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Torgersen, Johann. (1968) "Population: Norge." In Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, volume 8, columns 388-90. Reykjavik: Bokaverzlun fsafolder. Toynbee, Arnold J. (1962) A Study of History, volume 2. New York: Oxford University Press. (Originally published in 1934.) Trevor-Roper, H. R. (1969) The European Witch-Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. Trial, George T. (1945) History of Education in Iceland. Cambridge: W. Heffer. Trollope, Anthony. (1878) How the "Mastiffs" Went to Iceland. London: Virtve & Company. Tryggvason, Baldvin. (1970) The Mass Media in Iceland. A lecture to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Iceland State Broadcasting System. (Mimeographed.) Turner, Victor W. (1971) "An Anthropological Approach to the Icelandic Saga." In T. O. Beidelman (ed.), The Translation of Culture, pp. 349-74. London: Travistock. Turville-Petre, G. (1951) The Heroic Age of Scandinavia. London: Hutchinson's University Library. . (1953) Origins of Icelandic Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. . (1964) Myth and Religion of the North. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. . (1972) "Dreams in Icelandic Tradition." In Nine Norse Studies, pp. 30-51. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College. (Also appeared in Folklore 1958 (69): 93-111.) Undset, Sigrid. (1937) Kristin Lavransdatter. Translated by Charles Archer and J. S. Scott. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. United Nations. (1953) The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends. New York: United Nations. . (1978) Statistical Yearbook 1977. New York: United Nations. Utterstrom, Gustaf. (1955) "Climatic Fluctuations and Population Problems in Early Modern History." Scandinavian Economic History Review 3 (1): 3-47. . (1965) "Two Essays on Population in Eighteenth Century Sweden." In D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley (eds.), Population in History, pp. 523-48. London: Edward Arnold. van den Haag, Ernest. (1969) The Jewish Mystique. New York: Dell, van den Toorn, M. C. (1955) Ethics and Morals in Icelandic Saga Literature. Assen, Holland: van Gorcum. von Troil, Uno. (1780) Letters on Iceland, 2nd ed. ("Corrected and improved.") London: J. Robson, W. Richardson, and N. Conant. (Originally published in Sweden in!777.) Walters, Thorstina. (1953) Modern Sagas: The Story of the Icelanders in North America. Fargo: North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies. Watt, Ian. (1957) The Rise of the Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wax, Rosalie H. (1969) Magic, Fate, and History. Lawrence, Kans.: Coronado Press. Wessen, Elias. (1965) De nordiska sprdken, 7th ed. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. West, John F. (1972) Faroe: The Emergence of a Nation. London: C. Hurst. Whitelock, Dorothy. (1952) The Beginnings of English Society. Baltimore: Penguin. Wikman, K. Robert V. (1937) Die Einleitungder Ehe. Eine vergleichende ethnosoziologische Undersuchung uber die Vorstufe der Ehe in den Sitten des schwedishen Volkstums. Abo, Finland: Acta Academiae Aboensis. Williams, Carl O. (1937) Thraldom in Ancient Iceland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Williams, Robin, Jr. (1970) American Society, 3rd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Withycombe, E. G. (1950) The Oxford Dictionary of English Names, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Ziegler, Philip. (1969) The Black Death. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.

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INDEX

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Index

Aasen, Ivar, 158 Abortion, 98, 199 Achievement, as a value, 197, 201 Activity and Work, as a value, 197,201 Adultery, 98, 99, 101 Affluence, 33, 37 Age distribution, 72-73, 94, 208 Age of Settlement, 13, 18, 161, 170 Akranes (town), 95, 176 Akureyri (town), 129, 130 Alcohol, 26, 118, 173-74, 187-93 Alfred the Great, 5, 172 Althing: decides on prohibition referendum, 190, elections to, 39-4-6, 111-12; founding of, 16; growth of primordial Germanic institution, 15; legislating Christianity, 178-79; marriage legislation passed by, 91; message from King Olaf to, 9; negotiation of marriage at, 87; reestablishment of, 20; supported extension of fisheries limits, 34 Aluminum production, 34 America: compared with Iceland, 3,6-7, 9-10,11,12,15, 17,18,21,27-28,37-38, 53,111,114,124,127,129, 133, 141, 187, 190, 197, 200-2; discovery of, 106 Andersen, Hans Christian, 138, 140 Anderson, Johan, 23, 25 Angles, 12 Archives of Iceland, 119 Ari the Learned (1067-1148), 4, 172, 178-79 Arnadottir, Nina Bjork, 137 Arnarson, Orn, 138 Arnason, Jon, 187

