IELTS practice tests: with explanatory key

PractlceTests Fourtestsfor the InternationolEnglish Language Teaching System PETER MAY OXTORD OXTORD PRESS U\I\'IR ...

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PractlceTests Fourtestsfor the InternationolEnglish Language Teaching System

PETER MAY

OXTORD

OXTORD PRESS

U\I\'IR SITY

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6Dp Oxford University Pressis a department ofthe University ofOxford. It furthers the Unive$ity's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford \ewYork .\ucklaad CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi \ervDelhi Shalghai Taipei Toronto \\'irh offices in .{rgentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam

p75 'Students with disabilities'. Reproduced with the permissior ofNelson aNewUniversity2nd Edition (2004)Thornes Ltd from PushGuideto Choosxng ISBN07487 90276. pp78-79'How fir'eworks work' by Marshall Brain fi'om www.science.howstuffworks.com/fireworks. Reproduced by permission of howstufworks. pp80-81 'UDmasking skin' byJoei L Swerdlow, NationalGeographic, November 2002. Reprinted by permission of NationalGeographic. pp85-86 'How Lock Picking Works' by Tom Harris and Marshail Brain from wwwscience.howstuffiMorks.com/lockpicking. Reproduced by permission of howstuffworks. pp88-89 'Stars without the stripes' by Richard Scase,TheObserver, 1 July 2001. Reproduced by permission of Richard Scase. p102 'The Secret Sffike' by Tim Thwaites published by NewScientist, 6 December 2003. Reproduced by permission ofNew Scientist.

oxFoRD and oxFoRD ENGLISHare registeredtrade marks of Oford University Pressin the UK and in certain other countdes

pp103-104 'The Power ofLight' byJoel Achenbach, NationolGeographic, October 2001. Reprinted by permission ofNational Geographic.

I Oxford University Press2oo4

pp772-773'The Ring Cycie' by Mike Baillie, TheGuardian:Frontiers 01, Scienceand Technology 2001-2002,ed. T Radford, Atlantic Books 2002. Reproduced by permission of Mike Baillie.

The moral rights ofthe author have been asserted Databaserighr Oxford University Press(maker) F:sr published zoo4 :4 10

._- '. y"' . .i this publication may be reproduced, --! - -:,,.: j: -:i: ::: a :e:jeval svstem,or transmitted, in any form or by any means, '.\-:-t , :: -re :nor permission in writing of oxford University Press(with --:= .: -. erception ofphotocopying carried out under the conditions stated ]:- :.lc :aragraph headed 'Photocopying'), or as expressly permitted by law, or '*::e::erns agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. !::q;ries concerning reproduction outside the scope ofthe above should -.e sent to the ELI Rights Department, Oxford University Press,at the addressabove \bu must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must irnpose this same condition on any acquirer Photocopying The Fubhsher grants permission for the photocopying ofthose pagesmarked 'photocopiable' according to tlie foilowing conditions. Individual purchasers may make copies for their own use or for use by classesthat they teach. School purchasers may make copies for use by staffand students, but this permission does not extend to additional schools or branches Under no circumstances may any pan ofthis book be photocopied for resale Any websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addressesare provided by Oxford University Pressfor information only. Oxford University Pressdisclaims any responsibility for the content rsBN: 978 o 19 4575294 Printed in China This book is printed on paper fiom certified and well-managed sources. ACKNO\^/LED

GE M ENTS

TheMthors and publisher aregrateful to thosewho havegivenpermissionto reproduce thefollowing extractsand adaptatLottsof copynghtmatenal: pp23-24'Vanished' by Douglas Mcllnis published by NewScientist, 5 December 2003. Reproduced by permission ofNew Saentist. pp28-29'Dogs: a Love Story'byAngus Phillips, NationalGeographic,Jamtary 2002. Reprinted by permission ofNational Geograplnc. p32 'Selected countries ofresidence ofvisitor arrivals' fiom Australian Social Trends 2002 Education - Participation in Education: Overseasstudents pp4445'Combating loneliness and hornesickness',fiom www.nusonline.co.uk/content/advice. Reproduced by permission of National Union ofstudent. ppa6a7 'Oxford University LanguageCentre Library FAQs',fion www.lang.ox.co.uk. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University T

'n orro e

aer r he

pp50-51 'Scratching the surface' by David Hambling, TheGuardian, 28 November 2002. Reproduced by permission ofDavid Hambling. pp59-50 'Life, but not as we know it' by Henry Gee,TheGuardian, 22 February 2001. Reproduced by permission ofHenry Gee.

p115 'Teenagersaged 13-19years and the total population: hospitalisation rates for certain' fi:om Australian Social Trends 2002 Family Living Arrangements: Selectedrisks faced by teenagers.ABS data used with permission ffom the Ausualian Bureau of Statistics wwwabs.gov.au. Sources p92 www.un. org/millenniumgoals/ Although every effort has been rnade to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, this has not been possible in some cases. We apologize for any apparent infringement of copyright and if notified, the publisher will be pleasedto recti$r any errors or omissions at t}re earliest opportunity. The publisher is gpteful to the University of Carnbridge Local Exaninations Slrrdicate for permission to reproduce IELTSanswer sheets. Thepublisherwould4keto thqnkthefollowingfor theirpermissiontoreprod,uce photographs:Namy Images pp80 (cactusthorn and finger/Gerard Maas),81 (water poured on hand/Pixland); Corbis pp28 (wolfpackfom Brakefield), 55 (canal boatiBuddy Mays);Frank lane Picture Agency pp28 (sheepand dogs/ Foto Natura Catalogue),112 (tree rings/Maurice Nimmo); Iqrage100 p88 (presentation); Kobal Collection p59 (Day the Eafth); OUPpp19 (astronaut over Earth/PhotoDisc), 103 (Iightning/PhotoDisc), 103 (eclipse/PhotoDisc). Illustrationsby: Julian Baker pp49, 57, 78, 86i Mark Duffi n pp2 3, 64, 79, 99, 107; Nigel Paigepp50

Contents Introduction IETIS Factfile

4

Test I

10

Listening Academic Reading AcademicWriting Speaking Improve your skills key

10

39

Test2

42

Listening Academic Reading AcademicWriting Speaking Improve your skills key

42

6

18 32 36

50 64 6B 71

Test 3

74

Listening Academic Reading AcademicWriting Speaking Improve your skills key

74 BO 92 95 97

Test4

9B

Listening Academic Reading AcademicWriting Speaking

98 103 115 117

Explanatoryk y

119

Samplewriting answers Sampleanswersheets

166 174

lntroduction Thisbook containsfour completepracticete'itsfo, (the lnternationalEnglishLanguageTesting IELTS AcademicReading, System), coveringthe Listening, AcademicWritingand Speakingmodulesin each test.lt is intendedfor useeitheras part of a classroompreparationcoursefor the examor for self-studyat home. Test1 and Test2 containextensiveadviceand thoroughtrainingfor allthe most common question types usedin the exam.Theexplanatorykey edition alsocontainsexplanationsfor why answersare correct.ltis recommendedthat self-studystudents usethe explanatorykey edition.

How to usethis book Beginby readingthis Introduction,referringto each componentof the book in turn.Thenreadthe Factfile helpfuladviceon eachmodule in the IELTS on pages6-9. The next step is to work throughTests1 and 2.Toget the most from the trainingthey contain,follow this specialprocedure: . Beforebeginningeachexamtask,readthe Strategieswhich describehow to approachit. . Then answerthe questions in lmproveyour skills. Rememberto checkyour answersto these,which are locatedat the end of eachtest. . Finally, attempt the examtask,makinguseof the skillsyou havelearned. In Tests3 and 4, you can apply the skillsyou have developed.Any of the testscan alsobe done under examconditions,includingTests1 and 2, provided you leavethe Strotegiesand lmproveyourskil/suntil afteryou finish. lf usingthe explanatorykey edition,you can also checkyour answersand reviewquestionswhich you found difficult.

Exam training Strategies Tests1 and 2 coverthe most common IELTS task types and their main variations.TheStrategiesgive a seriesof clearinstructionson how to approacheach tasktype,from analysingthe questionto expressing your answers. ForeachWritingtask in Tests1-3,theseare divided into Questionand CompositionStrategies: QuestionStrategiesshow you how to interpret the questionand plan your essay.ForWritingTask1 you alsolearnhow to processvisualinformationquickly, while for WritingTask2 you find out how to choose your approachto the topic. CompositionStrategiesfocus on how to write your including content,organization, appropriate essay, language,linkingdevices,and style.

IfLTSPractic*Tests

Improve your skills Foreachtaskin Tests1 and 2,there is alsoat least one Improveyourskillsfeature.Theseput the Strategies into practice,helpingyou developthe skills you needto tackleexamquestions. Forexample,the exercisemay checkyour understanding of the instructionsor may askyou to predictanswers beforeyou listenor read. Beforeyou go on to the examtaslqyou shouldcheck your answersin the lmproveyour skillskey at the end of eachTest.

Explanatory key Youcan usethe explanatorykeyto confirmor find out why particularanswersare correct.In the caseof multiple-choice, matchinglists,and other question typesin which thereareseveraloptions,it also explainswhy someare incorrect. Forthe Listeningmodule,thenotesmay alsodraw your attentionto the'prompt':the word or phrase you hearwhich tellsyou that the answerto a particularquestionis comingsoon.Therelevant extract.fromthe scriptoccursimmediatelyafterthe Words, explanations for eachset of questions. phrasesor sentencesrelatingto eachanswerare in bold in the script.

Samplewriting answers Thissectioncontainssampleanswersto all tasksin the writing modules.These arewritten by students, so it shouldbe rememberedthat thereare always differentwaysof approachingeachone.All the sampleanswersareaccompaniedby comments made by an experiencedIELTS Examiner.These commentsarea usefulguideto the main strengths mayfind it and weaknesses of eachessay.You helpfulto look for examplesof positiveand negative pointsin theseand to think about them when you are planningand writing similaressaysof your own.

The tests Thefour testswithin this book areat IELTS exam level.They containa rangeof topicsthat are representative for of the IELTS examination.Topics Readingand Writinghavebeenchosento reflectthe Academicmodulesfor thoseskills.

Tests1 and 2 arefocusedon examtraining,but all four testscan alsobe usedunderexamconditions. Youwill require: . a quiet placeto wor( freefrom interruptions . writing materials . a CD-player . a clockor watchto ensureyou keepto the time allowed Forthe Listeningmodule,playit throughto the end, without a pause,and write your answers.When the recordingends,stop writing and don't listenagainto any part of it.ThelisteningmodulesforTests3 and 4 havebeen recordedto be usedin this way.Forthe other modules,keepstrictlyto the time indicated.

The IERS examination The academicversionof the IELTS examination whetheryou are readyto begina university assesses coursein English.ltis widely recognizedfor courses in countriesaroundthe world.

Taking the exam Thereare IELTS testscentresin over 105countries, whereit can be takenon a numberof possibledates eachyear.Candidates shouldhavea good levelof Englishand be agedat least16.lt is advisableto find out well in advancewhat scoreis neededto entera universityor other institution. takethe Listening, Candidates Readingand Writing modulesallon one day,withthe Speakingmodule eitheron the sameday or within a week of these three.Twoweekslater,eachcandidatereceivesa Test ReportForm.Thisshowstheir scorefor eachmodule on a scalefrom 1 to 9,aswell asan averageoverthe four modules. As with all other examsof this kind,thetest scoreis validfor two years.Candidates can repeatthe exam afterthree months,althougheachtime you take you haveto sit all four modules. IELTS Specialfacilitiesand provisionsare availablefor for exampleif they sufferfrom disabledcandidates, visualor hearingdifficulties, or if they havea specific learningdifficulty. Forfurther informationon all aspectsof the exam, seethe IELTS Handbookor contactCambridgeESOL, the BritishCouncil,or IDPEducationAustralia.

lntroductian

IELTSFactfile The examis dividedinto four modules,taketrin the followingorder.

LiStening

In eachsectionyou will heara recording.The four sectionsbecomeprogressively more difficultand eachrecordingis playedonce only.Thereare pausesto divide the recordinginto smallerparts.Foreachpart you needto answera seriesof questionsof one type.

30 minutes

Section

Numberof items

Texttype

Tasktypes

1

10

socialor transactional conversation(2 speakers)

completingnotes,table,senten( tenceS, diagram,flow chart or summary

2

10

talk or speechon socialneeds (1 speaker)

short-answerquestions

3

10

conversationin educational context (2-4 speakers)

4

10

talk or lectureon topic of generalinterest(1 speaker)

variouskindsof multiple-choice questions labellingpartsof a diagram classification matchinglists sentencecompletion correctino ecting notes

Tips and hints

. Readthe questionsbeforeeachsectionof the recordingbegins. . Usethe pausesto preparefor the next set of questions. . Studythe instructionsto find out what you haveto write and where. '

Usethe exampleat the beginningof the first sectionto familiarizeyourself with the sound,the situation,and the speakers.

'

Keeplisteningall the time,lookingonly at the questionsthat relateto the part being played.

Rememberthat the topicsare non-technicaland no more difficultfor you than for studentsof other subjects. . Answerquestionsin the orderthey appearon the QuestionPaper- they normallyfollow the orderof informationin the recording. . You havesometime afterthe tape endsto transferyour answersto the AnswerSheet- checkyour grammarand spellingasyou do so. ' Theremay be a varietyof Englishaccentsand dialects,so practiselisteningto speakersfrom differentplacesand backgrounds. '

6

Practic*Tests '[LTS

AcademicReading 60 minutes Thethree passages contain2000-2750words in total and becomeprogressively more difficult,but they are alwayssuitablefor non-specialist readers.lf any technicalterms are used,they will be explainedin a glossary.While the number of questionsfor eachpassagemay vary,thereare alwaysforty itemsin total. Passage

Numberof items

11-15

Texttype

Tasktypes

topicsof general interest

variouskindsof multiple-choice questions q uestions short-answer

non-specia listarticles or extractsfrom books,journals, magazinesand newspapers

classification

one,at least,has, detailedlogical argument

completing notes,sentences, tables, summary,diagramor flow chart

sentencecompletion

matchingheadingswith paragraphsor sectionsof text

matchinglists/phrases matchinginformationwith paragraphs true/false/notgiven (text information) yes/no/not given (writer'sviews)

Tips and hints

Firstreadeachpassagequicklyand askyourselfquestions, e.g.What is the topic?Whereis the text probablytakenfrom?What is the writer'smain purpose?Who is the intendedreader?In what styleis it written? Don'ttry to understandthe exactmeaningof everyword.Thereisn'ttime, and a particularword or sentencemay not be testedanyway. Studyany exampleanswerand decidewhy it is correct. lf you haveto choosefrom alternatives, checkhow many of them you have to use. Checkwhetheryou haveto usewordsfrom the text in your answersor your own words. Keepto the statedword limit by avoidingunnecessary wordsin your answer. question lf a type usesboth unfinishedstatementsand directquestions, decidewhich arewhich and checkthe grammarof your answers. Afteryou fill in all the answerson a diagram,chart or table,checkthat it makessenseoverall.

ItLT$Factfil*

'AcademicWriting 60 minutes

. Thereis no choiceof taslgeither in Part 'l or 2, so you must be preparedto write about any topic.However, the topicsin the examareof generalinterestand you do not needto be an expertto write about them.

40 minutes

Tips and hints

Format

Tasktypes

15O-wordreport, describingor explaininga tableor diagram

presentinginformationbasedon:

25O-wordessay, respondingto a written opinion/problem

. data,e.g.bar charts,linegraph, table . a process/procedure in various sta9es . an object,event or seriesof events

presenting and/ordiscussing: . youropinions . solutions to problems . evidence, opinionsand implications . ideasor arguments

. Youranswermust be relevantto the task neverwrite pre-preparedsections of text. . Thereare no marksfor copyingthe questionin your answer,but if you wish you can rephraseit in your own words. . Thereis a minimum numberof words,but no maximum.Thismeanstfrat if you write fewerthan 150wordsyou will losemarks. . Task2 carriesmore marksthan Task1,so keepto the suggestedtiming. . Alwaysleavesometime to checkyour essayafteryou havefinished. . Essays are often on topics that are of current interest:read and listento the newson a wide rangeof subjects, thinkingabout the issuesinvolved. In Taski, you aretestedon: TaskFulfilment- answerthe question,keepingto the topic at all times. Coherenceand Cohesion- organizeyour writing well,connectingyour ideas and sentences with suitablelinkingexpressions. Vocabularyand SentenceStructure- usea wide rangeof languageboth accurately and appropriately. ln Task2,you aretestedon: Arguments,ldeasand Evidence- showyou can discusstheseand put forward yourown opinions. Communicative Quality- expressyour ideasclearly,organizingand linking them logically. Vocabularyand SentenceStructure- usea wide rangeof languageboth accuratelyand appropriately.

8

IILTSFracNiceTests

.\ | ' )peaKlng ll-14 minutes

Youwill be interviewed, on yourown,by oneExaminer, andthe conversation will be recordedon audiocassette.The three-partstructureof the interviewisalways the same, althoughthetopicswillvaryfromcandidate to candidate.

Part

Time

Format

Tasktypes

1

4-5 minutes

introduction,interview

. Introduction,lDcheck . Youanswerquestionsabout yourself, your home/family,job/studies,i nterests, otherfamiliartopics.

2

3-4 minutes

independentlong turn

. Youaregiven a topic verballyand on a card.Youhavea minuteto preparea talk. . Youspeakfor 1-2 minuteson the topic, e.g.a person,place,object or event. . Youanswerone or two follow-up questions.

3

4-5 minutes

two-way discussion

. Youanswerverbalquestions,discussing more abstractideaslinkedto the topic of Part2.

Tips and hints

' Do not try to makeanykindof preparedspeech. . Add to any'Yes'or'No'answers you give,explainingat leastone point. . Rememberthat it is your abilityto communicateeffectivelythat is being assessed, not your generalknowledge. . Speakdirectlyto the Examiner,not to the cassetteplayer. . The Examinercannottell you the resultof this (or any other)module:don't askfor comments. . Practise for Part2 by speakingcontinuouslyfor 1-2 minutes,timing yourself with a clockor watch. In all partsof Speaking,you aretestedon the following: - talk at normalspeed,without over-longpauses. Fluencyand Coherence Organizeyour ideasand sentenceslogically, connectingthem with suitable linkingexpressions. - usea wide rangeof vocabularyboth preciselyand LexicalResource appropriatelyto expressyour ideas. GrammaticalRangeand Accuracy- usea wide rangeof structures.Try to makeasfew errorsas possible, in particularavoidany that makeit difficultto understandyou. - makesurethat your speechsoundsnaturaland that it can be Pronunciation understoodat all times.

IELTS Factfile

9

Test1 Listening30 minutes SectionI Strategies: completingnotes Beforeyou tisten, think aboutwho the speakers arelikelyto be,where theyare,and why theyare speaking. Listento the exampleto checkyourpredictions aboutthe speakers' Listenfor the wordsor numbersthat you need. Writewhat you hearor a good short alternative. Writenumbersasfigures, not aswords,e.g.19,not nineteen. Afteryou listen,checkthat yourcompletednotes makesense. Checkyourspelling- you maylosemarksfor mistakes.

l-7

Questions

lmprove your skills:focusing on speakers Studythe instructions, heading,notes,and examplefor 1-7. Answerquestionsa-d' a b c d

Who do you think will be speakingto whom?Why? Wheredo you think the speakersare? Do you think their tone will be formalor conversational? What kind of informationwill you haveto write?

> checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue.

Completethe notesbelow. write No M)RE THAN THREE woRDs AND/OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.

Notes- clark s BirycleHire Examplc

Answer

Type: ... t-o*rinq... bike

Rental:f,50a week,or I t ........

.. a day

Latereturn fee;2t Deposit3L............

returnable

Accessories: L5 for 4 ffee:

: pannieror handlebartype

.

pump repairkit 5 strong

:

Insurance:included,butmustpayfirst6'..'.........ofclaim Pay:by7..........................on1y

10

IELTS PracticeTests

;l

Strategies: labellinga map Studythe mainfeatures of the mapand notice how they areconnected, e.g.by roads,footpaths or corridors. Decidewhatthe possible answershavein common, e.g.they areall rooms, buildingsor streets. Listenfor the namesof all the placesyou aregiven and for prepositionsof place,e.g.near to, in front of.

Questions 8-10 lmproveyourskills:understanding the task Studythe instructions andmapfor 8-l0.Thenanswerthesequestions. a Do you haveto writelettert namesfroma lis! or yourown answers? b Howmanynamesdo you haveto writein? c Whichnamesarealreadygivenon the map? > Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyoucontinue. lmprove your skills:identifying main features Familiarize yourselfwith the map,thenaskyourselfthesequestions. a b c d

Whichbuildingisnextto the park? Whereis 8 in relationto the policestation? Whereisthe pharmacyin relationto 9? Whatis behindthe pharmacy?

> Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyoucontinue. Labelthemap.Choose your answers from theboxbelow. Write the appropriatelettersA-E on the map.

WoodsRoad

F q .D

a

A healthcentre B MapleLeafpub c Clark'sCycleHire D supermarket E garage

Test1

11

Section2 Questions l lj-17

Strategies: completinga table

lmproveyourskills:predictingfrom examples

Beforeyou listen,check how manywordsyou can useand decidewhat kind you needto write,e.g. nouns,verbs.

Lookat the table below.Rugbyand tennrsaregivenas examplesof sports. What answerswould you predictfor spaces12,14and 15 from the examples given?

Writein youranswers as you listen,checking whetheryourguesses are confirmedor not.

: HOBBY/INTEREST :

> Checkyouranswerson page39 beforeyou continue Studythe headings and examples,which will indicatethe kindof Completethe table below. informationrequired.Try to guesssomeof the write NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS for eachanswer. missingwords. Whileyou hearthe recording, usethe information in the tableto rii SPORTS rugby guideyouthroughthe ii ili questions. tennis

Don'texpectto write any information on shaded partsof the table.

t2

photography landscape 11............ dancing speed-dating

RELIGIOUS

INTERNATIONAL/CULTURAL

I3 Afro-Caribbean humanrights environmental Republicans 16

PERFORMING ARTS

t7 ............. amateur theatre

12

lFI-TSPracticeTests

tit

llr: iil

!ii

Strategies: multiple-choice questions

Questions 18-20

Beforeyou listen,look onlyat the'stems': the questions or unfinished statements.They may indicatewhat is in that part of the recording. Whileyou listen,select answersbasedon what you hear,not on your own knowledgeor opinions. Don'tchoosean option just because you heara wordor phrasefrom it. Becarefulwith options that misinterpret whatthe recordingactuallysays, Don'tstoplisteningwhen you thinkyou'veheard the answer: speakers can changetheirminds, correctthemselves or add to whal they'vesaid. lf,afteryou listen,you're not sureof any answers, crossout optionsthat are clearlywrong.Then choosefrom the rest.

Lookat Questions18-20.What is the stemof eachone?Whatdo you think will be discussedin relationto each?

lmproveyourskills:predictingfrom stems

> Checkyour'answers on page 39 beforeyou continue

Choosethe correctlettersA-C. 18 In this city, clubs and societiesare mainly paid for by A

embassiesof other countries.

B

individual members.

C

the city council.

19 Finding the right club might influence your choice of A

city.

B

district.

C

friends.

20 What should you do if the right club does not exist? A

set one up yourself

B

find one on the Internet

C

ioin one in another town

Test1

13

Section3 Questions2l-25

Strategies: completinga flow-chart Beforeyou listen,study the language usedin the chartand decidewhat its purposeis,e.g.to ask questions,to statefacts. Thismaygiveyou cluesto the type of answers needed.

lmprove your skills:looking for clues Studythe language usedin the flow chartandanswerthesequestions. a whichverbformis usedin the sentences? what doesthistell youaboutthe purposeof thesesentences? b In what stylearethe sentences written?Whichkindsof words,therefore, can you leaveout of youranswers? F Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyou continue.

ldentifiT the styleof the languageused,e.g.noteLabeltheflow chart. Write NO MORE TITAN THREEWORDSfor eadt answer. form,and writeyour answerin the samestyle. Whileyou listen, LECTURESAND NOTE TAKING rememberthat the arrows you show how the text is organized. Afteryou havelistened, checkthat the completed flow chart reflectsthe overallsenseofthe recording. Think abouthkely22 of lecture.

