brocade as a fireplace facing for the Carnegie Public Library in
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Saugerties, New York, a site not far from the Catskill Mountain setting of Irving's story (Fig. 100). The Pottery produced at least eight versions of this brocade between 1915 and 1930, each utilizing the same elements but varying in color and background in each installation. The only other installation in a public building was made for the John A. Howe Library in Albany, New York, in 1928. 49 Mercer had a threefold personal interest in Irving's story. When as a small child he and his family had lived on a farm in Claverack, near Hudson, New York, Rip's Catskills rose majestically on their western horizon. Later, at Mohegan Lake School near Peekskill, Mercer was not far from Sunnyside, Washington Irving's home on the Hudson. And now, in his maturity, Mercer found in the tale a theme that he knew from his life as a collector of artifacts of the American past. The late eighteenth century American society that Rip awoke to after his nap of twenty years was a confusingly different one of new ways and appearances. The younger generation had begun to cast off much of what Rip's contemporaries had once valued, and as Mercer understood better than most, American culture had continued to discard its material possessions with bewildering speed. Irving's "Rip Van Winkle," published in his Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon in 1820, quickly became one of the major legends of American life and was treated by many artists and illustrators, including John Quidor, Felix Octavius Carr Darley, and Augustin Hoppin. But Mercer adapted none of these, making entirely original
Fig. 100. Rip Van Winkle fireplace, Saugerties (N.Y.) Public Library. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1980.
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Fig. 101. "Rip Leaves Home." Modular brocade relief panel, detail of Rip Van Winkle fireplace. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1980.
designs that are distinctly threedimensional in concept. Their rude heartiness suits both the medium and the story. The Rip Van Winkle series consists of seven pictorial brocade panels, each representing an event in Irving's story. Irving's highly pictorial prose description, which Mercer followed closely, explains the tiles: 1. Rip Leaves Home. Rip's "only alternative to escape from the labor of the farm and the clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods." Beside a Dutch door, Mercer shows an archbacked cat as counterpart to Rip's scolding wife and contrast to Rip's carefree dog, Wolf. Musket over his shoulder, powder horn on his side, Rip heads for the mountains (Fig. 101). 2. Bearing the Cask. High on a mountain path, Rip met "a short, squarebuilt old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion—a cloth jerkin strapped round the waist—several pairs of breeches, . . . decorated with rows of buttons down the sides and bunches at the knees. He bore . . . a stout keg . . . and made signs for Rip to . . . assist him with the load." The limits of clay prohibited the fine details called for by Irving's description; Mercer left out the beard and the buttons, but in general he successfully suggested the costume of the period. More important, he captured the "feel" of the events of the story. The weight of the keg compresses Rip's body, which, nearly devoid of detail, is one of Mercer's strongest sculptural figures. The disposition
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of the arms and the angle of the head convey the sense of burden in the climb up to the mountain glen. The strong diagonals from lower left push the figures uphill. 3. Drinking the Enchanted Draft. They found a "company of oddlooking personages playing at ninepins. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons and made signs to him to wait upon the company. [Rip] even ventured . . . to taste the beverage." The arrangement of the figures in this panel convey the mood of serious drinking. Rip is seated, putting him at the level of the little men. Mercer's pottery mark, MOR, worked into a ligature, appears on the end of the keg. 4. The Bowlers. "What seemed particularly odd to Rip was, that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence. . . . Nothing interrupted the stillness of this scene but the noise of the balls, which whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder." Mercer gives the nowdrunken Rip a stupefied expression and the bowlers vacant staring eyes. 5. The Long Sleep. Rip "reiterated his visits to the flagon so often that at length his senses were overpowered . . . and he fell into a deep sleep." Mercer emphasized the horizontality of the sleeping figures of Rip and Wolf by locating the title tile between the only two panels that show Rip alone. 6. The Awakening. "On waking . . . he rubbed his eyes—it was a bright sunny morning. . .. He found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted with rust. He whistled after [Wolf] . . . but all in vain." Mercer suggests spring, rebirth, and cycles of life by the profusion of leaves and plant forms in the foreground (Fig. 102). 7. Rip's Return. "He hastened to his old resort, the village inn—but it too was gone. He recognized on the sign . . . the ruby face of King George . . . but even this was . . . metamorphosed. The . . . head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted . . . GENERAL WASHINGTON." Mercer shows the new President on the tavern sign, a detail underlining the theme of transformation. Buildings in the background tell of the growth of the village in Rip's absence. 50 <><><><><><><><><><><><> Mercer designed his second American legend brocade, The Arkansas Traveller, in 1916 (Plate 7). This subject is
Fig. 102. "The Awakening." Modular brocade relief panel, detail of Rip Van Winkle fireplace. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1980.
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a musical myth, a humorous traditional tale incorporating a fiddled reel tune. The tale appeared on the American frontier in the middle of the nineteenth century. The tune plays a central role in the story, which concerns the meeting of a lost traveler from town with a backwoods squatter in the hills of Arkansas. As a child, Mercer heard the piece performed by his uncle, Major George Douglas Mercer, who had learned it in the Southwest and who may have inspired Mercer to take up the fiddle himself. In 1896, Mercer published the major's variant of the tale in Century Magazine. 51 He illustrated the article with reproductions of two popular prints (which he owned) of the subject, published as a pair by Currier & Ives in the 1870s. The prints, The Arkansaw Traveler and The Turn of the Tune (Fig. 103), had been freely adapted from the paintings of Edward Payson Washbourne (18311860).52 These prints served Mercer as points of departure for a few details in his clay version of the tale. In his Arkansas Traveller flyer, Mercer included a modified version of the tale as he had written it for the Century article. Between 1916 and 1929 he made eleven versions of the brocade, all as fireplace facings. None of them was for a public space, though he installed some of the panels in his own buildings. Like Rip, his Arkansas Traveller consists of seven scenes. Quotations from his flyer describe them: 1. Lost in the Woods. "A slow, monotonous sawing of the first bars of the tune on the fiddle [introduces] the Traveller, . . . [who] has lost his way in the wilds of Arkansas." The flowing bark patterns and the setting sun suggest the wildness of the setting. The struggles of the traveller with his horse provide a dynamic contrast to the static architectural surround. 2. The Log House. "In coonskin cap, and wellbelted with pistol and bowie knife, he rides up at nightfall to a dilapidated and nearly roofless log house." This is another dynamic scene, stamped with the Pottery's mark on the keg at right. The pistol is in Panel 1. 3. The Squatter. At the log house, "an old squatter, seated upon a stump, is scraping on a fiddle, out of tune." A boy sits in an ash hopper; a dog howls with the music. Hollowedout gourds in the tree, which were hung to attract nesting martins, are seen in the Currier & Ives prints. 4. The Arkansas Traveller and His Question. "The musician plays on, paying no attention to the visitor." This panel illustrates the ensuing dialogue between the squatter and the traveller, who is seeking cover for the night. The squatter parries the traveller's questions while repeatedly playing the same notes on his fiddle, notes that amount to the first part of a reel tune:
Excerpts from Mercer's version of the protracted dialogue give its flavor: The Traveller begins to banter [with] the old man, the tune still playing. "Why don't you put a roof on the house?" "When it's dry weather I don't want a roof; when it's wet I can't." "Why do you play that tune over so often for?" "Only heard it yesterday. Afraid I'll forget it." "Why don't you play the second part of it?" "I've knowed that air tune ten years, and it never had no second part." "Give me the fiddle and I'll play it for you." The crisis of the story has come. The traveler, after a few moments of rich chording on the "G" and "D" strings, strikes up the unknown second part or "turn" of the tune with the heel tingling skill of a true jig player.
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A quern at right bears Mercer's Pottery mark. The squatter's wife, Sall, is at the left. The general design follows that of Washbourne's painting and the Currier & Ives print. 5. The "Turn" of the Tune. "The whole scene is set in motion. The squatter leaps up and throws out his arms, the boy . . . jumps down and 'cuts capers.' Old Sall, . . . twisting her hard face into a smile, begins to dance." This scene is a transformation of Panel 4. Oncestatic figures now dance, the horse included. The traveler sits backward on his animal as he fiddles. A straw beehive is at left. (Figs. 103 and 104.) 6. The Demijohn. " 'Walk right in,' shouts the squatter. 'Tie up your horse. . .. Sall, pull out that demijohn.' " This is a scene of celebration. Mercer strongly characterized the figure of the squatter pouring from the jug. (Figs. 105 and 106.) 7. The Dry Spot. "Stranger, help yourself. Stay as long as you please. If it rains, sleep on the dry spot." He does, as an owl keeps vigil. 53
Fig. 103. Currier & Ives. Turn of the Tune. Traveller Playing the "Arkansas Traveller." Lithograph, 1870. The Harry T. Peters Collection, Museum of the City of New York.
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Fig. 104. ''The Turn of the Tune." Detail of The Arkansas Traveller fireplace. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
<><><><><><><><><><><><> The third American legend relief, Cornstalk Fiddles, was made in 1925. The only known installation is in a private residence in Easton, Pennsylvania, not as a fireplace facing but as a series of five wall panels. Cornstalk Fiddles derives from a reminiscence of childhood written by Mercer's old compatriot and sometime rival Charles Conrad Abbott. 54 Mercer elaborated on Abbott's memoir about this primitive folk instrument to create one of his most important works, important because the deceivingly simple tale expresses the acuteness of his observations on the intimate interrelationship of implements and folkways in the American past. His example is characteristic of the games children play with implements fashioned from sticks, stones, grass, cornstalks, and a multitude of other things found in nature. Cornstalk Fiddles grew out of Mercer's belief that children's games are a link to primitive thought and an expression of the human mind's basic ingenuity. They connect the present to antiquity and prehistory. Mercer presented the subject in narrative sequence. His notes and sketches for the reliefs explain the story. 1. "The Farmer Leaves" in his wagon (Fig. 107, left). 2. "Smoking Corn Silk," "Making Fiddles," "Cutting Corn Stalks." Mercer combined three sketches into one panel showing three boys who, instead of working in the corn field, begin their mischief now that they are left alone (Fig. 108).
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Fig. 105. HCM's sketch for "The Demijohn" (the jug). SL/BCHS.
Fig. 106. "The Demijohn." Detail of The Arkansas Traveller fireplace. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1986.
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Fig. 107. Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel. "The Farmer Leaves," "Barnyard," "Dancing and Fiddling Around in the Barn," ''The Farmer Returns," and "Rooster and Pump." Private residence in Easton, Pa. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982.
Fig. 108. "Smoking Cornsilk, Making Fiddles, Cutting Corn Stalks." Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby. 1982.
3. "Cows in the Corn." The careless boys have left the gate open, and the cows escape to the cornfield (Fig. 109). 4. "Dancing and Fiddling around in the Barn." Two boys play cornstalk fiddles, another a makeshift drum, while a fourth boy swings a tasseled stalk to begin a cornstalk fight. The returning farmer approaches, about to end the general melee (Fig. 107, right center). 5. "Caught Smoking by the Farmer's Wife" (Fig. 110). 6. "Chased by the Farmer" (Fig. 111). Two additional panels depict barnyard scenes with fences, ladders, barn doors, trees, and cornfields in which the story is set (Fig. 107, left center and right). <><><><><><><><><><><><> To emphasize the mythical quality of the American legends, Mercer established the equivalent of a storyteller's distance by presenting the tales through brocade tile surrounds that amount to architectural frameworks. In his flyer for The Arkansas Traveller he explained that his stories, "blending with recollections of Southern hospitality, . . . are seen as if through the doorways, windows, arbors and balconies of an old Kentucky mansion." 55 These architectural details served equally well in the case of Rip Van Winkle to suggest a villa on the
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Fig. 109. "Cows in the Corn." Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982.
Hudson River. The framework for Bluebeard, however, is meant to suggest exotic Oriental latticework. The architectural framework for his American legends,—developed first for Pickwick—was an eclectic mixture of American architectural motifs, usually classical fluted columns topped by balustrades, large fans, or lintels; or the framework was an arched garden lattice. The fashionable Colonial Revival style of 1916 harkened back to an earlier Classical Revival of the 1830s for its American sources and was perhaps, in part, a nationalistic reaction to the Great War in Europe. In fireplace facings, Mercer usually alternated the pictorial storytelling elements with panels containing shuttered windows, doorways with fanlights, garden gates, pairs of Georgian dormer windows, and bits of foliage. These panels serve as spacers, opening up the composition. He usually surrounded the entire fireplace with a wide ceramic cornice molding and outlined the opening with a halfround trim.
Fig. 110. "Caught Smoking by the Farmer's Wife." Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982.
Mercer broke from this pattern when he designed Cornstalk Fiddles. For the first time he presented his story without building blocks of architectural elements as framing devices. Instead he set his narrative directly into the rural landscape, framing his scenes with trees, fences, ladders, barn doors, and cornfields—things that are a part of the story itself. Mercer's obvious enthusiasm for his subjects, wonderfully expressed in the postures and facial expressions of the figures and in their relationships to one another, brings to life the gentle humor of Rip Van Winkle, the droll wit of The Arkansas Traveller, and the goodnatured shenanigans of Cornstalk Fiddles. He achieved an exuberance that is rare in American sculpture. Mercer's choice of strong colors for his American
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Fig. 111. "Chased by the Farmer." Cornstalk Fiddles relief panel. Photo by Cleota Reed and James R. Blackaby, 1982.
legends may owe something to his knowledge of folk and vernacular art. Sometimes he used bright primary color glazes that reecho the lively spirit of such things as polychromed and painted cigarstore figures. But just as often he dispensed with glazes altogether, preferring the rich natural reds "with which," he commented, "nature has gloriously tinted most of the clays of the world." 56 He extended these reds into a large and varied palette of natural colors that suited the earthiness of his American legends. The surface quality of the unglazed reliefs is both distinctive and subtle; the edges are sharper; and Mercer's sculptural expressiveness can be seen at its best. Mercer's clay legends took the form they did because of his belief that he was contributing to what he hoped would some day be a grand national fabric woven of native history and art. A younger generation of artists, composers, poets, and playwrights would move in the same direction a few years later, producing such works as Thomas Hart Benton's historically oriented series of murals on the arts of the regions of America and Aaron Copland's score for the ballet Billy the Kid. The causes of this interest in Americana, which culminated in the 1930s after more than half a century of development, are complex and not yet fully understood, but Mercer's role in it was among the most didactically oriented of any artist. His aim was to reveal what of value had been lost, much as the squatter of The Arkansas Traveller had forgotten (or as in some tellings, had never heard) half the tune. In creating his ceramic work, and especially in treating American folk legends such as Rip Van Winkle, The Arkansas Traveller, and Cornstalk Fiddles in picture book reliefs, Mercer himself became the Traveller, the man who cared and knew enough to "turn" the tune. "The musical horseman has wandered far beyond the bounds of Arkansas," Mercer observed. And then, perhaps thinking of Rip's sense of loss, he added, "Who shall say that he must disappear with the things that pass in the hurry of modern American life?'' 57 October Summer will not wait For winter's at the gate To warmer lands the swallows fly, The scorpion rises in the sky. Now thresh the straw with horses tread And fan the wheat to grind for bread. October brings her fruits to cheer The shorter days and waning year. —Henry Chapman Mercer (1920)58
When Frank Swain filed the Pottery's annual report at the close of the fiscal year 19291930, immediately after Mercer's death, he summarized the year's work and, as was his practice, singled out many of the year's important jobs. He wrote: Tiles furnished for Hatfield Chapel at New Canaan, Conn. Very large order of hexagons for American Academy of Arts & Letters, New York City. Lots of panels of Moravian tiles for the Ancient tiles at Fonthill, i.e., borders for installations of historic tiles as well as many window bands in Map Room & West Room of Moravian tile. Two scene (October) panels in Balcony of Salon of slightly different treatment from all others. . .. Mrs. Dirk got Arkansas Traveller fireplace in gay colors. Mrs. Stryker got flat mosaic seasons fireplace as well as two boars heads arms panels. Mr. F. B. ——— got a fine
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bathroom. Mr. Mercer was active till February 1st, being at the Pottery late in January and was able with help to see the window bands, just set, about the middle of February.
While it is interesting to have this documentation of' Mercer's activity at the Pottery only a few weeks before his death, the greater significance of Swain's report comes from its reference to the October panels. Mercer mentioned them himself in the list of accomplishments that closes his 1929 daybook as "noteworthy tiles . . . two scenic panels in Alcove at Fonthill.".60 Swain said the importance of the panels lies not only in "their slightly different treatment" in style, but also in their singular expression of a subject that preoccupied Mercer in his last years: the study of the origins and history of traditional American buildings. Mercer tucked the October panels under the arches of the vaulted ceiling of the alcove overlooking Fonthill's Saloon (Plate 9). These are large installations, about 30 by 50 inches, but because of their location in a darkly lit, cramped space, they are easily overlooked. They attracted little special notice until 1979, when it was suggested that they might not be Mercer's work at all. Their unusual style raised the possibility that the Trenton tile maker Herman Carl Mueller might have designed them. The two men were good friends by 1929, and they shared the initials with which the panels are signed: HCM.61 Mercer had already installed several displays of historic tiles in Fonthill, and it seemed reasonable to assume that because he considered Fonthill to be a kind of museum he might want to include examples of the work of one of his most accomplished contemporaries. But archival evidence, which includes Mercer's own preliminary sketches for the panels (Fig. 118, Plate 8), and a pastel drawing of the subject in his hand, erase any doubt that the work is his. The unusual style of the panels seems to have been called for by their subject. Although Swain referred to the two panels jointly as October, only one merits that title. Its design includes both the word "October" and its corresponding sign of the zodiac, Scorpio (SeptemberOctober). The other panel has no title as part of its design (an arrangement of fruit and flowers fills the space equivalent to that allotted to the title in October), but the inclusion of the sign of Leo (JulyAugust) suggests that its title would have been July or August if Mercer had chosen to give it one. He may have intended these two panels as the summer and autumn sections of a nevercompleted four seasons group, though there is no room for the others immediately adjacent to them. Mercer designed the panels as a balanced pair. Each consists of twelve sections arranged in two concentric bands arched around a hub. A decorative band of flat border tiles outlines each section, presenting the effect of a radiant sun. Of the twelve sections in each panel, eight depict scenes from farm life, while the other four contain single images: one flower or fruit, one bird, one sign of the zodiac, and in the hubs, the title October for one and summer flowers for the other. The bright primary colors in the tiles come from standard Mercer glazes. The overall glazing of the flat tiles, the generous use of bright white on faces and other features, and the use of incised lines to delineate details combine to increase the "slightly different" appearance of the tiles and even suggest a different palette, though Mercer had used all these colors and decorative devices before.62 At first glance, the panels look like glazed mosaics—made of fiatsurfaced tiles cut in silhouetted shapes. But Mercer treated them more like brocades, setting them high and loosely spaced with open joints in a lightcolored concrete background. They are mosaicbrocade, as described in Chapter 4. Mercer almost certainly had one of his potters cut these tiles directly out of slabs of clay instead of pressing them from molds. They are glazed and finishfired without much refinement, as if they had been made in a hurry. These qualities at first seem to reflect an urgency in their fabrication, as if a dying man knew he had no time to bother with mold making or high finish. But this seems not to have been the case. The requirements of the space they were meant for, and Mercer's penchant for innovation, explain the departures in style. The flat style is quite appropriate to the setting of the panels in the narrow space of the alcove. They are seen best descending the stairs from the rooms above, immediately on the left, and directly ahead above a doorway. Reflection of light from the glazed surfaces contrasts with the dull concrete of their background. The shallow, steplike relief of the edges of the tiles projecting from the concrete is accented by incised outlines on the surfaces of the tiles. Use of a crustier, modeled relief would have made the panels more difficult to "read" at such close range. Prototypes for this mosaicbrocade style can be found in the plaques Mercer made for his garage pavilion in 1928 (Fig. 112) and
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Fig. 112. Terrace Pavilion on second floor of garage, Fonthill, set with tiles depicting the theme of the Four Seasons. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
to some degree even in the installations he made around the same time in Fonthill to display his collections of historic tiles. In any event, the unusual style is secondary to the program of ideas in the October panels, ideas that had been fermenting for years. Dealing with American farm life, the panels provided Mercer with an opportunity to rethink and treat freshly this subject of pioneer tools. He had concerned himself with the subject in his Harrisburg floor a quarter of a century earlier, but now he approached it differently through the ancient theme of the four seasons. Since classical antiquity, the theme of the four seasons has evolved from the symbolic, ideal, passive illustration of the seasons, through allegorical representations of them, to, beginning in the Middle Ages, the realistic, active depiction of specific rural occupations associated with each season. It became an important secular subject for medieval artists who began to use prosaic scenes from contemporary everyday life instead of sacred subjects to represent the seasons. From the Renaissance onward, artists depicted the theme in every medium and for countless purposes, treating the four seasons in an infinite variety of ways. They were drawn on calendars, painted on clock faces, woven into and printed on textiles, carved in wood and stone, and
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often accompanied by verse. The theme took on scientific and humanistic meaning. Agesold astronomical thought gave way in the Enlightenment to new ideas that nevertheless found the old symbols of the four seasons, the zodiac, and the constellations still useful for popular communication. The humanistic meanings sprang not only from the traditional thought that human activity responded to environmental changes brought about by the seasons but also, beginning especially in the seventeenth century, that these common activities of common people were in themselves worthy subjects for serious art.. 63 The four seasons theme and its derivatives (the labors of the months, the days, the hours, the zodiac, the elements, and scenes of country life) were popular with English and, later, American Arts and Crafts artists with their tendency to medievalize. In his October panels, however, Mercer went beyond romantic medievalizing to the very essence of the theme in the context of his own rural Bucks County.
Fig. 113. "Paring the Apples." Photograph taken by HCM in 1897 to document the use of American pioneer handicraft tools. Collection, SL/BCHS.
Because this was not Mercer's first treatment of the subject of the four seasons, it is worth reviewing how it developed in his work. In 1897, when he began to collect handicraft tools intensively, Mercer took photographs of men and women in historic dress demonstrating the use of the tools. Some of these photographs are preserved in a scrapbook illustrating the early years of the Bucks County Historical Society (Fig. 113).64 They depict the use of implements in such farm activities as spinning wool, dipping candles, splitting shingles with a drawing
Fig. 114. Paring the Apples. Mosaic for Pennsylvania State Capitol pavement, Harrisburg, Pa., 1904. Photo by James R. Blackaby, 1986.
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Fig. 115. Section of brocade mural depicting Pioneer "Trades," preset at Moravian Pottery (in background) before shipment to site of installation, probably a public school. Collection, MPTW Papers, SL/BCHS.
knife, removing bark with a spud, braking flax, reaping wheat with a sickle, nipping clover, blowing a dinner horn, paring apples, and making apple butter. Some, but not all, of these labors have been traditionally associated with specific seasons or months. When Mercer created the Harrisburg pavement between 1903 and 1907, he based some of his designs on these photographs (Fig. 114). He further developed the idea in installations for other clients, such as his large brocade panels for the public school buildings for many towns and cities nationwide designed by William B. Ittner of St. Louis (Fig. 115). One notable example is the set of "Trades" brocades for the exterior of the mechanical arts wing of Ittner's Academy High School in Erie, Pennsylvania. Here Mercer's images of pioneers working at their crafts (spinning wool on a spindletype wheel, reaping wheat with a scythe, scraping hides for tanning [Fig. 116], grinding corn in a quern, sawing wood, and pounding hominy in a mortar) were meant to remind the students learning modern industrial skills of their pioneer tool heritage. 65 In none of these early installations do the labors symbolize seasons or months. Around 1912, Mercer introduced a series of twentyseven brocade tiles for use with 4inch quarries in which he began to link the activities of Americans at work (and at play) with the times of the year (Plate 14:1, 4, 12, 15). He called this his "Seasons" series, and he installed it as a frieze in his bedroom at Fonthill. Mercer continued to make lists of appropriate activities for each season. He depicted not only farm labors but
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Fig. 116. Scraping Hides for Tanning. Glazed and unglazed brocade mural, 70 × 42 inches. Academy High School, Erie, Pa. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1982.
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also genteel pursuits, regional activities, sports, and children's games. He referred to some of the designs as "Trades" in his Order Books; they later came to be called simply "Figures." He apparently never set out to create a single complete set of twelve traditional "Labors of the Month," but rather loaded many possibilities into his series, some more closely related to a season or month than others. He was interested less in their symbolic value than in their evocation of real activities. Any number of tiles could be selected to form a seasons or labors grouping, according to the interests of a client. Alternatively, they could be used purely as decorations, without any linking program. Only in the case of the October panel did Mercer ever actually specify a month. Mercer also created, in 1914, a standardized Four Seasons fireplace, offering it in a flyer along with his picture book fireplaces. In this design, he represented each season with a traditional farm activity. He designed smaller brocade elements: animals (Plate 14: 1619) and tiny flowers, along with a special framework of pierced and notched tiles to set off the brocade figures. These were: Spring: Sowing Seed, Robin, Violet, Lily Summer: Reaping, Bumble Bee, Butterfly, Wild Rose Autumn: Gathering Grapes, Rabbit, Grapes Winter: Felling Trees, Owl, Mistletoe, Holly Mercer created one of the most beautiful variations of his Four Seasons fireplace by devising one in mosaic in the last year of his life (Plate 10). "Mrs. Stryker got flat mosaic seasons fireplace," said Swain in his annual report for 1930. Stained bright blue with touches of gold, this intricate mosaic is among Mercer's most subtle and refined designs. He adapted the Four Seasons figure and animal designs for use as conventional 4by4 relief tiles and in other applications as well. He designed several series of twelve tiles depicting the signs of the zodiac (small brocades, pierced and impressed 4by4s), seventeen Constellations (flat, pierced 7inchdiameter circular tiles), and three Elements (at least two series, conventional and pierced 4by4s). All these subjects were related to the Four Seasons in one way or another (Plate 14). Because he designed many of these tiles after 1914, they were never offered in the Pottery's catalogue. Mercer's prolonged interest in seasonal labors and other activities went hand in hand with the renewed attention he gave to his tool collection after completing his museum in 1916. He was then sixty years old and devoting increasing amounts of time to scholarship. He oversaw the publication of two more volumes of the Papers of the Bucks County Historical Society (1917 and 1925), a series he had encouraged since he had rejoined the Society in 1908. Mercer wrote three guides to the collections for the new museum: Food, Clothing, and Tools, published between 1921 and 1923. 66 In the midst of this, in 1918, he had turned his attention to the study of his final major contribution to knowledge: the archaeological remains of log houses, barns, wells, springhouses, and other farm buildings in and near Bucks County. This research resulted in three of his most important scholarly publications: The Dating of Old Houses (1925), The Origin of Log Houses in the United States (1926), and Ancient Carpenters' Tools (1929).67 Mercer's research progressed even during the periods of illness that laid him low for much of 1918, 1919, and 1920.68 Between April and July in 1920, he produced an extraordinary set of ten pastel drawings depicting once more, with an entirely fresh and new approach, his favorite subject: earlier Americans using preindustrial tools, including The Hatter's Bow, The Pit Saw, The Sweep Mill, The Tinder Box, Threshing Rye, Dinner Time, Open Lock, and Dipping Candles.69 Then, in August, he made another pastel drawing that portrayed a different, broader subject than the others and that is the first real prototype for his October panels. The pastel, entitled October, is a farmscape showing five farm occupations (Plate 8). In the right foreground, two men stand winnowing grain with round, flat baskets called "riddles." In the left foreground, two men beside a leanto grind corn in a quern. In the center, a woman makes bread on the porch of a bakeoven shed as another looks on. In the top left, seen through an open barn, three men on horseback thresh wheat. Boys climb ladders to pick apples from the two trees in the farmyard. Ducks drift on a pond in front of the bake house. The landscape recedes into the distance at the top right of the picture. Above it a Scorpion rises in the sky. Under the picture Mercer lettered the poem that appears on page 157, written in the manner of, or perhaps adapted from, the doggerel verse of American almanacs. A pictorial source for this October pastel exists in three etchings in the collection of about 7,500 prints
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Mercer amassed in his lifetime. Most are European; many depict tools in use. He particularly liked Dutch genre subjects with their detailed portrayal of the implements of everyday life. 70 As he had noted in the preface to the first edition of his Ancient Carpenter's Tools, a large proportion of the tools known to the American settlers had remained unchanged in construction since Roman times.71 The prints from which Mercer developed his October pastels were part of a suite of twelve etchings by Antonius Tempesta, Illustrisso Reverendisso, D.D. Petro Cardinali and ino Menses XII anni Solaris (ca. 1600), depicting the Labors of the Month.72 He took details from those representing March, September, and October, as well as the overlapping planes of a "fallingL" composition. Tempesta's March (Marzo) print shows people working in open sheds, September (Settembre) portrays men on ladders picking fruit from trees, and October (Ottobre; Fig. 117) depicts the same Scorpion seen in Mercer's pastel and mural, surrounded by rays as it rises in the sky. He freely adapted these borrowings, making all the details distinctly American. Mercer's October panel as executed depicts four of the five occupations illustrated in the earlier pastel: winnowing, baking bread (with a duck pond in the foreground), threshing wheat with horses, and picking apples (he omitted grinding corn). In addition, there is one other work image, flailing grain, plus three general barnyard scenes: a farmhouse with a ladder against a tree, a Conestoga wagon in a barn doorway, and a farm
Fig. 117. Antonius Tempesta. October, 1599. Etching, 7 5/8 × 10 5/8 inches. One of a series depicting the Labors of the Month, from which HCM drew inspiration for his October pastel and murals. Collection, FH/BCHS.
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Fig. 118. HCM's preliminary sketch for mural based on October pastel. S1/BCHS.
Fig. 119. "Grinding in a Quern." Detail of a muralbrocade panel in one of the October murals. Hall of the Four Seasons, Fonthill. Mercer designed the panel as a room, its ceiling supported by corner braces. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1982.
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yard with a pump and a rooster. The barnyard scenes are similar to those of Cornstalk Fiddles; indeed, the images of the pump and the rooster are the same. The Conestoga wagon derives from photographs Mercer took in 1897 which he used as the basis for a Harrisburg mosaic. Its companion panel shares one labor with October, that of men grinding corn in a quern. The others are blowing a dinner horn, grinding apples, pressing cider, braking flax, and fishing. The barnyard with pump and the Conestoga wagon in the barn are repeated. Two boys fish from a boat on a lake with a receding landscape behind them. Mercer had photographed the dinner horn and flaxbraking subjects in 1897, used them for a Harrisburg mosaic, and then made separate pastels of them in 1920. The October panels are as much about traditional rural buildings as they are about traditional rural activities and implements. There is a building in every scene, and even the four "corners" of the panels are designed as rooms (interiors) with wedges in the curves of the arches acting as roofs, supported by bracketed upright timbers that are incorporated into the designs (Fig. 119). The spirit here is as much of the Colonial Revival and the interest in American antiques that it encouraged, as it is of the Arts and Crafts movement, at least in subject, but at every level the October installation is primarily and richly autobiographical. There is an autumnal quality to these panels, a sense of Mercer putting finishing touches to the decoration of his house and making final summaries of his insights and discoveries. While he may not have intended them to be his very last works, he must have supposed, in view of his age and his health, that the panels would be among his last. He wrote on the pastel that inspired these tiles, "October brightens fruits to cheer / The shorter days and waning year." And also, as he knew, "Winter's at the gate."
Fig. 120. The Gentleman Scholar. HCM in his library, ca. 1926. SL/BCHS.
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NOTES Chapter 1— Gentleman Scholar 1. Quoted by Owen Wister in Memorial Services for Henry Chapman Mercer (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1930), p. 13; reprinted in BCHSP 6 (1932): 304305. David RandallMacIver (18731945), the distinguished Scottishborn archaeologistanthropologist, served between 1907 and 1922 as curator of Egyptology at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. As early as 1907, Mercer and RandallMacIver corresponded about the pottery the latter had found in Africa. 2. Fonthill Guest Books, FM 8:7, MPSL. 3. Wister, Memorial Services, p. 13. Wister (18601938) knew Mercer at Harvard and probably earlier, since Mercer's aunt, Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence, was an old friend of Wister's grandmother, the British actress Frances Anne Kemble. Wister served as an honorary pallbearer at Mercer's funeral. 4. Joseph E. Sandford, Henry Chapman Mercer: A Study, (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1966), p. 12. First published in the Bucks County Traveler, June 1956, to commemorate the Mercer Centennial. Sandford met Mercer in 1923 when he visited Fonthill as an art student. The two spent many hours discussing their common interests in tools and art. In 1961, Sandford edited the third edition of Mercer's Bible in Iron (originally published in 1914), adding a substantial amount of new material and reorganizing the contents. 5. Wister, Memorial Services, p. 13. 6. Ibid. 7. Cyclopedia of American Biography 21 (1918): 479. Mercer drafted an answer to a questionnaire from the Cyclopedia that has served as a valuable biographical reference (Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL). In 1906, Mercer also completed a questionnaire for Frederick Allen Whiting, then Secretary of the SACB, who had been asked by Edmund Von Mach to submit biographies of leading American craftspersons for an enlarged edition of Allgemeines Lexicon der bildenden Kunstler, Ulrich Thieme and F. Becker ed. (Leipzig, 19071950), but these were never published (Archives, SACB). He also appears in Dictionary of American Biography (1933); Who's Who in America, 1st ed. (18991900), p. 486; and American Men of Science, 1st ed. (1906), p. 216. 8. Two Chapman family homes still (1987) stand in Doylestown. The older house at 126 North Main Street, was built in 1810 by Asher Miner and bought by Abraham Chapman in 1826, who gave it to his son Henry Chapman (18041891) after his marriage to Rebecca Stewart. In 1846, Henry and his father built the residence now called the JamesLorah House next door at 132 North Main Street, where Henry Chapman Mercer was born (Chronological Notes, FM 9:22, MPSL). 9. Photo Album, FM 2:1, MPSL. 10. On Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence, see Helen Hartman Gemmill, E.L.: The Bread Box Papers (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1983); and Helen Hartman Gemmill, ''Elizabeth L. Lawrence: Dr. Mercer's 'Auntie Mame,'" BCHSJ 2 (Spring 1978): 6389. Elizabeth (18291905), Mary Rebecca (18311903), and Thomas Stewart Chapman (18341862) were Henry Chapman's children by his first wife, Rebecca Stewart (18001837); Fanny (18461924) and Arthur (18481916) were born to his second wife, Nancy Shunk (18281900). Neither of the Chapman brothers married or, by the family's standards, amounted to much. This may have encouraged the family to dote on the firstborn grandson, Harry. 11. The General Register of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 17821882 (Washington, D.C.: Thomas H. Hanserley, 1882) records the following for William Robert Mercer: Entered the Navy as a midshipman on 8 December 1841. Graduated from the Naval Academy in 1847 as the 165th graduate of the Academy. Passed Midshipman on 22 August 1849. Lieutenant on Active List on 15 September 1855. Resigned 24 January 1859. The Register also records that William Mercer served as a midshipman on the frigates Congress and Columbia prior to entering the Naval School in Annapolis, which opened on 10
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October 1845. Born at "Cedar Park," Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on 2 March 1827, he married Mary Rebecca Chapman on 11 October 1853 and lived until 1917. He resigned his commission in 1859 to avoid long separations from his family. His sisterinlaw, Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence, tried unsuccessfully to find him a highlevel position in the Lawrence textile mills. 12. The 1860 New York census for the town of Claverack lists the following: Wm. R. Mercer
32 m.
Mary R."
28 f.
Henry C."
4 m.
Elizabeth A."
2 f.
Thomas S. Chapman
24 m.
Farmer
Farm Laborer
Thomas Chapman was Mary's brother. 13. For Thomas Hughes and Mahlon Long (18091893), see HCM, "Recollections of Tennent School," BCHSP 5 (1926): 634635. Long, a Presbyterian and Princeton graduate, opened the Tennent School with his brother Charles in Bucks County in 1850. The school closed in 1869. For Thomas Hughes (17911887), see W. W. H. Davis, "Doylestown, Old and New," BCHSP 3 (1909): 245; Hughes, a native of Dundee, Scotland, emigrated to Philadelphia, headed a boarding school there, and in 1841 or 1842 bought the Stuart farm northwest of Doylestown, where he opened his own boarding school. Consequently, he moved into Doylestown where he operated another school and, in retirement, became the town librarian. 14. Mary Mercer to William Mercer, Florence, 12 June 1870, MPSL. See also Gemmill, Bread Box Papers, p. 177. Reached by trolley service from Peekskill, the Mohegan Lake School was in its day a wellknown preparatory school. No school records are known to exist. A letter from Colin T. Naylor, Jr., of the Peekskill Historical Society to Robert R. MacDonald of the BCHS, dated 21 August 1968, summarizes the history of the school. This letter is on file at the Peekskill Public Library. 15. HCM to "Lela," his sister, n.d. (ca. 18731875), MPSL. 16. HCM to "Baba [Judge Chapman], Grandma, and Pa," 19 June 1870, MPSL. 17. Ibid. 18. The gardens have been carefully preserved. I examined them in the spring of 1983 through the courtesy of the Marchese Torrigiani. 19. Gemmill, Bread Box Papers, pp. 101102, 209. 20. Ibid., pp. 182184. John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, IX: Arboretum at Aldie near Doylestown, Pennsylvania," Garden Magazine, July 1921, pp. 326329, provides a description and photographs of the garden and credits William Mercer for its design. 21. Gemmill, Bread Box Papers, pp. 202203. 22. Willie and Martha lost twin sons shortly after birth in 1910. Sister Lela's only child, daughter Walpurgia, never returned to Doylestown to live. Her son, Mercer's grandnephew, Baron Bernard von Friesen, and his offspring, are the last of the line. Mercer disinherited his brother in favor of the BCHS in a codicil to his will dated 24 June 1927. He did this without malice as a move to preserve his life's work. Then, when Willie pulled Aldie down, Mercer wrote a codicil dated 17 April 1929 forbidding his brother or his wife to have any part in the management of Fonthill (Will and Codicils of Henry C. Mercer [Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1958]). Willie contested the will, claiming that HCM lacked "testamentary capacity." Owen Wister testified at the hearing on 8 April 1930 that he had tried in vain to reconcile the brothers and that he saw his old friend's feelings as "exaggerated" and his action "irrational," like a spot on an otherwise perfect mind. Nonetheless, Willie lost his appeal (Doylestown Daily Intelligencer, 8 April 1930). 23. The house, on York Street overlooking the harbor, had been built in the midnineteenth century by Richard and John Adams. After renting it for some years, Lela bought the property in 1897 and hired Edward B. Blaisdell, a local architect, to remodel it extensively, adding a wing on the eastern end, a front porch, and a portico. The owner of record was William Mercer, and the house is still known as the Mercer mansion. In 1900, William purchased more land adjoining the estate, and Fanny bought an adjacent lot and hired Blaisdell to design a house for her, known since as the Chapman Cottage. The Mercer mansion was sold by the family in 1918 (Investments Record, FM 9:19, MPSL). 24. "I am sure that he [Thomas Gold Appleton] got me into Harvard," Mercer wrote to Charles Sumner Appleton of his uncle, who was the brotherinlaw of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and a prominent Boston benefactor and literary figure in his own right. Appleton had visited Aldie in 1871 (HCM to Charles Sumner Appleton, 20 March 1927, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston). Mercer's letter of 1927 reads in part: Personal relics, would you collect such? What of this? A set of about ten seaside pebbles with little landscapes painted on by Mr. Tom Appleton & given by him to my Aunt, Mrs. T. B. Lawrence about 6 or 8 years before his death—set against red velvet in a large frame—now hanging in the hall of the empty, house of my late Miss Fanny Chapman. Not a work of art but personal relics of one of Boston's great wits in Victorian days. I am sure that he got me sent to Harvard & I often remember seeing him taking walks in Cambridge with Mr. Longfellow. How often too have I heard his witticisms quoted! 25. Information from Harvard University Archives. 26. J. Alden Mason, in "Henry Chapman Mercer, 18561930," Pennsylvania Archaeologist Bulletin 26 (December 1956): 153165, says of Mercer's legal career: The ascertainable facts are that he attended the law school at the University of Pennsylvania in 1881 and then resigned, was admitted to the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, November 10, 1881, read law in the Philadelphia office of Freedley [sic] and Hollingsworth, appears in the legal directory, Martin's Bench and Bar, 1883, but does not appear in the first Legal Directory, 1888. He was not a member of the Philadelphia Bar Association, and apparently was never admitted to the Bar in Bucks County (p. 154). By his own account, Mercer says he was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1881 (Historical Notes, FM 22:17:24. MPSL). 27. Frances Donnell Lurman (18691950) of Catonsville, Maryland, made headlines when in April 1947 she married a
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childhood beau, Dorsey Williams, from her hospital bed. She had been a "belle of Baltimore, Newport, London, and Philadelphia" in the 1890s but had not married, she said, because "I always liked being Frances Lurman and I never wanted to be Mrs. Anybody. . .. I rode my horse and danced and went to dinner parties where the tables were covered with orchids, but I was always a woman's woman. . .. I came close to marrying once or twice . . . [once] to a Philadelphia millionaire who was very snappy looking but too hottempered. Gracious, we'd have been fighting all the time" (Baltimore Evening Sun, 29 April 1947). It is possible that Mercer was this "Philadelphia millionaire." If so, it is difficult to imagine the "belle of Baltimore'' settling down in Doylestown with such a single minded, selfcentered person as Harry Mercer. In 1905, Mercer received a letter from Sue Williams, then in France, just after Willie's marriage. Mercer and his Aunt Fanny had met Sue and her brother, Otho Holland Williams, on their 1870 voyage to Europe and the four began lifetime friendships. Otho was a fellow student at Harvard with Mercer, graduating in the Class of 1880. He died in 1896. It is likely that Mercer met Frances Lurman through "Cousin" Sue, as she signed herself, and Otho. In 1905, in the employ of Miss Matilda Markoe, a Philadelphia decorator who was one of Mercer's first clients and a frequent visitor to Aldie, Williams wrote to Mercer to order a fireplace for a chateau in southern France. She inserted a personal remark at the end of her letter: I must leave myself room to tell you how much I hope Willie's good example may give you to "go and do likewise." "Never too late to mend," you know—You see I remember your argument when I bade you "Beware" the last time I saw you in Balt[imore]. Hoping to hear from you soon as to tiles (as well as matrimony). [Susan Williams to HCM, 23 January 1905, MPTW Correspondence, MPSL.] He was close to his female McCall cousins. After the death of her husband in 1881, his aunt, Jane Byrd Mercer McCall, from time to time traveled in Europe with her daughters Jane and Gertrude, and on at least one occasion, on the 1889 houseboat voyage in France, crossed paths with Harry there. Family tradition has it that he was "sweet on his cousin Gertrude." Mercer's cousin Jane Byrd McCall married Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead, an English Arts and Crafts movement advocate and a follower of John Ruskin. In 1902 they founded Byrdcliffe, an Arts and Crafts colony in Woodstock, N.Y. Jane visited her cousin in Doylestown more than once for advice on ceramic matters but it is doubtful that Mercer ever visited Byrdcliffe. See Robert Edwards, The Byrdcliffe Arts and Crafts Colony: Life by Design (Wilmington, Del,: Delaware Art Museum, 1984). 28. For Mercer's travels, see Linda Dyke in "The Travels of Henry C. Mercer: Voyage to Egypt, 1882," BCHSJ 2 (Spring 1980): 291305; and "Henry Chapman Mercer, 1870," Mercer Mosaic 1 (NovemberDecember 1984): 1415; 2 (JanuaryFebruary 1985): 1418; 2 (MarchApril 1985): 1617; 2 (MayJune): 1921; 2 (SeptemberOctober 1985): 2326; 2 (NovemberDecember 1985): 2425; 3 (JanuaryFebruary 1986): 2326; 3 (MarchApril 1986): 4954; 3 (MayJune 1986): 8082; 3 (JulyAugust 1986): 113115; and 3 (SeptemberOctober 1986): 136138. See also Reed and Dyke, "Henry Chapman Mercer's Travels Abroad: A Preliminary Chronology,: BCHSJ 2 (Spring 1980): 306307. 29. A detailed diagnosis of Mercer's illness, written by a German doctor, states that "three years ago, gonorrhea occurred which healed after a long period of treatment" and notes that Mercer had been treated in the United States, then in England, then in Egypt for bladder infections, strictures, acute pain, nervousness, and other problems related to the original illness. The diagnosis is undated, but because it specifies that the initial infection preceded his visit to Egypt in 1882, it is possible that Mercer may have contracted the disease while still in college. In view of the uncertain prognosis in gonorrhea cases before the availability of antibiotics in the 1940s, Mercer had ample reason to be gravely concerned about his future health. He wrote at the top of the eightpage diagnosis: "Gonorrhea—very dangerous—no affections of the heart." If he referred to love, this is a poignant note. Because he knew the effects of the disease could be devastating to women and unborn children, he never married (FM 9:3, MPSL). Mercer's papers are sprinkled with references to his health: prescriptions for drugs, health remedies, complaints about malarial grippe contracted originally in the Yucatan, breakdowns, and other serious and debilitating illnesses that plagued him all his life. His death certificate states that he died of chronic nephritis (Bright's Disease), from which he had suffered for five years, and myocarditis (heart disease). 30. Mercer served as acting secretary at the founding meeting of the Bucks County Historical Society on 20 January 1880. He presented several papers at BCHS meetings from the 1880s until his death. He became increasingly involved in the affairs of the BCHS from 1889, when he became a director, to 1899, and again from 1908 until the end of life. On 21 January 1908 he was elected a director and vicepresident, and on 17 January 1911, president of the BCHS. 31. Mercer drew a pastel portrait of Cope, which hangs on the balcony overlooking the Saloon in Fonthill. 32. HCM, The Lenape Stone; or, The Indian and the Mammoth (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's, 1885). The Lenape Stone is in the collection of the Mercer Museum, BCHS. 33. Mercer discovered four extinct species, including the snow leopard, Uncia Mercerii, named for him "in recognition of his indefatigable labors in cave exploration" by his friend Edward Drinker Cope in 1895 (see Cope, Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia 47 [1895]: 448). See Mason, "Mercer," for an appraisal of his career as an archaeologist. 34. Mercer kept a notebook account of this trip (Travel Journals, MPSL). He also began a more polished verson, which he apparently did not finish. The first three episodes appeared under the title "A Wagon Journey from Doylestown to Williamsburg, Virginia, Containing Some Account of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Adventures that Befell the Writer and his Friend on Their Way Through Parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, in the year Eigheen Hundred and EightyFive," in BCI, 20 April, 4 May, and 15 June 1888.