Arngrimur Jonsson (1568-1648), 154, 162, 208 Articles on Marriage, 89-90 Asgeirsson, Asgeir, 144 Athens: Iceland compared with, 8 Aud the Deep-minded (ninth century), 16,107 Auden,W.H.,28, 139 Augsburg Confession, 91 Austin, Jane, 141 Authority, attitudes toward, 51, 53, 54 Automobiles, 32 "Bad years," 63, 64, 71. See also Misery of the Icelanders Bagley, Desmond, 139 Balzac, Honorede, 140, 141 Banks, Sir Joseph, 24, 120 Baring-Gould, Sabine, 27, 120 Barna-Sveinbjorn (fifteenth century), 101 Barrow, John, 22, 49, 54 Beck, Richard, 186 Beggars, 101. See also Paupers Benediktsson, Bjarni, 145 Benediktsson, Einar, 138, 145 Benediktsson, Hreinn, 13,149, 150,160,161 Bergman, Gosta, 162 Bergsson, Gu5bergur, 137 Bergthora, wife of Njal, 52, 100 Bessason, Haraldur, 183 Betrothal. See Marriage Beyer, Absalon Pedersen, 117 Bible, 123, 124, 141, 146, 154, 168, 175 Birth rates. See Fertility Bishops' Sagas, 184

239

240

Index

Bjarnason, Dora, 161, 188, 197 Bjarnason, Ingibjorg, 111 Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, 138, 140 Bjornsson, Bjorn, 86, 92, 94, 97, 176, 197 Bjornsson, Svein, 145 Black Death, 18, 19, 58, 63-64, 68 Blefken, Dithmar, 102-3 Blood groupings of Icelanders, 6 , 1 2 Blyton, Enid, 139 Bo&varsson, Guomundur, 137 Bolu-Hjalmar, 138 Book of Settlements, 4,5,7, 16-17, 56, 106, 108,143,168,169,172,178 Book of the Icelanders, 4 Books: borrowing of, 127; publishing of, 124-27; reading of, 132-34; ownership of, 134-35 Bookstores, 124 Boorde, Andrew, 23, 101-2 Boorstin, Daniel J., 14 Borgafjor6ur, 123-24, 132 Boswell, James, 24 Boucher, Alan E., 51 Brecht, Bertolt, 140 Bright, Richard, 24 British Isles, 5 Broddason, Thorbjorn, 129, 196-97 Browne, J. Ross, 26, 192 Browning, Robert, 140 Bryce, James, 8, 1 3 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 53,54, 120,175,176, 194 Buck, Pearl, 138, 139 Burton, Richard F., 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 53,103,109, 120, 121, 175, 198 Byock, Jesse, 30 Cavling, E. B. H., 139 Celts, 4, 6, 12, 152. See also Irish Census of 1703, 48, 63, 68, 71-73, 80-82, 107,167, 169 Censuses, 62, 77, 82, 167, 208 Center Party (Sweden), 43 Chambers, Robert, 22 Chapman, Kenneth G., 160 Charles, Theresa, 139 Chess, 49-50, 129 Chieftains, 16, 17 Child rearing, 98, 111, 112 Children, 99, 118, 124, 129; baptism of, 94, fostering of, 81, 99, 199; naming of, 171-72. See also Teenagers

Cholera, 64 Christian IV, king of Denmark, 117 Christianity: attitudes of people toward, 175 ; conversion to, 178-79; denominations of, 176; effects on status of women of, 106, 108; establishment of, 16-17; influences of, 18-19, 20, 86, 103; influences on naming patterns of, 168; syncretistic nature of, 177; words in the language from, 153. See also Church, Clergy, Reformation, Religion Christie, Agatha, 134, 138 Church, 20, 163; attendance at, 176 Cipolla, Carlo M., 120 Class structure, 38,48-49, 51-55, 164 Cleanliness, 65-66 Cleavages in Icelandic society, 38 Clergy: absence of women in, 110; attitudes of people toward, 53,174, 175; attitudes toward marriage of, 89, 91; class status of, 48, 54; cohabitation of, 79; drunkenness of, 192 ; fathering of illegitimate children by, 95, 99, 101-3; Icelanders prefer marriage by, 98; piety of, 175 ; role in establishing literacy, 117-18 Climate of Iceland, 59-60, 63, 110, 122, 164 "Cod wars," 33 Cohabitation, 73, 77-80, 93, 97-103 Commonwealth Party, 42 Communists, 42, 43, 44 Conservatism of "new societies," 14-17 Conservative Party, 40-42 Continuity, cultural, 17-18, 30, 31,86, 112-13, 148-51, 165-68, 186, 187, 202-3 Cooperative Movement, 37, 43 Craigie, William A., 150, 163, 186, 187 Crime, 26, 189 Cronin, A. J., 139 Danielsson, Gudmundur, 137 Danish language, 11, 148-65 passim Davidson, H. R. Ellis, 177-78 Death rates.See Life expectancies, Mortality Democracy, 198, 201 Dickens, Charles, 141, 185 Dillon, Arthur, 120, 175 Dinesen, Isak (Karen Blixen), 140 Disasters, 56, 57, 62, 63-64 Ditlevsen, Tove, 139

