Eberhard Sturm The New PL/I
IT
From Enterprise Architecture to IT Governance by Klaus D. Niemann
Understanding MP3 by Martin Ruckert
Process Modeling with ARIS by Heinrich Seidlmeier
Microsoft Dynamics NAV by Paul M. Diffenderfer and Samir El-Assal
www.viewegteubner.de
Eberhard Sturm
The New PL/I ... for PC, Workstation and Mainframe With 80 illustrations
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
This book is the expanded and improved 7th edition of the German book "Das neue PL/I" (© Vieweg+Teubner l GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2008) now offered to the English speaking audience by the original author.
1st Edition 2009 All rights reserved © Vieweg +Teubner | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009 Editorial Office: Sybille Thelen | Walburga Himmel Vieweg+Teubner is part of the specialist publishing group Springer Science+Business Media. www.viewegteubner.de No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Registered and/or industrial names, trade names, trade descriptions etc. cited in this publication are part of the law for trade-mark protection and may not be used free in any form or by any means even if this is not specifically marked. Cover design: KünkelLopka Medienentwicklung, Heidelberg Printing company: Krips b.v., Meppel Printed on acid-free paper Printed in the Netherlands ISBN 978-3-8348-0726-7
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1. Elementary PL/I " "
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1.1 The programming environment "0 # "
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1.1.1 Highest instance – the operating system 8 "" , ,, = " # # " , #" , .4 , " A
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4 " , "" , )", # # "", # #
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. ## ,# " -"## . , , ## " , " # # "
.$ # ' , , # .5 "# , -
".
1.1.2 How are things – program and compiler $01 - " " "
4 # # "" " , #"" ,# )
= !" #$%& %' % % ( )*+ ( (
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1.2 Data attributes 5 ) # ,# " , # " " , .
1.2.1 In central place – main storage " " , " " = @. "
!. # B. # " . " , , # 0 "# #. "
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, @6#L ,. , , , = , #"# # #" # " . )# ", " ,#.5 " #" = & "' # % . " )#01 " # '" .& "' #% "# " )#+" " . " ,#, )", " "' " , G , ) 01 # ,# ### .1,
)= - . /01 %' % % ( ' &" ,2 "'" ,2 % " ,( &34 ' ( % 3& & &( "'3& & 5( &2% 2 "' ( -(
# %' # =
, " "01 ",##%' # B# "#, "# . " " , . ' & .'*
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, , ,# " , , , B
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6
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1.2.3 Going to pieces – floating-point numbers ' # , " # "", , , &#, " , ,*. " , , "# ,
##"" " . # )= 4 /$FEG %' % % ( ' "'"%( '# "%: 4 + H6I ( 'J "%( '% "%( J 3574)9I K ( % 3+I4I # J "'3+I # J -( J 2% 2 "' (
4(
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#" . " # # # ,
.$ "%, ,"" ,# " ,.
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# 4+I-9-*49
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, G8 ," " # = '( )! * + , !- . ! B
* @M 6 M L /0 1 , 0 1 2& ) ! ! 0 ! ! 0 + ! %& !!
( )&%
1.2.4 A language of character – character strings $ # ," # 01 " .
, '' , ) = + .% ' % .LEJE.GJ %' % % ( '$'( ' 'D%' + ( $3
' , # '' # " # 01 . " # ,
= ,
@!
@.4 01
# "# "", 7,.)
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, A "" , ,.
# #
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," , #. )L#" # $ # " " " # D% , " " . " # ' , , #
"" " .
' " = ",##
.
# , # " " " ). , " #
'" =' " , # ,
= N
"", " " ., " # , & # , *
K )
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#. =NF
NGN $" "
# D%. <FGGF< # ,.$ , # , ")
) * + ' )
" "",
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#
#, - %. )L D% )"## ##.,
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. "" ,", 01 ## ,:! && #:*. # )= H ,%' &! &
.LEJEJ %' % % ( '#%%' :
$ 0 " = " 01 , " . H # 01 G$ -"# , " # " # #- - ,
01 G
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@B
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(" 5 ! + + + , 4, "" " ,,
" 6.!.
1.2.5 It doesn't get any smaller – bits ## " " 01 - "" , #.C " "7,# @ " " 01 .5 )= 5 .% % G %' % % ( '0" ,( '07T 7Q ( '07 7&7 7Q ( '07 7 7 7Q ( 'Q" ,( 03+( Q3H( 07 7&7 7Q30UQ( 07T 7Q303Q( ' 03Q 07 7 7 7Q30VQ( 07 7&7 7Q207T 7Q207 7 7 7Q ( 5(
@L
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07&7 7Q07T 7Q#077 7Q" , A 01 " =
' " # & * ," -+ # - .9 ,"
, - ) )
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,#
)I ,
)
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J,
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, )
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V3
7,
3 7,
U U3 7,
W3 7,
WV
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( /& ## -"#" "" " & * , -"# "& * # , # . 8 " < <
/)", 3&/ - 3*=0WQ < < 0 , Q , K , ,&" / 3*
)= EU M .W31 X V3/
9 ,", # " " .)
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01 , A","" , ", .
@.!2 ,
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6) 0 !!" 0 !! 7& 7&&+ !! ! % # # #" " # " , " %# % ," " )Y : #Z8 = %'% <MY< % <WZ< (
"# '
= ," #, / 3# 7, " , ## " = %' K
1.2.6 Everything with everything – operators " )",# &, *= & * ) * W * MM VWVV33W3U3UWU X MW
& * ( 0& # "", )
,# .< # " , #)
. $ ", ," ) E 4 +U IMD%MM<0<V3<<X07 7&7 7Q
A +#A = E 4 +U I M D%MM<0<V3<< X07 7&7 7Q
" "/#3" )- - #/ 3 , . " )
# , " , &E ,"*" " # , ')
. # " ",##" A ,#
# , " #K ## , "
" , , ,# # . , " " ##" #" #, )", )" # + "", #. " " " ## =
@I
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' , # "### , . "# " " " " " #, 7, 7, ,# " " " ." 7, 7," " )" # " 7," . <E< , / 3 < '.01 )
#= <E<V< < , ,< <.9 ,,
, , " " " " , , #. " , ), -"#42" " 0 #()" , # #+#$ " " @?. 42" " &
* ,= %1 1 1 $ " ," A " " A ,$ , ,# # ,= %1 1 1 $ "" " " #. X , ," K 01 , # EV V.
)
= EV X V.
, ,# + < < '" " , # I"%" #< < " . ""
# #= <S<&# ,"# G* <<& # #,
# " # * " " " "#, . "", , #, .
A " , A01 # " " #
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#
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< I<U I WI*< <
N@@ " !.IG @? 42 4)## ##2" " #$ $ " # # # ". @@ , @IG
@.!2 ,
@6
8 ," ) " = 89 0 &+ ! !!0 1 2
1.3 Loops 1' "" " " ,.5 "", " "", , )",#=:#" , & ## *"", " # # ". #
" , ", ", . , " "
..
)", 7," #.5 ,
01
, ,,, =%
. " " "7,# .
1.3.1 Ask first – the WHILE loop $
" $@ /" #3= ) % % %"% E DL$%% %' % % ( ' " ,( 'O " ,( 3I( O 3 ( % O V3 II ( 3 *O ( O 3O * ( (
% # # " # .< " " # ",## %# H, %' # .$ " # " .@! " # ", ,# ,
"# # . " )
=$ < <
"
#
"# .9 , ,# "=01 " , )
# , ,.
% < < (
,#", #A -"##
G @! , ,# '# # " 01 0 "
+# 7, G$ 482 7, .
@@
@.4 01
0 #
# )
/ H"3
. , " , )G O " #" , @#. , O ,#,.9 , " ##
.. , " = , " "# , " "NG A @ , " ,
#? , #
# , 8, @. # ,"" "# )- - " .1'
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# ,@??
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## =$ -
"
. " # # " ,O 5 # " ##, @ @??.( , ## ," , " , =@UJJ , @??!UJ@ ". LJUM@, LJ @??. ##
M?#@??# ,.
1.3.2 Shoot first – the UNTIL loop ,
,01 ,
.
# & *" # )#
"# . , ," #" )6= 9 % % %"% E POG$%% %' % % ( ' " ,( 'O " ,( 3I( O 3 ( % O U II ( 3 *O ( O 3O * ( (
@.B1
@J
, " " # # , . )",
)
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#" #
. $) ,# " , @ #### @?? .8, ,@?@
. 5 , ,#, # # # %
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# " , ",# .9 ," ,## # , " #
@B# " #" # ,
" , .:#
" #=/ ) N " , G$#" ) N3 ' $ 2 .
1.3.3 Upward and downward – the counting loop 1' #)6##, @ @??
.
"
, O ,
7, ,# " & " ,
*. )" %
## " "#
" " ,
= 6 % % "%% E '% &%% %' % % ( ' " ,( 'O " ,( 3I( %O 3 % II( 3 *O ( (
9 , " , ,#& , " , *= %O 3 II% ! ( 3 *O ( (
01 %
##)" )6 = @. ,
#&O 3 O 3 II " * !. # # , )"##&% II* &% * @B 9 ," " + " "" ,84 482 # #2
.
@.4 01
!? B. "
)",#
L.
" # #" #&! * " # M. " , !. $" 7," # = 3 $
# 4 # . C , " " +# " )J# /! 3. , 7, ," " @?@# " ?
G $ / H"3
.# %
" #
, " = "" "" "
# . $ ,# # ," # " 1F ., ,# =" , /01 ## " # , )
K ,# ".. ,
. ,# ") " ,,
)
" .
1.4 Input and output , ,) " @.!"" ,# ", # # , " , "# " "".9 ,"# " , G
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)= I F \G2#PG %' % % ( 'E" ,( ' " ,( < - 2< ( & E2 (
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1.5 Distinction of cases , " " " , " # ", .,
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# " ,..7, < <. &
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# # , #,. 5 ,
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7,". " 7, ,#
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@6 $ = , # " C , )" ,
," #:4$O .
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7,, . " " "# .
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# . " ",
= & E2 2. ( E2 2. (
# ,# ,, "# -# "#. ,
# # ,# " , # 01 . # , &# " ,# " # K"" # # " # ,. 01 # # &# .# " ., " " ,# ,, # #," " . " ", , #,", ' ,.2, #," " " " " + "01 " , , )# ,
.
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& # *01 ,# " &" ! E2 2. (
"
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# , #"# . 5, , ,", # # ., # &K # " "# # .& & K # , .* , )@? ," & I
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01
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2.1.2 Self-determination – EDIT-directed input/output ,,# ,# ##
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" ,",# # # . #" , & " * # #" , . #'% ",
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# / 9 , 9 ,<3.& ,, )"
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) # " & , " M*.;, " =&# ", # " " , , ,# ,, # " . ,# # ,, #.9 , #
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, ,," " ##K ," # .9 , , #
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2.1.3 A language in itself – data formats " " ,# # - . " , , #, ,"
. - ,# ,, .$
'' # " . , , = # "# # , , +
# "
# . ,, " # " " < <
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( ;& ! " # '- ,# " . ," ",) K ,# ,, " ), . " # # , # ",
"# " !.I.I. #"- "- .&- # ) .!?* ,# ,, - , & ) *# )#- , . ) " , = 9 F & " "% %' % % ( '"%( '/" ,( <#2 - < ( & 2/ " I2I 2 I24 ( "% ! H "%/ I 2/ +2H 2" 52- ( 9( !? 5 5 ) =01 H, ",4 , ", & #* 7,"
) .( 4- ," ,, , " .
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*. I24 ,# @?, , K# "
#"
,# "#B# # , &
) "#*. ,# ' , " , "" & ,#' * , ,# "
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," , H, "##.#
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#" , , M, #. #" ," #, )= 'E"%2 " ,( E3 IH( 3 ( E2 +2H25 2" -2I2 (
< -
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B@
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, ) " -2I2 , , , @?. " & " # "" ?*#" ,. "" "", # ," , " . # = <<2E2 2.212< < 2 + " I2I 2 (
9 ," " . ,, " # "" . 9 ," , # # " = <<2E22 2^2.28212$2< < 2+ K 2 -25 2" 92I 2 (
' " # #,#
# .9 , , ,# # ,, ,
01 # . ," # ," . 0 ,
= ' 5555 -'& 0 ! 0 ''6': '-': ! ) ! & - A B+ ! !0 C !! +: ) !! & $ - & . *." , # # - , # = & O 2J " 4 2 (
,# ) " , , &#
O *#
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( )5& ! # " " "7,# # " = "% . 9 ,#"% " # "% = 5 " ="% " ( ( )8& (@A 3' " ,# ," " N9 ,"
) "% = dcl F format variable; E_format: format (e(12,6)); F = E_format;
9 ,# ,, , , : '% " " " ".( # =" # "% N9 ," " " # "#- & . *= "% '% 2" I2- 2 -I 2" 4 ( get edit (Price, Number) (r(Input));
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#
, , #
, " "7,#.
2.2.1 Endlessly – LOOP and accessories : , #,
" %
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= 3 *O (
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" = '3 'MMD%(
# ,# ", ,
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G3 ,# "# , G $ , ,# # ,
" &.. "
% #: *= #
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,
=
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,#
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,# ##.& " , ," , ", # ,)"# , #" K , , -
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LL
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)",# " !. " , , # # ,. 4) #% )# " .C # = %83 8 - 83 I-+ (
%
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$# , = %83 I! -% I 0W3I QV 2 I!-% I 0W3I QV 2 $%!- O2 Q D7 F7 %7 %7 (
5 , ""
# 8.$ " # ,
" # ". "" "
#
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7,# , -## #. # , ,
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2.3 Arrays 9 , " ",,
," . ) , #@???, # , # .( , ", , ,# 7, # , = @. @??? !. @???& # B. @??? . " # #,",, -"# .01 , # ,# .
2.3.1 A thousand or one variable – working with arrays 1'
)= -I III :% ! %' % % ( 'E % III "%( '8" ,( J & %83 % III( & E 8 ( (
LI
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C ," " , ,= E %3 %8 -2H E %38* % III " I2I (
" " ) & " " # ##. & 7, # & ," # " & #.$% "" #%
G " )#" = $ & $ .
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, ", # , .( #" 'E 5 " ,( ' 5 " ,(
) #= & E2 ( E* ( E3E* ( 3 * ( E3EE (
$ # , ,.. , ,
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, E# E. # 7, E 3E * ( E - 3E - * - ( E 4 3E 4 * 4 ( E + 3E + * + ( E H 3E H * H ( E 5 3E 5 * 5 (
4 ## # " &..# #, *
.
## ," - -= " " # #)# " , ## ". # " "" , , # ,
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,# #,"# " E @ , , "G9 , ,# " ,
!.B$
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# " , , #,"# ,01 ,, . 2
, , " #"" , " #"" #, #
" ," .C " " = *+ .
2.3.3 Not only for mathematicians – several dimensions " =/' , ,# N3 " .,, ,# # ) "
" , ," .5 ) -"# )," A- " & " , #," 7,# # 01 *= 2 2- 24 2+ 2H -2 -2- -24 -2+ -2H 42 42- 424 42+ 42H E 2 E 2- E 24 . 2 . 2- . 24 . 2+ . 2H E -2 E -2- E -24 . -2 . -2- . -24 . -2+ . -2H
( /)& - , ' % - E! %' % % ( 'E -24 "%( ' 42H "%( '. -2H "%( '" ,( '8" ,( ' ( <# -,4 4,H , %!% < & E2 ( %3 %-( %83 %H( . 28 3 E 2 28 ( ( (
" "#G5 #" .# ," , # " -# ).&$ -# "# " .*9 ," -# , " # #" , ..!@ )," # ," . ,
M?
!.4)# "
E )E -2 !# @ " ,. , , #) " #" ,#). , -# & , ,# . , ) , " . , " )," =5 " E#"" ,
, " ,#) " ,# # ,#. ,
# " # ." #)#) 7, E# " ,#)" , 7, ..!@ H, " E# " , ., " E# " ,# E )" " , .&8 -" " # " " ),"
.* , , . " , " %
#.4" )", ,
")", "
. " ," " , # ,G
" " 01 .
# . 28 = , #," - E#8- " , . $ ' ,
= ,-," . ," " , # , ," ,
, .$ , ," & * )
E 2 28
, " , " 01
, " ., E 2 -# ) , " - K)" 28 8-" ,.& ," , - "#"
" .*$ ",7, 01 7, " #," 7, , " # , ," . , ,# ,, #) # #
01 " # #" , . ,"
7, , # , , # -# . ( @M # #. 5 # + ,-," . % # % & ,# # ,# * # " ## " , 7, .5 -#
" # , , @# #K -# , , "# ## " , .9 , ,# ,
, " = %3% E2 %% E2 ( %83% 2- %% 2- ( . 28 3 E 2 28 ( ( (
," , # =
!.B$
M@
;< , 1 + 1 0 ! 0 0 ! 1 1 !! A, B+ 1 ! 0 !
2.3.4 The last run fastest – the INITIAL attribute " #" # ,# ", # # , , " .C ,# ,, 7," 7," .
7," " -# #01 -H # ..
, " , .!B)!@ . , # = . 2 . 2- . 24 . 2+ . 2H . -2 . -2-
#" ' 42-2- "%(
, " #
= 2 2 2 2- 2-2 2-2- -2 2
7," -"# ,""
"# ## , ,#" = '% &7 < < (
, " #" : , # #. , " "#+ . ,
, @ @? 7," , , & # " * # & # * = 'E I " , 2-242+2H252)29262 I (
,
, M ," " " & , *= 'E I " , I H (
9 , ,# ,# + 7," 7," = ' -2-24 " , - 2 2 2-2-2- (
, " , .. -2 24 ,@G $ ,"
, + .C , " +, ,#. , " , H, " ,.$
#" , " " , # .+ " " # ", " " "
"" " " #" .9 , " !B # 5 ::$8 # " ,.
M!
!.4)# "
<E .E .< - <E .<. , # '. I ' -I : I << (
+ . " " "" @? . , # "
"# " # "" " = 'E I ' -I : I << ( ' I ' -I : I << ( +# " " # ,
" " " , ..= '0 I I
,& * = ' )9 "% I 2 I (
$ + )
", .C , + "
"" ,
)
" ," "& ,-," *= '8" , )*+ (
4 01 " /#)
3 #. # " =)
" ,#" )
# . % , ,# #", , "" # , ", # # # ",
#,) " .
2.4 Structures " A # #" A
.01 ," " # # ,# ## "" # . "# ,", !L.
2.4.1 Mind the hierarchy – working with structures ) " "7,# ," ,", " " # # # "" # ". " ,#, 7,#" , , ,# "", # " , ,# ## # . 2#, , " # )", # "01 " # = ! # =
! 3'_ "
$%+ (8%=
,%117QO3 "
!L 0 " "# " # . 01 ,",
1 ".
!.L ,",
MB
+ & *=
%'" ! "
+ &;1*=
QO111O3O#PG/$21#3LJ
C )= -- # & :% '"% % ' %' % % ( ' F ' 2 -# '77 '" ,' 52- 2 -E '' -I 2 -O " ,( ' :% ' '2 -O " ,2 -E '' -I 2 -# '77 '" ,' 52- 2 -# '" ,' 92- ( 'G%" ,' 92- I ( "% '% 2" I2- 2 -I 2" 4 ( & F ( % " ! ( % " ! ( :% '3F2! ( # '3 :% '# '77 ' :% 'O ( :% ' '% H 2" 4 2, H 2 -I 2 , H 2" I2- 2, H 2" I2- ( G%*3# '( & F ( ( K < <2G% '% H4 22'% H4 2" I2- ( --(
1'
#" . ,", F# :% '" ''#" , . # ' & . '* #
.$ ,", #" , #" " "= "", " , . "" , @. ## " , # , ", " # #" , . " # , ", # , .9 ," ,## " ,# " , " # = ' F2 -# '77 '" ,' 52- 2 -E '2 4/ ' -I :2 4#% '' -I :2 -O " ,(
$ , $ " # , , , - ,", "" " .< "# " 01 # ,", .$ # ,", "# . , " , , ,# # ," " , .
ML
!.4)# "
, ##
# #,
=4
## " ,. ) O )!!= ) F# :% '., ,, 7,"
,. # ) "" " " # ,,7,
"#. , " ,#, FO :% 'O . $ # # # , , " ,' 52- #" ,' " , ,, #.# 92- . , # ," , , #, ! ," . $8 # # " # "
, 01 , " , ! 4 ., , , .,
" , # " . C , # !& * #'
& '* , " , #", . , ,#"#
" #, " , #"# #" . " ,' 52- , =I# !# #" .
$ , # , " # , , , # A" . # # " , " , ' H2I $8 # #.5 , ) " !.I. )", , & . ,", , ",
#.$
,", ,
. # ,",
= @. ,",
#" ,", !. . " #" ,", # '"
#" "
#"# , G, , # " # " #) ""
# A
" .$" )
'#" ,# , '#" #. ""#.. " , , # = ' E2 - ' <)< 2 -." , ) ( ' 02 4Q" ,2 4"%( 03E(
#
, ,", " , , " , #"# , ""
# A " . # ! ",
# " . 8 " , )G
!.L ,",
MM
:% '3F2! (
, :% 'O 3FO ( :% 'E '3FE '( :% '# '77 '3F# '77 '(
,",
, " #
G$# # ,# ' #
# . " %! " "#, " !-
. 8 ,# ,# # = # # # , " , " .$# , # ,./0 # ,3 # =$", ,# ,, ,# "
" .$ )"
# # " . 9 ,, " ," ," , ., ", # @?" , ")!?#, # # B" , G ,"" ,# ) , " ,# ,# " 7, ,", # . 0 , # # &#% = ,## , ,
# .01
,
" # . $## '% = " #'%- "", H, ) " " " ," "# .. ", G ," , = +D+6IHI 65-II %%4+56II4+56II . &-I IIII-I IIII . 9) III 9) III ++-+ II
( //& //
,"
" ,", . , ##= ' 2 -0" , 4 2 -Q"%2 -' II :(
," )
,?= 3I(
? " # " , ' " , 4 "% # ' #
# ,", .
MI
!.4)# "
2.4.2 Why not – array of structures $ # ,",
,", .1' , + "# = ' D - 2 -G 2 4 " ,2 4," ,2 4E:&" ,2 -D KG -J "2 4 G%2E:& " ,(
@! ,", " . #" = '^ !" ,: ( '/ !" ,: - ( ''" ,: 4 ( 'E " ,: + ( '!" ,: H ( '^ " ,: 5 ( '^ !" ,: ) ( 'E & " ,: 9 ( ' " ,: 6 ( 'F'%" ,: I ( 'O%: " ,: ( '1' " ,: - (
" D E & # " # $,, . , D#" ,, " , K& # , ,", *. D ,", #" G D D , D E:& #" # , #" G " ".$# D#" # # ," " , , = , , G$#" "
#" # . @ %
$ &
5 ) '^ ! KD(
# , G % , # " . ,# ,", , = ' E2 -0" , ) 2 -Q' -I : <E .< (
," ,", , , =
!.L ,",
M6
' KE % (
$ " ) '
= 'Y , Z8Y ,Z...Y2...Z(
( /0& *3A
2.4.3 That's the limit – multiple declarations 5" # , ,", ,# , # " " .& " M.! " "7,# " .. -"# " #,# ,,*. # ," #,"
, K K #, ,", " #," "#, ) # ,", ##" # " . #" ## 01 = 'D%' 4I :( ' '2 -D%' -I :2 -J' II :(
'D%# D%" # . 4 ,# " " , " "," )" ,#" & "
* , #," - , = ' # $ :
$
. 0 , ,", # # ,7," .9 ," " ," " , " , .!M# , "", ,#. " ,#", " ,",
= ' '7"%2 -D%' 4I :( ' '7"2 -D%' -I :2 -J' II :(
" " , 7, ,, '7"% D% '7"D%. $ " , & )7,* K " , 7, ,", . ," , =$ ,7," ,", . $ -
# ,",
#
,", = !M " ) ," .