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35. Eleanor Price Mather, Edward Hicks: His Peaceable Kingdoms and Other Paintings (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983), pp. 132, 156157. 36. David Tatham, "Edward Hicks, Elias Hicks, and John Comly: Perspectives on the Peaceable Kingdom Theme" American Art Journal 13 (Spring 1981): 3738. 37. Mercer described his Danube trip in a scrapbook into which he pasted sections of maps of the Danube region marked to show the path of his travels. He wrote descriptions in the margins and tipped in photographs. He also took photographs and maintained journals on his French river trip, and wrote at least eight drafts for a manuscript which he tried unsuccessfully to publish. In 1987, William Kliensasser brought these to my attention, shared some of his thoughts on Mercer from his book in progress about Mercer's architecture, and identified the persons in Fig. 9. (Travel Journals, MPSL and Fonthill collections). 38. Published in HCM, November Night Tales (New York: W. Neale, 1928). 39. William Pepper to Francis L. Macauley, October [1889], and HCM to Pepper, 6 November 1889, both at University of Pennsylvania, University Museum archives. In Mercer's reply to Pepper, he apologizes for not responding to the invitation to participate in the 16 October symposium, saying that he was in Europe at the time. During his affiliation with the University Museum, Mercer resided at the Rittenhouse Club when he was in Philadelphia. 40. Stewart Culin was secretary of the U.S. delegation to the exposition, for which he organized an exhibition of artifacts from the University Museum. Mercer was in Madrid with the delegation, but was not listed as an official member in the catalogue Cuarto Centenario del Descubrimiento de América Catálogo de los objetos epuestos por la comisión de los Estados Unidos de América en la Exposición HistóricoAmericana de Madrid 1892 (Madrid, 1892). For his part, Mercer exhibited 116 specimens from the Delaware Valley, listed in Stewart Culin's report for the catalogue (p. 8). For Mercer's report on the project, see HCM, "Chipped Stone Implements in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid," Report of the Madrid Commission, 1892 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895). Mercer cited his award of a bronze medal in the bibliographic information he compiled for ThiemeBecker in 1906 (SACB Archives, AAA). The reason for the award is given in Harvard College, Class of 1879 Fifteenth Anniversary, Ninth Report (Boston, 1929), p. 364). 41. HCM, "The Discovery of an Artificially Flaked Flint Specimen in the Quaternary Gravels of San Isidro, Spain," in Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology, 1894 (Chicago: Schulte, n.d.), pp. 6268. Mercer's photographs of the Alhambra are in MPTW records, MPSL. 42. The Minutes of the Board of Managers, Department of Archaeology and Paleontology, University of Pennsylvania, from 27 May 1890 to 3 August 1898 show that Mercer was listed as a member of the board at the time of its first meeting, on 14 January 1892, but that he did not attend a meeting until 29 April 1892. Abbott was reappointed for one year on 15 October 1892, and Mercer was elected unanimously as curator of the Section of Prehistoric Archaeology on 6 November 1893. Letters from Pepper to Mercer in June 1892 suggest that Abbott had lost the confidence of his colleagues as a thoroughly scientific archaeologist and that they hoped Mercer would have a corrective influence on him in the fieldwork they were to conduct together that summer (University of Pennsylvania, University Museum Archives). 43. Abbott wrote two poems to Mercer—the first in 1893, which shows that he was offended but undaunted by Mercer's challenge to his methods and his findings. It is quoted in Mason, "Mercer," p. 162: Why, O why, this studied silence? What, O what, have I been doing? You to friendship should do vilence? Why your present course pursuing? Moorhead writes me you are ready At Wisconsin, to destroy Paleolithics that I've steady Stood for since I was a boy. What's it mean; are you determined To make modern all mankind? If so, you should be besermoned And brought back to healthy mind. He who follows Holmes' mad school Will life to find himself a f—l. E'en Brinton, now upon the fence, Will very soon come down from thence And the levelheaded folk Give Holmes a devil of a poke.Write a letter; say you're sorry Men could lead you so astray. Dig into some newfound quarry And gets facts as clear as day, That will prove me a true prophet Or historian as you chose; (Or kick against me, harshly buffet:) But remember, t'aint no use. There's no need to more unravel, I've found the old cuss, in the gravel! But of Fonthill, Abbott was later full of praise. His poem on this subject was published in Cement Age 12 (May 1911): 224 and illustrated by Mercer's friend Edward Trego, cousin of the Bucks County. painter William T. Trego. To H. C. M. Reincarnation of the storied Past, Skyward in majesty thy walls arise: In strength assuring us that they shall last, Not crumble as the common structure dies. Thy tower mantled with the morning light Proudly acclaims the poet still alive. Where prose, grimfeatured, O! the sorry sight, Would have the world in soulless fashion thrive. All honor then to him who raised the pile Where daydreams wander through each classic room:
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Where honest speech is never brought to trial Nor trustful candor hears its certain doom. Defying critics, faithfully thou wrought, Though Master Builder of a fruitful thought. 44. Archives, British Museum. John Cherry, deputy keeper of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities of the British Museum, located Mercer's letters to Read in his department's archives. The letters have been published in their entirety in Cleota Reed, "Henry C. Mercer's Letters to Sir Hercules Read," BCHSJ 2 (Spring 1980): 272290. 45. Pepper to HCM (ca. 1894), MPSL. John W. Corwith of Chicago funded the expedition. Mercer took a sixmonth leave of absence from the museum, beginning 1 January 1895, to serve as director of the expedition. Cope went along as paleontologist. Mason writes: They visited twentynine caves in sixty days and excavated in ten of them. In thirteen he [HCM] found evidences of occupation, but none of any pre Mayan population. His search, and practically his last hope [to find PaleoIndian culture], had failed him again. As side issues of this expedition he published a few notes on the modern Yucatecos, especially on the methods of pottery making. Mason also speculates that Mercer was premature in his search and that when he investigated reports of the association of human bones with the mammoth and fossil horse in Texas . . . he decided the association was uncertain. . .. Now that we are certain that man did hunt the mammoth in Texas in PaleoIndian days, the question naturally arises: Did Mercer really find what he had been looking for for years, and was he overcautious in denying its validity? Quite likely—but it would not have been believed if he had claimed it [Mason, "Mercer," p. 159]. David Gradwohl, Professor of Archaeology at Iowa State University, proposes that Mercer was correct in questioning the field evidence for the documentation of humans in the New World during the Pleistocene and that the issue is still debated hotly. He suggests that the evidence for "PreClovis" in the Northeast is still not accepted by most archaeologists. Gradwohl is skeptical of the evidence not because he doubts that humans were in the New World prior to the complexes classified as PaleoIndian or Big Game Hunting Tradition, but rather because the evidence that has been offered to demonstrate the case is not convincingly documented (Letter to the author, 15 December 1985). For the best contemporary position on the subject, see Dennis Stanford, "A Critical Review of Archeological Evidence Relating to the Antiquity of Human Occupation of the New World," Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, no. 30 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1982), pp. 202218. 46. Mason, "Mercer," p. 156. 47. FM, uncatalogued, Saloon Folder 21, MPSL. Mercer scribbled "Ordered out of my own Museum at University of Pa." The University Museum archives and FM correspondence between Mercer and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson of the museum staff, Culin, Brinton, and others shed light on the events that precipitated Mercer's departure. Early in 1897, Mercer had complained of his differences with Culin about jurisdiction over his own work. He did not enter the museum building until the following summer, even though his position had been reinstated in January 1898. In his letter to Mrs. Stevenson of 28 November 1898, he outlined the incident that "drove him out": Somewhere last summer I got a notice that one of the meetings had voted that no one was to go into the museum in the director's absence. Since which time I have felt that the whole matter needed reorganization and [all the] while doubting what relation I continued to bear to the Institution. To test the matter I tried going there, in August I think, to get my Lookout Cave specimens to show at Am Associat. at Boston and was warned of an order of the director [Culin] not to let specimens go out of the Museum. Then I referred case to Mr. Baugh [President of the Department of Archaeology] who thought that my removal of the specimens was not warranted. So that I had to give up the Boston meeting and my announced lecture in consequence. Since then I have not been to the Museum. For a year or more previously however during my explorations in Tennessee & elsewhere I observed that my jurisdiction over case, specimens, labels, arrangements, etc. was given over to the Director & that by degrees the whole room on owing of the pressure, want of space, etc, etc, and of attracting attention, was rearranged. I tried to adapt myself to this situation for the good of the Museum whose cause I had seriously befriended. At last in order to avoid difficulties I decided to cease to visit the building until in the new building . . . my section should have a territory of its own safe from interference. Mrs. Stevenson tried to pacify Mercer and to assure him that the order did not apply to curators, but only to the general public during Culin's absence for two months. She apologized to him for the inconvenience, explaining that Mr. Baugh, who was new, did not understand the order. She assured Mercer that the board appreciated his valuable services to the museum (HCM to Stevenson, 17 November 1898, and Stevenson to HCM, 28 November 1898, MPSL). Stewart Culin was forced to resign from the University Museum in 1903. He went on to distinguish himself as director of the Brooklyn Museum's Department of Ethnology (see Simon J. Bronner, "Stewart Culin: Museum Magician," Pennsylvania Heritage 11 [Summer 1985]: 411). Culin was an innovator in the museum field, initiating practices in collection, study, and display that changed the attitude and face of American museums. He and Mercer had much in common, and it is a pity they could not get along. 48. G. Frederick Wright, "Special Explorations in the ImplementBearing Deposits on the Lalor Farm, Trenton, N.J.," Science 6 (1897): 637645. This article outlines the renewed search for PaleoIndian culture that was at the heart of the controversy. Mercer's conclusions are stated in "A New Investigation of Man's Antiquity at Trenton," Science 6 (1897): 675680. Abbott was furious with Mercer for doubting the existence of PaleoIndian culture in the Delaware Valley. Because of Mercer's doubts, the whole issue was reexamined. "Who are you, let me ask, that these questions can only be settled by your decision?" Abbott wrote to Mercer in 1896. And in 1897, after Mercer's article appeared in Science, Abbott wrote him: You magnify every petty objection, and belittle all the weighty reasons for antiquity. You do this intentionally, viciously, with malignant determination to keep down the truth until forced to admit it. I am
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sorry I did read it. It confirms what was really said of you, in cold blood, [that] you are more in need of a guardian than a valet. It is not long until next summer, when excavations on a splendid scale will be undertaken. A selected number of competent geologists will be present and the facts, which are now sufficient for any reasonable man, will be put before the world, to the permanent confusion of those who hesitate at nothing to continue the prominence of self. I am sorry to find you a Britonian Holmesite. . .. You have henceforth lessened your list of friends by one who perhaps could not have been as easily spared as you imagine. Abbott to HCM, 20 August 1896 and 2 December 1897, MPSL.) 49. BM archives. Reed, "Mercer's Letters to Read," p. 283. 50. HCM, "Notes on the Moravian Pottery of Doylestown," BCHSP 4 (1917): 482487 (hereafter, Notes). Manuscript notes, FM 19:4, MPSL. 51. Local gossip concerning their interpersonal relationships has followed Mercer and the Swains into their graves. Swain was attracted to the pretty, spirited housekeeper. Laura Long was nineteen when she came to Aldie in 1907. Swain wrote to her in 1919, "Laura Dear," Are you realy & truly engaged to me? Will you realy & truly wait until such time as it will be wise & convenient to get married either soon or some time later? May I in that case get you a ring that will stand for it. May I assure Ben Barnes that I am in earnest & and have been for years & especially for several months? May I tell Selners [Arthur Selner was gardener at Aldie] or anybody if occasion requires? Answer yes or no & be careful kid [FM, MPSL]. Laura refused, and their marriage did not take place for another six years, and then possibly, as it has been suggested, was arranged by Mercer so that after his death Swain and Laura, who were to be among his heirs, could live together at Fonthill and travel together as a couple. See Helen Hartman Gemmill, "The Cigar Box Papers," Mercer Mosaic 2 (MarchApril 1985): 5. Swain's letters to Mercer are in Correspondence 19161917 and 1925, MPSL. 52. BCHSP 3 (1909): 471. 53. HCM, Tools of the Nation Maker, exhibition catalogue (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897). Tools is an extraordinary document of cultural history, pioneering in the uses of oral history and photography in the study of material culture. 54. Mercer made a formal "Statement in Explanation of His Resignation from the Board of Trustees or Managers of the Bucks County Historical Society," outlining his grievances and included with a letter addressed to the Reverend D. K. Turner dated 23 July 1899, but to "avoid contention" he never sent it. In it he claimed that Alfred Paschall, the secretary, and W. H. H. Davis, president of the Bucks County Historical Society, obstructed his attempts to present land for a headquarters building for the BCHS and opposed his plan to develop oralhistory programs for the BCHS. He claimed that Paschall, publisher of the Intelligencer, was offended when Mercer gave the printing of "The Decorated Stoveplate" to another local printer at a price less than Paschall was willing to print. Davis refused to lend halftones of some of Mercer's photographs to the editor of The Metalworker for use in one of Mercer's articles, arguing that such use might wear out the plates. Paschall and Davis then inexplicably loaned the halftones to author Alice Morse Earle, author of Home Life in Colonial Days (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1898). Davis complained that large artifacts collected by Mercer crowded the collection; Mercer feared for their loss without proper care. Mercer felt Paschall balked in distributing his pamphlets, which he had written to further the work of the BCHS. Indeed, Paschall at one point refused to allow Mercer to distribute his Stoveplate pamphlet, even at his own expense. Their accusation that he was selfseeking wounded Mercer deeply (Fm 16:27, MPSL). 55. Mercer believed that, on top of their controversies at the University Museum, Culin had betrayed him when he refused to take Mercer's side in a dispute with Paxson over the ownership of a Durham stove that had been found with Mercer's help. Mercer had organized an "expedition" for Paxson into upper Bucks County with the understanding that Mercer had first choice for the BCHS of any objects found. Paxson found and kept the stove, though Mercer claimed it. Culin, who had been along on the expedition, refused to use his influence with Paxson, and Mercer concluded that the two were in cahoots (Culin to HCM, 14 and 19 October 1897, MPSL). Culin then announced that he would lecture in Philadelphia in January 1898 about colonial lamps, a subject Mercer saw as his own. To avoid being upstaged, Mercer, by his own account, "had to write Light & Fire Making in a night and publish it hastily in the Intelligencer" (no such article has been located in BCI in 1897) and soon after published the text with numerous illustrations as a pamphlet at his own expense (FM 16:37, MPSL): Light ad Fire Making of the American Pioneer, Contributions to American History, no. 4 (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1898). Then, just before Culin's lecture, an article appeared in the Doylestown Daily Democrat on 29 January 1898 headed "Copying Bucks County: A Lecturer of the University of Pennsylvania Gets Ideas Here" (if Mercer did not write it, he was undoubtedly its source): If the people of this county would like to be convinced that the BCHS is doing an important work they should read the announcements made in Philadelphia papers that the University of Pennsylvania is about to make a special collection of Colonial objects, some of which will be the subject of a lecture by Stewart Culin of the University. What the University contemplates doing is precisely what has already been accomplished in his county by Henry C. Mercer. . .. Mr. Culin will lecture upon lamps. Everybody will remember Mr. Mercer's recent discourse upon the same subject before the Bucks County Society. One of the Philadelphia papers says "Mr. Culin may say in his lecture: this question of civilization is really a question of lights, and cheap kerosene oil has been a more potent factor than the printing press." Seems a tremendous assertion doesn't it? But with hardly a second's thought anybody must admit that very little that is useful is accomplished in the dark. Man, it seems, doesn't become civilized until he has burned the midnight oil. This is precisely the line of thought suggested by Mr. Mercer, therefore the work contemplated by this great University will really be an old story to the people of this county. This should convince every citizen of the country that the home society should be fostered and encouraged and that it is time the society had a building of its own in which to preserve its valuable collections and continue its good work. 56. Speculation has always credited Mercer's sudden wealth to his Aunt Lela's money. She made two wills. The first, filed in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, on 18 November 1903 to disperse her holdings there and worth over $1.5 mil
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lion, was probated on 25 January 1906. HCM and his brother, sister, and Aunt Fanny each received $200,000 and had the choice of receiving cash, real or personal property, or both. Aunt Lela filed the other will in Doylestown on 14 February 1904. In this second will, following the example of her sister Mary, she left the bulk of her estate to Wm. R. Mercer for his lifetime, to be divided between her niece and nephews at the time of his death. Between 1917 and 1925, Mercer inherited about $65,000 from the estates of his father, his Uncle George D. Mercer, and his Aunt Fanny. HCM invested all his later inheritance, but it is uncertain what he did with the early ones. See Bond Ledger, FM 9:19, MPSL 57. HCM, "Tools of the Nation Maker," BCHSP 3 (1909): 480. Read at Doylestown on 28 May 1907. 58. HCM, "Presentation [of Mercer Museum] Address," BCHSP 4 (1917): 629630. Read at Doylestown on 10 April 1916. 59. Isabella Stewart Gardner to HCM, 21 January 1921, MPSL. Six months later, she wrote him again: Dear Harry Mercer, I was very sorry to hear from Clayton Johns that he missed seeing you the other day because I wanted particularly to send you messages of my love. I am spending my summer quietly at Fenway Court, and at the present moment am dictating these few lines to you in my garden. It is very often quite delightful out here, neither too hot, nor too cold. Does your wonderful house give you pleasure winter and summer? . . . I wish I could see your museum. It must be full of interest. I hope, if you don't feel well, you will follow my example and never do anything you're not obliged to. 'T would be an added pleasure to me if you could be sitting here under the trees. With my warmest greetings, I am affectionately yours. [Isabella Stewart Gardner to HCM, 21 January 1921, MPSL.] 60. C. Read to HCM, 14 October 1921, MPSL. 61. Read wrote, "In these days of almost universal corruption and profiteering, it is like a summer breeze to meet a chap like Culin & I hope you'll get him down to Fonthill and talk over old times—It would do you both good—and I only wish I could be at the party" (C. Read to HCM, 14 November 1921, MPSL). 62. HCM to Read, 21 December 1921, MPSL. 63. C. H. Read to HCM, 2 June 1924, and HCM to Read, 23 June 1924, MPSL. Mercer refers to Clark Wissler (18701947), The American Indian (1917), one of the many books by the distinguished American anthropologist who was for many years Curator of American Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. 64. Horace Mann came to the museum shortly after it opened in 1916 and stayed thirty years. Mann acted on Mercer's behalf in all matters concerning the museum, both as his spokesman and as his emissary. Mercer sent him on expeditions to the Northeast and Appalachia. 65. Daybook, FM 2:8, MPSL. 66. Rudolf Hommel, China at Work (Doylestown, Pa.: John Day Company, 1937; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970). Of his Chinese project Mercer noted, "Conceived idea at breakfast of sending someone to China to make glossary of all English and Chinese works describing objects, tools, implements of daily life . . . & make industrial archives of China. A library of reference for all scholars to be placed in B.H.S. Museum. I would pay expenses, etc." (Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL). 67. Daybook, p. 1. 68. See note 22. 69. Daybook, pp. 711. 70. Ibid., p. 16. 71. HCM, November Night Tales (New York: W. Neale, 1928). 72. Horace H. F. Jayne to HCM, 24 July 1929, MPSL. Jayne, then Director of the University Museum, asked Mercer for advice on founding a School of Practical Archaeology in connection with the museum, knowing of Mercer's interest in these matters. Jayne enclosed a questionnaire, which Mercer answered in great detail (HCM to Jayne, 26 July 1929). Mercer was also instrumental in securing on permanent loan a muchcoveted Mayan vase for the University Museum's collection in March 1929. See correspondence with Jane M. McHugh, the University Museum's secretary; J. Alden Mason, the director; and Lennie Cary, the donor (Correspondence 1929 and Daybook, pp. 1920, MPSL). 73. The plaster cast for the monument is in the collection of the Mercer Museum. The plaque reads: Near this spot stood the white oak tree that marked the starting point of the survey of the first tract of land purchased of the Indians by William Penn July 15, 1682 on land in the tenure of John Wood and by him called Graystones, over against the falls of the Delaware comprising all the land lying between the river Delaware and Neshaminy Creek, south of a line drawn from the river at a point near the mouth of Knowlee Creek nine miles north of here to the said Neshaminy Creek this line begin the starting point of the Indian Walk of 1737. Erected and dedicted July 4, 1929 by the Bucks County Historical Society. 74. Frances T. L. [Lurman] to HCM, 3 August 1929, MPSL. 75. HCM to Owen Wister, 22 October 1929, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. 76. Expressed in letter to Hermann Menhardt, Director of the National Bibliothek, Vienna, 14 November 1929, MPSL. 77. Benjamin H. Barnes, The Moravian Pottery: Memories of FortySix Years (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1970), p. 22. Chapter 2— Mercer and the Arts and Crafts Movement 1. Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL. 2. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2 (1910): 700. 3. For a history of Harvard in these years, see Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., The Development of Harvard University Since the Inauguration of President Eliot, 18691929 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930). 4. Mercer's studies, as recorded in the Harvard University archives, included: freshman year, Greek, Latin, mathematics (two courses), chemistry, physics, German; sophomore year, Latin (two courses), rhetoric, themes, philosophy (two courses), history (two courses); junior year, Latin, philosophy, history, fine arts, logic, metaphysics, themes; senior year, history (two courses), natural history, music, fine arts, forensics. His rank at graduation was 115 in a class of about 200. 5. Fonthill Collection. Most of the objects in the photo
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graph, identified by Linda Dyke, are extant in the Fonthill Collection. 6. George H. Chase, "The Fine Arts," in Morison, Harvard University, p. 130. 7. For Norton, see ibid., and Kermit Vanderbilt, Charles Eliot Norton: Apostle of Culture in a Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1959). 8. For the Arts and Crafts movement in England, see Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design, rev. ed. (London: Penguin Books, 1960), and Gillian Naylor, The Arts and Crafts Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971). For the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States, see Robert Judson Clark, ed., The Arts and Crafts Movement in America, 18761916, exhibition catalogue (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), Eileen Cynthia Boris, Art and Labor: John Ruskin, William Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986). Coy L. Ludwig, The Arts and Crafts Movement in New York State, 1890s1920s (Hamilton, N.Y.: Gallery Association of New York State, 1984), and Wendy Kaplan, ed., The Art That is Life: The Arts and Crafts Movement in America, 18751920 (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1987). 9. Cleota Reed Gabriel, The Arts and Crafts Ideal: The Ward House, an Architect and His Craftsmen, exhibition catalogue (Syracuse, N.Y.: Institute for the Development of Evolutive Architecture, 1978), a brief study of a regional Arts and Crafts architect, Ward Wellington Ward of Syracuse, New York, and his use of Mercer's titles as an example of an Arts and Crafts collaboration. 10. Mark Twain, "What Paul Bourget Thinks of Us," How to Tell a Story and Other Essays (New York: 1897), Harper & Brothers, p. 141. 11. For Boston, see Walter Muir Whitehill, Boston: A Topographical History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), and Justin Winsor, ed., The Memorial History of Boston, 4 vols. (Boston: James R. Osgood & Company, 188081). 12. HCM, "Where Concrete Stands for Concrete," Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 11. Mercer wrote: "Improvement in cements having offered a large and new field for the building of houses, the builder has begun to cast, with unexampled ease, fireproof structures in almost any form." 13. For Irene Sargent, see Cleota Reed, "Irene Sargent: Rediscovering a Lost Legend," The Courier 16 (Summer 1979): 313, and "Irene Sargent: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Her Published Writings," The Courier 18 (Spring 1981): 925. 14. Irene Sargent, "Trinity Church, Boston, as a Monument of American Art," The Craftsman 3 (March 1903): 329. 15. Ibid., pp. 331332. 16. For the history of the Museum of Fine Arts, see Walter Muir Whitehill, Museum of Fine Arts Boston: A Centennial History, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970). See also Carol Troyen and Pamela S. Tabbaa, The Great Boston Collectors: Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1985). 17. Harvard College, Class of 1879, Fiftieth Anniversary, Ninth Report (Boston, 1929), pp. 9092, 119124, 363366. 18. Denman Ross to Mercer, 11 May 1899, MPSL. 19. May R. Spain, "The Society of Arts and Crafts, 18971924," Society of Arts and Crafts Annual Reports, 19131924 (Boston: SACB, 1924). SACB Papers, AAA. 20. The Boston Herald, 25 February 1897, reported: "The TSquare Club of Philadelphia will send a large club exhibition. This promises to be an excellent feature. Mr. F. Maxfield Parrish will send a characteristic exhibit of his interesting drawings. He was the winner of the first prize in the poster competition of a leading Boston bicycle firm last year. Wilson Eyre, Jr., also of Philadelphia, "the artistarchitect," will enter some drawings. 21. Candace Wheeler to Henry Lewis Johnson, printed in the Boston Herald, 2 March 1897 (SACB Papers, AAA). 22. These were Charles Eliot Norton; Henry Lewis Johnson; C. Howard Walker, Alexander W. Longfellow, George R. Shaw, George E. Barton, Robert D. Andrews, Herbert Lanford Warren, Ralph Adams Cram, and Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, all architects; Morris Gray, Samuel D. Warren, and Arthur Astor Carey, wealthy businessmen and art collectors; and artistcraftspersons: Hugh Cairns, modeler; I. Kirchmayer, silversmith; John Evans, wood carver and plaster modeler; George Prentiss Kendrick, potter for Grueby Faience Company, book designer, and metalworker; John Templeman Coolidge, designer; Daniel B. Updike, printer; Julia de Wolf Addison, embroiderer and illuminator; Sarah Wyman Whitman, designer, painter, stainedglass artist; Barton Pickering Jenks, designer; and Mrs. C. (J. Montgomery) Sears, embroiderer and photographer. (SACB Papers, AAA.) 23. For Sarah Whitman, see Martha J. Hoppin, "Women Artists in Boston, 18701900: The Pupils of William Morris Hunt," American Art Journal 13 (Winter 1981): 1746. Sarah Whitman's letters to Aunt Lela in the MPSL are signed "Constantia." 24. Naylor, Arts and Crafts Movement, pp. 122123. 25. Herbert Broadfield Warren, revised prospectus pamphlet, Fall 18987, SACB Papers, AAA. 26. For a useful study of the SACB, see Beverly Brandt, ". . . Mutually Helpful Relations: Architects, Craftsmen, and the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, 1897 1917" (Ph.D. diss. Boston University, 1984). Not to be outdone by his brother, Willie built an elaborate halftimbered studio with a large conservatory on another part of the grounds of Aldie, presumably with Aunt Lela's assistance. He issued a catalogue, Ornamental Concrete Work (ca. 1903), illustrating 122 reproductions in concrete of carved stone European artworks. He had submitted to the jury of the SACB, two colored plaster casts, which were rejected because they were not original designs (Record of the jury, 1 December 1901, p. 31; SACB Papers, AAA). This may have prompted him to work in concrete. His work was recognized in an article by Oliver Coleman, "Cement Reproductions by W.R. Mercer, Jr.," House Beautiful 14 (November 1903): 336338, and "A Studio in Pennsylvania," House Beautiful 15 (May 1904): 364368. Coleman praises William Mercer's "great artistic talent" and commends him for escaping the ''new art" of Paris and the "secession" in Munich during his studies, and for giving up legitimate sculpture in favor of re
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producing, copying, adapting, and reducing designs for flower pots, columns, fonts, and similar objects from the ancient work of Rome, Byzantium, and Athens "tastefully, with good judgment, and a trained intelligence." John Ingham included Willie's Byzantine font in his 1908 Moravian Tile circular and may have acted as his agent. Willie designed stained glass later in his career. Most of his known works are in the new Aldie, which he decorated lavishly. Some of his molds were found in 1983 and added to the collection of the MPTW. According to Laura Swain, in an interview late in her life comparing the two brothers, "My man [Henry] was an educated man. William . . . played more" (L. R. Lawfer, ''The Other Mercer," Bucks County Panorama 17 [April 1975] :2023). Willie and his wife, Martha Dana, were wealthy, welltraveled socialites. He left no papers. 27. In the MPTW Order Books for 1901, more than sixty "orders received through Arts and Crafts" are listed. Among them are orders from the Grueby Faience Company, A. W. Longfellow, Winslow and Bigelow, Ritchie and Johnson for the Yale Graduate Club, Irving Gill, and Mrs. Gardner (Tile Works Records, 00014:199200, MPSL). 28. Ann O'Hagan, "The Treasures of Fenway Court," Munso"s Magazine 34 (March 1906): 660. 29. "Moravian Tiles," Bulletin of the Society of Arts and Crafts 10 (May 1926): 2. 30. Hanna Tachau, "Decorative Tiles Inside and Out the House," House and Garden 39 (January 1921): 4647. 31. Thomas P. Bruhn, American Decorative Tiles, 18701930, exhibition catalogue (Storrs: University of Connecticut, 1979). In his important work on American decorative tiles, Bruhn's excellent discussion of the categories serves as a departure for my own analysis. 32. Julian Barnard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1972), pp. 9, 1216. 33. Charles Locke Eastlake, Hints on Household Taste (Boston: James Osgood, 1872), pp. 5051. (First published in London in 1868.) 34. Richard and Hillary Myers, "Morris & Company Ceramic Tiles," Journal of the Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society, 1 (1982): 17. The lack of highfire kilns always limited Morris's production. 35. Barnard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles, p. 120. For De Morgan, see also John Catleugh, William De Morgan Tiles (London: Trefoil, 1983), and William Gaunt and M. D. E. ClaytonStamm, William De Morgan, PreRaphaelite Ceramics (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1971). 36. Bernard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles, p. 120. 37. Ibid., p. 119. 38. HCM, "Notes on Decorated Mural and Pavement Tiles in the United States," Faenza, Bollettino El Museo Internazionale Delle Ceramiche in Faenza 4 (OctoberDecember 1916): 109117. 39. Ibid., p. 111. 40. For early tile makers, see E. Stanley Wires, "Decorative Tiles, Part III," New England Architect and Builder 16 (1960): 1526; Everett Townsend, "Development of the Tile Industry in the United States," American Ceramic Society, Bulletin 22 (15 May 1943): 12552; Ralph and Terry Kovel, The Kovel's Collector's Guide to American Art Pottery (New York: Crown, 1974); Barnard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles; and William James Furnival, Leadless, Decorative Tiles, Faience, and Mosaics (London: Stone, 1904). Samuel Keyes, an Englishman who claimed to be the father of the tile industry in the United States (Furnival, Leadless, p. 230) had successfully produced inlaid floor tiles by 1872 in Pittsburgh. The American encaustic tiling company opened in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1875 and was soon machineproducing floor and wall tiles. 41. In 1909, Edwin AtLee Barber, in The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1893), p. 353, commended the Lows for their marked originality, for never having imitated others, and for inspiring other tile makers at home and abroad. Most of the art tile companies that followed in quick pursuit of Low became charter members of the Tile Manufacturers Associates, founded about 1891. They included Star Encaustic Tiling Company of Pittsburgh (1876), directed by Samuel Keyes; United States Encaustic Tiling Company, Indianapolis (1877); Wheatley Pottery Company, Cincinnati (1879); Trent Tile Company, Trenton, New Jersey (1882); International Tile and Trim, Brooklyn (1882); Beaver Falls (Pennsylvania) Art Tile Company (1886); Columbia Encaustic Tile Company, Anderson, Indiana (1887); Cambridge Tile Manufacturing Company, Covington, Kentucky (1889); Robertson Art Tile Company, Morrisville, Pennsylvania (1890); and Grueby Faience and Tile Company, Boston (1891). See Wires, "Decorative Tiles, Part III," p. 26, and Townsend, "Development of the Tile Industry," pp. 125252. By 1894 at least thirty new companies existed and, though less than half survived for long, as a group they made an enormous impact on the tile market. 42. Among the Americans were Osborne, Clement J. Barnhorn of Cincinnati (Cambridge Art Tile), Isaac Broom of Quebec (Trent, Providential, and Beaver Falls), Ferdinand Mersman of Cincinnati (Rookwood, Cambridge), Ruth Winterbotham of Indianapolis (United States Encaustic), and Charles Volkmar of Baltimore (Menlo Park, Volmar Kilns). The Europeans included William Wood Gallimore of England (Trent Tile), Scott Callowill of Scotland (Providential), Herman Carl Mueller of Germany (American Encaustic, Mosaic Tile, National Tile, Robertson Tile, and Mueller Mosaic), and Hugh Robertson of England (Chelsea, Robertson). See Wires, "Decorative Tiles, Part III," p. 17, and Barnard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles, pp. 84116. 43. Barnard, Victorian Ceramic Tiles, pp. 109, 114. 44. HCM, "Tiles in the United States," pp. 112114. 45. Ibid., p. 115. 46. Bruhn, American Decorative Tiles, pp. 67. 47. For Rookwood, see Garth Clark, A Century of Ceramics in the United States (New York: Dutton, 1979); Herbert Peck, The Book of Rookwood Pottery (New York: Crown, 1968); and Paul Evans, Art Pottery of the United States (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), pp. 255260. 48. For an authoritative, comprehensive history of the period, see Clark, Century of Ceramics.
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49. Bruhn, American Decorative Tiles, p. 11. Bruhn points out: The emphasis on hand craftsmanship was hardly new in 1900, for it had developed as a key tenet of the art pottery movement. Yet with rare exceptions, such as at Chelsea Keramic or with some work at Low, the idea of hand decoration was of little consequence to the developing tile industry. It was precisely because of the irregularities, inconsistencies, and slowness of hand modeling or molding that the dust clay body was so universally adopted. . .. The total replacement of the human hand in art tile manufacture was repugnant to many and hardly in keeping with the spirit of the art pottery movement. As a result, the more commercial firms of the first decades of the twentieth century; like Grueby or even the later Pardee, would have the decorator initial his work, even though it was probably done from stock designs. Chapter 3— The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works 1. HCM, "Pottery of the Pennsylvania Germans," BCHSP 4 (1917): 191. First read at Menlo Park on 23 May 1911. 2. HCM, Took of the Nationmaker (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897), p. 50. 3. Harold F. Guilland, Early American Folk Pottery (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1971), pp. 30, 66. See also Edwin AtLee Barber, Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Museum, 1903). 4. HCM, Tools, p. 23. See also, Guy F. Reinert, "PennsylvaniaGerman Potters of Bucks County, Pennsylvania," BCHSP 7 (1937): 580585 (read on 1 May 1937); and Barber, Tulip Ware (2nd ed.), pp. 105106, 179. 5. In manuscript notes for his history of the Pottery, Mercer wrote: "When I had visited Doctor Barber's collection of old Penna. German Pottery at the Penna. Museum, read his book on the subject and twice lectured upon this collection, including reference to the old pottery, at the Franklin Institute and Geographical Society in Phila., I became more and more impressed with regret that so beautiful an art as that of the Old Penna. German potter, based upon gorgeous orange red still seen in the country pie dishes, should perish before our eyes" (MPSL). See note 15 for this chapter. Barber had acquired his collection over many years and he used it when he prepared his History of the Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (1893). He was director of the museum, which opened in 1876, the year of the Centennial Exposition. Many of the most valuable ceramic pieces exhibited at the exposition became the nucleus of the new museum's collection, which consisted of both fine and decorative arts. Its ceramic collection was unrivaled in the United States. Barber was the first scholar to collect and study PennsylvaniaGerman redware. After Mercer became a rival collector of this pottery, the two men fell out in a dispute over the ownership of a piece of redware. See Helen W. Henderson, The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Other Collections of Philadelphia (Boston: L. C. Page, 1911), pp. 218241. The Pennsylvania Museum was absorbed by the Philadelphia Museum of Art when it built its new quarters in 1928. 6. Guilland, Pottery, p. 29, and Barber, Tulip Ware (2nd ed.) p. 223. 7. HCM, Tools, p. 58. 8. Böttger is credited for this discovery, even though studies of the melting points of various minerals and their relationship to ceramic processes by Ehrenfried von Tschirnhausen, a Saxon nobleman and scientist, had begun as early as 1690. He enlisted the help of Böttger in the porcelain research project, supported by King Augustus the Strong of Saxony. The first true porcelain body was achieved in 1708, and a factory for its manufacture was established in 1710 in Dresden. Dan Rhodes, Stoneware and Porcelain (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1959), pp. 3031. 9. HCM, quoted in "Moravian Tiles," Doylestown Daily Republican, 4 September 1899. 10. Stewart D. Harstine to HCM, 30 September 1897, MPSL. Harstine was a variant spelling of the family name. For three generations, between 1780 and 1898, various members of the Herstine family operated potteries in the clayrich Bucks County region of Nockamixon Swamp (an area of 150 square miles lying in the townships of Nockamixon, Bridgeton, and Tinicum). In 1897, Mercer visited the pottery of Cornelius Herstine, one of the last of the old potters, who died in 1896. Stewart D. Harstine, as he signed himself, was the son of another old potter David Herstine (18401900), who closed his pottery in 1898. Mercer wrote in Notes, p. 483, "He [David] had the kiln, understood the making of piedishes, the turning of bowls upon the potter's wheel, also the application of the socalled slip." In 1918, Mercer noted the fate of the old Bucks County potteries: "Herstine's pottery burned down; Singer's is in ruins & Diehl's turned into a modern brick plant" (FM 9:9:59, MPSL). 11. HCM, Notes, p. 59. 12. In Mercer's preliminary lists for Notes, he jotted "Beer mugs & plates made from rubbings from Dalton Dorr" (FM 19: 1, MPSL). Dorr was a curator at the Museum at the time. 13. "An American Potter," House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 17. The article states, "The effort to gain recognition for this obscure art through a local historical society did not meet with success. To reach without delay those who held the remaining knowledge of the old way of working, Mr. Mercer made rubbings of designs found here and there on An Old Iron Stove Plate and the old gift dishes, and took them to the rural potter David Harstine." 14. "Moravian Tile Works," BCI, 1 September 1904. Written just after he finally succeeded, this report reflects all of Mercer's trials, whereas the 1899 report reflects his initial optimism. 15. HCM, Notes, p. 483. FM 19:14, MPSL. Version 1 is an early typed draft, before editing. His penciledin editing appears on version 2. Version 3 is the paper he read for the BCHS. Version 4 is the typescript for the printed version of Notes. See Chapter 1, note 50. From his manuscript drafts for Notes it is clear that Mercer still had strong feelings about the events of seventeen years earlier. The following is an example of what he chose to suppress in version 1: It seems necessary to refer to certain personal details, even at the risk of transgressing the bounds of good taste. From this point of view, I may say that the Pottery came as a very unexpected growth, a thing as it were, suddenly forced upon me by others as a result of a series of
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disappointments, grievances and contentions, rather than through my own deliberate choice. . .. I had no more intention of giving up Archaeology for the sake of a pottery, than I had of emigrating to Australia, and if I had not been forced out of my position in Philadelphia the summer of 1897, I never would have come to Doylestown and made the collection called the Tools of the Nation Maker for this society, and if I had not made that collection, I would not have become associated with this society as I have been. But the singular part of it is, that if this collection, or myself or some unaccountable faith had not stirred up another hornets nest in this society, almost worse than at the University and which drove me out of this building in 1897, I would have put all my efforts into the collection and never turned aside to make pottery. . .. But now that I am with you again, and as all is well that ends well, I may say this in the friendliest possible manner, since my pottery and this society are so closely connected, that now as looking backwards to find evidence of wisdom in the turn of events, that I have to thank the forces which drove me out of the University of Pennsylvania, for this collection, and again to thank the forces which temporarily drove me out of this society and away from this collection, for the Moravian pottery. [Manuscript notes, FM 19:4, MPSL.] 16. MPSL. He wrote checks regularly to local businesses up to this date. On 16 May he wrote a check for $127.15 for his steamship tickets. During June and July he wrote checks for British pounds; the exchange rate was then $4.93 to the pound. 17. The original slipdecorated pie plate with a pelican design, made by Benjamin Bergey of Montgomery County about 1838, is now in the collection of the Pennsylvania Museum of Art and HCM's copy (1466) is in the collection of the Mercer Museum. Another HCM copy of a Bergey piece (the one signed S. D. Harstine) is a sgraffito dish (14659), decorated with a branch and a band containing an inscription. A pair of sgraffitodecorated beakers, an original Pennsylvania German one (886) and HCM's reproduction (MC 98, 74: 10: 19), are both in the Mercer Museum. Two other pieces resulting from the Herstine experiment are a beaker (1467) and a jar (1468), both decorated with a distelfink, a PennsylvaniaGerman bird motif (see Fig. 16). 18. HCM, manuscript draft for Notes, FM 19, MPSL. He later changed the first sentence of the second draft to read "that resulted in a desire to master the potter's art and establish a pottery, as a regular business, under personal control." He dropped "as a regular business" in the printed version. 19. HCM, Notes, p. 483. 20. "An American Potter," House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 17. 21. Elizabeth Chapman Lawrence to HCM, 15 January (1898), MPSL. This letter has been wrongly dated as 1899, partly due to Mercer's own confusing account in Notes, p. 484., where he leaves the impression that he simultaneously received a glaze from De Morgan and test results from Cantigalli. Lawrence's letter mentions De Morgan's request for factory rates (his letter of 1897; see note 25), and Cantigalli's test results reported in a letter dated Friday, December 17 (1897) (see note 22). It is not surprising that Mercer was sketching Mayan designs, since he had recently completed his Yucatan expedition work. He used a Mayan design for his Indian House logo and put aside the idea of Mayan tile designs until much later, when he used them for the Fonthill Bow Room in 1910. 22. Ulisse Cantigalli to Lady (Augustus) Paget, Friday, 17 December (1897), MPSL. 23. John Fidler, in "The Manufacture of Architectural Terracotta and Faience in the United Kingdom," Association of Preservation Technology Journal 15 (1983): 28, addresses the recurrent question "What is terracotta?" The term is used here generically to include glazed brick and faience and terra cotta proper. Definitions vary around the world and between disciplines. In the museum world for instance, faience is used to describe glazed clayware. However, the current English manufacturers of architectural terracotta define things differently. Both terracotta and faience they say, can be glazed or unglazed. What is important to them is the physical form of the material and therefore, terracotta refers to a constructional or semiconstructional hollow block whilst faience describes a thin solid slab. 24. Gaunt and ClaytonStamm, De Morgan, p. 155. 25. William De Morgan to Mrs. Lawrence, 12 December 1897, MPSL. 26. Ibid. 27. No letters from Mercer to De Morgan are known to exist. Colin Bather, chairman of the De Morgan Foundation, to Cleota Reed, 2 February 1982. 28. HCM to Read, 26 December 1898, BM archives. Published in Cleota Reed, "Mercer's Letters to Read," BCSHP 2 (1980): 283. 29. Typed manuscript draft for Notes, version 1, MPSL (see note 15, above). Compare with HCM, Notes, p. 483. 30. Chronological Notes, FM 9:22, MPSL. 31. Edward Teitelman, "Wilson Eyre in Camden," Winterthur Portfolio 15 (Autumn 1980): 230231. 32. "An American Potter," p. 12. 33. See note 16. 34. Chronological Notes, FM 9:22, MPSL. 35. Frank Swain, Memorial Services for Henry Chapman Mercer (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1930), p. 21. 36. HCM, Tools, p. 37. 37. HCM, Notes, p. 484. 38. Frank Swain's manuscript notes on the history of the Pottery, written to supply Mercer with facts and dates and to jog his employer's memory while he was writing "Notes on the Moravian Pottery" (Notes) in 1914. Both men apparently put much effort into recontructing the events of seventeen years past. Mercer jotted sketchy lists from memory, and Swain consulted the Pottery records to confirm facts (Manuscript Notes, FM 19:15, MPSL). 39. Two of the tiles from this firing are extant and preserved in the Fonthill archives. They are cast from a mold after a handmodeled relief design (Plate 11:1). His watercolor sketch for their design is in the Spruance Library collections (Tile Works Records, 00010, MPSL). The design on these tiles is the typical Pennsylvania German tulip motif. The size of the tiles, 6¼ by 4½ inches, and over ¾ inches thick, is one he never repeated. Their glazes indicate that he had already begun his experiments. One (1525) is bright orange, a color he achieved by using a clear glaze over red clay; the other (1526) is lime green, after a formula from
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Brongniart. He outlined the design on both tiles with iron oxide. Recorded in a daybook, Collection of Ancient Tiles at Fonthill, pp. 172173, FM 8:4, MPSL. The entry for the tiles reads: 1525. Tile modeled by HCM and burnt in first kiln fired for the Moravian Pottery, i.e. Huber's [should read, "Miller's"] kiln on North Branch about 1 mile N. of New Galena by Bartleman. Clay hauled from Bartleman's old clay deposit . . . near Point Pleasant, Bucks Co. Pa. 1526. Design taken from Flower Pot on SF stoveplate No. 96 Bible in Iron. Green copper glaze from Broginart [sic]. Nearly all tiles in this kiln spoiled. Black raised design, pattern in common red burning clay slipped in white. Bartleman's glaze. Slip probably bought at Haig's Pottery, Phila. 152526. Probably the first tile design used at Moravian Pottery. These two tiles were given by me to my Aunt Miss Fanny Chapman when made & remained on her parlour table as ornaments till her death in 1924. Feb. 17, 1925. 40. Charles Smith to HCM, 27 October 1898, MPSL. Smith's response indicates that Mercer asked him how to apply colors to tiles. It is clear that Mercer followed Smith's advice closely when he began his new glaze experiments. 41. Cipriano Piccolpasso, The Three Books of the Potter's Art, trans. Bernard Rackham and Albert Van de Put (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1934), from earliestknown ceramics treatise, Piccolpasso's I tre Libri dell' arte vasaio (1548); and Alexandre Brongniart, Traite des Arts Ceramiques ou des Poteries . . .. 3rd ed., 2 vols. and atlas (Paris, 1844). The latter twovolume set is in Mercer's library at Fonthill and may be the book on pottery recommended by Cantigalli and sent to HCM by Aunt Lela in 1898. 42. Swain, in his manuscript notes on the history of the Pottery, says: A "Test Furnace" had been bought of Wm. H. Woodward of Crossley & Co., Trenton, N.J. and paid for Nov 7, 1898, the cost of which was $16.00. This must have been the little kerosene furnace now in use [and still extant] . . .. Dec 10.98 a muffle costing $2.00 and 150 firebricks had been bought of E. A. and A. L. Boulter of Philada and 2 new muffles were paid for Dec 20, 1898 showing that the first one had been used and damaged. (Built in Indian House chimney). Rebuilt by Jan 14, 1899. [Manuscript Notes, FM 19:5, MPSL.] 43. Indian House Records of Experiments, 1898, MPTW Records, MPSL. 44. HCM, Notes, pp. 484485. See also "An American Potter," p. 18. Mercer learned from Joseph William of Bridgeport the names of potters still living in the upper Rhine Valley. 45. HCM, Notes, p. 484. De Morgan sent the formula through Aunt Lela at the end of 1898, after his summer meeting with Mercer, not when he wrote Aunt Lela the year previous proposing a partnership in the United States. See also Manuscript Notes, FM 19, MPSL. 46. John Briddes first appears in Gopsill's Philadelphia Directory in 1896 as a laborer. He may have been related to William Briddes, a potter, who first appears in 1895. As a kiln man, John Briddes would not have been called a potter. 47. Swain, manuscript notes on the history of the Pottery, FM 19: 5. Cited from MPTW Kiln Records 1900, MPSL. 48. MPTW Kiln Records, 1900, MPSL. 49. Sarah Whitman to HCM, 27 May 1899, MPSL. 50. Arthur Carey to HCM, 28 April 1899, MPSL. 51. Denman Ross to HCM, 11 May 1899, MPSL. 52. "Tile and Process of Producing Same," U.S. Patent Office, Serial No. 644, 530, granted on 27 February 1900 (Patents, FM 19:1, MPSL). 53. See note 49. 54. HCM, Notes, p. 486. 55. Indian House Pottery Record of Experiments, 1898, MPTW Records, MPSL. This book contains the first ledger of the Pottery, covering the period of 27 September 1899 to November 1905. It includes time records, payroll, tile orders, purchases, quotations, and pricing notes. The tile works went into full production the day Mercer returned from York Harbor and John Briddes came back to work. 56. Record of Meetings of Jury, p. 23, SACB Papers, AAA. 57. Frederic Allen Whiting to HCM, 10 January 1901, MPSL. 58. Ibid. 59. Whiting to HCM, 12 January 1901, MPSL. 60. MPTW Records, MPSL. See note 55. 61. "Moravian Tile Works," BCI, 1 September 1904. Chapter 4— Production: Art and Technique 1. HCM to William Hagerman Graves, 14 November 1925, MPSL. 2. Photograph collections and Architectural Notebooks, MPTW 19111913, MPSL. In Mercer Chronology, 1918, Historical Notes, FM 9:22, MPSL, Mercer noted: "1895. Building Indian House, . . . not finished by April 1896." No drawings for Indian House have been found, but photos of the completed building exist in MPSL. James Blackaby and I measured and photographed the remains of the ground floor of the building in 1982, with the kind permission of the Catholic Diocese of Philadelphia, then owner of the property. 3. A writer in the Philadelphia North American Company reported that sometime before 1904 Mercer removed the ceiling to expose the soaring space above to the rafters in order to hang his display of tools (26 November 1910, FM 7:3, MPSL). Though it has been suggested that Wilson Eyre or another of Mercer's architect friends might have designed the building, no evidence has come to light to support the idea. The building bears some similarity to the studio at "Walpurgishof," his sister's home in Austria, photographs of which are in MPSL. 4. However, neither Mercer nor anyone else seems to have resided there during his lifetime. 5. BCI, 1 September 1904. 6. Several sources pinpoint the location of these kilns: In Notes Mercer states: "The first two kilns were constructed in a woodshed adjoining the Indian house, after which two larger kilns were built in a fireproof shed, constructed of tin, clay and cement, since demolished, several hundred yards in the rear" (p. 485). In a draft for Notes he located it "in the rear of my father's property" (Manuscript Notes, FM 19:4, MPSL).