23............

immediatelyafterlecture. ::

ag ':4!;*ii*ea,

Revise before 24 ..........................: tl I

'iF;-rliorl€rv^*is:|3

14

IELTS PracticeTests

Reviseevery25

I *.1

Strategies: questions short-answer Foreachquestion, decide what kindof information you mustlistenfor,e.g.a consequence of something, an explanation. Beforeyou listen, underlinethe keywords in eachquestion.

Questions26-29 lmproveyour skills:identifying key words Underline the keywordsin eachof 26-29,e.g.question26 where,sit,attend. * Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyoucontinue lmproveyour skills:questionforms Whichof answers26-29requiresyouto listenfor:

a b Asthe recordingis played, c listenout for the key d wordsandexoressions !" with similarmeanings to thesekeywords. Checkyouranswers for correctgrammar, spelling and numberof words.

a reason? a typeof wordor phrase? a place? anaction? Checkyouranswers on page39 beforeyoucontinue.

write NO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfor eachanswer. 26 Where should you sit when you attend a lecture? 27 What should you do if you miss an important point? 28 Why must your notes be easyto read? 29 What do we call expressionswhich indicate what is coming next? .

Strategies: answering questions about diagrams Beforeyou listen,describe th e d iagr am sin E ngl i s hto yourself,identifyingthe si mi l a r it ies and differencesbetween th e m.

Question30 lmprove your skills:describing diagrams Studyquestion30 and diagramsA-D.Thenanswerthesequestions. a What arethe wordsfor everythingyou can seein the diagrams? b In what waysare A-D similar?How do they differ? c What other expressions likethosein (a)abovedo you know? > Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue

Think of other expressions for features of the Circle the correctletterA, B, C or D. d i a g ram s . As the recordingis played, l o o k a t t he diagr am sa n d listen for key words from the instructions.Also listenout for words used to describefeaturesof the d i a g ram s .

30 Where doesCarloswrite summing-up points on his notes? Summing-uppoints

Summing-uppoints @

W W W w %

ffi

w w

W W

W W w

w w re w

w w re

M

W w @,

ry K w

Summing-up points

Tnst3

15

Section4 Strategies: completinga summary Beforeyou listen, quicklyreadthe text to understand the main points. Lookat the contextof eachquestion, thinking aboutthe type of you may need expression to use,e.g.a city,a month. Asyou listen,don'tget stuckon anydifficult questions: you maymiss the answers to the next ones. Whenthe recordinghas ended,checkthe summarymakessense overallandthat your answers fit both logically and grammatically. Also checkyou havespelt wordscorrectlyand writtenanynumbers clearly.

Questions 31:-36 lmproveyourskills:understanding the overallmeaning youlisten. Answer thesequestions aboutthesummary textbefore a b c d

In which countryis CooberPedy? What is its main industry? Whendid the boom happen?Why? Wheredo somepeoplelive?Why?Whatelseis there?

> Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue

lmproveyour skitls:whatkind of word? Whattypeofwordisprobably needed foreachof 31-36? Choose fromthese (thereare two you don't need to use): a percentage a year a number a person an historicalevent a building an object a part of the world > Checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue

Completethe summary belowby writing NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS in provided, the spaces

The Australianmining town of CooberPedyis about3l ............ kilometres south of Alice Springs.Opals were first found in the areain 32 . . . . ...... ..

and peoplebeganto settlethere after the

33 ............

.In the late 1940s,new opal fieldsand massimmigration

from 34 forced about 35

createda boom, despitethe extreme climate which of the population to live underground,

where they built hotels, churches,and the world's only underground

36

16

lIN-TSPracticeTests

Strategies: matchinglists Beforeyou tisten,study the task.tf thereare more questions thanoptions, you will needto useone or moreoptionsat least once.Sometimes, a particular optionmaynot be neededat all. Foreachlist,identify the keywordsandtry to think of synonymsfor them' Listenfor the keywordsin the questionsand for expressions with similar meaningsto thosein the options. Writeonly the lettersas youranswers. lf you reallycant decide on an answer:guess'You don'tlosemarksfor being wron9,so answerevery question.

Questions 37-40 lmprove your skills:thinking of synonyms 1 Studythe options.Thekey word in option A is in.What are the key words in B and C? 2 Notedown wordsand phraseswith similarmeaningsto the keywordsin A, B and C,e.g.in: within,inside > checkyour answerson page39 beforeyou continue

Write the appropriatelettersA, B, or C againstQuestions3740. What are the locations of the following places? Example

Answer

the conicalhills

B

37 the town of Woomera 38 the opal museum 39 the Dinso Fence 40 the setsof films

A B C

in the town of Coober Pedy near Coober Pedy far from Coober Pedy

Test1

17

AcademicReadingt hour ReadingPassage1 Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions7-74, which are basedon ReadingPassage1. Strategies:

headings to matching paragraphs

Questions1-5

Lookat thelistof

lmproveyour skills:identifying key sentences A:1stsentence. Findthe keysentence in eachparagraph, e.g.paragraph

headings .

> Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.

throughthe Readquickly the key text highlighting in each sentence paragrapn anq the main summarizing ideasin yourmind,Don't every try to understand word. Studythe examplesand crossthem off the list of

lmproveyour skills:focusingon examples

_ '. Studythe exampleanswersgiven below.Whyis iv the correctheading for paragraphA?Why is ii the correctheadingfor paragraphF? * Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue. ReadingPassaget hassevenparagraphsA-G. Choosethe correctheadingfor paragraphsB-E and G from the list of headings below.Write the correctnumber (i-x) in boxesl-5 on your answersheet.

headings . Match the main idea of each paragraphwith a headjng.Lightly crossout headingsas y o u c h o o s e t hem .

List of Headings i The problem of dealing with emergenciesin space ii How spacebiomedicine can help patients on Earth iii Why accidentsare so common in outer space

When you finish,check t hat no r em ain i n g headingsfit anywhere.

iv rr vi vii viii ix x

What is spacebiomedicine? The psychologicalproblems of astronauts Conducting spacebiomedical researchon Earth The internal damagecausedto the human body by spacetravel How spacebiomedicine first began The visible effectsof spacetravel on the human body Why spacebiomedicine is now necessary

Faanple ,,ParagtaphE I 2 3 4

18

I E LT S P" a c ti reT e s ts

it

ParagraphB ParagraphC ParagraphD Paragraph E

EuBrnple ParagraphF 5

funlwer .,

ParagraphG

Lnswer:'

,,fr

::

A Spacebiomedicineis a relativelynew areaof researchboth in the USA and in Europe.lts mainobjectivesare to studythe effectsof spacetravel on the humanbody,identiffing the most criticalmedicalproblemsand findingsolutionsto those problems.Space biomedicine centresare receivingincreasing direct support from NASA and/or the EuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA). C B This involvementof NASA and the ESA reflectsgrowingconcernthat the feasibility of travelto other planets,and beyond,is no longer limited by engineeringconstraints but by what the humanbody can actually withstand.The discoveryof ice on Mars,for instance, meansthat there is now no necessityto designand developa spacecraft

largeand powerfulenoughto transport the vast amountsof water neededto sustain the crew throughoutjourneysthat maylast manyyears.Withoutthe necessary protectionand medicaltreatment,however, their bodieswould be devastatedby the unremittingly hostileenvironmentof space. The most obviousphysicalchanges undergoneby peoplein zero gravityare essentially harmless; in somecasesthey are evenamusing.The blood and other fluids are no longerdraggeddown towards the feet by the gravity of Earth,so they accumulate higherup in the body,creating what is sometimescalled'fat face',together with the contrasting'chicken legs'syndrome asthe lower limbsbecomethinner.

Test 1

19

D Muchmore seriousare the unseen I consequences after monthsor y""rs in no space.With gravity,there is lessneedfor a sturdy skeletonto supportthe body,with the resultthat the bonesweaken,releasing extra calciuminto the bloodstream.This calciumcanoverloadthe kidneys,leading ultimatelyto renalfailure.Musclestoo lose strengththrough lack of use.Theheart the power to pump becomessmaller,losing oxygenatedblood to all parts of the body, while the lungslosethe capacityto breathe fully.Thedigestivesystembecomesless efficient,a weakenedimmunesystemis increasingly unableto preventdiseasesand the highlevelsof solarand cosmicradiation can causevariousforms of cancer.

afterall,are willinglyriskingtheir own healthin outer space,when so muchneeds to be done a lot closerto home.lt is now clear,however,that every problemof space travel hasa parallelproblemon Earththat will benefitfrom the knowledgegainedand the skillsdevelopedfrom spacebiomedical research.For instance,the very difficultyof treatingastronautsin spacehasled to rapid progressin the fieldof telemedicine, which in turn hasbroughtabout developments that enablesurgeonsto communicatewith parts of the world. patientsin inaccessible To take another example,systemsinvented to sterilizewastewater on board spacecraft could be usedby emergencyteamsto filter contaminatedwater at the sceneof natural In disasterssuchas floods and earthquakes. the sameway,miniaturemonitoring developedto saveweightin equipment, will eventually becometiny spacecapsules, monitorsthat patientson Earchcanwear without discomfortwhereverthey go.

E To makemattersworse,a wide rangeof medicaldifficulties canarisein the caseof an accidentor seriousillnesswhen the patientis millionsof kilometresfrom Earth. There is simplynot enoughroom available insidea spacevehicleto includeall the there is still one major equipmentfrom a hospital'scasualtyunit, G Nevertheless, obstacleto carryingout studiesinto the someof whichwould not work properlyin spaceanyway.Evenbasicthingssuchas a effectsof spacetravel:how to do so drip dependon gravityto function,while without goingto the enormousexpenseof standardresuscitation techniquesbecome actuallyworkingin space.Tosimulate ineffectiveif sufficientweight cannot be conditionsin zero gravity,onetried and applied.The only solutionseemsto be to tested method is to work under water,but centresare also the spacebiomedicine createextremelysmallmedicaltools and 'smart' devicesthat can,for example, lookingat other ideas.Inone experiment, researchersstudythe weakeningof bones diagnose andtreat internalinjuriesusing ultrasound.The cost of designing and that resultsfrom prolongedinactivity.This producingthis kind of equipmentis bound would involvevolunteersstayingin bed for three months,but the centreconcernedis to be,well,astronomical. confidentthere shouldbe no great difficulty F Suchconsiderationshaveled someto in findingpeoplewillingto spendtwelve questionthe ethicsof investinghugesums weekslyingdown.Allin the nameof people of moneyto helpa handfulof science, of course. who,

20

IFLTSPracticcTe>ts

stategies: questions short-answer Thesefocuson particular points.Foreachquestion, highlightthe keywords. Go backto the partof the text whereyou remember thispoint being mentioned. Readthroughthat partfor the keywords,or words with similarmeaning,and highfightthem. Readthe questionagain and decideon your answer, takingcarewith your grammarand spelling.

Strategies: yeslnolnot given Scanthe text for the sections wherethe topic of the questionappears. Theviewsexpressed will probablybe the writer's, unlessthereis ,"pora"j'o, directspeechquoting somebodyelse. Lookfor expressions with similarmeanings to words in the statement-

Questions 6 and 7 lmprove your skills:finding key information StudyQuestion6 and answerthe following. a b c d

What is the keyword? Wheredo you rememberit first being mentionedin the text? Whichword in the sameparagraphhasa similarmeaning? What doesthis word tell you about the answer?

Answerthe questionbelowusingNO M)RE THAN THuEE W)RDS for each answer. 6

Where, apart from Earth, can spacetravellersfind water?

7

What happensto human legsduring spacetravel?

Questions 8-12 lmprove your skills: identifying the writer's views 1 Finda sentencein the text about the topic of Question8.Who saysthis? 2 Matchexpressions in this sentencewith thesewords.Rememberthat these expressions may not be the samepart of speechasthosein the statement. , , , obstacles sendingpeople

far into space now ... not

medical technological

3 Findthe paragraphrelevantto Question10.who agreeswith statement10? How doesthe writer respondto this?

) Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue. Decidewhetherthe writer agreeswith the statement or not. Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the writer's viewsin ReadingPassage 1? you ff can'tfind any r ooxes 1 tn 6-tz olxyour answersheetwrite mentionof the topic,'not given'maybe the answer. yES if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer Don'tchoose'yes' or'no' No if the statementdoesnot agreewith the viewsof the writer just becauseyou believeit to be true' NOT GryEN if thereis no information about this in thepassage 8

The obstaclesto going far into spaceare now medical, not technological.

9

Astronauts cannot survive more than two yearsin space.

10 It is morally wrong to spendso much money on spacebiomedicine. 11 Somekinds of surgeryare more successful when performed in space. 12 Spacebiomedicalresearchcan only be done in space.

T*st 1

21

Strategies: completinga table Lookcloselyat the headingsand contentsof the the table,particularly exampleline:it maynot be at the top.Thisshows you how the information is organized in the text. Decidewhatthe missing informationhasin common,e.g.people, or actions, descriptions, Decidehow the answer needsto be expressed, e.g.asa completephrase, andwhat kindsof words e.g.names, areneeded, + nouns,or adjectives verbs+ nouns. Theanswersmayor may not be closetogetherin the text.Foreach question,scanthe text to find it andfill in the space withoutgoingoverthe word limit.

22

Questions 13 and 14 lmproveyour sfills:organization and expression Studythe table and the answerthesequestions. a b c d

What doesthe table tell you about the organizationof the text? What kind of informationdo you haveto find? What kind of word is used? How shouldthe answerbe expressed? WORDSfrom the NO MORETHANTHREE Comparethe instructions'Choose questionson page21.In what way are passage',with thosefor short-answer they different?

> Checkyour answerson page 40 beforeyou continue.

Completethe table below ChooseNO MORE THAN THREEWOKDS from thepassage for eachAnswer.

IELTS Practicelbsts

Write your answersin boxes13 and 14 on your answersheet.

Telemedicine

treating astronauts

13 .......................... remote areas

Sterilization

sterilizing wastewater

14............ disasterzones

savingweight

wearing small monitors comfortably

ln

ReadingPassage 2 Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson Questions 15-27, which are basedon Reading Passage2.

VANISHED Who pulledthe plug on the Mediterranean? And couldit happenagain? By Douglas Mclnnis Cannes. MonteCarlo.St Tropez.Magicnamesall. And much of the enchantmentcomesfrom the deep bluewaterthat lapstheir shores.But what if somebodypulled the plug?Supposethe MediterraneanSeawereto vanisluleavingbehind an expanseof saltdesertthe sizeof India.Hard to . imagine?It happened. 'It would havelookedlike DeathValley,'says Bill Ryan,from the Lamont-DohertyEarth ro Observatory in New York,oneof the leadersof the teamthat discovered the Mediterranean had once dried up, thenrefilledin a delugeof Biblical proportions.Betweenfive and six million ye€usago, the greatdesiccation touchedoff what scientistscall theMessinianSalinityCrisis- a globalchemical imbalancethat triggereda wrenchingseriesof extinctionsandplungedthe Earthinto an iceage, Thefirst indicationsof someextraordinarvpast eventscamein the 1960s, whengeologists zo discoveredthat majorrivers flowing into the Mediterranean had erodeddeepcanyonsin the rock at the bottom of the sea.River erosionof bedrockcannotoccurbelowsealevel,yet somehow the River Rhonein the Southof Francehad managedto createa channel1000metresdeepin the seafloor,while the Nile had cut nearly1500 metresinto the rock off the North African coast. Therewas more:despitethe fact that the formation of cavescanonly takeplaceabovewater,scientists so discovereda whole network beneaththe island of Malta that reachedan astonishingdepth of 2000 metresbelowsealevel.

Furtherevidencecameto light in 1970,whenan intemationalteamchuggedacrossthe Mediterranean in a drilling ship to studythesea floor nearthe Spanishislandof Majorca.Strange things startedtuming up in coresamples:layersof microscopic plantsand soil sandwiched between bedsof saltmorethantwo kilometresbelow today'ssealevel.Theplantshad grownin sunlight. Also discovered insidetherockv7s1g fossilized shallow-watershellfish,togetherwith saltandsilt: particlesof sandand mud that had oncebeen carriedby river water.Couldthe seafloor once havebeenneara shoreline? Thatquestionled Ryanandhis fellow team leader,KennethHsii, to piecetogethera staggering chainof events.About 5.8million yearsago,they concluded,the Mediterranean wasgraduallycut off from the Atlantic Oceanwhen continentaldrift piruredMoroccoagainstSpain.As the opening becameboth narrowerand shallowel,the deep outwardflow from seato oceanwasprogressively cut off,leavingonly the shallowinward flow of oceanwater into the Mediterranean.As this water evaporated, the seabecamemoresalineand creaturesthat couldnt handlethe rising salt content perished.'Thesea'sinteriorwas deadasa door nail, exceptfor bacteria,'saysRyan.ll/hen the

TestI

23

shallowopeningat Gibraltarfinally closed completely,the MediterranearLwith only rlvers to feedit, dried up and died. Meanwhile,theevaporated waterwasfalling backto Earthasrain.Whenthefreshwaterreached the oceans, it madethemlesssaline.With lesssaltin it to act asan antifreeze,partsof the oceanthat would not normallyfreezebeganto turn to ice.'The icereflectssunlightinto space,'saysRyan.'The planetcools.Youdrive yourselfinto an iceage.' Eventually,a smallbreachin the Gibraltardam sentthe processinto reverse.Oceanwatercut a tiny channelto the Mediterranean. As the gapenlarged, thewaterflowedfasterand faster,until the torrent rippedthroughthe emergingStraitsof Gibraltarat morethan100knots.'TheGibraltarFallswere100 timesbiggerthanVictoriaFallsand a thousand timesgranderthanNiagara,'Hsi.iwrotein his book TheMediterrnnean wasa Desert(PrincetonUniversity Press, 1983).

24

t[[-TSPractic*Tests

In the end therisingwatersof the vastinland seadrownedthe falls and warm water beganto escapeto the Atlantic, reheatingthe oceansand the planet.Thesalinitycrisisendedabout5.4million yearsago.It had lastedroughly400,000 years. Subsequent drilling expeditionshaveaddeda few wrinklesto Ryanand Hsii's scenario. For example,researchers havefound saltdepositsmore than trarokilometresthick - sothick, somebelieve, that the Mediterranean musthavedried up and refilledmanytimes.But thosearejust geological details.For touriststhe crucialquestionis, couldit happenagain?ShouldMalagastartstockpiling dynamite? Not yet,saysRyan.If continentaldrift does resealtheMediterranean, it won't be for several million years.'Somefuturecreatures may facethe issueof how to respondto nature'sclosure.It's not somethingour specieshasto worry about.'

Strategies:summarizing Questions l5-19 usingwordsfrom the text lrnprove your skills: predicting answers Checkthe instructions for Readthe summarywithout referringbackto the text. the maximumnumberof a What part of speechis probablyneededin eachgap? wordsyou canuse' b Canyou guesssomeof the *oids, or saywhat thEy might describe?

:l:'l,l!;":ilt,ir":ffi

youranswers > check youcontinue. onpase 40before

decidewhat kindof you need'e'gexpression summarybelow. complete "'r'--- the -"- --' preposition, nounphrase Try to predict someof the ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WOpDS from the passage for eachanswer. missingwords. Writeyour Answersin boxes15-19on your answersheet. Lookfor the part of the text that the summary paraphrases and readit again' The 1960sdiscoveryof ts ........ .. in the bedrockof the Decidewhichsentence I 'In Mediterranean, as well as deep cavesbeneath Malta, suggestedsomething the text probably corresponds to which strangehad happenedin the region,asthesefeaturesmust havebeen formed question. sealevel.Subsequent examinationof the 16 .. '......... when you havefiiledin ail off Majorcaprovidedmore proof. Rocksamplesfrom 17 ............ the gaps,checkyour spqllingand makesure 2000metresdown containedboth vegetationand lg .......... that the completedsummary could not havelived in deepwater,aswell as 19 ......... . originally makessense. transported by river.

Test1

25

Strategies: beginnings and endings

Questions20-22

Quicklytry to guessthe endingsfromyourfirst readingofthe text. Decidewhateachstem expresses, e.g.contrast, reason, condition, purpose, result.

lmproveyourskills:eliminatingimpossible endings Studyquestions 2O-22andoptionsA-G.

,-

a What doeseachof 20,21,and22 express? e.g.contrast. b Whichof A-G logicallycannotfit eachof 20-22? > Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.

Makea noteof endings that logicallycannotfit Completeeachof thefollowing statementswith the bestendingfrom the box below. anyof the stems. Highlight the keywordsin Write the appropriatelettersA-G in boxes20-22 on your answersheet. the remaining endings. Remember that the stems (butnot the endings) ZO The extra ice did not absorbthe heat from the sun, so ... followthe orderof informationin the text. Zl The speedof the water from the Atlantic increasedas ... Foreachstem.searchthe 22 The Earth and its oceansbecamewarmer when ... text for phraseswith a similarmeaning.Then A Africa and Europe crashedinto eachother. lookin that partof the textfor phrases similarto B water started flowing from the Mediterranean. oneofthe endings. C the seawas cut off from the ocean. Whenyou matchan ending,checkthe whole D all the fish and plant life in the Mediterranean died. makessense, sentence E the Earth started to become colder. andthat it meansthe sameasthat partof the F the channel grew bigger,creating the waterfalls. text. G all the ice on earth melted.

26

l[[-TSPractice Tests

Strategies:multiplechoicequestions Foreachquestionstudy the stemonly,not A-D as someof thesemight misleadyou. Findthe relevantpartof the text,highlightit anrt readit againcarefury. Decidewhichof A*D is closestin meaningto your understanding of the text. proof Lookfor that your answeris correctand that the restofA-D arenot. Hereare somecommon types of wrong answer:

'

:::Iij?::tll:?.t3: maybe true but rsnot mentionedin the text. . lt exaggerates what the text says,e.g.it uses words like alwaysor no one. . tr contraorcts wnattne text says. . lt containswordsfrom the text,or wordswith similarmeanings,but about somethingelse'

Question s 23-27 lmprovg your skills: identifying incorrect answers Whichof optionsA-D in question23: a sayssomethingthat may be true,but is not mentionedin the text? b contradictswhlt the teit says? c containswordsfrom the text,but about somethingelse? > checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue.

Choosethe appropriate lettersA, B, C or D and write them in boxes23-27 on your answersheet.' 23 what, accordingto Ryanand Hsii, happenedabout 5.8 million yearsago? A

Movement of the continents suddenly closedthe Straits of Gibraltar.

B

The water level of the Atlantic Oceangradually fell.

c

rhe flowof waterifito theMediterranean wasimmediatery cutoff.

D

Water stopped flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.

24 lffhy did most of the animal and plant life in the Mediterranean die? A

The water becametoo salty.

B

There was such a lot of bacteria in the water.

C

The rivers did not provide salt water.

D

The seabecamea desert.

25 Accordingto the text, the eventsat Gibraltar led to A

a permanentcooling of the Earth.

B

the beginning and the end of an ice age.

C

the formation of waterfalls elsewherein the world.

D

a lack of salt in the oceansthat continues to this day.

26 More recent studiesshow that A

Ryan and Hsii's theory was correct in every detail.

B

the Mediterranean was never cut off from the Atlantic.

C

it may havebeen cut offmore than once.

D

it might once have been a freshwaterlake.

27 At the end of the article, Ryan suggeststhat A

the Mediterranean will never dry up again.