M@
!.4)# " ' E2 -E2 4E"%(
"
, " 7,#, E ,", EE) ,", #EEE"%- . # , # ' ,G @=
" Y2" Z...3 " )
( != Y2 Z...3 " )
[ )
( B= ,", Y2 ,", Z...3 " )
[ ,", )
Y2! Z( L= ,", Y2 ,", Z...3)
,", Y2!
Z [ ,", )
Y2! Z[ )
[ " )
( ( /5& 5, !L #
. "
, #
7, " . ' " , .$ " "", 7,
. , , " & "# * ,", ,", . )
#"
" ) " " " #
, .9 ,
,"
#,"#
#
,", ,",
"., , # #, " .9 , , ,# #01 ,", . # " "
#
. " #= " 7, 7,), " # . !- ", )
" ,", ,", . "
# "", # #
. # ,
)
# ,# ". ,# , " #"" # # " 7,
"
. , " ,#
"" #
..!M # #.9 ," )
= E 3 *.( , 7, E3E *. (
!.M, " " *3
,)
###
3
,)
, "#
3
,)
,#
3
,)
# ##
M3
,)
/ 3#
X3
,)
/#3#
MM3
,)
" "#
3 W3
MJ
,)
) #
,)
/ )", /#
( /8&
2.5 Manipulation of character strings # ",
# , # " "7,#
)01 .$ " , ''#'' :! & .## " " MM ,-," " , ,
7, , . #," ,-," " " ).5 ,
" , " , #,", ' , A A .$ " @ .$" " " ##@ " , " " " ##.8
" , #" " .!I
2.5.1 Two would do – SUBSTR and LENGTH ( ", , # ,""# # " )<J\E$< <$E\J<.5 ,
#
" , ) "# #," " , " " . ,-," )" . , = " "
, # , = <E .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q<282 (
,# ,8- & " "
@* <J\E$<2424 (
, <\E$<. " " ,# , # ,= <J\E$<24 , , # " " . # )
# , " , . "# " " ,<J\E$<.$ , , ,-," .
!I $ - = " " , ## " G "
[email protected] ,",
01 .
I?
!.4)# "
##
# #," " " "
7,
." '' H <J\E$< ( 2 2 3<$<(
,# - . <$<
# @ " " " " , #. $, , , " " " :! & ,= ,# ' " " ", " G5 ,
A A ,-," & . C " " ,& : * , ", A " " )#H, #" #& "#*.8 # ) = -4 J: &% P GJ2$O\GL %' % % ( '" ,( ' &2 ( '1%' -I :( 'D%' -I :( < .LEJ'% 2< ( & D% ( 1%3D%( ! &%"1% %3 % & D% ( 1%22 3 D%2 & D% * 2 ( ( D%21% ( -4(
$ ## ,-," #" &# . , #" 01 " ##," , "" " ,-," ," ,-," &
, , * , "" , #", .1% "
# "1% , D%.
1%3D% ,"
", = D # !
$# # $ &3 !
$ & #
# 1% , " " ".# ' " "" ,"
. "D% " "A # H, # A
#
1%. ", 7, " " "" , .9 , ,# " , # " " )
!.M, " "
I@
, * . &," %
" , " " " #D%"" # ", . , ##' , ,-," : = : <J\E$< , <$E\J< # H, " , " , . ,-," " & # ' "" . " # ,=" 28 2 2 8 " & 28 2 & 8* . ' 2 8 8##" " . , " , " " #8 ##& *, ' " ' & # ' .&' ' "G*# " ##" & #' # , 8 " " . , " & # ' # #. # #' " !.I.@.9 ," = =* ) ) + + ) ! ) ! !!) 5 !! 9 +0 ) 5 # 1 ! :K !% :K 22 K :K !% :K !:K
2.5.2 Where and how many times – INDEX and TALLY $, ,-," " " "
," ,#", # & .
, " " ," , ," ) = -+ # &%'% &< %< O10 %' % % ( ' , ( 'D%' 9I :( % " ! ( & D% ( % W " ! ( " , D%2< %< W3I D% ( & D% ( ( -+(
, ) # # & )*# ,
"" " " < %<. "< %< -
I!
!.4)# "
. , # & " , ## # ,. ,-," , ,
,"A A " # , ,# .# "", , ?. , "
,"#" # ,. 9 ," " " "", , . ,-," ! , = 3
,# ,,, I.9 ,, " , " " #" ! <,,,<2<,,< (
,# ,,!.,
" ,""
" "
" A H, # ,#G , -# , = >9 +0 , !! 1 ! +0 !!0 . ! ! !! ! +0 4 R
2.5.3 Hocus-pocus – TRANSLATE , # ) "
, # , " " )!L
;< (
< , , , "" " " " "", # , " " # ,
. , ) "# 0 ",
@I " ## # , .",
\0] , " K " ,"\]
.9 ,
,# + , " # ,# "" " " # &' #
*.$" " #
"", # , ,"#. , =
!.M, " "
IB
3 # # $ . ##" " ," &" * & *. #," # E .7' # E .7 # , " , . " "
, , "" , )", #" ," & * ", . " " #" # "
"
," . " ## " , , #" #,"# , " = 'E7'' : <E .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q@AB< (
# # ," " , # " # )!M .
# , " #" " #< FEG<= -H F %"%%""% : & " "%'% % '% :% GJEO$EG %' % % (
'D%' 9I :( % " ! ( < .LEJ'% 2< ( & D% ( % W " ! ( " & D% 3+
" D%2< MMM MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM<2 <E .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q< 3<M M<
D%MM<%%K K FEG]< ( < %.LEJ'% 2< ( & D% ( ( -H(
, , #" " . & " # " ,# )# " "
"" #G* ## " , # ,
#.$ # " " #" . ," #, " <M M< G ,# = ' 1 ! 0 ! ! F !! =
IL
!.4)# "
'9 0 ) 0) '! ! 1 ! 7'-&3 !" % 2 # , # , G 9 ," ,# , # . , #"# " )", , " )" 7, ) ,# # , # " " # #= 'G' -H5 ( G3'% ( G2 K << * 2 3<[<( 3 2G (
!MI" " &
*# # ,
01
, " # , " =4"" " "# " " "
" " # " # " " "#. # ,-," '%# K .'% , " " "
" # "# # K " # " " .9 ," , '% ,##@
. , #"# )" ""
G # , ## " " , #= " " $ #42G
K ': . , 7, #= K ': -HH 3-HH.': , ' , , " # , . ", , , #,"" " # "#, .
2.5.4 Forward and backwards – VERIFY(R) and SEARCH(R) 5 # : "!," . " " , . : "! <P#J.E$/JE\$G.<2 <E .1/\L^$8OF#`JGPD0Q< (
," ," , " " " "", " # ,. " , ? ,. : "! " , =" " # "", " # ,
" " & *. : "!
,# ,, L " # "", " # ,. " , =: "! " " " # "", ,
" " . ,-," , ? # .
!.M, " "
IM
5 , )) ,# ,
,# ,," )"" ,# # #, .. !
.$", # #" . " 0 , , " # # # . + , ,#, ! , ", #, " ! % A" 0 . , " ! # % , #. , , #
= !
' & < MM<%& %]< (
# , & * ""# )## = ! N1%!% :[ ! %% <K % N ! G, (
! ! ,, " " # ! # , , # . ' #! " , .& " ,.* 8 ) ,"#. )!I "" , #&" E ' * "
#"# # ,,= -5 ''K J/Q2EJ.L %' % % ( 'E ' )- :( ' K%" ,( 'J :7%" ,( '' )- :( ' " ,( 'O %" ,( ! < 2]< ! E ( 3I( K%3 ( %%%( O %3: "! E 2<<2 K% ( "O %3I :( K%3' E 2<<2O % ( " K%3I % K%3 & E * ( 3 E %2O %2 K% O % ( J :7%3: "! 2< -4+H5)96I< ( "J :7%3I *3( ! < : ''N< MM E 2O %*J :7% 2 MM
II
!.4)# "
5 , # ,
# ," : "!. "
," .8) ," ' K
: "!#
, " " " "", " # ,. # , # : "!. ," " E ! : "!#'. : "! # # ,#
" " " , . " ,
.$" ", ,#,# ,.
7, ) "
,
# " " * G ) , ,# 7, ,. $ # # " ,# , 01 # " "#
. " ) " , #. ' ### " , #" " " " "#" , ,,.C " ", )# ", . , , . $ " = 3 $# $ $ ! & " : "!," = ''< 1 ) ! ! ! 00 1 0 ) 0 !0 " ) , ,-," #. # ## : "!#'" " " " = : "! # ' . #," . , ",
" " # ," = L3: "! $% &2<< ( G 3: "! $% &2<< ( %3 $% &2L2G L* (
& " # " / 3*.," ,# = %3 $% &2<<2<< (
, # , 01
, "" # , , " " " # # #. ,# ' # ,, #"
"" " . C #) :- =
!.M, " "
I6
' $ 2. & ' III :( & $ : ( "" $ 2 3N
,
" "
# # " , & , & . ," ,
" &"
*
,
. " ,# #", " ,:- .
2.5.5 What you will – more functions ,-," # "
# ",
# . ,-," %# &
" " " " # " 7,"., % " # " " " + & I " @.& A"" " " ##@ .*% #
& <6< ,, $ 42. $ #," " " " "
#
" , '%!," = '' I : <E .< ( '%! 2- (
," " <E .E .<.!6 & ,# - )" ,-," ." " " , MM& , U*.) 'E H '( E3<0<( & E (
,# ," " , <00000< "
" E ,<0<.
,", & ,# # , " " " ,", = ' 2 -0' - 2 -Q' ( & 3<E .<(
" 0 ,# ,<E <#Q ,<.<. !6 ," , # ,
, " # , # " ," @ , '%!.
I@
!.4)# "
0 ", , ,# " #<
," '! = Name1_ = replaceby2(translate(Name1, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZÄÖÜ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzäöü') <EFP<2<@AB?< Name2_ = replaceby2(translate(Name2, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZÄÖÜ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzäöü'); <EFP<2<@AB?< (
"O 7UO -7
# " " ., , < ,, # # ^
.9 ," . " # , '!-, " # .$ )@6& "#*" ,# #, ,-," . " ",# ,-," ' , #. " " " , " " - .$
" # , "
.
2.5.6 Self-made – PICTURE character strings 01 ,
#" " )#=, ' ,. E #. ' #" , = 'E' -I ( ' ' <00000000000000000000<( '. '< -I 0<(
# ," ., ,# # ,# " .## 0 " " E#6 # # ' .9 ," ,", " " # " " # " " #"
.0 =" " E = "" " &", " "" " ,, * #" " RQ#P# 6 =, .5 ", " " "", " 0 E " ,".$ ' "" "" " # # # " ' " " , ' , " " "7,#, " !.I.L. )01 , # #" " # # ,", .. , & " *" " # , & " *= '. '<66066<( & . H (
, " # " @6=MB." "
# ' 01 ) " ", ' ,. '% : %
" #
!.M, " "
IJ
#. ,# ' # "", " )" " # &
" BB* #. # ' , ' " " . # , 1 01 K# )!M)
" " " # " ," , # "
G
2.5.7 Without detour – STRING instead of FILE ,# ,, , #)" # ) "
)" ## " " " " # ,, # # "
, .$
#
, " " # # , " " , # 01 # " .2 " , # , , " " . # # " , " # &. 5 )' " , )", ! !.9 ," #
" , = ! < % 2]< ! E ( & & E O 2O - (
," , " " " # , , != & E O 2O - " 4 ( ! E (
E :! &" " .$ )", &
", I "#, " 4 , O #O - # E .9 ,H, , # " 4 2" 4 - " 4 -S" 4 , " 4 " ,
" # " "
#. $
,# ,, , & #)" #" " , .5 ) '% ## ,,- #.9 ,",# # , + "" #'% "
",
& ) "", * , #, .,- # & K'% ,# 7, " , . # ## '% H, # &. ,- ,"" " ) ,.9 ," )" / 3 ," " # " " G$#&# & / 3A ,# , .
2.6 Arithmetic $ , " 01 " ,#.."",, ,#
, " 01 # , "#" "# . # ## "
6?
!.4)# "
# $ " " ##" ," # " , # ##" ,
" . # ) " #=" "% #. " . #" , #. # ## #
6& & 7& # ##)") " .1' , , .
2.6.1 Having a different base – the FIXED attribute # ",
,", ##"# #"# , 01 )
# , ' # !.0 # # #" , "", -"# , . 7," ". , " " ,' 01 " , ", "", #", &"## " ##*. " " #""", ," "
# ?#@"# " ,# /", 3#/", 3 #"# " , , " " . , # , ," " , # =
# @ " # !L@@I".= #"
@
!
B
L
M
I
6
@
J
@?
@
@?
@@
@??
@?@
@@?
@@@
@???
@??@
@?@?
( /9& " #", # #" # ," . 0 # #""",
,#."" " # " , # #"# " #
# " .$, , " , ' + # ,L6@! " ##.. = ?
L
6
@
!
U
( /<& 4"# K ,, #B L#"# # .9 ," # , #, .## # , # , " ,# '
!.I$ "
6@
" R )& " B.B.!*.# # . !I " , ., " #< II< #, " #< I <. ,# "",, #", N A " #", # #" ." # # # " # 01
, #" "" # #" . ,, )@.! @.! , ,# ", @.LL, #" , ' 42- . , - , ,# " =@.! ,# # #" , -IIIIII+)594) H9-I4 -H
# , 7, ,# ++IIIIIH)--I+H969+4)H
9 ," #"#=# , ## )""",# #" # , ## " , N" ,# " , " , ' , ## "# , & * , & *. , " , ! ## " " , # " " )G N01 " , # & :! & * " #" . " , G, @ " , " , @B I . 8 , ", , #
," II I I .$ #, A ", " ,A " , ,
, #"" G9 ,, + 7, " "01 " , " , . 5 ,# " , # #
, ### # #. $8 # # " , ' " , ' I2I #" , " , 4 , @?#" # , " # B@ # . # # " , ' H2I #" , H , " ,. H, @M B@# N , ",#
" , H , #@I " # ! .& #' " , #" A #A@ .
# )# @?!L @O A 7," "A # # @ .* , "",, , " # L ,, #" =" , 4 ", @ , B!, B@ # . " , H , ,, " B!6I@ UB!6I6K" , 4 )# , , ! &)" !@L6L@BIL@ U!@L6L@BIL6.. !B@ !B@ @*.5 , ," , " , ) = , @!@ U@!6. # , " ## , # " . # # ," "", , #@ , " , &IB*. " ,, )" "
6!
!.4)# "
,"" " " , 54 . " # " # " !.I.B.L. 9 , " " , .." , 4 " , -I ," , " , ) " , H " , 4 " , 54 ", # " "", + .01 , " " #' " , # ." ,
,##' " /"3, K , # . $ ,# , & *=
#
@
@M
#
@
B@
#
@
IB
( /=& # , ,# " " ### ! , = & . " , .8 " # . ", @ " , @IB!#IL, )" , 5 & ., " , ,"
.9 ," " , ,, & , " , . #% 3C # $ # & # . 5 & ,
% " ##= 'P" , 4- & ( %P3 I% I( (
,# "
% I ! , R ,#" " , ,
=P ,# #" # ? , @ ,# #
, " =
, K , ,# ?
,#" ,G R" # # #"# ,. % ,H, #. # ," " , -I2H A " , ' 52- A, # " !? # M .
, , G&#"* , !.M" " @?.@ G =8
!.I$ "
6B
# , " " 01 . A " ## " G, N , #= " $ # # ! &" 6 7 E ." $ # ! . $) # " , " , ' , .$ , # #&" , J# * #. ", , # &"" ,* #, ,# #. -) / %" & " , %' % % ( '$7 & " , ) 2 ' / 7 2O " , 4 ( % " ! ( < < ( & O ( % W " ! ( K O ( / 7 3O ( " % !% & % O U6 ( / 7 3I( % O UI ( $7 & 3 % O 2 I ( / 7 *3$7 & ( O 3 I( ( O 3/ 7 ( ( <" ''K <2/ 7 ( < % 2< ( & O ( -)(
5 ) "" , 6J@ 7, "" ,6UJU@W@6K
,@U6# "" , @. #
# " , "" , # ##
" , ,# , . # ) "# , .$ " ,- ," #, ," . , # ,# # , " #., % O 2 I
#. ,# # , @? ," % )A
A#.C # " ,#
= # ### "" ,#, # ## @?.
6L
!.4)# "
," "",# # = .# " % ,
# & ?* , , # ## . , ," , 4 , # ," , , .)@M# " , ' , A ) , " ,& , ,# "" , , # N*!@ , " " ,' 4 # ," , B@#"# . 9 ,, " " .
"" " #,"## "
", O # # "" # , # , # .9 , ,# , " , # , , ," . C ,
# N01 # "
# , " " & ) " *. "
# , ,# )" ## " % '% . , = '-.0 ) ->8; > - 6; &. ! + ! & ! G G !! '6 0 0 5 , ,# ,-," ' # "%% . "%% , , 7, ,K ' & . "* , , 7, ,.8 = '6@ ! !" '8&
! 1 ,, #", = " ' " , , # # " " #. , , ,-," : . , < < , ##
2.6.2 Disappearingly small – the FLOAT attribute " , + =01 "% , "% ! # "% ' .$# "## " ,#. " "% - " "%' 5 . , " ""
, #
# 7," # .
" "!@ " )" #" , , # =/ 7 3 % O 26 * K
!.I$ "
6M
# "%."%' 5
I#"# "% - !@ # . "%" " ..I4 + H6 . " ," " , "% !" = I IH ,#..@?!M.# ,
" # ) #", " ,#
# ) !.## , " , " "" #=4 , #" "% " )"
## & ,# *. # #" - , = ,# ' )
&*, # , # # , , & *01 # & ! * T& , ! *. I "", L I "", @ # TI "
@I . # - , # " # ", # """ .$# " ,# # ## ,# .
2.6.2.1 Floating-point since time immemorial , , "% "%'N )" = , ,# "%#, #"" . N( "% ' "% ! , "#/)#" 3 )#"#
# .C)#"!J @I. , ", , ## # ? ,J /# 3$24#5 , ., , !J @2. , , " ".9 ,
L- , @- , #@I-, . , " 6 ) @I " ,
# , " #" ## .5, ,@I- , @ #. 4) @
6
4) @
6
4) @
6
!L
MI
(, #
,
MI
@
MI
( /;&F ! !J # ' < 1), )#"#" #"& *.
6I
!.4)# "
"% ' #"% !) # ", # ,01 " " ,#"% , ! # ' . # # #
,, , # ' " 7, # , & #"*= D $ 6 79 $ $ & #0 ) @@# $%" , )B!# BB.$ # + , "
+ L@#@I " . ")
, 01 " )", # . , + ) = &#"* = 6J U6M. ) , "%, -"# " . , " @ @@ !@ B". # /" 3.. # '" ,= -9 L % ' /$FEG %' % % ( 'F7 "% I ( '"%( 'O7 "%( %3 ! ( O7 3F7 * ( "O7 3F7 :( F7 3O7 ( (
, "#,"# ",)",#. ## " , N ) 7, = "% ,
#, )# ," " "" ### .$ " " # " , ## .. ,#", " #.9 ,"# , #" , " "% ' 5 # "%. ", ,", ,
@I#"# .# # # " %
"%" & " !.!.!*. 9 ," # H, "7, # # =
!.I$ "
66
'8( ) !
@ @ @
@
! B L
@ ! @
. 0 ! + !! 0!! !
2.6.2.2 Floating-point binary " 0 # 444 # . " # 01 ," , .$# N " , , # "% !G4 , " ## , , " " .#, , ,' # " ,' #,# # " " . ( ,& *" " , # .B?9 ," " , #, ", " , #444 , ,
"#" , " # ,' "", # , )#"" ," # ,"
" # " 444 . ( ! $ # ,! & # )= ' " 7 "%,'( 'J7%"77%7 "% ( " \ % " 7 ( J7%"77%7 3 " 7 * ( " J "% J7%"77%7 (
0 " 7 " # 444 # ## " , # , ) 444 ," . ,"#"#=" ,' ## )",#, )#" ," , " # 444K " " 7 " # 444## #, 444 ," ., # #" #. " ## " " 01 ; & " 6.L*. C - , & , "*=
B? #, " #"## " ," , #.
6@
!.4)# "
4)
@
@
4)
@
@@
M!
!B
4)
@
@M
@@!
( 0>& ! 6 7 L@#@I . " " )#", , ) . " #/"3, #" "% ! !@& L * #MB& @ *. #0 ) @@# $%" , )B!# BB.$ # + , "
+ L@#@I . , ""
&* , # !L #
L- , . , ,""" #!L#
!BA7, = , ,7, ? - # ,
,#. 8 + )
= ," ", ) #" ,# # L- , _B@ @ , _B?@# @I- , _LJB!. C ," )#", 444, "", . "" # ##-5 ) . ,## ,. , #") JJ ,, "" " # ) , , # . " ,' " )
R " # #. 0 #$% #, " 444 - .
2.6.2.3 Floating-point decimal 01 !??6 ,# , # #," # - , ##" - "G" ," , "" # #" - &250* ## 444 # # #A# " ##
#, "% ' # # ) 01 #"# . # ",# #" - , N #," #")#- , #" " .., " # " )" )
# .$## #")#- , N9 , ," "", " .,' ) # ." )?.?@6@` &7, )I.L` *. "",B?
!.I$ "
6J
# # # #" . ," )" "" ,. - , ,# , 7, . , " # ,", L- , @- , #@I- , = #
@
M
#
@
M
#
@
M
.4)
,
I
!?
.4)
,
@
M?