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See Chapter 3, note 38. Swain noted, "According to bills paid the first large kiln in upper pottery was started June 8.01 and the second one about Sept 1, 03" (Manuscript Notes, FM 19:4, MPSL). Barnes wrote, "Part of his first pottery was situated on the north side of the old Dublin Pike where the swimming pool now is at the new Aldie . . .. I was promoted to the upper pottery. Here all the designs made and fired in two smaller kilns for glaze work . . . situated further north near Indian House" (Barnes, Memories, pp. 12). The locked safe had been removed from the Tile Works when the Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation acquired it in 1961 and was apparently forgotten until it was found in the summer of 1986, stored in an old building. It was opened with great ceremony (see Amy S. Rosenberg, "Safe Is Opened, and History Spills Out," Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 June 1986) and its contents were catalogued by John Deli and myself in July 1986. The safe did not reveal any surprises; but it did enlighten Mercer studies with some details. Among various papers, checkbooks, ledgers, and memorabilia (including two bird's nests) were a cache of nearly 700 glass negatives and copper printing cuts. Among these are the photographs Mercer used to illustrate his price lists and the Harrisburg Guidebook. The contents of the safe are now part of MPTW records, MPSL. 7. Architectural Notebooks, MPTW 19111913 MPSL. 8. Ibid., pp. 23. 9. For the interrelation of Mission style, cement technology, and the Arts and Crafts movement, see Karen J. Weitze, California's Mission Revival (Los Angeles: Hennesey and Ingalls, 1984); see also David Gebhard, "The Spanish Colonial Revival in Southern California (18951930)," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 27 (May 1967): 131147. Mercer's sketches are in Yucatan Sketchbook, FM 5:4, MPSL, and the sketch of the mission church is reproduced in Jonathan Schau, "Ruins, Arrows, and Midnight Oil: The Poetry of Henry C. Mercer," Mercer Mosaic 2 (1985): 1415. Schau points out the remarkable resemblance of Mercer's sketch of the Yokat Mission to the new Pottery. 10. Family tradition holds that Mercer visited California with his cousin Gertrude, though documentary evidence of such a visit has not been found in his papers. He sketched details from special missions in making his design for the Pottery (Architectural Notebooks, MPTW 19111913, MPSL). 11. Barnes, Memories, p. 24. Mercer moved most of his Indian House collection to the new historical museum. The collection that hung in New Indian House belonged to Swain. 12. In April 1904 Edwin AtLee Barber wrote to Mercer for some of his new designs to display at the Philadelphia Museum: You were good enough, some years ago, to send us a representative series of your earlier productions which, since they have been on exhibition, have attracted much attention. Do you not think it would be well to place a few of your best and later styles in our tile room where they can be seen by nearly half a million of people every year? Mercer responded: I have planned to show our tiles set in small groups . . . [of] boxes from one foot to eighteen inches square and which framed thus like pictures can be hung upon the wall. If you would like a few of these we have some at the Fidelity Storage Warehouse Co., Market St., and you can send a man over there with an order from us and take all the boxes that are there. We will also send you our mosaic of the American Elk. The Woman Spinning has gone to Harrisburg. Barber went to the warehouse to make a selection. He wrote to Mercer: I have selected eight frames and two loose tiles as the best for our purpose . . .. I was under the impression that the entire one hundred and sixteen boxes were still in storage, but I find that the majority were taken away and sent to St. Louis. [Edwin AtLee Barber to HCM, 14 and 15 April, and 5 May 1904, Archives of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Most of Mercer's tiles have been deaccessioned, but the Elk mosaic is still in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and was shown in its bicentennial exhibition (see Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art, exhibition catalogue [Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976], pp. 471472); it was also shown as a representative of important American design in New York in 1985 (see High Styles: Twentieth Century Design, exhibition catalogue [New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1985]). 13. Wayne Bates, the ceramist who initiated and implemented the present revival of the Pottery's operations, made this observation. 14. As early as 1886, a camera was part of Mercer's standard equipment for use as a research tool in recording his travels and archaeological findings. He later used a camera to document the use of American handcraft tools. There is no reason to doubt that he did his own lab work; his canceled checks show that he bought photo supplies regularly from John H. Taws of Philadelphia. Mercer's plan for the new Pottery showed a photo darkroom behind the great chimney in the Studio, but it was not built there and it is possible that he located it in a subterranean room off Swain's office. 15. Mercer also built two Russian stoves in Fonthill. One can be seen in the Saloon. 16. See note 14. 17. Barnes, Memories, p. 24. 18. Recollections of a former employee in conversation with the author in 1982. 19. Swain reported, "At ten o'clock in evening a fire was discovered in 2nd floor room of upper pottery. Several hundred wooden racks burned, and about 40,000 tiles destroyed. Loss about $1200.00" (Manuscript Notes, FM 19:5, MPSL). The incident was reported in the Doylestown Intelligencer on 28 March 1912. The wooden racks found at the Pottery in the 1970s may have been limited to outdoor use, away from the kilns. 20. Barnes (Memories, p. 12) reported an incident that occurred shortly after the move into the new Pottery that shows how adamant Mercer was on this score: Dr. Mercer came down from Fonthill and . . . noticed some bracket tiles . . .. [He] did not like to make tiles from designs other than his own. He came into the office and asked, "Why are we making these bracket tiles? They are not my design." This led to a hot argument. Dr. Mercer went back to Fonthill. The first thing I knew Frank Swain
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got his topcoat and lunch kettle. I was outlining a fireplace facing on the drawing board in the studio when Frank said goodby. He was gone for about three weeks. When surmising where he would be, Dr. Mercer sent Laura Long, the housekeeper, and me to go to Philadelphia, treat him to a dinner and show, and bring Frank back to Fonthill, which he made his home from then on. 21. Ibid., p. 8: "Jacob Frank did much to the modeling of new designs the day after Dr. Mercer made the drawings . . .. Jacob Nice did the modeling after Jacob Frank left. After Nice left, Clarence Rosenberger did it." Mercer acknowledged his debt to Frank in Notes, p. 487. He wrote, "With devoted skill and interest, George Jacob Frank has carried out all our later elaborate designs, having not only modelled but also arranged and set all the ceiling and many of the mural tiles at Fonthill." 22. Most of Mercer's molds still exist, but at this writing (1986), cataloguing is underway. They constitute one of the most complete records of an American tile maker's output. The few that are missing from the collection impede efforts to reproduce some of Mercer's best designs. 23. Barnes, Memories, p. 6. 24. Mercer jotted a note to this effect in the margin of the typescript of his biographical sketch for The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (Historical Notes, FM 22:17 MPSL). 25. Ibid. Mercer's contact at the British Museum (either Read or Hobson) should have been aware of the mosaic panels in Prior Crauden's chapel, Ely, discovered in the early part of the nineteenth century. They are pictured in Elizabeth Eames, English Medieval Tiles (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 20 21. Eames describes this elaborate form of tile mosaic pavement as an opus sectile "in which large figures are depicted in rectangular panels. The figures are built up from a number of pieces of different shapes and the alternation in colour was between the figure and the background, usually a light figure on a dark background." Some of these tile segments are lineimpressed with details. The colors seem to be applied as slips to the surface of the tiles. The overall effect is very similar to Mercer's treatment of the style. 26. In Notes, p. 486, Mercer recognizes Eyre's mosaics and may have made this acknowledgment either out of politeness or out of a real sense of debt. Eyre designed his mosaics in November 1897, just a few months before he visited Mercer at Indian House. Eyre's sketches for some of the mosaics appeared in Alfred Morton Githens, "Wilson Eyre, Jr.: His Work," The Architectural Annual 1900 (Philadelphia: The Architectural League of America, 1900). 27. U.S. Patent Office, Serial No. 733, 688, granted on 14 July 1903 (Patents, FM 19:17, MPSL). 28. Serial No. 763, 064, granted on 21 June 1904 (Patents, FM 19:21, MPSL). Mercer also patented a block printing process, a variation of his mosaic process that he likened to a Japanese printing technique. By his process he transferred a picture onto clay, incised the outlines and shading lines, cast the whole in plaster, cut out and fired the individual clay sections, and inserted them back into the mold, which served to hold them in place. He removed certain sections of the picture, inked those remaining with a given color, and pressed a multiple of prints on paper from the inked pieces; he then changed to other pieces and inked and printed with another color, repeating the process until he achieved the desired effect (U.S. Patent Office, Serial No. 784, 169, "Process for Producing Pictures or Design," registered 7 March 1905). He entered examples of his "pastels" in the Pennsylvania Academy's Second Annual Watercolor Exhibition in 1905. 29. Barnes, Memories, p. 7. 30. Many of Mercer's clayworking tools were tested in 1984 by Amanda Sallada Baker, head ceramist at the Pottery, and catalogued by Marilyn Arbor, formerly assistant curator of the Mercer Museum. 31. Historical Notes, FM 22:17:2627, MPSL. Installing the brocades and mosaics was facilitated at the Pottery either by presetting them in panels (Fig. 115) or by gluing the pieces on cardboard in their designated patterns and charting to preclude guesswork at the job by tile setters unaccustomed to such unorthodox tiles. Swain described this process in a letter to a client, J. Piatt Andrew, on 27 July 1927: There is no one here that has done any setting. Our old man who set Mrs. Gardner's floors is dead & the pattern repeating again & again is simply a matter of lifting a tile off & sticking it in the wet cement. This cement is buttered on the bricks a small area at a time and after a good start it ought to go along nicely. It does not have to be dead level or smooth or pointed or filled in around the tiles, but the pieces must be so placed that all will go in. All outer margins of borders, frieze, base, cornices, letters, etc. are set first. As the pattern will already be glued on cardboards & charted there will be no arranging at the job but the tile man need simply transfer the pieces from cardboard to wet cement, nicely smoothed, & press these pieces back ever so little into the wet cement & then pass on. No one here but the foreman would understand the pattern & he is the kiln burner & cannot go away. I wish I had someone who could go up & set it. [MPTW Correspondence 1914:03, MPSL.] 32. Mandy Sallada Baker of the MPTW demonstrated this technique for me in 1984. 33. "A TileConcrete Roof," Cement Age 4 (April 1907): 248. See also MPTW Records, Tile Setting Instructions and Other Notes, MPSL. 34. Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL. Mercer made a 30inchsquare perforated balustrade tile assembled from small pieces after the design of the "Desdemona" balcony in Venice and reproduced from a stone balcony tile he saw in New York. See John H. Ingham, Moravian Tiles and Mosaics flyer, n.d., MPSL. The Grueby Faience Company offered a pierced Chinese tile as early as 1898. This appears to have been a cast of an antique tile and is illustrated in Charles de Kay, "Arts and Crafts in America," Putnam's Monthly 1 (January 1907): 399. California Clay Products, in Los Angeles, made a series of pierced tiles from 1923 to the mid1930s. Examples of these can be seen in the Ceramics and Glass Division of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. 35. Lynne Poirier, formerly Director of the Bucks County Historical Society, generously shared with me the unpublished results of her study of Mercer's art pottery. Her searches in the Order Books established the estimated volume of Mercer's art pottery production and the first definitive checklist of these
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designs. Though molds exist for most of the pieces, none is labeled. Because Mercer did not illustrate his art pottery in his catalogues, the task of ascertaining which mold matched which catalogue title is more difficult than might be supposed. 36. Record of Meeting of the Jury, 16 October 1901, p. 29 (Archives, SACB, AAA). Arretine ware is terra sigillata, a type of redware ceramics stamped with relief figures and dating from about 300 B.C. 37. Jury, 18 April 1903, p. 55 (Archives, SACB, AAA). 38. Jury, 29 May 1901, p. 26 (Archives, SACB, AAA). 39. Historical Notes, FM 22:17:2728, MPSL. 40. Barnes, Memories, pp. 56. 41. Swain, manuscript notes on the history of the Pottery, FM 19:5, MPSL. 42. See note 24. Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL. 43. Swain notes that Billingsport slip clay was used by all the old folk potters on Bucks County pottery (Tile Works 37:1:19, MPTW). 44. HCM, annotation on page 6 of R. L. Hobson's Collection of English Potter), in the Department of British Medieval Antiquities and Ethnology of the British Museum (London, 1903). Mercer wrote: "Very important. If you white slip a red burning tile, & glaze & the glaze wears away, you have a yellow glazed design or background against red. This made my fortune at the Pottery. HCM Dec 1925." 45. Sarah Whitman to Mercer, 27 May (1899), MSPL. 46. Moravian Tiles, 1913. These colors were not offered in previous catalogues. 47. Mercer's experiments are described in David RandallMacIver and C. Leonard Wooley, Arieka (Philadelphia: University Museum, 1911), pp. 1617. See also David RandallMacIver to HCM, 11 December 1906 and 13 February 1907, MPSL. MacIver wrote: "Your observations and experiments are valuable. I do wish the specimens would reach me." MacIver sent Mercer a number of the pottery specimens that hang in wire supports in the Morning Room at Fonthill. 48. A cache of cigar boxes in Fonthill contain what amounts to a record of Mercer's glaze standards, which he called "samples." Each box contains one or more glazed tiles. The glaze number, formula, and directions for application are written on a piece of paper glued to the lid of each box. These records proved an invaluable guide when Wayne Bates and Beth Starbuck revived the Pottery in 1976 and needed to reformulate all the glazes, matching the originals while eliminating toxic raw lead. 49. MPTW Kiln Records, 19001927, MPSL. 50. For the structure and function of bottle ovens in this and the following paragraphs, see Bottle Ovens (Longton, StokeonTrent: Gladstone Pottery Museum, [1984]. The Gladstone Museum preserves a group of five of the last surviving intact true bottle ovens in England. 51. Swain, manuscript notes on the history of the Pottery, FM 19:5, MPSL. 52. The downdraught oven was developed in the early twentieth century to control kiln heat more efficiently (Bottle Ovens, p. 3). 53. Frank Swain included kilnfiring statistics in his annual reports. See note 57. 54. Records of the MPTW, MPSL. 55. HCM, Notes, p. 487. 56. Ibid. 57. MPTW Sales and Expense Records, 2 vols., 19041946, MPSL. Mercer kept good but informal records until 1901, at which time Swain set up a proper bookkeeping system, continuing it until his death in 1954. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. Record of Investments, FM 9:8, MPSL. 62. Graves to Mercer, 6 December 1925, MPSL. 63. It seems likely that Mercer's tilemaking methods, being of his own invention, were unique and that his contemporaries devised their own methods, incorporating industrial practices when it was feasible to do so. The question of how many Arts and Crafts tiles were truly handmade remains unanswered. 64. Diana and J. G. Stradling, in their preface to a reprint edition of Edwin AtLee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States . . . Combined with Marks of American Potters (New York: Feingold and Lewis, 1976), p. 11, overstate the case when they say that the outbreak of World War I "effectively put an end to ceramic activity in the United States for many years to come." Among the Arts and Crafts tile makers that remained active from the outbreak of the war through the 1920s and beyond, and including the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works (18981954), were the American Encaustic Tiling Company (18751935), Mary Chase Perry's Pewabic Pottery (19031965), Ernest Batchelder's operations in California (19161932), Herman Carl Mueller's Mosaic Tile Company (19081938), and the Newcomb Pottery (18951940s). See also Coy Ludwig, The Arts and Crafts Movement in New York State (New York: Gallery Association, 1983), and Robert Judson Clark, The Arts and Crafts Movement in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Chapter 5— the Exhibition, Reception, and Influence of the Tiles 1. HCM to Hercules Read, 23 June 1924, MPSL. 2. Madeline Yale Wynne, "The Exhibition of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society," House Beautiful 11 (January 1902): 125. Wynne illustrated her article with Mercer's entries: two pieces of art pottery, Pennsylvania German Drinking Cup of 1793 (MC 98) and Vicar Box (MC 76) and four tiles: Lotos (MC 3), Swan and Tower (MC 32), City and River (MC 53), and Knight of Nuremberg (MC 61). 3. Ibid. 4. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Archives. He sent examples of stove plate tiles to both exhibitions. 5. Providence Art Club: Arts and Crafts Exhibition, exhibition catalogue (Providence: Providence Art Club, 1901), p. 34. Catalogue at New York Public Library. 6. Pennsylvania Academy, Archives. 7. "An American Potter," pp. 1219. 8. Walter Crane, "Impressions of the First International
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Exhibition of Modern Decorative Art at Turin," Art Journal (London) 7 (1902): 227. MPTW Order Books, MPSL. 9. Catalogue of An Exhibition of Art Craftsmanship (Rochester, N.Y.: Mechanics Institute, 1903), p. 24. 10. Official Catalogue of Exhibitors, Universal Exposition (St. Louis, 1904), p. 84. Catalogue at Metropolitan Museum of Art Library, N.Y. The SACB Annual Report for 1905 notes that in the category of "Applied Arts: Original Objects of Art Workmanship" several national juries of acceptance (the one that met in Boston counted among its members J. Templeman Coolidge and C. Howard Walker) selected 861 objects representing the work of 163 artists; of these, 477 objects were by 58 members of the SACB. The international jury awarded these members three grand prizes, five of the eight gold medals, nine of the sixteen silver medals, and ten of the twentytwo bronze medals. 11. Frederic Allen Whiting, "Arts and Crafts at Applied Arts Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," The International Studio 23 (1904): ccclxxxvii. 12. Exhibition of Tiles (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Museum [of Art], 1915), pp. 4648. Entries 129137 include nine panels composed of various tile arrangements, one of which is an Elk mosaic, still in the museum's collection. This mosaic represented Mercer in two later twentiethcentury exhibitions: Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art, exhibition catalogue (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), pp. 471472; and in High Styles: Twentieth Century Design, exhibition catalogue (New York: Whitney Museum of Art, 1985), pp. 4142. 13. Charles H. Muhlenberg to Moravian Pottery, 21 May 1927. Muhlenberg, an architect, wrote: "I had the pleasure of visiting the International Museum of Ceramics in Faience, Italy, about a year ago and want to congratulate you on the excellent exhibit you have there. Of their kind, there were no superior tiles there in my opinion" (MPTW Correspondence, 192727, MPSL). 14. Annual Report (Boston: SACB, 1914), Year of Progress Exhibition (SACB archives, AAA). 15. The opinion of others had always been important to Mercer. He had become an archaeologist without credentials, and his lack of professional degrees may have contributed to his inability and unwillingness to stay in that field. He had reached the end of the age when amateur scholars led scientific investigations. The conferring of two honorary degrees on him at last allowed him to be called, to his great pleasure, "Dr. Mercer," a usage that has persisted into the 1980s in Doylestown. 16. Oliver Coleman, "The Mercer Tiles and Other Matters," House Beautiful 14 (July 1903): 8182. 17. Coy Ludwig, The Arts and Crafts Movement in New York State 1890s1920s (Hamilton, N.Y.: Gallery Association of New York State, 1983), p. 55. 18. Kendrick was a charter member. For Grueby, see Martin Eidelberg, "The Ceramic Art of William H. Grueby," American Connoisseur 184 (September 1973): 4854. 19. Boston City Directory, 1892, p. 594. Note in Eidelberg, p. 54. 20. Rebecca Lawton called my attention to this unidentified newspaper clipping. 21. Grueby's entries in the exhibition included a Faience panel reproduced from an old Persian woodwork, "Bambino" (after della Robbia), four lamps with cat's eye and sparkle glazes, two large vases by Kendrick, "Laughing Boy" (after Donatello), Moorish tiles, tiles reproduced from old Chinese tiles, and tiles of various colors. First Exhibition, catalogue entries 236247. (SACB archives, AAA. In 1986, I saw at least six fireplaces and a bathroom border tile depicting water lilies in residences in Erie, Pennsylvania, that seem to be by the Grueby company. 22. Addison Le Boutillier, "Modern Tiles," Architectural Review (Boston) 13 (September 1906): 117121. 23. Ibid., p. 120. 24. Neville Thompson, "Addison B. Le Boutillier: Developer of Grueby Tiles," Tiller 1 (NovemberDecember 1982): 27, points out that Le Boutillier sometimes found it useful to adapt Mercer's work. Thompson documents his debt to Mercer for the designs of Grueby's "Evangelist" tiles: Le Boutillier's daughter recalls that her father went to New York with William Grueby to see Henry Mercer's tiles at an exhibition at the National Arts Club in 1905. This visit and his previously noted admiration for Mercer explain the resemblance of his "Evangelist" tile design to Mercer's design style. Le Boutillier was a member of the Society of Arts and Crafts and twice in 1902 ordered through the society nearly identical sets of fifty tiles each, representing a total of twentysix of Mercer's designs. This is an indication that he was very much in touch with the products of his competitor (MPTW Records, Order Books, 6 February and 7 April 1902, MPSL). Mercer kept some of Grueby's tiles in his collection of competitors' tiles, apparently as specimens of Grueby's glazes rather than of his designs. See also Clark Pearce, Addison B. Le Boutillier: Andover Artist and Craftsman, exhibition catalogue (Andover, Mass.: Andover Historical Society, 1987). 25. William Hagerman Graves, "Pottery: Its Limitations and Possibilities," Handicraft 2 (March 1904): 253. Graves acknowledged Mercer's part in the tile revival, noting: The use of tiles in a way truly appropriate to the materials of which they are made is still in its infancy in this country. Our fellow member, Mr. Henry Mercer, has given us a glimpse of . . . [the] possibilities, notably in the Fenway Court and in the house of Mr. Horace Sears at Weston, where [there] are examples of the best of what has been done by both Mr. Mercer and the Grueby Company [p. 250]. 26. Graves to HCM, 11 November 1925, MPSL. 27. HCM to Graves, 14 November 1925, MPSL. 28. Graves to HCM, 6 December 1925, MPSL. 29. G. H. Brown to Members of Executive Committee, New Jersey Clay Workers Association, 18 May 1923, MPSL. 30. Ibid. 31. For Perry, see Thomas W. Brunk, "Pewabic Pottery," in Arts and Crafts in Detroit, 19061976, exhibition catalogue (Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, 1976), pp. 141153, and Lillian Myers Pears, The Pewabic Pottery: A History of Its Products and Its People (Des Moines: Wallace Homestead Books, 1976). 32. Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts Annual Reports 120 (Detroit, 1920). AAA D280, Detroit Institute of Art.
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33. Mary Chase Perry was the first to sign the Fonthill guestbook in May 1916 (FM 8:7, MPSL). 34. Pears, Pewabic Pottery, p. 97. The Detroit Public Library fireplace is illustrated in Brunk, Arts and Crafts in Detroit, p. 147. The Detroit "city" tile is illustrated on the back cover of Thomas W. Brunk, Pewabic Pottery: Marks and Labels (Detroit: Historic Indian Village Press, 1978). 35. For Batchelder, see Elva Meline, "Art Tile in California: The Work of E. A. Batchelder," Spinning Wheel 27 (November 1971): 810, 65. Of the two Batchelder tile catalogues in the Spruance Library, one may have been owned by Mercer. His books are Principles of Design (1904), originally published as a series of articles in Inland Printer; and Design in Theory and Practice (New York: Macmillan, 1904), originally published as a series of articles in The Craftsman. 36. Batchelder to Whiting, 3 December 1904 and 17 February 1905, SACB papers, AAA. 37. Swain to HCM, 17 January 1917, MPSL. Swain added "I think they have though," perhaps expressing his disgruntlement at the routine of tile production. Perhaps too he felt that the recent demand for tiles had forced him to compromise his standards slightly. See also Jessie Poesch, Newcomb Pottery, (Exton, Pa.: Schiffer, 1984). 38. For Mueller, see Lisa Factor Taft, "Herman Carl Mueller (18541941): Innovator in the Field of Architectural Ceramics" (Ph.D. diss. Ohio State University, 1979), and Herman Carl Mueller: Architectural Ceramics and the Arts and Crafts Movement, exhibition catalogue (Trenton: New Jersey State Museum, 1979). 39. Mueller to HCM, 24 May 1923, MPSL. 40. Mueller to HCM, 15 May 1924, MPSL. 41. HCM to Mueller, 30 September 1927, MPSL. 42. Mueller to HCM, 28 September 1929, MPSL. 43. Arboretum Daybook, 19291930, FM 9:16, MPSL. Notation reads: "Brought Oct 31, 1929. 2 Seeds brought from Durenstein [sic] on the Danube. They had fallen from the tree planted by me in the cloister courtyard in 1886. Cut down about 1927for fear of injuring foundations of Cloister. Obtained in Durenstein in Oct 1929 & brought here by Mr. Herman Mueller of Trentonon Halloween, Oct. 31, 1929. Planted Nov. 1st." 44. Mueller to HCM, 24 December 1929, MPSL. 45. HCM to Mueller, 27 December 1929, MPSL. 46. Dorothy Garwood, "Mary Chase Stratton," Ceramics Monthly 31 (September 1983): 31. Two other competitors are worth mention. Mercer owned a catalogue of the Unitile Company, operated by J. H. Donahey in Urichville, Ohio, between 1917 and 1929. It manufactured handmade inlaid pictures in natural clay colors, which are somewhat similar to Mercer's mosaicbrocade style but rather trite in their imagery. Donahey's most original idea was to adapt Oriental rug designs to tiles, a subject that in 1926 became a specialty of the Malibu potters in California. See Unitile tile catalogue (Columbus, Ohio: J. H. Donahey, 1917), at MPSL. Another competitor was the Enfield Pottery and Tile Works, operated by Joseph H. Dulles Allen in the Philadelphia area between 1906 and 1928. It was an extensive operation, and some of its designs were close enough copies to cause confusion with Mercer's tiles. Mercer was at least briefly peeved with this competitor, for he marked his copy of the Enfield catalogue with disdainful Xs and underlinings. See Enfield Pottery and Tile Works catalogue (Laverock, Pa.: Joseph H. Dulles Allen, n.d.), at MPSL. See also Thomas Bruhn, American Decorative Tiles, exhibition catalogue (Storrs: University of Connecticut, 1979), p. 25. Part II— Introduction—Mercer's Tiles: Themes and Uses 1. HCM to William Hagerman Graves, 14 November 1926, MPSL. 2. Ibid. Chapter 6— The Early Tiles 1. HCM to William Hagerman Graves, 14 November 1926, MPSL. 2. HCM, The Bible in Iron (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1914), p. 1. Mercer had determined that the decorative motifs of the stove plates, representing a peculiarly conventionalized floral pattern that departed from earlier traditional PennsylvaniaGerman pictorial designs, were a type unique to America. The style appeared in 1750 and was produced almost exclusively during the last years of the fiveplate stove, that is, until about 1766. The basic decoration was repeated from plate to plate with slight variations but never exactly duplicated. There were three decorated plates and two designs per stove, because the side plates are identical (except for their right and left structural orientations). The front or end plate usually has a design under a single arch, and the side plates each have two designs under two arches. The top and bottom plates are both unadorned. A lettered motto continues around the stove in a cartouche or band. 3. HCM, The Decorated Stove Plates of Durham, Contributions to American History, no. 3 (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897); "The Survival of the Medieval Art of Illuminative Writing Among Pennsylvania Germans," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 36 (1897): 423432. 4. HCM, The Decorated Stove Plates of the PennsylvaniaGermans, Contributions to American History, no. 6 (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1899) 5. See note 2 above. 6. Tools, p. 59. 7. Bible, p. 211, pl. 167, BCHS Stoveplate No. 711. HCM made a tile prototype (uncatalogued) after the upper left section of the stove plate (see Plate 11:3). 8. Bible, p. 210, pl. 166, BCHS. Stoveplate No. 1648. 9. Bible, p. 207, pl. 153, BCHS Stoveplate No. 1243. 10. HCM to Henry K. Deisher, 29 November 1929, MPSL. 11. Bible, p. 11. 12. In his "Pottery of the Pennsylvania Germans" Mercer talked about how these works inspired him to make tiles (BCHSP 4 [1917]: 191; first read on 23 May 1911). 13. See note 1. 14. Beverly Brandt, "The Essential Link: Boston Archi
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tects and the Society of Arts and Crafts, 18971917," Tiller 2 (SeptemberOctober 1983): 23. 15. Ibid., p. 31. 16. HCM to Read, 10 November 1893 (BM Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities). Published in Cleota Reed, "Henry C. Mercer's Letters to Sir Hercules Read," BCHSJ 2 (1980). 17. HCM to Read, 26 December 1898, BM (in Reed, "Letters," p. 277). 18. I thank John Cherry, Deputy Keeper of the department, for allowing me to examine and photograph the original tile in 1984. 19. "Moravian Tile Works," BCI, 1 September 1904. 20. Sue Williams to HCM, 30 July 1905, MPTW Records, 1905:45, MPSL. 21. Mercer's sketches are in the Mercer Papers, FM 19:15, MPSL. 22. Mercer's notes taken at Cluny are in a daybook, FM 9:7, MPSL. I have been unable to locate the originals. Wax impressions of some of the German designs are in Mercer's scrapbooks (MPSL). 23. Mercer's library at Fonthill contains a scrapbook that appears to have belonged to Nichols and into which have been pasted the leafs of his book, correspondence, and other materials relating to its publication, and other correspondence and publications about medieval tiles. 24. HCM to W.J. Andrew, 1 December 1925, MPSL. Mercer corresponded with Andrew, a British numismatist and antiquarian between 1923 and 1930 on many subjects, including preindustrial tools and medieval tiles. Andrew sent him a Bowie knife for the historical museum collection. On their honeymoon trip to England in 1925, the Swains visited Andrew at his Henry VIII cottage in Michelmersh, Romsey, Hampshire. Efforts to locate Andrew's papers have been unfruitful. 25. For medieval tiles, see Elizabeth Eames, Medieval Tiles: A Handbook (London: British Museum, 1968), and English Medieval Tiles (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985). 26. HCM to W. H. Andrew, 4 January 1926, MPSL. 27. Mercer sent Andrew a detailed report of his early experiments with methods of making inlaid, Castle Acretype tiles (HCM to Andrew, 1 December 1925, MPSL). 28. See ibid. 29. Experiments with Encaustic Tiles in March 1926, FM 19:15, and MPTW Records 1925:04, MPSL. 30. Mercer to Andrew, 4 January 1926, MPSL. 31. Rainer Kahsnitz of the German National Museum of Nuremberg kindly provided information concerning the original tiles. 32. FM 17:15, MPSL. 33. Mercer to Read, 1 February 1907, BM (in Reed, "Letters," p. 286). 34. Mercer's annotation in his copy of Robert Forrer's Feschichte der Europaischen FliesenKeramic vom Mittelalter bis zum Jahr (Strassburg, 1901), FH/BCHS. 35. In Mercer's copy of Alexandre Brongniart, Traité des Arts Céramiques ou des Potéries (1844), title page, FH/BCHS. 36. Ibid., p. 355. 37. HCM to Ralcy Hasted Bell, 2 July 1921, MPSL. 38. Reed, "Letters," p. 287. 39. John Hall Ingham, "Moravian Tiles," Handicraft 5 (May 1912): 22. 40. Seymour & Earle, Solicitors, to Moravian Pottery, 2 September 1904, MPTW Records 1904: 06, MPSL. 41. "Moravian Tile Works," BCI, 1 September 1904. 42. Ralph Adams Cram, Church Building, 3rd ed. (Boston: Marshal, Jones & Co.: 1924), p. 230. Helen Zakin, "American NeoGothic Stained Glass," in Cleota Reed, ed., Henry Keck Stained Glass Studio, 19131974 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985), pp. 5859. 43. For Ward, see Cleota Reed Gabriel, The Arts and Crafts Ideal: The Ward House, an Architect and His Craftsmen (Syracuse, N.Y.: Institute for the Development of Evolutive Architecture, 1978). See also Elsa Rapp Ellis, "Records from the Moravian Tile Works," BCHSJ 1 (1973): 15. Chapter 7— The Mosaic Style and Harrisburg 1. HCM, Preliminary Note to the Tiles Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania, at Harrisburg (Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1907), folder. 2. George P. Donehoo, A Brief Description of the Capitol at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, with an Outline of the State Government (Harrisburg, Pa.: State Library, 1923), pp. 12. An earlier capitol building, begun in 1816, had burned in 1897. Huston was awarded the contract to design the new building on 25 February 1902. The new Capitol was dedicated on 4 October 1906. 3. In his 1986 study, James R. Blackaby determined that there are 265 design subjects and a total of 379 mosaics in the pavement. Huston authorized Mercer by letter to make "16,000 of your tile subject to my approval. Rates of one square foot of mosaic to ten square feet of background. You are to be paid when the tiles are received in Harrisburg in lots of 1000 square feet per lot. The payment being sent on the receipt of each lot. These tiles are for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Price to be $1.03 per square foot" (Joseph M. Huston to HCM, 3 August 1903, Joseph M. Huston Papers, PSCA, Preservation Office, Harrisburg, Pa.). Huston's papers were donated to the PSCA in 1984 by Huston's daughter, Judella Hunting. Ruthanne Hubbert, historian and archivist of the Pennsylvania State Capitol, secured the Huston papers for the archives. MPTW Records, Order Book, 19031907, p. 300, MPSL. Mercer applied for his first mosaic patent on 21 November 1902. He delivered the first 1,000 square feet of tiles, including thirtytwo mosaics, on 26 January 1904, and the last on 5 April 1906. Most of the cartoons for the Harrisburg mosaics are in MPTW Records, Large Drawings, 1904, MPSL. 4. Composition Book—Sculpture, Barnard Notes, Mercer Clay Mosaic Floor, Huston Papers, PSCA. Huston wrote
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brief accounts of certain of his dealings with the artists he commissioned to decorate the State Capitol. The new facility became the center of a politically motivated scandal soon after its dedication: The building cost three times its original allocation of four million dollars. The greenglazed dome surmounted a building whose mortar was mixed with graft. This practice, doubtless typical of such projects at the time, emerged during hearings begun after completion of the building in 1907. The publicity gave the building additional notoriety; tourists flocked to see the splendid interior and to touch the $1,600 bootblack stand. Huston was an unfortunate victim of the scandal, which surfaced as part of the state's shift from Republican to Democratic power. Embittered, Huston told a reporter, ''I have been living in a dream. It was my first public building, and, please God, it will be my last." [Edwin Wolf, II, Annual Report of the Library Company (Philadelphia, 1979), p. 48.] Mercer was one of the few untouched by the scandal, perhaps because in money matters he dealt with an agent for the contractor rather than with the architect directly. For a contemporary account of the affair sympathetic to Huston, see Samuel W. Pennypacker, The Desecration and Profanation of the Pennsylvania Capitol (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1911), in which the former governor says: The hypocrisy which claims praise for the Capitol, for the effectiveness of that which is useful, the beauty of that which is ornamental, the paintings of Abbey and Violet Oakley, the tile floor of Mercer and the statuary of Barnard, and gives no credit to Huston who secured them all for us, whose genius designed and whose energy completed the work, is a disgusting thing [p. 99]. 5. Huston to Swain, 15 March 1930, Huston Papers, PSCA. 6. Huston, Composition Book (see note 4). Huston had the sixteenthcentury cutstone pictorial pavement of Siena Cathedral, in which Old Testament subjects are depicted, specifically in mind as a prototype for his State Capitol. Mercer probably knew the Siena pavement firsthand, and he later acknowledged it as a concept "parallel" to his mosaic process. See Chapter 4, note 26. 7. HCM, "The Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg," Western Architect 10 (1907): 47. 8. Ibid., p. 50. 9. Nor does there seem to have been meddling with the subjects treated by Abbey, Barnard, Oakley, and Van Ingen. Mary Cassatt was also to have executed a mural for the State Capitol, but she stopped work on her study when someone (not Huston) associated with the project suggested that she kick back part of her fee (Undated clipping from unidentified newspaper, Huston Papers, PSCA). 10. Huston Papers, PSCA. Donehoo, Brief Description of Capitol, pp. 214. Barnard created two heroic groups of statues in marble to flank the main entrance, "The Burden of Life" or "The Broken Laws," and "Labor and Brotherhood." Abbey (18581911) painted murals in the great rotunda entitled "The Spirit of Religious Liberty," "The Spirit of Light," "Science Revealing the Treasures of the Earth," and "The Spirit of Vulcan." For the State House of Representatives he painted "The Apotheosis of Pennsylvania" and "The Reading of the Declaration." Violet Oakley painted a highly illustrative frieze in the governor's reception room tracing the history of William Penn in his search for religious liberty, as well as murals for the State Senate Chamber and the State Supreme Court Room depicting, respectively, George Washington in "The Constitutional Convention, 1787" and Abraham Lincoln in "The Dedication at Gettysburg, 1863." Van Ingen created stained glass windows for the chambers of the State Senate and House of Representatives treating American subjects, but mostly in the form of such allegorical figures as "Temperance" pouring water from a pitcher and "Electricity" grasping a thunderbolt. See John J. Howland, "A Costly Triumph," Outlook 26 January 1907, pp. 193197. 11. HCM, Guidebook to the Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, Pa., 1908), preface. 12. Huston, Composition Book. Huston outlined these ideas in an essay, "Literature in Stone," as an undergraduate at Princeton University and printed it for private distribution following his graduation in 1892. A copy is in the Huston Papers, PSCA. 13. HCM, Preliminary Note to Tiled Pavement, MPSL. 14. Ibid. 15. HCM to Huston, 18 September 1902, Huston Papers, PSCA. 16. HCM, Guidebook, pp. 2526. 17. Mercer wrote his Guidebook partly in response to two "official guidebooks," Charles H. Caffin's Handbook of the New Capitol (Harrisburg, Pa., 1906) and Pennsylvania State Capitol Guide Book, (Harrisburg, Pa., 1906), that he thought misunderstood and slighted his tiles in the State Capitol. More than 260 glass plate negatives depicting the mosaics were found in a safe in 1986 (see Chapter 4, note 6), many of which were used to illustrate the Guidebook. 18. HCM to W. C. Andrew, 21 August 1928, MPSL. 19. HCM, Guidebook, p. 91. Mercer preferred his bicycle over his automobile for short trips. He bought a "Columbia" for $100 in 1895 and used it regularly at least as late as 1921. He routinely pedaled around Doylestown with one or another of his faithful Chesapeake Bay retrievers running behind him ("Passing Events," BCHSP 5 [1926]: 411). 20. Huston's program for the decorations of Long Oaks echoed that of the State Capitol. He used glass mosaic like that in the Capitol dome, a statue by Barnard, a stained glass window made by Van Ingen after a sketch by Abbey, and a Moravian tile floor with Mercer's Van Trapp Church mosaic (Huston Papers, PSCA). 21. MPTW Records, 1903:02 and 1904:07, MPSL. 22. MPTW Records, 1904:08, MPSL. Woolett introduced Mercer's tiles to the architect, Julia Morgan. 23. MPTW Records, 1915:19, MPSL. A search in 1982 failed to turn up any trace of these murals. 24. MPTW Records, 1905:08, MPSL. 25. MPTW Records, 1905:29, MPSL. 26. MPTW Records, 1905:40, MPSL. 27. Reproduced in The International Studio 41 (August 1910): 20. 28. Reproduced in Cleota Reed Gabriel, The Ward Home, pp. 19, 29.
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29. I visited the school in 1979 and again in 1986. Chapter 8— The Brocade Style and Fonthill 1. HCM, "The Building of 'Fonthill,' at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1908, 1909, and 1910," Manuscript found in Mercer's papers and published posthumously in Memorial Services (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1930), p. 39. 2. Ibid., p. 20. 3. Ibid., p. 32. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Elkins was also a benefactor and member of the BCHS, eventually serving on its board. 7. FM 9: 10:34, MPSL. 8. Architectural Notebooks, Fonthill, ca. 19071910, MPSL. 9. HCM to Read, 1 February 1907, BM (in Reed, "Letters," p. 287). 10. William L. Price, "The Possibilities of Concrete Construction from the Standpoint of Utility and Art," American Architect 89 (7 April 1906): 120. 11. Ibid. 12. HCM, "Where Concrete Stands for Concrete," Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 12. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., pp. 1415. 15. Ibid., pp. 1213. 16. Ibid., p. 13. 17. HCM to Read, 16 January (1909), BM (in Reed, "Letters," p. 288). Read visited Fonthill in 1911. In a letter to a man who was trying to sell some tiles to the British Museum, he wrote: We want none of them here. I have just been to Pennsylvania staying with a friend there, who is making this kind of tile very artistically, as a business. I spoke to him about these tiles of yours, and he expressed his willingness to take the lot, if the price could be made to suit his pocket. He is not of the millionaire class, but simply a fairly welltodo man, who has taken up pottery as an employment. [C. H. Read to Stephen Aveling, 2 November 1911, Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, BM]. 18. Albert Moyer, "An Artistic True Concrete Residence," Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 61. 19. Albert Moyer, Concrete Surface Finishes, (Philadelphia and New York: Vulcanite Portland Cement Co., ca. 1908), MPSL. 20. Robert W. Lesley, "The Frank Use of Concrete," Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 3. 21. "A Concrete House," Cement Age 8 (May 1909): 321331. Chapter 9— Major Themes 1. HCM, "The Building of 'Fonthill,' at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1908, 1909, and 1910," in Memorial Services for HCM, p. 39, reprinted in BCHS 6 (1932): 30405. 2. Ibid., p. 38. 3. HCM, "Columbus Room," descriptive notes, FM 17:17, MPSL. This is a typed and edited manuscript that Mercer intended to print as a guide to the Columbus Room ceiling tiles. 4. Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, 8 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 18841889). 5. HCM, "Columbus Room." Besides Las Casas, other early depictors of the New World whose images Mercer adapted were Johann Froschauer (Augsburg, 1605); Pedro de Ciez a de Leon, Parte Primera de la Chronical del Peru . . . (Seville, 1553); Ambrosii Aurelii Theodosii Macrobii, In Somnium Scipionis, Lib. II (1560); Girolamo Benzoni, La Historia del Mondo Nuovo (Venice, 1565); Olaus Magnus, Historia (1567); and Theodore De Bry, Grands et Petites Voyages (Frankfort, 15901600). See William C. Sturtevant, "First Visual Images of Native America," in First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, ed. Fredi Chiappelli, 2 vols. (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), pp. 417454. 6. MPTW Records, Sales and Expenses, 19041913, MPSL. 7. Joachin Miller, "Columbus," Songs of the Soul (1896). 8. The Plus Ultra mosaic was originally designed for the Hispanic Society, New York City, in 1905. MPTW Records, 1905:29, MPSL. The other mosaics had also been used earlier. 9. HCM, "Columbus Room," descriptive notes, MPSL. 10. Architectural Notebooks, MPSL. 11. Frank Swain, in Memorial Services for HCM, wrote: "In August, 1898, we went to Maine, and while there he made sketches of Aztec and other Mexican carvings, which I afterwards learned were designs for tiles, but those patterns were never used" (p. 23). See Chapter 3, note 21. 12. HCM, Notebook in MERCER series, MPSL. 13. Historical Notes, FM 22:17, MPSL. Mercer is buried in the Chapman family plot at the First Presbyterian Church, Doylestown, but his funeral service at Fonthill was conducted by an Episcopal minister. 14. HCM to William Hagerman Graves, 14 November 1925, MPSL. 15. Mercer knew John Case's article about the della Robbia glazed terracotta frieze on the facade of the Ospedale del Ceppo, Siena, Italy, which was made of sculptured relief panels depicting the seven acts of mercy of the Misericordia, "The Esthetic Possibilities of the Use of Clay Products in Architecture," Brick 16 (February 1907): 107111. The article is in Mercer's papers. Mercer probably also knew the frieze firsthand. These panels, with a predominance of figures and historical subjects, are similar to Mercer's relief panels. 16. HCM, Tiles of the New World, MPTW Records, Printed Catalogs, MPSL. The numbers in this folder, which Mercer issued as a supplement to his tile catalogue, correspond to small tile numbers Mercer set into Mrs. Gross's New World panels. He sent a copy of the folder to Iowa State University to help explain the program of the New World fireplace installed there in 1924. 17. Ibid. 18. FM 20:17, MPSL.