Index Division of labor, 49 Divorce, 84, 106 Dixon,Jean, 181 Donsk tunga, 152-53 Drake, Michael, 79 Drinking. See Alcohol Dufferin, Lord, 26-27, 64-65, 175, 192 Duun, Olav, 140 Economy, 32-38,46, 50 Education, 111, 118, 123-24, 131-32, 143, 146, 157, 163, 181; of girls, 109, 124; importance of, 49 Egalitarianism, 17, 22, 26, 39, 51-55, 109, 112, 143, 163, 195-97,201,209 Egill Skalla-Grimsson (tenth century), 18, 144, 149, 183-84 Egil'sSaga, 183-84 Egilsson, Sveinbjorn, 157 Einar Eyolfsson (tenth and eleventh centuries), 9, 10 Einarsson, Armann Kr., 137 Einarsson, Sigurbjorn, 143, 144, 177 Einarsson, Stefan, 108-9, 162 Eldjarn.Kristjan, 143, 144 Eliot, T. S., 140 Emigration from Iceland, 11, 36 Empiricism, as a value, 200, 202 Energy: hydroelectric power, 34; fuel, 34-35 English: attitudes of Icelanders toward, 11; Icelanders achieved universal literacy before, 119; language less inflected than Icelandic, 163; language paperbacks in Iceland, 125, 134; society, contrasted with Old Icelandic, 16; travelers to Iceland, 27-28 Erik the Red (tenth century), 57 Erlingsson, Thorsteinn, 138 Espolin, Jon, 64, 104, 157, 174 Ethnocentrism of Icelanders, 201-2 Ethnography of Icelandic culture, 101 Exchange rate of kronur, 35 Experience, as a value, 199-200 Exports, 34-35 Eyrbyggja Saga, 184, 187 Family, types of, 97, 112,103 Famines, 8, 62-63 Farmers, 18,23,42-43,4749,55,77-78, 79,119,136,155,165 Farmers' Party, 42, 43

241

Farms, 47, 72,79-80, 118, 120, 122, 123; naming of, 106 Faroe Islands, 10, 11, 43, 62, 68, 153, 154, 190 Faroese language, 157, 158-60, 208 Faulkner, William, 141 Fertility, 64, 65,66,70-71, 7 3 , 8 3 , 112; worship of, 107 Finley.M. I., 107,207 Finnbogason, Guomundur, 174-75 Finnsdottir, Steinunn, 109 Finnson, Hannes, 64 Fish and fishing industry, 33, 35, 36, 37, 60-62, 190 Fisheries limits, 33-34, 36, 207 Fiske.Willard, 49-50 Fleming, Ian, 140 Folk cultures, 203 Folklore, 181, 187 Fonblanque, C. A. de, 28 Forbes, Charles S., 173, 192 Foreign policy, 33-34, 38,42,43-44,44, 46 Founding of Iceland, 6-12 Frederick (German bishop), 178 Frederik II, of Denmark, 89 Freedom, as a value, 51, 198, 201 Freuchen, Peter, 140 Frey,6 Freya, 107 Freydis, sister of Leifur Eiriksson, 106-7 Fri&jonsson, Guftmundur, 1 38 Fri&riksson, FriSrik, 145 Fridriksson, Sturla, 60-62, 208 Friis, Peter Clausen, 117 Frimannsson, Gunnar, 188 Frontiersmen, 7, 17, 29-30, 195 Gaimard, Paul, 25-27 Galsworthy, John, 140 Genealogy, 8, 18, 56, 99, 114, 125-27 German language, 148-65 passim, 172 Germanic: peoples, 29, 148, 203; polity, 14-16 Ghosts, 182, 187 Giraldus Cambrensis (circa 1146-1220), 23 Gislason.GylfiTh., 32 Gfslason, Magnus, 122 Gizurr the White (chieftain), 178 Gjerset, Knut, 15 Gtima, 50, 207