B

humans will have the technology to prevent it drying up again.

C

the Mediterranean is certain to dry up again one day.

D

humans will never seetheJvlediterraneandry up.

Test'l

27

ReadingPassage 3 : Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions28-40, which are basedon ReadingPassage 3.

100,000yearsago.Wolf and earlyhuman fossilshavebeen found closetogetherfrom as far back as400,000yearsago,but dog and human fossilsdateback only about 14,000 years,all of which puts wolves andlor dogs in the companyof man or his progenitorsbefore the developmentof farming and permanent human settlements,at a time when both speciessurvivedon what they could scratch out huntingor scavenging.

Dogs; ffi 9mveffiffffitrF

C Why would thesecompetitorscooperate? The answerprobablylies in the similar social structure and sizeof wolf packsand early human clans,the compatibilityof their hunting objectivesand range,and the willingnessof humansto acceptinto campthe most suppliantwolves,the young or less threateningones.

Geneticstudiesshow that dogs evolvedfrom wolvesand remain assimilar to the creatures from which they cameashumans with different physicalcharacteristicsare to each other, which is to saynot much different at all. 'Evenin the most changeablemitochondrial DNA markers- DNA handed down on the mother's side- dogs and wolvesdiffer by not much more than one per cent,'saysRobert Wayne,a geneticistat the University of Californiaat LosAngeles.

D Certain wolvesor protodogsmay haveworked their way closeto the fire ring after smelling somethinggood to eat,then into early human gatheringsby proving helpful or unthreatening.As wandering packsof twentyfive or thirty wolvesand clansof likenumberednomadichumansroamedthe landscapein tandem,hunting big game,the animalshung around campsitesscavenging leftovers,and the humans might haveusedthe wolves'superiorscentingability and speedto locateand track prospectivekills. At night, wolveswith their keen sensescould warn humansof dangerapproaching.

E Times might not havebeen ashard back then asis commonlythought.In many instances food would havebeenplentiful, predatorsfew, and the boundariesbetweenhumansand wildlife porous.Through thoseporesslipped Wolf-like speciesgo back one to two million smalleror lessthreateningwolves,which from years,saysWayne,whosegeneticwork suggests living in packswhere alpha bossesreigned dogsof somesort beganbreakingawayabout would know the tricks of subservienceand

28

: ii5 ?iar ri c r I r:ts

i

l

could adapt to humans in charge.Puppiesin particular would be hard to resist,asthey are today.Thus was a union born and a processof domesticationbegun. F Over the millennia, admissionof certain wolvesand protodogsinto human campsand exclusionof larger,more threateningonesled to the developmentof people-friendlybreeds distinguishablefrom wolvesby size,shape, coat, earsand markings.Dogs were generally smallerthan wolves.their snouts proportionally reduced.They would assistin the hunt, cleanup camp by eating garbage, warn of danger,keep humans warm, and serve as food. Native Americansamong others ate puppies,and in somesocietiesit remains acceptedpractice. G By the fourth millennium BC Egyptian rock and pottery drawingsshow dogsbeing put to work by men. Then, asnow; the relationship was not without drawbacks.Feraldogsroamed city streets,stealingfood from people returning from market. Despitetheir penchantfor misbehaviour,and sometimesbecauseof it, dogskeep turning up at all the important junctures in human history. H In ancient Greece,350 yearsbefore Christ, Aristotle describedthree types of domesticated dogs,including speedyLaconiansusedby the rich to chaseand kill rabbits and deer.Three hundred yearslater, Roman warriors trained

large dogsfor battle. The brutes could knock an armed man from his horse and dismember him. In seventeenth-centuryEngland,dogs still worked, pulling carts,sleds,and ploughs, herding livestock,or working as turn-spits, powering wheelsthat turned beef and venison over open fires.But working dogswere not much loved and were usually hangedor drownedwhen they got old.'lJnnecessary'dogs meanwhilegainedstatusamong English royalty.King IamesI was said to love his dogs more than his subjects.CharlesII was famous for playing with his dog at Council table,and his brother Jameshad dogs at seain 1682when his ship was caught in a storm. As sailors drowned, he allegedlycried out,'Savethe dogs and Colonel Churchill!' By the late nineteenth century the passionfor breedingled to the creation ofprivate registries to protect prizedbloodlines. The Kennel Club wasformed in Englandin 1873,and eleven yearslater the American Kennel Club (AKC) was formed acrossthe Atlantic. Todaythe AKC registers150breeds,the KennelClub lists 196, and the Europe-basedF6d6rationCynologique Internationalerecognizesmany more. Dog showssproutedin the mid-1800swhen unnecessarydogsbeganvastly to outnumber working ones,asthey do to this day.Unless, that is, you count companionshipas a job.

*u

il

g::

F! 'ititi llfril $ilit i:ijr, t:ii '34: l;l

Test1

29

Strategies:matchingwith paragraphs Readthe text for gist, focusingon the key sentences, andthink abouthow it is organized. Studythe questions and underlinethe keywords. Remember that the questions arenot in the sameorderasthe informationin the text. Decidein whichpartof the text you arelikelyto find eachanswer, writing you cando in anyanswers fromyourfirstreading.

Questions28-31 lmprove your tkills: locating answers 1 Quicklyreadthe text.On what principleis it organized? 2 Whatarethe keywordsin eachof questions28,29,30and 31? 3 Whichof questions28-31 would you expectto find answered: a nearthe beginningofthe text? b somewherein the middleof the text? c closeto the end ofthe text? F Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue. ReadingPassage 3 has ten paragraphslabelledA-J. Write the correctlettersA-I in boxes28-31 on your answersheet.

28 Which paragraphexplainshow dogs becamedifferent in appearancefrom Forthe remaining wolves? lookmoreclosely answers, at the textfor clues:words 29 Which paragraph describesthe classificationof dogs into many different and phrases with similar types? or relatedmeanings to the keywordsin the 30 Which paragraph statesthe basic similarity betweenwolves and dogs? questions. 3l Which paragraph givesexamplesof greaterhuman concern for animals than for people?

Strategies: selecting from a list

Questions32-35 lmproveyour skills:finding

referencesin the text Lookat the four typesof 1 Which half of the text discusses wronganswerin a wolvesandearlyhumans? questions multiple-choice b dogsandearlycivilizations? page27. Decidein whichpartof 2 In whichhalfwillyotlprobably findstatements A-H? the text the statements 3 Hereareextractsfromthe text relatingto statements A and B. arelikelyto be:they may not be in the sameorder A:'thesimilar... sizeof wolfpacksandearlyhumanclans' asthe informationin the B:'before the development of .. . permanent humansettlements' text. Foreach,finda secondreference to confirmyouranswer. Lookfor a paraphrase of youranswers on page40 beforeyoucontinue. eachstatementin the list, F Check possiblyin morethanone part. Lightlycrossoff the list anystatements whichare contradictedby the text. Fillin the answers on your answersheetin anyorder.

30

lILTS PracticeTests

Which FOUR of thefollowing statementsare made in the text? ChooseFOUR lettersfrom A-H and write them in boxes32-35 on your answer sheet. A

In a typical camp there were many more wolves than humans.

B

Neither the wolves nor the humans lived in one place for long.

C

Somewolves learned to obey human leaders.

D

Humans chosethe most dangerouswolves to help them hunt.

E

There was very little for early humans to eat.

F

Wolves got food from early humans.

G Wolves started living with humans when agriculture began. H

Strategies: matchinglists Studythe listof questions. Foreachone,highlight the keywords. Studythe optionlist,e.g. A-F.For of nationalities eachohe,scanthe passage for it and highlightthat partof the text. Foreachof A-F,ask yourselfsimplequestions, e.g.'Did the ... usethem to ...?;andanswerthem by lookingat the partyou havehighlighted. Look out for wordssimilarto the keywordsin the question. Remember that someof A-F maybe usedmore thanonceor not at all.

Early humans especiallyliked very young wolves.

Questions36-40 lmprove your skills:scanning the text 1 ln which paragraphis eachof A-F mentioned?Whichnationalityis mentioned Whichis not mentioned? in more than one paragraph? 2 Askyourselftwo questionsabout eachof A-F. F Checkyour answerson page40 beforeyou continue. From the information in the text, indicate who useddogsin the ways listed below (Questions36-40). Write the correctletters A-F in boxes36-40 on your answersheet. NB Youmay useany letter more than once. Used by the Greeks A the French B D E

the Egyptians the Romans the English

F

the Native Americans

C

36 in war 37 as a sourceof energy 38 asfood 39 to hunt other animals 40 to work with farm animals

?cst l

31

Academic Writing t hour :. QuestionStrategies: selectingmainfeatures from a graph,chart,or table InWritingTask1,you do not needto describeall given.To the information must summarize,you selectthemain features from what is shown. is oftengiven Information in the form of a graph,a chart,or a table. Readanyheadings, key for the data and sources what it to understand relatesto. Readlabelscarefully, payingspecialattention to horizontal andvertical axes,columnand row headings. Thedatamayshow differences or changes overtime,betweenplaces, or betweengroupsof people.Tryto identify significantcontrasts, similarities, or trends.

The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshould attempt both tasks.

Writing ThskI lmproveyour skills:understanding a graph Studythe graph belowand think about the following. a What is the overalltopic? b Lookat the keyfor the four lines.Whichgroupsof peopleare being compared?What do the numberson the verticalaxisshow? c What doesthe horizontalaxisshow? d Canyou identifya generaltrend in eachgraph?Whenwasthe trend most or leastnoticeable? e Whichperiodshowsa deviationfrom the trend for somecountries? > Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue.

Youshouldspendabout 20 minutes on this task. The graph below showsfour countries of residenceof overseasstudents in Australia. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comltarisons where relevant. Write at least 150words.

,'0 Numberof students in 1000s

SfiIffiffEDCtrL"gruT*:=5 SF RHSIDTruilH *F V!SfTSR ARRIVALs F** tr#UCATION vcv

Indonesia Hong Kong Malaysia Singapore

1982

1984

Yearended 3il J*ne

32

lILTSPracticeTests

1986

1988

'.rggc

1992

1994

1996

1*98

2000

CompositionStrategies: reporting main features Decidewhichpointsyou will includeand how youwill organizethem. Statethe topicandoverallcontentof the graph. Describeand whererelevantcomparethe mainfeaturesof the data.Avoidrepetition and do not try to givereasons. Describe changesandtrendsusingappropriate language:the numberrose/fell slightlyhharply,there wasa steady/rapidincrease/decrease in thenumber. (tenpercenf),fractions (a quarter,two4hirds),or Writenumbersas percentages (nine expressions out of ten,threetimesasmany).Useapproximatephrasessuchas roughly,over,a littlemorethan,justunder. Concludeby outliningthe overalltrends.

lmprove your skills: putting statistics into words 1 Choosethe best way to expressthesestatistics. a b c d

Put these percentagesinto words:98o/o,22.5o/o Stateeach of thesefractionsin two ways:'l/6,4/5,'l/20 Compareeachpair of numbersin two ways:90and 30,17 and 34. Write these numbersusing approximatephrases:5 106,999,9.5o/o, 135.

2 Lookat the graph in WritingTask1. Describethe changesbetween1982and 1992forthe countriesshown. > Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue.

Tcst1

33

Writing Thsk2 Youshould spendabout 40 minutes on this task.

Write about thefollowing topic. Air traffic is increasingly leading to more noise, pollution and airport construction. One reason for this is the growth in low-cost passengerflights, often to holiday destinations. Some people say that governments should try to reduce air traffic by taxing it more heavily. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasonsfor your answerand include any relevantexatnplesfrom your own knowledgeand experience.Write at least250 words.

understanding the task QuestionStrategies: ln WritingTask2,you will be givena pointof viewto consider.You will be askedto giveyouropinionaboutthe topicandthe issues that arepresented. supportyour Youareexpectedto givereasons for your answerand,wherepossible, argumentswith relevantexamples. Readthe statementin bold italicscarefullyto identifythe generaltopic. Decidewhichpartsof the statementarefact and whichareopinion. Readthe questionscarefullyand decideyourviewson the opinionexpressed.

lmproveyour skills:identifyingthe topicand the issues 1 Whatisthe generaltopic of the task? 2 Whichpartof thetaskisfact? 3 Whichpartof the taskisopinion?Howdo youknow? 4 Whichpart areyou supposedto respondto?Whatisyourview? > Checkyouranswerson page41 beforeyou continue.

34

IELTS PracticeTests

Compositionstrategies: givingreasonsand examples Beforeyou startwriting, notedownthe issues raisedby the title. Decideyour opinionon eachissueandthinkof at leastone argumentto supportit. Toillustrate each argumentthinkof an perhapsfrom example, personalexperience'

lmprove your skills:developing arguments Hereare someissuesraisedby WritingTask2. Foreachone answeryesor no and choosea supportingargumentfrom the list.Thenadd an additionalargument. Example:1 No Supportingorgument:g studentsalsousetheseflights. Additionatargument:overseas 1 ls it fair? 2 ls it necessary? 3 would it work? 4 Arethereany alternatives?

5 shouldgovernmentsget involved? paragraph Usea separate to dealwith eachissue, its a tax riseswould reducedemand arguments and examples' b air trafficgrowth essentiar to economy c cleanerand quieteraircraftpossible d more and more carsdespitehigh petroltaxes e state interferencealwaysharmseconomy can curb air trafficgrowth f no other measures g poorerpassengers would pay bill h only the statecan controlpollutingindustries i holidaytravelnot essentialto economy j

evenmore pollutingthan cars aeroplanes

F Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue

Test1

35

Speaking Part 1 Strategies: Part1 questions

lmprove your skills: predicting questions grewup.Note Studythe questionsbelow,includingthe headings,e.g.Whereyou down somelikelyquestionsundereachof theseheadings:

Listenfor keywords,e.g. studies, holidays, to help you understand the topic. Giverepliesthat arefull (notjust 'yes'or'no'), I r^ retevanlano aooresseo to the examiner.

> Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue

Add relevantfollow-up points,sothat the examinerdoesn,thaveto promptyou,

Youwill be askedsornegeneralquestionsabouta rangeoffamiliar topicareas. Thispart lastsbetvveen four andfive minutes.

Remember thatoneaim of Part1 is to help you relaxby lettingyou talk abouta familiartopic: yourself.

a b c

Friends Readingbooks Clothesand fashion

Answerthe questionsyou havewritten.

What is your full name? What do peopleusuallycall you? Where areYou from? Whereyougrewup. 1

What kind of town is it?

2

What's the most interesting area?

3

What kinds of jobs do people do there?

4

Do you think it's a good place to live?

What you do in your spare time. 5

Do you have any hobbies or interests?

6

How did you first become interestedin that?

7

What other things like that would you like to do?

Travelling and transport. 8

What kinds of transport do you use regularly?

9

How do people in your country travel on long journeys?

l0 How has transport there changedover the last twenty-five years?

36

IELTS FracticeTests

Part 2 Strategies: planningPart2 Bepreparedto describe people,places, objects, events,etc.- and to explaintheirsignificance to you personally. Studythe topicand decidewho or whatyou aregoingto talkabout. Makebriefnotesfor each keyword suchas yvho, what,when,howor why, but don't try to write a speech. Beforeyou begin speaking, crossout anythingirrelevant.

lmproveyourskills:choosingrelevantpoints 1 Which of these points are irrelevantto the topic in Part2? Crossthem out and say what is wrong with each. name born in my country often interviewed on TV now spoilt and arrogant another successfulperson is

job how I'll succeed what is'success'? ordinary family has failed at everything

agenow unchangedby success studied hard good role model overcameproblems

2 Note down some relevant points of your own.

> Checkyouranswers on page41 beforeyoucontinue Youwill begiven a topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou talk, you will haveone minute to think about what you are going to say.Youwill begiven paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic:

Describesomeoneyou know,or somebodyfamous,who hasachieved greatsuccess. Youshouldsay: who they areandwhat theydo wherethey comefrom: their background how theybecamesuccessful and explainwhy you admirethis person. Follow-up questions: Has this person had to make sacrificesin order to achievesuccess? Do most people in your country shareyour admiration for him/her?

Test1

37

Part 3 Strategies: Part3 questions

lmprove yout skills:adding more ideas To developthe topic of question1 in Part3,you couldtalk about qualifications, money,posSessions, appearance, titles,prizes,fame,etc.

Expecta linkbetweenthe topicsof Part2 and Part3. Notedown at leastfive pointsyou could mentionin answerto question2. Listenfor the keywordsin questions. > Checkyour answerson page41 beforeyou continue the examiner's Besureyou understand lf not,askfor the question. repetition. Thinkaboutwhat the examinerwantsyou to do in responseto each question,e.g.speculate, contrast,maKea comparisonor suggestion.

relatedto Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstractissuesand concegtts lastsbetween the topicin Part 2. This discussion four andfive minutes. Personalsuccess 1

How doespresent-daysocietymeasurethe successof an individual?

2

How can we ensurethat more people achievetheir aims in life?

3 Would you rather be successfulin your job or in your social life? Don'texpectthe examiner Winning and losing to askyou about somethingelseif you 4 which is more important in sport: winning or taking part? can'tthinkof anythingto 5 What makessomesportspeopletake drugs to improve their performance? say.Thinkharder! Developthe discussionby 6 Why are some countries more successfrrlthan others in eventssuch as the addingmorepointslinked Olympics? to the topic. The competitive society

38

7

How do competitive relationshipsbetweenpeople differ from cooperative relationships?

8

In what ways has societybecome more competitive in the last twenty years?

f[[IS PrxcticeTests

Test I ImproYeyour skills key Listening Focusingon speakers page1o a a customerand shopassistan!to askfor / give information b eitherboth in the shopor speakingby phone c conversational d numbers,bicyclevocabulary, methodsof payment Understanding the task page11 a letters b write in three names c WoodsRoad,OakStreet,the park,the police station,the pharmacy ldentifying main features page11 a the policestation b on the other sideof the street,on the opposite corner c on the other sideof the street,facing,opposite d 10 Predictingfrom examples page12 12 social 14 charities / charitable 16 political/ politics

Question forms page15 a28 b29 c26 d27 Describingdiagrams page15 a page,text,margin,top, bottom,left (-handside), right(-handside) b Similarities: they all havetext fillingthe centreof the page,theyall havespacearound pointsat top/in left Differences:summing-up margin/atbottom/in right margin c sheet(of paper),writing,space,gap,room,above, below,under,alongside, next to Understanding the overall meaning page16 a Australia b opalmining c in the late1940s, due new opalfieldsand mass immigration d belowgroundto avoidthe extremeclimate; buildingsunderground includechurches and hotels What kind of word? page16 31 a number 32 a year 33 an historicalevent 34 a part of the world 35 a percentage 36 a building

Predicting from stems page13 18 ln thiscity,clubsand societiesare mainly paid for by:thefinancingof clubs 19 Findingthe right club might influenceyour choice of the relevanceof clubsto importantpersonal decisions 20 Whatshouldyou do if the right club doesnot exist?: Thinking of synonyms page17 1 B:near how to find the right club for you C:farfrom 2 in: not outside,centre,downtown,urban, etc Looking for clues page14 near:nearby,closeto, not far from,just beyond,not are making a the imperative; the sentences far off, a short distancefrom,neighbouring,etc suggestions the and givingadvice(including far from: far-off,distant,faraway,a long way from, answerto 23) fu rther, a great distance,etc. b note form - articles,possessives, etc.,can be left out. ldentifying key words page15 26 where,sit,attend 27 do,miss,point 28 why,notes,easy,read 29 which expressions, comingnext

-*:'- i

39

Reading ldentifying key sentences page18 A,B,C,D,E,G firstsentence F secondsentence

:

b

noun(pluralor uncountable) noun(pluralor uncountable) foundunderthe sea something atlabove/below somethingin or underthe water i.e. somethinglivingthat is not vegetable, a n ima l that is neithervegetable something 19 possibly i.e.mineral noranimal, 18 19 15 16 17 18

Focusingon exampl€s page18 A describes spacebiomedicine, beginning Paragraph is .. .', biomedicine with the topicsentence:'Space andthenstatesitsaims. of paragraph F mentions Eliminatingimpossibleendings page26 Althoughthefirstsentence thisis not the themeof ethicalandfinancialissues, a 20 a reason introduces secondsentence ways the paragraph.The 2j a result research canhelpresolve that spacebiomedical 22 a result problemson Earth. b 20G 21C 22E Finding key information page21 a water of paragraph B b the secondsentence c ice d thereisa linkwith'Mars' ldentifying the writer's views page21 beginning'This 1 In paragraph B,the sentence involvement of NASA...iThewritersaysthis. Thereareno reportingverbs,quotesor to what otherssay. references 2 obstacles: limited,constraints sendingpeople:travel far intospace:tootherplanets, andbeyond now...not: no longer whatthe humanbodycanactually medical: withstand engineering technological: 3 PargraphF.Thewriterdoesnot saywho agrees considerations haveledsometo exactly:'Such questionthe ethics...iThe writercontrasts this with his/herown opinion:'ltis nowclear, however,...'

ldentifying incorrect answers page27 aB bA cC Locatinganswers page3o from pre-history chronologically: 1 lt isorganized to the presentday. from wolves appearance 2 28 dogs,different dogs,types 29 classification, wolves, dogs 30 similarity, animals 31 greaterhumanconcern, 3a30 b28 c 2931 Finding referencesin the text page30 1 a firsthalf b secondhalf 2 probablyin firsthalf. 3 A 'packsof 25 or 30wolvesandclansof liken u mb e re d . .h. u ma n s ' packs... and... nomadic B 'wandering humansroamed'

Organizationand expression page22 of different a Therearepracticalapplications Scanningthe text page31 research areas:first in spaceandthenon Earth. 1 Greeks H on Earthof b humanactivities:applications French no mention andsterilization. telemedicine Egyptians G phraseor sentence; -ing c aspartof an incomplete Romans H formof verbsplusnounphrases English: l,J openquestions d Unlikethetableinstructions,the NativeAmericans F do not specifyfrom the passage. 2 e.g.Didthe Greeks usedogs?lf so,how/inwhat way? Predictinganswers page25 or nounphrase a 15 noun(pluralor uncountable) preposition 16 17 nounor nounphrase

40

PracticeTesis IELTS

Writing

Speaking

Predicting questions page36 Understanding a graph page32 a Whereoverseas studentsin Australiacomefrom. a Do you havemanyfriends?How did you first meet them?Do you havea bestfriend?Whendo b Students from fourcountries:lndonesia. peoplebecomefriends?Do you find it easyto Malaysia, Hong Kong,Singapore.The verticalaxis makenew friends?What arethe advantages of showsstudentsnumbers. havingfriends?Why do friendssometimesfall c Thetime scaleoverwhich comparisons can be out? made. d Aftera slow start,the figuresfor all four countries b What kind of booksdo you like?Whichbook haveyou enjoyedmost?Whereand when do haverisensharply.The numbersfrom Indonesia you usuallyreadbooks?What makesa good havegrown fastesqthosefrom Malaysiaslowest. book?Whichauthorsare popularin your e Thereis a dip in the mid 1990s. country?Will peoplecontinueto readbooksin the future? Putting statistics into words page33 1 a ninety-eightper cent,twenty-twoand a half c Whatareyour favouriteclothes?Do you prefer anyparticular colour(s)? Whatis currently per cent fashionablein your country?How havefashions b one sixth,one in six,one out of six;fourchangedin the last5 years? Whatdo you think fifths,four in five,four out of five;one will be fashionable in the next5 years? Wheredo twentieth,one in twenty,one out of twenty. fashionscomefrom? c threetimesasmany/ the numberol one third as many/ the numberol halfas many/ Choosing relevant points page37 the numberof,twice /double the numberof t how l'll succeed(it'snot aboutyou) d a little/ just over/ roughlyhalf;almost (discussion what is'success'? of abstracttopicsis lessthan/ exactly/ just undera thousand; just under/ fewerthan ten percent;well over in Part3) 'a hundred now spoiltand arrogant(not a reasonfor admiringthem) 2 Suggestedanswers: personis (youcan only talk anothersuccessful The numberof studentsfrom Malaysiarose aboutone) steadilybetween 1982 and 1992. hasfailedat everything(wrongpersonto talk Therewasa rapidincreasein the numberof about) studentsfrom Hong Kongbetween1982 2 Suggestedanswers: went to localschool,worked and 1992. sevendaysa week,doescharitywor( provides jobs for hundredsof people,alwayspolite. ldentifying the topic and the issues page34 1 increasingair traffic Adding more ideas page38 2 the first part is fact answers: elimination of unemployment 3 the secondpart is opinion becauseof the phrase Suggested and poverty;improvededucation;equal 'somepeoplesaythat' opportunitiesirrespective of race,gender,religion, 4 the secondpart etc;betterfacilitiesfor the disabled;improvedcareers advice;more resources for the arts,sports,etc;better Developing arguments page35 healthcareat all ages. 1 yes(i) no (g) 2 yes 0) no (b) 3 yes(a) no (d) 4 yes (c) no (f) s yes(e) no (h)

T*st l

41

Strategies: questionswith figures

Questions 7-10

lmproveyourskills:recognizing numbers Beforeyou listen,think abouthow numbersin 1 How arethesepronounced? Writethem out in words. the questions are 7/10 2/3 0.615 43rd the80s 32nd pronounced.This makes 54th 101st 5Oo/o 4548C 1066 AD 16mm them easierto recognize 220km 33 25 mg 1800 cc 5cm C' 300 m' whenyou hearthem.You couldwrite them out too, 2 Studyquestions7-1O.Whatkind of figureis neededfor each? e.9.70m = seventy metres. > Checkyour answerson page71 beforeyou continue you what Makesure know theyrelateto,e.g.length of bridge,depth of water. Circle the correct lettersA-D. Listenfor thesenumbers. 7 On which floor is the storeroom? Takecarewith numbers whicharesimilarbut A first don't relateto the B second question. Forcluesto total numbers, listenfor expressions likeplus,too, as wellas,another,a third one,etc.