.4)
,
@!
@@?
( 0)& ! 6 7 1' .#
" , #"# & , *., #- " , ' , " , #" # " # , &/# " ##"3* # . ,"#"# "##".1,
L- = !? )#" ., # ,a" ,
a=$ # ##" # ,
. "% ' ) # , # - .$ ), " BL BB. ) # " , ) . 9 , " ,
# ) ##" #G) ## @? , , .$ 444
) &" )#"*. " "#" # ) " , #
, @?. ) L- , -JL UJ6@- , -B@! UB@M#@I- , -I@L! UI@LM. " ," - , " ) @? " ##. 1, , " #&, "#" #*.(# # ","# # # .C H, ,"=" # #"# " ### ) , / ", 3, #, #88& . 8 8, *. , " # , ,= '/"%' <)IIIIII<, ( OO /*3 (
@?
!.4)# "
,# " / @ #" # : % ,# #&/ # 3 " B.B.!*. + " , ) , #
, " . ,#'H, " )#" #" - " , . 5 - , "% " "", = #" #"%' # " ##
#" # " ,' " , ##
)#" # . #, " %" = #" # " , ' # - , &)" , ," - * #)#" - , ,' &)" , , " - * "" " # # , #. 5 ,, " # = $ ! E ! # & 9 ,""" - # ", ,-," , ," # : % #= "
, N
"
, N
#, N
%
, N&, # ,
# #+
K , , " .*
R%
, , , + N
< < , # 7,
5
" # )" # " # 7, #, ," # ",
" ,#
," & #)*. 9 , ,# .$
,- "," 250- . ) . "" )#", #
#" "", " , #.
!.I$ "
@@
2.6.3 Arithmetic means – rules and pitfalls 01 " "#"" # ", , . 9 ,"
, , 01 , ) . " , ## " .5 # ,# , " 7, . # ,= # # % $ - $ 6 7.
2.6.3.1 Mixed operations 0 " ," , # , = " ,& )# * # # # " , # "% ", ,
# ,#. # # "", )# , # # ! ", " , "# ' . " $8 # # ,, # = , # !/ , 3 ' . " # "", # ' "$8 # ## ' " # . /
3 , " # .C , , B.B! ,. " " ,, # 7, , #"# # = : 6G0&0/7 $ : 6+0&0/7 & C " #" # #.." ?.@ , @ @I , @ @?., , 7, #" , " G , @ ### , # . # ,#
) B@= #" " &7* ,, 7, " &
, 7*= &@U"&TB.B!*"&7TB.B!** $ #" ) , "",#., " ", # ##" " ## , # " , .$)= #"&!@*b [email protected]B.B!*b &@U6L*b &@L*
B@ ) : 01 !M;,!??6.
@!
!.4)# "
# , J.M= ",# L# "#"J @??@. , " # @ , ,# #JM 6 " ., , ,# # ,.
2.6.3.2 FLOAT operations "%## ," ## ,
,
. ) ""%) .$ 0 Q 0
+ & ", "", , *.< " #
,# , = %
# *+ . " #," #" - # &250*. " , # , )"#" ", " , ## "#, 01 , . )= '8" , ( 'E"%'( E38*E(
8 )# "% / 3 " , # ! ' . - , # #
. ## " = # " # , )",#"% ! # " # " "% ' .C " # N " = '8" , ( 'E"%'( E3' 8 *E(
8 " # " ,' , # "%' , ## " # ,# # " .
," "%' "# " A #250 ," "", .
2.6.3.3 FIXED operations in the ANSI standard $8 # # , " , !, A , # # A # # # , " , ' #" , !, . " " # N( , , # " " # , " "
, . ")
, $8 # # )",# . , " , $8 # #" # " # . ## , " ," ## '
!= ," , " #" , A )" , " , ' # G # # " , ' " # # #&
!.I$ "
@B
*. # " # "", # #", " # ##. , # )" # " , ' , =
, # " , # # , # , @& *
, # #," , , # # , @& *
7, &" , !G* , # , # # ##& , *.
$8 # #" , !# #. " # , . # , " ,# . , " , ' , " # $8
# # # ##",
#, " .
2.6.3.4 FIXED operations in the IBM standard # ### # , " " ,, ## ," , # #
# ., # @ # " # . ", " "=J6UB @?? . " ,," 01
#
=, # 7, , , # # . , , , # # , @. /, @3 ,++=JTJ @@#" # G 01 ,)"#. " ), ,G& ,,JUJ J-J@I!" ,G* , , 01 ,, ) , " .C ," # , /, @3 , , )", .5 , , " # "" ,G $ # " ,, 01 #
.# , " , "
, = , # " , " #
# "" # # G),
,# , , " @M#"#B@ # & B@# IB*. 5 )@ ! 01 ?.M????????????? ", " # #" " "", .),, # @M @L# #" . ' $ .
@L
!.4)# "
C = ,## " " , 54 "", # , @ )#- , , " , # , " # . " ## " # , % % = , " " , 4 254 " # , L ,
, #" # " , 54 #. , , - " , " , ' H # ##" ", " , # " #" , ' H .C ##@? " ," A -* I (
# ' , ,@?.M????????????? ,#)""" # , . N A" " # ### ," G , ,# @6# "" # 01 , ,@I# ",, ## @M #G, /# 3 " ,%:"% "#01 ", ## 7, ? ", .8 . #," ,, # @?' " , ,. ,# " " , .,
" # ", , .
# , # , ,,
# " #01 " #,, "")" " # , # ,-," .
2.6.3.5 Built-in functions ## % ," # # ),"
' " , # "% "" , , # # , .5 ))
III24 2I " , 4 2I , ,@???" , , , III. , " " ,-," ' %
" ## #' #" . 9 ,"# " " , ,-," '
! # : ., : E2 2 H2 I # # , E , ," , " H2I . # " 2T N #" " , # 7 , #"# #", " ##, # " " , .( , ,
" ."" '! # = @. # #" " , "##" # #" , , #. !. # ## , " # "# ? = * " # # , ,#
# # , , #.
!.I$ "
@M
* " # " , ,#
# , " " # #"# ' 44- # ' T44- # #" , " ,# , #.
" '! . #"
'! ", ,# ') .C "= #
# &' )&
! $ /& $ $ 0& %# *+ & $ ,
" ,# , "" G ## ,-," # # , ," #). # " " ) "&.. %*"&.. T '% *#," " , &.. : *. " , , " ,-," "% " # "%," , , # "%.$ " , "" . " # " ," , " # , ,. T - (
,, *IIIIG, ""# ""= ' ! $
6 7 !
&6 # $ 9 &7
" # 01 " "" =01 , , "" .5 "" " +# " # . ) , )## ,K " , 01 "
# , G," , # " ,, # ##" NB!5
,# " , # , # # ," ," = $ ! # 6 " 7$ ! . B! $ 1 " , " , " # 01 .
@I
!.4)# "
, "# " , 54 IB # B@ .
2.6.3.6 The default concept # " " # 01 #" ." " ," # #= ;O1 8 " # # " , H "% 5 .BB , ## $8 , , ,# " " = " . " , " 4 #" ,' " I K ,
"
, " , !, 4 .
, ,"/#,3 , " #"
. # " ,' # # , , ,# ## .$ )H, #01 # #
, " = " & EL2F "%' 5 2 & O " , H (
# ' , "" # " #" " . ,## "" %,' " /" 3 ,## #" .
2.6.4 Janus-faced – PICTURE numbers 01 ' " " ," , /", ,
3 , .
#" , " " " 0 E . ' , , " ,# '' ,. 2#, , " = "## , "" " " " ," , " ." " " , #.9 , ,#" , #= " .
1' , # . ' , , " " ' " " .,", , , , # ,
' , "
.
#
###"" H, # # #",. " , , " )#, # = 'E ' <666666<( E3 )( E ( ! IIII )
, E , ) I# . ", " " " " 6 # " ., -# "# BB , "01 " #" " ,5 . .
!.I$ "
@6
,, " " IIII ) ,. # - -# "# ,,. , ,
#+
" " & +
,
* )"#" = ' '<666< ) ( ( ! SSSI )
5 ," ' ' " # , ,# ,, ' , -# "# ,,, -
. " ' , '' , , .& " , , , "- ,## " ,
,,#, ", " , ' , #" # " " "" # "- # # ,, " " .* " "
" ,
,
#+
., ,, SSSI ) ", +
,
#. , ,#
, @??? SS III ,# ,, "#@ ,
# " , . " " + ,
= '. '< 6<( .3 )( . ( !
)
,", " "" ## ## "# & *. , ) , ,# )
"" .$ +
"# " , . , "+ " ## " + ,, " " Q. " ,
,",, .& ,# "=9 c.* ,
) , " " , = '1 '<66< ( 1 (
,, ,# I . " ) " " U#b # " , , " ,
= ' '< 6< ( (
", @
,, # #@.&, ,# , ?# '.* " " * ", ,, * + . "" , , , .$
" " *# = '/ '<6< 9I ( / '% )- 2 ( ! SSSS9I*
@@
!.4)# "
# ," # , .$ " " , # #" " , . , # ' " " ' , , '<6<# , , ," #.$ " " " , # -"#/# 3 " " " " " # #" " .) " " # #.#" '\ '<******6<(
, ,##, " # # " # " , ./# 3 ,# "#.# " " " # # " " "
, ## " "#"
# . , " , ' , , .9 ," , " # " # " # ' , " , .5 " " ,
.# # ' , # ### " # = 'L '<6666< I ( L (
,", G # ', " #" . ,, , @??? ,# . " # , #
. , )@?,
# # " # " # ., ' , " , # , , #" G " , " " , , #01 " , ,# #" #"" & "4, " , *. # # 01 -"# " " #" # = '8 '<2666< 83)H(
, 8, ,#
, ,4 - " , = , , # # " , .4
.6M , 8 ,#
SSSSSSI)H. " " #" # "# # " " ," ) =8 ,", " "# . 9 , ,# , ,, #" " ) . # " , #.<66< #.<66< )= '^ '<66< ( '^- '<66< ( ^ 2^- (
!.I$ "
@J
5 ^ , ,# ,, I ^- I " #"
) "#. " " # " = "" # = '8 '<
<(
@??? 8 8 ,# , III. " , ) , , # , . , ,#
, @? 8 ,# , , I. # " "# # " . (# " # ," # , " , ' ,
" " .
01
, H, ) #" " .## ," " "" "#" #" ,. " "
#
"" "" = '$ '<66/ - <(
,", # #'' ,, " # ., " , , ,,@? ! # # # .$ , / ,# #" . "" # " )#- , , ' ""
" , , .$ , , "# " " ) #= 'O '<66666<( O3-IH4( O (
" " <-IHI*+< ,# ,. ," ,# #
" ) #. , , # " " . " " " " 8= ' '<666 86<(
" " # O % % . " " 8 " " ) #,"#.
, @6 ,#", '' ,
" , . ," ), # " " # " " )" .$ " " V#U" , #= '# ' '
, # ' " " , <SSPJI2+H<. , , 4, - ," ,## . ,# " # " " 4, " " " = %'' '!
J?
!.4)# "
## ,# ' , .- , " , " " " # ' ,. ,#, , , , ,# # # ,,. #" , ,, " # = , ", ## , , # "", N ", " # " ##, # " , ! " " , ' .9 ,,
, " # #", # " "
," " . , # .9 ," ' , " # ' ' " ## , ", . , "", , " # A # A " ,' . , , ""," , " 7, #,# ,, ," , " , ,#" ' , .C ,
@. , ,# +# !.
# , , . , " # , ' , ,# ' - , , .5 )" " " ,# ' " " . " ' , '' , ," , H" , 7, . ) , # ## , " # " = 'O '<666666<( O3 -4+H5( O2<<2<< (
9 , ,#, " < -4+H5< ,,.9 ," ,#" ," ,, " #",. 5 -# "# ,, ' ,
#," " -#
. ' # ,, "" # ' "" . 9 ," ,
' ,- ," = '' -I :( 3 )2<666< (
, " " " ,# # ,#
# " # ,. " , " # , )
.,
" " , .
!.I$ "
J@
2.6.5 Character weakness – calculating with character strings # # " , , "% , 7, ) " K !#' , . ' , ' , ' , , " # ' ."," " ", # . # " 01 = ' 2G ' -I :( 3< -4H<( G3< -4-<( G (
$ ," ," " . " #" #,", " ,# . , " " " = # $ & , , " "
' , ,"#" # , ,-," . ," " , "" #" "" ,-," '' .BL," " '8' 4 < -4< ( '" ,' H ( 3 '' 82<666< (
"
, 8 -#, #., '' "# " O , # # #" #A "" 7, #""# ' . , ,#
#8# " " ,# #" "#, 01 , &/ # ".3*. , '' " ," #
# ". ## ,, % :! &" " " " # " # ' .4)" " # ''. "" " # ",
, " "
, ,= '' -I :( '8" ,' H2 H ( 38(
5 # ## #, , # #" # . , = ( $# " & BL ,-," (8 04" # " !.6.
J!
!.4)# "
01 # " + ##" . ,
" , , " " , " # " ,' " , & ", B.B! G*.9 ," ,
7," = " , H U" ,' 5 U' 6 " , 4 U" ,' U' +
C ,# ,)# # ## , " /3 ,. , ##" , #), .
2.6.6 Nothing real – complex numbers ,# ' " ), , ,# " . # " , ,#
, # ) ,. 01 " " , = # '% , . , # # ,#
".$, " ""7,# BM, . $ , " ## , '% , , , " , = '0"%'% ,( 'KQ" , '% ,(
0 "% , Q " , , . " )" 01 " .
" # & = *.$+ ,#
) ,"= ' "%'% , 4*+ ( '-"%'% , 4I*+I (
" , "%" , ## ' K01 " "" # " , . ))
,#"" #" , " . " )
) ," " H," ) " , , " ##, " " ,.01 " ,#, 6*6 6 6 (
# ,, ,# 5-*I . $ , # ,-," . ) ##
# & # & ,# - * " )
" ) ,& '% , *= 'E"% I ( ' EE2 "%'% ,( ' '% ,2 &2 ( BM , # , , ,# " , =4 #/ 3# ' " G01 " "& *K5 # 0 " 'G
!.I$ "
JB
EE3'% , E2 ) ( 3E( & 3 )I( EE 2 & EE 2 (
, IIIII*III # )IIII*III " ))
IIIII*III * )IIII*III ,.
# ' " H, " '% a&," = '% a& I* I (
,# I I . , # , , #" ,-," " "#" ) , . " "##)## # # . " # #= , , ,-," T" &, "
,)* # , # "
" ), .9 , ,# " # , . ##
# " G '- # . , , # " ), # , , ,-," # &= ' '% ," , I* I ( 2< < ' <66< 2 ( * I* I
$ , , " , ,, , 01 , .1 , ,# ,K '% : %
,# ,.&2, -# "#, " ))
"# .* , ) = '
( 0/& ! 5 ) " ), A" ,
" "= -6 . '% .F#$0 %' % % ( 'E"%( '#% "%'% , 4*+ ( %E3I%4H6( K #% '% , '% E 2 E ( ( -6(
0 BI? " " #, M& , 0 G*. # ," &BUL*& dU"
d*d , ? BMJ# .& '% # )" # ,# .*$ , " %
, "%.
JL
!.4)# "
,# , " , #" "%"" , 7, N&$ # " !.!.! #", " , "%" .*
2.7 Manipulation of bit strings " !.I # # " , #01 = #
& C # )"##. # & $# "01 +#
, '# , )#& % :! &*# &:! &*.9 ,# ,:! &R " " " [email protected]. # ",
& ' 2 " " # ' ," #" " , " 6.! " ', # 7, #.
2.7.1 A sister of character – bit operations ' # ""7,# ,: = ' I : << ( 3 MM
" << , , .# ,"H )" ,"# " "
" " MM.## -
" . 3 EUI MMW (
" "
" "
#. " :(4#5$1 4 , ,=
!.6,
JM
' & -
" ," )# @ ," 7, < < )",#. " & 7, '?' " # )",#. #, ' , "" = +## . 7, < < ," " = ' 2G -I ( '( <E% %" < ( G <E% %"G < ( % < G: %% < ( (
#," ' ,# " , +#
"" " ,#
,' < < K " "
@.( "#' , # " ,
, "# , " ) % ' . " " # ,-," ' " , # . ,"" ,
, K , ,"
, # : "! # ' ," " +
," # & *
< <
, ", A# ,, " " . ,-," ## ,= " " " " . ,-," ' " " , & # # ," *. 4 ,-," %% .
" ,"# " ) -"#/)", 3& " W , *= 'E +
# " # , " #"" # " ## # ,. , & #* "
# #
##
# #
< <
##
< <
( 00& H H
JI
!.4)# "
" "# .9 , # ," ,
" , " , ,# # #" ,., ,
2.7.2 Set theory – working with bit strings ", , "" .BI 9 ," ) & ## ,# )
G*= 4I %! G %' % % ( '/ ! 455 H-
# # , =), " # .4"
" #
K " # < <
" " # ., " " ")"" < <
" < <=, "/#3 "#)
#01 =/ !XG .
5 #@B # '" ' # ,", 01 , = &..," ,?*
" 7, < <.5
#= 5 #@B !???
, , " . " #= BI , ," 0 " #,-! "# # . # ,$# # # # " # ,
.
!.6,
J6
' #
. "" "" " ," , '," "01 G " " , " # " " " , " " 7, . 9 , " , # # # " " "#. " ," # # ' ' # "", . " " " " " # . ! # " " "" #. " " # "", " " ,"
" , = '8" , I ( 8MM
,<SSSSSSII <&8 " # ' * " #
2.7.3 Orienting the machine – UNSPEC and others " ,-," 01 "",# '" "" . , )# ," ,= ' ," , "#01 . ' " #/, "#3# / , ,3
" "#" .4)" ,-," '' # # " # "# " ## . $ # " # # #= , '," $8 # #," , K # # , #. , , $8 , ' , ,# , " " "" $8 , PE\ PO#. EO . ##01 " "% ,
.1 = , ' ' : , !- ) "," " "", # " , H , . '," ,
, "" # / - 3= 3 $# $# ! . 8
" , ," " H, " # # " " " .## ' " , # ,# - . -
J@
!.4)# "
, -"#42" # ,)" "" " # = '.' <E< ( ' . 3 ' . X
# 7, ,-," '. "" " " @ ,")", "/#3 " . ,/#3 < <, "/#3 " ,"#. ,/#3
#" 42" #G , # ,# - " , ,### ", ,# ##= ' . 2 2 3
2: "! 2<< 2 3<0<(
" ,# #", " + ,- ," ,# - ., ,, = ' 9 ( '.' <E< ( 3 ' . ( 2 2 3
, ,# " # # " #
, ) "" # ) "." " + " , A # # ,# ," , A ,", X#M # < <
# . , " , , , " " , ,
,## , ## " # .
!.6,
JJ
5 ,
"- # " " # . , # )#", . , @I L #. ))#" , ? @M, ? J # $24#5 " .9 ," < II7III < <. <,,#" %#"
)#" , " " = 'E'( E3<+1<,( E (
)$ " # ,. ,- , " ,- ," " " "
, , #. ," , " # " " #. ," ,# )
##
" # L. B6 # ," ,", ," "
. ) ,", E# # )" = ' E2 -"%2 -0' 2 -/"%( ' 2 -"%2 -0' 2 -/"% & (
,", E ,, # B 0 & -"# ##* "01
, , "", "%, A " & . 4- - #@I- - , ##
# @ " #" )#". # ##@I- ,# . ,, # ,", . $ !- -L- -#@- , " , ! , ,# "" # . ":! & !- ) !- , .5 " # & !" % ".* , L- ,# . C " "01 # , ," #" =
B6 #, # ""
"
=5 & "
,# ""
# ".
@??
!.4)# "
' E I 2 -0"%2 -Q' (
E ,, # # # , "% A #., E# ' "", @? , 66G $ # #
, "#.5 )" " ) # ) . :! & !- ,# # , # ,# .9 , "" " & ,.(# " # , ,#' , # = " , #""
" . 5 "
,# " # ! , . ,#
# , ,
." " & " " " * , # , ,#
# ), " , , ," # # " , 4 .
" )#- , " #
# " # ., , #" # # " ,# , , , &, , *= '/" , H2 4H ( / (
$" " @L ,=
2.8 Abstract data types # # ",
# " " # " " " # .01 ## ,"## " # "" #" " ," A -"# "# . " ," , )" 01 A " " # .
2.8.1 Types having aliases – DEFINES ALIAS # ## , , " . , , # ) , , , # = " " , 4 (
# ,", #= '0! (
!.@$ "#
@?@
C # ! " " # 01 , , # ,. &01 ,##) # , ,# '# ,.*9 , # ! " ,# " . # -"# " # # G 9 ,, )" # " .
# " , 4 " # # " " # ) .B@ $ # " , ## # " # #
" " "7,#
.9 ,, " # , ,", .
2.8.2 Showing colors – enumerating types # #- # # , #"# # # - .5 #," # " = " % .%% 2% &2!%2& 2 2 &%2: % (
# " % , #" ##.
, , #., " % &". " . 7, #" = ' "'7'%%!.%%(
" )
'%%
# "'7'%%." G % " " # # . " , ," %
.% , # " . , " " ,
" ,# "
A # "" : % , .," # , , # # # %#!. ## ,")"
, , , # # .
# ," , , % K )
= %.%%3 : %( ( %.%%3 &%% % &( (
) , # , ##.C " ,
, , " # , " " N A
,-," ,
" " # , B@ 5 , " = G
@?!
!.4)# "
" " = % .9 , # " , #" G 8 # ,# #)= 4 %'%% FJ1OE$ %' % % ( " % J %7'%% 2% &2!%2& 2 2 &%2: % '.%%!J %7'%%( 'D%' ) :( 'D%7 77 %7'%% ( J '%% < '%%2< ( & D% ( 1 " %'%% D%7 77 %7'%%3
D%7 77 %7'%%3< <( ( "% % "D%7 77 %7'%%
D%MM< %'%%]< ( D%MM< % %'%%]< ( 4 (
#" " &#- G*#" "" . " .# ," ,#" " , " " # ., ,#= ," " # " . $# "# = @. 9 , "# ,A +# . !. # " "", , " "" . # # ) #, "# . " , " , . , ) , # # = #, "
"# " .C , ,-," . "" ,= % " % ., , " # J %7'%%N " ,-," 7, ## # G4)" = # # ,- ," ,- ," , ,
!.@$ "#
@?B
## " , . ,
"
," = %.%%3" J %7'%% J %7'%% ( (
, " # , , )"#"
# ,. "
" "7,# , ," . $## / 3 ,-," = % # % ''.% , #"
# % '' ,""
,. ,", "= %.%%3" J %7'%% % '' .%% .%%3 J %7'%% ( (
= , G , , # # "
, " ,", " % .