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19. See note 16. 20. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, p. 10. 21. In Tiles of the New World, Mercer noted that the "Plus Ultra" emblem, which was later stamped on SpanishAmerican coins, was the origin of the familiar dollar symbol: $. 22. Two of Mercer's literary heroes wrote biographies of Columbus: Washington Irving, Life of Christopher Columbus (1827), and Justin Winsor, Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery (1891). These earlier and in many ways still admirable studies were supplanted by Samuel Eliot Morison's Admiral of the Ocean Sea (1942). 23. Mercer described sixtytwo of these subjects in all, extending the original twentynine subjects in the leaflet in a typed manuscript titled "Tile Leaflet," which he never published (FM 17:11, MPSL). 24. Charles H. Brown to MPTW, n.d., MPTW Records, Correspondence 1924:02, MPSL. 25. HCM to Joseph E. Sandford, 23 March 1929, MPSL. 26. HCM, The Bible in Iron (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1914). 27. MPTW Records, Sales and Expenses, 19041913, Spruance Library. Mrs. A. Haller Gross ordered some of the new Bible tiles in the same month, and Mercer made some for himself, installed in the Saloon at Fonthill. For the Zion Church, see Klaus German Wust, Zion in Baltimore, 17551955: The Bicentennial History of the Earliest GermanAmerican Church in Baltimore, Maryland (Baltimore, 1955). 28. HCM, Bible, pl. 81. 29. Ibid., pp. 127128. 30. H. M. J. Klein and William F. Dillon, History of St. James Church (Lancaster, Pa.: The Vestry, 1944), frontispiece. 31. John C. Bowman to HCM, 10 February 1917, MPTW Records, 1916:41, MPSL. See George Warren Richards, History of the Theological Seminary (Lancaster, Pa., 1952), p. 383. 32. For Salem tiles, see Gerald W. Dieter, The Bible in Tile (Doylestown, Pa.: Consistory Salem United Church of Christ, 1957). Benjamin Barnes, who was a member of the church, arranged for the gift of the tiles. 33. Johann Andrea Endters, The Prince's Bible (Nuremberg, 1747), SL/BCHS. The woodcut is illustrated in HCM, Bible in Iron, pl. 108. 34. HCM, Bible in Iron, p. 42. In chapter 3 of his revised third edition of Mercer's Bible in Iron (1961), Joseph Sandford, convinced of the validity of the argument, named Acanthus Carver as the designer of these plates derived from the Prince's Bible (pp. 5051). 35. Bible in Iron, p. 196. 36. Ibid., p. 183, pl. 61. 37. Ibid., pp. 169171, pl. 19. 38. See note 14. 39. FM 19, MPSL. 40. The tiles, removed from their original setting, are on public display (1987) in the Ambler Furniture Company, 71 79 Butler Avenue, Ambler, Pennsylvania. 41. "Picture Fireplaces: Illustrating Stories for Sitting Room, Library, and Nursery," The Craftsman 31 (December 1916): 247288. 42. Margaret Agnew Adams to HCM, 26 May 1914, MPTW Correspondence, 1914:01, MPSL. 43. Margaret Agnew Adams, 18 May 1914. MPTW Correspondence, 1914:01, MPSL. 44. Gilbert A. Pierce, Dickens Dictionary (London, 1872). 45. See Frederic G. Kitton, Dickens and His Illustrators (London: George Redway, 1899). Mercer owned the book. 46. Margaret Agnew Adams, 26 May 1914, MPTW Correspondence, 1914:01, MPSL. 47. See Kitton, Dickens and His Illustrators, for original plates. 48. The illustrations in those versions of Perrault's story listed in the National Union Catalogue, as well as all versions listed in the catalogue of the British Library, include no obvious design sources for the tiles. 49. The fireplace is illustrated in a folder, John A. Howe Library (Albany, N.Y.: Albany Public Library, 1929). I have examined the Albany and Saugerties facings, as well as three of the seven versions of the fireplace made for private residences. 50. Narrative from Washington Irving, "Rip Van Winkle," Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon (1820). 51. This was George Douglas Mercer (1831197), his father's brother, who was a regular visitor to Aldie. His relief portrait by Willie is in the Fonthill Saloon. Mercer's "On the Track of 'The Arkansas Traveler,'" Century Magazine 29 (March 1896): 707712, was reprinted in James R. Masterson, Tall Tales of Arkansaw (Boston: Chapman and Grimes, 1942), reissued as Arkansas Folklore (Little Rock: Rose Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 196197. Masterson states that the "tune was current by 1845 and in print by 1847, the dialogue was current by 1851 and was in print by 1960" (p. 221). Mercer's was the fifth version of the tale to appear in print. Masterson notes that, though Mercer's version is valuable, it is little more than a skeleton, perhaps because of the time that had lapsed since Mercer had first heard it nearly thirty years earlier (ca. 1866). An unpublished version of the tale appeared in the Doylestown Intelligencer in 1863, but it is doubtful that Mercer ever saw it. Mercer recalled in "Recollections of Tennent School," BCHSJ 5 (1926): 63637, that efforts of Miss Rebecca Ely to teach him music got as far as my playing "The Lorelei" pretty well, on the piano, when one day, some sort of mental paralysis baffled my efforts to count time. Her exasperation at my apparent stupidity ended in a brain panic, such as in algebra, in later years, nearly lost me my degree at Harvard . . .. In consequence, though very fond of folkmusic, I have never got beyond whistling, and a little fiddling by ear. 52. Washbourne's painting The Arkansas Traveler (1858) is in the collection of the Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas. The present whereabouts of The Turn of the Tune (1860), left unfinished at Washbourne's death, is unknown. In 1859, Washbourne commissioned from Leopold Grozolier of Boston a lithograph of the earlier picture. The same lithograph was reprinted by J. H. Bufford in Boston in the 1860s, by which time its companion was also on stone. Currier & Ives copied the two Bufford lithographs in 1870. Copies by other popular printmakers also exist. For further discussion, see Cleota Reed, "On the Trail of the Arkansas
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Traveller," Proceedings of the Nineteenth North American Print Conference, 1987 (New Orleans: The Historic New Orleans Collection, in preparation). In 1986, Larry Moore of the Moravian Pottery made a replica of an Arkansas Traveller fireplace facing for an Arts and Crafts movement exhibition held by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1987. 53. HCM, The Arkansas Traveller, flyer (Doylestown, Pa.: MPTW, ca. 1916), in MPTW Records, Printed Catalogs, MPSL. 54. Charles Conrad Abbott, "CornStalk Fiddles," Republic, n.d. Unidentified newspaper article in MPSL. 55. The HCM, Arkansas Traveller flyer. 56. HCM, "Pottery of the Pennsylvania Germans," BCHS 4 (1917): 190. 57. HCM, Arkansas Traveller flyer. 58. HCM, October, poem on pastel drawing, August 1920. 59. MPTW Sales and Expenses Records, 19041946, 2 vols., MPSL. 60. HCM, Daybook, 19281929, p. 31. Manuscript 92: 10, MPSL. 61. Lisa Factor Taft, Herman Carl Mueller: Architectural Ceramics and the Arts and Crafts Movement, exhibition catalogue (Trenton: New Jersey State Museum, 1979), pp. 2730, made a very good case for this argument, noting similarities in the two men's styles, before evidence of Mercer's authorship came to light. 62. Mandy Sallada Baker, head ceramist at the Moravian Pottery, examined the glazes with me in 1980 and verified this conclusion. 63. See James Carson Webster, The Labors of the Month in Antique and Medieval Art to the End of the 12th Century (Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1938), and James Fowler, "On Mediaeval Representations of the Months and Seasons," Archaeologia 44 (1973): 137224. 64. Archaeology and Colonial History, Photograph Album no. 1, and Fonthill Photographs, Folder 13, SL/BCHS. 65. Cleota Reed, "William B. Ittner and Henry C. Mercer: The Architecture and Art of the Erie Public Schools, 19151920," Journal of Erie Studies 11 (Fall 1982): 3253. 66. [HCM], Food (1921), Clothing (1921), and Tools (1923), Museum guides (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS). Copies in SL/ BCHS. 67. HCM, The Dating of Old Houses, BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 5, (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1923); "The Origin of Log Houses in the United States," BCHS 5 (1926): 568583; and Ancient Carpenters' Tools (Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1929). Ancient Carpenters' Tools was originally planned as a comprehensive, illustrated dictionary of early tools, machines, and utensils patterned after Edward H. Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary (1872). As his study progressed, Mercer abandoned Knight's alphabetical approach in favor of working up separate publications for individual trades and crafts. While engaged in this research, he became especially interested in tools that pertained to the construction of houses (Addenda to 5th ed., p. 303). However, it seems likely that his ideas about the hierarchy of tools, outlined in his Historic Human Tools chart of 1921 and his correspondence with Rudolf Hommel on Chinese technology, must have influenced the book's final shape. 68. Mercer's sister Lela had died on 27 May 1919 and left him "very much down and out." He continued to work, however, sustained by an outlook that he expressed to his friend W. C. Andrew in England in 1928 upon the death of a loved one: The dreadful calamity which has overtaken you seems almost too much to bear. But it glorifies the enthusiasm which enables you to turn away from disaster into the saving field of research. A wonderful sanctuary. How many times have I fled to it when there seemed to be no other refuge. God grant that the dark clouds that hang over you may soon blow away [HCM to W. C. Andrew, 21 August 1928, MPSL]. 69. These pastels are extant; three others, St. Patrick's Day in the Morning, The Fashions of Surinam, and an untitled picture of men in a tavern, are part of the set (BCHS collections). 70. This is the observation of Linda Dyke in a lecture given at Fonthill on 23 May 1984 and published as "Three Themes in Henry Mercer's Art," Mercer Mosaic 2 (JulyAugust 1985): 411. Dyke catalogued Mercer's Fonthill collection in 19821984. 71. HCM, Ancient Carpenters' Tools, preface to the 1st edition. 72. These prints are in the Fonthill Collections.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix I— The Published Catalogues Mercer did not advertise his tiles through the usual trade journals or magazines. Instead, he depended solely on the reputation of his finished work to sell his tiles. He did, however, issue illustrated catalogues, which he called "price lists." Tile dealers, architects, designers, and builders ordered from these catalogues. Mercer numbered his designs in sequence from the beginning of their production, keeping the same number for a design as long as he produced it. He also numbered his color combinations. These numbers appeared in the four illustrated catalogues he published from 1901 to 1913. To his agents he sent tile samples marked on the backs with design and color numbers. The catalogues are useful sources for identifying and dating Mercer's desigus. In only a few instances did he change the sequence of his first catalogue, and then usually by inserting a new design to replace one that he had dropped from the line. Mercer designed the catalogues himself, photographing the tiles, laying out the mechanicals, and writing the texts. Bernard McGinty, a Doylestown job printer, produced them. Though each of the catalogues is different in format, each contains the same basic information. The text on the title page and on the inside pages describes the types of tiles and their uses, acknowledges design sources, and explains how to estimate costs and to arrange for shipping. Mercer illustrated most of his tile designs with small cuts, including, in the later catalogues, photographs of some "arrangements" showing tile groupings, details of pavements, and fireplace installations. Most of the materials he used to produce the catalogues were found in an abandoned safe in 1986 (see Chapter 4, note 6). These include 5by7inch glass negatives of most of his tiles, arrangements, and picture book fireplaces, and 8by10inch glass negatives of family fireplaces, early prototypes, and large brocade murals, as well as photographs of some of his art pottery (though he never illustrated them in his catalogues). Nearly all the photo mechanical process cuts he used to illustrate his catalogues were also in the safe (see MPTW records, MPSL). Catalogues VII and VIII list "reproductions" made at the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works beginning in 1974. This reproduction of the tiles follows the techniques used by Mercer as faithfully as possible in an attempt to maintain the look and spirit of his original tiles. The new tiles are pressed from original molds but glazed with nonlead formulas that closely imitate Mercer's original colors. Each tile is stamped on the back with Mercer's Pottery mark and the year of its pressing to distinguish it from tiles made at the Pottery between 1898 and 1956, which were rarely marked. Catalogues IIV (19011913) Catalogue I: Moravian Tiles (1901). 8 pp. Quarto. Designs 1183. 39 color combinations. This catalogue
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Fig. 121. Cover page of Catalogue IV, 1913. Collection, SL/BCHS.
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was printed in two stages. The first six pages illustrate most of the 103 designs originating before 1901, with the exception of art pottery items. The designs are listed by number on the title page. The next two pages, headed "Design Numbers Continued," were probably added in 1902. They illustrate floor tiles and quarries based on French, English, and German sources. The catalogue distinguishes between "Floor" and "Wall" tiles. Prices are scattered throughout the catalogue. Catalogue II: Moravian Tiles (1904). 16 pp. Quarto. Designs 1200.50 color combinations. This expanded catalogue describes and illustrates ten examples of Mercer's mosaics in the centerfold. The last two pages illustrate Arrangements 117 of tile groupings and fireplace facings. This catalogue alternates pages of cuts with pages of price lists. Catalogue III: Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, Supplement, 1906. 4 pp. Quarto. Designs 201284. This is the only catalogue published by Mercer showing a year of publication. Each page contains tile cuts on the top half and a price list on the bottom half. Catalogue IV: Moravian Tiles (1913). 16 pp. Quarto. Designs 1431. 63 color combinations. Except for the title page (Fig. 121), which is the same as that of Catalogue II, Mercer entirely redesigned this catalogue. He organized the tiles by design "classes": Class 1, Standard Wall Tiles; Class 2, Standard Pavement Tiles; Class 3, Plain Tiles without Design, for Pavements, Walls, or Ceilings; and Class 4, Mural Brocade Tiles. He included arrangements 40 and 41, which are brocades. He located prices with the captions under each tile cut and noted specific glazing styles (AG) at the bottom of each page. The tile designs listed in these catalogues are described in Appendix II. In addition to the four catalogues described above, Mercer also issued supplemental onepage flyers illustrating special tiles. Supplemental Flyers Moravian Mosaic and Tile Flower Pots (1907). Quarto. This flyer, printed on both sides of the sheet, includes Arrangements 1839. Mercer included flower pots in his "arrangements" category. Tiles of the New World (1913). Fourpage flyer. Octavo. Lists twentynine subjects with brief descriptions of their stories. Flyers for individual fireplace facing arrangements (1915). 1 page. Octavo or smaller. The Arkansas Traveller The Bible Fireplace (a photograph of the fireplace in the new pottery studio) The Bluebeard Fireplace The Four Seasons New World Fireplace (thirteen designs) New World Fireplace (seven designs with special framework) Pickwick Fireplace Rip Van Winkle The Rich Man and Lazarus Panel Except for the Bible arrangement, Mercer photographed these in fresh clay wet from their molds. He laid them out and photographed from a suspended platform. Everlasting Tree Labels (1929). 4 pp. Octavo. Tree labels were thin octagonal 4by4 inch intaglio relief tiles, stamped with the English and Latin names of forty two varieties of American trees. He developed these designs in the last year of his life during the time he was creating an arboretum on the grounds of Fonthill. Catalogues Printed After Mercer's Death Catalogue V: Moravian Pottery & Tile Works, Price List No. 1, Effective July 12, 1954. 14 pp. Quarto. Designs 1430. 63 color combinations. This catalogue was published by Frank H. Swain, who had inherited the Pottery from his uncle, Frank King Swain. The title page contains ordering information and a list of standard color numbers. The designs are numbered and listed on the next seven pages. Six pages of tile design cuts follow. Catalogue VI: Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, Inc., Price List No. 2, Effective March 1, 1957. 14 pp. Quarto. Same as Price List No. 1, with the exception of the title page and the replacement of the sixtythree standard colors by fifteen colors lettered A to O. This price list was published by Raymond F. Buck, who bought the Pottery from Frank H. Swain in April 1956. Catalogue VII: Moravian Pottery and Tile Works (Doylestown: Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation, [1978]). 12 pp. Quarto. Reproductions of original Moravian Tiles, mosaics, and brocades. Two pages in color. Fourpage price list and singlesheet order form inserted. Effective date May 1978. This
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catalogue replaces Mercer's numbers with letters that stand as initials for the tile's subject (i.e., SP for Stoveplate, M for Musician). Catalogue VIII: Moravian Pottery and Tile Works (Doylestown: Bucks County Department of Parks and Recreation, [1982]). 20 pp. Quarto. Reproductions of original Moravian Tiles, mosaics, and brocades. Four pages in color. Eightpage price list and singlesheet order form inserted, effective date January 1982. Restores Mercer numbers and titles when possible and institutes a 500 series for tiles to which Mercer had not assigned numbers, and an 800 series for mosaics.
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Appendix II— Mercer's Tile Designs A. Tile Designs Listed in Catalogues IIV (MC) This is a list of the 431 "stock designs" offered by the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works between 1901 and 1930 from its Catalogues IIV. Each item is listed by the MC (Mercer Catalogue) number, the name Mercer assigned to it, its style (when pertinent), its dimensions (height before width), and, in brackets, the numbers of the Pottery catalogues (see Appendix I) in which it appeared. A brief description of the tile is given, followed by Mercer's source for its design, if known, and other pertinent information. When Mercer used the same number for different designs in successive catalogues, each design has been assigned a letter in brackets (e.g., MC 23 [a] and MC 23 [b]). Designs adapted from medieval tiles in the British Museum (BM), from the Germanisches NationalMuseum in Nuremberg (GNM), and from tile tracings in the Society of Antiquaries in London (SAL) are identified by those abbreviations. The SAL tracings are part of the Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks Collection and consist of four items: SAL.A. A notebook, Drawings of Gothic Tiles by Alwyne, Bishop of Ely from 1886 to 1906, 244 indexed designs. This small (13 × 21 cm) notebook contains tiny tile sketches in red ink on graph paper by Alwyn Compton, later Bishop of Ely. SAL.B. A large scrapbook, Tracings of Gothic Tiles by Alwyne, Bishop of Ely from 1886 to 1906, containing tippedin tracings and many loose "notes" by Compton, as well as colored drawings of pavements. SAL.C. A red box, Compton Tiles, containing an assortment of items including rubbings, letters, and many tracings by Franks, who collaborated with Compton over the years in the search for medieval tile designs. SAL.D. A green box, Lord Alwyn Compton Tiles, containing large tile rubbings and tracings and a scrapbook of tiny watercolor sketches of tiles made by Compton and Franks. Catalogue I MC 1. Trinity. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] An aureole from the upper left panel of the eighteenthcentury PennsylvaniaGerman stove plate, "The Raging Year" (Bible, pl. 167; Stove Plate No. 711 BCHS), so called because Mercer thought the tulip might refer to the Christian Trinity. He also interpreted as a Christian symbol the image of three tulips growing from a heart (the Passion) with a lozenge (Christ) in its center, surrounded by an aureole, though it is not clear that the makers of the stove plates saw these details as other than decorative. MC 2. Cross and Tulip. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV]. A thinleafed tulip with a crossed stem, from the
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''Cross and Tulip of 1751" stove plate (Bible, pl. 153; MM 1243). MC 3. Lotos. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] A tulip from the "The Raging Year" stove plate (see MC 1). In tracing the history of the tulip image in ornamentation, Mercer believed that its earliest depiction was as the Egyptian lotus (Plate 11:2). MC 4. Single Tulip. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] A broad fat tulip with petalshaped leaves, from the "The Raging Year" stove plate (see MC 1). MC 5. Flower Pot and Tulip. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] From the "Judge Not of S.F." stove plate (Bible, pl. 166; MM 1648). "S.F." was Samuel Flower, ironmaster of Durham Furnace in upper Bucks County in 1756. MC 6. Candle. '"Adaption of Design by Thomas Carlyle." Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] Mercer credited this design, with its Latin inscription, TERAR DUM PROSIM ("I burn while I am of use"), to Thomas Carlyle (Plate 11:4). MC 7. Large Blank. 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use in combination with decorative tiles. MC 8. Tile of S. F. in 4 Pieces. Relief, 19 × 19 inches. [I, II, IV.] A replica of the front stove plate of Samuel Flower (see MC 5), carved by an unknown pattern maker in 1756. The inscription from Luther's Bible, LAS DICH DAS BESE NICHT ("Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good", Romans 12:21), is part of a longer one extending onto the side plates of the stove (Bible, pp. 209210; Tools, p. 22; and Fig. 51). MC 9. Tile of J. Pot, 4 pieces. Relief, 24 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Replica of "Cross and Tulip of 1751" stove plate. John Pot was the ironmaster of the Warwick Furnace in Chester County, Pa., in 1745. As "Jahn Pot," his name replaced the aureole found in the upper left panel of the typical plate. Rejected by the SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 10. Large City and River. Relief, 9 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Mercer translated its Latin inscription, IMPETUS FLUMINIS LAETIFICAT CIVITATEM DEI (Psalm 46), as "There is a river the streams thereof make glad the City of God." Accepted by the SACB jury, 23 January 1901. This tile proved to be too large to produce without cracks (see Fig. 52). MC 11. Cornice. 5 1/2 × 2 1/2 × 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] A crown molding intended for use with Mercer's first fireplaces. MC 12. Motto: "Gotes brynlein hat waser die file." Relief, 5 pieces, 2 1/2 × 27 1/2 inches long. [I, II, IV.] Translation: "God's well has water in plenty." According to Mercer, this motto comes from a stove plate, "God's Well of Warwick," exhibited in West Chester, Pa. (Bible, p. 227). MC 13. Motto: "Wo euer schazt da is auch euer herz." Relief, 6 pieces, 2 1/2 × 33 inches long. [I, II; illustrated in II as Arrangement 2.] Translation: "Where thy treasure is, there will thy heart be also." Illustrated in Mercer, "Decorated Stove Plates" (1899), fig. 23. (Bible, pl. 169). MC 14. Motto: "Post Tenebras Lux." Relief, 3 pieces, 2 1/2 × 16 1/2 inches long. [I, II; illustrated in II as Arrangement 2.] Translation: "After darkness, light." Mercer attributed the motto to a Huguenot inscription carved over a window at Les Baux, France. MC 15. Edging with Diamond. Relief, 2 1/2 × 5 1/2 × 3/4 inches. Molding tile impressed with diamond motif. MC 16[a]. Motto: "Waes hael, dring Hael." Relief, 4 pieces, 2 1/2 × 25 inches long. [I.] This AngloSaxon motto translates "Be well, drink well." MC 16[b]. Babylonian Inscription Paper Weight, 3,000 B. C. [II; not illustrated.] See Appendix V. MC 17. Ink Stand, Vicar. See Appendix V. MC 18. Little Flower and Cross. Relief, 3 1/2 × 2 1/2 inches. [I, II.] Motif from stove plate (Bible, pl. 158). MC 19. Little Quarry Blank. 2 3/4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile, also called French Quarry. MC 20. Little Tulip and Five Petals. Relief, 2 1/2 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] Motif from stove plate. MC 21. Little Tulip and Three Petals. Relief, 2 1/4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Motif from stove plate. MC 22. German. Lover's Knot. Relief, 4 1/2 inches square. [I, II.] Unrefined curvilinear pattern. Mercer denoted "curve right" for MC 22 and "curve left" for MC 23, but in his illustrations they appear to be the same. MC 23 [a]. German. Lover's Knot. Relief, 4 1/2 inches square. [I.] See MC 22. The caption under the illustration in II is MC 23[a], but the price list names Goose Girl as MC 23. MC 23 [b]. Goose Girl. Relief, 6 1/4 inches square. [II, IV.] Illustrated in IV, this Mercer original derives from a popular German tale. In Bible, pp. 17, 125126, Mercer recounts that the goose girl confides in an iron stove. MC 24. Diamond. Relief, 2 1/2 × 1 1/4 inches. [I, IV.]
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Also appears in II with wrong dimensions. MC 25. Small Blank. 2 1/2 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II.] Plain tile. MC 26. Medium Hexagon. 3 5/8 inches across. [II, IV.] Mercer attributes this plain tile to "pavements at Avignon." MC 27. Medium Half Hexagon, two corners. 3 5/8 inches across. [II.] Half of MC 26, split from point to point. For use in finishing edges. MC 28. Medium Half Hexagon, three corners. 3 5/8 inches across. [II.] Half of MC 26, split from side to side. MC 29. Small Hexagon. 2 1/2 inches across. [I, II, IV.] This was Mercer's first plain paving tile. "From pavements at Avignon." Illustrated as basic unit in Arrangement 9, Cat. II. MC 30. Small Hexagon, two corners. 2 1/2 inches across. [II.] For use with MC 29. MC 31. Small Hexagon, three corners. 2 1/2 inches across. [II.] For use with MC 29. MC 32. Swan and Tower. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] A replica of a sixteenthcentury relief tile found in Toledo, Spain, by Hercules Read in the company of Mercer in 1893 and now in the collection of Spanish tiles in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, BM (see Fig. 52). MC 33. Persian Antelope. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II.] Design cast by Persian brass tray with hammered design, bought by Mercer in Cairo in 1882 and now in Fonthill. This tile was the first piece of art pottery accessioned by Charles Cotton Dana, founder and first director of the Newark (N.J.) Art Museum, for the museum's Decorative Arts Department, in 1911. It was soon joined by thirtysix other tiles Mercer had lent in 1910 to the museum's exhibition Modern American Pottery. Mercer presented the museum with a second group of tiles in 1919 (Ulysses G. Dietz, The Newark Museum Collection of American Art Pottery [Newark, N.J.: Newark Museum, 1984], pp. 10, 7480). MC 34. Spanish Cross. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II.] Attributed to sixteenthcentury Toledo. Mercer thanked Hercules Read for its use. See MC 52. 35. Renaissance, Four Flowers. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I.] A composite tile of four designs (MC 4245) offered as a single large tile or cut into four smaller ones. Designs in this series (MC 35, 36, 37, 3945) were adapted from a Byzantine candelabrum in the Porta Maggiore of San Martino at Lucca. In II and IV, Mercer changed the name of this series to Byzantine, Four Flowers. MC 36. Renaissance Little Hawk. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I.] Renamed Little Hawk in II and IV (see MC 35). MC 37. Renaissance Bird, Beast, and Flowers. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I.] Renamed Byzantine Bird, Beasts, and Flowers in II and IV. A composite tile of four designs (MC 36, 3941; see MC 35). MC 38. Persian Bird. Relief, 7 × 5 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] Design cast from Persian brass tray with hammered design, bought by Mercer in Cairo in 1882 and now in Fonthill (Plate 11:10). MC 39. Little Fox. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 40. Little Dragon. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 41. Little Pomegranate, fourteen seeds. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 42. Little Pomegranate, twentyone seeds. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35 (Plate 11:5). MC 43. Little Rose. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 44. Little Trefoil. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 45. Little Pomegranate, eight seeds. Relief, 3 1/4 × 2 3/4 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 35. MC 46. Reduction of S. F., Cameo. Relief, 10 × 7 1/2 inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 8. Accepted by the SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 47. Reduction of S. F., Intaglio. Counter relief, 10 × 7 1/2 inches. [I, II.] See MC 8. MC 48[a]. Ravenna Peacocks. Relief, 4 pieces, each 7 × 5 1/2, total panel 14 × 11 inches. [I, II, IV.] From an Alinari photograph (P.L.N. 18068): "Emilia. Chiesa di S. Apollinare Nuovo, Balanstrata bizantina capella detta della relique." Symbolic of paradise and eternal life (see Fig. 34). Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 48[b]. Plus Ultra Tile Brocade. Arrangement. Offered in sets 9, 6 1/2, and 5 1/4 inches high. [IV.] The duplication of the number 48 in IV may be a misprint. MC 49. Little Swastika. Relief, 2 1/4 × 2 1/2 inches. [I, II.] "After design excavated at Troy." Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 50[a]. Little Quatrefoil. Relief, 2 1/4 × 2 1/2 inches. [I.]
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MC 50[b]. Medium Hexagon Cinquefoil. Counter relief, 3 5/8 inches across. [II, IV.] Paving tile with intaglio design for use with MC 26. Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 51. Lion Rampant. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II.] I: "From design by Cantigalli of Florence, by kind permission of Mr. Frank E. Mead." II: "After design by Cantigalli." Mercer kept one of Cantigalli's tile catalognes in his library. MC 52. Spanish Cross, Intaglio. Counter relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 34. MC 53. City and River, Reduced, "Original Design. "Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] By "original design" Mercer meant that he had designed the tile (see MC 10 and Fig. 53). Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 54. Hercules. For setting in a brick or plastered wall. From ancient stone original in a wall at the Giusti Gardens, Verona. Relief, 13 × 11 inches. [I, II, IV.] The designs for this and MC 55 were cast for Mercer from Roman carvings excavated near the Giusti Gardens in the 1890s. FM 8:3. Rejected by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. An example hangs in the Fonthill Saloon (Fig. 51). Illustrated in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905): 126. MC 55. Socrates. Relief, 15 × 9 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 54. An example hangs in the Fonthill Saloon. MC 56. German Stove Tile. Terra. Relief, 8 × 6 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] Replica of a seventeenthcentury tile found at Singen, Baden, Germany, depicting a lover's serenade within a Baroque cherub border. Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. Illustrated in House and Garden 1 (1901): 12. MC 57. Fleur de Lys Border. Intaglio. Counter relief, 5 ½ × 7 inches. [I, II, IV.] Crudely drawn after an original tile found by a friend. Rejected by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. Exhibited in 1984 as "No. 70. Mercer and Co. Tile. Florentine lily pattern." Robert Edwards and Jane Perkins Claney, The Byrdcliffe Arts and Crafts Colony: Life by Design (Wilmington: Delaware Art Museum, 1984). MC 58. Vicar of Stowe. Relief, 14 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tiles A.23 and A.24. A heart with quatrefoil foliation issuing from it, surrounded by the legend Orate Pro anima Dni Nichi de Stowe Vicari ("Pray for the soul of Father Nicholas of Stowe, Vicar"). One of a series of adaptations of fourteenthcentury Castle Acre tile designs obtained from the BM in 1900 (Fig. 54 and Plate 11:12). MC 59. Dragon of Castle Acre. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 58. From BM tile A.6. A wyvern. Illustrated in House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 14, with MC 60; and in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903): 82, in an arrangement with a border of MC 87 (Fig. 54). Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 60. Wheel of Castle Acre. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 58. From BM tile (A14). A rosette with curved radial lines, perhaps representing a millstone (see Fig. 54). Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 61. Knight of Nuremberg. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From a thirteenthcentury tile in the GNM (A.10) found in the Chapter House of the Cathedral at Constance, depicting a legendary hero who escaped from imprisonment in one of the city's towers by vaulting the moat and riding off on a horse. Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901. Illustrated in House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 17. Mercer's design was copied by others, including Grueby Faence of Boston. MC 62. Griffin of Nuremberg. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 61. From GNM tile A.1931. Mercer misinterpreted the original image in which the griffin blew flames from its mouth. Rejected by the SACB jury, 23 January 1901. MC 63. Demon of Nuremberg. Outline, 4 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 61 and Plate 11:22. From GNM tile A.1933. MC 64. Dog of Nuremberg. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 61. From GNM tile A. 1934. MC 65. Centaur of Nuremberg. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 61 and Plate 11:21. From GNM tile A. 11. Rejected by SACB jury., 23 January 1901. MC 66. Shamrock of Castle Acre, Full Design. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tile A.7. A geometric design of diagonal lines and loops which, when assembled in groups, form a repeated pattern of fourpetaled shamrocks within squares, a common medieval overall pattern. See MC 58 and Plate 11:13. Accepted by SACB jury, 23 January 1901, but with the criticism that the joints did not fit well, a "fault" perpetuated from the original. MC 67. Shamrock of Castle Acre, Outline. Outline, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 58; same design as MC 66. MC 68. Interlaced Circles of Nuremberg, Intaglio. Outline 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Adapted from a tile once in GNM, now lost. See MC 61 and Plate 11:20. August Essenwein, "Multiplicationsornamente in den
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Fufsbodenfliesen des Mittelalters," Anzeiger fur Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit (1868). MC 69. Interlaced Circles of Nuremberg, Cameo. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 61; same design as MC 68. MC 70. Little Bricks. 3 × 2 inches. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile suggested as borders for hearths. Called Small Brick in Cat. IV. MC 71. The Tile of Columbus. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Stamped with "Plus Ultra," the motto of Columbus set between two pillars symbolic of the Straits of Gibraltar. Adapted from a Spanish tile collected by Mercer, now in Fonthill Collection. See MC 104. MC 72. English Quarry Blank. 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use with Castle Acre and other "English" designs measuring 4 inches square. MC 73. German Quarry Blank. 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use with Nuremberg ("German") and other designs measuring 4 ½ inches square. MC 74[a]. Tulip and Diamond Moulding. Listed in Cat. I without dimensions or illustration. Unlocated. MC 74[b]. German Deer. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. Listed in Cat. II without illustration. MC 74[c]. Flowers of Gloucester, Outline. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] From a tracing of a tile design from Gloucester Cathedral, sent to Mercer by Hercules Read. MC 75. Creation of Eye. Byzantine Design from South Kensington Museum. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] This depiction of God creating Eve from Adam's rib is reproduced from a plaster cast of one of the eleventhcentury ivories in the Museo del Duomo at Salerno. Mercer obtained the cast in 1900 from what is now the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (Plate 11:6). Robert P. Bergman, The Salerno Ivories (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). Accepted by SACB jury, 16 October 1901. MC 76. Vicar Box. See Appendix V. MC 77. Swan Box. See Appendix V (Fig. 50). MC 78. Tile Shelf 5 ½ × 3 × 8 inches. [I, II, IV.] Architectural molding. MC 79. SmallSwan and Tower. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Reduced and remodeled version of MC 32. See Fig. 52 (Plate 11:16). MC 80. Justice. German Stove Tile. 17th Century. Relief, 7 ½ × 6 ¾ inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 56. MC 81. Column Base. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] MC 8183 combine to form a column and, with MC 1 and 3, a stove plate pattern (Bible, pi. 166; see Arrangement 15). MC 82. Column Capital. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 81. MC 83. Column Middle. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] See MC 81. MC 84. Little Fleur de Lys. Full. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Derived from sketches Mercer made at the Museum of the Hôtel de Cluny, Paris, of tiles he saw showing the arms of the founder, Jacques d'Amboise. Accepted by SACB jury, 16 October 1901. MC 85. Little Castle. Full. Relief, 2 ¾ inches [I, II, IV.] See MC 84. MC 86. Little Stripe. Full. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 84 (Plate 11:19). MC 87. Little Maltese Cross. Full. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 84. MC 88. Little Fleur de Lys. Outline. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 84 (Plate 11:17). MC 89. Little Castle. Outline. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 84 (Plate 11:18). MC 90. Little Stripe. Outline. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 84. MC 91. Little Flower and Half Cross. Relief, 3 ½ × 2 ¼. [I, II, IV.] From PennsylvaniaGerman stove plate. MC 92. Triangle for Small Hexagon. 1 ½ inches. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use with MC 29, to form a star. MC 93[a]. Large Hexagon. 7 ½ inches. [I, II]. Plain tile. MC 93 [b]. Galleon of the Last Buccaneer. Aves. Relief, 3 inches square. [IV.] Conventional tile with sculptural relief. MC 94[a]. Large Quarry. 6 ½ inches square. [I.] Plain tile. MC 94[b]. Lions of Bedwyn Magna, Full. Relief, 4 × 4 inches. [IV.] From English medieval tile. MC 95. Swan Ink Stand. See Appendix V. MC 96. Phaeton Bowl. See Appendix V. MC 97. Hercules Bowl. See Appendix V. MC 98. Pennsylvania German Drinking Cup of 1793. See Appendix V. MC 99. Swan and Tower Beer Mug. See Appendix V. MC 100. Chinese Toy Bowl. See Appendix V. MC 101. Jonah and the Whale Drinking Cup. See Appendix V. MC 102. Wedding Drinking Cup. Pennsylvania German. See Appendix V. MC 103. Drinking Cups with Designs No. [MC] 61, 63,
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65, 64, 62, or other numbered designs. See Appendix V. MC 104. Tile of Columbus "Plus Ultra." Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] The motto of Columbus set between two pillars representing the Straits of Gibraltar. See MC 71 and Appendix IV, B. MC 105. Stove Plate Design. Pennsylvania German. 18th Century. Indian House Collection. Joseph and Potiphar's Wife. Relief, 20 × 22 inches. [I, II.] Never illustrated in a catalogue; unlocated, but the design is probably adapted from the stove plate Temptation of Joseph, now in the Mercer Museum Bible, [1961], pp. 189190, pl. 8183). MC 106. Small Hexagon, with Cinquefoil. Outline, 2 ¾ inches. [I, II, IV.] Fivepetaled flower design, for use with plain hexagonal floor tiles as embellishments. Examples in paving of central court of Hispanic Society, New York. Mercer also stamped hexagons with FleurdeLys, Elm Tree, Quatrefoil (MC 201), and Galleon (MC 229) designs. MC 107. FolJared Square. Intaglio. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 178. MC 108. Huntsman of Glansville Weston. Sir A. W. Franks collection. Relief, 6 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Catalogues reproduce a poor photograph of a poor impression of this tile. Accepted by SACB jury, 16 October 1901, with reservations. Mercer attributed the design to Franks collection (SAL). MC 109. Stag of Glansville Weston. Relief, 6 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 108. MC 110. The Falconer. Full design. From Chapel aver Lady Chapel. Gloucester Cathedral. Relief, 6 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. A hawker holding his bird, surrounded by stylized foliation and a cinquefoil. MC 111. Lion Arms of Castle Acre Priory. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tile A. 10, also in SAL.D, depicting a shield with three lions passant to sinister surrounded by trefoils (Eames [1955], p. 167, pl. xiv). Approved by SACB jury, 16 October 1901. MC 112. Crescent Arms of Castle Acre Priory. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tile A.9, depicting a shield with four crescents, surrounded by the letter W above, and on each side a quatrefoil (Eames [1955], p. 167, pl. vii; Plate 11:15). Approved by SACB jury, 10 October 1901. MC 113. Arms of Castile. From Alcazar at Seville. 16th Century. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] A typical Spanish castle design. Companion to MC 71. Adapted from a tile in Mercer's collection at Fonthill (see Plate 12:16). Approved by SACB jury, 10 October 1901. MC 114. Little Chequer. 14th Century. Hôtel de Cluny, Paris. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Adapted from a medieval tile design found at the Cluny Museum in Paris in 1900. Much used for borders and as embellishments. MC 115. The Dog of Monks Risborough. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] A dog with heartlike foliation rising from its back and trefoils under its body. From SAL.A., exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy, 1902. MC 116. Dogs of Monks Risborough. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 115. MC 117. Quatrefoil of Jervaulx. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A, C. Four fleurdelys radiating from center to points of the tile. Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy, 1902, arranged with Tintern Birds (MC 122). From SAL.A, C. MC 118. Quatrefoil of Jervaulx. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 117, 119. MC 119. Quatrefoil of Jervaulx. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 117, 118. MC 120. Deer Riding Wolf. Gloucester Cathedral. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A, B. A deer astride a wolf inside a diamond, with a fleurde lys at each point of the tile. Used also for sconce, MC 189; see Appendix V. MC 121. Deer Riding Wolf. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 120. MC 122. Birds of Tintern Abbey. Also Beaulieu Abbey. Relief, 5 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Two facing birds flanking a tree, all within a circle. A popular medieval motif found in England and France (Arthur Lane, Guide to Tiles, p. 26; Plate 12:5). Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy, 1902. Illustrated on a fireplace facing in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903): 8182, and in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905): 127. MC 123. Lions of Bedwyn Magna, Wiltshire. Outline, 6 1/8 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Two lions rampant flanking a diagonally placed tree. From SAL.A. MC 124. Lions of Bedwyn Magna. Relief, 6 1/8 inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 123. MC 125. Lover's Knot of Jervaulx Abbey, Wiltshire. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A and BM tile A.95. See MC 153 for relief version. A doubleknot pattern with ends extended for repeat,
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producing diamond pattern alternating with knots. MC 126. Quatrefoil of Westminster Abbey. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Four diagonally placed lozenges radiate from the center of the points of the tile; circular forms fill the spaces between. MC 127. Triangles of St. Benet. Westminster Abbey. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. BM tile A.255. Four squares, each divided twice diagonally to form a total of sixteen triangles, alternating in relief and color. MC 128. Birds of Tintern Abbey, also Beaulieu Abbey. Relief, 5 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] The same design as MC 122, oriented diagonally. MC 129. Birds of Great Kimble, Buckinghamshire. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] A fleurdelys flanked at the top by two facing birds; sides for larger fleurdelys repeat pattern. Used also for sconce, MC 190; see Appendix V. MC 130. Birds of Great Kimble. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 129. MC 131. Wheel of Bayeux, Normandy. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.D. A fifteenspoked "petaled" radiating pattern with a quatrefoil border. See MC 138. MC 132[a]. Flowers of Gloucester Cathedral. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II.] From SAL.A. Repeat pattern of crossed diagonal lines, half circles, and foils that when joined form quatrefoils within circles enclosed by diamonds. MC 132[b]. Heraldic Lion. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] A rampant lion. MC 133. Flowers of Gloucester. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 132. MC 134. Star of Granada, Alhambra. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Moorish design of interlocking lines forming a star. A popular motif in Spanish decorative arts. MC 135[a]. Dogs of the Tree. 4 ½ inches square. [II.] Listed in Cat. II only, but not illustrated. Unlocated. MC 135[b]. State House, Boston. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] Facade of Charles Bulfinch's statehouse (1795). MC 136[a]. Birds of the Tree. 4 ½ inches square. [II.] Listed in Cat. II only, but not illustrated. Unlocated. MC 136[b]. Clipper Ship. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] A ship in full sail with Mercer's logo stamped in the center. MC 137. The Scaled Dragon of Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk. Counter relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tile A.20. A spotted dragon (Eames [1952], pl. xix; Plate 11:11). MC 138. Wheel of Bayeux. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 131. MC 139. Inscription of Gloucester Cathedral, Croys Cristi. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Four bands of Lombardic lettering CROYS/CRIST/MESPE/DE/AME [N] "The cross of Christ Spedes, Amen" ["spedes" means "hope"]; with two crosses. Mercer's scrapbook includes a tracing of this design, signed "AWF 1845 Aug. At foot of Sedilia." It is probably an original tracing by Franks sent to Mercer by Hercules Read. MC 140. Quarter Wheel. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Repeat pattern of lines, circles, and foils to form multifoils within circles enclosed by diamonds. MC 141. Knight of Gloucester Cathedral. Relief, 4 ¾ × 7 ¼ inches. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A., C. A mounted knight in armor, charging right. See MC 142, 143, and 144 for other versions of this popular subject. J. G. Nichols, Tiles, (London, 1845), suggests that the motif dates from the twelfth or thirteenth century and depicts a crusader in battle with a Saracen. Eames (1985) states that the original use of such oblong tiles was to face stair risers (pp. 5052). Mercer reversed the design of his SAL source. Illustrated in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905): 127. MC 142. Knight of Margam Abbey, with lance charging left. Relief, 4 ¾ × 7 ¼ inches. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A, C. See MC 141. MC 143. Knight of Margam Abbey, with lance charging right. Relief, 4 ¾ × 7 ¼ inches. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. See MC 141. MC 144. Knight of Margam Abbey, with sword charging left. Relief, 4 ¾ × 7 ¼ inches. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. See MC 141. Illustrated in Eames (1985), p. 52. MC 145. Star of Granada, Alhambra. Counter relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 134 (Plate 12:10). MC 146. Tile of Thomas. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tiles A.16, 17. Raised Lombardic letters. The letters are reversed on the original tile; Mercer reversed them again to read properly (Eames
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[1955], p. 167, pl. xviii). MC 147. Tile of H.C.M. 4 inches square. [I, II.] Never illustrated. Unlocated. MC 148. Locked Squares of Chertsey Abbey, Surrey. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Mercer credited this geometric square repeat pattern to the Frank Collection, SAL. MC 149. The Wreathed Square. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. A foliate repeat pattern. MC 150. Star of Chertsey Abbey, Surrey. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. A sixpointed star inside a circle with a trefoil in its center. MC 151. Squared Border of Andover, Hampshire, also Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire. Relief, 2 ½ × 4 3/8 inches. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.B. Border tile of running diamonds colored alternately, for use in pavings (Plate 12:8). Illustrated in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903):81. MC 152. Quatrefoil and Flowerettes, Ecclesiological Collection. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Four lozenges radiate from center to corners to form quatrefoil, with flowers between petals (Plate 12:1). MC 153. Lover's Knot of Jervaulx Abbey. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. See MC 125. MC 154. Little Chequer of Cluny. Reduced. Relief, 2 inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 114 (Plate 11:9). MC 155. Falconer of Gloucester. Outline, 6 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] See MC 110. MC 156. Lattice Border, Margam Abbey. Relief, 2 ¾ × 5 ¾ inches. From SAL.A. Repeat pattern of diamonds and fleurdelys. MC 157. Petals in Double Circle. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Quatrefoil inside circle with trefoil in each corner. MC 158. Swastika of Persepolis. From ruined wall at Persepolis, June 1901. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Mercer thanked Bertrand Goodhue, the Boston architect, for sending him this design of a doublestemmed swastika (see Plate 12:2). MC 159. Lion of Castile. Alcazar of Seville. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Crowned lion passant. See MC 71 and 104. MC 160. The Etin. A.W.F. Collection. Relief, 5 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM 239 and SAL.B Linear design of lion's face. MC 161. Crossed Lozenge of St. Cross, Hampshire. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.B. Diagonally crossed lozenges with a cinquefoil in center (see Plate 12:7). MC 162. Square and Circle of Chermor [sic]. Oxfordshire. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Repeat pattern of interlocking circles and diamonds. MC 163. Beast and Fleur de Lys. Windsor and Tintern. Relief, 5 ¼ inches square. [I, II, IV.] A dog or wolf passant, surrounded by foliage. MC 164. Foliate Circle of Castle Acre Priory. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From BM tile A.13. A triskele pattern based on one of the motifs employed in decorated window tracery (Eames [1965], pl. xxxvii). MC 165. Crossed Squares of Eweline. Oxfordshire. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Outlined cross design. MC 166. Linked Shields of Lewes Priory. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] BM tile A.127. From SAL.D. Quatrefoils and shields alternating within diamonds. When joined, the tiles present a continuous pattern of interlocking diamonds (Plate 12:9). MC 167. Arms of England. A.W.F. Collection. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.D. Lions passant and fleurdelys inside shield, with trefoils in three corners (see Plate 12:6). MC 168. Birds of Bedwyn Magna, Wiltshire. Relief, 5 inches square. [I, II, IV.] SAL.A. Two birds facing a tree in a diagonal pattern. MC 169. Alphabet of Chertsey Abbey, Surrey. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.A. Lombard letters; T, I, V, and R illustrated. MC 170. Medallion of Date, right end. Pennsylvania German. 5 ½ × 7 inches. [I, II.] Not illustrated. Part of a foursection cartouche, for use with MC 172174. MC 171. Cross and Tulip in Circle. Pennsylvania German. 5 ½ × 7 inches. [I, II.] Not illustrated. See MC 170. MC 172. Medallion of Date, left end. Pennsylvania German. 5 ½ × 7 inches. [I, II.] Not illustrated. MC 173. Medallion of Date, left middle. Pennsylvania German. [I, II.] Not illustrated. See MC 170. MC 174. Medallion of Date, right middle. Pennsylvania German. [I, II.] Not illustrated. See MC 170. MC 175. English Quarry Triangle. 4 inches on a side. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use separately or with English Quarries, MC 72. MC 176. German Quarry Triangle. 4 ½ inches on a side. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use separately or with German Quarries, MC 73.