C 8

third

What is the temperature of the hot water? A

55"

B

60"

c

700

How big is the garden? A

20m'

B

90m'z

C

150m'z

10 What sizeis the television? A

70cm

B

80cm

C

90cm

Test2

43

Questions25-27 Circle THREE letters A-F. What must you do when you join the LanguageCentre? A

pay a small amount of money

B

show some proof of identity

C

be accompaniedby someonefrom your Department

D

take a test in the languageyou want to study

E

register at Receptionin the LanguageCentre

F

learn how to use the Centre'sequipment

Questions28 ChooseTWO lettersA-E. Which TWO should you tell the librarian? A

whether you have studied the languagepreviously

B

why you want to study this language

C

how many hours per week you must study it

D

which text books you will use

E

which other languagesyou havelearned

Questions29-30 Circle TWO lettersA-E. Which TWO of thesecan you do at the LanguageCentre? A

read and listen to materials on your own

B

choosebooks to take away from the Centre

C

copy tapesto listen to them outside the Centre

D

photocopy materials yourself

E

have a few pagesof a book photocopied

Test2

47

Section4 {

Questions3l-34 Strategies:completingnotesand tables Lookat anyexamples: studyingthesecanmakeyou feelmoreconfidentaboutdoing the taskwhenyou hearthe recording. you may Foreachquestion, makesureyou understand what kindof information haveto writein andwhere. Thinkaboutwordsthat oftengo with the kindof wordyou need.Forexample, if you you decidethe answeris a time of day, might first hearaf,beforeor after.

lmproveyour skills:listeningfor lexicalclues Decidewhat kind of informationis neededfor eachof 31-34,e.9.a year. Thinkof - or find in the notes- a word likelyto go with each,e.g.a year:in 2010. > Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue.

Look at the table. Write NO MO&E THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.

1 851

Howe

Automatic Continuous Clothing Closure'

commercial potential only

USA

1 893

Judson

'Clasp Locker'

commercial failure

31

1908

Sundback

'Hookless Fastener'

commercial

Sweden

32 ....................... 33

Kynoch

I920s

48

IELTS PracticeTest$

'Ready Fastener'

commercial success

UK

'Zipper'

commercial success

USA

Strategies:labelling parts of a diagram L o o ka t t he t it le and t h i n k of real life examplesof the object. Decidefrom which angle yo u a re look ingat t he diagram,e.g.from one si d e . Describethe diagramto yourself,identifyingall the parts. Th i n kabout how t he speakerwill describeit and what phrasesyou might hear.lf you can any ans wer s 9UeSS ilt hem in . a l re a d ypenc ,

Questions35-39 lmprove your skills: predicting a description Studythe diagramand answerthe questions. a b c d

Fromwhat angleareyou lookingat the zip? Whatvocabularydo you know for what you can see? What other wordsor phrasesdo you think you will hear? In what orderdo you think you will hearthe information?

> Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue.

Label the zip. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.

The Separating Zip Fastener

Listenout for prompts th a t tell y ou t he descriptionis about to start,e.g.ln the drawing you'llsee..., As shownin Followthe ouestion n u mb er son t he diagra m , e.g.from left to right or clockwise,and write your a n sw er sas y ou heart h e m.

Strategies:global questions l d e n tif yt he global question:it is often the lastof severalmultiolechoice items. Decidewhat it is testing, e.g.What is the lecturer trying to do? means you haveto identifythe speaker'spurpose. Th i n ka bout how t he l a n g uageand t one m i g h t differ for each option. When you listen,reject o p ti o n st hat m is int erp re t what the speakermeans, relateto only part of the content,or overstateit.

Question40 lmprove your skills: predicting global features 1 Studythe first line of question40.What is its focus? 2 StudyA-D.Whatlanguagefeaturesand speaker's tone would you expectfor each? > Checkyour answerson page 71 beforeyou continue

Choosethe correctletter,A, B, C or D. 40 The speaker'soverall aim is to A

explain how different kinds of zip fastenerwork.

B

outline the developmentof the zip fastener.

C

advertisea particular kind of zip fastener.

D

warn of the dangersof zip fasteners.

l*rt ?

49

t hour AcademicReading 't Reading PassageI Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-14, which are basedon ReadingPassage1.

Scratching the surface

They are insidious skin parasites, infesting the occupants of factories and offices. They cause itching,prickling and crawling sensationsin the skin that are almost untreatable.Thesecreatures may only exist in the mind, but their effects are real and infectious. The classiccase occurred in a US laboratory in 1966. After new equipment was installed, workers started to suffer from itching and sensations of insects crawling over them. Com plain ts mu l ti p l i e d a n d th e p robl em, attributed to 'cable mites', started to spread to relatives of the victims. A concerted effort was made to exterminate the mites using everything from DDT and mothballs to insecticide and rat poison. Nothing worked. Thorough examination by scientific investigatorscould not locate any pests, or even signs of actual parasite attacks.However, they did find small particles of rockwool insulation in the air, which could cause skin irritation.A cleaningprogramme was introduced

50

i[ . T 5 P rn rrrc cJ e :t:

and staff were assured the problem had been solved.The cable mite infestation disappeared. Another 1960s case occurred in a textile factory, where workers complained of being bitten by insects brought into the factory in imported cloth. Dermatitis swept through the workforce, but it followed a curious pattern. Instead of affecting people in one particular part of the factory,the bugs seemed to be transmitted through employees' social groups. No parasites could be found. A third infestation spread through office staff going through dusty records that had lain untouched for decades.Theyattributed their skin problems to 'paper mites', but the cause was traced to irritation from paper splinters. These are all casesof illusionsof parasitosis, w here somethi ng i n the envi ronment is misinterpreted as an insect or other pest. Everyone has heard of delirium tremens, when alcoholicsor amphetamineusers experiencethe feeling of insects crawling over their skin, but

other factors can cause the same illusion. Static electricity, dust, fibres, and chemical solvents can all give rise to imaginary insects.The interesting thing is that they spread.The infectious nature of this illusion seems to be a type of reflex contagion. Yawn, and others start yawning. lf everyone around you laughs, you laugh. Start scratching,and colleagueswill scratch,too. x Dr Paul Marsden is managingeditor of the Journal of Memetics,the study of infectious ideas. He suggeststhat this rype of group behaviour may have had a role to play in human evolution. In our distant past, one individual scratching would have alerted others that there were biting insects or parasites present. This would prime them to scratch itches of their own.Anyone who has been bitten several times by mosquitoes before they realized it will recognize the evolutionary value of this kind of advance warning. The outbreak of mass scratching may also promote mutual grooming, which is important in the necessary bonding of primate SrouPS. The problem comes when the reflex contagion is not related to a real threat. Normally, eveD/one would soon stop scratching, bya people may unconsciously exaggerate

Strategies: classifyi ng statements ReadSfrareg ies:matching /rstson page31. Insteadof peopleor places, thereis a listof statements: thesemaynot followthe orderof the rext. lf morethanone answer is possible, writethem bothin.

Questions

symptoms to gain atcention, or because it gets them a break from unappealingwork. The lab workers were scanners, who spent the day laboriously examining the results of bubblechamber tests; textile workers and clerical staff poring over records would also have found what they had to do quite tedious.Add the factor that skin conditions are notoriously susceptible to psychologicalinfluence,and it is easy to see how a group dynamic can keep the illusory parasites going. Treatment of the condition is difficult, since few will accept that their misreading of the symptoms is the result of what psychologistscall a hysterical condition. In the past, the combination of removal of irritants and expert reassurance was enough. However, these days, there is a mistrust of conventional medicine and easieraccessto suppoft groups. Sufferers can reinforce each other's illusions over the Internet, swappingtales of elusive mites that baffle science.This could give rise to an epidemic of mystery parasites, spreading from mind to mind like a kind of super virus. Only an awareness of the power of the illusion can stoP it. You can stop scratching now ...

l_5

lmprove your skills:finding the relevant section Whichparagraphs focuson a b c

the laboratory? the factory? the office?

Which paragraphmentionsall three?ls it relevantto any of questions1-5? > Checkyour answerson page T2beforeyou continue.

Classifystatements1-5 accordingto whetherthey apply to A

the laboratory

B

the factory

C

the office

I

Workers who met each other socially sufferedfrom the condition.

2

The victims were all working with old documents.

3

They tried to kill the insectsthey thought were responsible.

4

They said the creatureshad come in material from abroad.

5

Employees'familieswere affeciBdby the condition.

Test2

51

Questions6-8

Strategies:completinga flow chart ReadStrategies:shorton answerquestions page21. Lookat how the flow arrows chartis organized: often indicateresults, Count stagesor changes. the numberof these points. Findthe partofthe text that relatesto the chart. Lookfor the samenumber of pointsand identifythe between relationship them,e.g.Iinkingwords like Firstlyand Nexf indicate a sequence. questions Askyourself about the lext,e.g.What happensnext?,and match with the the answers pointsin the chart.

lmprove your sltills:understanding links between ideas 1 Studythe text and answerthesequestions. of the bite? What is the immediateconsequence a b c d

What arethe two immediateresultsof this? What can be the immediateeffect of group scratching? What can this in turn leadto?

2 Studythe flow chartand answerthesequestions. a Whatdo the arrowsmean? What kind of informationis neededfor 6? b What kind of informationis neededfor 7 and 8? c > Checkyour answerson page T2before you continue.

Completethe notesbelowwith words takenfrom ReadingPassage1. UseNO MORETHAN TWOWORDS for eachanswer.

* $ Evolutionarypurposetheory t:;

:i l

@

: il

ifl

.T

G

€ Y

52

IFLTS PracticeTests

Strateg ies: tru e/fa Ise/n ot given questions Read Strategies:yes/no/not givenquestionson page 2 1 .N o te t hat true/false/not given questionsfocus on facts in the text,whereas yes/not/not given questionsare often about the writer'sopinions.

Questions9-13 lmprove your skills:finding clues Studyquestions9 and 10 carefullyand answerthesequestions. a Whatdoesthe adverb'unconsciously'(line 71)tell you about the answerto 9? b Whichadverband which adjectiveare cluesto the answerto 10? * Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

In boxes9-13 on your answersheetwrite

lf you can'tfind any mention of the topic,'not given'may be the answer.

TRUE

if the statementis true accordingto thepassage

FALSE

if the statementis false accordingto thepassage

D o n 't choos e' t r ue' or 'false'just becauseyou believeit to be true.

NOT GIyEN

if the statementis not given in thepassage

9

Somekeep scratchingbecausethey know it will enablethem to stop work.

10 The laboratory, factory and office employeesall had boring jobs. 1l The human skin is extremely sensitiveto irritants. 12 In many cases,people no longer believewhat medical professionalssay. 13 It is impossible to prevent the condition becoming an Internet epidemic.

Strategies: choosing a title After you have done all the other tasks,sum up the whole text in a few woros. Look at the titles and decidewhich is closestto your own words.lgnore a n y w hic h: . are basedon an overall misunderstandingof the text. . are too narrow i.e.cover only part of the text. . are too broad,i.e.cover aspectsof the topic beyond the scopeofthe text.

Question14 lmprove your skills:eliminating incorrect titles 1 Studythe five titlesA-E.Whichone: is basedonly on someof the earlyparagraphs? a focusesonly on the lastpart of the text? b c only coversthe informationin the paragraphmarked* ? mentionstopicsthat are beyondthe scopeof the text? d 2 Why is the other title correct? p Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

1. From the list belowchoosethe most suitablealternativetitle for ReadingPassage Write the appropriateletterA-E in box 14 on your answersheet. A

The benefits of itching and scratching

B

Increasingcomplaints about insects

C

Scratching,yawning and laughing

D

Imaginary bites and parasites

E

Computer bites and Internet itches

T*st 2

53

ReadingPassage 2 I

Youshouldspend"about20 minuteson Questions15-27, which are basedon ReadingPassage 2, Strategies: matching headingsto sections ReadMatchingheadings toparagraphson page 18. Substitutesectionfor paragraph. Don'tchooseheadings that matchonlyone paragraph in a section, or morethanone section.

Questions15-19 yourskills: lmprove headings eliminating incorrect 1 Why is examplef correct? 2 Whichof headingsa-j is wrong becauseit: a coversmore than one section? b c

focusesonly on the firstthing in the text? only coversone paragraph?

d

exaggerateswhat the text says?

> Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

ReadingPassage 2 has sixsectionsI-W. Choosethe most suitableheadingfor eachsectionII-VI from the list below.Write the appropriateletters(a-j) in boxes15-19 on your answersheet. List of headings a The lift in use The first and secondlifts b c d e f g h i j

Restoring the lift The newcanal Mechanical problems Why the lift was needed The supports of the secondlift A new framework and machinery How the original Iift worked A completely new lift

,..,.:.Si{aqllile.,.$ectien I 15 SectionII 16 SectionIII 17 SectionIV 18 SectionV 19 SectionVl

54

IELTS Pn*c*iceTests

An"1,}Fd f

bl Section I

above all efficient, the lift was hailed as a

When the Tlent and Mersey Canal opened

marvel of the era, and became a prototype for

rn 1777, the Cheshire town of Anderton was

larger versions on the waterways of France

the obvious place to transfer goods to and from the nearby River \feaver. There was just

and Belgium.

one problem: the canal was fifteen metres

vertical sets of interconnected hydraulic

above the river.

cylinders and pistons set into the bed of the

Pathways, inclined planes, and chutes were

The operating mechanism consisted of two

river and each piston supported a boat-

constructed to easethe task of moving cargo

carrying tank 22.86 metres Iong and 4.72

by hand. Primitive railways were laid to move

metres wide. At rest, one tank was level with

cargoes, cranes were built, and steam engines

the canal and the other level with the river

were later installed to power lifting. In the

and to move the tanks, a small amount of

early 1870s, however, the'$Teaver Navigation

water was removed from the bottom tank

Trustees decided to eliminate the cost, effort,

making it lighter than the top tank.

and wastage involved in hand transportation

Because the two hydraulic cylinders were

when the engineers Edward Leader Williams

connected, the heavier top tank moved down

and Edwin Clarke suggested a 'boat carrying

and forced hydraulic liquid through the

lift'. ?r, Section II Their design was a unique and magnificent

connecting pipe into the other cylinder pushing that piston and the lighter tank 'Watertight gates both on the tanks upwards.

example of the Victorians' mastery of cast

and at the entrance to the canal contained the

iron and hydraulics. Completed in 1875,

water while the tanks were moving. A

graceful in appearance,simple in use, and

hydraulic pump driven by steam supplied the

irr:; J

55

small amount of additional energyrequired to effecta reasonablyrapid movementand to enablethe tanks to be preciselylevelledat the end of their journey ?lSection III All went well for the first ten years,then pitting and grooving of the cylinders and pistons occurred.Investigationsshowedthat the canal water used as the hydraulic liquid was contaminatedby chemicalsand was corrosive,thereforecausingthe damage. It was immediately changedto distilled water from the steamenginepowering the hydraulic pump. Corrosion was dramatically reducedbut the damagehad been done. In addition, the boiler for the steam engine neededrenewing, so in 1906the Tiustees ordered the construction of a new lift, to a

but it was functional and it worked. at,Section V Both the 1875the 1908versionscarried large volumes of commercial traffic and the principal cargoestransported were coal, china clay,salt, manufacturedgoods,including china ware, and agricultural produce. Sadly,trade on inland waterwaysin Britain declineddramatically in the 1950s,and goods traffic via the lift effectively ended in the 1960s.The 1970sincreasein pleasureboating briefly prolonged its activelife, but in 1982the 'Cathedralof the Canals'wasfinally closed. ar,Section VI

designby their engineerJ A Saner. ?r,Section IV

Demolition seemedinevitable,but, after a long campaign by concernedgroups, British 'Waterways agreed,in L999,to savethe lift.

The new lift was built over the top of the Victorian structure, utilizing the Victorian

Somewanted it 'conservedas found', but that would entail replacingmuch of the

front and rear columns. The main structure

existing structure,virtually creating a replica lift. The steelof the 1908structure had bepn . badly corroded by pollutants from the local

had strong A-frames at either side of the new lift to support the enormous weight of the platform that now formed the top of the framework: on it was located the new operating mechanism,which included seventytwo pulleys weighing up to 35 tonnes each. Each of the boat-carrying tanks was now suspendedon wire ropes which ran from the tank to the top of the lift, around pulleys, and down to cast-iron weights at the side of the structure. Thesewere equal to the weight of the water-filled tank. Turning the pulleys one way or the other movedthe ropes,so that one tank was raised or loweredindependentlyof the other tank. Becausethe tanks were counterbalancedby the weights,only a small electricalmotor was required to turn the pulleys and so move the tanks up or down.

56

Compleredin 1908the lift was reliable, cheapand easyto operate.Unlike the Victorian lift it was not the least bit elegant,

lE[fSPractlceTests

chemicalindustries and would need replacing if it were to support the overheadmachinery and 500-tonnecounterweights.In addition, safety considerationswould require the installation of a back-up braking system. It was decided,therefore,to revert to the 1875hydraulically-operatedsystem,using the original cast-iron structure.Although the counterweightshad to be removed,the 1908 framework and pulleys would be retained as a static monument. It was a huge and expensiveproject, and not without difficulties. Eventually,in 2002, the Anderton Boat Lift was officially reopened. Boat owners and visitors alike can once again ride 'the world's first boat lift'.

Strategies: labellinga diagram Whenyou havereadthe text,studythe diagram andthe labelsgiven. Decidewhichpartof the text describes it. Pencilin you can anyanswers guessalready. Matchthe informationin the diagramto whatthe text says.To understand how the partsrelateto eachothet lookfor links of purpose,e.g.to/inorder to/soasfo + infinitive.and result,e.g.-lng,and/so/so that. Whenyou havewrittenin youranswers, go through the text againto check that everythingmatches the completedlabels.

Questions20-24 lmprove your skills: understanding how something works 1 Lookat Sectionll and answerthesequestions. Examples: Whywasa small amount of water . . . removed? Answer:to move the tanks. What was the resultof this? Answer:making it lighter. a What was the resultof forcing hydraulicliquid ... into the othercylinder? b Why wasadditionalenergysupplied?What was the purposeof this? Givetwo examples. 2 Find2 purposeand 2 resultlinksin SectionlV.Askand answera question abouteach. 9 Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue.

Completethe diagram below. ChooseNO MORE THAN THKEE WORDSfrom thepassage for eachanswer. Write your answersin boxes20-24 on your answersheet.

]'est J

57

Strategies: completingnotesor sentences Studyeachquestionand decidewhat is needed, e.g.a nounphrase, a number. In yourmind,tryto turn the notesor sentences into questions andthen answerthem.Thisshould giveyou the missing words. Checkyour completed sentences makesense and paraphrase whatthe text says.

Questions25-27 lmproveyourSkills:formingquestions 1 Foreachof 25-27,decidewhatkindof answeris needed. 2 Forma questionfrom each,e.g.Where weresimilarliftsloterbuilt?,and answ€r it. > Checkyouranswers on pageT2beforeyoucontinue Complete thenotesbelow ChooseNO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfrom ReadingPassage 2 for each answer. Writeyour answers in boxes25-27 onyour answersheet. 25 Similar lifts to the Anderton were later built in 26 Exrapower to move the tanks came from 27 Usingwater from the canal harmed the

58

lILTSPracticeTests

ReadingPassage 3 Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions28-40, which are basedon ReadingPassage 3.

:i ,i

L$ffru. rc#H 9qsremw fr€ mU€ &ffieEs=

HenryGee

,:ll.,it

it isaship aftergenomics. Likegenomics, science speaking, it is an asit is hardto define. Broadly termfortheefforts of manyscientists umbrella working fieldsto understand the in diverse whether of lifeintheuniverse, onEarth conditions orelsewhere. thatmany Thecanvas is,infact,sobroad withoutknowing scientists mightbeastrobiologists ro it astrobiology from to allscience, addsglamour Those withlongmemories astronomy to zoology. anda cynical mienwillhaveseenallthisbefore. Onceupona time,therewasa research programme ls astrobiology a new calledexobiology. goods? nameforrepackaged First,manydiscoveries No,fortworeasons. past madeinthe havesetpeople thinking, decade

, -..itt.r:l

onceagain, aboutlifeelsewhere. Forexample, goes hardly a month bywithout thediscovery of yetanother planet orbiting a distant star.And whatever thetruthaboutthemuch-disputed claims forfossilsin martian meteorites, thecontroversy hasrehabilitated theideaof panspermia: thatlife planets. canspread between astrobiology is almost Second, a trademarked term.TheNasa Astrobiology Institute is a virtual linkingresearch campus centres withuniversities, alldevoted to learning moreaboutthegeneral principles governing theorigin of lifeinthe magazine universe. Significantly, Nature recently looked at astrobiology in allitsforms,fromthe questto understand to the howlifebegan onEarth prospects lifeelsewhere inthe offindingintelligent universe.