242

Index

Godar. See Chieftains Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 140, 141 Goode, William, 105 Gorky, Maxim, 140 Governments, composition of, 41, 44, 45-46 Greece: Iceland compared with, 13, 106, 207; influence upon Iceland of, 18 Greek language, 153, 157, 163, 172 Greenland, 57-59, 152 Grettir Asmundsson (tenth and eleventh centuries), 141-42 Grettir's Saga, 141-42, 187 Grey Goose (grdgds), 87 Griffith, John C., 29 Grimsey,9, 10,50 Grfmsson, Olafur Ragnar, 18, 21 Groenke, Ulrich, 161 Grondal, Benedikt, 138 Gross national product, 34 Grotius, Hugo, 207 Gu9j6nsson, Petur, 97-99, 116 Gudmundsson, Bar5i, 5-6, 107 Gu&mundsson, Gu3mundur, 138 Gu5mundsson, Kristmann, 137 Gu6mundsson, T6mas, 137 Gu6mundsson, Valtyr, 54, 174 GuSrun fra Lundi, 137 Gu8rtin Osvifursd6ttir, (tenth and eleventh centuries), 142 Gunnar Dal, 137 Gunnarof Hh'&arendi, 52, 142, 144, 150-51, 170 Gunnarsson, Gunnar, 136, 137, 144 GunnlaugSerpent-Tongue, Saga of, 142,152 Hafstein, Hannes, 138, 145 Hafstein, Johann, 51, 144 Hagalfn, Gu&mundur G., 137 Hajnal, John, 76 Hallberg, Peter, 30 Halldorsson, Halldor, 155 Hallgerd, daughter of Hoskuld DallaKollsson,52, 142 Hallgrfmsson, Geir, 34, 144 Hallgrfmsson, Hallgrimur, 117, 118-19 Hallgrfmsson, Jonas, 136, 138, 145 Hamsun, Knut, 140 Hannesson, Johann S., 32 Hansen.Per, 139 Hansen,Torkild, 139 Harald Sigur&arson the Ruthless, 5 Haraldsson, Erlendur, 175, 181-82

Harboe, Ludvig, 118-19, 120, 192 Harley, Ethel B., 28 Hartz, Louis, 3, 4, 14, 17, 203, 209 Haugeanism in Norway, 104-5 Haugen, Einar, 148 Hdvamdl (Words of the High One), 191 Hebrews, compared with Icelanders, 106 Hebrides, 4 , 5 , 152 Height of Icelanders, 67-68 Heineson, William, 138, 139 Helga Sigur3ard6ttir (sixteenth century), 101 Helga the Fair, 142 Helgason, Jon, 137, 149 Helgi Bj61a (tenth century), 16 Helgi the Lean (tenth century), 16, 178 Hemingway, Ernest, 138, 140, 141 Henderson, Ebenezer, 21, 25, 53, 121, 125, 175,192 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 156 Heruli, 6 Heusler, Andreas, 23, 54-55 Hjalmarsson, Johann, 137 Hjalti Skeggjason (chieftain), 178 Hoare, Dorothy M., 52 Hobbesian war, 12 Holberg, Ludvig, 141 Holland, Henry, 24-25 Holm, Torfhildur Thorsteinsdottir, 109 Homer, 157 Homosexuality, 199 Hong Kong, 33 Hooker, William Jackson, 24, 192 Horrebow, Niels, 23-24, 54, 120, 191 Hoskuld Dala-Kollsson (tenth century), 87-88 Household composition, 80-82 Housing, 33 Hrafnkel's Saga, 30, 172 Hrodny (mother of Hoskuld Njalsson), 100 Hrut Herjolfsson (tenth century), 87-88 Hulda (Unnur Benediktsd6ttir Bjarklind), 109 Huntington, Ellsworth, 3, 51, 121-22 Huntington, Samuel P., 14 Hvolsvollur (village), 132 Ibsen, Henrik, 138, 139, 140, 141 "Iceland on the brain," 21, 22, 26 Icelanders in North America, 177, 209 Icelandic Airlines, 46