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MC 177. French Quarry Triangle. 2 ¾ inches on a side. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile for use separately or with French Quarries, MC 19. MC 178. Four Foliate Squares. Amesbury Abbey. Relief, 5 inches square. [I, II, IV.] From SAL.D. See MC 107. MC 179. Cherub Border. After Della Robbia. Relief, 5 ½ × 7 inches. [I, II, IV.] Border tile depicts winged cherub head connected with swags of leaves in the style of Lucca della Robbia. MC 180. The Sun and Stars of Islam. From an original by the Andalucian Moors. Relief in four pieces, each 5 ¼ inches square, forms 11inch square with mortar joint. [I, II, IV.] Typical Star of Islam design. Illustrated in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903): 82. MC 181. No Do Tile, Rebus of Seville, meaning No Madeja (a skein) Do: or No Me Dejado, thou has not deserted me. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [I, II, IV.] Inscription NO DO separated with twisted skein, inside Spanish border. See MC 71. MC 182. Vicar of Stowe. Relief, 4 inches square. [I, II, IV.] Called Vicar of Beauchamp in Cat. I. Diagonal version of MC 58. MC 183. Medium Hexagon Triangle. 1 ½ inches on a side. [I, II, IV.] Plain tile used to form points on each side of a medium hexagon, MC 26. Catalogue II MC 184. Jonah and the Whale. Relief, 5 × 9 inches. [II, IV.] Stylized depiction of Jonah being swallowed by a whale. See MC 101. MC 185. Cluny Quarry. 2 inches square. [II, IV.] Plain tile. MC 186. Reduced Cluny Quarry. 1 ¾ inches square. [II, IV.] Plain tile. MC 187. Birds of the Tower Found in Cambridgeshire. Relief, 5 ½ inches square. [II, IV.] From SAL.A. Medieval design depicts birds standing on the corners of a castellated tower. MC 188. Small Cube. 5/8 inch square. [II, IV.] Also called a "plug." For use in basketwork designs with larger quarries. MC 189. Sconce of Tile No. 120. See Appendix V. MC 190. Sconce of Tile No. 130. See Appendix V. MC 191. Bird of Siena. Italian. 16th Century. Relief, 4 inches square. [II, IV.] Depicts pelican piercing her breast, encircled by foliation. From a wooden box in Fonthill Collection (see Fig. 52). MC 192[a]. Hexagonal Flower Pot of Designs Nos. 2, 3, 4, or 32. [II only.] See Appendix V. MC 192[b]. Square and Fleur de Lys. Outline, 4 inches square. [IV.] From SAL.A. Square with fleurdelys in each corner. MC 193. Hexagonal Flower Pot of Designs Nos. 46 or 47. [II only.] See Appendix V. MC 194. Liquid Amber Leaf. Relief, 4 inches square. [II, IV.] Impressed leaf design. MC 195. Tulip Poplar Leaf. Relief, 4 inches square. [II, IV.] Impressed leaf design. MC 196. Tulip Poplar Leaf. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [II, IV.] Impressed leaf design (Plate 13:14). MC 197. Cornice. 2 ¼ × 7 inches. [II, IV.] Architectural molding element. MC 198. Fleur de Lys and Quatrefoil. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [II, IV.] Illustration depicts a circle, not a square, from which four quatrefoils radiate to each corner. MC 199. Twisted Squares. 2 ¾ inches square. [II only.] Not illustrated. MC 200. Knight of Nuremberg. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [II, IV.] Reverse of MC 61. Catalogue III MC 201[a]. Hexagon Cinquefoil. 2 ¾ inches. [III.] Not illustrated. Perhaps an incorrect entry, corrected in Cat. IV. May be the same as MC 106. MC 201[b]. Quatrefoil. Outline, 2 ¾ inches. [IV.] A hexagon pressed with four large overlapping petals, for use as pavement embellishment with plain hexagon tiles. MC 202. Arms of Penn. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A shield with heraldic design. This begins a series of outline designs of this size on American subjects. MC 203. Galleon. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A sailing ship. MC 204. State House, Boston. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Domed facade of Bulfinch's building of 1795 (see Plate 13:9). MC 205. Priscilla. Outline, 2 ¾ inches. [III, IV.] Priscilla spinning, from A. W. Longfellow's "Courtship of Miles Standish." MC 206. Harvard College. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Manywindowed facade of building, flanked by trees, with inscription, VERITAS.
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MC 207. Grapes. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A bunch of grapes. MC 208. John Fitch's Boat. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Commemorates John Fitch's invention of the first American steamboat in 1786. MC 209. Boston Harbor. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] First of a series of outline designs of this size. A box labeled TEA floats in the water in front of buildings (Plate 13:10). MC 210. Puritan. Half length. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Bust of man in Puritan dress holding an open Bible. MC 211. Pine Tree Shilling. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Relief design depicting early American coin (see Plate 13:11). MC 212. Galleon. English. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV] Linear relief design. See MC 203. MC 213. Priscilla. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 205. MC 214. Mayflower. 4 inches square. [III.] Not illustrated. See MC 429. MC 215. Harvard. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 206. MC 216. Indian and Tea. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Native American sitting crosslegged, holding box labeled TEA on his lap. MC 217. Puritan and Bibles. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Standing man in Puritan costume with an open Bible in each corner of the tile. MC 218. Puritan and Bible. Relief, 6 × 3 inches. [III, IV.] Standing Pilgrim holds open Bible. See MC 210. MC 219. Indian and Tea. Relief, 6 × 3 inches. [III, IV.] Standing Native American holds box labeled TEA. MC 220. Puritan. Full length. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. Smaller size of MC 217. MC 221. Wheat Sheaf. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] MC 222. Tulip. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] The first of a series of relief tulip designs derived from earlier stove plate designs. See MC 2021. MC 223. Spray of Tulips. Relief, 7 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] A bunch of eleven tulips within a banded circle. MC 224. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] The first of a series of relief tulip designs in this size. MC 225. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [III.] Not illustrated. May be same as MC 425. MC 226. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 224. MC 227. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 224. MC 228. Indian Making Fire. Outline, 5 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Kneeling Native American in act of making a fire. Design simulates Mercer's mosaic style. See HM 249 (Plate 13:1). MC 229. Galleon. Outline, 2 ¾ inch hexagon. [III, IV.] Hexagon tile impressed with ship design; same as MC 203. MC 230. Half Moon. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A crescent moon. MC 231. Diamond Border. Relief, 1 ½ × 5 ¾ inches. [III, IV.] Border design with diamond pattern, variation of MC 15. MC 232. Crucible. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Depicts the pot used for smelting iron. MC 233. Puritan. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 210. MC 234. Gothic Border. Relief, 2 × 7 ½ inches. [III, IV.] Border tile with Gothic design. MC 235. Elm Tree. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] MC 236. Spanish Galleon. Outline, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] MC 237. Blast Furnace. Outline, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Depicts halfwheel with flames above it (Plate 13:7). MC 238. Little Star. Counter relief, 2 inches square. [III, IV.] The first of a series of relief tiles in this size. MC 239. Star. [IV.] See MC 238. MC 240. Crab. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] Not illustrated. MC 241. Diamond.. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A playingcard symbol. MC 242. Diamond. Counter relief, 2 inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 241. MC 243. Elm Tree. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 235. MC 244. Heart. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A playingcard symbol. MC 245. Star. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] A sixpointed star. MC 246. St. Luke. Relief, 6 × 7 inches. [III, IV.] One of a series of four designs in deep relief depicting the symbols of the Four Evangelists, this one a winged ox. Taken from an illustration of a fourteenthcentury per
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Fig. 122. Illustration in Paul LeCroix, Militao, and Religious Life in the Middle Ages (1874), of a twelfthcentury Romanesque hand bell, representing the symbols of the Four Evangelists. HCM credited this illustration as his design source even though he owned a reproduction of the bell.
forated handbell in the Archaeological Museum at Reims, France (Fig. 122), reproduced in Paul Lecroix, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages (London, 1874), p. 227. Mercer had a replica of the bell as well. Tile series exhibited at National Arts Club, New York, 1905. MC 247. Glastonbury Border. Relief, 2 × 7 ½ inches. [III, IV.] From SAL.A. Undulating border tile with floral pattern. MC 248. St. John. Relief, 6 × 7 inches. [III, IV.] See MC 246. An eagle. MC 249. St. Mark. Relief, 6 × 7 inches. [III, IV.] See MC 246. A winged lion. MC 250. Stripe Border. Relief, 1 ½ × 5 ½ inches. [III, IV.] Border tile with three stripes. MC 251. Clipper Ship. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] A ship in full sail. MC 252. Spanish Lion. Relief, 7 ¾ × 6 ¼ inches. [III, IV.] A lion rampant with decorative background and border (see Plate 12:14), after illustration of Spanish ceiling tile in R. Forrer, Geschichte, pl. xxiv. MC 253. Bishop of Prague. Relief, 6 ½ × 5 ¼ inches. [III, IV.] Heraldic design with Latin inscription around border. MC 254. St. Matthew. Relief, 6 × 7 inches. [III, IV.] A winged man. See MC 246.
Fig. 123. Saint John (MC 248) relief tile. Photo by Cleota Reed, 1978.
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MC 255. Bona et Bene. Relief, 5 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Border bearing Latin inscription NON OMNIA SED BONA ET BENE (''Not all things, but things done good and well") encircles a pair of Tintern birds. MC 256. Dolphin. Counter relief, 2 inches square. [III, IV.] MC 257. Duck. Counter relief, 2 inches square. [III, IV.] MC 258. Duck. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 257. MC 259. Dolphin. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 256. MC 260. Crab. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [III, IV.] See MC 240. MC 261. Snakes and Grapes. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [III, IV.] One of three relief designs freely adapted from a tincovered trunk in the Fonthill Collection. These tiles were sometimes set into cast concrete planters. See Appendix V (Fig. 38). The design was also adapted for use as a brocade border on the ceiling of the Fonthill Library (Figs. 72 and 73). MC 262. Eagle of Holy Roman Empire. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [III, IV.] Doubleheaded eagle, symbol of Charles V. See MC 261. MC 263. Arabesques. Relief, 7 × 5 ½ inches. [III, IV.] See MC 261. MC 264. Amerind. Outline, 6 inches square. [III, IV.] Pictograph representing the Native American (Plate 13.2). MC 265. Green Tree. Relief, 12 × 8 inches. [III, IV.] Oval plaque with tree design (Fig. 51). MC 266. SevenArmed Candlestick, from the Arch of Titus at Rome. Relief, 12 inches diameter. [III, IV.] Circular plaque with design of a menorah. MC 267. St. Matthew. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 254. MC 268. St. Mark. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 249. MC 269. St. Luke. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 246. MC 270. St. John. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] Variation of MC 248 (Fig. 123). MC 271. Spanish Rabbit. Relief, 3 inches square. [III, IV.] A spreadeared rabbit (Fig. 125). One of a series of designs freely adapted from fourteenthcentury Spanish cuenca tiles, illustrated in Forrer, Geschichte. MC 272. Spanish Hippogriff Relief, 3 inches square. [III, IV.] A fabulous animal having the foreparts of a griffin and the hindparts of a horse (Figs. 124, 125). See MC 271. MC 273. Spanish Rabbit. Relief, 3 inches square. [III, IV.] Rabbit with head down as if eating (Fig. 125). See MC 271. MC 274. Spanish Sea Horse. Relief, 3 ½ inches
Fig. 124. Part of a page from Forrer, Geschichte (1901), illustrating Spanish tile designs, with HCM's annotations. Collection FH/BCHS.
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Fig. 125. Spanish animal tile designs (MC 271279) on Arts and Crafts fireplace facing, private residence, Syracuse, N.Y. Glazed tiles on stucco ground. Photo by Courtney Frisse, 1978.
square. [III, IV.] A winged dragonlike creature. See MC 271. MC 275. Spanish Hare and Hawk. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] A hare with a hawk perched on its back (Plate 12:17). See MC 271 (Fig. 124). MC 276. Spanish Hare. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] A hare with hawk on its back, slightly different and reversed from MC 275. See MC 271 (Fig. 124). MC 277. Spanish Dolphin. Relief, 3 ½ inches square. [III, IV.] A dolphin. See MC 271. MC 278. Spanish Griffin. Relief, 3 inches square. [III, IV.] A fabulous creature having head, forepart, and wings of an eagle, and body, hind legs, and tail of a lion (Fig. 125). See MC 271. MC 279. Spanish Fox. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [II, IV.] Freely adapted, this fox becomes part of the foliage (Plate 12:12). See MC 271 (Fig. 124). MC 280. Shield of Captain John Smith. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 inches. [III, IV.] Shieldshaped plaque with three bearded heads and border inscription CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH JAMESTOWN. MC 281. Tile of Jamestown Church. Relief, 3 × 2 ½ inches. [III, IV.] Heraldic shield with stockade surrounded by circles (Plate 13:6). MC 282. The City of God. Relief, 5 ½ inches. [III, IV.] Adapted from MC 10. Fig. 53 and Plate 12:11. MC 283. Eagle of Castile. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] An eagle within a diagonally placed square, heraldic arms of Don Felipe, King Ferdinand III, the saint of Castile and Leon. Reproduction of a Spanish tile in Forrer, Geschichte. MC 284. Tower of Castile. Relief, 4 inches square. [III, IV.] Tower inside square set diagonally, one of the heraldic charges of Don Felipe, son of St. Ferdinand. Reproduction of Spanish tile; see MC 283 (Plate 12:13). Catalogue IV MC 285. Shield of Harvard College. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] Coat of arms inside circular band bearing an inscription.
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MC 286. Tortoise. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] MC 287321. Designs Reproduced from Pictographs and Symbols in the Ancient Native Manuscripts (Codices) of Mexico and Yucatán. Reliefs, each 4 × 4 inches square. [IV.] Designs adapted from codices with inscriptions and borders, first used for pavement in Bow Room of Fonthill in 1910. MC 287. Priest in Cougar Dress Killing Human Victim with a Stone Knife. From the Codes Porfirio Diaz. MC 288. Warrior with Feathered Shield and Stone Battle Axe. Codex Columbino. MC 289. Warrior Throwing the Spear with the Atlatl or SpearThrower. MC 290. Warrior. Codex Columbino. MC 291. Warrior. Codex Columbino. MC 292. Masked Priest Making Fire. Codex Troano. MC 293. Warrior. Codex Columbino. MC 294. Turkey. MC 295. Symbol of Cornstalks. From Pintura del Gobernador. MC 296. Man Digging. Codex Osuna. MC 297. Carrying Pulque. MS. Humboldt. MC 298. Carpenter's Axe. Pintura del Gobernador MC 299. Smoking Tobacco. Codex Troano. MC 300. Symbol of Scales. Codex Osuna. MC 301. Symbol of Bow and Arrow. Codex Boturini MC 302. Symbol for Paper. From Codex Mendoza. MC 303. Symbol for Agave. From Codex Mendoza. MC 304. Symbol for Broom. MC 305. Symbol of Deer. MS. Humboldt. MC 306. Household Mountain Idol. Popocatepetl. MS. Humboldt. MC 307. Symbol for Jadeite. MC 308. Household Mountain Idol. MC 309. Thunder God. MS. Humboldt. MC 310. Symbol of War Flag. Atlas Goupil, Boban. MC 311. Symbol of War Flag. MS. Humboldt. MC 312. Symbol for Obsidian or Volcanic Glass. MS. Humboldt. MC 313. Red God. Household Idol. MS. Humboldt. MC 314. Symbol for Turquoise. MS. Humboldt. MC 315. Spanish Judge. MS. Humboldt. MC 316. Mexican in the Year 1559. From MS. Humboldt. MC 317. Carrying Agave Juice. MS. Humboldt. MC 318. Warrior. Codex Boturini. MC 319. Masked Priest Killing a Human Victim and Eating His Heart. MC 320. Warrior. Codex Boturini. MC 321. Blowing the Conch Horn. From the Codex Borgianus. Plate 13:3. MC 322. Offering Incense and Copal. MC 357. [sic]. Dignitary Wearing Shoulder Cloth. Codex Troano. Mercer's typographical error. The number should be 327, even though it is out of sequence. MC 323326. These designs were offered in sets of four tiles, including two border strips, 2 × 4 inches, which contained inscriptions and a corner tile, Little Chequer of Cluny, reduced (MC 154). Reliefs, each 6 inches square. [IV.] MC 323. Sun Symbol. Codex Mendoza. Border inscription: CODEX MENDOZA. MC 324. Bedstead. Codex MS. Humboldt. Border inscription: MS. HUMBOLDT. MC 325. Eagle. Codex Vaticanus. Border inscription: CODEX VATICANUS. MC 326. Adobe House. Atlas Goupil. Boban. Border inscription: ATLAS GOUPIL BOBAN. MC 327. See entry for MC 357 [sic], listed following MC 322, above. MC 328348. Arms of American States. Each consisting of a set of four relief tiles, which, when set, form a design 6 inches square. Each set includes one 4inch square tile with the heraldic arms of a nation, two border inscription tiles 2 × 4 inches, and one corner tile (Cluny Chequer, MC 154) 2 inches square. [IV.] First used for pavement in Columbus Room of Fonthill in 1910. Three other designs, St. Domingo, Trinidad, and Bolivia, exist in the series (see Fig. 126). MC 328. Paraguay. MC 329. Guatemala. MC 330. Uruguay. MC 331. Windward Islands. (Fig. 126.) MC 332. Bahama Islands. MC 333. United States of America. MC 334. United States of America. MC 335. United States of America. MC 336. Costa Rica. MC 337. Chile. MC 338. Bermuada. MC 339. Mexico.
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MC 340. Colombia. MC 341. Newfoundland (Fig. 126). MC 342. Hayti. MC 343. Salvador. MC 344. Peru. MC 345. Leeward Islands. MC 346. Canada. MC 347. Jamaica. MC 348. Barbados (Fig. 126). MC 349. Literature. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] The first of a series of four tiles with symbols of the fine arts surrounded by a Latin inscription, in the style of MC 29. Open book and lantern with inscription: LITERAE DOCENT DOMUM DOCENT. MC 350. Painting. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] Palette and brushes with inscription: PICTURA ORNAT DOMUM ORNAT. MC 351. Music. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] Lyre with inscription: MUSICA LAETIFICAT DOMUM (PLATE 13:17). MC 352. Architecture. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. [IV.] Castle with inscription: ARCHITECTURA AEDIFICAT DOMUM. MC 353. Hare. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] One of a series of thirty animal designs within wide borders. Only three appeared in Cat. IV. See Appendix II, B for others. MC 354. Elephant. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 353. MC 355. Bear. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 353. MC 356. Aztec Border. Relief, 3 × 7 ½ inches. [IV.] Border associated with Mercer's Spanish designs. MC 357. See MC 327. MC 358. Tower of Castile. Brocade, 1 ¾ × 2 ¼ inches. [IV.] Variation of MC 284. MC 359. DiamondAngle Border. Relief, 1 1,/2 × 5 ¾ inches. [IV.] Variation of MC 15. MC 360. Club. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] A playingcard symbol.
Fig. 126. Arms of American States tiles set into floor of Columbus Room, Fonthill, 1910. Windward Islands (MC 331), St. Domingo (uncatalogued), Newfoundland (MC 341), and Barbados (MC 348). Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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MC 361. Spade. Counter relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] A playingcard symbol. MC 362. Cornice. Relief, 1 ½ × 6 inches. [IV.] Architectural molding tile. MC 363. Rope Twist. Relief, 1 × 5 inches. [IV.] For use as an architectural molding or border tile. MC 364. Flower Twist. Relief, 1 ¾ × 7 ½ inches. [IV.] For use as in borders. MC 365. Rope Twist. Relief, 2 × 7 inches. [IV.] Brocade border tile (See Fig. 79a). MC 366. Brocade Pomegranate. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] Large brocade element adapted from Byzantine Four Flowers, MC 35 (Plate 13:5). MC 367. Brocade Pomegranate. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] See MC 366. MC 368. Brocade Hawk. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] Large brocade element adapted from Byzantine Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, MC 37. MC 369. Brocade Dragon. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] See MC 368. MC 370. Brocade Acorn. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] For use with MC 371 in a border design. MC 371. Brocade Flower. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] See MC 366. MC 372. Brocade Flower. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] See MC 366. MC 373. Oak Leaf Relief, 5 × 3 ½ inches. [IV.] Brocade tile for use with MC 370 in a border design. MC 374. Brocade Fox and Grapes. Relief, 4 ½ × 4 ½ inches. [IV.] See MC 368 (Plate 11:7). MC 375380. Series of small brocade elements for use as embellishments in larger designs. Relief, 2 × 2 inches. [IV.] MC 375. Brocade Diamond. MC 376. Brocade Club. MC 377. Brocade Duck. MC 378. Brocade Dolphin. MC 379. Brocade Crab. MC 380. Brocade Heart (Plate 13:19). MC 381388. Series of outline designs. 4 inches square. [IV.] MC 381. Crab. MC 382. Duck (Plate 13:4). MC 383. Dolphin. MC 384. Tortoise. MC 385. Fish. MC 386. Tree. MC 387. Oyster. MC 388. Arms of Penn. MC 389. No design listed. MC 390. Dolphin. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] MC 391. Eagle of Castile. Brocade, 1¾ × 2 ¼ inches. [IV.] Variation of MC 283. MC 392. Wheel of Castle Acre. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] Same as MC 60. MC 393. Dragon of Castle Acre. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] Same as MC 59. MC 394. Border. 3 × 6 ¼ inches. [IV.] MC 395. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 226. MC 396405. Series of small counter relief tiles. 2 inches square. [IV.] MC 396. Elm Tree. See MC 235 and 243. MC 397. Tortoise. See MC 286 and 384. MC 398. Spade. MC 399. Half Moon. MC 400. Arms of Penn. MC 401. Crab. MC 402. Club. MC 403. Star. MC 404. Heart. MC 405. Maltese Cross. See MC 87. MC 406. Indian Border. Relief, 1 ¼ × 7 inches. [IV.] Architectural border element. MC 407. No design listed. MC 408411. Series of four Tulip designs. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 226. MC 412. No design listed. MC 413. DiamondAngle. Relief, 2 ¾ × 2 ½ inches. [IV.] Architectural element. MC 414. Fleur de Lys. Brocade, 3 × 2 ½ inches. [IV.] MC 415. No design listed. MC 416. Brocade Ship. Relief, 3 × 3 inches. [IV.] Onemasted sailing ship. MC 417. Tortoise. Brocade, 2 ½ × 2 ½ inches. [IV.] MC 418. Grapes. Relief, 3 × 3 ½ inches. [IV.] Brocade border element. MC 419421. Series of three Tulip designs. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] See MC 222 (Plate 13:12). MC 422. Swastika of Persepolis. Relief, 2 inches square. [IV.] See MC 158. MC 423. Grape Leaf. Relief, 3 × 3 inches. [IV.] Brocade for use in grapevine border.
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MC 424. Foliated Square, Cameo. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. [IV.] See MC 107. MC 425. Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 227. MC 426. Seine and Fishes. Mural. Full Design. Relief, 4 pieces, each 4 inches square. [IV.] Design with nautical motif. MC 427. Alphabet. Reliefs, 3 inches high. [IV.] Roman letters, E and A illustrated. MC 428. No design listed. MC 429. Mayflower. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] A sailing ship with name MAYFLOWER, below. MC 430. Another Tulip. Relief, 4 inches square. [IV.] See MC 227. MC 431. Alphabet. Reliefs, 2 inches high. [IV.] Roman letters W, A, and P illustrated. B. Individual Decorative Tile Designs Not Catalogued by Mercer (MT) Most of the tile designs listed here are listed in Catalogues VVIII and in some cases are known from original molds found in the Moravian Pottery and from prototypes found in the Fonthill Collections. It is virtually certain that Mercer designed the tiles, though he may not have named them. The numbering systems of Catalogues V and VI were arbitrary and are no longer in use. With Catalogue VIII (1982), the MPTW followed the logic of Mercer's naming and numbering system and began an MT 500 series for previously uncatalogued tiles (architectural moldings and plain tiles have been omitted): <><><><><><><><><><><><> MT 501:112. Musicians. Reliefs, each 7 inches high and about 4 inches wide. Mercer created this series of brocade figures in 1915 as part of his Wagner fireplace. Each tile depicts a musician wearing a hat or crown, emerging from a flower, and playing a medieval or Renaissance instrument. 1. Lute; 2. Organ; 3. Viola da Gamba; 4. Viola da Braccio (see Plate 14:5); 5. Harp; 6. Horn; 7. Triangle; 8. Bagpipe; 9. Dulcimer (see Plate 14:17); 10. Shawm; 11. Transverse Flute; 12. Oboe. MT 502. Snake with Birds. Relief, 7 × 6 inches. Serpent flanked by two birds within a circle. MC 503. Phoenix. Relief, 6 inches square. Bird with wings outspread in form of circle. MT 504:127. Seasons, Trades, Silhouettes, or Figures. Reliefs, each 5 inches high and 34 inches wide. A series of brocades depicting people performing activities of work or play relating to the four seasons. Mercer referred to them as "seasons" or "trades." He specified handpainted colored glazes. Post1973 reproductions were called "Figures." Mercer designed Nos. 3, 14, 19, and 20 for his Four Seasons fireplace. 1. Bellows; 2. Butterfly, Girl; 3. Cutting Tree (Winter); 4. Dipping Candles (see Plate 14:15); 5. Fisherman; 6. Faggots; 7. Flail; 8. Hoop Boy (see Plate 14:12); 9. Hoeing Corn (Plate 14:12); 10. Husking Corn; 11. Huntman; 12. Hiring Bees; 13. Open Lock (see Plate 14:4); 14. Picking Grapes (Autumn); 15. Picking Flowers; 16. PickingApples; 17. Planting Tree; 18. Priscilla (Spinning); 19. Reaper (Summer); 20. Sower (Spring); 21. Snowshoe; 22. Skis; 23. Tinder Box; 24. Umbrella (girl walking in rain); 25. Watering Flowers; 26. Winnowing Grain; 27. Shell Horn (call for dinner). MT 505:19. Cities. Reliefs, 45 inches high. Brocade depictions of legendary places of the New World and two of Mercer's own buildings. The tiles were made with and without a title stamped on them. They are installed in Fonthill in the soffitts and jambs of the windows of the Columbus, West, and Map rooms. 1. Antigula. Mythical island in the Sea of Darkness. 2[a]. Avalon I. The isle of Apples, fabled magical island in the Atlantic where King Arthur's sword was forged (see Fig. 52). 2[b]. Avalon II. Another version (Fig. 52). 3. Cibola. Coronado searched for the mythical "Seven Cities of Cibola." 4. Cuzco. Capital of the Inca empire in Peru. 5. Fonthill. Mercer's home. Also called Brown's Folly 6. Huitzilo Pochtli. Aztec temple of sacrifice. 7. Manoa. Mythical city at Lake Parima in South America. 8. Montezuma. After Gardens of Montezuma, built by the king of ancient Mexico whose Aztec city was destroyed by the Spaniards. 9. Moravian Tile Works. Designed in 1980 by artist Jack Flotte, adapted from Mercer's uncatalogued mosaics, set into exterior walls of Pottery.
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MT 506:118. Octagons. Reliefs, 4 inches square. Fruits, animals, and other single images relating to the four seasons within octagons. 1. Apple; 2. Butterfly; 3. Bumblebee; 4. Cherries; 5. Cricket; 6. Dolphin; 7. Dragonfly; 8. Frog; 9. Grapes (outline design); 10. Grapes (relief design); 11. Mistletoe; 12. Pear; 13. Rose; 14. Swan; 15. Skate; 16. Tobacco Plant; 17. Tortoise; 18. Sun (see Plate 14:2). MT 507:18. Mural Brocade Animals. Reliefs, 5 × 5 and 6 × 6 inches. Brocade tiles representing birds, bears, and frogs for arrangement in Old English network pattern. See Arrangement 41. 1. Bear (right profile); 2. Bear (left profile); 3. Bear (full face); 4. Donkey; 5. Fish; 6. Frog; 7. Horse; 8. Tree Frog. MT 508:14. Seasons Figures. Relief, 4 inches square. Traditional representations of labors of the four seasons within an octagonal border. 1. Spring (sowing); 2. Summer (reaping; Plate 14:13); 3. Autumn (picking grapes); 4. Winter (cutting wood). MT 509[a]:14. Seasons Animals. Relief, 4 inches square. Mercer's choice of animals to represent the four seasons within decorative border (Plate 14:1618). 1. Spring (robin); 2. Summer (bumblebee); 3. Autumn (rabbit); 4. Winter (owl). MT 509[b]:17. Seasons Flowers. Not listed, but illustrated in Four Seasons fireplace in Cat. VIII. 2 inches high. For Spring: 1. Violet and 2. Lily; for Summer: 3. Buttercup and 4. Wild Rose; for Autumn: 5. Grapes; and for Winter: 6. Mistletoe and 7. Holly. MT 510:122. Constellations. Outline, 7 inches in diameter. Pierced tiles depicting the constellations within circular borders. Not all designs are included in Cat. VIII. 1. Pegasus (Plate 14:6); 2. Serpentarius; 3. Cygnus; 4. Aquila; 5. Sol; 6. Cepheus; 7. Orion; 8. Waggoner; 9. Bootes; 10. Cassiopea; 11. Herades; 12. Perseus; 13. Centaur; 14. Ursa major; 15. Hydra; 16. Draco; 17. Andromeda; 18. Swan; 19. [Lyra] (see Plate 14:11); 20. Syrius; 21. No design listed; 22. Star and Crescent. MT 511:122. Constellations. Outline, 4 ½ inches diameter. A smaller version of TW 510. MT 512:13. Elements. Relief, 4 inches square. Pierced tiles of the three elements represented as Native American dancers. Mercer omitted "Earth." He made these designs in 33inchsquare mosaics. 1. Wind; 2. Fire; 3. Rain (Plate 14:8). MT 513:112. Signs of the Zodiac. Outline, 4 inches square. Pierced tiles with corners notched to create octagonal shapes. Pictorial representations of the zodiacs with the months inscribed on the border. 1. Aquarius; 2. Pisces; 3. Aries; 4. Taurus; 5. Gemini; 6. Cancer (the sign of HCM; Plate 14:3); 7. Leo; 8. Virgo; 9. Libra; 10. Scorpio; 11. Sagittarius; 12. Capricorn. MT 514[a]:112. Signs of the Zodiac. Relief, 4 inches square (Plate 14:10). Pictorial representations of the zodiac within decorative borders. Two other series not listed in Cat. VIII are: MT 514[b]. Zodiacs. Relief, 3 × 4 inches. The twelve signs of the zodiac. MT 514[c]. Zodiacs. Relief, 3 × 4 inches. Brocade designs depicting the twelve signs of the zodiac. MT 515. No design listed. MT 516. Petals with Woven Border. Relief, 4 inches square. Quatrefoil inside striped border. When combined in groups of tiles, the joined borders create a basketweave effect. MT 517. See MC 192. MT 518. Rainmaker. Relief, 4 inches square. Native American with bolt of lightning in hand performs rain dance within border with inscription. Mercer used the "Rainmaker" design for the metal weathervane to be placed atop the BCHS museum building. MT 519. Hearts and Quatrefoil. Relief, 4 inches square. Heart within large quatrefoil with hearts in each corner. MT 520. Penn's Tree. Relief, 4 inches square. An elm tree within decorative circular border. MT 521. Wheat Sheaf. Relief, 4 inches square. MT 522:15. Filigree Borders. Relief, each 4 inches square. Specified blue or green only, unglazed, and usually made with white clay. A figure within a border resembling a lace doily. 1. Striking Flint; 2. Dipping Candles; 3. Picking Flowers; 4. Priscilla Spinning (Plate 14:9); 5. Bellows. MT 523. Puritan. Relief, 4 inches square. See MC 210. MT 524. Priscilla. Relief, 4 inches square. Figure within border with inscription. MT 525:15. Brocade Ships. Relief, 4 L 2 inches × 4 ½ inches wide. 1. Aves (buccaneer's galleon); 2. Flying Dutchman (fabled ghost ship); 3. La Perouse (sailed around Cape
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Horn in 1785); 4. Mayflower (the Pilgrims' ship); 5. Wager. MT 526[a]:15. Sailing Ships. Reliefs, 4 inches square. Ships within squared borders with names emblazoned on sails. 1. Bounty (Captain Bligh's ship); 2. Flying Dutchman; 3. La Perouse; 4. Mayflower; 5. Santa Maria (Columbus's flagship); 6. Aves; 7. Pastorius. MT 526[b]. Ships. Reliefs, each 4 inches high. Six of the famed ships that sailed to the New World, set within decorative doubleline border and specified unglazed in blue or green only. 1. Astrolabe; 2. Aves; 3. Bounty; 4. Santa Maria (Plate 14:14); 5. Flying Dutchman; 6. Mayflower. MT 526[c]. Sailing Ship. Relief, 4 inches square. A finely detailed sailing ship within a wide border. The same design was used on an uncatalogued sconce; see Appendix V, AP 19. MT 527:15. Canterbury Tales. Relief, 4 inches square. Five characters from Chaucer. 1. Merchant; 2. Prioress; 3. Wife of Bath; 4. Knight; 5. Doctor. MT 528. Fleur de Lys. Relief, 4 ½ inches square. MT 529. Dragon. Relief, 5 inches diameter. Chinese roofing tile cap. MT 530:16. Relief, 2 ¾ inches square. A mixed bag of tiles, grouped by size. 1. Boston Harbor (small version of MC 209); 2. No listing; 3. Petals in Double Circle (small version of MC 157); 4. Tree; 5. Wheel of Bayeux (small version of MC 138); 6. No listing. MT 531:18. Hexagons. Outline and counter relief, 4 inches across. 1. Galleon; 2. Grapes; 3. Heart; 4. Quatrefoil; 5. Six Petal; 6. Star; 7. Elm Tree; 8. Tulip. MT 532:15. Emblems. Relief, 4 inches square (unless otherwise noted). Mercer may not have designed all of these. 1. Boy Scout (5 × 4 inches); 2. Kiwanis; 3. Mason; 4. Medical; 5. Rotary. MT 533. Everlasting Tree Labels. Outline, 4 ½ inches square. See Appendix I, A (Plate 13:13). MT 534. Alphabet. Relief, 2 ¼ inches high. Twentysix pierced brocade letters. MT 535. Alphabet. Relief, 1 ½ inches high. Same as MT 534. MT 536. Numbers. Relief, 2 ¼ inches high. Ten pierced brocade numerals. MT 537. Numbers. Relief, 1 ½ inches high. Same as MT 536. MT 538. Numbers. Reliefs, 4 inches square. Raised number on flat tile. MT 539540. No designs listed. MT 541. Brocade Border. Relief, ½ × ¾ × 7 ½ inches. A vine with leaves. MT 542. Interlocking Mural Border. Relief, ½ × 1 × 6 inches. Curving double cove molding. Interlocks to form Old English network pattern. See MCA 41 in Appendix II, C. For use with Brocade Animals (MT 507). MT 543. Geometric Border. Relief, ½ × 1 × 7 inches. Castellated pattern. MT 545. Bead and Reel. Relief, 1 × ¾ × 4 ¼ inches. Architectural decorative border element. MT 546. Vignette. Relief, ½ × 1 × 6 inches. Decorative border. MT 547:12. Honeycomb. Relief molding in two sizes. For use with modular brocade reliefs. 1. Large, ¾ × 2 ¾ × 12 inches; 2. Small, ½ × 1 ½ × 8 inches. MT 548. Foliate Border. Relief, ½ × 1 ¾ × 7 inches. MT 549. No design listed. MT 550. Goose Girl. Relief, 6 ¼ inches square. With filigree border, a depiction different from that in MC 23 [b] in Cats. II and IV. Illustrated in Cat. VI. MT 551. Caduceus. 4 × 4 inches. MT 552. Florence Nightingale's Lamp. Relief, 4 inches square, conventional tile. Example in MM. MT 553:130. Animal Series. Relief, 4 inches square. Animals inside a wide band. Number for series derives from MC 353. 1. Bee; 2. Bear (same as MC 355); 3. Cat (see Plate 13:20); 4. Crab; 5. Camel (after camel on cigarette package); 6. Cricket; 7. Cow; 8. Donkey; 9. Duck; 10. Dog; 11. Deer; 12. Elephant (same as MC 354); 13. Fish; 14. Frog; 15. Fox; 16. Fly; 17. Goat; 18. Horse; 19. Hen; 20. Hog; 21. Rhinoceros; 22. Rabbit (same as Hare, MC 353); 23. Rooster; 24. Squirrel; 25. Sheep; 26. Swan; 27. Tiger; 28. Tortoise; 29. Weasel; 30. Wild cat. MT 554. Golfing Tiles. Relief, 4 inches square. Unusual handpainted series installed in West Room Bath, FH. MT 555. City and River. Relief, 10 inches square. (see Fig. 52). Mold in MPTW.
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MT 556. Small Tree. Counter relief, 1 ¾ inches square (see Plate 13:12). MT 557. Crest. Counter relief, 4 ½ inches square. Example in MM. MT 558. Prudentia. Counter relief, 4 ½ inches square. Examples in MM, MPTW. MT 559. Chinese Tiles. Relief, 4 inches square. Series of designs installed in FH. MT 560573. No designs listed. MT 574:132. Brocade. Reliefs, 27 inches high, 25 inches wide. Series of small brocade relief tiles derives its number from Brocade Fox and Grapes (MC 374). Mercer designed Nos. 3, 5, 7, 22, and 25 specifically for his Four Seasons fireplace. 1. Apple Tree, 5 inches high; 2. Large Bee, 4 inches high; 3. Bee (Summer), 2 inches high; 4. Crow, 5 × 2 inches; 5. Robin (Spring), 3 ½ inches high; 6. Butterfly, 4 inches high; 7. Butterfly (Summer), 2 ½ inches high; 8. Cherries, 3 inches high; 9. Duck, 3 inches high (same as MC 377); 10. Dragonfly, 4 inches high; 11. Fox with Grapes, 3 ½ × 5 inches (same as MC 374); 12. Friendship, 2 × 5 inches (clasped hands); 13. George Washington in Boat, 6 inches high; 14. Hare, 4 ½ × 6 inches (brocade version of MC 275); 15. Heart, 2 × 2 inches (same as MC 380); 16. Holly, 3 ½ × 3 ½ inches (pierced octagonal relief); 17. Indian, 7 inches high; 18. Bottle Kiln, 5 inches high; 19. Man in Moon, 4 inches high; 20. Mistletoe, 3 ½ × 3 ½ inches (pierced octagonal relief); 21. Oak Tree, 5 inches high; 22. Owl (Winter), 3 inches high; 23. Palm Tree, 4 inches high (one of the Fruit Trees of Hispaniola from NW[75]; 24. Plus Ultra Columns, 4 ½ inches high; 25. Rabbit, (Autumn), 3 inches high; 26. Ship, 3 ½ inches high (same as MC 416); 27. Sun, 3 ½ inches diameter; 28. Sun, 2 inches diameter; 29. Swan, 3 ½ inches high (designed for the Wagner fireplace); 30. Tortoise, 3 ½ inches high; 31. Turkey, 3 ½ inches high; 32. Toucan, 3 ½ inches high. C. Tile Arrangements (MCA) Beginning with Catalogue II (1904), Mercer illustrated groupings of tiles for pavements, borders, wall plaques, fireplace facings, and decorations for concrete boxes, which he offered as "arrangements" (MCA). Some of the catalogue illustrations were of actual fireplace installations and of the display cases of tile arrangements Mercer had exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. <><><><><><><><><><><><> MCA 1. A checkerboard arrangement 2 ¾inch square Little Quarry (MC 19) and Little Maltese Cross (MC 87). [II.] MCA 2. A section of a fireplace facing of Lotos (MC 3) tiles in a row topped with the motto Post Tenebras Lux (MC 14) and a Cornice molding (MC 11). [II.] MCA 3. Facing of Small Blanks (MC 25) arranged on a wall with Little Tulip and Five Petals (MC 20), topped with a Cornice molding (MC 11). [11.] MCA 4. For walls or floors, an arrangement of Shamrock of Castle Acre, full design (MC 66). [11.] MCA 5. For floors or walls, an arrangement of Little Stripe, Cluny (MC 86) alternated so that the overall effect is one of squares rather than stripes. [II.] MCA 6. Fireplace facing made of Birds of Tin tern Abbey (MC 122) set against Little Bricks (MC 70); the opening is surrounded with Squared Border of Andover (MC 151) and the fireback is set in a herringbone pattern with Little Bricks (MC 70). A Tile Shelf (MC 78) is added to the top of the facing at mantel level. The joints are pointed with a trowel. [II.] MCA 7. Ceilinghigh fireplace facing made for old Aldie (ca. 1900) of English designs Vicar of Stowe (MC 58), Dragon of Castle Acre (MC 59), Wheel of Castle Acre (MC 60), Croys Cristi (MC 139), Birds of Tintern Abbey (MC 122), Birds of T intern Abbey, diagonal (MC 128), Four Foliate Squares (MC 178), and The Etin (MC 160). Arranged with borders of Maltese Cross (MC 87) and set in a background of Little Bricks (MC 70). The fireback is set in a herringbone pattern with Little Bricks (MC 70), and the whole is left unpointed. A Tile Shelf (MC 78) is set in at mantel level. Illustrated in House Beautiful 14 (July 1903):81 and Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905):126 (Fig. 59). [II.] MCA 8. Pavement or wall arrangement of French Quarry Triangles (MC 177) set to form squares and pointed by grouting. [II.] MC 9. Pavement of Small Hexagon (MC 29), pointed by grouting. [II.] Illustrated in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905):127. MCA 10. Pavement arrangement of English Quarry (MC 72) staggered diagonally with enameled (glazed) Little Chequer of Cluny (MC 154). [II.] MCA 11. Fireplace facing of overall arrangement of
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Single Tulip (MC 4) topped with a band that includes the motto Post Tenebras Lux (MC 14) spaced with Little Tulip with Five Petals (MC 20) and Cornice (MC 11). [II.] MCA 12. Fireplace facing made of stove plates designs Trinity (MC 1), Cross and Tulip (MC 2), Lotos (MC 3), Single Tulip (MC 4), Flower Pot and Tulip (MC 5), topped with motto Wo wuer schazt sa is auch euer herz (MC 13) spaced with Little Tulip with Five Petals (MC 20) and Diamond (MC 24), and Cornice (MC 11). Hearth of Medium Hexagon (MC 26). [II.] MCA 13. Pavement or wall plaque about 20 inches square. Alternating Castle Acre designs Vicar (MC 58), Dragon (MC 59), and Wheel (MC 60), spaced by a row of 1 × 3 inch plain tiles and surrounded by a border of Maltese Cross (MC 87). [II.] Illustrated in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905): 127. MCA 14. Fireplace facing of tiles arranged to recreate a complete PennsylvaniaGerman stove plate design by use of Trinity (MC 1), Cross and Tulip (MC 2), Lotus (MC 3), Single Tulip (MC 4), Column in three sections (MC 81, 82, 83), banded with motto Waes Hael, Dring Hael (MC 16) spaced with Little Tulip (MC 200) and Diamond (MC 24). Topped with Cornice (MC 11). Width, 63 inches, height not given. [II.] (Fig. 50). MCA. 15. Wall of Little Bricks (MC 70) with a top border of Knight of Nuremberg (MC 61). Unpointed. [II.] MCA 16. Pavement of French Quarry (MC 19) shifted to a diagonal to accommodate a Cube (MC 188). [II.] Illustrated in Good Housekeeping 41 (August 1905): 127. MCA 17. Pavement or wall of French Quarries (MC 19) set diagonally and alternating in every other row with Little Castle (MC 85). [II.] MCA 18. "Pavement consisting of common red or buff building bricks interlocked with Moravian Tiles in unglazed body. Colors, green, black, yellow, gray, etc., with two enameled designs in intaglio. From modern Spanish pavement at the Alhambra, Granada. Four common bricks (supplied by buyer) and four tiles per square foot" (1907 flyer). MCA 19. Flower Pot. Ravenna Peacocks. 24 inches square on a side, 3 inches thick. Cast concrete flower box decorated on each side with relief mosaics in red and green. Design based on conventional tile MC 48. One of six arrangements (MCA 1924) for flower boxes described in Moravian Mosaic and Tile Flower Pots flyer (1907). See Appendix V. MCA 20. Flower Pot. Byzantine Mosaic. 24 inches square on a side. Cast concrete flower box set on each side with mosaic panels based on Bird of Siena (MC 191) tile and a Byzantine floral design not depicted in a previous tile design. See MCA 19. MCA 21. Flower Pot. Snakes and Grapes, and Imperial Eagle Mosaics (Fig. 37). 19 inches square on a side, 3 inches thick. Concrete flower box set with mosaic panels based on conventional relief tile designs (MC 261 and MC 262). See MCA 19. MCA 22. Flower Pot. Same design as MCA 21.13 × 14 inches on a side, 2 inches thick. See MCA 19. MCA 23. Flower Pot. Same design as MCA 21.9 × 8 inches on a side, 1 ¼ inches thick. Set with tiles MC 261 and MC 262 rather than with mosaic interpretations of them. See MCA 19. MCA 24. FlowerPot. Birds of Tintern. 19 inches square on a side, 3 inches thick. Cast concrete flower box set with mosaic panels based on conventional tile MC 122 and with the legend "Stay Summer." See MCA 19. Described but not illustrated in Moravian Mosaic and Tile Flower Pots flyer (1907). See Appendix V. MCA 25. "Pavement consisting of common red or buff building bricks interlocked with Moravian Tiles Nos. 73 [German Quarry, MC 73], 177 [French Quarry Triangle, MC 177], and 185 [Cluny Quarry, MC 185], in unglazed clay body colors green, black, yellow, grey, etc." (flyer, 1907). MCA 26. "Pavement consisting of 6 × 9 inch red quarries (supplied by buyer) with Moravian Tiles Nos. 19 [Little Quarry, MC 19], 152 [Quatrefoil and Flowerettes, MC 152], etc., in plain red or assorted colors" (flyer, 1907). MCA 27. "Pavement consisting of common red building bricks with 6 × 9 inch red quarries and Moravian Tiles Nos. 73 [German Quarry, MC 73] and 177 [French Quarry Triangle, MC 177] (building bricks and quarries supplied by buyer)" (flyer, 1907). MCA 28. "Pavement consisting of 6 × 9 inch red quarries with Moravian Tiles Nos. 73 [German Quarry, MC 73], 185 [Cluny Triangle, MC 185], 177 [French Quarry Triangle, MC 177], 61 [Knight of Nuremberg, MC 61], 62 [Griffin of Nuremberg, MC 62], etc. (quarries supplied by buyer)" (flyer, 1907). MCA 29. "Pavement consisting of 9 × 9 inch red quarries with Moravian Tiles Nos. 19 [Little Quarry, MC 19], 177 [French .Quarry Triangle, MC 177], etc. (quarries supplied by buyer)" (flyer, 1907). MCA 30. "Pavement consisting of 9 × 9 inch quarry,
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red unglazed (supplied by buyer), with Moravian Tiles Nos. 19 [Little Quarry, MC 19], 73 [German Quarry, MC 73], and 185 [Cluny Quarry, MC 185] in unglazed body'' (flyer, 1907). MCA 31. "Pavement consisting of 6 × 9 inch quarries, red (supplied by buyer), with Moravian Tile No. 185 [Cluny Quarry, MC 185]" (flyer, 1907). MCA 32. "Border for pavement or walls. [Small] Hexagon No. 29, triangle No. 92. Red hexagons with stained or colored triangles" (Flyer, 1907). MCA 33. "Border for pavement or walls." Brick points and triangles, unglazed red or stained red and green. (Flyer, 1907.) MCA 34. "Pavement or walls. Andover border [MC 151]" (flyer, 1907.) MCA 35. Pavement of brick points (MC 543) arranged in a pattern of interlocking octagons around English Quarries (MC 72). (Flyer, 1907.) MCA 36. Pavement. Fountain's Abbey. An arrangement of diamonds and lozenges. (Flyer, 1907.) MCA 37. "Pavement. German quarries No. 73, with Cluny quarry, No. 185" (flyer, 1907). MCA 38. Pavement. Variation of MCA 35. (Flyer, 1907.) MCA 39. Pavement or Wall Plaque. Charging Knights (MC 141144) surrounded by border of Little Chequer of Cluny (MC 154) tiles. (Flyer, 1907.) MCA 40. "A border consisting of relief tiles in silhouette (brocade), banded with flat rectangular tiles, the whole representing a grape vine, with fruit and leaves in three repeating units of pattern. Tiles are set in light cement mortar as a border for fireplaces, windows, doors or arch soffits. The cement background is freely used as a part of the design. The central tiles are pushed into the wet concrete. Colors—red, green, blue, black, gray and buff. Size, 11 inches wide." [IV.] MCA 41. "Brocade tiles representing birds (15th century), bears and frogs (original designs [Mercer's, MT 507]) arranged in a network of old English pattern (MT 542]." An overall brocade wall pattern. Example photographed in Fonthill. [IV.]