I*st 2

59

Notthatthisshould bea cause forwide-eyed thanwhatit is madeof.lt is muchmoredifficult, say its critics. lronically, the ilrost however, to makesucha definition stick,preventing celebration, vociferous ofthesecomenotfromtheworldof thetermfrombecoming soinclusive asto be from fiction. Brian Aldiss, meaningless. science but science writer, lightofthegenre, * Youmightstartbypositing threerules. Thefirst veteran critic,andleading of information that our current obsession with life elsewhere, is that life requires the existence dismisses withvariation. however muchit isjustified byscience, canbereproduced andinherited, asan itch. seemto create order expensively scratched Second, thatlivingsystems Aliens, heargues, it inthefaceof chaos. area manifestation of a andstructure andmaintain Third, hasto workhardto fundamental human urgeto populate theuniverse thata livingsystem gods,ghosts, with'others', whether littlegreen maintain itsstructure, andass00nasit stopsdoing men,orcartoon characters. Scientists should thisit degenerates. fictiontooseriously: These at first,to befairlyprecise, in beware oftakingscience aliens rulesseem, observant martian areuseful asplotdevices, butthisdoesnotmake asmuchtheyweedoutquietly ButasCohen andStewart showin themreal. surface rocks. to imagine entities that A ratherdifferent criticism comes from theirnovel, it is possible to bealive, fictionwriters scientists-turned-science JackCohen followallthreerulesandwhichappear - Cohen Bothareacademics is a noresemblance to andlanStewart. butwhichbearabsolutely is a mathematician - butthey ln Wheelers, theydescribe biologist, Stewart terrestrial organisms. haveworked in SF,mostrecently ontheirnovel civilizations offloating, methane-breathing balloons andorganisms made Wheelers. Theirargument withastrobiology is nol intheatmosphere of Jupiter plasma, livingintheouter thataliensmightnotexist,butthatwecannot help of magnetically-confined beconstrained in oursearch. layers ofthesun. Allorganisms fromthetiniest life onEafth, Other science fictionwritershaveimagined bacterium to thebiggest whales, areconstructed onthesurfaces of neutron stars,inside computers, genetic according to thesamerules.Eafthly 0revenin interstellar space. Inhislatestnovel, information is caniedin genesmadeof DNA, M Banks describes earthly Lookto Windward,lain lifeis based onpolymers of carbon, andits supporting organisms thesizeof continents, entire parasites. happens in liquidwater. Because Allcouldbe chemistry this civilizations astheirintestinal kindof lifeis allweknouwetendto thinkthatthe immortal saidto constitute life,butin DrMc0oy's phrase samerulesneedapplyeverywhere. So,when fromStarTrek,'notasweknowit'. probes landonMars,orscientists lookat martian theaimsof Could thismeanthatastrobiology, meteorites, theytendto lookforthekindsof vital whichareuniversal, is reallynomorethana parochial Wemightneverknow- perhaps signsthatbetray earthly organisms whenwehave exercise? n0reason forthinking absolutely thatlifeelsewhere110 evenwhenwearevisited byaliens fromtheother should beearthlike, orthatourdefinition of life sideofthegalaxy whotry,frantically, to gainour cannot bebased morebroadly. WhentheMars whatever it is attention, bywaving underournoses Rover satandstaredat a rock,howdowe know theywaveundersuchcircumstances. lt willnotbe rightback? thattherockwasnotstaring theirfaultthattheywillbemicroscopic and It is a fairlysimplematter to comeupwitha destroyed AsCohen andStewart bya singlesneeze. 'Lifegoesoneverywhere.' definitlon of lifethatis based onwhatit does,rather concfude in Wheelers.

60

f*LTSilractie* T*sts

Strategies: summarizing usingwordsfrom a list ReadStrategies: summarizing using words fromthefexton page25, but rememberthat words in a listarenot usually takendirectlyfrom the text. Decidewhat oartof speechis neededfor each gap. Markthe wordsin the list according to theirpartof e.g.adverb, speech, singular noun. Matcheachwith at least one otherword of the samepartof speechthat hasa relatedmeaning. Theycouldbe synonyms, near-synonyms, or opposites. Foreaghgap,trythe wordsthat fit grammatically and logically - notthe whole list.

Questions 28-34 wordsthat fit lmproveyour skills:finding 1 What parts of speechare neededfor 28-34?e.9.0 - pluralnoun 2 What parts of speechare the words in the list?e.g.principles- pluralnoun 3 Whichother wordsin the listform pairsin someway with a-f below? e.g.principles- regulations a

location

b d

basing frequently galaxy

e f

definition mistake

c

p Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

Completethe summary below.Choosethe answersfrom the box and write the correspondingwordsin boxes28-34 on your answersheet.Thereare more choices than spaces,soyou will not needto useall of them. determinethe make-up The samebiological and chemical0.......P..r:irlaiB.l.q,s....... . We often

of all terrestrial life forms, whatever their 28 assumethat this is the casethroughout the universe,as we have 29 ................

observedother kinds of organism.Scientiststherefore

make the 30 ................

of searchingfor indicationsof Earth-style

living things when examiningmaterial from another 31.............. where the nature of any life may lie far outside their own 32 but definition.On the other hand,if the focusis not on 33 .................................. on behaviour,there is a risk of 34 ...........

.. life much too broadly.

List of words location narrow discussing never definition mistake basing

principles galaxy rarely composition planet breakthrough regulations

previous frequently defining size extending

Tcst2

61

strategies: matchingopinions matching Readstrategies: /rsfson page31 In thistasKyou must with the matchspeakers opinionstheystate. Expectthe first reference to eachpersonto include theirfulf nameand possiblyotherdetails; afterthat it is usuallyjust their surname. Lookfor reportingverbs suchassuggests,and that expressions introduceopinionssuch as theirbeliefis that ... or accordingto ... .

Questions 35-38 lmprove your skills:finding opinions 1 In what orderdoesthe text mentionAldiss,Banks,and Cohen/Stewart? introducethe opinionsof: 2 Whichexpressions a b c

Aldiss? Banks? Cohen& Stewart?

> Checkyour answerson pageT2beforeyou continue

The text refersto the ideasof varioussciencefiction writers. Match writers A-C with thepoints in i5-38 Write vour answersin boxes35-38 on your answersheet. Youmany useany of the writers more than once. 35 Other life forms may fit a definition of life but be quite unlike anything on Earth. 36 Peopleinstinctively want to believe in extraterrestriallife forms. 37 There could be life within life on an immense scale. 38 Humans are inevitably limited in their ability to find life beyond Earth.

List of writers Aldiss A B Banks C Cohen& Stewart

62

iELTS PracticeTests

Strategies:identifying the writer'sviewsand purpose Scanthe text for stylistic devicessuchasthese. . Rhetoricalquestions intendedto persuade the reader, e.g.What proof is there?Theymay or maynot be answered in the text. . Adverbsthat makethe writer'sopinionclear, e.g.fort unately,aIIegedly. . Expressions that show the writer'sattitude,e.g. be that asit may,without any doubt. . lrony:sayingthe oppositeof what is meant,e.g.thisgreat (= total failure). success

Questions 39-40 lmproveyourskills:interpretingthe writer'stechniques 1 Whichsentences in the text correspondto eachof A-D in Question39?Which of these sentencescontain: a expressions that showthe writer'sattitude? b a rhetoricalquestion?How is it answered? c an adverbthat indicatesthe writerk opinion? 2 What do thesetakentogethertell you about the purposeof the text? . the title . the mentionof criticsand criticismearlyin two paragraphs . the rhetoricalquestionand its answerin the lastparagraph > Checkyour answerson page 72 beforeyou continue

Choosethe appropriatelettersA-D and write them in boxes3940 on your Answer sheet. 39 The writer believesthat astrobiology A

may now be the secondmost fashionablescience.

B

is very similar to exobiology.

C

has proved that a meteorite from Mars contains fossils.

D

is not taken seriouslyby scientific publications.

49 Which of the following statementsbest describesthe writert main purpose in Readingpassage3? A

to describethe latest scientific developmentsin the study of the universe

B

to explain why there is growing interest in the study of astrobiology

C

to show that sciencefiction writers have nothing useful to sayabout aliens

D

to suggestthat astrobiology may not help us find extraterrestriallife

63

AcademicWriting t hour : The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshouldattempt both tasks.

Writing ThskI Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson this task. The diagram below shows the environmental issuesraised by a product over its life cycle. Summarize the information by selectingand reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least150words.

l@

ilili$ ffr*r!!c* Test:

QuestionStrategies: selectingmainfeatures from a diagram Information is sometimes givenin the form of a diagram. Lookquicklyat thisto form an overall impression of the topic. Readlabelscarefully to understand whateach elementor stageof the diagramrelates to. process, In the caseofa payspecialattentionto the directionof arrows. Checkwhetherthe process hasa logical beginning andend. Remember that in Writinq Task1 you only haveto report the moin features, not everything you can see.

lmproveyourskills:understanding a diagram Answerthesequestionsabout the diagram. a b c d e

What doesit show? How manystages/steps arethere? What do the arrowstell you? What kindsof negativeimpacton the environmentareshown? What measures to reducethis impactare shown?

> Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue

CompositionStrategies: lmproveyour skills:organizing and linkingideas reportinga process Answerthesequestionsabout your writing beforeyou start. Decidehowyou will a At what stepshouldyou start? organizeyourtext.Begin b Whatverb tenseshouldyou use? by sayingwhatthe c In which part - the beginning,the main body or the ending- would you diagramshows. probablyusetheselinkingexpressions? Takeall yourinformation fromthe diagram, using meanwhile finally next simultaneously yourown wordswhere at this point alternatively initially eventually possible. from there ultimately first at the sametime Toshowthe stages, use linkingexpressions, e.g.to > Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue. beginwith,then,in theend. Whenyoufinish,check you havedescribed all the main featuresof the diagram.

,T)L

Z

65

Writing Thsk2 Youshouldspendabout40 minuteson this task. Write about thefollowing topic: Many people nre using creilit cards or loans to run uI, huge personal ilebts thst they may be unable to repay. It shoulil therefore be made more dfficult for iniliviiluals to borrow large amounts of money. What are your opinions on this? Give reasonsfor your answerand include any relevantexamplesfrom your own knowledgeand experience. Youshould write at least250 words.

CompositionStrategies: introductoryand paragraphs concluding

lmproveyourskills:beginnings andendings

Decidewhetheryou agree/disagree with the completely partlyagree/ statement, with it,or have disagree no definiteooinion. Chooseone of these approaches: . Stateyour position in the introductionand then justify it with arguments.Thismaybe moresuitableif youfeel stronglyaboutthe statement. . Presentthe arguments first and then saywhat you think in the condusion.Thismaybe betterif you haveno strongopinionbut can put forwardarguments on both sides.

lntroduction

1 Youcan usesomeof techniquesa-h in your Introductionor Conclusion. i-viii below. Matchthem with exampleexpressions

a b c d

Introducethe ttpic in your own words. Saywhy it is controversial Stateyour position. Sayhow you will dealwith the topic.

Conclusion e f g h

Summarizethe argumentsyou haveused. Makeconcessions to opposingarguments. Stateor restateyour position. for the future. Makea recommendation

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii

On balance, therefore,thereseemsto be agreementthat ... I believethat stepsshouldnow be takento ensure... Althoughit cannotbe deniedthat ... I shallcompareand contrastthe views ... I feel there is little doubt that ... Forthesereasons. of ... Recently, there hasbeen considerable discussion I do not find this statementat all convincing... The implicationsof this haveled someto claimthat ...

you could usefor a-h. 2 Notedown more expressions 3 Lookat the topic of WritingTask2. a What areyour feelingsabout this? b Whichapproachwillyou choose? c Whichof a-h abovewill you use? ) Checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue.

66

l[LfS PracticeTests

CompositionStrategies: giving reasons Guideyourreader throughyourtext by usinglinkingexpressions that showhow your ideas areorganized.To do this, useadverbialsat the beginningof sentences. Example Firstly,therecanbeno doubt that thissubstance bringsno health benefits whatsoever,as shownby thegovernmentreport. Thereis also the fact that it is far too expensive, comparedwith similar products.

lmproveyourskills:linkingpoints ln whichpartof a paragraph wouldyouusetheselinkingexpressions? Putthemintothesethreegroups. a Forthefirstpoint......... points b Forsubsequent c Forthelastpoint......... Secondly Finally In addition Lastly In the firstplace Aboveall

Firstof all Besides Tobeginwith

Moreover Furthermore

> Checkyouranswerson page73 beforeyoucontinue.

Speaking Part 1 Strategies: speakingin Part1 Avoidbreakdowns in communicationby using someor all of these strategies. . Askthe examinerto repeatsomething,e.g. I'msorrybut t didn'tcatch that' . Clarifyif whatyou'vejust e.g. saidis not clear, what I'm sayingis ... . Hesitate, givingyourself timeto thin( e.9./t3 difficult to sayexactly, but... . Correctmistakesyou've made,e.g.I got herea yearago,I meanan hour ago' . Describe approximately ' if you don,t know the name,e.g.... or that kind of thing' . Paraphrase, usingother wordsto explain,e.g.lt's whatyou useto make" '

lmprove your skills:communication strategies in italic. 5aywhich communicationstrategyis usedin the expressions Thenmatchsentences a-f with questionsin Part1. a b c d e f

I won,t havemilk,or cheese,or anythinglikethat. Well,er,let me see...yes,therewasa storyon the radiothe other day. We all live with my grandfathers;sorry,whatI meant wasmy grandparents. Sorry,but I missedthe word before'logether'. I sometimeshavelunch in one of thoseplaceswhereyou serveyourself. Thepoint I'm makingis there'smuch lessthere about politicians'privatelives.

> Checkyour answerson page 73 beforeyou continue

Youwill be askedsomegeneralquestionsabout a rangeof familiar topic areas. Thispart lastsbetween four andfive minutes' What is your full name? What do peopleusuallycall you? where areyou from? Your familv. I

Is your family small or quite large?

2

What do you do when you are all together?

3

which of them do you get on with best?why?

Food and eating. 4

what are your favourite foods?

5

Is there arything you never eat?

6

Where do you normally eat?\Mhy?

7

In what ways are people'seating habits changing thesedays?

The news media. 8

Where do you normally get your news from?

9

How do you think news reporting in your country differs from that abroad?

10 Tell me about an interesting news item yotlve read or heard recently.

68

IELTS Practice Tests

Part 2 Strategies:

lmproveyourskills:linkingexpressions

speakingin Part2

put three of theseexpressions undereachof the headingsbelow.

Useyournotesas promptswhileyou speak, not asa script. Remember whatyou're beingtestedon:fluency ' anqconerence. vocabulary, rangeand accuracy of grammar, pronunciation. Remember that you can uselessformallanguage thanin |ELTSWriting. Tryto makewhatyou say interesting, asyou would in anyothersituation. Givebriefanswersto the follow-upquestionsat

And it's not only ...

Moreimportantly,...

Tosumup ...

The ... l'd liketo talkaboutis ... so,what l'm sayingis ... As wellasthat,... To illustrate this point,... Thereare quite a lot of ..., but the one l've chosenis ...

Take.. . for instance,.. . In a word,then,... A casein point is "' l'vedecidedto speakabout ...

Introducingthe topic Developingthe topic GivingexamplesConcludingyour talk > checkyour answerson page73 beforeyou continue. Youwill begiven a topicto talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou tallc,you will haveone minute to think aboutwhat you aregoingto say.Youwill begiven paper and a pencil to makenotesif you wish.Here is the topic:

the end.

Describe a music video or a concert that has made an impression on you. You should say: which kind of music it was and who performed it what it was like musically what it was like visually and explain why you liked or disliked it. Follow-up questions: When and where did you seeit? Have you ever seenanything elsesimilar to it?

Test2

69

Part 3 Strategies: speakingin Part3

( lmprove your skills:saying what you think Completethe table with suitableheadingsand your own examples.

Giveextendedrepliesto everyquestion, your demonstrating fluency. Showyourabilityto abstracttopics,as discuss you mayneedto do in tutorials. Remember thereareno rightor wronganswers. lt is a testof language- not of youropinions.

Express opinions:

As I seeit ...,ln my view ..., To my mind ... Thereasonis ...,Forone thing ...,

Speculate:

lwouldn'tbe surprised if ...,

Sayyou'resure:

l'veno doubt that ..., I can'tsayfor certain,but ...,

Compare/contrast:

On the one hand ..., l'd rather... than

::t3.*€1e:9lrii..:lF:

> Checkyour answerson page 73 beforeyou continue.

Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstractissuesand conceptsrelatedto the topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes, Music in the world Why is pop music so popular globally? Which do you prefer: traditional music from your country or classicalmusic from abroad? The psychology of music How do different kinds of music affect the way people feel? What is the best music to listen to while studying? Changesin music What are the main differencesbetween music today and that of previous decades? Which contributes more to the successof modern singersand bands: their music, or their appearanceand image?Why do you think so? What kinds of music will people be listening to ten yearsfrom now?

70

IELTS Practice Tests

Test2 Improve your skills k y Listening pase42 Wordsusedto classify 1

b c

2

a b c

3

a b c

may be advisableto, could makesenseto, possiblya good ideato shouldnt ever,on no account,warn against, in no circumstances, for,supporting,to baclgin agreementwith, arguefor wouldn'tliketo say, open-minded, undecided,can'tmakemy mind up opposedto, reject,not happy with, disagree with,dont go alongwith of course,absolutely, without question,for sure possibly, perhaps,l'mnot sure,l'llhaveto check,l'lllet you know certainlynot, absolutelynot, never,nob6dy, there'sno question

Recognizing numbers page43 1 Top line:two-thirds; nought point seven-tenths; six one five;the eighties;thirty-second,forty. third Middle line:fifty-fourth; a/one hundredand firsu fifty per cent;four fifty four BC;ten sixty six AD, sixteenmillimetres Bottom line:fivecentimetres;twohundredand twenty kilometres;thirty-threedegrees Centigrade; twenty-five milligrams, eighteen hundredCC;threehundredsquaremetres 2 ordinalnumber,degrees,square metres, centimetres Understanding data page44 1 The chartsshowthe percentageofyoung peoplesufferingloneliness. 2 What percentageof people sufferedfrom foneliness accordingto B?32o/o. What percentageof people sufferedfrom lonelinessaccordingto C?680lo. 3 The chartsshowthe percentageofyoung peopleusingthe counsellingservice. What percentageof usersin eachchart were under 30 / 30 and over? A 61olo under 3O,39o/o 30 and over B 3Oo/o under 30,70o/o 30 and over C 57o/ounder 30,43o/o30 and over

Using the right kind of word pase45 13 noun/nounphrase 14 noun/nounphrase 15 adjective 16 noun/nounphrase 17 adverb(s)/preposition(s) 18 noun/nounphrase 19 noun (uncountableor plural) 20 noun/nounphrase Understanding the question page46 21-23 6 options;3answers; separatemarks 24 5 options;2answers; one markfor two answers 25-27 6 options;3answers; separatemarks 28 5 options;2answers; one markfor two answers 29-30 5 options;2 answers;separatemarks Listening for lexical clues page48 31 a country,tn 32 a noun,commercial 33 a year,in 34 a name (of an inventoror designer), invented/d esigned/made/created by Predicting a description page49 a facingit, or aboveit b fastener,zipper,cloth, fabric, material, metal, etc. c Descriptiveexpressions, e.g.on the left-hondside, at thetop,the end.Processexpressions, e.g.tojoin,to close,toopen,topull up/down. d Firsta descriptionof the parts,then of how they work together. Predicting global features page49 1 The main purposeof the speaker. 2 A Contrastlinks(whereas, on the other hand, etc),detaileddescription.Measured/neutral tone. B Historicaldetail (dates,places,names,etc), ti me links,description. Academic/neutral tone. C Focuson one type/brand,selecteddetails, superlatives, exaggeration. Confident/ enthusiastic tone. D Givingadvice(takecare not to, rememberto, you shouldn't,etc).Serious/concerned tone-

:r:a z

7l

Reading Finding the relevant section page51 a the laboratory: lines7-16,lines17-24 b the factory:lines 25-33 c the office:lines34-39 all threeplaces:lines 68-82 (thisis not relevantto questions1-5) Understanding links between ideas page52 1 a someonestartsscratching b othersarealertedto the presenceof biting pests;othersstartscratchingtoo c othersstartgroomingeachother d bondingof the group 2a causeand effect b a humanactivity c 7 a positiveconsequence of answer6 8 a positiveconsequence of group scratching and grooming Finding clues page53 a lt impliesthe oppositeof 'theyknowiso9 is probablyfalse. b Thewords'laboriously'and'tedious'both indicatesomething'boringiso 10 is probably true. Eliminating incorrect titles page53 aB bE cA dC D reflectsthe textsbroadconcernwith people imagininginfestations.

Forming questions page58 1 25 p-lacenames 26 noun/nounphrase 27 noun/nounphrase 2 25 Franceand Belgium 26 Wheredid extrapowerto movethe tanks comefrom?a hydraulicpump. 27 Whatdid usingwaterfrom the canalharm? Thecylinders and pistons. Finding words that fit page61 1 28 noun 29 adverb 30 noun 31 singularnoun 32 adjective 33 pluralor uncountable noun 34 -ing form of verb 2 & 3 plural nouns:principles/regulations, sing ufar nouns:composition/definition, size/Iocation, m istake/breakthrough, planet/galaxy adjectives:previous/narrow adverbs:never/rarely/frequently -ing form of verbs:defining/basing/extending Finding opinions page62 1 Aldiss,Cohen& Stewart,Banks,Cohen& Stewart. 2 a Aldiss:'dismisses';'he argues...' b Banks:'ln .. ., Banksdescribes .. .' c Cohen& Stewart:'Their argument..- is not that ... but...';'asCohenand Stewartshow in ...';'in... they describe...';AsCohenand Stewartconcludein ,..'

Eliminating incorrect headings page54 Interpreting the writer's techniques page63 1 Thefirst sectionof SectionI dealswith the differencein water levels,attemptsto overcome I A 'Astrobiologyis arguablythe trendiest buzzwordin scienceaftergenomics.' this difficultyand why they were unsatisfactory. 'ls B astrobiologya new namefor repackaged 2 a: Headingb c:Headingg goods? No,for two reasons.' b:Headingd d: Headingj C And whateverthe truth aboutthe much disputedclaimsfor fossilsin martian Understanding how something works page57 meteorites.' 1 a pushingthe pistonand the lightertank D 'Significantly, Naturemagazinerecently upwards. lookedat astrobiologyin all its forms.' b to effecta reasonablyrapid movement,to a C:'whateverthe truth','much-disputed enablethe tanksto be precisely levelled claims' 2 Purposelinks:Why did the mainstructurehave b B:'lsastrobiology a new namefor strongA-frames? To supportthe platform/ Why goods? repackaged No,for two reasons.' wasa smallelectrical motor required? To turn c A:Astrobiologyis arguablythe trendiest the pulleys. buzzwordin scienceaftergenomics.' Resultlinks:What wasthe resultof movingthe 2 Theyconveythe scepticismthat he and others ropes?Onetank was raisedor lowered/ feel about astrobiology's chancesof successin Whatwasthe resultof turningthe pulleys? findingalienlife. Thetanksmovedup or down.

72

lilLil Pr;rrir* f*:x

Writing

Speaking

Understanding a diagram page65 1 The impacton the environmentof a manufacturedproductduring its life cycle. 2 Sevenmain steps 3 What eachstep leadsto. 4 The useofenergy and resources at step 2; transportto step 3;factoryproductionat step3; packaging, printing& distribution(transport)at step4;salesat step5 (shops); useat step6 followedby disposal(scrappedmaterial& discharge), alsoinvolvingstorage(domestic appliances). Possibly alsoproductplanning& designat 1 (office). 5 Recycling from step7 to step 1;lessimpacton environmentat productionstep3. Possibly also informingcustomersat step5; serviceand repair at step6; providingfeedbackfor planning& design- steps6 and 1.