Index Icelandic Federation of Labor, 43 Icelandic Federation of Sports, 207 Icelandic Literary Society (founded 1816), 156 Illegitimacy, 18, 70, 79, 80, 83-84, 86-106 passim, 112, 199 Imports, 34-35 Income: differentials in, 196; fluctuations in, 3 6; freezing of, 46; level of, 196, 200; per capita, 32 Independence of Iceland, 9-10, 20-21 Independence Party, 40^-2, 43^4, 45-46 Individualism, 51 Indo-European languages, 148 Infanticide, 179 Inflation, 35,46,200 Ingjald Hoskuldsson of Keldur (tenth century), 100 Ingolfur Arnarson (ninth century), 19 Innes, Hammond, 139 Irish: ancestry of Icelanders, 12; demography compared with Icelandic, 207; fertility compared with Icelandic, 83, 112; impact on Icelandic culture of, 6; marriage patterns compared with Icelandic, 75-76, 79, 105 ; names in Iceland, 171; settlers in Iceland, 4; similarity to Icelanders, 11; words in Icelandic, 152-53 Isafjordur (town), 132 Islandia (by Dithmar Blefken), 102 Isolation of Iceland, 18, 32, 38, 155, 200 Jacobsen, Grethe, 106 Jakobsdottir, Svava, 137 Jakobsson, Jokull, 137 Jensd6ttir, S61riin, 119 Jensen, Johannes V., 140 Jespersen,Otto, 152, 161-62 Jews: compared with Icelanders, 18; cultural continuity among, 202-3 Jochumsson, Matthias, 28, 60, 138, 145, 185 Johannes Helgi, 137 J6hannes ur Kotlum, 137 Johannessen, Matthias, 137 J6hannesson, Alexander, 149 Johannesson, J6n, 6, 183 J6nArasonU4S4-J550), 18,101, 138, 174,179 Jon Loftsson (1124-1197), 100 Jon Trausti, 138

243

J 6 n u r Vor, 137 Jonasson, Jonas, 101, 103 Jones, Gwyn, 59 Jonsbok, 91 Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, 137 J6nsd6ttir, Selma, 111 J6nsd6ttir, Thordi's, 185 J6nsson, Einar, 145 Jonsson, Jonas, fra Hriflu, 138, 145 Jonsson, Kristjan, 138 Jonsson, Rfkardur, 144 Jorund the Christian (tenth century), 16 J6sefsson, Johannes, 50 Kamban, Gudmundur, 138 Kazantzakis, Nikos, 140 Keats, John, 140 K e r , W . P . , 8 - 9 , 2 3 , 121, 151 Ketil the Fool (tenth century), 16 Kjarval, Johannes S., 143, 144 Kinship, 12, 112-15. See also Genealogy Kluckhohn, Forence, 194 Kneeland, Samuel, 22, 27-28, 54, 121 Kristin Lavransdatter (by Sigrid Undset), 101 Kristjan fra Djupalaek, 137 Kvaran, Einar H., 138 Kvoldvaka, 122-23 Labor force, 110, 112 Lagerlof, Selma, 138, 140 Laki eruptions, 57, 64", 74 Landndmabok. See Book of Settlements Language, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 28, 148-65, 209 Latin language, 20, 148^-9, 153, 154, 15 163 Latin School, 124, 155, 157 Law, 8, 14, 17,20, 106-7, 165, 189;role of, 12-13 Lawyers, 95,96,99, 102, 110 LaxdaelaSaga, 10,87,88, 107, 142, 171 Laxness, Halld6r, 124, 136, 137, 143, 14 169, 183, 185-86,209 Legal Handbook, 91 Leifur Eirfksson (discoverer of North America), 106, 144, 145 Leist01, Knut, 173 Leisure, 49-51, 197 Lenski, Gerhard and Jean, 195 Leprosy, 65-66 Liberal Party, 40-12

244

Index

Libraries, 127 Life expectancies, 32, 66-67 Lindroth, Hjalmar, 19,23,28,54,66, 103, 122, 124,275, 192-93 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 3, 10, 17 Literacy, 116-20, 162 Literary tradition in Iceland: continuity of, 183-87; effects on culture of, 18, 162; from twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 20, 122; functions of, 173-74; importance of literary personages in, 14344; modern situation of, 124-27; provincial nature of, 40; travelers' observations on, 8,26,49 Livestock, 62 Logretta, 16 London,Jack, 140, 141 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 186 Longships, 5 Louis Philippe, king of France, 25 Luther, Martin, 117, 154 MacKenzie, George Steuart, 24, 54, 103, 121,175 McLean, Alistair, 134, 138, 139 MacNeice, Louis, 28 McNeill, William H., 12 Magazines, 129 Magnus Gizurarson (thirteenth century), 184 Magmisson, Arni, 71 Magnusson, Magnus, 7 Magmisson, Sigur&ur A., 116, 136, 142, 175,187,197, 199 Magnusson, Skuli, 145 Malinowski's Principle of Legitimacy, 105 Malthus, Thomas, 1034 Marriage: age at, 70, 84, 93 ; characteristics of, 73, 97-99, 203; class as a factor in, 55 ;independence of women in, 106; and legitimacy of children, 86-93, 95-99; rate of, 70, 74-80, 84; in the sagas, 31, 87-88; women do not change names after, 165. See also Cohabitation Mass Media, 195 Materialism, as a value, 200 Maugham, W. Somerset, 140 Maurer, Konrad von, 23 Mayer, August, 25 Merrill, Robert T., 113 Metcalfe, Frederick, 27 Migration: 29, 85 ; dynamics of, 3, 4,