" % .% 7 ' % O%: - 2D2: * 2% ' % ) & (
, #= , , . : , "#01 , ? " #" " , @. :
"##, # " "# #
, ### " " @. ,# ' " " & & & * H,
,"#, "#" =@ ! L , . & " " % , ," , L .* , ,#
" # "
# " , ", ,-," !: & . : *., : O% * : % (
, ,## , # ,# "" # # . 5 , , " " # #, .. ," . , " "
' # ' " " # )=
@?L
!.4)# "
4- .% : % J#.2.EG %' % % ( " % % 2 7'% 21 ( ' !( ' -!( 'F " , 9 & ( 3' 2F ( -3' 2 ( % ( % - ( 4-(
# ,'#' # % .," ' " # ,,"# , ## , ,.$ " ''# ' " ,# , "# "
#, # . ," ' ## # , , ." " # ,
,A"" # $8 , ,.5 ' ,, ," " '" ,
)./ )3 ", ' " # #"" #" . ,, " 01 "# , ," ,-," '.$ #
, ," 01 # ", "
. 250#&"% ' # *, , # ' A , .
2.8.3 Strong types – DEFINE STRUCTURE $
, # ,", . " "7,# )
" L.L.$
,", . , " )= " ' J % 2 -O %" , 4 2 -1 % %" , 4 (
9 , ## "# . )"# " #" % = 'O !J % (
" , # O N = #
,# ,", GC ##K ,", ," # ## .5 )##, '
" ,", , . )" ,# ,,G$ #
,
,", # ,
,", = O 3I( "% O ( "%
!.@$ "#
@?M
,#
" , '" J % " J % " " .0 # " , = O O %2O 1 % %3I O O %2O 1 % % (
5, ", , #," . ,", , # , , , - ,", " "= " ' #!7'K2 -O ' -I :2 -1 !7& ) " ,' H2- ( ' :%!#!7'K(
9 ,, , , ,", # , ,# :%1 !7&3I(
) ?.1 !7& " #!7'K # #.
,", " )##= )
" L.L. 8 ""7,# # " = @=" 8 , ( !=" % 8 , ( B=" ' 8Y % Z2-8 , 2...( ( 05& (C ! 6DC@C 9&/&)7
2.9 Time calculations ##01 "# ## , ,- ," " ,""", " 0 < .C ## ,"" .
2.9.1 The fright of the turn of the millenium – date and time !?", # #, " ,#
#L# .# !# ##G, ,-," " 01 # #@JII= , !# . # ,# # ," " ## #.$" "
@?I
!.4)# "
'17 ' ) ( <1 <2 17 2 2+ 2< <2 17 2H2- 2< <2 17 2)2+ 2<<2 17 262- 2<<2 17 2 2- 2<<2 17 2 42- ( -III I 4 )+446
,## , ,#, # # . # " A " #"
" , . 8
# . ,"
## , G #=
- #
111 -##, , # . , "" 4 .
#
"", &)"
# * )11QQQQ - 4 . "
" # )<-4-II)<" <
11QQQQ<. '
, # "# ' ,. , 7, &
* , , ,-," " ,,
, , ,"" #
"", " " , " , / 3. #, # #A,
# " " .
2.9.2 A language with SECS – the Lilian format 01 " ,7, ## , "", .## #, ,-," 7, #. -"#1 A # # 1,1 < "# &"" # "@J?? ' #!???
G*.," ,
!.J"",
@?6
@M " @M@!BJ. # #, @ "", 01 . ,-," ! , #' , " # ,-," ' , , " # "
# " . C )" "" = ," =# "" # .5 ) ! <-IIII6--<2
,, # # " # #,!!# !??? " #," < "# . , " # ,01
, # #
, #, , . , # , = ! " 2+ MM< --+<2
" , # ) " .&, , / 3 G* ! , " , 4 ,#'"% ! H4 ,
#" #. $ ," ! # ' ) = !% # '% " ," " " # ," , "# .5 #, " # # " # ,-," !%' # '%! . , "",, # , , ,# # # " # I? ,# !LK "," ,# , , , ., ,# ,# , ,# #N # ,-," K!.9 ,# ,# 01 ## , # , 6. L? $ , K! , # , # !. K! ! <-IIII I < (
,@ ;, !??? , #. ,"!#' ,"" ,-," :
, . , < < , ## # "" # " # ,
&# , " B.B*. , ,# " @J?? " ,= ": < 6III--6< < 6II!]< ( < 6II %!]< ( BJ 0 < # # # # "L " @M@!. L? # , , " # #@I?@" 7, # ,@# ,# ,6.
@?@
!.4)# "
), , !??? 01 =# # ,,#",#B@ 2" JJJJ. C , = ';< 0 0 +0 %
2.9.3 Revenge of the inherited – conversion of years C " " ##
!@ , . # " ## , # # ,-," # . !+ )# #
", . ,-,"
. <66I I-<2
# "" #" 'QQ11<# " # #"" #" 'QQQQ111<. ,,, 666II-. ' M? ,, " %. % 69I ,"" )J? # @JJ?#6? !?6?@? @J@?.$ , #= !? )", # !? ", .9 ," " , ,-," # , ,.$
,
" # " / #3# . # " " / #3 , ,01 . ," , ' 5 ,"/"3 " "# ! ," ## , #
" # . , # )" = " # , # #,"#" #
", # #, # " . # " # " " #" ,,
. # " ## ' # "". " " " ) " ##
.$"" ##" " " " #= ' !' 5 ( " !U3<< % '% & % '% < " !U<+)I6I-< '% & % '%
, ,# # #
"
# # , # )## , . ,###
!.J"",
@?J
01 " # # " " # ", # = '17%' 5 ( ' !
, # ," ### , =
' % :! &
' < 6<
" , ' 2I
7, # . , " " , , ,# " " ' K % ,G
B. " # ,",
@@@
3. Block and program structure ' #
,", . , ", ,#
" , # # ,###", )" , .8 ,# # " "", , , # ,""
. ", N A, " " ) "" ,", . #, . " # #
, - , -
, - ". ,
," , - 01 # , - "# "#, .
3.1 Scope and lifetime of variables $ , " , 7," 'O" , ( & O ( 'E O "%( % <%K
# $ .9 ," #
," , #= " # , N01 , " "", )"
" " , ## ##. ," " "# " K & " #%' " .
3.1.1 Useful overhead – the BEGIN block 9 ," & " = 'O" , ( & O ( & ( 'E O "%( (
5 , # , O# , & " " " " +# & # . "
# E. " ," ## #", .
' 7, ., , # & "
,#
,#G, ,
& " #" " " .(# " #
# " # . ) E " ""
# ., E " " . # O#" # , # " " ""
# # " . " " " # " " #" #",#, " # " . , # , .
@@!
B. " # ,",
C , )
# , , " . "7, ,# # #7," "", # " #" ##" . " , #" )" , # " . # ," # " , = %$ $ 6! 7
& # & " = @. " # " # ,
" "
!. " " ## B. " " ##" " ,#"
. " # # = @. $" / #3L@ -"# , " # , !. , #"
", # " " . ,
# & -"# "* # ,
# 7, #. , #.
3.1.2 More than once – the PROCEDURE block -"# %' "
# " & " . # %' " G "
# . ,, %' " , ,# & " .5 ) 7," 'O" , ( ' "% I ( & O ( & ( '" , ( 'E O "%( & E ( %3 %O( *3E ( ( (
L@ " #, - #," "
.
B.@ " #
@@B
& O ( & ( '" , ( 'E O "%( & E ( %3 %O( *3E ( ( ( (
" # " , %' " = 'O" , ( ' "% I ( & O ( 'J7 7 7 ( & O ( 'J7 7 7 ( ( J7 7 7 %' ( '" , ( 'E O "%( & E ( %3 %O( *3E ( ( (
9 , # "#, # ,""" ' .8 7, "
,# '
. "#, " " # )",#.$ # )", " , '. , 7,"% ' %' " )",# ,)", " ,
"# .
3.1.3 Taking care – nesting of blocks " "#, " # # " .1'
)= 44 %'K ' %' % % ( '' II :( 3<E<(
@@L
B. " # ,",
& ( '' II : << ( 3MM< <( '.( (
.%' ( 3MM<.<( .(
( 44(
7, = , =<E< <E.
# " ## "# "# ,
#& *. " , " " < < " "# ".8 . "# #. <.< " "# , "N A 01 " " "## " 7,"= . <E.< ,. " "+# " .$# #" ,# " "#A " # , .9 ,# ' # # " # " #., = '
% & $& " " )" %' " .5 " ," . # % # % # ) # " " #
+ . % " " & " " #"# ," #." #, % . & Y%[%Z% % Y [ % Z K
( 08& IC! # % + . # ",
% % , # %' & . " B.!.6*. & " % % # =
@. " # & " "# ##& ! *. !. ,&.. ", * ##
, ,# " & " # '", , , - #," #. , #" , %
#
& " #. ,# ,# , ,# )",#"
A # " ## # , + . % % " ,# H" + " =
B.@ " #
@@M
' II " , 4 ( $%% %3 % II( %'K & % % ( '0 H " , 4 ( & 0 ( 3 , 0 20 - 20 4 20 + 20 H ( %'K( $%%(
, ," " , "#, # & " #, 01 " " #" %&.
3.2 Structure of a PL/I program $ # # "" ," ,#& # * , - " ," . 01 "#, " , ," " , . " ,"
" ' .
3.2.1 A matter of order – parameters $
" , "#, " #
, " # # ..
. ) , - " "" # +. , , # .. " , # "#, . " ,#
, . , " #
. ' , " , # , - A , " "# )= ' E2 2. (
, # " , %'
, - = %' 02Q2 (
" " E #. ""
, - 0Q# " . E #. "# , K 0Q# "# . 7," "# " # # # "" ," " - ,# . = ' $-
.
@@I
B. " # ,",
", ,
# , - & " # * , -"###
" .. ##
" , , .C
, ,# " . ), # # , - # , = 4+ % &%" , III #EJEGJ %' % % ( '.% " , ( '" , ( 'O III "%( J & % " ! ( <#2 % III < ( %3 % III " ! ( & O ( ( .% 3 ( % III O1"$ % &! '% .% 2O ( F %"%! O %3 %.% ( % %' .% 2 ( '.% " , ( ' "%( '" , ( 'E ,"%( '" , ( ' 7%" , ( %3 %.% ( 7%3( %3* %.% ( " V 7#% 7%3( ( ,' &%" %" " 7#%W3 %( E ,3 ( 3 7% ( 7% 3E ,( ( ( %( 4+(
B.! ,", 01
@@6
5 # , #.
@ @???, #
G " ," %
" , "
. 8
G " , , K " # , . # )@???,
, - # +. "#" # " # # , "" , - % + ,. , ) #" III , , O # " # #".9 ,""
, - @? !??? G9 ," # & . * #
"#, . "#, )#. -"# "
.9 ," , 7,"#
, " , . , , )" , A , " "". , "#, # #" " #
, " """. 3 +## 7%35= #)=
@
!
B
L
M
I
6
@
J
= @? !? B? M? 6? L? @? I? J? ( 09&
, "#, # . "#, # # - # ", " # # .
"#, #,"#.
, ," .9 ,
# ," "#, . ,# , # # = $ . 9 ,"
, - , "#, .$# " )" ' := EO %' # % % ( '# ' : % & (
C , #
@??" " . ## ," " ,.
" " # . $
# ", = #
H" # # ,, /# ## 3. #" = ," " 01 , .. # " 7, . " "
# . , # = & & # 02Q (
@@@
B. " # ,",
, %' = %'% % %,'% (
, " "## ,# ". 9 ,# # ", ),, ,, " " & " MM*." """ ,## ,
% & & . % & *. 9 ," ## , % & ,", H, ,"## , & & .& *= ' E 2 - "% % & 2 -." , 4 & (
5 , ) )" " "#
.9 ," "& # % & " ' .
3.2.2 One-way street – dummy arguments ,, " , , # )BL , - " ",, # , # .$" A , ) A, ", " O . , . *+$ $# ! $ 4 & 01 , ,
, " )
" , , . " " , # " " , - . , " ,
" , "..' "#
., " , - " "
# " & ,*# #, ,
#. # " ," , " ," . , )
", " . , )
, " ,##
# " .
"" , - " #, ,. , " , " ".5 )" , ,# " # "% .#, , ,# " " , # ,#
# , - . $ " " )# , " # # " " :! & ,# " A#, , ,# #G
B.! ,", 01
@@J
( - % # ! # 6 # 7& 3 # % $ ! $ % & , ," , - " , , - ,# ,, #, , , , ,# ,"#. , - # , , ,# . ," )
# 01 #," #, ,. 8 , ,# = '=9 ) 0 ! " ) ! ! ) ! " ! H &. " 0 "
"" #, , # + # " ,# . , " ''K '% "% ' " ## ," "" . " L.!.B ''K . $ " %, %
. "
, , , " # #" # & .
3.2.3 (Not) lasting long – AUTOMATIC and STATIC " "#, # , " "# "" %# # "#, " .$"" # , # , % 'K #" ,
" . ! .. # ,. ,
, % ' # )" "#, . # ,",
#
, = # " " # , - G $ % ' , ' ., '" , ' I (
#" , - " ,"# ".+ " % ' " , - # , # # .2, , # ,K ," #, )", ,"" A## #" " ,", . '
& ) # BM" # # # , - # "" " # # , " .
@!?
B. " # ,",
4H &"% GEG. %' % % ( 'D%' HI :( % " ! ( & D% ( % W " ! ( '# D% ( & D% ( ( '# << ( # %' D (
'D' : % & ( '$ ' 9I : << '( '( & D 3I %( K $ ( ( ( & $ 3I $ 3D( & $ * & D V , & $ $ MM3<<MMD( % %( K $ ( $ 3D( ( ( # ( 4H(
, # ' " ,, ," , - # ,
. , , ' ,# , " $ ,# "# "#+# , . ' ,"" # $ " , # , " # . " , - ,# " .8 " " " ,#
G ,# =# )", . # , - 0 , , # " "# " , .), "
" 0 # #" , - ,#
,, # " "# . . " "#, " .. , '
" " .C # , ,"
,
.$ , - " ).."
" G 9 , , # " "
"# A)" # . &,"
B.! ,", 01
@!@
" # " " . ,# ), " " ,", ,-,"
, & .
3.2.4 Home-made – functions # ,-," . ,# " ,# ," , .%' " ", , , # ," . "#, # "# ' "# , ,." ," "#,
" ,-," .. # , .C ""
, ," , " "
.5 H, #
, = Y return value ZK
( 0<& A 'DAC , , # , "#," "#, #
, , #. ) @?? # # ".$ ," "#, #. ,# " #= 45 ' &&% " ' % %' %' % % ( '1 ' % ! II ' HI :( & 1 ' % ! ( "!"% " . , 1 ' % ! ( . , '!% %' 0 ' HI : (
'0 ' : % & ( '" , 4 ( '," , 4 ( ,3% 0 ( %3% 0 * %% 0 ( "0 U0 ,
,3( ( 0 , ( . ,( 45(
" . , ,# )
" ..
# . ,1 ' % ! #0
, - # #" # ' , + " " . ,-," % # % ##G
@!!
B. " # ,",
%' . , # " , , ," , .C " , "# " ," ", ," ,. , %' " " G # , " # )BI= " " ,# ' # + "/ 3 , #)
#&#, L ## M?*G '>I0 0 +0 )! !! !
. ! ) !" ,"# ," # , , " # = 3 # $ &D # & ," ," #,"# G C # ,", , #.$ ,", , #.4.. /%' 0 !J % (
$" ," # ,", = / 0 O %34(
3.2.5 As in the Munchausen story – recursive procedures 5 " ", # ," - ) " = " I 3 I]3 " 3" ]3 ]
5 -" )=LG& =L" * , @!BL.9 ," # ,"," 01 " ," = /' J' :" % %""'% %' 8 " , 4 ' :( '8" , % & ( "83I
( /' 8 8 ( /'(
%' ' : , "# " ""/'/' " .$ ,"/ #3 , ," + " ," ="" ,# ,, )",#. "" #"
B.! ,", 01
@!B
# ,
K )", ,# ,
"= /' :" % %""'% %' 8 " , 4 ( '8" , % & ( '" , ( '/" , 4 ( /3 ( %3-%8( /3/ ( ( / ( /'(
" " , " , )" , ,#", ", .#" @! # , ". @!G &@!BLMI6@J@?@@@! W L6J??@I??* ' ," , 4 G $ ", # " " # . , ", " ," ) . # C , # . #IL# # " #"" # + # .
)" .$,) , ## , # # . "" !# "# " = , # # ,) # ,) . # , ,#
, ,) # # # =
origin pile
,)
( 0=&'#F
# "# # # " .
## "" # < # G , )", # , # !IL @ . $
, # " # )@?@! 7, #, ## G " , , # C ,# ,
@?# " , # . ,# , ,@, " - # IL# ,# , ,B? &@??? ,*.
@!L
B. " # ,",
"#, , . , = ,# , # )" # # #, # .9 , # ", " #&.. , ,) *, , # #,# . # ,# ,", ' ", ,",," )B6 = 4) G%%"L % J.PJ %' % % ( " % # F & 7 2E , !7 2G&7 ( 'L % 42 F & 7 2 E , !7 2 G&7 ( L % J'K ! %" K %' O 2F & 2E ,2G& ' :(
'O " , % & ( ' F & 2E ,2G& !# % & ( "O U :! & %% % , ! 'L % O 2F & 2G&2E , ( K% &' K <"% <MM% F & MM <%<MM% G& ( "O U , ! %& 'L % O 2E ,2F & 2G& ( L % ( 4)(
$ #) # N " .,# ' = G9 , ,,= "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%EP0$EJQ7#$ "% GEJ\G7#$%EP0$EJQ7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% EP0$EJQ7#$%FJ\OE$7#$ "% EP0$EJQ7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$
9 , , # , ,) # # , . ,
"", # , #" #& "" ##*.
,# " , " , ,# + "" "#,
B.! ,", 01
@!M
### , . /3& " * # "
.$ "#, )# ,." , " ##" . 5 , . # % ' "# "" , - &#, ,*. # # , ##
# . ,# ,"
) ", " " "# " "#, . """
# "" ##
##
# , , . , ", "#, . ", #
# ,"# #" , ", 7, ## " . # # !# $ !
$#
# & 9 ,", ," #" ,A # # A = -< ) + ) %
3.2.6 Compile separately, execute united – external procedures , , - " # "#, "#, .$ # 01
,#, " " " .
"#, " # # ) "#, " # , ." " 01 "# ' . )", "#, , " , H # .5 #, # / 3 / # 3. ) , " # .5 " = 49 .% &:% , %' %' % % ( ''% ! ' : " , ( '%
, - =
@!I
B. " # ,",
'% %":% %' " , ( '' : % & ( '.% " , ( '" , ( .% 3I( %3 % & ( ": "! 22 2<EFP % < 3I .% *3 ( ( .% ( '% (
" ,# #. 9 , " '% #" # !. , !#" " ,# / 3
, - '% )" " ,' :! &# ,# / 3 , " , ,. , !#" & ,#/"
3
*" ,#
," "
)# )"#&'" :! &G*# ,# , " , 4 , $8 # ##"%, # # & , #8G*. "
) " ' , # , ," ," " ) "#, .$ # ! , "## # , ," , "#. , "# !# %'N ", " "#, %' ! , G&9 ," # ) " .* C # , = ,, / 3 = K, 49%a'% %aFPG 49,
9 ," , "" # #) , -
#" , T%' .
" # # " . # , ##" '% "#, '% . $ '% " , # , ," , K , A "" #
G, , ,# , !#" " ". !#' # ,
:! &# :! &. , K ," ," "#, # , , "#, # =
B.! ,", 01
@!6
"=
name argument list
'name argument list (
, =
value (
( (
#" ) =
'name ! attribute list attributes (
'name ! attribute list (
%' -
%' parameter list attributes (
O %' parameter list (
=
( 0;&@ #D $ , ,01 " " #" ! ,.8 , - " # # ! " .9 , " , '% , " . ,
,"" , "#, , , "
! G $ ! " = ! ! " ,", #" . #" ,# = ' I !: (
, #: # " " # " # , ,# " .$ "
,#
,", "" " " .$ " '% .
,# " " " : '% " . '% ,# )#-, % & . 9 ," , .. " ,"#. ' """ "= ' 4 + (
# ," # " "# ,L. " , !"
# ! #. , # ," , ! ,= 'J ! " , '% ! ( 'J 4 + (
, ' "#, . "#, , , #.5 ,# "#, J=
@!@
B. " # ,",
J OGJQ %' / ! ( '/" , % & ( ' # 7T 2# 7' ' ! ( "/UI # 7T ( # 7' ' ( J(
$# " , , , # 7T ## 7' '= %'( # 7T %' 0 ( '0" , % & ( 0
- (
# 7T ( %'( # 7' '%' 0 ( '0" , % & ( 0
4 (
# 7' '(
' ,# ,,, @I. $ " )= ! ! , , # ," "##," ,
#N A , = @. & *," "#. !. ! ,
#. $ " %
" ! " ,""
! " !
#= '/ ' % !: ( %/ ' % 3 2'% ( '17' : I2- # 2/ ' % ( (
, ,
- ," #.% "# ," ,-," K, , , 17' : ,# " # # ", # . # ,# # " ) "#, ,# " ) . ,.., , , ,", ' %7' % , 2 -O " , 4 I 2 -&' II : << (
B.! ,", 01
@!J
,", " # #) , " # .4" "" ,"#" ""
.$
# ,
.$ " # , " , " "# A "#, G
3.2.7 Packed procedures – PACKAGE # , )BM ## " , , , # , ,# ," "# .1' # .$ "#, 7, #= , , "#, " " # ," "#, " , ", "#, " , " # " . " , -
. " #,
# # , ""
" " # # "#, . ,# " , ". ,# , , ,# ## + .$ ,.. " . 01
" "#, # # H". 5 "#, = 46 Fa' #E.8E\ %' % % ( '.%' ! ' : ( '$ & ! " , ( '.% ! ' 4- : ( '1 ! ( '.%' <E< ( \K % '.%' <"%< ( $ & ( K .% ( '1( 46(
8 , H"= Fa' %, 46 'K&,% ( '$ ' 4- : ' << ( .%' %' D ( 'D' : % & ( $ 3$ MMD( .%'(
.%'%
@B?
B. " # ,",
$ & ' &%" %' " , ( & $ ( $ &( .% ' '% %" %' ' 4- : ( $ ( .% ( 1 %' ( $ 3<<( 1(
1
Fa'(
, " " # !#" & * ," ,#" " , " # . "" " H" H"- # .." # "#, & "
# " , ,# # *. )" 'K&
# = 'K&# #" 1 "#, " ""
1. # ) " ##" " ..