Communication strategies page68 question5 a describingapproximately, question10 b hesitating, c correctingmistake,question 1 d askingthe examinerto repeat,question2 question6 e paraphrasing, question9 f clarifying,

Organizing and linking ideas page65 a Step1 (productplanning& design) b Present simple c Beginning:initially,first Main body:meanwhile,simultaneously, at this poiht, alternatively,fromthere,at the sametime Endi ng: finaIly,eventuolly,u ltimately Beginnings and endings page66 1 Introduction Conclusion a vi ei b viii f iii c v il div

2

gv hii

b c d e f

A topic of greatpublicdebateat present is... Thedangerof this,according to ... is ... To a certainextentI agreewith this,but ... In thisessay, I shallpresentevidencethat ... To sum up,it is clearthat ... Despitethe undoubtedadvantagesof this,

g

In view of the above,I stronglybelievethat

lr

iwould suggestthat a changein the law is necessary in orderto ...

a

Linking expressions page69 Introducing the topic I'vedecidedto speakabout ...;The ... l'd liketo talk aboutis ...;Therearequitea lot of ..., but theone l'vechosenis.... Developingthe topic ... and it'snot only...; Moreimportantly, ...; As wellas that,... Giving examples Take... for instance, ...i A cosein point is . ..; Toillustratethispoint, Concludingyour talk Tosumup ...; ln a word,...; So,whatl'm sayingis ... . Saying what you think page7o Justifyopinions:lt'sbecause... (SpeculateJYoucan'truleout thepossibilitythat,There may well be Whynot...? Suggest: (Sayyou'resure:)/ m positivethat,l'm quiteconvinced that Sayyou'renot sure:I don't reallybelievethat,There mustbe somedoubt as to (Compare/contrast:) X is far betterthan Y, Whereas X ....Y... Expressa preference:Xappealsto me far morethon Y My preferencewould be for

Linking points page67 a fo beginwith,in thefirstplace,firstof all b secondly,furthermore,moreaver,in addition, besides,what c Finally,Lastly

T*st i

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Test3 I

Listening30 minutes SectionI Questionsl-6 WhatiloesLisasayabouteachobject? Completethe tableasfollows.Write A if shesaysit is ESSENTIAI. B if shesaysit is RECOMMENDED. C if shesaysit is NOTRECOMMENDED.

1

At leastf,50

2

Warm clothing

3

Personalcomputer

4

Food from home

5

Favourite tapes or CDs

6

Photos from home

Questions7-10 Complete the sentencesbelow. write No MORE THAN THnnE woRDS for eachanswer. The labels on Dan's luggagemust state'Mr & Mrs 7 their address. Lisa sayshe should carry some spareclothes in 8 .......... For health reasons,Dan intends to wear 9 .................

during the flight.

Dan should practise carrying his luggage for a minimum distance of 10 ...............

74

IELTS PracticeTests

Section2 Questionsll-13 ChooseTHREE letters A-F. Wat doesSally sayabout universities? A

Compared to the generalpopulation, few studentsare disabled.

B

Most universities don't want students aged over 25.

C

Old universitiescan present particular diffrculties for the disabled.

D

All university buildings have to provide facilities for the disabled.

E

There are very few university disability advisors.

F

Some disability advisorscan do little to help disabledstudents.

Questions14-19 Completethe table below. Write NO MOKE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer. , -: ;:{i:!:,::!:r

s*,. ier ;$:i:,,iii riiA'A,:{ia1t:j3i*!i(+ite$i!Altiitl!ielii.iitiia?;::ii1t1t::ilt

Disabiliw

Facilities

General

personal care and assistance rmparrment ramps and easyaccess, fire and emergencyprocedures 14 ............... lavatory facilities induction loops, flashing sirens,

t6 Sight impairment

Braille translators, 17 ...............

on stairs,floors,etc

fire and emergencyprocedures

Dyslexia

Other difficulties

useof computer 18 ...............

to finishwork

accessto treatment: medication/therapy 19 ...............

procedures

I

Test3

75

Question 20

L

Choose thecorrettletterA, B, C or D. 20 What is the speaker'smain purpose? A to explainwhy comparativelyfew studentsare disabled B to advisedisabledstudentswhat to look for in a university C to describethe facilitiesfor the disabledin a particular university D to criticize the facilitiesfor the disabledin most universities

Section3 Questions2l-26 thenota belowusinglettersA-F from thebox. Complete l\R

Youmay useany lettermorethan once.

A tour of the university campus B formal dinner party C meetingwith'senior' students D 'driving in this country E visit to a night club F

tour of the city

Orientation Cnursefor international students What Liz liked about the course. 2l 22 ............ 23 ............ What Mark thinl$ could be improved. 24 ............ 25 ............ 26 ............

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IELTS PracticeTests

Qudstions2T-30 Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C, or D. 27 Your room during the Orientation Courseis A

usuallysharedwith anotherstudent.

B the sameroom you will havefor the rest of the year. C somedistancefrom the universitF. D furnished,and with bedclothesprovided. t

The daytimetemperaturewill probablybe A lessthan 10"C. B between10"Cand 20"C.

c 20"c. D morethan 20"C.

/

How much fiee email time do you get? A

30 minutes

B 20 minutes C

15minutes

D

10minutes

Thereare Orientation Courseactivitiesfrom A

SundaytoSaturday.

B Sundayto Friday. C Monday to Friday. D Monday to Saturday.

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77

Section4 Questions3l:33 Completethe sentencesbelow. WriteNO MOKETHAN TWOWORDS for eachanswer. Fireworkswere first used in China, probably in the 3l ...............

century. By the following century,they wereknown in Arabia as 32 Fireworksfust appearedin 33

in the thirteenth century.

Questions34-37 Labelthediagram.WriteNO MOKETHAN THKEEWOKDSfor eachanswer. Firework Mortar

36 length of mortar:

35 width of mortar:

78

IELTS PracticeTests

Questions 38-40 Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C or D. A multibreak shell A

is more dangerousthan a simple shell.

B

may make a noise when it bursts.

C

has a single fuse for all its sections.

39 An aerial heart shapeis made by the explosion of A

starsplaced inside a shell in the form of a circle.

B

heart-shapedstarsplaced inside a shell.

C

stars arranged in the form of a heart inside a shell.

40 What does a Serpentineshell look like in the sky? A

.

; 6\ .1s*.

V V v---d-r-.*'

r -".": I l .'r*i

. : t /+ *-t, (t .+' .. i ,-' t, + ! -+, t

\, ' zlr z\ --fi-"__-F---

F" #=+'

c

.j;.

B

'.

!

l;;':i;xj.:+ f'+ i+ . * +; i i i+ r*

*

i

+ ' )' .

. . ii * i *r* } ' r.

.{

*

J t Fr *

+

+

i

**n nt',.,' :'"r.'\r*L | J i } +{

+f

Test3

79

Academicreading t hour n

1.

Reading passageI Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-14, which are basedon ReadingPassage1.

Unmaskingskin If you took off your skin and laid it flat, it would cover an area of about twenty-one square feet, making it by far the body's largest organ. Draped in place over our bodies, skin forms the barrier between what's inside us and what's outside. It protects us from a multitude of external forces. It servesas an avenueto our most intimate physical and psychologicalselves. This impervious yet permeable barrier, less than a millimetre thick in places,is composed of three layers. The outermost layer is the bloodlessepidermis. The dermis includes collagen, elastin, and nerve endings. The innermost layer, subcutaneous fat, contains tissue that acts as an energy source, cushion and insulator for the body. From these familiar characteristicsof skin emerge the profound mysteries of touch, arguably our most essentialsource of sensory stimulation. lJ7ecan live without seeingor hearing - in fact, without any of our other senses.But babies born without effective nerve connections between skin and brain can fail to thrive and mav even die. Laboratory experiments decadesago, now consideredunethical and inhumane, kept baby monkeys from being touched by their mothers. It made no difference that the babies could see,hear and smell their

80

IELTS Practice Tests

mothers;without touching,the babies becameapathetic,and failed to progress. For humans,insuffrcienttouchingin early yearscanhavelifelongresults.'In touching cultures,adult aggression is low, whereasin cultureswheretouch is limited, adult aggression is high,' writes Tiffany Field, directorof the TouchResearchInstitutesat the Universityof Miami Schoolof Medicine.Studiesof a variety of cultures showa correspondence betweenhigh rates of physicalaffectionin childhoodand low ratesof adult physicalviolence.

\(lhile the effects of touching are easy to understand, the mechanicsof it are less so. 'Your skin has millions of nerve cells of various shapesat different depthsr' explains Stanley Bolanowski, a neuroscientist and associatedirector of the Institute for SensoryResearchat SyracuseUniversity. 'When the nerve cells are stimulated, physical energy is transformed into energy used by the nervous system and passedfrom the skin to the spinal cord and brain. It's called transduction, and no one knows exactly how it takes place.' Suffice it to say that the processinvolves the intricate, splitsecondoperation of a complex system of signals between neurons in the skin and brain.

G This is starting to sound very confusing until Bolanowski says: 'In simple terms people perceive three basic things via skin: pressure,temperature, and pain.' And then I'm sure he's wrong. '\il7henI get wet, my dkin feelswetr'I protest. 'Closeyour eyes and lean back,' saysBolanowski.

Both sensationsarise from a neurological transmission, not from something that physically exists. Skin, I'm realizing, is under constant assault,both from within the body and from forces outside. Repairs occur with varying success. J

Take the spot where I nicked myself with a knife while slicing fruit. I have a crusty scab surrounded by pink tissue about a quarter inch long on my right palm. Under the scab, epidermal cells are migrating into the wound to close it up. When the processis complete, the scab will fall off to reveal new epidermis. It's only been a few days, but my little self-repair is almost complete. Likewise, we recover quickly from slight burns. If you ever happen to touch a hot burner, just put your finger in cold water. The chancesare you will have no blister, little pain and no scar.Severeburns, though, are a different matter.

H Something cold and wet is on my foreheadso wet, in fact, that I wait for water to start dripping down my cheeks. 'Open your eyes.' Bolanowski says,showing me that the sensationcomes from a chilled, but dry, metal cylinder. The combination of pressure and cold, he explains, is what makes my skin perceive wetness.He gives me a surgical glove to put on and has me put a finger in a glassof cold water. My finger feels wet, even though I have visual proof that it's not touching water. My skin, which seemedso reliable, has been deceiving me my entire life. When I shower or wash my hands, I now rcalize, my skin feels pressure and temperature. It's my brain that saysI feel wet. Perceptionsof pressure,temperature and pain manifest themselvesin many different ways. Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors can result in ticklishness; gentle stimulation of pain receptors, in itching.

Test3

81

Questions1-4 Thepassagehai l0 paragraphsA-1. Which paragraphcontainsthefollowing information? Write the correctletterA-l in boxes14 on your answersheet.

I

the featuresof human skin, on and below the surface

2

an experiment in which the writer can seewhat is happening

3

advice on how you can avoid damage to the skin

4

cruel researchmethods used in the past

Questions5 and 6 Choosethe carrect letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answresin boxes5 and 6 on your answersheet. 5

6

82

IELTS PracticeTests

How does a lack of affectionate touching affect children? A

It makes them apathetic.

B

They are more likely to becomeviolent adults.

C

They will be less aggressivewhen they grow up.

D

We do not reallyknow.

After the'wetness'experiments,the writer saysthat A

his skin is not normal.

B

his skin was wet when it felt wet.

C

he knew why it felt wet when it was dry.

D

the experimentstaught him nothing new.

Questions7-11 Completeeachsentencewith the correctending A-I from the boxbelow. Write the correctletter A-I in boxes7-11 on your answersheet. 7

Touch is unique among the five senses

8

A substancemay feel wet

9

Something may ticHe

l0 The skin may itch 11 A small cut healsup quickly

A becauseit is both cold and painful. B becausethe outer layer of the skin can mend itself. C becauseit can be extremely thin. D becausethere is light pressureon the skin. E becausewe do not need the others to survive. F becausethere is a good blood supply to the skin. G becauseof a small amount of pain. H becausethere is a low temperature and pressure. I

becauseit is hurting a lot.

I

becauseall humans are capableof experiencingit.

Questionsl2-I4 Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the information given in Reading Passage1? In boxes12-14 on your answersheetwrite TRUE

if the statementagreeswith the information

FALSE

if the statementcontradictsthe information

NOT GIIZEN

if thereis no information on this

12 Even scientistshave difficulty understanding how our senseof touch works. 13 The skin is more sensitiveto pressurethan to temperature or pain. 14 The human skin is alwaysgood at repairing itself.

Test3

83

Readingpassage2 : Youshouldspendabout 20 minutes on Questions7N27, which arebasedon ReadingPassage2.

Questions15-19 Readingpassage2 hasfive sectionsA-E. Choosethe most suitableheadingsfor sectionsA-E from the list of headingsbelow. Write the correctnumber i-x in boxes15-19 on your answersheet. List of headings i How to make the locks in your home more secure ii How to open a lock without a key iii Choosing the right tools to open locks iv v

The rylinder and the bolt How to open a lock with a different key

vi

Lockvarieties

vii

How a basic deadbolt systemworks The people who open locks without a key

viii ix x

How a cylinder lock works How to pick different kinds of lock

15 SectionA 16 SectionB 17 SectionC l8 SectionD 19 SectionE

84

IILTSPracticeTests

How Lock PickingWorks Section A Lockpickingis an essentialskillforlocksmiths becauseit letsthemget pasta lockwithout destroying it.Whenyoulockyourselfout of your houseor loseyourkey,a locksmithcan let you backin veryeasily. Lock-picking skillsare not particularly commonamongburglars, mainlybecause there areso manyother,simplerwaysof breakinginto a house(throwinga brickthrougha back window,for example). Forthe mostpart,only intruderswho needto covertheirtracks,such will botherto picka as spiesanddetectives, lock, the principles Simplyunderstanding of lock pickingmaychangeyourwholeattitudetoward locksandkeys.Lockpickingclearly demonstrates that normallocksare not infallible providea levelof securitythat can devlces.They with minimaleffort.With the right be breached tools.a determined intrudercan breakinto almostanything. Section B Locksmiths define lock-picking as the manipulation to opena of a lock'scomponents lockwithouta key.Tounderstand lock-picking, then,youfirst haveto knowhowlocksand keys work, Thinkaboutthe normaldeadboltlockyou mightf ind on a f rontdoor.In this sort of lock,a in the doorso movableboltor latchis embedded it can be extended outto the side.This boltis linedup with a notchin the frame,Whenyou turn the lock,the boltextendsintothe notchin the f rame,so the doorcan'tmove.Whenyou retractthe bolt,the doormovesf reely.The lock's with a onlyjob is to makeit simplefor someone keyto movethe boltbut difficultfor someone withouta keyto moveit. Section C lockdesignis the cylinder The mostwidely-used

lock.In this kind,the keyturnsa cylinderin the middleof the lock,whichturnsthe attached mechanism, Whenthe cylinderis turnedone pullsin on the boltandthe way,the mechanism doorcanopen.Whenthe cylinderturnsthe releases otherway,the mechanism the boltso the doorcannotopen, Oneof the mostcommoncylinderlocksis the pin design.lts maincomponents arethe housing (theouterparto{ the lockwhichdoesnot move), andseveralverticalshafts the centralcylinder, that run downf romthe housingintothe cylinder. Insidetheseshaftsare pairsof metalpinsof varyinglength,heldin positionby smallsprings. Withoutthe key,the pinsarepartlyin the housingand partlyin the cylinder, so thatthe mechanism cannotturn andthe lock,therefore, cannotopen,Whenyou putthe correctkeyinto the cylinder, the notchesin the keypusheach pairof pinsup just enoughso thatthe top pin is in the housingandthe bottompin is completely entirelyin the cylinder. lt nowturnsf reely,and youcanopenthe lock. Section D To picka pin lock,yousimplymoveeachpin pair are intothe correctposition,one by one.There picking process. two maintoolsusedin the Picks:long,thin piecesof metalthat curveup at the end(likea dentist'spick). A tensionwrench:the simplestsort of tensionwrenchis a thin screwdriver. Thef irst stepin pickinga lockis to insertthe andturn it in the tensionwrenchintothe keyhole samedirectionthat youwouldturnthe key.This turnsthe cylinderso that it is slightlyoffset f romthe housingaroundit, creatinga slight ledgein the pin shafts. you Whileapplyingpressure on the cylinder, slidethe pickintothe keyhole and beginlifting the pins.Theobjectis to lift eachpin pairup to the levelat whichthe top pin movescompletely intothe housing, as if pushedbythe correctkey.

Test3

85

Questions23-25 Completethe notesbelow. ChooseNO MORE THAN TH&EEWORDS from the passagefor eachanswer. Write your answersin boxes23-25 on your answersheet. Picking a lock Turn rylinder slightly using 23 Hold cylinder still and insert 24................ Push top pin into shaft. Hold top pin abovecylindeaon 25.......... Lift and hold all other pins in sameway. Turn rylinder and open lock.

Questions26-27 Completethe table below. ChooseNo MOKETHAN THKEEWORDSfrom thepassage for eachanswer. Write your answersin boxes26-27 on your answersheet.

Type oflock

How secure?

Where used? houses,padlocks,etc

Tubular

relatively low securitv

most cars

superior protection

vending machines

Test3

87

Readingpassage3 i Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson Questions2840, which are basedon ReadingPassage 3.

Managing cultural diversity is a core component of most mastersprogrammes these days. The growth of Japanese corporations in the sixties and seventies reminded us that there were other models of businessthan those taught by Harvard professorsand US-basedmanagement consultants.And the cultural limits to the American model have more recently been ro underlined by developments in Russiaand central Europe over the past decade. Yet in Britairu we are still more ready to acceptthe American model of management than most other European countries. As a result, UK managersoften fail to understand how businesspractices are fundamentally different on the Continent.One outcome is that many mergers and acquisitions,strategic alliancesand joint ventures between British zoand European companiesdo not achieve their objectivesand end in tears. Alternatively, managersmay avoid a merger or joint venture which makes sense from a hard-nosed strategic point of view becausethey fear that different working

88

iILfS PraeticeTests

practiceswill prevent their goals from being achieved. Essentially,Anglo-Saxon companiesare structured on the principles of project management.In the eighties, companieswere downsized, with tiers of management eliminated. In the nineties, management fashion embracedthe ideas of business processre-engineering,so organizations were broken down into customer-focusedtrading units. Sometimesthesewere establishedas subsidiary companies,at other times as profit-and-loss or cost centres. Over the past ten years, theseprinciples have been applied as vigorously to the UK public sector as to private-sector corporations. Hospitals, schools,universities, social servicesdepartments,as well as large areasof national government, now operate on project managementprinciples - all with built-in operational targets,key success factors, and performance-relatedreward systems. The underlying objectivesfor this widespread processof organizational

restructuring have been to increasethe transparencyof operations, encourage personal accountability,become more efficient at delivering serviceto customer, and directly relate rewards to performance. The result is a managementculture which is entrepreneurially oriented and focused almost entirely on the short term, and highly segmentedorganizational structures - since 50employee incentives and rewards are geared to the activities of their own particular unit. This businessmodel has also required development of new personal skills. We are now encouragedto lead, rather than to manage by setting goals and incentive systemsfor staff. We have to be cooperative team members rather than work on our own. We have to acceptthat, in flattened and decentralized orgarizations, there are very zolimited careerprospects.We are to be motivated by target-relatedrewards rather than a longer-term comrnitment to our employing organization. This is in sharp confrast to the model of management that applies elsewherein Europe. The principles of businessprocess re-engineeringhave never been fully acceptedin France,Germany and the other major economies;while in some Eastern soEuropean economies,the attempt to apply them in the nineties brought the economy virtually to its knees,and createdhuge opportunities for corrupt middle managers and organized crime. Instead, continental European companies have stuck to the bureaucratic model which delivered economic growth for them throughout the twentieth century. European corporations continue to be structured nohierarchically,with clearly defined job descriptions and explicit channelsof reporting. Decision making, although incorporating consultative processes,remains essentially top-down. Which of thesetwo models is preferable? Certainly, the downside of the AngloAmerican model is now becoming evident, not least in the long-hours working culture that the application of the decentralized rooproject managementmodel inevitably generates.

ll0

720

130

\zVhetherin a hospital, a software start-up or a factory, the breakdown of work processesinto project-driven targets leads to over-optimistic goals and underestimatesof the resourcesneeded. The result is that the successof projects often demands excessively long working hours if the targets are to be achieved. Further. the successcriteria, as calibrated in performance targets, are inevitably arbitrary, and the source of ongoing dispute. Witness the objectionsof teachersand medics to the performance measuresapplied to them by successivegoverrunents.This is not surprising. In a factory producing cars the output of individuals is directly measurable, but what criteria can be used to measure output and performance in knowledge-based activities such as R&D labs, government offices,and even the marketing departments of large corporations? The demands and stressesof operating according to the Anglo-American model seemto be leading to increasing rates of personnel burn-out. It is not surprising that m€magersqueue for early retirement. In a recent survey/just a fifth said they would work to 65. This could be why labour market participation rates have declined so dramatically for British S0-year-oldsin the past twenty years. By contrast, the European management model allows for family-friendly employment policies and working hours directives to be implemented. It encourages staff to have a long-term psychological commitment to their employing organizations. Of course,companies operating on target-focusedproject managementprinciples may be committed to family-friendly employment policies in theory. But, if the businessplan has to be finished by the end of the monttu the advertising campaign completed by the end of next week, and patients pushed through the system to achieve measurabletargets,are we really going to let down our'team'by clocking out at 5 p.-. and taking our full entitlement of annual leave? Perhapsthis is why we admire the French for their quality of life.

Test3

89

Questions28-31 t

Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the writer's viewsin ReadingPassage 3? In boxes28-31 on your answersheetwrite yES

if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer

NO

if the statementdoesnot agreewith the viewsof the writer

NOT GII4EN

if thereis no information about this in the passage

28 Attempts by British and mainland European firms to work together often fail.

29 Project managementprinciples discourageconsideration of long-term issues.

30 There are good opportunities for promotion within segmentedcompanies. 3l The European model givesmore freedom of action to junior managers.

Questions32-37 Completethe summary below. Choosethe answersfrom the box and write the correspondingwordsin boxes32-37 on your answersheet.Thereare more choicesthan spaces,soyou will not needto useall of them. Adopting the US model in Britain has had negativeeffects.Theseinclude the 32 ...............

hours spentat work, as small sectionsof large

organizationsstruggleto 33 ...........

.. unrealisticshort-term

objectives.Nor is there 34

on how to calculatethe

productivity of professional,technical, and clerical staff, who cannot be assessed in the sameway as 35 ...............

employees.In addition, managerswithin this culture are

finding the 36 37 ............... List of words argument increasing negative discussion

90

lILTSPractice Tests

of work too great,with 80% reported to be to carry on working until the normal retirementage.

temperature able predict no

reach office declining willing

manufacturing pressure agreement unwilling

Questions38-39 Completethe notesbelow. 3 for each ChooseNo MORE THAN THREEWO&DS from ReadingPassage answer. Write your answersin boxesi8-39 on your answersheet. 38 Working conditions in mainland Europe are in practice more likely to be

39 UK managersworking to tight deadlinesprobably give up some of their

Question40 Choosethe correctletterA, B, C or D. Write your answerin box 40 on your answersheet, Which of the following statementsbest describesthe writer's main purpose in ReadingPassage3? A

to argue that Britain should have adopted the |apanesemodel of managementmanyyears ago

B

to criticize Britain's adoption of the US model, as compared to the European model.

C

to propose a completely new model that would be neither American nor European

D

to point out the negativeeffectsof the existing model on the management of hospitals in Britain

Test3

91

QuestionStrategies: reportingbar graphsand makingcomparisons lf thereis morethanone diagram, studyany heading, keyor sourcefor each. Decidewhatthe vertical axes and horizontal measure, andwhatthe barsshow.

lmproveyour skills:makingcomparisons and which for differences? Whichof thesedo we useto talk about similarities, 1 Comparedto ...,the changein ... wasdramatic. 2 The ... weren'tso closeto their targetasthe ... were. 3 In ... , the gap narrowed.ln the sameway,.. . 4 Thepercentage of ... in ... droppedmuchfasterthan in ... . 5 In both ... and ...,the proportionof ... wasgrowing. 6 Thenumberof ... declinedasrapidlyin ... as in ... . the ... increasedslowly. 7 Whilethe ... went up substantially, fall. 8 In neither... nor ... wasthereanysignificant 9 Thetotalnumberof ... in ... shotup,asdid thosein ... . l0The figuresfor ... showeda ... per cent rise,whereasthosefor ... fell by ... per cent.