12-13, 14, 160; to Iceland, 3 , 6 , 8 , 161; internal, 17, 164; reasons for from Norway, 5 Miles, Pliny, 26, 120, 175 Miller, Arthur, 138, 139 Misery of the Icelanders, 56, 60-64, 70-71. See also "Bad years" Mitchell, P. M., 127, 135 Modernization, 33, 37, 38, 76, 82, 109, 194 Mord Fiddle (tenth century), 87-88 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 112-13 Morris, William, 22, 27, 53, 175 Mortality, 61,64-65,68-71, 74, 82-83; of infants, 57, 64-65, 67, 82-83 Movie attendance, 130 Munk, Kaj, 140 Murder, 13 Murdock, George P., 113 Museums, 131 Music, 123, 131 Mykle, Agnar, 139 Myrdal, Alva, 106 Mythology of nations, 6-7 Myvatn, Lake, 155 Names, 16, 108, 151, 165-72, 209 Naming patterns, 165-72 National Bank of Iceland, 37 National Library of Iceland, 209 National Preservation Party, 44 National Register of Iceland, 132 Nationalism, 179, 198, 201-2. See also Patriotism Natural selection, 121 Nawrath, Alfred, 56 Neologisms, Icelandic, 157-58 Neutrality, 44, 46 New England. See America Newspapers, 32-33, 42, 43, 129, 181, 208 Nex«», Martin Andersen, 140 Nicknames, 169 Nicoll, James, 53-54, 192 Ni&aros, 17 Night courtship, 104 Njal Thorgeirsson (tenth and eleventh centuries), 52, 100, 141-42, 180 Njal'sSaga, 31,52,63,87-88, 100, 141-42, 150-51, 170, 180 Nordal, Johannes, 52,55 Nordal, Sigur6ur, 30, 86, 103, 137, 144, 148,149, 186 Nordic culture, 19

Index North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 38,43,44,46 Norwegian language, 148-65 passim, 208; movement, 157, 158-60 Novels, 123, 125-27 Occupation of Iceland during Second World War, 33, 37 Oddur Gottskalksson, 154 Olaf Haraldsson (St. Olaf), 9 Olaf Tryggvason, 9-10, 17,178 Olafsson, Eggert, 138, 155, 156, 184-85 Olafsson, Haraldur, 143, 147 ONeil, Eugene, 140, 141 Origins of Icelanders, 4-6, 8 Orkney, 4, 10, 152 Orlyg the Old (tenth century), 16 Paijkull,C.W., 120,192 Paine, Thomas, 203 Painting, 123, 131, 143 Palladius, Petur, 117 Palsson, Bjarni, 155 Parishes (hreppar), 48, 132 Pasternak, Boris, 140, 141 Pastimes, 49-51 Patriotism, 156. See also Nationalism Patronymics, 81, 209 Paupers, 48,72, 73, 77. See also Beggars Peerse, Gories, 102 People's Alliance, 43, 44, 45-46 Petursson, Hallgrfmur, 119, 136, 138 Petursson, Hannes, 137 Petursson, Petur, 195 Pfeiffer,Ida,25-26,53,66 Phillpots, Bertha S., 13 Physicians, 95, 96, 99-100, 102, 110, 196 Playwrights, 139-41 Poe, Edgar Allan, 140 Poetry, 6, 119, 122-23,125-27,133-34, 149, 162-63, 186.See also Rimur; Versemaking Poets, 107, 108-9, 111, 117, 13640, 149, 157,174 Political: participation, 111-12; parties, 4045,129 Politics, 3846 Polygamy, 87 Population: 4, 32; density, 33; growth, 58, 66, 68-71,85; homogeneity of, 38; of towns and villages, 47 Population Register, National, 82, 132