# # # " ".
= ' E - 4 # 6 7 . 9 , " .. # " " " " ,# # # , #. 8 " )# " = name='K&Y,% list of names Z Y: Z Y% % ZK ( 5>& 3J3I ! ,%
"#, " ) "#.$ & )* ,% ", = "#, . : " " , # " .2 " ) " .
%' & ,
" *. , "#, & , #* T%'
& ,, #*"
, " "#, " ", ,% #" .
B.! ,", 01
@B@
! , # ,
" "
.# " "#, " " 7, #"" "# ' . " /"3 # )= "" " # " ,"# /" 3 ,& "
, *. E%' 8 ( ' 82$ " , % & ( 8 ( ( ! $ ( $*8 ( E(
, 8 /##3 , # "#, ", "
#" , # " , .9 , "#
," ,, 'K&G < !
= = !Y parameters ZY attributes ZK ( 5)& C'A" " = ! # # " ,", . $ ,#
#
" "#, , 'K&
, ,# "#, ""
# . ##" #" " , 01 , , # , " #" , & " ", " " #, , *. , # & ' ,. , & " , * , - ". # 01 " " " " "#, "#. $ )
" " " , " ## :! & , .5 = +I . R & \OJ. %' % % ( d ' '( 'O' 4 % : < % < ( '' II : < % !< (
@B!
B. " # ,",
'. R ( ( '. R O ( O ( +I(
9 , "` ' . # ",
# " # " I.M.5 , # # " . ` ' ", # ".2#, " # ) ' ' ' '!
# # " #
.1,
, = '. R& ' .7 :! & 2 .7O % :! & ( '.7 ! ' : ( '.7O ! ' (
",## ," ,#",#` ' " = d % ( d ' ( d (
", # " . . R "#, L?K .7O#.7 ) & ", " # "#, *. & ' , , #01 " !" ! ." " , "" , &# " * # .9 , ,# " ," # # " , " "
G< ) = & ' entryname descriptors [2entryname descriptors ] [2entryname% ]
( 5/& I C A 2 " # , ," " "" # ," " # .$) # ' # = '0& ' E 2 ' 2 . (
E ,# "# , " 0 ' ,& :! & G*# . )" ,& , " " *. # " ,## .
B.! ,", 01
@BB
" # ! # 6# 7.
# %. ' )L?01 , " .7 " , :! & ,# # .7O ", O " " )# & % :! &*. 9 , ,## , #" & '# != @ $ $ . " . R H"" .7O#
.7 " =
. R & %, +I 'K&,% .7O2.7 ( d ' '( .7O
%' O ( 'O' & % :! &( '" , ( '#: % 7''( #: % 7'3<<( %3 % & O ( "#: % 7'3<<
O22 3. O22 ( #: % 7'3 O22 ( ( .7O( .7 %' ( '' & :! &( '" , ( '#: % 7''( #: % 7'3<<( %3 % & ( "#: % 7'3<<
22 3. 22 ( #: % 7'3 22 ( ( .7(
@BL
B. " # ,",
. %' . ' % % (
'.' % & ( .2<E .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q@AB<2 <'"& aK %T :,!R=>;< ( .( . R &(
9 , ,# " ` ' , # , ). ,% "" ,#", ,"K
, " "#, " "#" #. ) # , ,) "
, - .: A#, , - =#, ,"# , - # " ., ,
:! &" " #
)# " # .$, , H" . R & # '# . # "& ' , , " " . Did you notice the third procedure, Cap? First of all it is not specified in the ,% list and secondly it is declared having the option . Cap is only an auxiliary program, in order to not have to write twice the oblong call of . By specifying % % this doesn't require additional effort nevertheless (similarly as with the same option in the & statement): in reality the sub-program is not called, but the appropriate machine code is inserted by the compiler on the spot (“inline”). If you do not set emphasis on German umlauts, as in our example, then you also can use the built-in functions ' and %' .42 C ) %' = label=Ylabel=Z... %' [ parameter list ] [% % options e [' :Z [%|%Z( ( 50& A@ DA # % # % & .$ , " + . $ + " " % % ' . ,"#" " , ,"# # ," , , # , - , # "# ".#,% % ' . $"" # ) ' = L! 4 , # " , # -4 " " ## ",
. # # " , # .
B.! ,", 01
@BM
'Y !-expression[& '-name[ -name ] [ argument list ](
( 55& 3**
3.2.8 A dynamic load – FETCH, RELEASE and DLLs + #' #
# , ,# # = "' # . , , - ##. " " , # , - . C "' # #, , ,) , .
7," "'P( 'P 02Q ( P(
, - P ## "' )",# ' # # . ," # , " / #3 , # #, , # / 3. : " " " , #) , - " . + ' # #. ", =
"
"' )",G " , # # # "#, "" ." , " , #)" #, ## # # #"'.$ , , ,
G 4 ,# , "'# ," " / 3 "#, , # = 'P ! "%2"% % % "' (
2, ' ,P ##&# " , )",#* #.
, " "'#" -"# 211 &#" *. 0 ," # ## "# 7, "
&#, /3 *.9 ," #,"211 01 , " # .9 , ,# 01 " , & "#, " * "" . 1' " " "#, #JF\ =
@BI
B. " # ,",
%' , "% " ( #'K'K&,% #JF\ ( #JF\%'( N< #%&]N ( #JF\( #'K(
## " "# , "% " . #," " ## #,"245" ,"
#,"211.
! " " "##'K = K% !1$$#'K%a#'K"
# ,, #," #'K, #'K"# " = K& #'K" K% !1$$#'K%a#'K,
$
"#" # "#, = L%' % % ( '0 !'% ( "'0 <!1$$#JF\< ( '0( 0( L(
#0: < " "#, ,#. , " "#,
= "'#%& <!1$$d < (
9 ,"## "#, , K ,",
"#"' " &d*.
211 "" "#, , #. " ) : , #'K& " ," , ,211 .5 " #" : : = L%' % % ( 'J' I :( J ( L(
, " " : 'K& = #'K'K&: J ( 'J' I :
B.! ,", 01
@B6
,", " :# , " # #.9 ,, " " ,
,)" # # ", # , .LB, : ,% "#, .$ ," " " #" #" , "#, . , " #'K " #211, )# : , = L%' % % ( 'J' I : % ( J ( L(
," # ," " J
211 " ##.9 , ,# #J
# " 4%4K )", J/ #3G 9 ,"# " , .. "' ., L"
, " #'K 211!1$$= L%' % % ( '#( '' I # ( '0 !'% ( "'0 <!1$$J< # ( ( 0( L(
$ , ""
& "#, *" #211 , " !" "' # = "' !-constant [ odule name ] [ pointer ](
( 58& ( 'F ) )##= !-constant | (
( 59& A * 3
#, #" ##
" .
LB ,"""
..# " .
.
@B@
B. " # ,",
3.3 Exceptional conditions " )" " # ,# " ,", 01 " ) #.4" " & %' " "# " " ,".C # '## " " # " , #"" 7," " ",#
", " .
3.3.1 As a precaution – handling of conditions 5 " , 01
.$ &# "", * A )" " # . , )" " # " # .5 "'% % " # "" "", .5 , ) , #, # " # " " #.
"#" #A " A 6?. " "7,#, " # . 5 #
", " ) " # # # ",
% .4" " " " # #"" # " " "", " "#" # % . ) = @= % condition[, condition]...Y Zsimple statement
!= % condition[, condition]...Y Z& -block
B= % condition[, condition]...Y Z! (
( 5<& @C , ,# ".. # ?# "", "
" ,
',
,
," =
% R% : 2" ,%:"%
" " # )", "", " " # " &.. " ,# .. "*& # #. " # % "
, ) .8 ,# # , % ,=" "", " " # " #G "# % ,. ", )" " & " #! 7, ""= , #" , & " ,, # ! " )" ," " , ] #," " # ."" "" # "
#, 01 ,.
B.B4)" " #
@BJ
9 ," #% , " )",% " . , ' , " H, # , ! " ##. "", " " # &
*
,,# )", #. "
" . , " & ! * ", " 7," " && # %' *. , " "#" # ,", " ,"," , , . # " "7,# "" # , " ." #
, ,-," # " " # )= + J % G: O1/$" ' % %' % % ( ' , III "%( '" , ( % " ! ( & , %3 % , ( , %3 % ( + (
#" G$ # , " " # # &01 -"#, " " * ", & ## "#. $ , # ,, ## % , . , % # # "
. , ", &
" , " #
&! * " , & " *#",@???, #. , # ,-," '% .## ," " ## , , , # & . ,# # ",
= , ,# , ," % #% " " ", ,# " , , # ,.& , #)" % #% . ,
, # .* , " ,
".5 ) ," ,#, # "
"", " @???#" # #.$ #," #" # .$
, , , ,
. ! #
&' % !& , # % & " &,* ,= , "" ," # # # ," " # . ,#
,
,# , ! & #,*.
@L?
B. " # ,",
01
.9 ," , " # #" , " &## ", " ] " # #*. :conditionK
( 5=& A ? A' , -" , " " ##.
" 7, ! , #
, G9 , # " ". " ## , ! , " " , . " " , , " "" :" ) , " # ## % " , " . " , /"3% -,A.. ,
. & " # K
( 5;& IC3* " # "# #. )"" # " " #
.$ " #"" #
"# " # " # K -" # . " # "", -" # , " # 7, . " # " #6?" ,# #, & " ! (
" # " #" 7, # ,-," % '%# % , , " " "# " #% ,. % '% , ?= '% '% ( % " ! % '% ( & " ! ( % '% (
, 6? ,#?. #" % '% G # % '% ,# " # # # # "% &"" # " #
"
" , * ", # ' 8 " ," , ,# #, . $ ,# , % '% , = % '% (
, 01 ' # ' . #" !01 " ) ,-," . " " " , ,, ," " , # , ,-," % '% .
B.B4)" " #
@L@
# ,# # ",
" , " / , 3 "= & (
( 8>& A IC3* 9 ," % , , ,# " " " # .5, "
"", ," ", % ,# ## & )",#. " # " ,# .9 ," " " "
" " # " # # .5 ,
-"#" # )" = %" ,%:"% O 3O O (
)" , #," , " " )# .& , #.." , # , .*" # ) & %' " ." 7,, %" , %:"% "#, , # " + ," ) " ,%:"% # #, . 01 , / #3#/# #3 , #. "", " " # ) % " # # # " " " ## " # ) , %" # #. "" ##01 "" # # # " # #. "" # . " # , "" #" , & % '% # " *# "# & *
. " # # , # # " # ) %= L= J= @?= @B= !B=
'% : %
" ,%:"% : % %:"% R% :
('% :) ("%") (%:) (R :)
( 8)& 6 , 7 " # ,#= @M= @6= @@= @J= !!=
R & &
& R ' & "%
(&) (R) ( &) ( ")
( 8/& 6 , 7
@L!
B. " # ,",
" # #" # # " # ) %= @= != B= M= I= 6= @= @@= @!= @L= !?= @I= !@=
!'% %
( !'% ) %
( ) '% %
('% ) " & % " K!
'% %& " " "
( 80&6 # , 7
" " # " # )= %%"2 % " EO "% & % %:"% "% %%'% %' % % (
% , ,, #"# " % ,.
= , & " .." #
,, &%% # & " #" , ,"H, &%%= &%%label(
&%%label(
( 85& I@'@ 5 =##, " # 01 # "" "" # #. " ,# " " # A )",# )", " ,
)", -"# %" # . , % % , .. ,&%%
## #. %" # " # = @. "", " " ## !. , % , " , B. )", & .
B.B4)" " #
@LB
,# , = "$
%
,# # & 8 % ,= " , &%%
,. " 01 ," " . "
" .., " " # # ) # , # ) " " & " , *.9 ,"" ", = @. " , ..=
!. % ,&%% "# , "# = % '% : % & ( '.% " , ' I ( .% *3 ( ".% 3 I &%%( (
," &%% - = " H, " " "# " "% # ,. # #. &%% , H" " = ) ,, H, % , "" # " G ( , #01 , &%% , #% , .
" -"#
", , - , ," $ 5 . 9 ," " =
#, %
,, &%% # H, G ,", # , 7, . " H, " &%%H, "H, #
. ," "
#," " , # ' ," . " # , = ,# ' " , G !&" .
&%% " ," % , )" . # ' #,
"# # ,", # ,", # ," H,, # "#, # " )" "#, "
# " & H, JJ ", 66 # "#, *G " %&%% ,"#"01 " " &%% , #% ,.
@LL
B. " # ,",
3.3.2 Also Roman numerals – computational conditions
" # ,# ",
#.4 ,#
, # # + R% : #.$ "
%R% : ))"# ," " " ,", # # + . %%:"%# %" ,%:"% , ,##. %:"% , ) " # # . " ,%:"% # , )# # # .( ,
" , ")# # . " ,%:"% ' . " , 5 # " "% =) -
, , "
+ # # ,
+ " # # # #. "% "", - 444,
,
" # # % , ##. ' "% , " , " ##
# " " "% " . " # : % # , " , # "% " , " /, 3/3##444 , /, 388&/8 8, 3*. '
"%, # &250*. R" # "# #. # # "" , " ,# ,## # " ###, #" # + "
# ,. " ", R ).# " " ,%:"% " , "
R "#
" , ,. "
" "
,# "
01 R " "# # ." # )#, H, , R, )" #.9 , ,# , R
, ' " # = '8" , H 4-)5) ( R 838* (
," # ) R , ,#' # " ,
, ,## " .$ # ' G& B!6I@
" , H , B!6I@ ,.* " , , " " "", .," 7, #, " " " , ..#, " " , " ." # # "# '% : %
. " "
# ' , " # . 7," 'P" , ( P3<0<(
B.B4)" " #
@LM
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& " " ,
&.. , )"#*. " ) ,
01 , # " ," # . " , ",
#: , A#7,)#$ G +- J & J% .FOJFO %' % % ( '% % ' ( 'J%
2H2 I2HI2 II2HII2 III ( ' ) ' ' % &
<<2<<2<0<2<$<2<.<2<1<2<< ( 2$ 3I( %3 & % % ' % ! : ( : 3< <( %83 %) : ( " % % '22 3 8 %( "8U3$ %( *3D 8 ( $ 38( ( 3D 8 ( : 3
@LI
B. " # ,",
" , # ## = % & " #'% : % * ,
"# # , ## ,.
,
& : * , , # : &J% *. '% : % " " : , " 01 ## ,& & O , *. ,- ," % % ' " " &# , * ,# - G ,-," , " " " . " " , " ", , . , %.. #
,""# " , .&
" '% : % % ,# % % ' , ,<.0.<" # . " " +" ": , . , ..1&%1 ,# " "*
# LM "
, & *, "
" +# , "#
" 7, ###. , " 1&LM*: # "
, . '% : % % , " ," ,
, % % ' ,# - " #.01 " , ,K ,#
" #
G ,## , % % ' ,# - & ,# - % ' # * 01 % " # # " "" #. " , , % , &%% . , " O " " +: , .
" "
,"#
% % ' L.: % % ' " " . ) ," " 7,
. , #
% % ' , 7, .$# ,# #" #N ,# " # . #D # . #" # ' ,# +#" # % ,.$ , % & " ## . ,# ,-," % ' " , , % % ' " . % % '
#"# '% : % % ' , " )"" " "# , #01 #, " . ,# - % ' , " " )" " " " .0 ," "
" " " ,"
# , ## , " # . " , , ,# , , # # ,"G , =
B.B4)" " #
@L6
-J1 # 1 ! 76' 0 <
!!! !!0 ! 0 !) . , + + + ) + !
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3.3.3 Close encounters – program testing #, " # " ) ,"
, ",# .$ , , #," ," , "", .9 ,"# # "" , # ",
, " "
7," " # , - . #
. , , # # " )" , " H". ## ",
", " . " , ,# "# &/ # 3*.. , # ", , # " , , + 01 , =
@ ( 88& %
".." # , & " , "%".* ,#. , "
,# .9 , ,# # "" ,#" # 01 "#, . , # # ,
@L@
B. " # ,",
, 01 " , ,# " , ," ) . -) ,# #= @. $ # "
," " # . !. " " # " # " " . , , " " " # " "
,# ,) # =# . "
,# # , ,. , , ,# " " " " ,# # )", . $ ! $
%. 9 , ,# " , " .9 ,# - A
A , , " #"" "
, .# , # " # #, " , - . , " "#
, , - ,)# #," # " # #"# ", + " " #
# . : BF3' F@B.' BF3' 4 *+ F@B & 01 -) ,"7," #" #,# # C$ " ",# C 01 " # C$. # ' # " , # / # 3 / -,3. , # , #/ 3" , )
, # "- . , H"
" ) ," # #, , - . 4 , #" "
##
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"
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" , # # #, )] .
# # /4) 0 3" " ,# " +# / # 3 #. ##"
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@LJ
# )", " # # # " # # A # =
" # #," " , .
# , # ",
.
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9 ,#" #) " ,""
&# # *.
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#, # ", # ,# . , ,# " ,
( 89&
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B. " # ,",
" # " ##.( , # "## #
# " . ! "## , # # ,# + 2 ,
,# 05 # ""
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## ,, &
# , . -# "# # # # , # ,, # -# "# # -# "# , ,
," ""
= ' 0 -4+H5) 2Q 5H+4- "%( 02Q (
# # # % "" , " # # #. ,, #7, ", , ,## " .. = 03 -4+H5*III)Q3 5H+4- *IIIH( -# "#, ,, " , , " .4
, , ,"" # , & .
/$
3 ,#
# 7,"
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G # "" # ,"
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( 8<& I ' '%! ", # ,, # # . , & K #'%! #. )
= Y" &file expression*Z[Y &&character variable*Z data list [ data list format list [ data list YK Y expression ZZ[Y&ZY expression Z(
( 8=& D' , & & K #. # #&# # # " & . # # " # & & ' & & R # R #," . " " # " , " # ). #" , #,"## " # ","
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@M!
B. " # ,",
, , " ,
" , ,#, R ).
, , " , &" " *
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," ##*.
#, , & ,-," ,# - * ,# , # #" # , ,#, & & ).
, " , # #" # ,# , ,#, ' & ).
,# '
" # #, , ,# ) R2R&2 & .&
.* " % ,
,,. , " # # " " , #"" # =
' & %" #
R , ,##& % #*
& R ", ," , ,
& & " "
,"
,# &..@
# U@
*. 4)" ' &)", " , ,#.5, # " "# , ## % ,# / 3.. ,&%%=
R & R # & & )", " , " " #
" , ,"##" # , % ,
' & % " # " " " #
## . " " )##", , 01 " "", " )" " # K ," # )K ,% ,K % , ." # ", # "" #
, , . " ) ,-," "" , ,# = % %' # , # , "#, " #
" " . , " , " ,", 01 " "# , ,=
'K& , "
%' , "#,
% '" , #
B.B4)" " #
@MB
% ' , " ," "#&
"", #G*.
% %"" , ##
" ," "" #
"", #. , ,# , #
, " .
'K # ##
% '
# " "# + , @B.
, "# , "#,
.
, ,-
-"# , , " # , "" # , ,# " &% " ", " ## ," "" #. ,
# " , " " , #= % ' # ' ."" " "
& "
#'% %
)" *#", "
, = I " ff ' # # ! . " " " # #. % ' #", #
" ," , " ,## #" . # #
" # . % ' "# " #'% % ## & ## " , "
*. ) = %& - " - ,2- - ,2 " - " - ,
"" " )#"" " ,
"" OFO , ,
#. " " "
# " " . " # # ", #
# " . # " " " " .. , " .$) ,# 4%4 = G#OE0.#\3Q#JF\2#EJ3<GFJE\3 //2OFO2// <
@ML
B. " # ,",
# .$ ,"
# # " B.!.@" " , "#, .1,4 ,- GFJE\ ,# , # ", " ,K01 " # ' ) ," # 14 ,# " " +
#.
3.3.4 Red alert – remaining conditions " # ",
, " # . " ,#
# ., " L" # # %& )##" M, ,," # K!'% # " " # ",
#. " # %
" ," # + .9 ," " # " )", , % ." )# #,"#" # ," ,
U U $8 . % % , ," ) 7, , # ). , % % , )", " , # , "", #. " # & " "", " " . " " ", ,. & #K # ,", "
#.$ % , &" # " ,# , ,"
) # # ) . " # & # ## ,.8 #" , , # "", I? @ ). #, , 01 &% , "#. # , # , , -#N " , = % & ! (
$, % , & , # # ",# # G , - # # 7, " " 01 # ' ,,# . , ..IM " B!" , & # @!?* ," , ! % " " "7,#" M= % " ! & R 5H R 4- (
,, , "# # # " ) ,"" & % , #=
B.B4)" " #
@MM
% & ! & ( O *3 ( & < # $ & <2<#&<2O '% -I 22'% -I 22 ( K ( (
" # &" "", # # # # # ) #. , K ,#" ,# " #. & " # # K , .. , #" , & % , . #, , " ," % & ! &(
"" ,-," % " , #" , ", , & #* = " % ! 3HI & & ! (
"" , , ## &% , A & G $
& A,
- " # .01 ," , " # " #
" # & = % '% % J & ( ( & '% % J (
C )" -##" # = +4 " " '% % .FO1GFO %' % % ( 'E! II " , ( 'O#PG ! " , & 2" , % & ( 'E\OGP1'% % ( 'Q#JOG " ( 'OP J" , , ( % '% % E\OGP1 & ( < O %% &<2OP J ( OP J36666( ( 'O#PG E!26666 ( E! ( +4(
, -
=
@MI
B. " # ,",
O#PG %' E!2$ ( 'E! " , & ( '$ " , % & ( 'E\OGP1'% % ( '" , ( 'OP J" , ,( %3% E! %% E! ( & OP J ( "OP JU$ & '% % E\OGP1 ( E! 3OP J( ( (
) ,, . " , " = , -## " # E\OGP1 " ) ) , , O#PG&"*# " , OP J &)" "# ) *., , H"" " # ""
"#, ", , # "#, . 9 ," " , , O#PG , - ," Q#JOG , - ," " # E\OGP1
# # ,"
, OP J "#, " #" # , # ," "", ,. "
# ! 4 $ #$ # $
$
$ # ! .