Lookfor similarities. differences, changesand trends. > Checkyour answerson page 97 beforeyou continue Makecomparsonsboth withinand between Describe diagrams. similarities, e.g.Therewas almostthesamerisein ... asin ... , and differences, e.g.Themain difference between ... and ... was that... . Comp
lmproveyour skills:pointsto include Whichof thesepointsare suitablefor the taskabove?Crossout the pointsyou would not use,writing irrelevant,repetitiveor inaccuratenext to each. therewas a higherproportionof girlsat all levelsthan a In developedcountries, in developingcountries. b Thefiguresfor girlsand boysin secondaryschoolsaresimilarin my country. c From1990to 2000,therewas a much biggerincreasein femaleenrolmentsin developedcountriesthan in developingcountries. d By 2000,femalesin tertiaryeducationin developedcountriesoutnumbered males. e At primary,secondaryand tertiarylevels,therewerefewergirlsper 100boysin developingcountriesthan in developedones. f Secondaryschoolsin developingcountrieswill probablynot meet their target until about 2020. > Checkyour answerson page97 beforeyou continue

T*st 3

93

Speaking Part I Youwill beaskedsomegeneralquestions abouta rangeoffamilair topicarea. Thispart lastsbetween four andfive minutes. What is your full name? What do peopleusuallycall you? Whereareyou from? Your school days. What do you rememberaboutyour first school,whenyou werea child? In what waysdid life at schoolchangeasyou becameolder? What wasyour favourite subject?Why? Going abroad. What experience do you haveof travellingto other countries? Which countrywould you especiallylike to visit?Why? What arethe bestwaysto getto know a country? What arethe biggestcultural differences betweenyour country and Englishspeakingcountries? Different kinds of entertainment. What sort of televisionprogrammesdo you like watching? How hastelevisionin your country changedin recentyears? Which do you prefer:the cinema,the theatre,or live music?Why? Tellme abouta popularform of public entertainmentin your country.

Test3

95

Part 2 Youwill begiven a topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou tallq you will haveone minute to think aboutwhat you aregoingto say.Youwill begiven paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic: Describe a place that has a specialmeaning to you. You should say: what kind of place it is and where it is what it looks like what soundsyou associatewith it and explain why you particularly like the place.

Follow-up questions: When do you think you will next go there? How would you feel if the place changedin a significant way?

Part 3 Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout abstractissuesand conceptsrelatedto the topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes. Leaving the familyhome Why do many people leavehome when they are still quite young? What personal qualities do you feel are required for a young person to live on their own? Moving from place to place In many countries there has been large-scalemigration from the countryside to the cities. Do you think this is positive or negative? Do you think that the possibility of working from home via the Internet will lead to many people going back to the countryside? Growing cities In what ways do the new megacitiesof Asia,Africa, and South America differ from older ones such as London or New York? Should therebe a limit on the sizeof cities?

96

Tests |ILTSPractice

i'iitli!l

iix

Improveyour skills k y AcademicWriting page93 Makingcomparisons Similarities: 3,5,6, 8,9. Differences1,2,4,7, 10. Pointsto include page 93 include irrelevant inaccurate include (sameas(a)) repetitive irrelevant

a b c d e f

Usingappropriatelanguagepage94 1b 2a 3a 4b 5a 6b 7a 8b 9b

avoidcontractedform avoidcolloquialword single-wordverb preferredto phrasalverb avoidabbreviationor acronym formallinkerpreferred reportedspeechratherthan directspeech passivepreferredto active. avoidendingwith preposition complexsentence(here,a relativeclause)rather than simplesentences Otherfeaturesof informalspeech:exclamation marks,slang,omitted pronouns,etc.

Test4 Listening30 minutes SectionI Questions l-4

Answerthequestions below. write NO MORE THAN THREEWORDSfor eachanswer. Which documentscould Samuseasproof of her name?

I 2

Which could sheuseasproof of her address? counciltax bill

phonebill (fixedline) 4

Questions 5-7 Completethe notesbelow. write No MOKE THAN TWO WOKDS OR NUMBERS for each answer. Name of bank?

Savings Bank

Open which days?

Monday-Friday

Openinghours?

5 .................

Where?

6 ................

Freegift?

98

IELTS PracticeTests

Questions8-10 Match theplacesin QuestionsB-10 to the appropriatelettersA-H on the map. 8

RoyalBank ............

9

Northern Bank

10 NationalBank ............ rl

;.._ :.... :...tt_ut: ut: ]i rl ln "r

*::a::ral:;lt::a

ll

lnternet Ca f d

f'

Park

li-uotetI

Hig h S t re e t

Hig h S t re e t <

Central ilti 1.1,1[

Market

rD

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Mark e t S t re e t

Mark e t S t re e t

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County Library

Test4

Section2 Questions1I-14 Completethe table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer. Preparing for the interview What to do

Howto do it

Step l: Prepare things to take.

Gather all documents, e.g.copiesof rdsum6.

Step 2: Get more information.

Check you have pen and paper.

Choose1l ............... drawings,written work.

, e.g.designs,

Ask firm for a12 Seeprofiles at Chamber of Commerce,library.

Step3: Focuson you and the job.

Contact13 ............... related firms.

of this or

Compare yourself with what is required. Imagine likely questionsand your answers. Decide how to make up for any 14 ............... vou lack.

Questions15-20 Completethe notesbelow. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer. At the interview Arrive no more than 15

before the time of the interview.

After you hear the question,you can 16 ............... You can 17 ................

beforeyou reply.

if you don't understandwhat they'reaskingyou.

Wait for them to offer you the job before you saywhat 18 you want. Learningfrom the experience will makeyou more 19 .................................. in future interviews. Payattention to your 20 ............... attitude.

100

IELTS PracticeTests

- it showsyou havea positive

Section3 Questions2l-24 Completethe summary belowby writing NO MORE THAN THKEE WORDS in provided. the spaces To many employers,academicsuccessand personal development as a result of being at 2l ............... choose22 -..............

can be as important as coursecontent,so modulesthat you may do well in. You should,

however,think more carefully about your choice if your courseis 23

;;; ;;;;;;#iffilfi :ffi;ffi ::H:liT ;f;::, academicdepartmentor the 24 ...............

at the university.

Questions25-29 Write the appropriatelettersA-C againstquestions25-29. Which modules havethe following features? A

Applied Chemical Engineering

B

Fluid Mechanics

C

Chemical Engineering:Science1

25 developingcomputer skills ............ 26 exemptionfrom part of a module 27 assessment bv formal examination 28 developing speakingand writing skills 29 learning through problem solving

Question30 30 Which chart showsthe percentageof private study time on the Spanish 1A module? . .-..-,.'.

%#

,_

,,,.:-.*i*sJadek&i

$

=privatestudl

J

=classcontact

Test4

101

Section4 Questions3l=33 Labelthediagram.write No MoRE THAN TWO WORDSAND/OR A NUMBERfor eachanswer. , ..1,,,.::,::;r'r,;'ij:;::kiirilsai;::':iiritii;r**!iiii!i**Sneg{it*';!=id,gK*iliiii:i1$**l'1

The Acraman Crater

speedof meteorite:3l ........................ l km per hour

depthof crater: 32 ........................ kilometres kilometres width of crater:33 ........................

Questions34-36 Choosefrom lettersA-C and write them on your answersheet.

34 The crater at Acraman rs A

nowadaysentirely coveredby seawater.

B

one of the most beautiful on Earth.

C

lessspectacularthan others in Australia.

35 Williams realizedwhat had happened at Acraman when he A

saw pictures of the area taken from above.

B

visited Acraman for the first time in 1980.

C

noticed a picture of the crater in a textbook.

36 Where was rock from Acraman found? A

Only in the Flinders mountains.

B

At severalplacesover 300 km from Acraman.

C

At a place 500 km from Acraman, but nowhere else.

Questions 3740 write NO M)RE THAN THREEWoRDs for eachanswer. 37 What made the seawater shake? 38 What threw the pebblesinto the air? 39 What was mixed with silt to form a layer of rock? 40 What shapedthe ripples on top of the rock? ..........

102

IELTS PracliceTests

Academic Reading t hour ReadingpassageI Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions1-13, which are basedon ReadingPassage1.

ThePowerof Light revealsthe world to us. It setsour biologicalclocks.It triggersin our brainsthe sensations of colour.Light feedsus, supplying the energyfor plantsto grow It inspiresus with specialeffectslike rainbowsand sunsets. Light givesus life-changingtools, from incandescent bulbs to lasersand fibre optics. There hasbeenlight from the beginning. lThere will be light, feebly,at the end. In all its ro forms, visible and invisible,it saturatesthe universe.Light is more than a little bit inscrutable.Modern physicshasslicedthe stuff of natureinto eversmallerand more exotic constituents,but light won't reduce.Light is light - pure, but not simple.No one is quite surehow to describeit. A wave?A particle? Yes,the scientistssay.Both. It is a measureof light's importancein our daily lives that we hardly pay any attention to zo it. Light is almostlike air. It's a given.A human would no more linger over the conceptof light than a fish would ponder the notion of water. There are exceptions,certainmomentsof suddenappreciationwhen a particular manifestationof light, a transitory glory, appears:a rainbow,a sunset,a flashof lightning in a dark sky, the shimmering surface of the seaat twilight, the dappledlight in a forest,the little red dot from a professor'slaser 30pointer. The flicker of a candle,flooding a room with romance.The torch searchingfor the circuit breakersafter a power cut. Usually,though, we don't seelight, we merelyseewith it. You can't appreciatethe beautyof a roseif you ponder that the colour

red is just the brain'sinterpretationof a specificwavelengthof light with creststhat are roughly 700 nanometresapart. A theatrical lighting director told me that she'sdoing her +o job bestwhen no one noticesthe lights at all. Her goal is to createan atmosphere,a mood not to showoff the fancy new filters that create coloursof startlingintensity. Light is now usedfor everythingfrom laser eyesurgeryto telephonetechnology.It could evenbecomethe main power sourcefor longdistancespacetravel. The spaceshipwould have an ultrathin sail to catchthe 'wind' of light

i t:- l {

a

103

beamedfrom an Earth-basedlaser.In theory sucha craft could accelerateto a sizeablg fraction of the speedof light, without cdrrying fuel. Vhat we call light is really the samething in a different set of wavelengthsasthe radiation that we call radio wavesor gammarays or xrays.But visiblelight is unlike any other fundamentalelementof the universe:it directly,regularlyand dramaticallyinteracts with our senses.Light offershigh-resolution information acrossgreat distances.You can't hearor smell the moonsof Jupiter or the Crab Nebula. Somuch of vital importanceis communicatedby visible light that almost everything from a fly to an octopushas a way to captureit - an eye,eyes,or somethingsimilar. It's worth noting that our eyesare designed to detectthe kind of light that is radiatedin abundanceby the particular star that giveslife to our planet: the sun. Visible light is powerful stuff, moving at relatively short wavelengths, which makesit biologicallyconvenient.To see long, stretched-outradio waves,we'd haveto havehuge eyeslike satellitedishes.Not worth the trouble! Nor would it makesensefor our eyesto detectinfrared light (though some deep-seashrimp near hot springsdo seethis way). \7e'd be constantlydistracted,becausein thesewavelengthsany heat-emittingobject glows. That would include almost everything aroundus. There is alsodarknessin the daytime: shadows.There are many kinds of shadows, more than I realizeduntil I consulted astronomerand shadowexpert David Lynch in TopangaCanyon,up the coastfrom Santa Monica, California.Lynch points out that a shadowis filled with light reflected from the sky,otherwiseit would be completelyblack. Black is the way shadowson the moon lookei to the Apollo astronauts,becausethe moon has no atmosphereand thus no sky to bouncelight into the unlit cranniesof the lunar surface. Lynch is a man who, when he looks at a rainbow,spotsdetailsthat eludemost of us. He knows, for example,that all rainbowscomein pairs,and he alwayslooks for the second rainbow: a faint, parallelrainbow,with the coloursin reverseorder. The interveningregion

104

lILTSPraetic*Tests

is darker,That areahasa name,wouldn't you know: Alexander'sdark band. As I took in the spectacularview acrossthe canyon,Lynch explainedsomethingelse:'the reasonthose mountainsover there look a little blue,' he said, indicatingthe rangethat obscuresthe Pacific, 'is becausethere'ssky betweenhereand those mountains.It's calledairlight.' \7hat next for light? rJflhatnew application will we see?\flhat orthodoxy-bustingcosmic information will starlightdeliver to our l t0 telescopes? I7ill the rotating discoball ever makea dance-floorcomeback?Aboveall, you haveto wonder:will we everfully understand light? There havebeenrecentheadlinesabout scientistsfinding ways to make light go faster than the speedof light. This is what science fiction writers and certain overly imaginative folks havedreamedof for decades.If you could makea spaceshipthat wasn'tbound by 120 Einstein'sspeedlimit, they fantasized,you could zip aroundthe universefar more easily. Lijun W'ang,a researchscientistat Princeton,managedto createa pulseof light that went fasterthan the supposedspeedlimit. 'W'ecreatedan artificial medium of cesiumgas in which the speedof a pulseof light exceeds the speedof light in a vacuum,' he said, 'but this is not at oddswith Einstein.' Even though. light can be manipulatedto go fasterthan light, 130 matter can't. Information can't. There's no possibilityof time travel. I asked\fang why light goes 186,282miles a secondand not someother speed.'That's just the way natureis,' he said.There are scientists who don't like'why'questionslike this. The speedof light is just what it is. That's their belief. \flhether light would move at a different velocity in a different universeis something that is currently outsidethe scopeof 140 experimentalscience.It's evena bit 'out there' for the theorists. S7hat'scertainis that light is going to remainextremelyusefulfor industry,science, art, and our daily,mundanecomingsand goings.Light permeatesour reality at every scaleof existence.It's an amazingtool, a carrier of beauty,a giver of life. I can't help but saythat it hasa very bright future.

Questionsl-5 Readingpassage3 describesa number of causeand ffict relationships.Match each Cause(1-5) in List A, with its Effect (A-H) in List B. Write your aflswers(A-H) in boxes1-5 on your answersheet. Thereare more Effectsin List B than you will need,soyou will not useall of them. ListA Causes I

Much of the time, visible light is all around us.

2

Light can sometimesappear in an interesting way.

3 Visible light carries a lot of essentialinformation. 4 Without an atmosphere,light is not reflected onto solid surfaces. 5

Only light can exceed186,282miles per second.

List B Effects A

Nearly all living creaturescan detect it.

B

There is a dark gap between rainbows.

C

Light from Earth could power a spacecraft.

D

Shadowsare totally black.

E

We cannot return to the past.

F

We don t really notice or think about it.

G

Certain creaturescan detect infra-red light.

H

We instantly become aware of it.

Test4

105

Questions6-10 T

Do thefollowing stdtementsagreewith the views of the writer in ReadingPassage 1? In boxes6-10 on your answersheetwrite yES

if the statementagreeswith the viewsof the writer

NO

if the statementdoesnot agreewith the views of the writer

NOT GfyEN

if thereis no information about this in thepassage

6

It is difficult to find a single word to say exactly what light is.

7

Thinking about the physicsof light can make an object seemeven more beautiful.

S

Light from the sun makesit possiblefor life to exist on other planets.

9

It is more practical for humans to detect visible light rather than radio waves.

l0 David Lynch sometimesnotices things that other people don t.

Questionsll-13 Answer thefollowing qilestionsusingNO MORE THAN THKEEWORDS for each answer. Write your answersin boxes11-13on your answersheet. ll

What appearancecan the land havewhen seenfrom a distance?

12 Inwhat have some people imagined travelling? 13 In what substancedid light go faster than previously thought possible?

106

IELTS Practice Tests

Readingpassage 2 Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions14-27, which are basedon ReadingPassage 2.

'You could be forgivenfor thinkingiust about every man and his dog hasan MBA these days,'says Anthony Hesketh,of LancasterUniversity managementschool.Weknow what he means. Suchis the worldwide growth and awarenessof the MBA that this icon of careeradvancementand high salarieshasalmost becomesynonymouswith postgraduateeducationin the businesssector. In reality,manypostgraduatealternativesto an MBA exist.Thetotal number of MBA programmes worldwide is around 2,400,while other masters and advancedcoursesin the whole spectrumof businesseducationadd up to more than 10,000. Two key distinctionsexist in matchingwhat aspiringstudentswant with what the universities offer:first is generalization versusspecialization, and secondis pre-experienceversuspostexperience,and the two distinctionsare interlinked.Carol Blackman, of the Universityof

zoWestminsterschoolof business, explainsthe first distinction.'Specialist mastersprogrammes are designedeither for careerpreparationin a clearly definedtype of job or profession,or are intended to developor enhanceprofessionalcompetencein individuals who are alreadyexperienced.The aim is to increasethe depth of their knowledgein the specialist area.TheMBA,on the other hand,is a generalmanagementprogrammewhich provides practisingmanagerswith an opportunity for 30personaldevelopmentwith a broadly-based introductionto all managementsubjectareasand the theory and practiceof management'. Specialistknowledge,however,is not everything when it comesto findinga lob. Surveysby the UK'sAssociationof GraduateRecruiters(AGR) repeatedlyconfirm that what employersseek,and continueto find scarce,are the personalskillsthat will makegraduatesvaluableemployees.In fact,

Test4

1O7

. Wili employersconsiderthat I lack drive when recruitingnew graduates,most employers +oconsideredthese skillsmore important thin eo and ambition becauseI havedeferredmy specialistknowledge.Whatemployersseek most aftemptsto find a worthwhile job? from new graduatesare enthusiasmand selfMany postgraduateoptions exist that can help motivation,interpersonalskills,team working and you to acquirethe personalskillsthat employers good oral communication.Of the nineteenskills in the world of businessare seeking.Consider,for consideredimportant in AGR's2002 survey,just example,the offeringsof Strathclydeand Durham three require specialisteducation- numeracy, universities. computer literacyand foreign languages - and Accordingto Dr Nic Beech,of the University these are low on the list. of Strathclydegraduateschool of business:'The Nunzio Quacquarelli, chief executiveof MScin businessmanagement(MBM),offeredat so topcareers.net, takesthis further.'Clearly,salary rooUSGSBis suitablefor studentswith a good first differentialsfor those with a seconddegree,but no degree- particularlya non-business first degreesignificantwork experience,do not matchthose of but little or no business experience. Our MBM a good MBA and a number of yearsin the offersthese graduatesthe opportunity to combine workplace.Accordingto the AGR research,about the specialization of their first degreewith a 14%of employersoffered a better salaryto those generalmanagementqualification- something new graduateswith a masters- or evena employersrecognizeproducesa well-rounded doctorate.ln my view,the salaryimprovementof individual. l0% to 15%largely reflects the recruit! age and Graduatestell us that the MBM allowsthem to earningexpectancyrather than the increasein accesssectors previouslyout of reach.lt is eo humancapitalperceivedby the employer.Contrast rro designedto developthe businessknowledge, this with our latesttopmba.comMBA Recruiters practicalexperienceand personalskillswhich Surveyresultswhich showsthat the averagesalary employersare seeking.' paidto an MBA with good work experiencein the At the Universityof Durham businessschool, US and Europeis US$80,000- around two and a SheenaMaberlyis careersdevelopmentofficer;she halftimes the averagestartingsalaryfor a young too seeshighvaluein qualifications such as the postgraduate.' Durham MA in management(DMAM). Shesays: Anthony Heskethposesthe questionwhether 'Whatever your first degree,from anthropology to holdinga seconddegreemay evenbe a zoology,a postgraduatebusinessdegreecan help disadvantage.'l haveseenmany reports over the you gain a competitiveedgein an over-crowded 70years suggestintthat employersview rzojob market.lf you'rejust startingout in your postgraduates as eminentlylessemployablethan career,a businessmastersdegreelike the DMAM those with a first degree.Drive, motivationand will enableyou to developskillsdirectly relevant careerfocus,not to mention ability,are what to employers'needs.So,extendingyour studies employersvalueand are preparedto payfor.A into managementcan makeyou better equipped postgraduateimmediatelyhasan uphilltask to'hit the groundrunning'- and that! what explainingan additionalyear,or three years,of employersexpect.Recruitersare highlyselective study.' and a vocationalqualificationis additionalevidence This view may seem cynical,but, if you are of motivation.' about to graduateand are consideringa further Beforecommittingyourselfto postgraduate ao degree,you shouldtake the realitiesinto account r30study,weigh up the options.Perhapsthe best route and ask yourselfsome hard questions: might be to take a job now and planto do an . ls the qualificationI am consideringgoingto MBA a few yearsdown the line?Try to get impressemployers? sponsorshipfrom a company.Or go for a well . ls it goingto give me the edgeover less researchedand thoroughlythought through qualifiedcandidates? mastersthat will help you land a good job. . ls my considerationof a seconddegree Ultimatelythe choice is yours,but focus on the becauseI am not sure of my career future,and on your target employerl expectations. direction?

108

ffrl-fsPractice Tests

Questions14-16 Do thefollowing statementsagreewith the information given in ReailingPassage 2? In boxes1+16 on your answersheetwrite TRUE

if the statementagreeswith the information

FALSE

if the statementcontradictsthe information

NOT GfyEN

if there is no information on this

14 British employersare more interestedin what potential recruits can do than what they know. 15 A recruit with a specialistmastersusually earnsas much as an experienced employee with a good MBA. 16 The writer claims that undergraduatesoften plan to do a mastersbecause they cant decidewhat careerto follow.

Questions17-21 The text quotesvarious individuals. Match thefour peopleA-D with thefour points made in Questions17-21. Youmay useany of the peoplemore than once. Write the appropriateletter (A-D) in boxes17-21 on your answersheet. 17 Employeeswith postgraduatequalifications earn more becausethey are older and expect more. 18 It can be difficult to convince an employer that the extra time spent at university was necessary. 19 One type of coursefocuseson a particular aspectof business,whereasthe other is more generalin approach. 20 Graduateswho have neither worked in nor studied businessare suited to our programme. 21 There is evidencethat companiesmay prefer to employ people without a mastersdegree. List of people A Anthony Hesketh B Carol Blackman C Nunzio Quacquarelli D Nic Beech

Test4

109

Questions22-27 Completethe sukmary below.ChooseONE word from ReadingPassage 2 for each answer, Write your answersin boxes22-27 on your answersheet. According to SheenaMaberly, a seconddegreecan improve the 22 ...............

prospectsof graduatesin any subject.Tirkinga

managementMA givesthem the 23 ...............

companiesare looking

for, and lets them get straight on with the job as soon as they start work. It also showsthey have the24

that companiesseek.

First, however,it is important to considerthe25

.............: whether to

start right away on a carefully chosenpostgraduatecourse,or to do so after a few years'work, preferably with financial assistancefrom the

110

26 ...............

. Whicheverthey decide,they should think about the

27 ...............

and what the companywants.

iELTSPracticeTests

Reiding passage3 Youshouldspendabout20 minuteson Questions2840, whicharebasedon ReadingPassage 3.

Questions28-33 Readingpassage 3 hassevenparagraphsA-G. Choosethe most suitableheadingsfor paragraphsEG from thelist of headingsbelow. Write the correctnumber i-x in boxes28-33 on your answersheet. List of headings Looking at a particular decade i ii Studying trees frozen in ice iii Bringing different studiestogether iv v vi vii viii ix x

Recordsof different speciescompared What dendrochronology is A war that affected the climate Showing how trees record volcanic activity A unique record of other times and places Local records coveringthousands ofyears How tree rings are formed

28 ParagraphB 29 ParagraphC 30 ParagraphD. 31 ParagraphE 32 ParagraphF 33 ParagraphG

Test4

111

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In the jungle of scientific debate, you cannot always seethe wood for the trees. But in climate change,the wood itself sometimesholds the key. Imagine an annual register of a year's sunshine and rainfall and frost, kept up to date with perfect accuracy almost everywheresouth of the tundra and north of the tropics, and availablefor inspection not just at any time in life but, quite often, for centuriesafter death. The register is, of course, the annual growth rings of trees.Match the rings from young trees with those from old forest giants and you have a centuries-longmeasureof the march of the seasons.Match the rings from old trees with old cathedral rafters and you have a still longer chronology - and a sciencecalled dendrochronology.