245

Pound, Ezra, 139 Pragmatism, 51 Prayers, 123 Progressive Party, 42-43, 44, 45-46 Prohibition, 190-91 Psychic phenomena, 125, 180-82 Publications of respondents, 135 Racism, 201-2 Radio listening, 127-29 Rask, Rasmus, 156 Redfield, Robert, 203 Referendum, 190 Reformation, Protestant, 19, 39, 87, 89, 110, 150, 153-54, 179,203 Religion: books dealing with, 125-26; continuity of, 173-82 ; devoutness of Icelanders in, 26; and marriage, 86-91; in pre-Christian Iceland, 107-8 Republican Party, 42 Reykjavik, 22, 33, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55,82,95,124,129,130,131, 132, 146,156,157,161,164,172, 177, 188,190,197 Rich, George W., 112, 113-14 Rifbjerg, Klaus, 138, 139 Rimur, 119, 122-23,148, 162-63. See also Poetry; Versemaking Romance languages, 151 Romans, compared with Icelanders, 106, 108 Romanticism, national, 20, 27, 156-57 Rural society, 109, 112, 155 Saemund the Learned (1154-1222), 62 Saga Age, 7, 10, 13, 19-20, 31,51, 157, 167,186 Saga Islendinga, 107 Saga traditions, 183-86 Sagan, Fran9oise, 138, 139 Sagas: egalitarian ethic in, 52; historicity of, 29-31; Icelanders' knowledge of, 8, 14143, 146; illegitimacy in, 100; illustrious Icelanders in, 10; indicate frequent communication between Iceland and Scandinavia, 18; influence of, 180-81; Morris's passion for, 22; normalized orthography of, 15 0-51; origins of, 7; personal relations in, 114-15 ; religious conflict in, 179; as source of knowledge of early history, 19-20; women in, 106-7; written on calfskin and sheepskin,

246

Index

50-51. See also Literary tradition in Iceland Salle, M. Michel, 129 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 138, 139 Scandinavian languages, 148-65 Scherman, Katherine, 29 Schiller, Friedrich, 140 Schjelderup, Harald, 181 Scott, Franklin D., 208 Scott, Walter, 185 Servants, 77-79, 81 Settlement of Iceland, 3,4-12 Sex ratio, 74-76 Sex role differentiation, 109, 110, 112. See also Women Sexual permissiveness, 92-93, 101-3, 104, 109 Sexual relations, 79, 90-91, 98 Shakespeare, William, 138, 140, 141, 142 Shaw, George Bernard, 141 Sheriffs, 48 Sigfusson, Hannes, 137 Siguroard6ttir, Ingibjorg, 137 Siguroardottir, Jakobina, 137 Sigur6sson, Dagur, 137 Sigurdsson, J6n,49, 113, 145, 185 SigurSsson, Pall, 195 Sigurjonsson, Johann, 138 Skirnir (annual publication), 129 Slang, 161 Slaughter, Frank, 139 Slavery, 4, 52, 209 Snsdal, RosbergG., 137 Snakes in Iceland, 24 Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241), 9-10, 18, 100,137,138,144,145 Snorri the Priest (tenth and eleventh centuries), 180,184 Social Democratic Party, 42, 43^1-4, 45-46 Socialism, 43 Socialist Party, 42, 44 Sociology students, 143 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I., 138, 139 Spanish language, 13 Stafholtstungnahreppur (parish), 132 Standard of living, 32-33,36 Starvation, 36, 74 Statistical Bureau of Iceland, 131 Steamship, first to arrive in Iceland, 22 Stefan fra Hvitadal, 138 Stefansson, David, 138, 145 Stefansson, Jon, 142

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 3 Steffensenjon, 107-8 Stefnir Thorgilsson (tenth and eleventh centuries), 178 Steinarr, Stein, 138, 145 Steinbeck, John, 138, 140 Steingn'msson, Jon, 109, 192 Stephansson, Stephan G., 138 Stephensen, Magnus, 63-64, 90-91, 157 Strindberg, August, 140, 141 Sturlunga Saga, 107 Sturlungs, Age of the, 19-20, 167, 169 Sundbarg, Gustav, 70-71, 75 Sundman, Per Olof, 139 Sundt, Eilert, 51, 104 Sveinsson, Asmundur, 144 Sveinsson, Einar Ol., 117 Svensson, Jon (Nonni), 138 Swedish language, 158, 162 Tacitus, 15, 203 Tarsis, Valeriy, 139 Taylor, Bayard, 28 Teenagers, 161, 188, 190, 197. See also Children Television, 128-29 Thangbrandur (German priest), 178 Theater attendance, 129-30 TTwzgofGula, 6, 15 Things, 15-16 Thingvellir, 15 Thompson, Laura, 115 Thomsen, Grfrnur, 138 Thor, 168 Thorarensen, Bjarni, 138 Thorarinsson, Sigur&ur, 7, 56,63, 164, 207 Thor&arson, Th6rbergur, 137 ThorSarson, Thorir Kr., 175 Thorgeir (lawspeaker), 178-79 Thorgils Gjallandi, 138 Thorgilsson, Ottar, 160 Thorlak, Bishop, (1133-1193), 100 Thorlaksson, Bjorg Karftas, 111 Thorlaksson, J6n, 138 Thoroddsen, Gunnar, 144 Thoroddsen, J6n, 138, 185 Thors, Olafur, 145 Thorsteinn fra" Hamri, 137 Thorsteinsson, Indridi G., 19, 137 Thorsteinsson, Kristleifur, 124 Thorsteinsson, Steingrfmur, 138