, ) , E!#$
#
, , , , OP JA , , G5 , , ) , , ,
, "" )" " # . , - O#PG " #
##, " # , , -##" # . % , , " " , JJJJ. ,
, % , &
* " # , #) " # ,, . , -##" # # " " " ## ," ,. '% % ," ' #" # " , .9 ,, ,"
'% % " # , , - K ,#
7, "" " # "
# .
B.B4)" " #
@M6
, % , # =% , !'% % .$" # "", " ) % , ## !'% % % ,. ,-," % '% '% # % '% " , # #, = % " ! ( % !'% % & ( <!'% % <MM% '% '% 2 <.% % <MM% '% 2 <% <MM% '% ( &%%/% 77&
&( ( % '% '% , " " " " # #. % '% , #" , " , , & #
"# *. $# , A ,
" # " N # &",* ###&.. )", "#, * , %" # % % , . ",
#"# " % , " ,
&%% . , " " , " #K , )", ,
" # & / " , 3)", " , & . #
= !'% % /" # 3 , ""-
" # " # ", ., , " ," ,## , "# #
G
L.2"
@MJ
4. Dynamic storage management ,01 # # "
##, #""
# . " "7,# "
%
'# ' . # = % ' ) " " " #" ## ' ) #, ,
. " # " , # + = ' , "& "'*# % ' " " / 3 " .5 ,# # " "
. ' % '
# " "" ' % '.
4.1 The CONTROLLED attribute , % '# #" # ,# " ,", . " " "#.. += 'O" , ( O3 III( & ( 'E O "%( (
"
'% % " .&5 ,
# " # ,.*
4.1.1 Only when desired – ALLOCATE and FREE "
'% % " #, )", % ' #, # #, )", " . , ) = 'E "%'% %( 'O" , ( O3 III( %'E O ( "E(
'E O "%'% %( 'O" , ( O3 III( %'E( "E(
%' )", " ' .. ", " "#"
",#+ .
@I?
L.2"
, , , '% % # % '. # " K # # )", " .$ # , #
G 9 , ,# # " '% % . ## " ,", " " " ##. , # " , , ) & %'*. " , " # ,", "
, '% %. "" "" # # " " # , " . ) )= '" , ( '^" , ( '8" , ( '$" , ( '" , ( ' '% %2 -G ' :2 -P :( & 2^282$2 ( %' 2 -G ^ ' 8 ^ << 2 -P $ $
$ ) ," " & )
* # = ' '% %2 -G ^ ' 8 : ^ << 2 -P $ : $
%'
= %'(
9 , ,# , # = " ,' %' , G "
#= + # " '
" %' . , # # , ,# "" %,' . , #%' # , , ' # "#. & ## " "7,# , " . # % '.*5 ) "G#P :! &"" #" ' ,%' '&# :! &* "#.9 ,", " + # , %'.$
, . # ,# ,#
#.5 " = %'Y , ZY ,ZY...ZK
( 8;&'3**@3' @C'A@**
L.@ 8: 1142 ,
@I@
= "YZ...K
( 9>&'(A " '% % " ' % ' "
# # ,)" " " #" # #.
4.1.2 A new construction – the stack # # '% %. # ",%' )",# ,'% % " " # #
# N01 ,# 01 ,# ", . 8 A , " " " . #,"## # ## A "
," #
. , ,#, )", %' ..
# ##
#K , " . # "
,"""
" # ," . " , ,
, # , , # #.: ", " " # , .. % '.9 ,,# # ,# 7,"= '8" , '( %'8 ( %'8 - ( %'8 4 ( 8 ( "8( 8 ( "8( 8 ( "8(
, B!#@ , ,""
.& '
'% %.* ,"# " ,, # ,%' .
= 'E '% %( %'E 4 ( %'E (
" " #%' " #"
+ ", & " B*. " " " " '% % ) # ) # , +.
,# , , , &" " * #, ," #
@I!
L.2"
)# + .$ # , ""
# "
, . 1,
= ++ E ! %": .FOGJF$$1 %' % % ( ' ! " , ' III : ( 'J'%' III :( '.%' ! ' III : ( J & : % " ! ( %%%( & J'% ( " " ! :( '.%' J'% ( ( # &:: 4 2 2 HII ( ++(
, .%' " , # , , , # , " # "#, & ! #" *. 8 " , , " # " , .%' " "#N
,# , , # ",
# " B.!.I"# " " ,'% %.5 ) , .%' " " # , '% % " ,# , - . A ## ",
# A " ". 1, "
" "#, " . ,# " )LL ." "# E & , * "#, .%'# . E E! % &.FOGJF$$1 % ++ 'K&,% .%'2 ( ' ' :'% %( ', " , ' I ( 'J'%' '% %( .%' %' ( '' : % & ( % %&& (
L.@ 8: 1142 , %' 8 ' III : (
@IB
'8" , % & ( '/ 7' ' < < ( '" , ( "/ 7' %( % %&& (
.%' " " " # " .9 ,# ," " 7, # " # . " " ,#/#3 " .& , )# +.* , )% , " # %& ,# )",# "" A ,# " , .
&%% J # "
" ", % , " ,## .
" " )",# " & ' *. C "# " ##
# " . ,-," %' %
"". , , " #) . , " " # # 7, # %' .:" "", # " , . 7, # , # 7, ## ) , . $ # ##, #," " !.B.@ ," " # , " + . 7, " ,# . 5
#" , '% % # =
@IL
L.2"
# ## # ## ,", " # , ," ## " " #. 5 # , " ## ) .$ %'
# ## " . 7, "", ,, .
= , " ", ," 01 . - #" "
A " ,. $ # = -'9 0 0 1 ) 3 ) ! ) $%& #
"# = --9 ! ! 0 1 0 0 !. '+ (+ 0 !! !!0 + ! 3 0 + + K +0 1 ! ! + &0 ! )! J)! ! ! 0 &I ! ! 0 ! ) &< + + ! ! )
4.1.3 As general as could be – the INITIAL CALL attribute $# " ,# , # " ), '% % .5 , "
"" # )# # = '.5 ) " # )= +H OGE$.E$$ %' % % ( '0 -I " , 'O 0 ( 'Q " , ' 'O Q ( %'Q I ( 02Q ( O %' E ( 'E " , & ( '" , (
L.@ 8: 1142 ,
@IM
%3 % E ( E 3( ( O ( +H(
$ "#, "# % ' 0# Q& )", %' *.# " ## , #, ' ,. " , ,# , , &, ,-," *.< ,"
' "#, . , "# , , + "#, G , , "#, "# )", ," # -,, # ' ,= 'O ,' I 'E!7,' 7" (
4.2 The BASED attribute # % '#'% % #" "
= . # . # K",# ) , ""
., , " "7,# , =# % .
4.2.1 Change of address – dynamic storage interpretation #" '0"% # ( '#% (
# "% 0.# = # NG )
= +5 F:!%": E11J %' % % ( ' "%( '#% ( '0"% # ( #3 ( 03I( ( +5(
,-," = . , ##
, .##
, .C 01 ,# # , .9 ,
,# "",, "
@II
L.2"
"#.
, # " ., A=
' $% # % $& C # 0.
? 0 ",
? " A ,G " ,
," " "% ' "" #= '/"%( '.' + / (
,H, " , ," - " " # " ,# , " . " )# ,.( #" & % * ' -III 2 -G' -I :2 -P"% 5 ( '#( ' - # K(
," ,""
, = #3 ( %3 %-III( ( #3 - ( (
# .
, , " # .$ # # ##
- , ).$ " ,", "#)" , . #3 (
" , , # # # ,##
)" #)& - *.,
+"
#," " # " G , " " , &, ,*
01
..= #3#*)(
0 , ,# ,-," ,"" A " = #3% #2) (
L.!$ 42 ,
@I6
" " ,# #, , " " A # GLL " , ," ' , ", #," "" " , " . , , , ,"" , , #
, ., " " "= ,,
" " , ,
, " . " 7," , # ,", "
# # , ,
= ' 2 -/" , 4 2 -.' I :2 -#% ( 3<<(
, ?" " ", , ,! . ,-," " , # " ," . ( , , ,"
'//IIIIII<, !
, ?.
/ "" , 3 ,", " "
# "
" # = '# << ( "#3<< <#% ]< ( "%
,+ #. $ " " . " ## , 7, 01 . 7,
' = '#% ( '0"%( 'E - "%(
5 "##
0, )" "#" , #. # , ,"# " = #3 E ( # U03I( E - U03 (
9 , " , = ' ! ' % ( '#% ( '0"%( <E< U# U03I(
0 "#.## " ##," " , . LL 5 ,, = ," "" , 01 G
@I@
L.2"
.58 ## ,# # ," " 01 , . )LI " , +
,# ,##
# .+ " -"# " "
.4"" ,H @-#" "# -"#; . C "# , H , L ," = +) / &% a% #FOGJ %' % % ( ^% ( ^% %' ' 9 ( ' .G7E : 5 2 .G7# .G7E 2 .G .G7# 2 -$ 7#2 G. 7$ $ 7# 2 - 2 -. 7G. 2 G. . 7G. 2 - ' - 2 -GFG7#2 GFG GFG7# 2 -^% ' 9 ( GFG^% ( ^% ( +)(
0 " / 3 " ##K ' # , #.C ' " "#. " , ##
@I + " ##
-"#& ," " *. ,," : " , . ##
@I + " " ." " ##
)" " # ## " = ," " ##
" &* ##
" " ##
, ,, & *#H # )", . ,#'7, ' "
," . " 01 = ,# " ##" '
K " , #G
LM , ," 0 "# )# " .5 01 # " # ",
# . LI
) " , # C$:4" "@J@J .
L.!$ 42 ,
@IJ
, =/$# " ## , N3 = # , , , &"@ )#" ,* = '# : 5 ( # (
" " IIIIII I ,# ,.
4.2.2 Using paper and pencil – linear lists ( ""7,# " # . , %' .%'
, # '% % .
= '#( '0 # ( %'0(
%' " # " 0.
# 0 ""
## ##
0
# #, ".& ,0 ,"
,01 " , @ . L6*, "", @ " , #. , #" # ,
"# ,, , %' = '#( '0 ( %'0 # (
G4 #" # ##
# . 8 # H"..., , ,"## " # # , , # H, " % '.8 " = '#( ' %'K # 2 -O,% 2 - "%(
# = , # " ,", ,"/" "3 ,"
,", ) ,", . , , # " ,", ,", . " # /#3.,"
"" ,", ,-,"
. ,# #" # ,# ## . L6 # # # .5 " ) &L *# ,@ . .
@6?
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,# " # # " , ,
,# "#"
, " &5 . ,-5," *"# ' " # " , . ,", %'K#" # ,# ) - & #
*= 'E '%( %' %'K E '% ( %' %'K E '% U %'KO, ( %' %'K E '% U %'KO, U %'KO, ( E '% U %'KO, U %'KO, U %'KO='3 (
$
,# , %
= 'E '%( '#: % ( %' %'K E '% ( #: % 3E '%( %3-%4( %' %'K( #: % UO,3#( #: % 3#( ( O,3 (
" ," , =
Anchor
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Value
Value
Value
( 9)&* 5 ,# # , ,#" , # O, # U %'KO,. ", # %'K# , ,", 7," , , . 9 ," ,"/ #3 K " .$# , # " , ) .$# # , , / ,"3 , ""
., ," K ,, " "" #.
,# # "& , ##,, #" #*.9 , ,# = ' & @ : & ##" , ) , , 7, ,"" " " "",,"# , . '% % 01 #
L.!$ 42 ,
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) # "" A# + # " GC 01 ### .
# #"" # #" . #" ##= '#( 'E "% # ( "% %'E III (
" ,# ," " "# E.$" ,#
G C ,"" ##".9 ,# , ,", # "#" ",,
. ,#
= '#( ' 7 &" , ( ' ' # 2 -E' 7 &" , 2 -E 7 &" E' 7 & "%( 7 &3 III( %' ' ( E3I( E 2E (
$ , # , E" = # "
. %' 7, # " # , # 01 , # .,
? E' 7 & )# "" K)" # ,, E #E. " , # , " , " , .9 , ",# # ) E' 7 & ,#
,. # " " " , ,
, , ,#""
"
# = ' #% #
$ % & $ , "
, +
. ) " " " ) # " ." ) # . "
, " # , #. 5 =
@6!
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+9 %' & E1 %' % % ( '17
$ # #
" ",# "#, = % % & % & % +9 'K&,% ( ' %'K O 2 -O,2 -E' 7 &" , 2 -G,' 07= &" E' 7 & ( '. ( 'E '% ' ( 'O( 'O% &7'% % ( ' ( '#: % ( '07 &" , (
L.!$ 42 , %7% %' 0 (
@6B
'0' : % & ( %'%& % 07 &3 & 0 ( %' %'K( G,30( " % % #: % 3 ( %. 3E '%. UO, . W3 ( "G,V3. UG, :( #: % 3. ( ( %'K"#: % U %'K "#: % 3 %( %'K'% " % O,3E '%( E '%3O( ( %( O,3#: % UO,( #: % UO,3O( ( %7%( \7% %' 0 (
'0' : & ( % ! & %" "E '%3 %( & '% % O% &7 ( ( ( %'K %& 03E '% UG,( O3E '%( E '%3O,( " %'K( \7%( %(
#" #" "" K
)" " ," ##
# 0. " &%' * , "
# " E' 7 &.
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2, )", %' O, , ,. ,##
" " " . # # " % "" , ." % #
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# "# ,#. " ) # "/ 3) #
& 7,*.
" , " & #: % * " O, ,, "# . , "
# O,. 9 ,, # %'K # ## .##
" ,
# O, #"
" # &E '%* . $# % ! $# &" #: # # # # #& \7% )# " # ## # " -##" # O% &7 #.
) 0 . = B ! $# ! %. ") " E '% # "#. , )" %'K /# " ##3 , K# # , " , .
4.2.3 Into botany – general lists " " "7,# -"# .4" )" , 7, A A .$ "#
, . ," " ," # , , ""
""". " ,
,# ,", .9 , ) " " ## " # . # , # #"
#" , # " . 9 ,# 7, , ,# #,
" # " , =
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L.!$ 42 ,
Value
Anchor
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Value Left
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Value Left
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( 9/& ,"" / ,", 3 "
" "# # " "### " .9 ,"# " )# ,", #" 01 = 'E '%( ' %'K2 - "% 5 2 -$"2 -J &(
2 " # -"# " "
.$ # " "# ", " " # & *# &$"#J &*. ) ,", ," # #
" " . , " # , , " , , ' 5 : # " , , "" # " #" " .9 ,, , " , " " # # #," " . 9 , " , ,, " # # # # # .9 , # " # ##," " ,
# . , )"
@6I
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K , " )",# "# #A # # A," " ,#.5 = +6 E1 %' % % ( '# ,7"% 7 %, ! ' ' II : ( # ,7"% 7 %, < < ( # ,7"% 7 %, < < ( +6(
,")<E .<#, )", K" ", #
, , , ## , ,# . # ,7"% 7 % ,
"# "= # ,7"% 7 %, % +6 %' %R ' II : ( '%7 '' % & ( ' $" # 2 -1%7 2 -17 2 -.'' <[< ( ' 28 " , ( '# ,7 -5 ' + : < <2< <2< <2< <2<<2< <2 < <2<<2<<2< <2< <2< <2 < <2< <2< <2< <2< <2< <2 <<2< <2< <2< <2< <2< <2 < <2< < ' % & ( '%7 -5 ' <E<2< <2<.<2<1<2<<2
%'$" 1%7 ( #31%7( (
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< < %( "173
%'$" 17 ( #317( ( ( ( .'3# ,7 8 ( ( ( G%'% !! #3J%%( %3 % & %7 ' ( ' %7 '22 ( << #31%7( < < #317( << "#W3J%% %( 'MM3.'( #3J%%( ( % : '' & %( ( "#3 & %( %%% & "#W3J%% # !7''3.'( ( "#W3J%% 'MM3# !7''( ' ( # ,7"% 7 %,(
" # J%%#" # ' . " #" #" "#
. , "
# # A ##, # # A) , # #,"#.0 # "" ", .$ " $" " .' # ) . " # ) "# ,"
"" # # # ,#. ### .'" )" " . " ", #. # !7'' " # ). " ,## !7''. #,"# = / "# 3.$ "# , " " " # ,
"# "
@.5 , = -69 " +0 1 M 0
! !! 1 ! M !
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5 ", "#, , # , , " ", ,#
" . 9 ," " "# .5 ) , " "##
" # /#
# 3.$ , " 1
" , . C " "=''K %& . , " ," 7, , "# = "''K& O, #3O,( & %(
" #,
#, "
=#, %' # 7, # , @ #@ . @ 7, # ## @ <""<, #. # # @I " " # # # ''K& , < <. 8 ," , = "''K& <E% %K]< ( <E% % '% ]< (
9 = # )# ## ,
G $ " ) ,-," %' # %' R . % ' #
''K&
# "" ,# # .
"# ' ," .%' R , , # " ## @
. ,# "" ''K %& ," ''K& %' # %' R & ,,G*## ### ''K&, ,
? "## %' "# , < <. 5 " ", #," # , # , , " 01 , ," ," ." 7,, # ,", .C "# , " , # 01
## #. # # " ,# ' #,G ,# " " # ,, , " L.L.
4.3 The AREA attribute # # " " # " ,#
# , # / , 3. "
L.B$:4$ ,
@6J
# , # " "
" ", )",. " "# /3 ", # ## " LO + -"# . / 3 .4 # " /# ,3 ## .
##
#" ", # , ,
"", # "# " &/#3*.$# # # . "" ," # " ,##
" , ,# "
" " # , ##
. #' "
# " , # )", . # # "" ,
= @. 9 ,# " "# . , " "# "" # # #" 7, "# ,"## #, ## " .)#, , " " # # " ,"" . !. $ " ,"/", 3 ,, .$ # /# 3. , ) , ## ,, /" 3 ## #, # . ) , ,, , " =C " " NG
4.3.1 Good neighbourhood – use of areas 5 L@01 = , " ""## ,
. 5, , # # . " , , "#" . # , N @. " # #
, . !.
, ,# ,, # # " .&$) ,)" .* " " # " # , # #. $",
) =
L@ ) "# # ," , 7, G ; # ,# " ) H" #
, " 01 .
@@?
L.2"
'E III ( '`%"" E ( ' ` ( %' ( 3I(
"" III @??? # " . ," , # ,# . 5 ,
# @I ## # ) @?@I ## . + " , !<. %' ", " E " # ` # , #" # " E.1 , ` , " " " , " . C ," , # %"" #. " , , %' #
= 'E( '`%""( ' ( %' E ` ( % `2E U 3I(
" " "## # " " . " "#, = ," " , ` U
" ,# " " &` #" # %"" , *. ,-," % & # *
" , , # # " 7,"
. ,-," = %"" #2E , # " # E. ,-,"
" # # , #, . %' # )% ' '% % = %'Y Z Y Z
Y...ZK ( 90& 3**@3' 3
& " , %"" , % . " ,""", H,
. ,-," %"" %"" ' %"" ""# %"": .
L.B$:4$ ,
@@@
4.3.2 Closing holes – garbage collection ) ,"" # #. , " " # .# " #. " , "## .0 , ## ,# , K # ",
#,)" . # " " ##, )", %'
" # #. ," ) .$ % , ,#%' , "## ,)", ,""
,. < " " ,N"" "# " "#.C #" , ," #. ,""
, , # " , , " " # " " . *+ $ # !
%
$ # *+ %#& ) # ," " # " # " #. ## "# ).$#,)
# ", . " , " #
G ) #### ' .' , # " , 4 "" ,
",
.) , # & "*. HI E !% &' %": EJE %' % % ( 'E7 ! ! " , 4 % & 2 ' : % & ( '17 ! ! " , 4 % & ( 'O " , 4 ( ' ' III :( E ! , %" & & 'E7 ! O 2 ( '17 ! O ( HI(
, ,E7 !, " "" # =
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# # " # ," , , . , # " , ," B ", "", , ,"#" "
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.
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9 , ## , '% " #,
, ", " "", 7, . " , #)
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, # ,,7, ###G9 ,# # # ## , .
, "# " " & = *. , " "
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= % . #% # , ," #
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,# ,, # ", "
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+
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%& R %
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- ""& -"# *#
,# " $A $ $. - "" # . $ , $""
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# " # " # )# = ! & " , *. # , , )# " #
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7," ""
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7,". , " # ,"#" " " # ##
& *. ##
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&:$* $# " ). : ## ' ) , ,# J ' + # $."" ," ,# "", ," ,
,# #, . + ,, " $# $ = " ' OD % , '% III ' R HI II
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# " #, " #.01 #
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& K! ." " K! " #" # , " " # " "#. : %
K "
# $ 7, " # .
5.3 Special possibilities of input and output 5.3.1 Directly – LOCATE mode $ # , , # A ,#
" ) - , , " #
#, " . &.. " # * " "# " # " ,.1 & " ## ## / #3. 2#, , # = , ,, #. "# ) , . ,
,
# #.# , , # ,# , # # #, #K, ,,# , " G4)"+ ," " " R ' R '% ' : : %
,. '% + ILO #,# ?&=7, ' R*G , , " # "#, ##, # # , ,", " = " " F " (
, " # , # ., ) , '% = " " )
Y2" )
Z(
( 9<& (*DF ," " "" "" #& #
" #,# ,,. ""01 , , " ""
# ' .$# # ," , , "
.$# ,#
" # , # " # . 01
, ""#
# . # # ,," " , '% # ""= # # " #. " "7,# # # # # ,
" . , , # " , .
=
!@?
M.(
" / # (
# . 01 , " # . ##
, #
. # ," " # " #"H, / #3. C , ) M@. ( , T " " # (:cLJ# # " # = H6 P &E" O101 %' % % ( '#( ' J'% # 2 -#1' H 2 -$ " , 2 -O ' " $ ( ' ,E" '%K! : %& R % , ( ' O7'%2 -#8' H
"" " J'% ,. # .2, #
, ", " # .5 J'%O @ , # #
, "#, " "", . 9 , " , # #)# $ #
# T A G9 ,, " # " " # "# .01 " , # ."
,, K , " #M!% , " # K! &/ " # #) G3* . , ", # ,# " # G , ,,=9 , ###
, ,"
, , ##" 01 " # ## , ,# )##
, .5 , # ', ,%' = %' 7: " / # (
M.B "
,# ,,
!@@
%' , " ", ,, , .01 , ," " , " . #" # " + #" "",
". " , " ,
+AH, %' .5
, ,
, . " , " " ,) %' " ,'%G "" /##3 # ) " = 5I N/ N'%!%&
$F.EG % %' % % ( ' " '% "" ( 'F " '% ""% ( '#( ' # ' 9I ( % " ( % W " ( %'" F # ( " % ( ( 5I(
%' " ,, , . # # " . $
, ## " ,, , . # , ," # ,.2, , , ,-," "
##.01 # " , "# ## " #.2, A )"" ##A '% " #
, G 3 -
&" %# # % # . # " )
G5
= @=
" % YK! )
[K!% Z(
!=
" YK! )
[K!% Z(
B=
" Y & % )
Z(
( 9=& A 3
!@!