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Appendix III— Mosaics A. Harrisburg Mosaics (HMO) Mercer listed the titles of his Harrisburg Mosaics by number in his Guide Book to the Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania (1908), pp. 12 (see Chapter 7), and provided illustrations (mostly photographs) and a descriptive caption for each subject. Because the Harrisburg Mosaics are thoroughly described in the guidebook, they are not included here. Ginger Deumler, in her Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania (State College, Pa.: Pennsylvania Guild of Craftsmen, 1975), which is adapted from Mercer's Guide Book, arranges the mosaics by categories but does not repeat Mercer's numerical list of titles. The records of the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works contain fullsize cartoons for most of the Harrisburg mosaics as well as correspondence, notebooks, sketch books, and order books relating to the mosaics. All these materials are in MPSL and have been microfilmed. Though molds for many of Mercer's other mosaics are extant in the collections of the MPTW, only a few of the Harrisburg Mosaic molds exist. Mercer appears to have made molds only for those designs he duplicated in the Capitol pavement; he apparently made the other mosaics directly from the cartoons. Some Harrisburg Mosaics for which molds exist have been in regular production by the MPTW since the early 1980s and are illustrated in Catalogue VIII (1982). B. Other Mosaics After beginning work on the Harrisburg project, Mercer made mosaics of other subjects beginning as early as 1903. Many of the subjects are known from MPTW correspondence, order books, cartoons in MPSL, molds, and installations. The MPTW Catalogue II. (1904), which introduced the new style to the market, described mosaics as "novel and time proof clay pictures" made by a process that made it possible to "embellish pavements or walls on a much larger scale" than tiles, in "patterns ranging from 1 foot to 20 feet." Of the ten designs illustrated in Catalogue II, eight are from Harrisburg. The two exceptions are Indian Making Fire (MO 812; see listings below), the first of his Native American craft series, and Gothic Design, 20 × 15 inches, after thirteenthcentury inlaid tiles from Great Malvern Priory Church, England (Fig. 47). Uncatalogued mosaics include a series depicting the townships of Bucks County for the ceiling of Mercer's museum library (now the Spruance Library) and a large Departure of Columbus mosaic (MM, FH, MPTW). In Fonthill the East Room ceiling has three mosaic roundels that also appear in other rooms in the building, called by Mercer Boys and Dolphin, Boys Teasing Leopard, and Pan and Goat. Mercer derived these designs from three small woodcuts in C. W. King, The
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Handbook of Engraved Gems (London, 1866), where they are titled Cupids Bestriding Dolphin, Cupids Tormenting Bacchic Panther, and Pan Dancing Scottish Reel with Goat. Mercer exhibited Boys Teasing Leopard, from Greek Intaglio, as a print produced by a printing process he developed and patented (described in note 28), in the Pennsylvania Academy in 1902. In his own bedroom ceiling, seven round mosaics depict Native American activities: Blowing Smoke, Making Fire, Smoking Tobacco, Shooting Arrow, Making Arrowheads, and Grinding Corn. In the Crypt, several Wild Fire mosaics are imbedded in the concrete floor. These depict the "wild" use of fire by Native Americans for cooking food and making pottery. In 1982, the MPTW began reproducing some of Mercer's mosaics from original molds. Mercer's color notes on his cartoons have guided the potters when the original mosaics were not available for study. These reproductions are given an "MO 800" series designation in MPTW Catalogue VIII (1982). <><><><><><><><><><><><> MO 801. Angel. 12 inches square. [VIII.] Winged head after della Robbia, within a circle. MO 802. Ship. 12 × 12 inches. [VIII.] Sailing ship within octagonal border. MO 803. Equestrian. 13 × 17 inches. [VIII.] Rider in English habit on horse, within oval border. Foliated background with acorn in each corner. MO 804. Calling in the Hands. [VIII.] 16 inches diameter. Woman blowing dinner horn with two geese to her left and house and tree beyond. After Mercer's pastel drawing of 1920. See Chapter 9, October. MO 805. Chasing Butterfly. 16 inches diameter. [VIII; not illustrated.] MO 806. Indian Shooting. 17 inches diameter. [VIII.] Kneeling Native American drawing bow and arrow. MO 807. No design listed. MO 808. Indian Maiden Hoeing. 24 inches diameter. [VIII.] Kneeling woman in corn field with clay pot in foreground. MO 809. No design listed. MO 810. Indian Making Spear. 25 inches diameter. [VIII; not illustrated.] MO 811. No design listed. MO 812. Indian Making Fire. 25 inches diameter. [VIII.] Same image as MC 228. MO 813. Rainmaker. 25 × 25 inches. [VIII.] Native American performing ritual rain dance, pouring water from jar and brandishing lightning bolt. MO 814. Masked Priest Making Fire, Yucatan. 16 × 19 inches. [VIII.] Original in floor of Bow Room. MO 815. Bee Hiving. 22 × 18 inches. [VIII.] Woman gathering bees into straw hive, within banded border. After Mercer's pastel drawing of 1920. MO 816. Summer. 21 inches diameter. [VIII.] A figure cutting wheat, one of four mosaic roundels representing the four seasons. MO 817. Autumn. 21 inches diameter. [VIII.] Figure picking apples. See MO 816. MO 818. Winter. 21 inches diameter. [VIII.] Figure cutting wood with an axe. MO 819. Spring. 21 inches diameter. [VIII.] Figure sowing seeds. MO 820. Cobbler. 30 inches diameter. [VIII.] Cobbler seated on bench in workshop, within doublebanded border. MO 821. Silva Vocat. 23 × 18 inches, arched top. [VIII.] Bird in branches, with title below. MO 822. Huntsman and the Hounds. 13 × 17 inches. [VIII; not illustrated.] Companion piece for MO 803. MO 823. Weaver. 25 × 26 inches. [VIII; not illustrated.]
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Appendix IV— Brocades A. Special Designs Because brocade designs were only irregularly numbered by Mercer and the Pottery, and many of their components are interchangeable, they are designated here by name only. 1. Patterned Walls Birds, Bears, and Frogs ("Wozzlebeasts"). Arrangement 41, Cat. IV, 1913. Old English pattern. In FH bathroom. Spanish Brocade. Open work adapted from a Hispano Moresque pattern, originally painted on groups of four tiles. FM 17, MPSL. Examples of these fifteenth sixteenthcentury tiles from the Alhambra are in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, BM. From R. Forrer, Geschichte; reproduced in William James Furnival, Leadless Decorative Tiles (1904), p. 112, pl. xi. FH, Smoking Room (Fig. 127). Italian Brocade. From sixteenthcentury Sicilian Tapestry, in Galleria Degli Ufizzi, Tribuna Gallery, Florence, Italy, on a pillow cover belonging to Mercer's Aunt Fanny Chapman. FM 17 and MPTW records, MPSL. FH, Morning Room fireplace (Fig. 128); FH, Entrance Hall; MPTW. Persian Brocade. From a pattern book of a Persian fresco painter, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Fig. 127. Spanish Brocade on wainscotting of Smoking Room, Fonthill. HCM attributed design to tiles in the Alhambra. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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Fig. 128. Italian Brocade wall pattern on fireplace hood in Morning Room, Fonthill. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
FM 17, MPSL. FH, Entrance Hall. Floral Brocade. Source unknown. A crewel floral design (Fig. 129). FH, Entrance Hall. MPTW. 2. Borders Byzantine Border, 1907. Three repeating units of pattern, a large curving vine, a leaf, and a tendril. Gothic Border, 1907. Eagle and Castle of Castile (MC 283284) or other designs in centers of squares formed by striped borders (MC 250) with Cluny tiles cut in silhouette in corners. Spanish Border, 1907. Mercer adapted motifs from an antique chest to create this design of three vines, one curved and two interlocking, three leaf patterns, and a cluster of grapes (Fig. 38). Snakes and Grapes, 1908. Design adapted from an antique chest for ceiling of FH Library (see Fig. 72 and capitals in Fig. 73). Spanish Double Eagle Border, 1908. Design adapted from an antique chest for ceiling of FH Library (Figs. 72 and 73). Grapevine Border, 1907. Three repeating units of grapes, leaves, and a vine (Fig. 70). Floral Border, 1908. Four elements, a curve, a fleurdelys, a small and a large circle, enlarged for FH, Dormer Room (Fig. 71).
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B. Tiles of the New World (NW) The following is a complete list of Mercer's New World subjects, seventyfive in all. Mercer produced them as modular brocade tiles and catalogued and described them up through "NW 62." A few other New World subjects he developed later are included here and have been given numbers in brackets. The modular brocade relief panels appeared in two standard heights of 8 and 14 inches with varying widths. Many of the subjects appeared first on the Columbus Room (CR) and Bow Room (BR) ceilings and also as individual tiles, mosaic panels, or mural components. Examples of most of the brocade tiles are at Fonthill in the Columbus Room (Fig. 78), the Library (Fig. 73), the Morning Room, Pompey Room, Marine Room, and Wind Room and at the MPTW studio (Fig. 27), office, and building exterior. The MPTW also has in its collection the earliest examples of the first twentynine New World panels ever made for a client, removed from the Wood School (formerly the home of Mrs. A. Haller Gross) when it was demolished in 1981. See Chapter 9. This list has been compiled from Mercer's published leaflet Tiles of the New World (1913); from a manuscript list for a "Tile Leaflet" of additional designs and a description of the Columbus Room ceiling (FM 17, MPSL), two New World fireplace flyers issued by the MPTW in 1915, lists of the subjects (FM 20, MPSL), and original drawings and cartoons, all in MPSL; from molds in the MPTW; and by examination of tile installations. Locations of examples installed in Mercer's buildings are given in brackets [CR, BR, FH, MM, MPTW]. The images Mercer adapted from Justin Winsor's eightvolume Narrative and Critical History of America (JW) are noted. <><><><><><><><><><><><> NW 1. Map of the World Before Columbus. [FH, MPTW.] JW 2:10. NW 2. Atlantis. Two versions. NW 3. Departure of Columbus. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:6, 512, after De Bry. Mercer made a mosaic version of this subject. [CR.] NW 4. Plus Ultra. NW 5. Antigula. JW 2:31, 44, 48. NW 6. The Sea of Darkness. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 1:74. NW 7. Landing of Columbus. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:13, after De Bry.
Fig. 129. Floral Brocade on Russian stove in Breakfast Room, Fonthill. Photo by Craig W. Pillon, 1976.
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NW 8. El Dorado. [CR, FH, MPTW.] NW 9. Pizarro and the Inca. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 1:229, after a woodcut published in 1553 by Pedro de Cieza de Leon. NW 10. Fountain of Youth. [CR, FH, MPTW.] NW 11. Montezuma. [FH, MPTW.] JW 2:363, after a copperplate engraving of 1751. NW 12. Llamas. [FH, MPTW.] JW 1:213, after Cieza de Leon. NW 13. Cannibals. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:19. NW 14. Worshiping the Sun. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:16, 551, after Benzoni, 1565, 1572. NW 15. Pocahontas. [MPTW.] NW 16. Lake Titicaca. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 1:247, after Cieza de Leon. This print may have inspired Mercer's city tiles. NW 17. Tree Houses. [FH, MPTW.] JW 2:514, after Benzoni, 1572. NW 18. Indian Smoking Tobacco. [MPTW.] Mercer's drawing in MPSL is after Mayan codex, similar to Indian House logo. However, the crudely modeled tile depicts a lone figure of a Native American. NW 19. Avalon. [MPTW, FH.] Another of Mercer's city series. NW 20. Vacos de Cibola. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2: 488, after Thevet, 1558. Mercer followed JW in CR version, refined for modular relief version. NW 21. Arms of Columbus. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:15, from Oviedo, 1547. Mercer depicted in mosaic panel on floor of CR. NW 22. Title Page of Columbus. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 2:51. NW 23. Healing the Sick. [CR, FH, MPTW.] JW 1:11, after Benzoni, 1572. NW 24. Indian Making Fire. [MPTW.] Mercer designed a version after Mayan codex (MPSL), but the panel is in the style of NW 18. NW 25. House of Turkeys. [MPTW.] A Mercer original, in the style of an Aztec temple. NW 26. Astrolobe. [CR, MPTW.] JW 2:96. Mercer used as embellishment in CR ceiling, set in modular relief with wind effigies and Aztec borders. NW 27. Mariner's Compass. [CR, MPTW.] JW 2:94. NW 28. Balboa Claiming the South Seas. [FH, MPTW.] Appears to be a Mercer original, after his depictions of Columbus and others. NW 29. The Torture of Guatemoc. [MPTW.] A Mercer original. NW 30. Aztec Temple of Sacrifice. [FH, MPTW.] From a detail in BR ceiling. See NW [63]. NW 31. Triste Noche or Sad Night. [MPTW.] Mercer original after account in JW 2:370. NW 32. Arms of Captain John Smith. [FH, MPTW.] NW 33. Norse Ships. [MPTW.] NW 34. Copper Axe. [FH.] From Codex Sahagun in the Medecean Library at Florence. NW 35. Digging Potatoes. [MPTW.] NW 36. Warrior of Yucatan. [MPTW]. From the Codex Columbino. NW 37. Destruction of Atlantis—I. [MPTW]. A Mercer original. NW 38. Destruction of Atlantis—II. [CR, MPTW.] NW 39. Raleigh Smoking Tobacco. [MPTW.] A Mercer original. NW 40. Potatoes in Ireland. [FH, MPTW.] A Mercer original. NW 41. Making Arrow Heads. [MPTW.] Mercer's original design of a Native American tool maker. NW 42. Fu Shan. [FH, MPTW.] Design from or in the style of an unidentified codex. NW 43. Norumbega. [FH, MPTW.] Shown on early maps in JW 2:451, 453, 459, 472, as all the area south of the St. Lawrence; 3:169. NW 44. The Nose Pipe. [FH, MPTW.] After an unidentified codex. NW 45. Penn's Treaty with the Indians. [MPTW.] A Mercer original design. NW 46. Eskimo Dogs. [MPTW.] A Mercer original design. NW 47. Powhatan's Council. Mercer's designs for this panel are in MPSL, but no example is known. JW 3:16667. NW 48. Powhatan. [MPTW.] JW 3:166. NW 49. Saint Brandan. [FH.] Mercer's original design after story in JW 1:48. NW 50. Crossing the Behring Straits. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. In the New World Fireplace it is separated into two panels and the bottom half is misnamed "Sea of Darkness." NW 51. Venezuela. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW 52. Vineland [sic] Land of Grapes. [FH, MPTW.]
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JW 1:100. NW 53. Conch Horn. [MPTW.] From Codex Borgianus. NW 54. The Skrellings. [MPTW.] Mercer's original design after description in JW 1:68, 105, who uses the spelling SKRAELINGS. NW 55. Leif Ericsson. [FH, MPTW.] NW 56. Madoc. [MPTW.] Mercer's original design after story in JW 1:71, 109111. NW 57. The Caravel of Columbus. [FH.] Mercer also designed a mosaic depicting this famous sailing ship for the CR pavement. NW 58. Landing of the Pilgrims. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW 59. Plucking Indian Corn. [MPTW.] After the style of an unknown codex. NW 60. Kabal: Potter's Wheel. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW 61. Burning Copal. [FH, MPTW.] NW 62. The Hudson River. [MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW [63]. Tenochtitlán, Map of Mexico. Reproduced on Bow Room ceiling. NW [64]. Fortunate Isles. FM 17, MPSL. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW [65]. Desoto and the Mississippi. [MPTW.] Mercer's original design. FM 20, MPSL. NW [66]. Arms of Spain. [CR.] JW 2:334. NW [67]. Map of Northern Hemisphere. [CR.] JW 2:123125; 2:12426. NW [68]. Arms of Cortez. [CR.] JW 2:354. FM 17, MPSL. NW [69]. Native Rafts and Canoes: Indians Fishing in Boats. [CR, FH.] JW 2:17, 508, after Benzoni and Oviedo. NW [70]. Gardens of Montezuma. [FH, MPTW.] Mercer's original design. NW [71]. Treasures of Montezuma. Uses elements from BT 24 series The Miracle of the Widow's Oil. [FH, MPTW.] See Appendix IV, C. NW [72]. Montezuma's Zoo. Bird House. Montezuma's Menagerie. Detail freely adapted from Map of Mexico, NW [63]. [MPTW.] NW [73]. The Mayflower: or Pastorius's Boat. From drawing in MPSL. [MPTW.] NW [74]. Ultima Thule. From a drawing in MPSL. Probably never made. NW [75]. Fruit Trees of Hispaniola. [CR.] JW 2:16 after Benzoni. C. the Bible in Tiles (BT) This is a complete list of Mercer's modular relief brocade panels derived from pictorial stove plates. He made them, with a few exceptions, in a standard height of 14 inches, with varying widths according to the subject. The tiles have been documented in Manuscript Notes, FM 17, MPSL; The Bible Fireplace flyer, MPTW (1915); Klein and Dillon, History of St. James Church (1944); and Dieter and Cummins The Bible in Tile (1957). The titles, listed in alphabetical order, are Mercer's. The BT numbers follow this order and have been supplied by the author. Following the title are the date of the design, a biblical reference when appropriate, the design source in Mercer's Bible in Iron, 3rd ed. (1961), and the MM accession number of the stove plate from which Mercer took the image of the subject. Designs reproduced in Catalogue IV and VIII are noted in brackets. BT 1. Abraham and Isaac, 1913. Genesis 22. Bible pl. 77. MM 4424. BT 2. Adam and Eve or Garden of Eden, 1913. Genesis 2:8, 3:24. Bible pl. 85. MM 8873. [Cat. IV, No. B14]. BT 3. Adoration or Bethlehem, 1928. Matthew 2:112. Bible pl. 46. MM 16890. BT 4. Annunciation, 1928. Luke 1:2638. Bible pl. 42. MM 17914. BT 5. Baptism of Christ, 1928. Matthew 3:1617. Bible pl. 43. MM 19055. Unique installation in Salem Church, Doylestown. BT 6. Cain and Abel, Awels Tot, 1913. Genesis 4. Bible pl. 87. MM 4486. BT 7. The Dance of Death, 1913. Bible, p. 197, pl. 110. MM 879. BT 8. David and Goliath, 1913. I Samuel 17. Bible pl. 98. MM 4471. BT 9. David and Jonathan, 1913. I Samuel 20:3. Bible pl. 80. MM 4152. BT 10. Death of Absalom, 1913. II Samuel 18 (Fig.
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85). Bible pl. 107. MM 12683. BT 11a. Elijah and the Ravens, 1913. Not depicted in Bible. I Kings 17. No stove plate. Source unknown. BT 11b. Elijah and the Ravens, 1928. I Kings 17. Bible, 96. MM 4409. BT 11c. Elijah and The Ravens, n.d. Bible pl. 128. MM 1688. BT 12. The Family Quarrel, 1913. Bible pl. 61 (Fig. 91). MM 4451. BT 13. Flight into Egypt, 1913. Matthew 2:13. Bible pl 72. MM 12327. [VIII, B5.] BT 14. The Wheel of Fortune, 1913. Bible, p. 183, pl. 59. MM 1682. [VIII, B21; not illustrated.] BT 15. God's Well, 1928. This is the only brocade relief panel made after a floral stove plate. Psalm 65. Bible pl. 267. MM 4438. BT 16. Good Samaritan, 1928. Luke 10. Not in Bible. No stove plate. Mercer original. BT 17. The Grenadiers or War and Peace, 1913. Nonscriptural. Bible pl. 69. MM 5716. [VIII, B19 (Peace) and B20 (War), not illustrated.] BT 18. The Hope of Peace, 1928. Isaiah 2. Bible pl. 64. MM 19046. BT 19. The Last Judgment, 1928. Matthew 24. Bible pl. 44. MM 17908. BT 20. Love Bettereth, 1916. Luke 6. Bible pl. 65. MM 4452. BT 21. Mary and Martha, 1928. Luke 10. Bible pl. 68. MM 14909. BT 22. The Millennium, 1928. Isaiah 11:67. Bible, p. 203, pl. 138. MM 23950. BT 23a. The Miracle of Cana, Christ at Cana, Cana, Wedding at Cana, 1913. John 2. Mercer original composite version. BT 23b. Miracle of Cana, Holy Oil, 1913. John 2. Bible pl. 38. MM 14200. BT 23c. The Miracle of Cana, n.d. Bible pl. 91. MM 1195. BT 23d. The Miracle of Cana, n.d. Bible pl. 39. MM 19066. BT 24a. Oil Miracle, 1913. II Kings 4. Bible pl. 25. MM 19050. BT 24b. Miracle of the Widow's Oil, The Oil Never Fails, 1928. II Kings 4. Bible pl. 21, 22. MM 17915. BT 24c. Oil Miracle of Braunfels, 1913. II Kings 4. Bible pl. 23, 24. MM 17968, 17650. BT 24d. New Oil, 1913. II Kings 4. Bible pl. 30, MM 4187. BT 25. The Molten Calf, 1913. Exodus 32:8. Bible pl. 78, 79. MM 4146. BT 26. Moses' Rod and Balaam's Ass, 1928. Numbers 22, Exodus 4. Bible pl. 104, 105. MM 23954. BT 27. Paul, The Conversion of St. Paul, 1928. Acts 9. No stove plate. Mercer's original design. BT 28. Pharisee and Publican, "Zoelner," 1916. Luke 18. Bible pl. 9395. MM 4142. BT 29. Philadelphia, ca. 1916. Bible pl. 63. MM 19049. BT 30. Rich Man and Lazarus, 1914. 3 × 5 foot mural. From illustration in J. M. Siberhaler, Taques et Plaques de Foyer (Orlon, 1908), p. 159, as the source for his brocade panel. Bible pl. 19. Illustrated in MPTW flyer, 1914. BT 31. Salem, 1928. Designed to commemorate church's name. Nonscriptural. Mercer's original design. BT 32. Samson and Delilah, Samson with the Gate, 1913. Judges 16. Mercer often separated the panel into two independent reliefs. Bible pl. 101, 102. MM 4491. BT 33. The Scales, Found Wanting, 1928. Daniel 5:27. Bible pl. 127. MM 4286. BT 34. The Wedding, The Parson, The Bride and Groom, 1913. Nonscriptural. Bible pl. 74. MM 4463. BT 35. The Wedding Dance, 1913. Nonscriptural. Bible pl. 75. MM 16726. BT 36. The Wedding Fable, Swarm of Bees, 1916. Nonscriptural. Bible, pp. 202203, pl. 133. MM 24449. BT 37. Woman of Samaria, Jacob's Well, 1913. John 4:112. Bible pl. 20. MM 25842. BT 38. Man and Goat, n.d. Bible pl. 125. BT 39. The Traders, n.d. Bible pl. 62.
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Appendix V Mercer's Art Pottery (AP) In 1901, less than two years after Mercer had begun making tiles, he added a line of art pottery to his catalogues. The initial list of forms in the Order Books leaves an impression that he offered a considerable variety of them, but this was not the case. Analysis of the prices, sizes, and descriptions narrows the list to about twentyfive types, including variations. Though they never became a major source of revenue, Mercer sold around 4,000 pieces of art pottery during his lifetime. Like his tiles, his choice of designs reflected his interests, especially those in American folk pottery and Native American pottery. He never attempted to emulate the refinement of the typical art pottery of his era. Instead, he sought to express the meanings, uses, and spirit of the solid, everyday vessels that were his models. His 1901 catalogue offered tile boxes and inkwells, drinking cups and a mug, and decorated bowls. In 1904, he added sconces and hexagonal flower pots to the catalogue, forms he had been making since 1901. He photographed some of these pieces, but reproduced none in his catalogues. He offered concrete flower pots set with mosaics and other tiles in a flyer (1907), just as he commenced the construction of his concrete buildings. His production of art pottery slacked off while he made the Harrisburg pavement and built Fonthill and the Moravian Pottery. In 1913, he resumed the development of his pottery line by designing a number of bowls and oval dishes based on Native American pottery as well as a few pieces after historical American pottery. He also offered two types of candleholders, reflecting his interest in Colonial lighting, and an odd assortment of other pieces. Certain of Mercer's art pottery designs require comment. His boxes and inkwells were constructions of two stock conventional tiles, Vicar of Stowe (MC 58) and Swan and Tower (MC 79). The shapes of his drinking cups were the result of his attempt to reproduce a sgraffitodecorated PennsylvaniaGerman redware cup he had found for the BCHS collection. He called his version, a fourinch beaker with a relief design, Cup of 1793 (MC 98). He also made a variation of this drinking cup (MC 103) decorated with Nuremberg tile designs, selected for their simple outline motifs, and a Jonah and the Whale (MC 101) design derived from an early woodcut from which he also made a conventional relief tile (MC 184). Another design, Pennsylvania Wedding Drinking Cup (MC 102), may be one located in Fonthill bearing a shamrock motif with a motto on either side. In the same vein, he offered a beer mug (MC 99) pressed with the Swan and Tower design (MC 32). Chinese Toy Bowl is a small hexagonshaped vessel, which Mercer used as saltcellar. It was labeled "ash receiver" in one exhibition. The design source for this
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popular piece is unknown. By contrast, he sold only a few of his Phaeton and Hercules bowls, copied from two Arretine bowls from the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Mercer's sconces, like his boxes and inkwells, were constructions based on conventional tile designs. Sconce of Tile No. 120, Deer Riding Wolf (MC 189), and Sconce of Tile No. 130, Birds of Great Kimble (MC 190) appeared in the 1904 catalogue. Two other sconce designs, ''Bird in Circle," after Bird of Siena (MC 191) and "ship," an uncatalogued depiction of a sailing ship (the ship tile itself can be seen at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution), remained unlisted in the catalogues, though the Pottery produced them regularly after 1911. He adapted a few sconces for electrical or gas fixtures and on occasion provided a custom design with a different motif. Mercer's offering of a Hexagonal Flower Pot in three sizes in a yetunsolved mystery. One might suppose that these pots would have been made of joined stock tiles because, as he described them in his catalogue, one (MC 192) was "of Designs No. 5, 15, 20, 24, 13 or 14." But this is a varied assortment of sizes, including a 2 1/2 × 5 inch molding tile, and a choice of two mottos, WO EUER SCHAZT DA IS AUCH EUER HERZ (33 inches long), or POST TENEBRAS LUX (16 1/2 inches long) and it is far from clear how Mercer used them. Another pot (MC 193) was "of Designs No. 46 or 47" (both 10 × 8 1/2 inch tiles), and yet another (MC 197) was "of Designs No. 2, 3, 4, or 32" (all 7 × 5 1/2 inch tiles). However, no flower box of joined tiles has yet been located, though the order books record that he produced at least twentyfive of them. The order books describe them variously as hexagonal boxes, hexagonal bowls, jardinieres, and tile planters. The tiles may have been set into open hexagonal concrete boxes. Illustrations of square planters using the same tile designs appear in Mercer's article "Where Concrete Stands for Concrete" for Cement Age in 1907 and in a flyer he issued about the same time, Moravian Mosaic and Tile Flower Pots. About a dozen beakers based on aboriginal pottery shapes exist in the Fonthill Collections. These resulted from Mercer's experiments in 1906 in collaboration with RandallMcIver to discover how blacktopped haematitic wares had been made by the Nubian potters in Egypt. In 1912, Mercer made glazed versions of these beakers for sale. He also designed a series of vessels inspired by American aboriginal pottery. This series coincided with his New World in Tiles series. He took his new designs from the work of William H. Holmes, who had documented and illustrated his studies of Native American pottery in Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 18821883, vol. 3, vol. 4, and vol. 20 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1884, 1886, 1903). Inspired by the work of Holmes, Mercer himself had dug in some Tennessee sites in the 1890s. Mercer's Duck Head Bowl, Four Head Bowl, and Small Bowl with Ears are true to the originals illustrated by Holmes. Duck Head Bowl (Holmes, vol. 4, p. 390) is shaped like an animal. The bowl is the body, a short handle is the tail, and coils added to the base in a crossed pattern represent the animal's legs, tucked under it. The head of a female deer or fawn (Mercer called it a duck and also made a chicken or turkeyheaded variation from another source in Holmes, vol. 4, p. 386) stands up from the rim opposite the tail facing inward or outward. The head is cast separately and added to the bowl as an appendage. Mercer pressed the bottom of the bowl with a weaving texture called "filfot cross, swastika, or Thor's hammer" by Holmes (vol. 20, pl. cxvi), a stamp design from South Appalachian Native American pottery. A beaded band with four symmetrically placed human heads encircles the Four Head Bowl (Holmes, vol. 20, pl. xlvii). It is pressed from a four part mold so that the heads are an integral part of the vessel and not attached to it. Mercer made Small Bowl with Ears (Holmes, vol. 3, p. 482) in two sizes and added a wide rim for a soup bowl, another idea derived from Holmes (vol. 3, pl. xcix). He made headless versions of Duck Head Bowl. His After Dinner Coffee Cup of 1908, an hourglass shape also illustrated in Holmes (vol. 20, pl. cxxvi), with an inverted angular handle and banded with three colors, prefigures Art Deco styles to a surprising degree. Mercer's oval dishes also have a strong kinship to Native American pottery. He borrowed many of the same elements, weaving patterns stamped on the bottoms, rims scalloped, beaded, or sawedged, and handles (called ears) attached to the rims. Though Mercer described these dishes as "oval," they are more accurately described as squarish with rounded corners. He made them in a variety of sizes: deep, flat, long, long deep, long flat, and so forth, and to one he attached a "duck" head. The order books show that Mercer also made a fourcompartment dish that may be after a compound
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cup in Holmes, vol. 20, pl. cv, though none has been located. Mercer derived a beaker that he called Tall Vase from a Native American beaker in his Fonthill collection. Like his afterdinner coffee cups, he often glazed vases with three brightcolored bands of red, blue, and yellow. He made two sizes of a form he called "mortar," based on examples of collections of quatrefoilshaped vessels in the Mercer Museum. His small mortar had thick walls, sometimes with notched rims to serve as "ash receivers"; his large mortar had thin walls. No pestles are known to have come with the mortars. He copied a common American Colonial redware preserve jar, of which he had collected many examples, as a container for apple butter, spices, or pickles. Reflecting on his early study of early American lighting fixtures, Mercer designed two types of candlesticks in 1917. His first was a low, threehandled model pressed with the motto POST TENEBRAS LUX ("After darkness, light") from his early stove plate tiles. The second was a whimsical castle composed of one, possibly two, or four towers, not unlike the tower of the Swan and Tower, each capable of holding a candle. In the 1970s, an auctioneer described one of these as a "fish tank decoration." Mercer sold eight lamps of unknown description. Two lamps in the FH collection, one a fourtower pot wired for electricity, the other an odd baroque doubleheaded eagle, shed some light on what they might have been. According to his order books, Mercer made a few ceramic fountain spouts beginning in 1910: Lion Head (1910), Frog (1922), and Face and Lily (1922). He made a few plates and saucers and "Basins, Especially for Dogs." A few pieces in the Fonthill collection that are not listed in the order books are a sheepshead bracket, a slip and sgraffito "Indian" jar (Fig. 16), small pitchers of different shapes, tea cups, a small moldmade coiled pot, two little jars, and a tiny teapot. After Mercer's death in 1930, Swain continued to produce art pottery along with tiles. He sold about 1,000 pieces between 1930 and 1954. As is the case with the tiles, pre and post1930 examples are indistinguishable. At least one design, a holywater font based on Mercer's Birds of Great Kimble sconce, had not been produced before 1930. Mercer's "production" art pottery is listed below chronologically and given new (AP) catalogue numbers. These are followed by name, followed by MC number, date first made (approximate), dimensions, description and design source if known, and locations of examples in brackets [MM, FH, and MPTW]. Variations in style and terminology are noted, as are prices from the 1904 catalogue. The approximate number sold through 1930 is given in parentheses following each entry. Oneofa kind, handmade pots are excluded from the inventory. There are molds for many of the pots in the MPTW archives. The essential research on Mercer's art pottery was conducted by Lynne Poirier, from whose unpublished study, completed in 1980, most of the information in this appendix is drawn. AP 1. Vicar Ink Stand, 1901 (MC 17). [I, II.] 4inch cube with 2inch diameter lid. [FH.] Impressed on all sides with relief tile design (MC 58). Lid has acorn or other knob. [MM, FH.] Inkwells approved by SACB jury, November 1901; top approved December 1901; inkwells with brass, copper, and silver tops approved April 1903. $4.00 in 1904. (67) AP 2. Swan Ink Stand, 1901 (MC 95; Plate 17:6). [I, II.] 4inch cube with 2inch diameter lid. Impressed on all sides with relief tile design (MC 79). [MM, FH.] (90) Reproduced in 1986 by MPTW. $4.00 in 1904. AP 3. Four Seasons Ink Stand, 1919. 4inch cube with 2inch diameter lid. Impressed on all sides with relief tile designs (MT 508). (5) AP 4. John Fitch Ink Stand, 1907 (Plate 17:3). 2 3/4inch cube with lid. Impressed with relief tile designs (MC 202208). (5) AP 5. Byzantine Ink Stand, 1907. No dimensions. Probably after tile designs (MC 36, 3945). (2) AP 6. Vicar Box, 1901 (MC 76; Plate 17:5). [I, II.] 4inch cube. Impressed on all sides with tile design (MC 58). Examples in private collections. $4.00 in 1904. (54) AP 7. Swan Box, 1901 (MC 77). [I, II.] 4inch cube. Impressed on all sides with tile design (MC 79). [FH.] (34) Also made Four Seasons Box. AP 8. Phaeton Bowl, 1901 (MC 96; Fig. 51). [I, II.] Dimensions unknown. $1.00 in 1904. (8) AP 9. Hercules Bowl, 1901 (MC 97). [I, II.] Dimensions unknown. $1.00 in 1904. (1) AP 10. Swan and Tower Beer Mug, 1901 (MC 99; Plate 17:1). [I, II.] 7 3/4 inches high, 5 1/8 inches diameter at base, 4 3/8 inches diameter at rim. Unglazed stein impressed on two sides with relief tile design (MC 32), small crude handle set high. [MM, FH.] $3.00 in 1904. (124)
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AP 11. Pennsylvania German Drinking Cup of 1793, 1901 (MC 98; Fig. 16). [I, II.] 5 inches high, 2 7/8 inches diameter at base, 3 1/2 inches diameter at rim. Modeled after original in MM (74:10:19). [MM.] Drinking cups priced at $1.00 in 1904. (11) AP 12. Chinese Toy Bowl, 1901 (MC 100; Plate 3:2). [I, II.] 2 1/16 inches high, 2 1/8 inches diameter at base, 3 1/8 inch diameter at rim. Hexagonal, also called "Chinese cup" and saltcellar. [FH, MM.] 35 cents in 1904. (263) AP 13. Jonah and the Whale Drinking Cup, 1901 (MC 101; Plate 17:2). [I, II.] 5 1/16 inches high, 2 3/4 inches diameter at base, 3 1/2 inches diameter at rim. Impressed with relief tile design (MC 184). [FH, MM.] $1.00 in 1904. (12) AP 14. Wedding Drinking Cup. Pennsylvania German, 1901 (MC 102). [I, II.] 5 inches high, 3 inches diameter at base, 3 1/2 inches diameter at rim. Beaker on which is attached 2inch seal impressed with shamrock and German inscription. It is unclear whether the "Pennsylvania German" entries in the order books refer to this cup or to AP 11. [FH.] (1) AP 15. Drinking Cup with Designs, 1901 (MC 103). [I, II.] 5 inches high, 2 3/4 inches diameter at base, 3 3/4 inches diameter at rim. Mercer suggested pressing the cups with the Nuremberg relief tile series (MC 6165) or "other numbered designs." [MM.] (37) AP 16. Babylonian Inscription Paper Weight, 1904 (MC 16). [II.] A plaster form at the MPTW may relate to this piece, of which no example has been found. AP 17. Deer Riding Wolf Sconce, 1901 (MC 189; Plate 17:4). [I, II.] 10 3/4 inches high, 4 3/8 inches wide, 3/4 inch thick; rounded base extends 3 inches at base on which candleholder, 1 1/2 inches diameter, is attached. Impressed with cameo relief tile design (MC 120). [MM.] (145) $1.75 in 1904. Reproduced in 1982 by MPTW. AP 18. Birds of Great Kimble Sconce, 1904 (MC 190). [II.] Same dimensions and construction as above, pressed with relief tile design (MC 130). [MM.] (250) Reproduced in 1982 by MPTW. AP 19. Pastorius's Boat Sconce, 1911. Same dimensions and construction as above. Pressed with uncatalogued relief file design. [MM, FH.] (358) Reproduced in 1982 by MPTW. AP 20. Spring Sconce, 1919. Same dimensions and construction as above. Pressed with uncatalogued relief design (MT 5091). [FH.] (50) Reproduced in 1982 by MPTW. AP 21. Hexagonal Flower Pot, 1901 (MC 192). Dimensions unknown. [I, II.] Incorporates relief tile designs (MC 15, 20, and 24). $6.25 in 1904. AP 22. Hexagonal Flower Pot of Stove Plate Designs, 1901 (MC 193). [I, II.] Incorporating 10 × 7 1/2> inch relief tile designs (MC 46 or 47). See above for construction details. $8.50 in 1904. AP 23. Hexagonal Tile Flower Pot, 1901 (MC 197). [I, II.] Incorporating 7 × 5 1/2 inch relief tile designs (MC 2, 3, 4, or 32). $5.00 in 1904. AP 24. Cement Planters and Flower Pots (Figs. 38, 46). Described and illustrated in Moravian Mosaic and Flower Pots flyer, 1907. See Arrangements (MCA 1924), Appendix II, C. [FH.] AP 25. After Dinner Coffee Cup, 1908 (Plate 16:6, 7). 3 1/2 inches high, 1 7/8 inches diameter at base, 2 1/4 inches diameter at rim. [MM, FH.] Often glazed in bands of blue, yellow, and red. May have been sold with saucer. (184) AP 26. Saucer, 1914. 5/8 inches high, 4 7/8 inches diameter. Though the saucer may have originated with the cup, it does not appear in the order books as an entity until six years later. [MM, FH.] (63) AP 27. Fountain Heads, 19101922. Sculptured, threedimensional heads of Leopard, Lion (also used for brackets), and Frog (see Fig. 35). About 4 inches high. Used as spouts on fountain walls. (26) AP 28. Oval Dish, 1913 (Plate 18:4). 2 inches high, 12 × 6 3/4 inches. More rectangular than oval, flat dish with rounded corners, filfot weaving pattern stamped on bottom, flattened rim with serrated edge. Examples glazed all yellow or yellow with green bottom. [MM, FH.] Sold as long, flat, oval, or a combination. (63) AP 29. Duck Head Bowl, 1913 (Plate 18:1). 3 inches high to rim, 6 3/8 inches diameter side to side at rim; head 2 3/8 inches tip to tip, 1 1/2 inches above rim, with added feet and filfot pattern. [MM, FH.] (226) Reproduced in 1986 by MPTW. AP 30. Headless Bowl with Ears, 1913 (Plate 18:2). 3 inches high to rim, 6 3/8 inches diameter at rim. Same as Duck Head Bowl above, without head attached, but with feet, filfot pattern, and an extra, larger handle to replace head. [FH.] (2) AP 31. Duck Head Dish, 1913. 2 inches high to rim, 6 1/4 × 8 3/4 inches at rim. Duck head attached to
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5/8 inch flattened rim, 1/2 inch wide pressed, beaded relief design around rim. [FH.] (1) AP 32. Chicken Head Bowl, n.d. 2 inches to rim, 6 5/8 × 8 inches at rim, 4 × 6 inches at base. Head of chicken attached on one long end of rim, pointed tail at other, flattened rim with sawtoothed edge. Rare piece, unglazed and smoked, one of Mercer's experiments in blackened ware. [FH.] AP 33. Round Dish with Ears, 1913. 3 1/4 inches high, 8 inches diameter, 9 1/2 inches tip to tip at rim, 3 1/2 inches diameter at base. Flattened rim incorporated ears, band with 3/8 inch impressed outlined circles below rim. Example glazed black. Vegetable or applesauce bowl. [FH.] (5) AP 34. Four Head Bowl, 1913 (Plate 18:3). 3 1/4 inches high, 8 inches diameter at rim, 3 1/4 inches diameter at base. Heads attached on rim at each quarter, molded with pot. [MM, FH.] (103) AP 35. Dog Dish, 1913. 1 1/2 inches high, 5 3/4 inches diameter at rim, 5 1/4 inches diameter at base. This small flat dish may have been a dog dish, though it would not have been adequate for Mercer's Chesapeake Bay retrievers. [FH.] (2) AP 36. Apple Butter, Pickle, or Spice Jar, 1913 (Plate 16:10). 4 1/2 inches high, 3 1/8 inches diameter at base, 2 5/8 inches at rim. Small version of typical Colonial jar with straight sides and flared rim, of which Mercer collected many. [FH.] (13) AP 37. Tall Vase, 1913 (Plate 16:8). 9 1/4 inches high, 2 3/4 inches diameter at base, 3 3/8 inches diameter at rim. Slightly flared beaker; most examples glazed in bands of three colors, red, yellow, and blue. [FH.] (11) AP 38. Medium Vase, 1913 (Plate 16:9). 6 1/4 inches high, 2 3/4 inches diameter at base, 3 3/8 inches diameter at rim. Slightly flared beaker. [FH.] (5) AP 39. Small Mortar, 1914 (Fig. 119:1 and Pl. 3:1). 1 7/8 inches high, 4 1/2 inches diameter at top. Thickwalled, quatrefoil bowl. [MM, FH.] (213) AP 40. Four Compartment Bowl, 1916. Noted in order book. May be same as the Native American example Mercer noted in an illustration by Holmes of four small bowls fastened together in a cluster. (22) AP 41. Carlyle's Candlestick, 1917 (Plate 3:4). 2 inches high, 4 5/8 inches diameter at rim, 4 1/8 inches diameter at base. Flat candleholder with three looped handles and motto Post Tenebras Lux impressed in relief around sides. [MM.] (112) AP 42. Tower, 1917 (Plate 3:6). 5 1/2 inches high, 1 3/8 inches diameter at rim, 3 inches diameter at base. Single tower with six turrets. [MM.] The order books do not differentiate between the types of towers. Only 25 were made of all types. AP 43. Castle, 1917 (Plate 3:5). 5 inches high, 3 3/4 inches to top of lower towers, 4 3/4 inches on a side at base, small towers tapering from 1 1/4 to 1 inch diameter, center tower tapering from 1 1/2 to 1 3/8 inches diameter. Three towers set on a pierced triangular base support a fourth tower. Turreted tops serve as candleholders. [FH.] There may also have been a twotowered version, though no example is known to the author. AP 44. Large Mortar, 1917 (Plate 3:3). 3 3/4 inches high, 6 1/4 inches diameter at rim, 3 inches diameter at base. Quatrefoilshaped bowl with thinned walls. [MM, FH.] (26) AP 45. Small Dish with Ears, 1921 (Plate 18:5, 6). In two sizes: 1 3/4 inches high, 5 1/2 inches diameter at rim; and 1 1/2 inches high, 4 1/2 inches diameter at rim. Flattened rim projects into 1/2inch handles (ears). [FH.] Sold only (12) in either size. AP 46. Wide Rimmed Soup Bowl, n.d. 1 3/4 inches high, 9 inches diameter. A variation of Small Bowl with Ears, with added 1 3/4 inch wide, flat rim. [FH.] AP 47. Sconce with Two Birds, n.d. 6 3/4 inches high, 5 1/2 inches wide, 1 3/4 inches deep. Classical design with two birds facing outward in white clay and unfired blue slip, wired for electricity. [FH.]