Index Thorsteinsson, Thorstein, 77 Thorvaldur (tenth and eleventh centuries), 178 Tolerance, 87, 92, 101, 193, 198-99 Tolstoy, Leo, 138, 140, 141 Topography of Iceland, 33 Toqueville, Alexis de, 27, 53, 201 Toynbee, Arnold J., 12, 13, 14, 17 Trade monopoly, Danish, 19-20, 48, 154 Translations into Icelandic, 125-27, 139 Travelers to Iceland, 8, 21-29, 64-65, 102-3, 116,120-22 Trollope, Anthony, 28 Trolls, 187 Trondheim,17 Tryggvason, Baldvin, 116, 125, 143 Turner, Victor W., 31 Turville-Petre, Gabriel, 173, 180-81 Twain, Mark, 140 Ulfljotur (tenth century), 15 Undset, Sigrid, 101, 140 Unemployment, 36-37 Union of Liberals and Leftists, 44, 45-46 United States Library of Congress, 165 United States military presence, 38, 42, 44, 46 University of Iceland, 32, 101, 110-11, 143, 149,175, 181 Unn, daughter of Mord Fiddle, 87-88 Uppsala dynasty kings, names of, 172 Urban culture, 164 Ustinov, Peter, 139 Utterstrom, Gustaf, 73 Valdimarsson, Hannibal, 144 Valdimarsson, Thorsteinn, 137 Values, 39-1-0, 51, 194-203, 207, 209 Versemaking, 49, 50. See also Poetry, Rimur

247

Victoria, Queen, 25 Vfdalin, J6n, 119 Vidalin, Pall, 71 Vikan (magazine), 129 Vikings: language of, 153; names of, 168; travels of, 5, 12; women, 106-8 Vilhjalmsson, Thor, 86, 137 Violence, 21 Virginity, 100, 109 Vital statistics of Iceland, 27, 70-71 Volsungs, Saga of the, 171 Voltaire, 140 Volu-Steinn (ninth century), 149 Von Troil, Uno,8, 24, 53, 120-21, 125, 191,275 Voting behavior, 39, 43-44, 45-46 Watt, Ian, 119 Wax, Rosalie H., 31, 194, 203 Westman Islands, 118 William the Conqueror, 12 Williams, Robin, Jr., 200-201 Williams, Tennessee, 139 Witchcraft, 110, 174, 179 Women: belief in psychic phenomena of, 181; drinking among, 190, 19 3; education of, 111, 124; income of, 196; independence of, 6, 51; knowledge of literature of, 146; labor force participation of, 110-11; mortality of, 66, 8 3 ; names of, 167, 169, 170-71; political participation of, 111-12; publications of, 135; religious belief among, 177; sexual freedom of, 92; status of, 106-12; as writers, 49 Writers, Icelanders' knowledge of, 135-41, 145^-6 Wulfstan, 152-53 Zweig, Stefan, 140

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Fishing boats. Photo: Guomundur Ingolfsson.

A fish factory. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Kristinn Benediktsson.

Cod-fishing. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk. Photo: Kristinn Benediktsson.

View from the lake in Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk. A swimming pool in the center of Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk.

Reykjavik, city center. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk.

Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik.

The National Theater in Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik

The Althing (Parliament) Building. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Pe"tur Thomsen.

The University Building, University of Iceland. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik.

The National Museum in Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk.

Bessastaoir, the residence of the president of Iceland. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Petur Thomsen.

The Prime Minister's Office, Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Petur Thomsen.

Hverager&i, a village in southern Iceland famous for its greenhouses. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Kristinn Benediktsson.

A fishing village in one of the western fjords. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavik. Photo: Kristinn Benediktsson.

Church and turf-farm from southern Iceland, about 1900. Courtesy of Nationalmusect, Copenhagen.

Turf-houses in Arbger Folk Museum in Reykjavik. Courtesy of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Reykjavfk.