M.(
& % # #, " # . C = " "% YK!"% )
[K!% Z(
( 9;& BA' , # " = " Y"% ZYK! )
Z(
( <>& A BA' # = " YK! )
Z(
( <)& * ' H, ""7,#%' = %' " Y ZYK!"% )
Z(
(
5.3.2 Unformatted – FILEREAD and FILEWRITE , #() !"# " , 7," " #
" ' R .5 , # , " #.( , # ". ,-," " # " , . % #'% #.C , #" # '%G% & 22 * ,, " , , , #, ,,= % " / < "% " 2! < % (
" , # # " # ",, #" .0
# " " " "" ,= 5 .% &!%"" GQ# P %' # % % %,'% ( '# ' : % & ( '8" , 4 ( '/" '%( ' " , 4 I ( 'J'%' III ( % " / <<MM# MM<2! < (
M.B "
,# ,,
!@B
% 8V III ( 83" /2 J'% 2 III ( *38( (
9 ,, ),# # ) ,#
H"## " ,-. # # H" # .
," " "#" " ," # " = # #@??? / " # " # ,. , ,#" ," ", #. ,# # , , "## = ." $#! $ ! & # " # ," " . # , , H, ## " .? , # ## ,""#G &
, " # ? ,""
,G* 9 ," # 7, ,
# " ," ".5 ) , 83" K /2-2 (
8 ? , #&" , G*. # 5
# " #" " .8) #" " #. @ " # , "
? " , ",
U@
" ,# # . , 7, , , ,#, " = 83" / (
C " , ? = , . # ,# ,,," # , " # , 01 " .9 ," # " I.L.M@
5.3.3 One after the other – PLISRTx $ " # ,# ,, " ,- , , " # . C #," " .9 ," " # " 0 <,# " , #. ,.. % %
01 = ' <FJG/$13 2H2.L2E2 I242.L21 <2 <J.FJ1GQ#3/2$O\GL3 9I <2 -H57III2J '% (
M@ ,( "
.
!@L
M.(
" , ,, # " # ) $%= 117FJGO3N %2! , 2' 9I N 117FJGFPG3N%2! , 2' 9I N
22- FJGO#FJGFPG )#. , # " # "" # " #= " # " ,@ M " " "# # #" " # " ,@? B# "#. " # , " " # )# ,# # , ,"
& " @?" " *. # , , "!MI??? , #
& # !*# ,, " , 4 . , , " # ?
# @I . ,- , , ,# 01 ," , , # # 22- FJGFPG. , , ' # 22-FJGO#
# # 01 , , .C ," ,"" ",# ) ", ,- , " A , # A # ," , #
# # , , , = 5- #$FJG % " %' % % ( ' 7" ' % ! ' 9I ( 'F 7 % ! ' 9I ( 'J'" , 4 ( ' <FJG/$13 2+2.L2E <2 <J.FJ1GQ#32$O\GL3 -I <2 -H57III2 J'2 7" ' % 2 F 7 % ( ' ' J' ( 5-(
,- , , ' , " #"" , , # ) " # . ," "#, . 8)#,," = 7" ' % %, 5- %' ' 9I ( 'J'%' 9I ( % " ! & ( ' ' 9 ( &%%J!( (
M.B "
,# ,,
!@M
& J'% ( $ "% 2' % - 4 ' ' - ( J! J'% ( 7" ' % (
## ## #" # ." ,- , , ' " ,"=9 ,, " #@! , , " ##" #@ . " " # , # #. ,, , , = F 7 % %, 5- %' J'% ( 'J'%' 9I % & ( K J'% ( ' ' + ( F 7% (
5 "# # " # " ##"
, , " #L # " , " #. , 7, , " # ' ,"# ,-," : & = *." ,# =$ :4%% " + ;1 -"# , " #" , # " , , .
I. "01 "7,
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6. Special PL/I techniques " ""7, " ,# , ",# "
, #,- # " ", )", , .5 "
" ", .
6.1 Array expressions " !.B.! # #
, ")
. # " , " )
"# " .
6.1.1 A straight guess – built-in array functions 4 / #3., # " ,
#. , #")G ) #. 5 # " #. , ##" # # ".5 )" ,""
= # # ,.9 ,, ,
, " ). $ #",
" " # " "." "
,
" #. ,
= 54 E!, % %' % % % ( " % .%% : 2 % 2J2F &2Q%2\ 2 'E ' )- :( '.% + !.%%( ' 'K7 " , ( '\ + !.%%( 'D 7 " , ( .%3J % 7'%% ( ! <#% '%%< MM<% 22% &2!%2& 2 < ( %%%( ! <\ [< ! E ( "E 3<< ( 'G "% E 2\ ( " ! \ 3 : ! < : '%%]< ( " \ 3.% :( 'J .%2\ 2 'K7 2D 7 ( ! < 'K < MM 'K7 MM <2<MM< < MM D 7 ( (
!@@
I. "01 "7,
! <E &] # < ! E ( ' %& J % 7'%%2G "% 2: 54(
" ## " . \ # .% # , ,
## # "
, " # " .8 "
.% ," " J % 7'%%.
# ,
" " # # " , ,# #"
#
.
, ,# )" # #,
.C " # ,. ,# # ,-," !, , , " . # " " ./,
#3
,,. \ L K)
\ 3 : " )
, " ,
, " . , ,-," ! " , . ! , < < , 7, < <# ,
;, ! , ,< < < <," , ,< < < <., ! " :
# "$82. ,-," % " )
" " , " , #," & ## ",
#"" , " " MM&## ,", G*. "#, # , . " # "
)IB , - = J % 7'%% %, 54 %' !.%% ( 'O "% I '( '.%%7: IH !.%% % & ' 2J%2F &2\2\; 2 ( "O 3I O 3 % ( O 3 % ( .%%7: ' O 5 ( J % 7'%%(
), ,-," % # "%, ?#@ &?#@)",## *.,# I " "%, ? #I&?#I)",##*. # , , " .%%7: ,-," '" " , 4
I.@$ )
!@J
", # #" .&01 ,# # , ' , .*, , " ?#M , "", 7, . 8)# , , # " # " " # \ . $ + \ /" 3 :
, " ,- ," : "! # '= G "% %, 54 %' E 2\ ( 'E ' : % & ( '\ + !.%% & ( ' K%" , ( '.!.%%( '" , ( '$%" , ( '' & E :( \ 3 : ( " & E 3I ( 3 E 2<E .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q<2 <'"& aK %T :,!R< ( K%3 ( %3 %+( $%3: "! 2<<2 K% ( "$%3I :( K%3' 2<<2$% ( " K%3I K%3 & * ( %.3 % ( " 2$%2 K% $% 3% . \ 3.( ( ( G "% (
"#, : A" , - . ,# , , = : %, 54 %' .%2\ 2 'K7 2D 7 ( '.% + !.%% % & ( '\ + !.%% % & ( ' 'K7 " , & ( 'D 7 " , & ( '.!.%% %( 'L 7%" , %( 'K7 3 \ 3.% (
!!?
I. "01 "7,
L 7%3I( %.3 % ( L 7%*3 \ 3. 2 .%3. ( ( D 7 3L 7% 'K7 ( : (
" ,, #=\ 3.% L .$ )"< < \ #.% 7,. ,-," " ,, &< < " ,# @ " *. , " # " " " ., " , # , " " # .5 "
"
# "", " # # ,
. " , ," # ,-," . " # . , , = ->J1 1 ! 7:- 0 ! ! +
6.1.2 Generalized – array function values % !# & ,-," " 7, ,& & ,", *# , " ,01 ," " ,-," , )"%' % ' R R #
H, #K ," , " ," ,G&)" # #= ' , " $8 # #.* $8 # # , - ,#," ,# ,# . " ," " , #
,", # , "#, , . " < "&"# +* 4 = 5+ !& %' % % ( ' & ' II : <.EG.$FOLPOG1< ( '1 '' II : <8EGOEP$FDO^E\GO< ( 'R 4 ' -I :( ' ' 4 ' -I : <.<2
I.@$ )
!!@
C " "" # " I < " " "#. ## #
01 . 8 ,# #
", G 1 ' # & " " " " , . '#R "" 4 "# < " .
" # )
R. 9 , 7, =$" " #
, ,.9 ," ," , "
" # # ' " " & A # , . " "" " 2, ") # #
.$ ,-," , , " , , # . , " < # . " , ", " ,# 6& #, * . ,- ," & # " "# ,,. " ", " # ,-," , )
= 6. ! C ) )! 0 - 0 1 ! + )! 6@!) ! 0 ! !" + ! 0 1 %
6.2 Definition of variables " L.! ""7,#
# ## , " .C "% "
'#" , 4 "# )= '/"%( '.' + / ( ' " , 4 / (
, )
" . , ," , " %,& . " , #" ## " A % ' ' . -"# % , ," . " ," # ",
# ,# " , # # . ' 7, # , #" )
## .
!!!
I. "01 "7,
6.2.1 We're in the cell – the UNION attribute $ " #" #H, # / ## % ' ,.
,## % ., '
# ", # # #
# ", ' # #01 1, "" @JIJA #," .$# ) ," = ' '2 -/"%2 -.' + 2 - " , 4 (
,#" " " /.#
".. "", .0 , ,", G ,# #" , ,#, " # . ( ## ' ## ,
A01 ," " # . )" , ,", = ' J'%2 -' H 2 - '2 4 +# ' -I :2 + ' HI :2 4.% !7 ' II :(
' # " # # .% !7 #"01 # '"" . " ,#
.% !7 # , # A#, ) ,# # G # ," # ,""# ,", " "=
" # ".C #
"
,", " " , ,. # ' " ," " "", "
). # "" " . 01 , " "#" ' # ,= "
' ## ,"" % '+ )",# # ", 7,,, .9 ,, " , , " K =' , " # ' ,&"
#*.
I.!2
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6.2.2 New names – correnspondence definition / #3 " #"# 01 ,
"# ", #
" "#. ) = 'O "%( '.% "%" O (
O #.% "", .$ # # " " , ," ," O , " .% .' #
" " # "
# #" ). " . " #"# " " ,# ,", " . ,".. , - ) ) . , , # " &.. " * ," # 01 = ' ,741 424 "%( ' ,7-1 -2- "%" ,741(
# ' ,# , , " = ,741 24 " ,7-1 24 ./ #3 "", . + ## , + . , " "
# . # ) ,", = ' O 2 -# ' I <E'< 2 - ' I <1;< ( ' " O 2 -/ ' 2 -'% ' ( / MM<<MM'% MM<< (
, # , , " ""
# " <E1<.$ )" # " , '. # " , " )
# ,"
= '0 I2 I "%( ' "%" 0 2*^ ( 3 ( ^3-( 0 24 3666( (
,, 01 "", , " # ^ 0 2*^ ", " &0 24 *.' , ,#
, # )" .
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I. "01 "7,
6.2.3 A question of position – overlay definition " ,)" " " # " "
# # # " , , # ## # ' )"".. # ."" , ' = 'E' II ( ' I2 I ' " E% % ( '0 -I ( 'Q - " 0% % (
$ ," E# " " '. E " " # " " . , ) H2H
E2+H2 .0#Q "
# ,"
. ## , % %
, " / #3= '. II ' I ( ' I ' - " .( 'G I ' - " .% % (
" #"# .. - 7, . - 2 2- - ## .. G% % , "# G - 7, . 242- ", G #G - # "
, # - # 'G "" % % " #)
&.. "" " ,*. " "" , " , " . , - #01 ,
.9 , " " , "" ," .
6.2.4 Overwhelming – iSUB definition " # 01 # # # # # -"# # ./8 3 #
" ," ##, , ## ", , ,# ## " , (##.
"
,," N ,
#,
01 G , " " , (# " ) , ,," G #
N " #"# # ## ,
, # .. -# . " # (# .
#
," ).. # ## = ' , I2 I "%( ' 7 &% I "% " , 2 ( ' 7 &% 6 "% " , * 2 (
I.!2
!!M
, " . # # 7 &% 8 01 "" , 8* 28 . ( ,, ,#" (-## ##
#.$
# ) " ## ) = 5H , % % P 1/O1 %' % % ( ' , I2 I "%( ' ,7 % I2 I "% " , - 2 ( & , ( ,7 % ( 5H(
# ) )" # , )
, " )"#""
( "" " =
" # , " &- * & *.
# @.I , @
= '0 '( ' +IIII2+IIII '" 0 (
C
# ,#" #G , ,#
" " ## " " 0 , , - #, , ,# ##. ,# " ) "", " # #",
# @< .0 " # ,# ,". ") ,# " , " # , (-## #, ,
#. ) (# #
.9 ," ,# # # , E# = 55 P 1/O1 %' % % ( 'E +929I '( ' +92+I '" E 2- * % ' 52- I * ' - I I ( E3<<( 3< <( E '% 29I ( 55(
, ,", , # . E# ' # ## ", , E , ,# " E.$ E "
E" ## . #
!!I
I. "01 "7,
"" # " # G , , " @?" " "#I " , " A"
#G " " # , = 6! !!0 ! ! !) @ ! " 6 & ( 'G% 9 ! ( ' , 626 ! G% ( ' %, 62424 ! " G% ' 4 -) * % 24 4 * - 6*4 (
0 )!! % % #
!!0 ! ! '#% I6 !
6.3 Parallel processing 01 , " ," )", "#, ,""
, .2#, ," "#, ,- #. " , "
7,
"
. " 7,,G , "#, "# ,# ,, ,"" , ", # &..#, # , *"" , # "#, . "#, #
#, )", ,# , ,""
G$, ) ", " , , )", "", ". "
- ,# "#, "
" . , " # "
# .. , )", "
. # " , " #,"# . #" 448 ,# "
." " ,"# # #() " # # ## #. " , '% % " #" " ,# # .
I.B0 "
!!6
6.3.1 For re-entry – the task attribute , , #=K. # ' "
,H, #.$ ' # ' " ).$ # , " K. " # = E E %' (%' ( 'GK( ' (' G ( G ( ' G ( ( (
"" "#, E" "#, . #)", " , , "
#. ' # '. 01 #)", #E # . , # '
, # ,)", " , #E. " # # E, ) ,EE" , , #. .C )" K , "#" "# ' .$ , ,# , ## ' . ) #,"# = ( ' (
( <0& B3' '3F! '# E# ", )", . #E # )", , ##, #. # # E # . , , "#, "," #. ," "#, # ,#' " , ", ," , ##G , # " ,- # .,' , K N# " # "#, ,"
.C
" "#, " # "" G - " "" # " "
-# B2- " .& - " # "# )#"", " ,
H".* " # , "#, " , " ) . "#, " # # "
& ,# ,# *. ", " ,, " , # .$, # "# -
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I. "01 "7,
" # ) " .,= ,# ," K # , AK " "G $
# #"
" , .C '
# ' = ' ) #
, !: #% = ' )
Y !: % Z )
Y : %
'K , ZK
( <5& 3''3F! ' ",
"#, , # N 4" # ## % ' . : %
"" 'K
" + %
' , #&+ ,"/1,4 3&14*# *. "
' # '% % . ' , "# " ,# # , = /" 3 "#, " ' H, ""
.$ " '% % "" # ' A, ". 9 ,, "#" ,= & .5 #" # ##= # # &
5 = 3 & # # ""
, " +# , / 3- ## ) , " ."
01 ## " ," "
# .01 , ! . # " )"## #"#.
= @. # )",# !. #, )",# B. #% )",# L. ## M. % " # ## % , " % , )# & ,&%%*.
I.B0 "
!!J
@ " # # # " #. 4)",, # # %## A ",# #.9 , ,#, " # , ,=$ ,- # ,# ",
,
# # )", .0 , # # , # ,# % # ,# # ," ,# " ,
" , G )
" "#= , ( %(
( <8& K''@ ! ," , "#, ,,- ##.C ,## % % %' ., , ""01 "#, / 3 ,##' .. , ' . "
"#,
" ,- # " , , " .$ - ## "01 # # " + . $ ,-," ###. , , " " ,#.. ! -"# ## . ##
, # ," .9 ,", .. ! "#, 2
0 = '1%# % ! #JGQ7GLJE12 #JGQ.7G.JG.E$2 H2 G (
$ # #G " # @M. " , ,, , "#, "#, # # . ,7,.
6.3.2 Move by move – synchronization of threads ) ) # " +#= " # ## #. ", 7,)#, ,# ,# ' # # , " " 7, # .5 ,# , " + . ) " # # # 7,
#. " ,: # " ," , = 5) # &T %% & 'K&( " : " , 4- & (
!B?
I. "01 "7,
'%
'.7: 07 ( '.7: Q7'% ( '1 G ( %03 % II( '#%7: 07 ( % & &% %1JED] 'D 7: Q7'% ( 'J7: Q7'% ( K 02<T %%<2Q ( (
%3< <( '#%7: 07 ( ! III ( K .% % 07 ( G ( ' G ( '1%7: 07 ( '1%7: Q7'% ( ( 1 %' % % K& ! (
%%%( 'D 7: 07 ( ! III ( 'J7: 07 ( "% :( Q3T 0 ( '#%7: Q7'% ( ( 1( L & %& & 5)(
4 " " # =" #" . # , ## ," ," "
I.B0 "
!B@
. / 3 , " .) ,#%7: "# " # #" #J7: "# " # #" . D 7: ," " . .7: ," 1%7: ," #.," .% % # #01 ,-," = , < < " #
A ,. )", " ## , - # " . , ,1 , #" ," 0
", , 7,
" , .5 07 . , 1 " ,
#" ," ,""
Q7'% /" 3. #, H, # & # * # 0 ,# 7,
.O#=
' # #
$ . 0 , . " , % < <# 07 " . " ), #= ! . # " # .. " #= ! III (
, "# , " # # " # .: #, # " , , .., " , "" "
"
" ,.$" , ""## ,# " , " , " , . !
, = " , " ,# , # / " " 3 , #. , # ,A## # , - # " . , ,! # , < < , , , - #
"# ## "
" " # :#< <# , # . # " # " "", )" # . , ,# " "#.$ , & ,# # # " +
" ). , "", . ## " #
+ . #" "" -
!B!
I. "01 "7,
.5 " , % " , . 01
, ,
% .
, .( , # ' , " 01 . # # ) ! = .7: %, 5) %' % % (
'!: & ( '1%.: ! 22" , 4 2 " , 4 % % !: K& ! %' % ( '1%.: 2 2I2I ( .7: ( #%7: %' % % (
'!: & ( '1%#%: ! !: % % !: K& ! %' % ( '1%#%: ( #%7: ( J7: %' % % (
'!: & ( '1%J: ! !: 2 % % !: K& ! %' % ( '.% " , 4 ( '1%J: 2 .% ( J7: ( D 7: %' % % ( '!: & ( '1%D : ! !: 2" , 4 % % !: K& ! %' % ( '1%D : 2 ( D 7: (
I.B0 "
.% % %' % % (
!BB
'!: % & ( '1%` !: ! !: 2 % % !: K& ! %' % ( '.% " , 4 ( '1%` !: 2 .% ( .% UI ( .% % ( 1%7: %' % % (
'!: & ( '1%.%: ! !: % % !: K& ! %' % ( '1%.%: ( 1%7: (
# , ,# , # % % " %' & " B.!.6*. !#" "
"
"#, 7, .2 )" " 6.@1 - 0 . # " , " ," , ,-," '# ' . #"
" ," + $ "", &/" # 3#/" # , # 3*A,"
.1' , # " ,," , # . # # " , " ,# " @# , . # ," @# . #" " # ,# .9 , "
" , # #. "#, # , = # %' ( '.% " , 4 ' I ( ' F2O " , 4 % % ( %%%( F3.% ( O3.% * ( "' F 2 .% 2O 3I ( ( # (
!BL
I. "01 "7,
# "#, .1 #" #
" ,-," 'A , G , # , " , " ## " " , .," " # , 7, ", . " A, ", ,#", ,
A '
, " , # , ?&" , 4 * . ) "' , # # , @.," ' # ' " , " , 54 A ,# " ,
6.4 Program generation at compile time 01 " "
# , 7, "# "
. ) ", .5 # , -"#01 " , # , ,01 .0, , # "
, 01 ) " &d*. "
= @. ) !. " # " " " B. " " " . "" ," " '% "
# ,. % ' ", ,, )# # "
% ' , , ,, " . ," " "
.. "
#," 2!# .
6.4.1 As usual – basics of the macro language # 01 , " !#" , . , ,, ' " & *" " ! & "" * " " " .8 , , , # " " ,# # , , , ,#
01 .C ,# A #A
#"
' " d ' .5 ) , " , #" ! " d ' F-(
< d ' "= d ' 22-8 Y2Z(
d ' Y2Z(
( <9& LC*D !3# 6 LKC*D 7
I.L0 "
!BM
# " # "
" .22-
# " "# " "# ! . " ,) #,# $% ,) ',# !# # ," " " ' "
,) #.$ ," ""
. ," # # d ' " "", ," d , ' = # # ## #
#
#" # .
# ,)" 7, "
." # . " ,
"
.5 "
)" , "
" 01 .
,, #" # ' # " , ." #" # d' = d'0'2Q" ,(
#" 0 ,' :&,#*# Q , " , ' H . 1 "" ## : " , ## "
"
H . , # "
,.C " , , " ,?# , &<<*., , " #" )
, , , . " , ' ," " @"
# .9 ,"" "" '% <" , ! < "
"", , " , 4 # ," # #, " . " '% <' < " # ", "
" " / 3. , ## "
," # " = d'0'( d03<E .<(
" " <E .<
# "
0. " , # ," N$ "
#," ) . )"
# '
" . ,..#" = d' E#JP$G2E#OGJQ '( dE#JP$G3<!: % % " , 4- & <( dE#OGJQ3<% % K& ! !: %' % <(
,# #" , )= '1%' : ! ' :R!2 E#JP$G E#OGJQ(
!BI
I. "01 "7,
"
" , "
. 9 ," " d' #
d' = d'E!<E .<( d'/'% II(
E ,'#/'% ," ,. , ! # ' . 5 " "" " , # "", 01 ,= d' : # d' : .