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Appendix VI— Mercer's Colors The information in this appendix has been compiled mainly (1) from three of Mercer's notebooks—Indian House Record of Experiments, 1898; Color Numbers and Tile Design Codes; and Color Formulas for Glazes (MPTW Records, MPSL); (2) from an undated glaze notebook compiled by Frank Swain, in which all clays, glazes, and slips are arranged by category (Tile Works 37:1, MPTW); and (3) from the fortyfour Cigar Box Samples organized ca. 19111912 (FH Collections). Mercer offered sixtythree color numbers (CN) in his catalogues. As discussed in Chapter 4, he obtained his color results from combinations of three basic clays, three basic slips, two basic glazes, and the addition of pigments to one of the base glazes to create six colored "enamels." Section A, below, lists these components by category and includes formulas, symbols, and color number (when applicable). Section B is a summary of techniques used to produce color effects. Section C lists the color numbers as they appear in the catalogues (see Appendix I). Mercer's original formulas are no longer used at the Pottery because of their raw lead content. New formulas using less toxic fritted lead materials approximate the original colors. A. Components 1. Clay Bodies (CB) CB 1. Local red. Common redburning Bucks County clay. (CN 27) CB 2. Buff. Perrine, N.J., clay (CN 31) CB 3. White. Tuckahoe, Cape May County, N.J., clay. (CN 40) Colorants added to create "solid" colors—that is, colored clay bodies used for mosaics or plain tiles. Unglazed solid green (CN 50) Unglazed solid black (CN 51) Unglazed solid red leather gray (CN 52) 2. Slips a. Billingsport Slip Clay (BSC). For use in covering red clay in preparation for glazing or as base for colored slips. b. Colored Slips (CS). For use without glazes, colored by addition of pigments to a base of BSC. 1. Blue (CN 63), addition of 10.5% Smith's cobalt blue commercial colorant 2. Green (CN 57), addition of 33% Drakenfeld's grass green commercial colorant
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3. Golden buff (CN 55) 4. Lost lavender (CN 60) 5. Charred saffron (CN 61) smoked color 6. Dark brown (39), addition of manganese 7. Black (CN 49), addition of Smith's underglaze black commercial colorant to red clay in thick slip, 2:1 c. Underglaze slips 17 (US). Colorants added to a base of Briddes's high clay formula slip (Mercer's Slip No. 4 (BS). Mercer's symbols and color numbers follow the color names. He used these underglazes most often, though his recipe books contain many more formulas. In the chart, the formulas are given as Mercer wrote them, in parts rather than percentages. The BS slip was used wet and the other ingredients were dry when mixed with the water. The US numbers are designated by the author for convenience in reading the chart. US 1. Sky blue
(for color nos. 1, 2, 3)
US 2. Green
(for color nos. 6, 7)
US 3. "Muddy pink"
(for color no. 10)
US 4. Mauve (thin layer)
Yellow gold (thick) (for color no. 11)
US 5. Black
(for color no. 17)
US 6. Van Dyke brown (no symbol recorded) US 7. Very light lemon yellow
No. 4. Briddes's Spar Slip (BS) converted to a percentage formula Ball clay
21.4
Cornish stone
28.6
China clay
7.1
Feldspar
14.3
Flint
28.6
100.0
US 1 US 2 US 3 US 4 US 5 US 6 US 7 Slip No. 4 (BS)
26
Smith's cobalt blue Drakenfeld'sgrass green Smith's UG black Red iron oxide Manganese dioxide Antimony sulfide Thick red clay slip
1
2
1
60
40
20
10
Salt
1
1/2
1 1
3
31
1/2
Water
40
30
1 1 2
12
2
1/2
1/3
3. Glazes Mercer used two basic glazes (BG) to which he added pigments to form colored glazes, called enamels (E). a. BG 7. William De Morgan's glaze (modified by Mercer) (converted to a percentage formula). Red lead
70
Red clay
16
Flint
14
100
A clear, glossy glaze that creates a bright redorange when fired over plain red clay; also used over underglazes for Color Numbers 9, 1623, 30. b. BG 10. John Briddes's clear glaze (Mercer modified by adding zinc) (converted to percentage formula). White lead
60
Cornish stone
18
Flint
14
Zinc oxide
8
100
c. Enamels (E) Mercer added the following colorants to a 12 1/2 pound batch of BG 10 to produce colored glazes with a buttery finish.
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E 2. Blue. 6 oz. tin oxide, 4 teaspoons Smith's cobalt blue. E 4. Green. 8 oz. tin oxide, 17 oz. Drakenfeld's grass green. E 5. Lilac, "Our Brown." 4 oz. tin oxide, 35 teaspoons manganese dioxide. E 6. Piedish yellow or orange. Add 1 oz. tin oxide, 1 1/4 oz. antimony oxide, 48 oz. red iron oxide. E 7. White. 18 oz. tin oxide and 14 oz. spar. E 8. Black. Add 8 oz. tin oxide, 2 teaspoons Drakenfeld's black cobalt oxide or 4 teaspoons Smith's cobalt blue, 28 heaping teaspoons manganese dioxide. B. Techniques 1. Glazing Techniques (GT) The following glazing techniques were used to produce different color effects. GT 1. Use clay body alone. GT 2. Add pigments to clay. GT 3. Apply colored slip over clay, no glaze. GT 4. Apply white slip over clay, glaze. GT 5. Apply colored slip (underglaze) over clay, glaze. GT 6. Glaze entire tile. GT 7. Wipe foot surface to clay or slip level, glaze. GT 8. Slip, glaze, wipe foot surface to clay level. GT 9. Slip, glaze, bruise surface to produce blush. GT 10. Add splash of stain (gray, olive, brown) to GT 8. 2. Firing Techniques (FT). The following firing techniques were used to produce different colors. FT 1. Fire in open kiln (rarely). FT 2. Fire in saggers for consistent color control in glazing. FT 3. Smoke in saggers to produce smoked colors (SC). FT 4. Fire cool to produce lighter clay body and drier surfaces. FT 5. Fire hot to produce darker clay body and shinier surfaces. C. Color Numbers 1. Glazed. Cream on blue. 2. Glazed. The same with medium red stain. (GT8) 3. Glazed. The same with strong red stain. (GT8) 4. Glazed. The same with grey or brown stain. 5. Glazed. Red against purple blue. 6. Glazed. Creamwhite on green. 7. Glazed. The same with red flush. 8. Glazed. The same with slate gray flush. 9. Glazed. Very warm yellowgreen with red flush. BG7 (GT8) 10. Glazed. Muddy pink. 11. Glazed. Orange yellow. 12. Glazed. Lemon yellow. 13. Glazed. The same with brown splashes. 14. Unglazed. Red against black. 15. Glazed. Pale yellow against Van Dyke brown. 16. Glazed. The same much warmer. 17. Glazed. The same with a blacker brown. 18. Glazed. Warm red, one color. 19. Glazed. Warm yellow against warm green, without red. 20. Glazed. Warm yellow against warm green with red flush. 21. Glazed. Yellow white against blue green. 22. Glazed. The same with red flush. 23. Glazed. Red design against blue green. 24. Unglazed. Clear white against sky blue. 25. Unglazed. Clear white against pale green. 26. Unglazed. Pale red against blue. 27. Unglazed. Brick red, one color. 28. Unglazed. Red against olive green. 29. Glazed. Dull creamwhite, one color. 30. Glazed. Warm red against blue green with brown blotches. 31. Unglazed. Buff. 32. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against blue glaze. 33. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against green glaze. 34. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against orange yellow glaze. 35. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against lemon yellow glaze. 36. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against lilac glaze.
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37. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against white glaze. 38. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against black glaze. 39. Half glazed. Unglazed brick red against brown. End of Cat. I. (1902) 40. Unglazed. Creamwhite. 41. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed blue. 42. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed green. 43. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed orange yellow. 44. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed lemon yellow. 45. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed lilac. 46. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed white. 47. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed black. 48. Half glazed. Unglazed white or buff against glazed brown. 49. Unglazed. White or buff against unglazed black. 50. Unglazed. Green, solid. End of Cat. II. (1904) 51. Unglazed. Black, solid. 52. Unglazed. Leather grey, solid. 53. Unglazed. Green on red. 54. Unglazed. Blue on red. 55. Unglazed. Golden buff. 56. Unglazed. Blue on buff. 57. Unglazed. Green on buff. 58. Unglazed. Green, one color. 59. Unglazed. Roast ochre, leather brown and reddish ochre, shading into black. 60. Unglazed. Lost lavender. 61. Unglazed. Charred saffron. 62. Unglazed. Moss chrome green shading into dark brown and leather hues. 63. Unglazed. Blue, one color. End of Cat IV. (1913)
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Appendix VII— Two Letters A. William De Morgan to Elizabeth Lawrence, 12 December 1897. Mercer Papers, Spruance Library. Dec. 12/97 Dear Mrs. Lawrence, Now that you have seen the operation of tiledecoration as conducted by me here and in London, I believe I can [provide you,] without being very prolix, with such an account of my American idea as will make it easy of explanation to your nephew. And I shall hope to meet him in June [1898], and that he will, as you said, kindly give me some suggestions as to the best lines to proceed on. The obstacles to an American trade in our goods are almost prohibitive at present. Tiles are not very favorable articles for export under the best circumstances, as they are heavy and very easy to chip, and exactly the ones that are most wanted always become chipped. But when over and above there is an enormous duty to pay, the exporter gives it up in despair. Nevertheless I am confident that a very large market would be found for them in the States. The process by which they are painted on paper in Italy, posted to England, attached to the tiles and fired there would apply to any other country. They could be painted in Japan and fired at Madagascar just as well, if only a kiln and the knowledge how to use it existed in Madagascar. But the whole process, not only of the painting, but of the attachment to the tile and the firing, is most peculiar, and anyone who started from a knowledge of its first principles to reinvent it for himself would find he had his work cut out for him. Nevertheless it could be taught in a few lessons at Fulham, where our factory is, as an emissary from Fulham could go over (Fulham to Madagascar or the States) to set it going. It is obvious that with such a process the best policy is to have the work painted where it is done best and costs least, and to fire it and complete it as near as possible to its market. For any sort of painting, the Tuscan seems to me to retain its old preeminence. I should like to see tens and even hundreds of painters at work, decorating houses from Broadway to San Francisco. What is wanted is a coadjutor in America to manage the concern. My contribution would be the knowledge and the fine art part of the business. He would have to find the local capital (not a very formidable investment) and look after the local till. We could quarrel over the millions realized, if we preferred to do so, but an ordinary commercial arrangement could be easily made. The nature of the possible difficulties may be summed up thus. 1. The finding of suitable tiles already in the market to decorate, for if they had to be manufactured it would be a larger undertaking, though not an overwhelming one. 2. The making sure that the delivery of the tilepapers by post would not be blocked off by
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some new special McKinley tariff—goodness knows what might happen in the way of fiscality. 3. Difficulties made by my partner who has views which I don't share, and who has already blocked up one most promising avenue which I had opened the gates to. Well! I'm sure that's a long letter enough. I hope we shall meet in June and I will show you my London work. I saw Signore Cantagalli yesterday and he said he was writing to you and would enclose book title. How delightful the music was! I came back blessing you and Lady Paget. Yours very truly, Wm. De Morgan <><><><><><><><><><><><> B. Mercer to William Hagerman Graves, 14 November 1925. Mercer Papers, Spruance Library. Dear Mr. Graves, I enclose a few notes as to the origin of my pottery, which you probably would not want in your lecture, but might look over beforehand. The personal side of things of this sort seems to be popular nowadays, but I would eliminate that, and consider facts without fear or favor. If I should write a sketch or history of the subject, I would not want to do it. It is too personal, and I doubt if you would wish to try it either. As for causes that impelled me—artistic motives, etc., as follows:— You realize, as outsiders won't, that the art and technique of this craft are so closely interwoven, that to describe one without the other never gets us to the bottom of the subject. Nevertheless, here are a few of my original impressions.— First, as to the technique, I thought 1 — that native clay should not be mixed or artificially whitened. 2 — that the Prosser's semidrydust process, then, 1898, in vogue, was fatal to the beauty of tiles, but destructive of shrinkage. 3 — that artistic tiles should not be produced by machinery. As an example of my point of view, I had a very strong dislike to all the Staffordshire table ware, etc., and Liverpool tiles, in which the design is not painted on by hand, but printed in a printing press, and transferred to the clay. I also thought, though I fear to say so, that the Greek vases had been greatly injured by being returned and trued on the potter's wheel when semidry. 4 — further as a very important fact, that the great tile processes of the past, namely, painting the design by hand with a brush on a white background or encrusted white clay upon red by hand (encaustic) or painting enamels by hand within relief contours (Hispano Moresque) were precluded in the United States on account of the high cost of labor. My first effort therefore was to invent new methods of producing hand made tiles cheap enough to sell and artistic enough to rival the old one. None of my friends and no architects have taken the slightest interest in the technical or practical value of any of these processes, upon which the success of my effort had depended from the start. Second, as to my artistic point of view,—I thought that if tiles are to be considered as decorative art, no one should make them without first reverently and faithfully studying the great decorative art of the past. In a high estimate of the aesthetic value of these ancient works, namely their mastery of color, conventionalism, balance of pattern, splendid decorative effect, I agree with my artistic friends, but in the best of these masterpieces I find a story, a sermon, that my friends care nothing about. Yet to me, this so called "literary" side of the craft, this story telling, which I understand has been said to "contaminate" painting, has been my primary impulse or inspiration. I agree with them that the design must be an aesthetic success in color, pattern, conventionalism, balance, etc., and further that it may be such a success without any meaning at all. But if tiles could tell no story, inspire or teach nobody, and only serve to produce aesthetic thrills, I would have stopped making them long ago. To explain this more clearly, I would say that to me the ancient designs have seemed more and more inspiring as they rose from the geometrical forms of the Western Mohammedans, through the flowers, birds and animals of the Persians, Chinese, Buddhists, or Byzantines, none the less decorative, none the less aesthetic, none the less constrained to constructive laws, but interwoven with human figures expressing in legends and stories sincerely felt and told. In this direction, the further thought that the Spaniards, as the great mural tile decorators of Europe, who learned their art from the Moors, never developed it after they discovered America, in other words, that they never got beyond a floral filigree, and never translated
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their own dramatic American discoveries into pictures and stories upon tiles. That the modern American maker of tiles might well find his best and most inspiring and appropriate theme in the dramatic story of the discovery and first exploration of America. Veneration for the past; deficient knowledge, but great love of Latin; great interest in the technical history of industries; several visits to Europe; my experience in Archaeology, and Museums; consultations with the friends who have studied directly the clay work of primitive peoples—have helped me very much. Hoping this may be of some help to you, and looking forward to the pleasure of seeing you again, when you come down this way, and with best wishes for your success, I am Very sincerely yours, H. C. Mercer
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Henry Chapman Mercer: Published Writings This section contains the known published writings of Henry Chapman Mercer, arranged chronologically in order of publication, with the exception of the tile catalogues published by the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, which are listed separately in Appendix I. The entries are numbered for crossreference. 1. ''The Doanes Before the Revolution." BCI, 14 February 1885. First read as paper to BCHS, 15 April 1884. See also no. 121. 2. The Lenape Stone; or, The Indian and the Mammoth. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's, 1885.24 illus. 95 pp. 3. "The Moses Doan Monument." BCI, 16 March 1888. Letter to the editor. 4. "A Journey in a Wagon from Doylestown to Williamsburg, in Virginia." BCI, 20 April, 4 May, and 15 June 1888. 5. "A Shaft Which Commemorated the Famous Indian Walk and the Lenni Lenape Indians." Unidentified newspaper clipping, signed "H. C. Mercer" (ca. 1890). In J. S. Bailey Scrapbook 2, BCHS. 6. "An Exploring Party at Point Pleasant." BCI, 4 April 1890. Letter to the editor. 7. "Marshall's Walk." Philadelphia Public Ledger, n.d. Letter to the editor, June 30, mentioning Wrightstown murder of 1890. In J. S. Bailey Scrapbook 2, BCHS. 8. "The Inscription Is Right." BCI, n.d. Letter to the editor in reply to a letter in Newtown Enterprise, 26 December 1891. 9. "Caves in Buckingham." BCI, 18 February 1892. Letter to the editor. 10. "Recollections of Tennent School." BCI, (February?) 1892. Letter to the editor on the death of the Rev. Mahlon Long, who died 3 February 1892 ("a few weeks ago"). 11. "The Grave of Tamenend [Tammany]." Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries 29 (April 1893): 255261. First read as a paper to BCHS on 19 July 1892. See no. 123. 12. "How to Pronounce 'Lenape.'" BCI, 21 July 1892. Letter to the editor. 13. "Pebbles Chipped by Modern Indians as an Aid to the Study of the Trenton Gravel Implements." Proceedings, American Association for the Advancement of Science 41 (1892): 287289. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 14. "Prehistoric Jasper Quarries in the Lehigh Hills." Unidentified newspaper clipping, signed "H. C. Mercer," I October 1892. 15. "Prehistoric Jasper Quarries in the Lehigh Hills." The Archaeologist 1 (1893): 15. 16. "Pebbles Chipped by Modern Indians as an Aid to the Study of the Trenton Gravel Implements." The Archaeologist 1 (1893): 2729. Same text as no. 13. 17. "Discovery of Ancient Argillite Quarries on the Delaware." BCI, 22 June 1893. 18. "Notes Taken in December, 1892, and March, 1893, at the Quaternary Gravel Pits of Abbeville, St. Acheuil and Chelles." The Archaeologist 1 (1893): 121 127; 1 (1893): 141142. 19. "Discovery of Ancient Argillite Quarries on the Delaware." The Archaeologist 1 (1893): 172173. 20. "Discovery of an Argillite Quarry on the Delaware." Science 22 (1893): 12. 21. "Ancient Quarries in Bucks County: Progress of the Work Bearing Directly on the Problem of the Antiquity of Man in Eastern North America Under the Superintendency of H. C. Mercer of Doylestown." BCI, 6 July 1893. 22. "An Ancient Argillite Quarry and Indian Village Site on the Delaware." BCI, 10 and 17 August and 5, 12, and 19 October 1893. Reprinted as a pamphlet by HCM in 1897. 23. "Notes Taken at Random: The Sunbonnet, Indians Mining Lead, the Grass Hopper War, A Lost Boundary. BCI, 14 September 1893. See also no. 124. First read as paper to BCHS, 18 July 1893, then to Numismatic and Anti
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quarian Society, Philadelphia, 5 April 1894. 24. "Notes on Exploration of Aboriginal Jasper Quarries in the Lehigh Hills in 189192." Popular Science Monthly 43 (1893): 662673. 25. "Progress of Field Work." Department of Archaeology and Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania, 27 October 1893. Broadside. 26. "Trenton and Somme Gravel Specimens Compared with Ancient Quarry Refuse in America and Europe." AN 27 (November 1893): 962978. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 27. "Explorations in the Delaware Valley." AN 28 (November 1893): 10231024. Report from HCM to the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania on the progress of fieldwork. 28. "The Result of Excavations at the Ancient Argillite Quarries Recently Discovered Near the Delaware River on Gaddis Run." Proceedings, American Association for the Advancement of Science 42 (1893): 304307. 29. "Another Ancient Source of Jasper Blade Material East of the Middle Alleghenies." Proceedings, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences 42 (1893): 307308. 30. "The Monument at Washington's Crossing." BCI, 28 December 1893. Letter to the editor. 31. "Indian Jasper Mines in the Lehigh Hills." American Anthropologist 7 (1894): 8092. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 32. "The Plateau Implements of Southern England." AN 28 (January 1894): 89. 33. "Quaternary Gravel Specimens in Spain." AN 28 (January 1894): 8990. 34. "The Nonexistence of Paleolithic Culture." AN 28 (January 1894): 9092. Unsigned, but HCM specified as author in reply by J. D. McGuire in AN 28 (May 1894): 446448. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 35. "Progress of Field Work of the Department of American and Prehistoric Archeology of the University of Pennsylvania." AN 28 (April 1894): 355357. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 36. "The Trenton Gravel Discussion." AN 28 (April 1894): 357359. 35. "Ancient American Bread; Indians baking ash cakes in Buckingham one hundred and fourteen years ago. The end of the Stone Age in the Delaware Valley." BCI, 19 April 1894. 36. "Ancient American Bread." The Archaeologist 2 (1894): 178180. 37. Review of "Professor W. Boyd Dawkins on Paleolithic Man in Europe," Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (February 1894, p. 242) in AN 28 (May 1894): 448451. 38. Editor's footnote to Gerard Fowke's "Norse Remains in the Neighborhood of Boston Bay." AN 28 (July 1894): 623624. 39. "Progress of Field Work in the Department of American and Prehistoric Archeology of the University of Pennsylvania." AN 28 (July 1894): 626628. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 40. Cave Exploration in the Eastern United States. Bulletin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 4 July 1894. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 41. "Pitted HammerStones." The Archaeologist 2 (1894): 276278. 42. "Ancient American Bread." AN 28 (August 1894): 716717. 43. "The Making of New Jersey Coast Shell Heaps in 1780." AN 28 (August 1894): 717718. 44. "The Hemenway Collections." AN 28 (August 1894): 718719. Unsigned report by the editor (HCM). 45. "Gailenreuth Cave in 1894." AN 28 (September 1894): 821824. A review and comments. 46. "Indian Corn in Italy." AN 28 (November 1894): 971974. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 47. "Note" on Franz Adami's "The Age of Certain Stalactites." AN 28 (December 1894): 10641065. 48. "Indians Mining Lead." AN 28 (December 1894): 10661067. 49. "Reexploration of Hartman's Cave, near Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1893." Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 46 (1894): 96 104; and 50 (1898): 479. HCM issued an offprint in 1896. 50. "The Discovery of an Artificially Flaked Flint Specimen in the Quaternary Gravels of San Isidro, Spain." In Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology, pp. 62 68. Chicago: Schulte Publishing Company, 1894. 51. "Review" of Clarence B. Moore's Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida. AN 29 (January 1895): 7681. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 52. "Note" to Samuel Mathewson Scott's "Discovery of Shell Mounds in Chira Valley, Peru." AN 29 (February 1895): 188192. 53. "Introduction" to Johannes Ranke, "The Results of Cave Exploration in Germany." AN 29 (March 1895): 298. 54. "Antiquity of Man at Petit Anse (Avery's Island), Louisiana." AN 29 (April 1895): 393394. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 55. "Notes on Yucatan." AN 29 (May 1895): 507511. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 56. "The Potter's Wheel in Yucatan." AN 29 (May 1895): 511. 57. "Surprising Discovery of Ancient Rope and Netting in Southwestern Florida." AN 29 (July 1895): 694695. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 58. The Red Man's Bucks County. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1895. Read at BCHS on 16 July 1895. See also no. 125. 59. "Notes Taken upon an Exploration of the Lehigh and Susquehanna Valleys for the University of Pennsylvania in the Summer of 1892." AN 29 (August 1895): 778779. 60. "Sandals in Yucatan." AN 29 (September 1895): 876877. 61. "Strange Hints for Anthropology." AN 29 (September 1895): 877878. 62. "A Preliminary Account of the Reexploration in 1894 and 1895 of the 'Bone Hole,' now known as Irwin's Cave, at Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Penna." Proceed
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ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 47 (1895): 443446. First read on 29 October 1895. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 63. "Jasper and Stalagmite Quarried by Indians in the Wyandotte Cave." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 34 (December 1895): 396400. Paper read to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia on 16 [or 157] November 1895. 64. "Chipped Stone Implements in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid." Report of the Madrid Commission, 1892. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 65. "Discoveries at Caddington, England, by Mr. Worthington G. Smith." AN 30 (January 1896): 8386. Book review. HCM issued an offprint (n.d.). 66. The Hill Caves of the Yucatan: A Search for Evidence of Man's Antiquity in the Caverns of Central America, Being an Account of the Corwith Expedition of the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1896. 67. Excerpts from The Hill Caves of Yucatan in E. D. Cope, "Mercer's Cave Explorations in Yucatan." AN 30 (February 1896): 255259. 68. "On the Track of the 'Arkansas Traveler.'" Century Magazine 51 (March 1896): 707712. Read to Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia on 5 April 1894. (noted in Proceedings 18921898, p. 75). 69. "An Inquiry into the Origin of Games," review of Stewart Culin's Korean Games, with Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan (Philadelphia: The author, 18953. AN 30 (April 1896): 338341. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 70. "Indian Habitation in the Eastern United States." AN 30 (May 1896): 430433. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 71. "Professor Holmes' Studies of Aboriginal Architecture in Yucatan," review of W. H. Holmes's Archaeological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico (Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1895). AN 30 (June 1896): 519524. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 72. Cave Exploration in the Eastern United States: Preliminary Report. Philadelphia: Department of American and Prehistoric Archeology., University of Pennsylvania, 1896. HCM issued a reprint in 1897. 73. "Cave Explorations in the Eastern United States." Scientific American 75 (July 1896): 3637. Same text as no. 72. 74. "Cave Exploration by the University of Pennsylvania in Tennessee: Preliminary Report." AN 30 (July 1896): 608611. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 75. Notes Taken at Random. Doylestown, Pa.: BCI Press, 1896. Read as a paper for BCHS on 21 July 1896. On PennsylvaniaGerman rhymes, tales, powwow formulas, and treasure hunting, myths, and the conquest of fire. Later adapted for no. 126. HCM issued a reprint in 1897. 76. "Exploration by the University of Pennsylvania in Western Florida." AN 30 (AUgust 1896): 691693. 77. "Pictured Caves in Australia"; "Man and Fossil Horse in Central France"; "Chipped Flint Blades from Somali Land''; and "Cave Hunting in Scotland." AN 30 (November 1896): 954958. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 78. "Chipped Flint Blades from Somali Land." AN 30 (November 1896): 957958. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 79. "The Finding of the Remains of the Fossil Sloth at Big Bone Cave, Tennessee, in 1896." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 36 (January 1897): 3670. Read to American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, on 15 January 1897. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 80. "A Grooved Stone Axe from the Ohio Drift." AN 31 (January 1897): 13. Report on a new find by Elmer E. Masterman. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 81. "Fashion's Holocaust." BCI, 3 February 1897. Expanded and printed as a pamphlet for the Audubon Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Audubon Society, 1897. 82. Researches on Antiquity of Man, with Edward D. Cope and R. H. Harte. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Series in Philology, Literature, and Archaeology, Volume 6. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1897. Contains the following essays by HCM: "The Antiquity of Man in the Delaware Country"; "An Ancient Argillite Quarry and Blade Workshop on the Delaware River"; "Exploration of an Indian Ossuary on the Choptank River, Dorchester County, Maryland"; "An Exploration of Aboriginal Shell Heaps Revealing Traces of Cannibalism on York River"; "An Exploration of Aboriginal Remains at a Rockshelter in the Delaware Valley Known as the Indian House"; and "An Exploration of Durham Cave in 1893." HCM issued four offprints in 1897. 83. "Mr. Wilson's Investigation of the Swastika Cross," review of Thomas Wilson's The Swastika (Washington, D.C.: United States National Museum, 18963. AN (March 1897): 255258. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 84. "Exploration of Captain Theobert Maler in Yucatan." AN 31 (March 1897): 258. 85. "Cave Hunting in Syria." AN 31 (March 1897): 258259. 86. "Recent Pile Structures Made by Seminole Indians in East Florida." AN 31 (April 1897): 357359. HCM issued an offprint in 1897. 87. "The Grooved Stone Axe in South America." AN 31 (April 1897): 359360. 88. Tools of the Nation Maker. Exhibition Catalogue. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897. 817 pp. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 1. Describes 761 objects displayed in exhibition held on 7 October 1897. 89. "Preserve Them for Bucks County Historical Society." BCI, 14 October 1897. 90. Quoted in "Teachers' Week: Proceedings of the Bucks County Institute." BCI, 28 October 1897. HCM lectured on "History Presented by Common Objects" before the first regular session of the institute on 25 October 1897. Similar story in "The Teachers Here." Doylestown Democrat, 28 October 1897. 91. "A New Investigation of Man's Antiquity at Trenton," with Arthur Hollick, Proceedings of the American Associa
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tion for the Advancement of Science 46 (1897): 675682. HCM issued an offprint, n.d. 92. "A New Investigation of Man's Antiquity at Trenton," with Arthur Hollick, Science 6 (November 1897): 675682. Same text as no. 91. 93. The Owl's Sanctuary. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 8 November 1897. Folder. 94. "Survival of the Art of Illuminative Manuscripts Among the Pennsylvania Germans." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 36 (1897): 423432. Read before the American Philosophical Society, 17 September 1897. 95. Survival of the Art of Illuminative Manuscripts Among the Pennsylvania Germans. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 2. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897. Same as no. 94. 96. "Survival of the Art of Illuminating Manuscripts Among the Germans in Eastern Pennsylvania," Science 6 (17 November 1897): 447448. Brief summary., dated 17 August 1897, of no. 95. 97. The Decorated Stove Plates of Durham. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 3. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1897. 98. "Distribution of Indian Tribes in Central Pennsylvania in Prehistoric Times," The Antiquarian 1 (August 1897): 215216. Followed by Charles Laubach, "Notes on a Number of Delaware River Indian Village Sites," pp. 217 219. Laubach describes his visit to an Indian village site in Bucks County, accompanied by Mercer. 99. "The Cultural Status of Certain North American Aborigines at the Time of Columbus." The Antiquarian 1 (December 1897): 311. 100. "On the Counterfeiting of Indian Relics." American Archaeologist 2 (1898): 153154. A letter to the editor. 101. "Cave Hunting in Yucatan." Massachusetts Institute of Technology Quarterly 10 (December 1897): 353371. A lecture delivered before the Society of Arts of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 10 December 1896. HCM issued an offprint, n.d. 102. "The Kabal or Potter's Wheel of Yucatan." Bulletin of Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania 1 (December 1897): 6370. HCM issued an offprint, n.d. 103. Archaeological Books, Separata, and Pamphlets by Henry C. Mercer. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, ca. 1897.4 pp. 104. "Pioneer Tools: Fresh Studies of the Implements of the Nationmaker." Unidentified newspaper clipping, ca. 1899. Address to Mining and Metallurgical Section of the Franklin Institute, 14 December 1898. 105. "Copying Bucks County'." Daily Democrat, 29 January 1898. Unsigned, probably' by Mercer. 106. "Durham Stove Plates." BCI, 23 March 1898. 107. Light and Fire Making of the American Pioneer. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 4. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1898. Read at Teachers' Institute, Doylestown, on 25 October 1897 and then at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, on 3 December 1898. Mercer claimed to have written a preliminary account for the BCI late in 1897, but it has not been found. 108. Decorated Stoveplates of Durham. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 5. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, ca. 1898. 109. "The Bone Cave at Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, and Its Partial Excavation in 1894, 1895, and 1896." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 (1899): 269286. Paper read on 8 November 1898. 110. "Men of Science and Vivisection." Science 9 (10 February 1899): 221 223. Offprint issued by HCM. Mercer's response to a critic in Science 8 (16 December 1898): 873. 111. The Decorated Stove Plates of the Pennsylvania Germans. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 6. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1899. 112. "The Pottery of the Pennsylvania Germans." Pennsylvania German 2 (April 1901): 8688. 113. "Pennsylvania German Stove Plates." Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society for the Year 18991901. Philadelphia: Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 1901. Pp. 171172. Paper read on 5 December 1901. 114. The Decoration of Concrete with Colored Clays. Paper read before the Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturing at Niagara Falls on 12 September 1905. Doylestown, Pa.: The author. Flyer, 4 pp. 115. "In Defense of Hilprecht." Philadelphia Ledger, 20 February 1907. Defends a former colleague. 116. The Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania. Preliminary Note. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 9 February 1907. Folder. 117. "The Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg." Western Architect 10 (May 1907): 4750; and 10 (July 1907): 8184. 118. Guidebook to the Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pa., 1908. 119. "Where Concrete Stands for Concrete." Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 920. HCM reprinted with revisions. 120. "Preface to Volume One." BCHSP 1 (1908):xxxiiixxxviii. 121. "The Doanes Before the Revolution." BCHSP 1 (1908): 173181. First read to BCHS on 15 April 1884. See no. 1. 122. "The Doans and Their Times." BCHSP 1 (1908): 270282. First read to BCHS on 21 January 1885. See also no. 198. 123. "The Grave of Tamanend." BCHSP 2 (1909): 5866. First read to the BCHS on 19 July 1892. See also no. 11. 124. "Notes Taken at Random: The Sunbonnet; Indians Mining Lead; The Grasshopper War; A Lost Boundary." BCHSP 2 (1909): 122131. First read to BCHS on 18 July 1893. See also no. 23. 125. "The Red Man's Bucks County: The LenniLenape; Mounds; Graves; Implements; Shell Heaps; Savages; Blade Material; Maize; Indian Village Sites; The Man of the Trenton Graves." BCHSP 2 (1909): 267283.
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First read to BCHS on 16 July 1895. See no. 58. 126. "Folklore, Notes Taken at Random: Popular Characteristics; Popular Tales and Rhymes; The Blind Man and the Giant; Treasure Hunting; The Glass Snake; The Conquest of Fire." BCHSP 2 (1909): 406416. See no. 75. First read at BCHS on 13 August 1896. 127. "Tools of the Nationmaker." BCHSP 2 (1909): 480489. First read at BCHS on 7 October 1897. See no. 88. 128. "Tools of the Nation Maker." BCHSP 3 (1909): 469481. First read at BCHS on 28 May 1907. 129. "Brief History Talks: Cave Explorations; The Lenape Stone." BCHSP 3 (1909): 491493. First read to BCHS on 12 December 1907. 130. The Prehistoric Forest of North America; Addresses Delivered Before the Doylestown Public Schools, 1912. Three lectures. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1912. 131. The Bible in Iron; or, the Pictured Stoves and Stoveplates of the Pennsylvania Germans, with notes on Colonial Firebacks in the United States, the Tenplate Stove, Franklin's Fireplace and the Tile Stoves of the Moravians in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, Together with a List of Colonial Furnaces in the United States and Canada. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1914. 236 illus. 174 pp. Second edition, revised and enlarged, edited by Horace Mann, 1941. Third edition, revised and enlarged, edited by Joseph Sanford, 1961. 132. Thoughts on the European War of 1914. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 22 August 1914. Flyer, 4 pp. 133. The Bird's Prison. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1914. Flyer, 2 pp. First read to Doylestown Nature Club on 28 September 1914. 134. Time's Gardens. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1914. Folder, 2 pp. First read to Garden Club of Philadelphia on 1 October 1914. 135. Made in Germany. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1914. Pamphlet, 5 pp. Illustrated with stoveplates. 136. "Letter to the Editor." The [Philadelphia] Press, 15 February 1915. In defense of German citizens of the United States. 137. "Prehistoric Pottery Glaze." Unidentified newspaper clipping, 1914. Found in BCHS bound volume no. 48. 138. "The Origins of Hardiaken, a Stream in Bucks County." The [Philadelphia] Press, 17 [or 27?] July 1915. Letter to the editor. 139. "The Immediate Causes of War." The Nation 102 (13 April 1916): 406407. Letter to the editor. 140. "Notes on Decorated Mural and Pavement Tiles in the United States of America." Faenza (Bulletin of the International Museum of Ceramics in Faenza) 4 (OctoberDecember 1916): 109117. 141. "Bucks County Historical Society: Its Aims and Purposes." BCHSP 4 (1917): 3942. First read to BCHS on 5 October 1909. 142. "Memorial Tribute to General W. W. H. Davis." BCHSP 4 (1917): 157159. First read to BCHS on 17 January 1911. 143. "Pottery of the Pennsylvania Germans." BCHSP 4 (1917): 187191. First read to BCHS on 23 May 1911. 144. "Acceptance by President Henry C. Mercer [of a log house]." BCHSP 4 (1917): 198201. First read to BCHS on 23 May 1911. 145. "The Grave of Tammany." BCHSP 4 (1917): 269270. Introduction of speaker to BCHS on 16 January 1912. 146. "Open Fire Cooking in Bucks County." BCHSP 4 (1917): 312315. First read to BCHS on 12 June 1912. 147. "The Common TinderBox of Colonial Days." BCHSP 4 (1917): 359366. First read to BCHS on 22 October 1912. 148. "John Chapman: First Settler of Wrightstown." BCHSP 4 (1917): 441447. First read to BCHS on 8 November 1913. About HCM's greatgrandfather four times removed. 149. "Notes on the Moravian Pottery of Doylestown." BCHSP 4 (1917): 482487. First read to BCHS on 10 February 1914. 150. "By the Editor." BCHSP 4 (1917): 534535. Introductory comments to BCHS on 24 October 1914. Notes on items obtained from old schoolhouses at Deep Run; music lesson; piece of old stove; "goat spectacles"; zither; silver communion cup. 151. "Two Stove Plates Described." BCHSP 4 (1917): 540541. Introductory comments to BCHS on 26 January 1915. 152. HCM et al., "Remarks on the Christmas Tree." BCHSP 4 (1917): 554557. Report of BCHS meeting on 1 June 1915. 153. "Colonial Seals of Bucks County." BCHSP 4 (1917): 546551. First read to BCHS on 26 January 1915. 154. "The President's Opening Address." BCHSP 4 (1917): 570571. Address to BCHS on 25 January 1916. With remarks on old bake ovens. 155. "The Bowie and Other Knives." BCHSP 4 (1917): 612616. First read to BCHS on 17 June 1916. 156. "Presentation Address," in "The Dr. Henry C. Mercer Museum." BCHSP 4 (1917): 626643. Read to BCHS on 10 April 1916. 157. "Annual Report [of President] for 1916." BCHSP 4 (1917): 682683. 158. "Survival of Ancient Hand Corn Mills in the United States." BCHSP 4 (1917): 729735. First read to BCHS on 26 January 1917. 159. New Museum in the Bucks County Historical Society. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1918. Flyer, 3 pp. Probably by HCM. Dated 29 August. 160. The Trees of Doylestown. Doylestown, Pa.: Doylestown Democrat for the Doylestown Nature Club, 1918. 18 pp. 161. Museum Guide. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1918. Flyer, 4 pp. Unsigned, probably by HCM. 162. Historic Human Tools. BCHS, 1921. A broadside. 163. Food. Museum Guide. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, August 1921. Flyer, 4 pp. Unsigned, probably by HCM. 164. Clothing. Museum Guide. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, September 1921. Flyer, 4 pp. Unsigned, probably by HCM.
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165. Took. Museum Guide. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, January 1923. Flyer, 4 pp. Unsigned, probably by HCM. 166. The Dating of Old Houses. BCHS Contributions to American History, no. 5. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1923. 167. The Zithers of the Pennsylvania Germans. Fonthill Guide. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, 1923. First read to BCHS on 20 January 1923. See also no. 180. 168. "Ancient Carpenter's Tools." Old Time New England Bulletin of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities 15 (April 1925): 164197; 16 (July 1925): 1952; 16 (October 1925): 7597; 16 (January 1926): 118132; 16 (April 1926): 175198; 17 (October 1926): 6389; 17 (April 1927): 127191; 18 (January 1928): 114132; and 19 (July 1928): 2843. The series was not completed in favor of publishing a book (see no. 193). 169. "An Investigation of the 'Giant's Grave.'" BCHSP 5 (1926): 1113. First read to BCHS on 23 May 1917. 170. "Turnpike Roads in Bucks County." BCHSP 5 (1926): 3537. First read to BCHS on 23 May 1917. 171. "Notes by Dr. H.C. Mercer" on Dr. George M. Grim, "Cupping and Bleeding." BCHSP 5 (1926): 7172. First read at BCHS on 19 January 1918. Offprint issued by HCM. 172. "Notes on the Norse Mill." BCHSP 5 (1926): 7579. First read to BCHS on 19 January 1918. 173. "Notes of Forgotten Trades: Potter's Quern; Pie Dishes; Dog Churn; Cider Press; Querns in Green County; Niggering Logs; Milestones; Log Barns; Fiddlers; Primitive Method of Threshing Grain." BCHSP 5 (1926): 207211. Read to the BCHS between 29 January 1916 and 3 February 1918. 174. "Notes on Basket Making." BCHSP 5 (1926): 192196. Paper read to BCHS on 31 May 1919 and report of oral history demonstration by old time basketmakers on 2 August 1919. 175. "An Ancient Indian Tobacco Pipe from Bucks County." BCHSP 5 (1926): 235238. First read to BCHS on 12 June 1920. 176. "Wafer Irons." BCHSP 5 (1926): 245250. First read to BCHS on 12 June 1920. 177. "Ancient Methods of Threshing in Bucks County." BCHSP 5 (1926): 315323. First read to BCHS on 15 January 1921. 178. "A Lost Stoveplate Inscription." BCHSP 5 (1926): 388400. First read to BCHS on 21 January 1922. 179. "Notes on Adobe Bricks." BCHSP 5 (1926): 476481. Additional comments to paper on subject read by Horace Mann, 20 January 1923, written in 1925. 180. "The Zithers of the Pennsylvania Germans." BCHSP 5 (1926): 482497. First read to BCHS on 20 January 1923. See no. 167. 181. "An Attempt to Find the Site of the Indian Town of Playwicky." BCHSP 5 (1926): 500508. First read to BCHS on 16 June 1923. 182. "The Dating of Old Houses." BCHSP 5 (1926): 536549. First read at BCHS on 13 October 1923. See no. 200. 183. "The Origin of Log Houses in the United States." BCHSP 5 (1926): 568583. First read at BCHS on 19 January 1924. 184. The Origin of Log Homes in the United States. Doylestown, Pa.: The author, ca. 1926. Expanded version of no. 183, issued as a pamphlet. 31 pp. Second edition, Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1967. Also published in Old Time New England 18 (July 1927): 320 and 18 (October 1927), 5163. 185. "Recollections of Tennent School." BCHSP 5 (1926): 631641. First read at BCHS on 7 June 1924. 186. "Random Notes on Forgotten Trades: New Stove at Redding Furnace in 1749; Old Glass Works in Bucks County; Edward Marshall's Rifle; Shillalah; Doctor's Iron Mortar used for making Scythe Rifles by the Chapman Family of Wrightstown, Pa.; Axe Whetstone and Homemade Grindstones." With Horace Mann. BCHSP 5 (1926): 740745. First read at BCHS on 11 October 1924. 187. "The Colonial Carpenter." BCHSP 5 (1926): 755. Announcement of forthcoming Ancient Carpenter's Took to BCHS on 17 January 1925. 188. November Night Tales. New York: W. Neale, 1928. 244 pp. A book of short stories. 189. "Memorabilia." Notes & Queries 154 (25 February 1928): 127128. About Mercer Museum. 190. "An Old English Puzzle Latch." Notes & Queries 154 (17 March 1928): 187188. 191. "A Neolithic Industry: The Manufacture of Screws." Notes & Queries 156 (4 May 1929): 311313. 192. "The Sail Fan for Winnowing Wheat." Notes & Queries 157 (23 November 1929): 371. 193. Ancient Carpenters' Took: Illustrated and Explained Together with the Implements of the Lumberman, Joiner and Cabinet Maker, in Use in the Eighteenth Century. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1929. 301 pp. 248 illustrations. Second edition, 1950. Third edition, 1960. See no. 168. 194. Quoted in "Archaeology in the Making," Mentor 17 (June 1929): 4041. 195. "The Building of Fonthill at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1908, 1909, and 1910." In Henry Chapman Mercer, Sc.D, LL.D. Memorial Services. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 3 May 1930. 196. "The Building of Fonthill at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1908, 1909, and 1910." BCHSP 6 (1932): 321330. Reprint of no. 195. 197. The Well of Monte Corbu. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1930. Manuscript found in HCM's papers, printed posthumously. 198. "The Doans and Their Times." In The New Doane Book, ed. George Mac Reynolds, pp. 341355. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1952. See no. 122. 199. The Will and Codicils of Henry C. Mercer, died, 9 March 1930. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1958. 23 pp. and map. 200. The Dating of Old Houses. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS,
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1973. See no. 182. Reprinted as a pamphlet for the fiftieth anniversary of this paper. 28 pp. 18 illus. Publications About Mercer During His Lifetime This section contains selected publications about Mercer through 1930, the year of his death, listed chronologically. 201. "Moravian Tiles," Doylestown Daily Republican, 4 September 1899. 202. Who's Who in America, 1st ed. Chicago: A. N. Marquis Company, 1900. P. 486. 203. "The Wanamaker Store" (advertisement). Philadelphia Telegraph, February 1901. Article illustrated with drawings of Moravian Tiles, "which are the most unique ever made." 204. "'Indian House,' an Antiquarians Studio with Indian and Colonial Relics—A New Brand of Industrial Art." New York (?), 30 March 1901. Refers to Indian House as the "Mercer Museum." Clipping in MPSL. 205. Providence Art Club: Arts and Crafts Exhibition. Exhibition catalogue. Providence, R.I.: Providence Art Club, April 1901. 206. "An American Potter," House and Garden 1 (August 1901): 1219. Illustrated with eleven blackandwhite cuts, including two drawings of Indian House interior by Eyre, as well as the kiln, stove plates, and tiles. This is a key article in the Mercer literature. 207. DeKay, Charles. "Art from the Kilns." Munsey's Magazine 26 (October 1901): 4653. 208. Wynne, Madeline Yale. "The Exhibition of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society." House Beautiful 11 (January 1902): 125130. 209. Crane, Walter. "Impressions of the First International Exhibition of Modern Decorative Art at Turin." Art Journal (London), 7 (1902): 227230. 210. Coleman, Oliver. "The Mercer Tiles and Other Matters." House Beautiful 14 (July 1903): 7982. Seven blackandwhite illustrations. 211. Catalogue of An Exhibition of Arts Craftsmanship. Rochester, N.Y.: Mechanics Institute, 1903. 212. Barber, Edwin AtLee. PennsylvaniaGerman Tulip Ware. Philadelphia: Patterson and White, 1903. Cites Mercer on pp. 86, 9394, 101, and 155 as an authority on PennsylvaniaGerman redware. 213. Coleman, Oliver. "Cement Reproductions by W. R. Mercer, Jr." House Beautiful 14 (November 1903): 336338. 214. Official Catalogue of Exhibitors, Universal Exposition. St. Louis, 1904. 215. Whiting, Frederick Allen. "Arts and Crafts at Applied Arts Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition." International Studio 23 (1904): ccclxxxvii. 216. Coleman, Oliver. "A Studio in Pennsylvania." House Beautiful 15 (May 1904): 364368. 217. "Moravian Tile Works." BCI, 1 September 1904. 218. West, Max. "The Revival of Handicrafts in America." Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor 55 (November 1904): 1619. "Mention should be made of . . . the work of Messrs. Henry C. Mercer and W.R. Mercer, Jr., at Doylestown, Pa." 219. Morris, Harrison S. "Miss Violet Oakley's Mural Decorations," Century Magazine 70 (1905): 265268. Mentions HCM as one of the Pennsylvania artists of the project. 220. Le Boutillier, Addison. "Tiles in Home Decoration." Good Housekeeping 41 (August, 1905): 125129. Important article by HCM's leading competitor, illustrated with examples of Moravian and Grueby tiles, with specific ideas for interior and exterior applications. 221. "A House for Summer Occupancy." In unidentified periodical. Residence of Frederick Grinnell, Nonquit, Massachussetts, 1905, Putnam and Cox, Architects, Boston. Located in MPTW Correspondence Records, 1905: 20, MPSL. 222. American Men of Science, 1 ed. (1906), p. 326, through 4th ed. (1927), p. 663. 223. Caffin, Charles H. Handbook of the New Capitol of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pa.: Mt. Pleasant Press, 1906. pp. 2122. Mercer wrote the "Preliminary Note" (see no. 116) and his own Guidebook (see no. 118) to rebut Caffin's misleading and inaccurate statements that his tiles were "made in the manner of the pottery tiles, introduced into Pennsylvania by the early Moravian settlers" and "a translation into colored pottery of the woodcuts of the chapbooks that were peddled through the country.'' Mercer was offended by Caffin's inference that his concept for the tiles was not original. 224. Price, William L. "The Possibilities of Concrete Construction from the Standpoint of Utility and Art." American Architect 89 (7 April 1906): 120. 225. Pennsylvania State Capitol Guide Book. Harrisburg, Pa., 1906. Pp. 1011. 226. G.B. "A Fireproof Country House, Property of J.J. Storrow, Esq." Indoors and Out 1 (January 1906): 155164. 15 illus. The Boston architects Winslow and Bigelow used Mercer's tiles to embellish exterior walls and to pave the main hall and loggia floors. 227. O'Hagen, Anne. "The Treasures of Fenway Court." Munsey's Magazine 34 (March 1906): 660. 228. Le Boutillier, Addison. "Modern Tiles." Architectural Review [Boston] 13 (September 1906): 117121. 229. Priestman, Mabel Tuek. "History of the Arts and Crafts Movement in America." House Beautiful 20 (October 1906): 1516; 20 (November 1906): 1416. Brief mention only. 230. Howland, Howard J. "A Costly Triumph." Outlook 85 (26 January 1907): 192210. 231. de Kay, Charles. "The Arts and Crafts in America: Pottery as Fine Art." Putnam's Monthly 1 (January 1907): 403. 232. "A TileConcrete Roof." Cement Age 4 (April 1907): 248249. 233. "Pennsylvania Historical Societies: Their Aims and Their Work—The Bucks County Historical Society
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and Its Unique Museum," The PennsylvaniaGerman 8 (August 1907): 381383. Quotes Mercer at length on how he started collecting tools. 234. Hocker, Edward W. "How an Archaeologist Became a Craftsman and Developed a New ArtIndustry." The Craftsman 12 (August 1907): 549551. Paraphrased from other sources. 235. Ingham, John Hall. Moravian Tiles and Mosaics, advertising brochure, ca. 1908. Illustrated. 4 pp. 236. Moyer, Albert. Concrete Surface Finishes, advertising folder. Philadelphia and New York: Vulcanite Portland Cement Company, ca. 1908. Illustrates Mercer's tiles. 237. "Studio Talk: Philadelphia." International Studio 33 (January 1908): 247249. Illustrates four mosaics: Columbus Leaving Spain, Dragonfly, Spinning Flax, and the American Indian fireplace. 238. Lesley, Robert W. "The Frank Use of Concrete." Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 3. Editorial. 239. Moyer, Albert. "An Artistic True Concrete Residence." Cement Age 6 (January 1908): 5661. About Moyer's house in South Orange, N.J. Same illustrations of Mercer's tiles as no. 236. 240. Lesley, Robert W. "A Concrete House." Cement Age 8 (May 1909): 321331. 241. Lesley, Robert W. "An Attractive Concrete Bench." Cement Age 9 (August 1909): 131132. Illustrates a bench on the Elkins estate. 242. Lelsey, Robert W. "A Private Garage of Solid Reinforced Concrete." Cement Age 9 (August 1909): 133. 243. "Moravian Pottery." Keramic Studio 11 (August 1909): 7980. Illustrates American Indian fireplace, Departure of Columbus, balcony of Desdemona, concrete flower boxes, and Fonthill. 244. "Outdoor Museum to Show State Historical Relics." Philadelphia North American, 26 November 1910. Describes Indian House. 245. Edson, Mira Burr. "A Logical Decoration for Modern Architectural Needs—The Growing Popularity of Moravian Tiles." Arts and Decoration 1 (September 1911): 435437. 246. Pennypacker, Samuel W. The Desecration and Profanation of the Pennsylvania Capitol. Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1911. 247. RandallMacIver, David, and C. Leonard Woolley. Areika Philadelphia: University Museum, 1911. Pp. 1617. Credits Mercer for discovering the secret of the blackbordered Haematitic wares of the Nubian potters and quotes Mercer's description of his experiments to reproduce the process. 248. "Unique House Attracts Many." Philadelphia Bulletin, 29 July 1911. 249. "Some Philadelphia Craft Organizations: The Arts and Crafts Guild of Philadelphia." Handicraft 5 (May 1912): 19. Mercer decorated its fireplace. 250. Taylor, W. T. "Personal Architecture: The Evolution of an Idea in the House of H. C. Mercer, Esq., Doylestown, Pa." Architectural Record 33 (March 1913): 242254. Taylor states: "In many ways it [Fonthill] flies defiantly in the face of all precedent, but in an equal number of points its growth is from stronger and better based convictions than govern the greater part of our more widely accepted American architecture." 251. American Architect 103 (2 April 1913): 176177. Photo of Fonthill. The editor (G. E. Sly) criticizes Taylor on Fonthill (no. 249) as "an architectural subject so crude in its design to fairly reek." 252. Reilly, Andrew J. "A Visit to Doylestown." Clipping from unidentified newspaper, 28 November 1914. MPSL. 253. Exhibition of Tiles. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Museum of Art, 1915. 254. Shipper, Peggy. Sunday Public Ledger, 11 July 1915. Describes visit to Fonthill and construction of Mercer Museum. 255. "Tile Resources in Surface Embellishment." Architectural Record 36 (November 1914): 421430. Illustrated with Bible, New World, American Indian, and other brocade installations. Mentions Fonthill but not Mercer by name. 256. House and Garden 29 (April 1916): 19. Photo of Fonthill interior, Columbus Room. 257. "Picture Fireplaces: Illustrating Stories for Sitting Room, Library, and Nursery," The Craftsman 31 (December 1916): 247288. 258. Adler, Hazel H. The New Interior: Modern Decoration Jar the Modern Home. New York: Century Company, 1916. Pp. 16, 36. Photo Saloon in Fonthill. 259. Adler, Hazel H. "The Decorative Arts in America." International Studio 60 (January 1917): lxxvii. Photograph of Lazurus fireplace in Saloon at Fonthill. 260. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Supplement. 1917. P. 284. Mistakes the origins of Mercer's stoveplate tiles. 261. Encyclopedia of American Biography. 2nd ed. 1918. P. 479. 262. Tachau, Hanna. "Decorative Tiles Inside and Out the House," House and Garden 39 (January 1921): 4647. 263. Tachau, Hanna. "America Rediscovers Tiles." International Studio 75 (March 1922): 7478. 264. Donehoo, George P. Description of the Capitol at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with an Outline of the State Government. Harrisburg, Pa.: State Library, 1923. 265. Lowrie, Sarah D. "As One Woman Sees It: Henry Mercer's Home in Doylestown Is a Delightful Place to Visit, Providing Beauty to Please the Eyes and Material to Please the Brain." Philadelphia Public Ledger, 3 December 1923. 266. Lucas, Alfred. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. New York and London: Longmans, Green, 1926). Quotes H. L. [sic] Mercer in David Randall MacIver and C. L. Woolley, Areika (1911). See no. 246. 267. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 7 August 1928. Article about Mercer. 268. Ostrelenk, Bernard. "The Henry C. Mercer Museum." Agricultural History 3 (January 1929): 2932. 269. "Archaeology in the Making." The Mentor 17 (June 1929): 4041. With a long quote by Mercer.