" ,"
"" " "
"##" = d'0'( d03<E .<( "% %% 0 '!E . d' :0( "% %% % % d03<0Q<( d' :0( "% %% 0 '!0Q
"
, " " , ) d- # " ", , #." "
01 ) ).. " " 700 "# " " ,# " " .1 " " # - " # . "
)", # , = d'E'2 " ,( dE3< *.<( d 3-( 03E(
N 03E( E "# " #" # "
&# " #*. ," , " = 03 *.(
= "# ! N = " G9 , " = 03-*.(
C ,#" #E d' :E' (
I.L0 "
!B6
") E " "#." "" ' . 9 , " " d' ' ' %' " ' . 0 "
"" ," " , .4)") & * H, ,-," '%'%! , &%' , '#: "!. 9 ," #" #, = d'E -2H2+ '( 1 % dE 2 2 3<E <(
#
. ,-," % #% . ,", #. 4)" `' # `
` " # `% , , &`K* `&%%. # " # ) # ".9 ," ) , %
# #, "
= %3 %H( 30 *Q ( (
, " = 30 *Q ( - 30 - *Q - ( 4 30 4 *Q 4 ( + 30 + *Q + ( H 30 H *Q H (
"
", # = d'" ,( d3 ( d$( 30 *Q ( d*3 ( d "V3Hd d&%%$(
d&%% , "
, " " ,).C ," "
## " , &d- *# "" & )*. " , , " ,d&%%= d'" ,( d%3 %H( 30 *Q ( d (
d%
)" ,#
# ," d&%% .8
" ) # % = #% ## "" # " .$ # : , #. " # ' , , "-
!B@
I. "01 "7,
, ,)
'#"
% % ", . ,-," " # "
'%
" ,"#" ,
= d' '% 2T % ( d''( d3T % '% ( (
9 , " ,- ," T % ## # #
" ,## " '% , ", " ,.," " " @@ #= 4IF.GI5 54IH
# # "" 4 . ,, " , # " ##" ..
#" . , ,-," ! , " "" " " ! .. ! 8 $% . , " , # , ,# !: %
.9 ,"
" " " ! #, ,-," ! . 5, ,-," " ) " . $ d ' ") " , ,# , = d '
# d, '
. " , " # "
= d'O '( dO 3<E . -4<( d " O 2 24 3<E .<d d ' O (
, " " d, ' # # # #
.
6.4.2 As called for – the preprocessor procedure " -"# "
"#, # #," .$ "
"#, "# " .
, )## "
# "" . ) " . '," ##A ) " ,= d'' !( d''(
I.L0 "
!BJ
d'%' 2G " , ( ' 2G '2" ,( %3 % & ( " , G2 22 W3I ( ( I ( d (
8
#" "", # ! & #' " , # *. " , " , # "
#" #&d' d' :*. # "#, " "# d%' # d "
.5 , #"## , ,# .
01 # ". # "
"#, ," "#, # , . , '," "# "
)
"
"#, AH, .. , . " # ) , " ). 0, , # ," # "
"#,
, "#, ,
.
### =) " #, , " #K # "
, , , A " , #, , " #.C )= dP' %, 59 %' ' ( ' 2J '( J3< <MM( J3JMM<2NE .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q@ABN<( \ J3JMM<2N'"& aK %T :,!R=>;N <( J ( d (
" P' 01 )= %' '% ( 59 P%"P' %' % % ( d'P !( d ' P'( '' : <\= ; ' < ( \ "% ! P' ( 59(
!L?
I. "01 "7,
d ' , ,# , P' "
.4 ,# " "#, , ". # d' , " ,# ## d' : " . P' ,# +# ## , , "
# " .5 , #, , #,"## "#, "#, .," , # ) " ," # , . 8 " P'," ." " , ," ' " # , " " " < ,, . #," " ," " " , # " , " ,.# , =9 , #' "#," , "#" . & # , "" , .M!*9 , " , )
# # , ,
# . , # "
,, ) " = 6'9 ,0 +0 0!! ) ! G ) ! ! ! ; ,
, ,, ,-,"
' #
'
" ," , " ) , !# 6!. 5
# # ", "#, # ) " = 6-3 ! !) ! 0 / % . ! ) . +0 ) + ,# ' ,#, , , ," "
"#, , ,. # ' ,# ' , , "# , "#, . " , "#, P' = dP' %' ( ''( < < K %' ( <2NE .1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q@ABN< K %' ( <2N'"& aK %T :,!R=>;N < K %' ( d (
M! $ "#, ,# ,"" # .
I.L0 "
!L@
#. # ,# " " " , , , . .K ", %' "" ,# "" ". ", "A" " ," A "# ' """ ) ," ) "#, # . " " # # K #
%' .
6.4.3 Self-made – definition of statements of your own ## # ",
"
"#, .. d%' . " #
" "
"#, ).. 01 .$
01 )= K!% K!% (
, # # +# #, # "
+# .
#)" ," , # "# 01 "
"#, . ,.. ,0$: 4 ,:4%%MB 01 ,# ) = : 0<<Q (
# ,# " " " & # *"
# 0# "
# Q." " " # "",
# 0# , Q.,0$: 4 " , # ," .5 " ",# "
"#, ) d ' & "#, # "G*= %' '% % '( 56 G%" %' % % ( d' !( d ' ( '' -I :( '0' 9 :( 'Q' 4 :( 3<.FO/\Q<( : 0<<Q ( 02Q ( 56(
MB :4%% # ! , ,
# 01 .
!L!
I. "01 "7,
#
# , # Q. "
"#, #" # ,##., # # : # "#, . " " "
# # 01 "
. "#, " # ".C " " # , ,= %Parse: /* to example B69 */ procedure (Value, With) statement; dcl (Value, With) char; dcl (A, B, C, Name) char; dcl K fixed; if ^parmset(Value) | ^parmset(With) then do; note ('Option missing in parse statement.', 12); return ('/*?*/'); end; K = index(With, "'"); A = substr(With, 1, K-1); B = substr(With, K, 3); C = substr(With, K+3); Name = '$' || counter(); <%(< K %' ( ans (comment('parse value (' || Value || ') with (' MMD MM< (< K %' ( <'<MMO MM<" , (< K %' ( O MM<3 , <MM MM<2<MM MM< (< K %' ( EMM<3 <MM MM<2 2<MMO MM< (< K %' ( .MM<3 <MM MM<2<MMO MM<* (< K %' ( < (< K %' ( d #(
,-," ## , # "
"#, K "#, ,# , #. "" , # +# .5, , +#., " # #
#. , < <
K
%' G " " , "#d % & " , , " "#, * "
,, "
. " # , " ?
I.L0 "
!LB
&
*L & *@ 4& *@! & *#@I & *. # ," , , , " " & %'
%' " "*. "
"#, ,, " , ,) "
," , , ,#" 01 ," , ").# "#, " = $ ," #" " " ,-. ,# # , # " ,- ,"& # " ,# / "3" " # "*# G " , 0$: 4 ,#' , & ,# , , #*, #" " 0$: 4 . ,# "
)#" ,# , 0$: 4 " #= ,#" ##. ,- "
," '% ," , # 7, #. ""'% , , @& M" " *
, , , #" , ,# , & " . ,-," '%
, # " " " . "", , "# U# V.$ ,-,"
''% #
' #.0 , " = ''% , " , " " "# , ") ' , " " "#. # " " " = %( : 0<<Q 'CIIII " , ( CIIII 3 , 2<< ( 03 2 2CIIII ( Q3 2CIIII * ( (
$" # 0$: 4" ,B?? "
.ML
ML " -" & ( -" # " M.B.!*" # ##
& "*.
6. " #
!LM
<& # 01 , #.# ; # #.$ 01 , ,# # ," #" " 01 , # , # .01
,# # "", , A
, " 01 ,-," .
7.1 Low-level programming #' #0 , , ,. , , " , , , 01 #" , - . " " # # ##
. 01 " " ,# # # # , . " 01 A # " # ,# " # . , , # 01 ," " " , #" .
7.1.1 C-bits – bit manipulations on numbers # " , " , , , . ! ," ".. " # # # "", " .9 ," , " , 4 ,
"" "" , "# = 'D7 $" , 4 : <9I7II7II7II<, ( 'D7E01" , 4 :
C
" " , , , , "-# #&# #, *)#" &,# *. , " ,"# , "/ 3. " , ,, " , 01 M & ## *K ,-," . % / 3 , /# 3# % /)", 3.$ #B! , .$)" % , , "", " ,. , & , , "" , # " = ' " , 4- & <9I9I9I9I<, (
, / "3 , " , , ,", ,- ," & # & . ,"# , " # , , # .. " , ) " , 9 & # " . , /", 3@@IB!# IL.
!LI
6. " #
" "# , 7, #. ,## / 3 +
, # ,01 , , " , & " , *#, # ," .$"" ," !. , "# " = '#%" , 4 9 ( #%2- ( #%2- ( - #%2- ( %- #%2- (
4- - 4- -
'O&" , 4 9 ( O&2- ( O&2- ( - O&2- ( %- O&2- (
4- I)4)+ 9-- 4- -
# " 1&:*1 ". , " #"
B!- -, # #, " " " # , " .c
, # ,. # -# %-. - , - - , %- # # , . , ++
#, %- - .
7.1.2 Anonymous – storage manipulations 8 01 " " # " H" . 9 ," "7, , # ##
# . ,-," %' "7, "" , # .. "% = 'E II "% # ( #3%' II + (
%'," "" ," ,# = , , , K" .
# # ,- , ,# ," = ' " # (
C # " ," #N , , " ," , = E%' R %' # " , 4 ( '# % & ( ' R" , 4 ' #2+ ( R ( E%' R(
# = , # %' ## # " L- - +#. 7,
)" + # L ,@.
6.@1 -
!L6
,-," %' R # # , "#" ''K %& )# " L.!.B. " ## " &,
"# %' *. " H, # , " " # " " = ' E2 - " , 4 2 -."%2 4 ' I ' " E 2
,- , , " , " , " " "
# " # , "# # ,.$ , ' , " , - , .. , " ) ,", + .+" # #,, , . ,- , , %: # %: , # + ,
. # " ,, # " "
" .$)= '' I < -4+H5)96I< ( ' %: *42 2H ( (
5 " " < -4 -4+H6I< ,# ,.9 , " #", " '= "
" "
.9 , ,# # # ,"
+. %: "#)"
"
, # " #
+ "" #. ,, ! ) ) # %: , ,# , # , < -4 -4 -6I< "", ", #. ," " , = "'% 0 2 Q 2 R Q UI
<0 & Q] (
? 7,K , 0 ,# Q. ,# " 42#$ , # , ,- , , ' # ' ' .
)"
= 'E' 7'' II :( '' '7'' II : <E .< ( ' ' E' 7' 2 ' '7' 2 & ' '7' (
!L@
6. " #
0 !- #& ) " * :! & # ,# , # , ###
# ##
#.$ ," ," "" $ 42= ,## "
.4 ," ,# $%" " <E .< 42 " " . , ", , , " " $ ,# , #, JGE 1$$"" # , # " .
, ," ,- ," =
' #
: "! ,
# " =
' #
: "! . " " , , ) . # " "
. , # # " # , ,# B!O-.
,) = & , * "
), B!O" " !<= 'L!'K II7III ' II7III << ( ' 7 ' II : <E .< ( ' %: L!'K *HI7III2 7 2 R 7 ( , L!'K 2 R L!'K 2 7 (
# , # ' , " & '# '" # " 6.!. & , , *
, !<= 'L!'K II7III ' II7III << ( ' &7 +I7III ' +I7III <0< ( ' %: L!'K *HI7III2 &7 2 R &7 ( , L!'K 2 R L!'K 2 &7 2 R &7 (
" " . " M???@ ,.$ , ," #" , ) . " # , "# @????? = ' 82$ " , 4 ( 'L!'K II7III ' II7III << ( 'O ' H < 59+< ( ' %: L!'K *HI7III2 O 2 R O (
6.@1 -
!LJ
83 ' L!'K 2 R L!'K 2
0 ## , , ," ".& " ,# , #=" " ), !< " " ," #.* $ - '% :." # &"# , , "* & -"# , *.
##
# . " ## = "a" #a , " , ,# . -"#" # # "" "
"#" " #. 5 ) , " #$ "" #@@L? < " #@@L@Q " ##$ "" # <)'<, < " # <H<,.$" " # ,# )
= '8
""' <H<, ( \ 'K "%g 'E7 & ' ( ' '% : E7 & 2 R E7 & 2 +I2 8
"" 2 R 8
"" 2 + (
#
.
7.1.3 Internals – foreign data formats 01 " " ,-, ,"# "# ",##. #", . "
# 7, " " " ## " -"#, &+ - * "#. , " " " )" , . # # , + , "", # # , , . 01 # # ," # :! &R :R&R" C *. ,#" .. '' II :R( 3<E .<(
@?@ ##01 , " + ", # <E .<.$ # ,-," # .MM :! &R " , # " )"#
.
MM - " #
G
!M?
6. " #
# " , 7,# " " " . ## 01 # ," # , % ,= 'DK! ) ' % :! &R <% !<2G !<2
9 , ,# " ,"" ," # ' .5, ,, "" " & * " " G "# " , .2 " # % ,, :! &:! &R % :! &. , , # , " ", =C , # N # / # 3= + #$% # . 7,"# ," - "
#< < . " ,
" # " "" # #) " .c #
" "&" ,
!# # *= , )"# # . " " " #
" . 9 , ,# " . #" = '%" , 4
/ 3 7,"& + #$%* "# A ## G ,#"# , ,-," ' " , "
" - # ' F (
,
#. # 01 , :# %
:.$ , ,.. " / 3&, # - ""*, / 3 , # # = 'O :" , 4 :( 'E " , 4 %
:( " % O : ( E 3O :( " / "% E (
( , ", , ," " . , " , " ,
6.@1 -
!M@
&
#
. $%#+ # #&/
# 3* 0#&/# 3*.$ " " = / 3. ,#
,, , F (
, -##)#" 7,". " ,-," , & " !.6.@*. , , '", 7," )#" , ,#, ," , & = , & F 2 R F (
C # #, ,"# ##
" , "# " # ,. 9 ,, " , 7," "% = " & # ,
)"# " 0G " , , " # " , "
.
7.1.4 Systematically – API programming # " , ,-," ! .9 ,
" # # , " -"# , " #
,. )" ! H"" , # # " 01 # " -# = )I .%! &" QG " ' % %' # % % %,'% ( '# ' : % & ( 'J'" , 4 ( J'3! <,'%!<MM# MM<< ( ' J' ( I
# ," , " # , # ", ,# " # ! . 9 ,
" , ," ," &$0=" "*# ".) # , !=
!M!
6. " #
) : %
: E# %' % % ( 'E ' -I :R( '\7: , <1%' :< ! ' :R!2 !: % % " , 4- & % % K& ! !: %' % ( 'J'" , 4- & ( '#( ' ' 4-)5) :R # ( % " ! R )6 ( %%%( K
E MM<3<MM ( <J'<MM J' ( ( ) (
C , ,"01 " "
#." "#, 2
"4 ")" ,# , ##
, " # ,." " ,- # "" .( , "/3.. # ##
##
& "G* " " . , , ,", -,#
# " "
. 01 " " ' =$ ' " # #.), ," B!6I6= # ' ) G $ ! #" " "# ' % % #= •
, K& ! " +#
" , ,01 , # -"
.
• !: # ##
,
#& ! * ,& , ,* ,#
#. •
%' % #" # "
# , , 01 # ", # ' # . 9 , ,# # # #, ,"$0 "#, . " )
" #, " %, K # # ,, # , !
.
6.@1 -
!MB
,
# , ,= , , , # ##
, ,. "" % % " "#, " "# ," # , , , # , ,. <
01 " " ).5 ) ,#" # , ,= P%' E2 ( 'E"% % % ( ' "%(
"" )
= 'P 2) (
, , , " , ""
,#.9 ,"# , ,-," % # "
= " E E (
9 , ,# , ," " # -" " W. 8 ,-," & :" , , )= < %"#EGL<2& : <#EGL< (
= " : <EJ3DJG<
< & ''" ]< ( < &" ]< (
,# 01 , ,"# - "#, ," ,"01
01 , %'
= /% .%' % % "% (
"
##
,"01 "#, . $ 01 , ###
"#, . " ,-," ! " ," )
, "#, " ##
" , #. "#, " # "#, #&
#" , "#*A # # . $## ,#
##
"#, " , " # N " , , ! ,# - = '.%& !: ( '#( ! .%& 3#( '.%&(
,
,#" ##
"#, ,"
! . ,
!ML
6. " #
## , # " , & " ," "* ," #" # # 01 .&5 " " , #- *= " %' 0 % % %' %!: ( '0 ! % & :R' ( '#( '# -" , 4 ( '# 4"%( #3:& ( # U# - ( #*3:& R # - ( # U# 4 ( "(
9 ,# # ,# # G
# , . ,-," :& , ##
., :& R + ,## ##
# !: , R " ."" ,, ,
##" .8 ## , G , ,# # " " ,"" 01 . " ,# "
) ,, , " ,-," " , .
7.1.5 For long runners – checkpoint/restart ,-," # " # " . ," , "" " + . 5 H " , " "
" , ," &" # * , " ,#. " " # , " # "" " #" "# , . ", "& #"# * # #. 5 ,, "" , ;1 N ( " ! .9 ,, "" " # " J1
&: 2 *; 4%4 .. G#OE0.#\3#JF\2J13J
J13J , , " J13OJ# .9 , ,#
" J13JO. J13O. " ,# "" " # &J13O. # , " *. ,, "# "" , " # .. Q.L8111O3.#PO8G2#E.3 21#3 OD28#
6.@1 -
!MM
"##, , " H , M??? . ",
7, "
, # 7, # . , "F11# "" " #.
"F$1 OD #"" "# .9 ,
"02 "" " #. "" " # ," ,- , , 'K , " = 'J'" , 4 ( ' 'K <Q.L8<2<# <2<#<2J' (
, , #, , , ,# ", . , # 22- &<Q.L8< #,* " #
# "" # 01 "" 7,& <#<* 02 &<#F<* , ,01 , ," &? ,""
,*. 8 " : # .C # N "" #, ",# ] " , # = H # " " # " ,#, "" " #) K"" " ,# . ## ,"H , # " " ,"
" "" " #. " ,, " ; ### "" 22- 4%4- = ^F OE^F 2O 2JGEJG3 G#OE2# Q.L8111O321#3F$1 G#OE0.#\3#JF\
, " " # H , ,# " J1-0 . 9 ," "# #, , 01 . ## , 01 ' (
01 " #L?J!# , "" " #. ,# ' , , """"" " # " ,- , , ' ' = ' ' '(
8 , " , = , #" " ,, .9 , ,
# , "
" 'K" , # " 'K.
7.2 Manipulation of Wide Characters $ " !I# " " #
4 # ) .4, ", ,,) . " ,, )"" " #.( $ " " " #
# , -
!MI
6. " #
" " " !MI , = !???? 7, #G
" 01 ## ".
7.2.1 The first attempt – the GRAPHIC attribute @J@@ #" #" 01 , = - # ," 5#C48 " " " ", . #," , & ' # , # # )", , , .2 #=2 , " . " ) ## # "" #
!MI" " " " ," "
.4
@!@" " # # "# @!@# , #" " " " # ; #O . ," ; " 7,) # " " , " +# # 2 " #=
, " " " " ,, ," " #. •
, "" " # ," " # ) .
# & '01 , =" " .,-," # )#2 & '.)#2 # ''.," & ' " )#2 , & ' #," ' & ' " & ' )#2 .
,"
" =# # )#2 #"#, .2 , #$ "#4, # # " ,& ' ,.
7.2.2 The second attempt – the WIDECHAR attribute "# 2 & ", " " * #" ### " " # ,# #= (" # # #+# @?IL@-@." " " (5-@I "..@I , # "" " A G , @I , @!@ " " " # , , $ " " & J ?*.4, " ##.. "
(" #= # 8&# ,""
*#; . " , (5-@I.5 ,
" # " " ,)$& $ *# # & #*.5 )
) #
)$. $ ) " # (" #",," (" #.;
6.!, # "
!M6
" " # H" #(" #K " " ; . 01 (" #
# , "# ' # '.C ,")" '#; # # " # " 6.L. ) # , & %,DH, #= )- & %, '! ''' D1.LEJ %' % % ( '& %,D ! 2 ' :R! % & 2 ' :R! % & % % 2 " , 4- & % % " , 4 !: % % !: K& ' %' % , <& %,D< ( '8" , 5 & ( 'G, ' 5 :R << ( 'G ' + :R
9 ,,# ##" & %,D ,# " . "
. , " )#" G, # G ' =G )"
# " ## )#" , 7,"= # 4 "# 4:,
. @I" " " ," ': , " " G,
. ,-," '" " "" # , ,.9 , # "$ " ##.
)#
=
( <<& 6D 7
!M@
6. " #
4 , (" #01 " # )
.$ , = •
01 , " " (" #& & '*
•
5 '" .. #
•
$ '' # '= % :! & :! & # :! &R .#-" " :! &R
•
# ' " # # " .C ,# # @!@ '" " " #" ' ' '% : % " # ,# #.
•
,-," " " "
" , # ' , & )" *. ## % ' # % % ' " ,", '% : % % ,# ': & 6!* ' " ' % # & . " " " ## " #, # ," " " '%&, " " , # " " .
•
$ ,# ,, ' # " # ,, " # ''.
( ,(" # "(" #" " ..
" (" # = 'D ' I :
,# " , ,,, ," " . ( " ' ," "" 7," , #
'# ,# #, . "," #" " < <)
# )#"
# ' & ,-" #,.( ' # <4 II<, .
7.3 Using REXX Components :4%% ," " ,
#" ",##01 # ., ,
" H," 01 "01 ", # " "
6.B( :4%%
!MJ
" .:4%%-0 01 , &# ,, #*.' #.4
01 0 #
:4%%7," :4%% ", ).
7.3.1 Relationship – REXX calling conventions 7, :4%% , 01 - .5 ' ":4%% , - 01 . ) , - " " "#:4%%(1" , , .
# # ,# " # :4%%#" " . # # " A :! & 01 , ## ), . 1 , , , !\. :4%%(1 = # 7,
# 01 , 01 , ,# ' #, # GC # "
#" ## # ,& , ,# # " , G*= )4 &% J00PG$ %' % % ( '!\8! ! ' :R!2 " , 4 !: 2 % !: 2 ' :R!2 % !: % % K& ! %' % , <J00PG$< ( ' J 2 - " , 4 2 - ' ( ' # '2 - " , 4 & < %'%< 2 - % :R < %'%< ( '#%' II :( '.'( / %1$$ "'!\8! <J00PG$Q\G8Q< ( EK"%% #%3<<( %%%( '!\8! <,,,<2 2 # 2
#%MM3.( " & #% UI
#%3" #%2 & #% ( (
!I? 1 !% ! < <MM#%MM<
6. " #
< (
)4(
,", J ## :4%%
= ####
.$#" !\. , 01
# :4%% , - = @. ," & , )* !. , ",:4%% & @ "* B. ##
##
",:4%% L. ", 7,,& )*# M. ##
:4%% , #. 9 , "H, " " , #. " ## ", < %'%< .
" # " , " "# " " &" #
, , &
7.3.2 Simply huge – REXX programs in PL/I variables ' ," " ,
:4%% 01 # :4%% , . , , ) , " , " .5 ) , - # , , # 0$
) # # , H"., , :4%%,, = "E3<<M%
# ,# # # ,. $ ,
" , ) " :4%%# 01 . ,# # ) 01 " .$ ) ,# " # "", , , ,#.(# :4%% = .$ , # :4%% # # @???# " , #.$ , ,01
"#" .: ,"#:4%% ,= )+ ' % %"& J00 %' % % ( '' : <&,2!(<MM < ' & II(<MM < , !(< ( ' ' & (
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