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270. American Council of Learned Societies. Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Scribner's, 1933. Vol. 1. 271. Wister, Owen, Frank Swain, et al. Memorial Services Jar Henry Chapman Mercer. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1930. Reprinted in BCHSP 6 (1932): 304 305. 272. "Henry Chapman Mercer." Antiques 17 (May 1930): 41. An obituary. 273. Moyer, Albert. "Henry Chapman Mercer." Science 71 (16 May 1930): 498499. 274. Baxter, Sylvester. "An American Palace of Art: Fenway Court, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in the Fenway, Boston." The Century 67 (1930): 362 382. Primary Sources—Collections 1. Spruance Library, Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pa. Fonthill Manuscripts; Mercer Papers, MERCER series; Moravian Pottery and Tile Works Records; photograph collections; scrapbooks; magazine and newspaper collections; local history collections. 2. Mercer Museum, Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, Pa. Registrar's files; photograph archives; Mercer tile and pottery collection; PennsylvaniaGerman redware collection. 3. Fonthill Museum, Doylestown, Pa. Archives; Mercer tile and pottery collection; Mercer's glaze sample collection; Mercer artifacts and memorabilia collection; Mercer's library (approximately 6,000 volumes; catalogue in Spruance Library); photograph collection; print collection. 4. Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, Doylestown, Pa. Archives; original molds, tiles, and tools; photograph collection; MPTW records (in the care of Spruance Library). 5. British Museum, Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, London. Archives; medieval tile collection. 6. Society of Antiquaries, London. Alwyn Compton collection of medieval tile tracings and rubbings. 7. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia. Archives. 8. Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston. Archives in Boston Public Library and on microfilm, Archives of American Art. Other Sources Abbott, Charles Conrad. "Cornstalk Fiddles." Republic. Unidentified newspaper clipping in MPSL. Alexander, Michael, ed. Discovering the New World, Based on the Works of Theodore De Bry. London: London Editions, 1976. Axlerod, Alan, ed. The Colonial Revival in America. Winterthur: Winterthur Museum, 1985. Ayers, William, ed. A Poor Sort of Heaven, A Good Sort of Earth: The Rose Valley Arts and Crafts Experiment. Chadd's Ford, Pa.: Brandywine River Museum, 1983. Barber, Edwin AtLee. Marks of American Potters, with Facsimiles of 1,000 Marks and Illustrations of Rare Examples of American Wares. Philadelphia: Patterson and White, 1904. ———. The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 3rd ed., rev. and enl. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909. Barnard, Julian. Victorian Ceramic Tiles. Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1972. Barnes, Benjamin H. The Moravian Pottery: Memories of FortySir Years. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1970. Barnes, Roger. "Fonthill: Romanticism and Ingenuity Cast in Reinforced Concrete." Fine Homebuilding December 1981January 1982, pp. 2935. Benzoni, Di M. Girolamo. La Historia del Mondo Nuono. F. Rampazetto: Venetia, 1565. Translation (of 1572 edition) by W. H. Smith. London, 1857. Boris, Eileen Cynthia. Art and Labor: John Ruskin, William Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986. Bottle Ovens. Longton, StokeonTrent: Gladstone Property Museum, 1984. Brandt, Beverly. "The Essential Link: Boston Architects and the Society of Arts and Crafts, 18971917." Tiller 2 (SeptemberOctober 1983): 23. ———. ". . . Mutually Helpful Relations: Architects, Craftsmen, and the Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston 18971917." Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1984. Brongniart, Traité des Arts Céramics ou des Poteries. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1823. Bronner, Simon J. "Stewart Culin, Museum Magician." Pennsylvania Heritage 11 (Summer 1985): 411. Bruhn, Thomas P. American Decorative Tiles, 18701930. Exhibition catalogue. Storrs, Conn.: William Benton Museum of Art, 1979. ———. American Etching: The 1880s. Exhibition catalogue. Storrs, Conn.: William Benton Museum of Art, 1985. Brunk, Thomas W. "Pewabic Pottery." Arts and Crafts in Detroit, 19061976. Exhibition catalogue. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, 1976. ———. Pewabic Pottery: Marks and Labels. Detroit: Historic Indian Village Press, 1978. Caffin, Charles H. Pennsylvania State Capitol Guide Book. Harrisburg, Pa., 1906. Catleugh, John. William De Morgan Tiles. London: Trefoil, 1983. Chase, George H. "The Fine Arts." In Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., The Development of Harvard University Since the Inauguration of President Elliot, 1869 1929. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930. Cieza de Leon, Pedro de. Parte Primera de la Chronica del Peru . . . Seville, 1553. Clark, Garth, with Margie Hughto. A Century of Ceramics in the United States, 18791979. New York: Dutton, 1979.
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Clark, Robert Judson. The Arts and Crafts Movement in America, 18761916. Exhibition catalogue. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. Cram, Ralph Adams. Church Building. 3rd ed. Boston: Marshall, Jones Co., 1924. Davis, W. W. H. "Doylestown, Old and New." BCHSP 3 (1909): 245. De Bry, Theodore. Grande et Petites Voyages. Frankfort, 1598. Dieter, Gerald W. The Bible in Tile. Doylestown: Consistory Salem United Church of Christ, 1957. Dietz, Ulysses G. The Newark Museum Collection of American Art Pottery. Newark, N.J.: Newark Museum, 1984. Pp. 7680. Duemler, Ginger. The Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania. State College, Pa.: Pennsylvania Guild of Craftsmen, 1975. Dyke, Linda. "Henry Chapman Mercer, 1870." Mercer Mosaic 1 (1984): 1415; 2 (JanuaryFebruary 1985): 1418; 2 (MarchApril): 1617; 2 (MayJune 1985): 1920; 2 (NovemberDecember 1985): 2425; 3 (JanuaryFebruary 1986): 2326; 3 (MarchApril 1986): 4954; 3 (MayJune 1986): 8082; 3 (JulyAugust 1986): 113115; and 3 (SeptemberOctober): 136138. ———. "Three Themes in Henry Mercer's Art." Mercer Mosaic 2 (JulyAugust 1985): 411. ———. "The Travels of Henry C. Mercer: Voyage to Egypt, 1882." BCHSJ 2 (1980): 291305. Eames, Elizabeth. English Medieval Tiles. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985. ———. Catalogue of Medieval LeadGlazed Earthenware Tiles in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, British Museum. 2 vol. London: British Museum, 1980. ———. Medieval Tiles: A Handbook. London: BM, 1968. ———. "The Products of a Medieval Tile Kiln at Bawsey, King's Lynn." Antiques Journal 35 (1955): 162180. Eastlake, Charles Locke. Hints on Household Taste. London, 1868. American edition, Boston: James Osgood, 1872. Edwards, Robert. The Byrdcliffe Arts and Crafts Colony: Life by Design. Exhibition catalogue. Wilmington, Del.: Delaware Art Museum, 1984. Eidelberg, Martin. "The Ceramic Art of William H. Grueby." American Connoisseur 184 (September 1973): 4854. Ellis, Elsa Rapp. "Records from the Moravian Tile Works." BCHSJ 1 (1973): 1217. Enfield Pottery and Tile Works. Catalogue. Laverock, Pa.: Joseph H. Dulles Allen, n.d. Evans, Paul. Art Pottery of the United States. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974. Fidler, John. "The Manufacture of Architectural Terracotta and Faience in the United Kingdom." Association for Prevention Journal 15 (1983): 28. Forrer, Robert. Geschichte der Europaischen. Strasbourg, 1901. Fowler, James. "On Medieval Representations of the Months and Seasons." Archaeologia 44 (1973): 137224. Fox, Claire Gilbride. "Henry Chapman Mercer: Tilemaker, Collector, and Builder Extraordinary." Antiques 104 (October 1973): 678685. Furnival, William James. History, Materials, Manufacturing, and Use of Ornamental Flooring Tiles, Ceramic Mosaic and Decorative Tiles and Faience. 3 vols. Staffordshire: Furnival, 1904. ———. Leadless Decorative Tiles, Faience and Mosaics. London: Stone, 1904. Gabriel, Cleota Reed. The Arts and Crafts Ideal: The Ward House, An Architect and His Craftsmen. Exhibition catalogue. Syracuse, N.Y.: Institute for the Development of Evolutive Architecture, 1978. ———. "The Moravian Tiles of Henry Chapman Mercer." Tape/slide program in A Catalogue of Audio Visual Aids for the Ceramic Arts. Claremont, Calif.: Ceramics Arts Library, 1980. Garwood, Dorothy. "Mary Chase Stratton." Ceramics Monthly, September 1983, p. 31. Gaunt, William, and M. D. E. ClaytonStamm. William De Morgan: PreRaphaelite Ceramics. Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1971. Gebhard, David. "The Spanish Colonial Revival in Southern California (18951930)." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 26 (May 1967): 131147. Gemmill, Helen Hartman. "The Cigar Box Papers." Mercer Mosaic 2 (1985): 5. ———. E.L.: The Bread Box Papers. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1983. ———. "Elizabeth L. Lawrence: Dr. Mercer's 'Auntie Mame.'" BCHSJ 2 (Spring 1978): 6389. ———. "Henry C. Mercer: Naturalist Extraordinary." The Green Scene 8 (1979): 2628. Githens, Alfred Morton. "Wilson Eyre, Jr.: His Work." In The Architectural Annual 1900. Philadelphia: Architectural League of America, 1900. Goldner, Steven. "The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works." Ceramics Monthly 26 (1978): 4556. Graves, William Hagerman. "Pottery: Its Limitations and Possibilities." Handicraft 2 (March 1904): 253. Harshberger, John W. "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania: IX. Arboretum at Aldie near Doylestown, Pennsylvania." The Garden Magazine, July 1921, pp. 326329. Henderson, Helen W. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Other Collections of Philadelphia. Boston: L.C. Page, 1911. High Styles: Twentieth Century Design. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Whitney Museum of Art, 1985. Hobson, R. L. The Collection of English Pottery in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum. London, 1903. Hommel, Rudolph. China at Work. Doylestown, Pa.: John Day Company, 1937. Reissue, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970. Hoppin, Martha J. "Women Artists in Boston, 18701900: The Pupils of William Morris Hunt." American Art Journal 13 (Winter 1981): 1746. Huston, John. Literature in Stone. By the author, 1892. Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick William. The Ceramic Art of Great Britain. 2 vols. London: Virtue & Co., 1878.
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Kaplan, Wendy et al. The Art That is Life: The Arts and Crafts Movement in America, 18751920. Exhibition catalogue. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1987. Keen, Kirsten Hoving. American Art Pottery. Exhibition catalogue. Wilmington: Delaware Art Museum, 1978. Pp. 5460. Kitton, Frederic G. Dickens and His Illustrators. London: George Redway, 1899. Klein, H. M. J., and William F. Dillon. History of St. James Church. Lancaster, Pa.: The Vestry, 1944. Kleinsasser, William. "Poured Concrete Eclecticism." Connection 4 (Fall 1967): 1620. Kovel, Ralph and Terry. The Kovels Collector's Guide to American Art Pottery. New York: Crown, 1974. Lane, Arthur. A Guide to the Collection of Tiles. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1939. Second edition, 1960. Lawfer, L. R. "The Other Mercer." Bucks County Panorama 17 (April 1975): 2023. Ludwig, Coy. The Arts and Crafts Movement in New York State 1890s1920s. Exhibition catalogue. Hamilton, N.Y.: Gallery Association of New York State, 1984. Madiera, Percy C., Jr. Men in Search of Man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964. Magnus, Olaus. Historia. Rome, 1567. Translation, History of the Goths. London, 1650 and 1658. Mason, J. Alden. "Henry Chapman Mercer, 18561930." Pennsylvania Archeologist Bulletin 26 (1956): 153165. Masterson, James R. Tall Tales of Arkansas. Boston: Chapman and Grimes, 1942. Expanded and republished as Arkansas Folklore. Little Rock, Ark.: Rose Publishing Co., 1974. McNealy, Terry, ed. Guide to the Microfilm of the Papers of Henry C. Mercer and the Records of the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1985. Meline, Elva. "Art Tile in California: The Work of E. A. Batchelder." Spinning Wheel 27 (November 1971): 810, 65. Morgan, William. "Henry Chapman Mercer '79." Harvard Bulletin, 10 August 1970, pp. 2729. Morison, Samuel Eliot, ed. The Development of Harvard University Since the Inauguration of President Eliot, 18691929. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930. Myers, Richard and Hillary. "Morris and Company Ceramic Tiles." Journal of the Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society 1 (1982): 17. Nayler, Gillian. The Arts and Crafts Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971. Nichols, John Gough. Examples of Decorative Tiles, Sometimes Termed Encaustic. London: J. B. Nichols and Son, 1845. Nicholson, H. B. "Montezuma's Zoo." Pacific Discovery, July 1955, pp. 311. Oxford History of Technology, III. New York: Oxford, 1959. Pearce, Clark. Addison Le Boutillier, Andover Artist and Craftsman. Exhibition catalogue. Andover, Mass.: Andover Historical Society, 1987. Pears, Lillian Myers. The Pewabic Pottery: A History of Its Products and Its People. Des Moines: Wallace Homestead Books, 1976. Peck, Herbert. The Book of Rookwood Pottery. New York: Crown, 1968. Pevsner, Nikolaus. Pioneers of Modern Design. Rev. ed. London: Penguin Books, 1960. Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984. Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art. Exhibition catalogue. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976. Piccolpasso, Cipriano. The Three Books of the Potter's Art. Translated by Bernard Rackham and Albert Van de Put. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1934. Pierce, Gilbert A. Dickens Dictionary. Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1872, and London: Chapman and Hall, 1878. Poesch, Jessie. Newcomb Pottery. Exton, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing, 1984. Raby, Frederic J. E., and Paul K. Baillie Reynolds. Castle Acre Priory. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1952. Ramsey, John. American Potters and Pottery. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ars Ceramica, 1976. First published in Boston, 1939. Reed, Cleota. "Henry Chapman Mercer." American Ceramics 4 (1985): 4651. ———. "Henry C. Mercer's Letters to Sir Hercules Read." BCHSJ 2 (1980): 272290. ———. "Irene Sargent: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Her Published Writings." The Courier 18 (Spring 1981): 925. ———. "Irene Sargent: Rediscovering a Lost Legend." The Courier 16 (Summer 1979): 313. ———. "On the Trail of the Arkansas Traveller." Proceedings of the Nineteenth North American Print Conference, 1987. New Orleans: Historic New Orleans, in press. ———. "William B. Ittner and Henry C. Mercer: The Architecture and Art of the Erie Public Schools, 19151920." Journal of Erie Studies 11 (Fall 1982): 3253. Reed, Cleota, and Linda Dyke. "Henry Chapman Mercer's Travels Abroad: A Preliminary Chronology." BCHSJ 2 (1980): 306307. Rhodes, Dan. Kilns: Design, Construction, and Operation. Philadelphia: Chilton, 1968. ———. Stoneware and Porcelain. Philadelphia: Chilton, 1959. Richards, George Warren. History of the Theological Seminary. Lancaster, Pa., 1952. Rosenstein, Donna Gail. "'Historic Human Tools': Henry Chapman Mercer and His Collection, 18971930." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1977. Sanford, Joseph E. Henry Chapman Mercer: A Study. Doylestown, Pa.: BCHS, 1966. Schwind, Arlene Palmer. "Pennsylvania German Earthenware." Arts of Pennsylvania Germans. Winterthur: Winterthur Museum, 1983. Spain, May R. "The Society of Arts and Crafts 18791924." Society of Arts and Crafts Annual Reports, 19111924. Boston, 1924. Stradling, Diana, and J. G. Stradling. "Preface." In Edwin AtLee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: . . . Combined with Marks of American Potters. New York: Feingold and Lewis, 1976.
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Strong, Susan R. History of American Ceramics: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J., and London: Scarecrow Press, 1983. Sturtevant, William C. "First Visual Images of Native America." In Fredi Chaippeli, ed., First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old. 2 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976. Taft, Lisa Factor. Herman Carl Mueller: Architectural Ceramics and the Arts and Crafts Movement. Exhibition catalogue. Trenton: New Jersey State Museum, 1979. ———. "Herman Carl Mueller (18541941), Innovator in the Field of Architectural Ceramics." Ph.D dissertation, Ohio State University, 1979. Tatham, David. "Edward Hicks, Elias Hicks, and John Comly: Perspectives on the Peaceable Kingdom Theme." American Art Journal 15 (Spring 1981): 3738. Teitelman, Edward. "Wilson Eyre in Camden." Winterthur Portfolio 15 (Autumn 1980): 230231. Thompson, Neville. "Addison B. Le Boutillier: Developer of Grueby Tiles." Tiller 1 (NovemberDecember 1982): 27. Toussaint, Manuel, Justino Fernández, and Frederico Gómez de Orozeo. Planos de la ciudad de Mexico. Mexico: XVI Congreso International de Planificatión y de la Habitación, 1938. Townsend, Everett. "Development of the Tile Industry in the United States." American Ceramic Society Bulletin 22 (15 May 1943): 125152. Troyen, Carol, and Pamela S. Tabbaa. The Great Boston Collectors: Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1985. Ulehla, Karen Evans. The Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston: Exhibition Record, 19871927. Boston: Boston Public Library, 1981. Vanderbilt, Kermit. Charles Eliot Norton: Apostle of Culture in a Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1959. Webster, James Carson. The Labors of the Month in Antique and Medieval Art to the End of the 12th Century. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1938. Weidner, Ruth Irwin. American Ceramics Before 1930: A Bibliography. Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1982. Weiss, Peg, ed. Glory in Porcelain: Adelaide Alsop Robineau. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1981. Weitze, Karen J. California's Mission Revival. Los Angeles: Hennesey and Ingalls, 1984. Whitehall, Walter Muir. Boston: A Topographical History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968. ———. Museum of Fine Arts Boston: A Centennial History. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970. Winsor, Justin. Memorial History of Boston. 4 vols. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1881. ———. Narrative and Critical History of America. 8 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 18841889. Wires, Stanley E. "Decorative Tiles, Part III." New England Architect and Builder 16 (1960): 1526. Wolf, Edwin, II. Annual Report of the Library Company. Philadelphia, 1979. Wust, Klaus German. Zion in Baltimore, 17551955: The Bicentennial History of the Earliest GermanAmerican Church in Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore, 1955.
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INDEX A Abbey, Edwin Austin, 105 Abbott, Charles Conrad, M.D., 14, 15, 16, 153 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15 Adams, Henry, Democracy, 9 "Aldie," 9, 13, 16, 19, 43, 4546, 11314, 133; description of, 9; fate of, 9, 23; residence of William Mercer, Jr., 19, 23; as Victorian architecture, 23 Adams, Margaret Agnew (Mrs. J. Howe Adams), 14445; picture book fireplace at Dingley Dell, 145 Alhambra, 62, 93 American aboriginal pottery, theme for Mercer, 226 American Archaeological Society, 93 American Architect, 115 American Encaustic Tiling Company, 36, 83 American Naturalist, 15 Andrew, W. J., 96 Appleton, Thomas Gold, 9, 30 Archaeological Association, 13 Archaeology, prehistoric, 13; methods and principles, 13 Architectural League and Arts Club, 76, 79 Architectural Review, 81 Architecture, preservation of American vernacular, 6 Art Deco (style), 28, 226 Art Journal, 76 Art Moderne (style), 28 Art Pottery, 35, 227; Mercer's attempts, 64, 225; Mercer's method, 6465; modified technique, 63; movement, 39; transition to Arts and Crafts tiles, 35 Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society of London, 30, 31 Arts and Crafts movement, aesthetic, 21, 25, 165; American, 6; antimachinery, 108; architecture, 27; architecture and craft, 30; business side, 47, 74; death of, 74; decoration, 144; design principles, 64; dissatisfaction with, 27; emblems, 100101; English, 29, 30; exhibition decline, 79; first exhibition based on ideals, 30; house, 2728, 31, 100; House and Garden magazine, 43; ideals, 81, 83, 88; industrial education, 83; influence, 2829; Mercer as major figure, 25, 28, 122; "Mission" furniture, 28; motifs, 81, 160; people in movement, 27, 43; philosophy, 80; publications, 75, 79; sensibility, 28; social theory, 28; societies, 28, 34, 75, 81; taste, 39, 81, 92, 126; tiles in context, 7, 34, 74, 81 Arts and Crafts tiles, 35; definition of, 3536; interrelationships, 80; Mercer's work in comparison with others, 75 Associated Artists in New York, 30 Atwood, Eugene A., 80 B Baccani, Gaetano, 9 Barber, Edwin AtLee, 37, 88; collection, 3839, 41 Barnard, George Grey, 104 Barnes, Benjamin, 22, 23, 24, 56, 61, 73 Bartleman, Frank, 44, 46 Batchelder, Ernest, 79; design teacher, 82; floor tiles, 82 Beckford, William, of Fonthill Abbey, 19 Bell, Ralcy Husted, 98 Benton, Thomas Hart, 157 Bergey, Benjamin, 40 Bloomfield, Charles A., 82 Boston Architectural Club, 30 Boston Athenaeum, 29 Boston Public Library, 105 Bottger, Hans, 38 Bowman, John C., 136 Bradley, Will, 27 Bragdon, Claude, 27 Brandt, Beverly, 92 Briddes, John, 45, 67, 72; kiln designer, 70, 72 Brimmer, Martin, 30 Brinton, Daniel G., 13, 14 British Museum (BM), 6061, 195 Brongniart, Alexander, 44; Mercer's comments, 98; responsible for Sevres porcelain, 44 Browne, Hablot Knight ("Phiz"), 145; works of, 146 Bruhn, Thomas, 35 Brutalism (style), 116 Buckman, Pierce, 66 Bucks County (Pa.), 3, 8, 9, 12, 22, 130, 160, 217; Bicentennial exhibition, 11; clay, 42, 66; contributions to Fonthill, 114; folk potteries, 37, 44; Historical Society of, 3, 5, 7, 16, 18, 39, 138, 160; Mercer's collections, 17, 18, 30; Mercer's standing, 18, 19; museum, 82; publication of catalogue, 17, 19 Bulger, William, 76 BurneJones, Edward, 29 Buss, Robert W., 145 C Cabot, Samuel, 109
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Calder, Alexander, 43 Cantigalli, Ulisse, 42, 43, 236 Carey, Arthur Astor, 10, 30, 4647 Carnegie Public Library (Saugerties, N.Y.), 14748 Cedar Park, 7 Cement Age, 114, 116, 117, 120, agent for Pottery, 46, 76 Craftsman, The, 75, 143 Cram, Ralph Adams, 31, 82, 99 Culin, Stewart, 14, 22, 93; relations with Mercer, 15, 18, 22 Currier & Ives, 151 D D'Amboise, Jacques, 98 Dana, Martha. See Mercer, Martha Dana. Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, 148 De Bry, Theodore, 134 Delaherche, Auguste, 80 De Morgan, William, 22, 3334, 46; alliance with Mercer, 4243; correspondence, 235; decorating handpainted tiles, 42; glazing methods, 33, 45; mass production of tiles, 32, 42 Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, 82 Deumler, Ginger, 217 Dewey, John, 110 Diehi, George, 37 Donatello, 80 Dorr, Dalton, 39 Doylestown (Pa.), 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 19, 22, 43, 66, 79, 82; foundry, 45; Nature Club, 23, 24; proximity to Portland, Pa., 114 E Earth vaulting, 118, 120 Eastlake, Sir Charles, 32 Eliot, Charles W., 25 Elkms, George, 114, 120 Ellis, Harvey, 27 Enlightenment, the, 160 Etching, American revival, 10 Eyre, Wilson, 27, 114; encouragement of Mercer, 43; use of tiles in his work, 43, 61 F Faulkner, Waldron, 110 Fenway Court, commission of Mercer tiles, 47; Mercer tile pavings, 99, 104 Florence (Italy), 7, 8; ceramists, 42; sites of art and architecture, 9 Folk art, American, 13; Scandinavian, Hazelius's museum, 18 Fonthill, 3, 5, 6, 810, 2123, 80, 84, 113, 133, 211, 225; Bow Room, 122, 130, 133; brocade tiles, 117, 122, 133, 143; building plan, 53; Colonial Revival elements, 147; Columbus Room, 123, 125, 130, 133, 134; design of, 114; handcrafted, 114; historical tiles, 21, 62; installation of the pottery, 19, 49, 51; mosaics, 95, 217; naming of, 19; New World motif, 133; October panels, 158; preservation of, 74; Romantic style, 114; tile museum, 114 Forrer, Robert, 98 Four Seasons, standardized fireplace, 163; theme of, 15960 Fraley and Hollingsworth (law firm), 10 FrancoPrussian War, 8 Frank, George Jacob, 73, 129 Franklin and Marshall College, HCM's honorary doctorate, 21 Franks, Augustus Wollaston, 96, 99 Free Museum of Science and Art. See University Museum. French, Daniel Chester, 106 "Frosterly," Chapman family residence, Doylestown (Pa.), 9 G Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 22, 31; for museum, see Fenway Court. Garwood, Dorothy, 84 Gentleman's Magazine, 96 Germanisches NationalMuseum in Nuremberg (GNM), 195 Gilbert, Cass, 82 Gill, Irving, 27, 31, 100 Glaze, application of, 69; color variation, 69; combination with slip, 6768; De Morgan formula, 45, 68; lost formulas, 40; Mercer's struggle with, 44, 45, 55; Mercer's success, 46, 48, 67; mezzo tint, 68; PennsylvaniaGerman, 44; tile paving, 97; toxicity, 67 Goodhue, Bertram, 31, 99 Gothic Revival (style), 9, 32; Albury House, 13; Fonthill Abbey, 19 Grant, Adolph, 76 Graves, William Hagerman, 74, 80, 81, 84; letter from Mercer, 236 Green, Guy, 32 Greene, Charles Sumner, 27 Greene, Henry Mather, 27 Gross, Mrs. A. Hailer, 134, 220; remodeling of Harewood, 134 Grueby, William, 63, 82, 83; death of, 81; enamelist, 80; influenced by Delaherche, 80; responsible for shift to Arts and Crafts pottery, 80 Grueby Faience Company, 74, 75, 76; architectural faience, 80; established, 80; financial difficulties, 82; production of arts and crafts tiles, 81; sold out, 82 Guggenheim Museum. See Wright, Frank Lloyd. H Haematitic Ware, 226 Handicraft, 99 Handicraft Guild of Minneapolis, 82 Harrisburg (Pa.). See Huston, Joseph M. Harstine, Stewart D., 3940 Herstine, Cornelius, 37, 38 Herstine, David, 37, 3940, 42 Holiday, Henry, 29 Holmes, William H., 226 Hommel, Rudolf, 23 Hoppin, Augustin, 148 House and Garden, 39, 41, 76; founding of, 43 House Beautiful, 75 Hughes, Thomas, teacher of Mercer, 8 Humanism, meanings within, 160 Hunt, William Morris, 30 Huston, Joseph M., 103; architect for Pennsylvania capitol, Harrisburg, 106; use of Moravian tiles in Harrisburg, 10305, 107, 133, 161, 217, 225 I "Indian House," 16, 19, 3940, 79; abandonment of, 49; arts and crafts building, 50; conversion to pottery, 43, 44, 49; installation of kilns, 19, 42, 45, 5051, 6970; logo, 130; new Indian House, 54; prototype for Moravian Pottery, 49; record of experiments, 231 Industrial Revolution, 27, 38 Ingham, John Hall, 13, 99; agent for the Pottery, 76; Moravian tile dealership, 13 International Studio, 75, 79 Irving, Washington, influence on Mercer, 148 Isarborn, Baron Hubert Fidler von, 13; marriage to sister Elizabeth, 13 Italian Renaissance (style), modular scheme, 133; terracotta in, 80 Ittner, William B., 161 J Jayne, Horace, 23, director of University Museum, 23 Johnson, Henry Lewis, 30 K Kahn, Albert, 114 Kellogg, William W., Inc., Mercer's agents, 79 Kendrick, George Prentiss, 80, 81
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Kilns, bottle, 70; building, 45, 6970; kerosene, 44; muffle, 44; saggers, 68 69 King, C. W., 217 Kirchmayer, I., 32 L LaFarge, John, 29, 105; interior of Trinity Church, 29 Lamb, Frederick Stymetz, 76 Landis Valley Museum, 54 Langenbeck, Karl, 83 Laurentian Library, Florence, 8 Lawrence, Elizabeth Chapman (Aunt Lela) (HCM's maternal aunt), 710, 18, 29, 30, 42, 43, 45, 235; death of, 19, 130; dedicatee of Columbus Room, 12930; "Madeleine Lee" in Adams's Democracy, 9 Lawrence, Timothy Bigelow, 7; American diplomat, 7; collection of arms and armor, 29 Le Boutillier, Addison B., 81 Lela, Aunt. See Lawrence, Elizabeth Chapman. Lenape Stone, 12; owner of, 18; wouldbe Stone, 22 Leslie, Robert, 114 Library of Congress, 106 Lincoln, President Abraham, 7 Linden cottage, 133 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 10 Long, Laura. See Swain, Laura Long. Long, Rev. Mahlon, teacher of Mercer, 8 Longfellow, A. W., 31 Low, John Gardner, 34 Low, J. & J. G. Art Tile Works, 3334, 80 Ludwig, Coy, 80 Lurman, Frances, 10, 13, 2224, 130 M Majolica, 42 Mason, J. Alden, 15 Mann, Horace, curator of Mercer Museum, 22 Material Culture, American, 6; recording of, 6, 151 McCall, Peter, 10 McGinty, Barnard, 191 McLaughlin, Mary Louise, 35 Mercer, Elizabeth (Lela) (HCM's sister), 7; marriage, 13 Mercer, Major George Douglas (HCM's uncle), 151 Mercer, Henry Chapman, Ancient Carpenters' Tools, 2324, 163; archaeologist, 6, 12, 1415; Arkansas Traveller, 15152, 157; The Bible in Iron, 90, 13637, 139; The Bible in Tile, 134, 136; birth, 7; Castle Acre tiles, 9798; ceramics, 6, 16, 18, 19; collector, 8, 11, 13; Cornstalk Fiddles, 153, 15556, 157, 164; The Dating of Old Houses, 163; death of, 24; early description of, 10; ethnologist, 12; folklorist, 6; Food, Clothing and Tools, 163; Grand Tour 8, 10; Guidebook to the Tiled Pavement in the Capitol of Pennsylvania, 108; at Harvard, 9; Hill Caves of the Yucatan, 15; historian, 6; illness, 11, 15, 163; lawyer, 10; Lenape Stone, 12, 14; museum designer, 6; New World tiles, 87, 13334, 135, 14041; November Night Tales, 23; October panels, 24, 63, 15860, 163, 164; The Origin of Log Houses in the United States, 163; Papers of the Bucks County Historical Society, 163; patent tile process, 46, 61, 67; Renaissance man, 6; Rip Van Winkle series, 14850, 15, 157; scholar, 6; schooling, 8; writer, 13, 15, 23; tile maker, 6; Tools of the Nationmaker, 18, 19 Mercer, John Francis (HCM's greatgrandfather), 7 Mercer, Martha Dana (Mrs. William), 19, 24; marriage to William Mercer, Jr., 19, 130 Mercer, Mary Rebecca Chapman (HCM's mother), 7, 9; death of, 19, 130 Mercer, William Robert (HCM's father), 78; Annapolis, 7; marriage to Mary Chapman, 7; owner of "Aldie," 9 Mercer, William, Jr. (Willie) (HCM's brother), 7, 9, 13, 24, 130; marriage, 19; sculptor, 7, 31 Mercer Museum, 3, 40, 227; design of, 6, 9; interior setup, 1920, 54; collections, 20 Michler, William, 109 Miller, Christian, 44 Miller, Joachin, poem Columbus, 129 Minton, Herbert, 32 Minton, Thomas, 32 Mohegan Lake School, 8, 148 Moore, Charles, 26 Moorish (style), terracotta in, 80; tiles, 93 Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, 3, 6, 22, 46, 64, 81, 136, 191; association with Society of Arts and Crafts, 31, 32; awards, 76, 79; building plan, 5257; catalogue, 136, 191, 226; closure of, 74; design of, 9, 49, 5253; Great Depression, 74; kilns, 56, 70, 72; machinery, 66; Moravian ware, 76; naming of, 46; origin of, 16, 39, 40; profits, 21, 4748, 7274; records of, 217; stock designs, 195; stove plate designs, 9091; unions, 72; works of, 19, 23, 46, 7576, 115, 15758 Moravians, 46; stove tiles, 46, 91 Morgan, Julia, 100 Morgan Memorial Church (Boston, Ma.), 136 Morris, John T., 37 Morris, William, 27, 3032, 72, 79, 122 Mosaic Tile Company, 83 Moyer, Albert, 120 Mueller, Herman Carl, 23, 84; relationship with Mercer, 80, 83, 84; tile maker, 23, 158 Mueller Mosaic Company, 83 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 30 N Native American pottery, theme for Mercer, 83, 22627 NeoGothic (style), churches, 99 Newcomb Pottery, 76; American handcrafted tiles, 82; founder of, 82 New World, Columbus Room of Fonthill, 12526; conquest of, 8; discovery of, 8; listing of subjects, 220; Mercer's tiles, 87; symbols of events, 135; themes for Mercer, 133; voyage of Columbus as theme, 134 Nichols, John Gough, 96 Nichols, Maria Longworth, 35, 63 Nickerson, Thomas B., 76 Norton, Charles Eliot, 10, 12, 18, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 47, 79 Nuttall, Zelia, 130 O Oakley, Violet, 43, 105 Ohr, George E., 35, 76 Oldham, Thomas, 96 Osborne, Arthur, 34 P Palmer, George Herbert, 9 Pardee, C., Works of New York and New Jersey, 82 Parrish, Maxfield, 43 Paschall, Alfred, 18 Paxson, Colonel Henry D., 18 Peabody Museum (Harvard), Native American specimens, 14 Pennsylvania Academy, exhibitions, 4647; Mercer showing, 76 Pennsylvania earthenware, 38 Pepper, William, 13, 14; death, 16; president of Archaeological Association, 13 Perry, Mary Chase, 82, 83; Pewabic Pottery, 82 Philadelphia, Centennial Exhibition of 1876, 1112
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Philadelphia Arts and Crafts Guild, 79 Philadelphia Museum of Art, 79 "Phiz." See Browne, Hablot Knight. Piccolpasso, Cipriano, 44 Plummer, Thomas R., 13 Poirer, Lynne, 227 Pond, Theodore Handford, 76 Potter's marks, HCM's, 66, 152, 191 Pottery, the. See Moravian Pottery and Tile Works. Prairie School (style), 28, 110 Pratt, Bela Lyon, 106 Price, Will, 27, 114, 115 Price and McLanahan, architects, 109, 115 Procès barbotine, 35 Prosser, Richard, 32 Providence Art Club, 76 Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore, 19, 32 Q Quidor, John, 148 R RandallMaclver, David, 56, 23, 69, 88, 98 Read, Charles Hercules, 1516, 22, 87, 9395, 99, 115 Redware pottery, American Colonial, 227; PennsylvaniaGerman, 37, 38, 46, 225 Renaissance, Arts and Crafts social theory, 28; Mercer as Renaissance man, 6; themes of, 159 Rhead, Frederick Hurton, 36 Richardson, Henry Hobson, 29 Robbia, Luca della, 80, 133 Robertson, George, 34 Robertson, James, 34 Robineau, Adelaide Alsop, 35, 63 Rookwood Pottery, 35, 76, 79 Rosenberger, Clarence, 73 Rosenberger, Oscar, 73 Ross, Denman Waldo, 30; reaction to Mercer's tiles, 46 Rossman, Robert, 76 Ruskin, John, 27, 30, 79 Ruth, Alexander, 72 S Sadler, John, 32 Saggers, 6869, 71 SaintGaudens, Augustus, 106 Salem Church (Doylestown, Pa.), 138 Sargent, John Singer, 106 Sargent, Irene, 29, 76, 79; editor of The Craftsman, 29 Sculptures, ceramic relief, 6, 34 Scott, Sir Walter, 88 Sears, Edward, 19 Sell, Herman, 45, 73, 99 Sevres porcelain, 44 Seymour, Robert, 145, 146 Sgraffito, 38, 40, 45, 227; decorated redware pottery, 225; technique of, 44 Shaw, Henry, 96 Sheerer, Mary Given, 82, 83 Singer, Milton, 37 Slip, combination with glaze, 6768; definition of, 44; experiments with, 45 Sliptrailing, 40, 44 Slipware, PennsylvaniaGerman, 37; Pennsylvania earthenware or slipdecorated, 3839 Sloan, Samuel, 9 Smith, C. S., manufacturer of glaze materials, 44 Society of Antiquaries in London (SAL), 195 Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, 30, 65, 75, 82, 87; awards, 32, 79; commission of Mercer tiles, 48, 92; definition of, 31; exhibitions, 55, 76, 80; founding members, 80; membership classification, 31 Solon, Leon V., 36 Solon, Paul, 36 Spanish Colonial Mission (style), 53 St. Callixtus, 136 St. James Episcopal Church (Lancaster, Pa.), 136 Stickley, Gustav, 27, 82; Craftsman empire, 74; United Crafts, 76 Stone, Arthur, 32 Stove plates, Mercer's designs from, 9091, 136, 138; PennsylvaniaGerman, 89, 92; tiles, 93; traditional designs, 8990, 138 Swain, Frank King, 16, 24, 37, 43, 53; death of, 54; glaze notebook, 231; "man Friday," 16, 21, 22, 44, 55; Mercer's heir, 74; marriage, 16; Pottery business manager, 47, 56, 72, 73, 74, 129, 15758, 227 Swain, Laura Long (Mrs. Frank), 16, 22, 24, 114; housekeeper, 133; marriage, 16; Mercer's heir, 74 T Tachau, Hanna, 32 Taft and Belknap, interior designers, 76 Tempesta, Antonius, 164; works of, 164 Tennant School, 8 Terracotta, 42, 115; importance of, 42; meaning of, 42; use of local clays in making, 43 Theological Seminary of the First Reformed Church (Pa.), 136 Tile, and architecture, 84; art, 32; architectural elements, 62, 156; arts and crafts, 32; association with American mural movement, 88; borders around, 117; brocade style, 61, 113, 115, 117, 133, 155, 163; cameo, 58; case mold, 57; conventional impressed decorative, 5759; conventional plain, 5960; curved, 63; differences between handcrafted and machinemade, 34; fireplaces, 14150; frieze, 141, 143; full, 58; full brocade, 61; higher relief brocade, 136, 140; intaglio, 59, 60, 63, 129; machinepressed, 34; meaning of, 7; medieval paving, 95101; molding, 62; modular brocade, 13334, 136, 223; mosaics, 6061, 103, 106; mosaic brocade, 63, 158; mural brocades, 6061; outline, 59; perforated or "open and notched," 63; press mold, 61; production of, 57, 58; raw materials, 66; revival, 32; roofing, 63, 134; sources for, 8; stamp mold, 58, 61; stove tiles, 33; themes, 63, 87, 88; tile press, 58 Tile paving, Arts and Crafts movement, 99; designs, 95; floor arrangements, 99; glaze, 97; inlaid or "encaustic," 96; process of, 96; relief or counterrelief, 97; reproduction of, 98; tracings of medieval, 99; use of, 96 Tools, classification of, 21, 72, 161; Mercer's collection, 5, 6, 17, 19, 24, 54, 87, 106, 163; definition of, 17, 107, 164; diverse artifacts, 17; exhibition of, 18; as theme, 159; traditional, 38 Trainor, Patrick, 114 Trinity Church, Boston, 29, 105 Trumbauer, Horace, 116 Tulip ware, 38, 90 U University Museum (Univ. of Pennsylvania), 1316, 23, 30, 43, 61; Mercer's standing, 1516, 18; Native American specimens, 14 V Van Ingen, William Brantley, 105 Vanderbilt, Reginald C., 109 Victorian Italianate (style), 9 Volkmar, Charles, 35, 76 Voysey, C. F. A., 30 Vulcanite Cement Company, 114, 120, 121
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W Walker, C. Howard, 3031, 46, 92 Ward, Ward Wellington, 100 Washbourne, Edward Payson, 151 Wheeler, Candace, 30 Whistler, James A. McNeill, 105 Whiting, Frederic, 47, 79, 82 Whitman, Sarah (Mrs. Henry), 30, 31, 45, 68; advocate of Mercer's work, 47; stained glass artist, 30 Winslow and Bigelow, architects, 109 Winsor, Justin, 10, 12526, 221 Winterbotham, Ruth, 34 Wismer, Wilson, 73 Wister, Owen, 3, 5, 6, 24 Woodward, Elsworth, 82, 83 Woodward, William, 82, 83 Woollett, William, 109 World War I, impingement on the Pottery, 73 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 19, 27, 110, 114 Wright, Samuel, 32 Wynne, Madeline Yale, 75, 76 Z Zodiac, signs and symbols, 160, 163