Becausetree-ring chronologies are constructed on a regional basis,there has, in the past, been a tendency for dendrochronologiststo think local. However, the successof dendrochronology as an international researchtopic means that there are now quite a lot of chronologiesavailablefor study.As the chronologies are dated absolutely,it is possibleto compare the records from different areasyear by year.Recently,an analysis of 383 modern chronologies,drawn from a vast area acrossEurope, northern Eurasiaand North America was published. The authors, Keith Briffa and colleagues, observedthat the maximum late-wood density of the growth rings in each year was related to the temperature in the growing season.Their analysis spanned600 years, back to AD 1400, and presenteda summer temperature record reconstructedfrom the huge grid of preciselydated ring densities. 'What they noticed was that the years of really low density - the cool summerswere directly associatedwith large explosive eruptions, as known from historical sources and from dated layersof acid in the Greenland ice record. Greenland ice is kilometres thick and is made up of the compressedsnowfall of tens of thousands of years,so the ice record can be read in almost the same way as tree-rings.I shall

I r ei

Dendrochronologists,scientistswho stuoy the growth of rings in trees,have successfullyconstructed long tree-ring records by overlapping the patterns of wide and narrow rings in successivelyolder timber specimens.There are now a dozen or so chronologiesin the world that date back more than 5,000 years.These records, normally constructed in a restricted area, using a single speciesof tree, are year-byyear records of how the trees reactedto their growth conditions - an environmental history from the trees' point of view. llrtrr ? i:l :ll':r,r::::::i,:rli

"112

r1.ii:::

IELTS Practice Tests

use this study as an exampleof what else tree-ringscan tell us. IEEI lf"="FiWWffr#ffi The study provides a yearby-year estimate of temperatures,together with the dates of somemajor volcanoes.It is a nice clean story - volcanoesload the atmospherewith dust and aerosoland reflectback sunlight, cooling the earth'ssurface.This cooling leads to variations in the density of growth rings in northern conifers. Becausethere are a lot of other records,it is possibleto test the findings from the conifer density record.

fffii'-=rsFW,F

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'Wecan, for example, look at what Europeanoak was doing acrossthe same 600-yearperiod. \fas oak respondingin the sameway as the conifers?The'oak chronology'is the mean of eight regional oak chronologiesacrossa strip of land from Ireland to Poland. It representshoq on average,hundreds of millions of oaks grew. 'What we seefrom this comparison is that the oaks clearly do respond to the volcanoes in somecases(in 1.602,1740 and 1816,for instance),but nothing like so clearlyin others.Immediatelyit becomesapparent that the conifers tell only part of the story. There are many downturns in oak growth, and only a few are related to the conifer record.The oaks were quite capableof being more stressedin yearswhere the conifers were not affected.The point of this, however,is not to argue about the quality of global cooling; the point is to show what dendrochronology can do.

Ire',#iHe,€.sffiffi'#,i4ffiiF.ffi1 Take the caseof 1816,calledthe 'year without a summer' becauseof the terrible unseasonable cold and the crop failuresthat ensued.It has long beenknown that the primary causeof the cooling was the massiveeruption of Tambora, eastof Java, in 1815.However,there was a lot more going on in the run-up to 1816.Bald cypress trees in Tennesseeshow a major growth anomaly,with rings up to 400 per cent wider than normal, in the yearsfollowing a huge earthquake in 1811-12 in Eastern

America. But thereis a volcanicacid layer in severalGreenland and Antarctic ice cores in 1809-10,as well as in 1815-16.So here we have a combination of a highly unusual quake in an areaof the USA not normally affected by earthquakes,and at least two volcaniceruptions,including Tambora, which is widely regardedas the largest in the last 10,000years.According to Briffa, the period 1810-20was the coldestin the last millennium, so we begin to seea combination of three unusualelementsin lessthan ten years- exceptional earthquake,exceptionalvolcaniceruption, and exceptionalcold. Given that the defeat of Napoleon'sinvasionof Russialn 1.812 was famously attributed to 'General \finter', one wonders whether a natural seriesof eventsactually helped to change the courseof modern history. (CWti.,--=l==-'€5F.#riffi Obviously,the caseof 1816and the years just before and after it is relatively recent and well documented.However, dendrochronology allows us to investigate the effectsof such eventsgeographically, indeedglobally.'Wecan interrogatethe trees in areaswhere there is no historical or instrumental record. Further back in time, dendrochronology is almost the only way to reconstfuct abrupt environmental events and perhaps throw new light on far darker momentsin human history.Werethere just political forcesat work in the Dark Ages, or did violent natural eventsalso take a hand, tipping the balanceby darkeningthe skiesand loweringthe temperature?The treeswere there too, and kept a record. The wood hewn from them and preserved through the centuriesis slowly beginning to yield at leastcircumstantialevidencethat could support someof the stories- think of the Arthurian wasteland,or the plagues of Egypt - so far told only in enigmatic artefacts,or in legends,epics,and religious chronicles.

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Questions34-36 Which THKEE of thefollowing arefeaturesof dendrochronology? Write the appropriateletters A-F in boxes34-36 on your answersheet. A

It provides a complete record of the weather in any part of the world.

B

It involves the study of ring patterns in trees of different ages.

C

A pieceof wood cut a long time ago can form part of the record.

D

Studiesshow that trees of the sametype all have the samenumber of rings.

E

As a scienceit has existedfor over 5,000years.

F

The oldest records are mostly of one type of tree in one place.

Questions37-40 Choosethe correctlettersA, B, C or D. Write your Answersin boxes37-40 on your answersheet. 37 What was the result of extending the researchto the European oak? A

It added information to that obtained from studying conifers.

B

It contradicted all the findings from the study of conifers.

C

It showed exactly the sameresults as those for conifers.

D

It proved that the world has cooled considerablysince 1400AD.

38 Which of thesehappened as a result of the eruption at Tambora? A

Agricultural production fell significantly.

B

There was an earthquakein North America.

C

Part of the polar ice capsmelted.

D

The outcome of a war changed.

39 By studying tree rings, we may discover A

whole new areasof human history.

B

proofofevents said to havehappened.

C

how earlier civilizations treated the environment.

D

the truth about the nature of religious belief.

40 A suitable title for this passagewould be

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|€LTS Practic€ Tests

A

How volcanoesand earthquakeschangedhistory

B

The influence of trees on the world's climate

C

The role of treesin human history

D

How trees can tell us more about the past

Academic Writing

t hour

The writing testconsistsof two tasks.Youshould attempt both tasks.

Writing Thsk1 Youshouldspendabout 20 minuteson this task. The table below shows causesof injuries in Australia for teenagersand the general population, Summarize the information by selecting anil reporting the main fmtures, making comltarisons where relevant. Write at least 150words.

Males aged Females Total 13-19 aged13-19 aged13-19

Total population

Cause

rate(a)

rate(a)

rate(a)

rate(a)

Total transport accidents

779

323

557

305

Car occupant

232

186

210

124

Motorcyclist

230

20

t27

59

Pedalcyclist

2r0

24

r20

45

Pedestrian

46

26

36

30

Falls

720

193

463

843

Complications of medical care 340

349

344

t431

Assault

28r

80

183

ll9

Accidental poisoning

68

95

82

85

Exposureto heat, smoke, fire

54

T7

36

42

All cases(b)

3688

1765

2750

3712

(a) Cases per 100,000 ofthis group. (b) All cases,includes causesnot listed. Some casescan involve more than one cause.

ll

W$filX$$WffiXffi'::':':::'':i'.$ffi'

Test4

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Writing Thsk2 ! Youshouldspendabout40 minuteson this task. Writeaboutthefollowingtopic: Studentsshouldpay thefult costof their own university studies,rather than havefree higher educationprovided by the state. To what extent do you egreeor disagreewith this opinion? Givereasons from your own for your answerand includeany relevantexamples knowledge or experience. Writeat least250words.

1'16

IELTS PracticeTests

Speaking Part I Youwill be askedsomegeneralquestionsabout a rangeof familiar topic areas, This part lastsbetweenfour and five minutes. What is your firll name? What do people usually call you? Where are you from? Language learning. What are your earliestmemories of learning English? What do find difficult about English? What do you enjoy about learriing it? Which other languageshave you studied? Visitors to your country. What are the main tourist attractions there? What elsewould you recommend to foreign visitors? DoesAV'ouldmasstourism benefit your country? Why?/Why not? Communicating: by post, phone, email, text message,etc. How do you keep in touch with your family and friends? Tell me about an important messageyou have received. How have mobile phones changedthe way people communicate?

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Part 2 I

Youwill begivenh topic to talk aboutfor one to two minutes.Beforeyou talk, you will haveone minute to think about what you are going to say.Youwillbe given paper and a pencil to make notesif you wish. Here is the topic: Describea presentwhich you yery much enjoyed receiving. You should say: what is was who gaveit to you what the occasionwas and explain why you were so pleasedto receiveit.

Follow-up questions: Which do you enjoy more: giving or receiving presents? Do you like presentsto be a surprise, or do you prefer to choosewhat you are given?

Part 3 Youwill be askedsomequestionsabout more abstract issuesand conceptsrelatedto the topic in Part 2. This discussionlastsbetweenfour and five minutes.

Giving gifts On what occasionsdo people in your country give each other presents? Do you feel the commercialization of gift-giving, e.g.Christmas in certain countries, has gone too far? Charities What is the role of charities nowadays? Which charity would you like to be able to give a lot of money to? Helping other countries Should rich countries give much more financial assistanceto poorer ones? How can we encouragemore young people to do voluntary work abroad?

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IILTSPracticeTests

Explanatory key Test1 Listening SectionI Questions 1-7 page1o

7

credit card Janasks'Howdo I pay?'andmentionstheque' and tashi but Keithinsistson'creditcard bookingiBothwordsare needed.

Questions1-7: script

KEITH Hello ... Clarkt Cycle Hire. My name's Keith. How can I help you? laN Oh hello. I saw your ad in the local paper, and as I'm thinking of doing some cycling I'm wondering what kinds of bike you have, and what your prices 14 are like. Janasks'l'mwondering... what your pricesare KEITH Well, we hire out two main types of machine: likeiKeithsays'the ratewill be ... t!4 per dayi touring and mountain bikes. Are you likely to be Be carefulnot to confusefourteenwith forty. riding off-road, do you think? No, I'll probably be sticking to roads and country IAN "1.25 lanes, so a touring bike would be best, I think. When Keithmentionsa'late returnfeeiJanasks KEITH Right, well the rate will be €50 for a week, or each him'how muchis that?'Hereplies'for per Ll4 day. additionalhour it's onepound twenty-five'. JaN So it's a lot cheaper to rent by the week. 60 KEITH Yesdefinitely, though it's important to bring Keithsays'there's a deposit,too'and adds'which the bike back on time. Otherwise I'm afraid we have you get backwhen you returnthe bicycleiHe to charge a late return fee. says'Ontouring modelsit's{60',which is the IAN And how much is that? kind that Janwantsto rent. KEITH For each additional hour it's one pound twenty-five. (lightweight)bags The cost is given but not the item,so the prompt JAN So if you were a day late it would cost another L30? is'f5i Keithmentions'accessoriesl and Janasks KEITH Yes,that'sright. 'Suchas?'Hereplies'foranotherf5 we can I'd make sure I didn't do that then! JAN suppfy lightweightbags,'and specifies'either KEITH I should also point out there's a deposit, which panniersor the handlebarsort'. you get back when you return the bicycle. In good lock condition, of course.On touring models it's f,60. Janmentions'apump and a repairkit'andasksif IAN Is there anything else I'd have to pay? shewould'haveto pay extraiKeithanswers'no, KEITH No, that's it. Though if you re planning to ride there'sno chargefor things like that,or for a lock'. fairly long distances you might like to have one or He then confirmsit by mentioninga good two accessories. strongonelreferringto'locki IeN Such as? KEITH Well, for another !5 we can supply lightweight 100 bags, either panniers or the handlebar sort. It's Janasks'whatabout insuranceitowhich Keith amazing how much they can carry, and the way respondsit's'includedibut that Jan'wouldhave they're designedmeans they don't get in the way to pay part of any individualclaimiHe then says when you're riding. 'you'dbe liablefor the firstf 700iNotethe further

Example touring Keithmentionstwo typesof bike ('touringand mountainbikes')and Jansays'atouring bike would be besti

prompt'firsti

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JAN Well,I'll see.But what about essentialthings like a pump, and a repair kit? I wouldn't haveto pay extra for thosewould I? KEITH No no, there'sno chargefor thingslike that,or for a lock. It's a good strong one,too. just makesure you don t losethe key! IAN That reminds me: what about insurance?What happensif someonestealsthe bike, in spiteof the wonderfullock? KEITH Didn't I mention that?I should'vetold you thatt included in the rental.too. JAN And it coverseverything,doesit? KEITH Er ... it coversyou againsttheft of the bike,yes. As long asit's securelylocked at the time. You'dhave to pay part of any individual claim,though. IAN How much? KEITH If the bike werestolenand not recovered,you'd be liablefor the first 1100. JAN Hmm. So,if I do go aheadand rent one,how do I pay?By cheque,or would it haveto be cash? KEITH Neither,I'm afraid.We can only acceptcredit card bookings.Otherwisewe'd haveto askour customersfor the full value of the machineasa deposit. IAN I've got a Visa in my name.Would that be OK? KEITH Sure.

Questions 8-10 pase11 garage Keithdescribesthe locationof OakStreetas 'betweenthe policestation anda garageon the other sidei health centre He says'godown OakStreetuntil you reachthe healthcentreon the righti and that bppositethe healthcentretheret a pharmacyiThemap showsthe pharmacy.The answercan'tbe the pub:'ifyou get to a pub ... you'vegone too fari 10 Clark's(CycleHire) just behindthat'(i.e.the Keithsays'we're pharmacy). In this context,'we'means'Clark'si 'Clark'sCycleHire'or'CycleHire'.The phrase bppositethe healthcentre'isa furtherclue.

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IELTSPracticeTests

Questions8-10: script IAN So if Fwant to have a look at the bikes, how do I find you? I live near the university, by the way. KEITH Right. First you take \Abods Road as far as the mai n pol i cestati on... JAN I know it. It's right next to the park KEITH Yes,that's it. And after the police station there's a turning to the right called Oak Street ... IAN At the big supermarket? KEITH No, it's before then. It's actually between the police station and a garage on the other side. IAN OK. KEITH So you go down Oak Street until you reach the health centre on the right. If you get to a pub called the Maple Leaf you ve gone too far. Alright? IRN Yes,l'vegot that. KEITH Now opposite the health centre there's a pharmacy, and we're just behind that. )AN OK, fine. I'll try to call over sometime tomorrow. KEITH Great. Seeyou then. JAN Bye.

Section2 Question Il*17

pase12

11 stampcollecting Afterthe prompts'hobbyand interestclubs' comesthe first example,'landscape photographyiand then the answer'stamp collecting'.Both words are needed. 12 social Afterthe prompt'morethan just friendship' comesthe answer'social', beforethe examples 'dancing' and'speed-datingl 13 China Youhearthe prompt'international and cultural' and then 'China'(followed by'for instance'). Unlikein questionI 1,the secondexample comesafterthe answer. 14 charities Theexamples,'human rightsorganizations like groupssuchas Amnesty'and'environmental Greenpeace'both come afterthe answer 'charities'. 15 political Thecluescomeafterthe answer:'party; tampaigningiandthe firstexample 'Republicansi 16 LiberalDemocrats Afterthe example'Republicansi the speaker mentionsLiberalDemocrafs'doingthe samefor their party:Bothwordsare needed. 17 light opera you that 17 is coming.The Theword'Finally'tells speakermentions'performing arts:Theansweris the firstexample.The secondexampleis 'amateurtheatrei Questions ll-17: script PRESENTER You'relisteningto ExpatNews,a weekly broadcastfor the English-speakingcommunity in this greatcity. In today'sprogrammewe'll be hearing from Tom O'Hara,who'sgoingto tell us about all you canjoin. Tom. thosedifferentassociations ToM Good evening.Yes,in a city with so manyof its residentsborn outsidethe country,it's hardly surprisingthere'ssucha huge rangeof expatriate clubsand societies. And manyof these,of course,are aimed at Englishspeakers.So first, and perhapsmost

obviously, we have the sports clubs, which in some casesfleld teams in things like rugby and tennis that compete againstclubs in other parts of the country or even abroad. You don't have to play atthis level to have fun, though: they can be just a great way to do some exercise,and of course to get to know other people, especiallyif you're new in town. The same can be said of the many hobby and interest clubs that have sprung up here: everything from landscape photography, such as the Viewfinders club in the harbour district, or Focus on the airport road, to old favourites like stamp collecting. Remember that this country has a long tradition of unusual and perhaps even eccentric societies.so there should be something for everyone:a place where you can meet people of different nationalities with the same social and/or cultural interests as you. For those who may be interested in rather more than just fiiendship, there's a wide range of lively social clubs. Several singlesassociationsorganize dancing of various kinds, while for people in a real hurry there'sspeeddating, in which everyone talks to everyone else for just five minutes. Then, at the end, they decide which of them they would like to meet again by ticking their names on a list. In complete contrast to these are the many religious associations, reflecting the diversity of faith groups present in this multicultural city. Many of them, of course, have their own places of worship. Perhapsalso of interest to those who've come here from other parts of the world are the international and cultural societies. These often provide a meeting place for people from a specific country, China for instance, and particular ethnic groups, such as Afro-Caribbeans.As in other major cities,we have here local branchesof many charities with names familiar around the world. Meetings of human rights organizations like Amnesty International are held regularly in English, as are those of enr.ironmental groups such as Greenpeace. All funds raised, by the way, go to the same kinds of good causeas they do in other countries you may have lived in. Inevitably, perhaps, there are also the political clubs, often connected with a particular party and, indeed, a particular country. So we have, for example, a local association of Republicans linked to and campaigning for that party in the US, and Liberal Democrats here doing the same for their party in Britain. Finally, on a lighter note, there's plenty to choosefrom in the performing arts. Whether you enjoy taking part or just watching and listening, you can take your pick from a whole range of groups. To take just a couple of examples, there's light opera at the Memorial Hall in the city centre,

Testi Key

121

or a very lively amateurtheatrecompanyin the Park district.In summerthey giveopen-airperformqnces of Shakespeareplays, free of charge.

Questions 18-20 page13 188 The speakermentions'afew associations then states'in supportedby the embassies'but the vastmajorityof casesit is the individual memberswho fund themiso B is the correct answer,not A.'Council-subsidized sportscentres' countries,makingC are in listeners'home impossible. 198 The prompt is'find a clubiThespeakersays'it might evendeterminewhich districtof the city you decideto live iniso B is correct,not A.The speakermentionspersuading'friends' of the needfor a club,but doesn'tmentionchoosing 'friends'.C is thereforealsowrong. 20A The keyswordsare'Thenyou can startyour owni Althoughhe says'usethe localsmalladson the Internetithisis'to suggestthe ideainot to join an existingclub,so B is wrong.He doesnot suggestjoining one in anothertown as stated in C.

Questions18-20:script TOM I should mention at this point that clearlysome districts havea higher concentrationof Englishspeakingclubsthan others,and that certainpartsof town tend to specializein particular activities.An obvious examplewould be the number of water sportsclubsdown nearthe river.Whateverthe number,though, they usuallyhaveone thing in common.With the exceptionof a few associations linked to particular countriesand supportedby their embassies here,in the vastmajority of casesit is the individual memberswho fund them, so an entry fee, or a subscription,will be charged.You may be used to council-subsidizedsportscentresand the like in your home country, but I'm afraid that'snot the case here.Assumingyou canafford it, then,you canbe fairly surethat somewhereout thereyou'Il find a club that catersfor your own particular fascination. If it's very important to you, and you intend to spend a lot of time on it, it might evendeterminewhich

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IELTSPracticeTests

district of the city you decideto live in. In the unlikely eventthat you really can't find sucha club, the solution is to try to persuadefriends,and anyone elseyou meet,of the needfor one.You could alsouse the local small adson the Internet to suggestthe idea:you'll be amazedat iust how many peopleshare eventhe strangestinterest.Then you can start your own.

the lecture, that is. TUTOR I'd go a bit further than that and consider what the content may be. Then you could ask yourself pase some questions that you want answering, and listen 14 Questions?l*Z5 out for the relevant information during the lecture. 21 (background)reading CARLOSOK. The tutor asks'whatyou can do beforeyou even TUTOR Now that brings us to the lecture itself, and the go to the lecturelKareenareplies'makesure actual businessof writing notes,but there'sa lot to you're up to date with all the background deal with there so we'll come back to that later. What reading'. I'd like to do for the moment is continue with the processof note taking, and move on to the next 22 content stage.Any suggestionsfor what that might be? The prompt istheck what the topic'sgoing to be KAREENA\Arhen the lecture is over, you mean? of the lectureibut'topic'is not the answer:the TUTOR Yes,once you're able to sit down somewhere tutor's adviceis to tonsider what the contenf quiet with your notes. may bei CARLOSRead them? 23 edit (notes) TUTOR More than that. You need to make sure they'lI Thetutor asksabout'the next stage'andKareena still make senseto you weeks, months later. KAREENAEdit them? checksthis means'whenthe lectureis over'. TUTORYes,that's what's needed.It's well worth However,'read them'is not the answerasthe tutor says'morethan thati promptingKareenato spending a few minutes on it. Any missing words, say'editthem?ito which the tutor says'Yes.' anything difficult to read, details you didn't have time to jot down: now is the time to do so, while 24 next lecture everything's still fresh in your mind. Kareenaasks'when'sthe best time to revise KAREENARight. And after that, whens the best time to th.em?'andCarlossaysJust beforethe nexf revise them? tecture'.The tutor confirmsthis by saying TUTORWhen do you think, Carlos? 'Precisely'and'that's a vitaltime to lookat them CARLOSUm, I'd say just before the next lecture. In the againi same subject. TUTOR Precisely.That's a vital time to look at them 25 week Thetutor says'it'sdefinitelynot the only time' again, for obvious reasons.But it's definitely not the only time. When should you revise them again? and asks'whenshouldyou revisethem again?i KAREENAA month later, maybe? Kareenatanswer'amonth later'is not correct TUTOR Sooner,and much more often than that. I'd and the tutor recommends'once a week'. recommend you look at them again once a week. That's why it's so important they're complete and easy to follow 2I-25: script

Section3

Questions

TUTORWell, how areyou both settlingin? CARLOS Fine. KAREENA Yes,no problems- so far, anyway! TUTORGood.Rememberthat asyour personaltutor I'm hereto help you - if you do haveany difficulties. Now asyou know, lecturesstart on Monday,So I thought we'dlook at a few waysof makingthe most of them, especiallyin terms of the notesyou take. Let'sbegin by thinking about what you can do before you evengo to the lecture.Any ideas? KAREENA Make sureyou're up to datewith all the background reading, so you know plenty about the subjectalready? TUTORYes,that'sessential. The lecturerwill assume you havethat knowledge.Anything else,Carlos? CARLOS Well, er, checkwhat the topic'sgoing to be. Of

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Questions 26*29 paset5 26 at the front Thetutor asks'Whatshouldyou do when you walk into the room?'Carlos replies'Geta good seatibeforegoing on to say'dt the front'.The tutor says'Yes'. 27 leavea space Thetutor ask'what if you don't catch something,somethingyou know must be important?'Kareenaanswers'leaveo space'and the tutor agreeswith this:'that'san excellentway to deal with it, yes'. 28 it savestime Thetutor says'it'sabsolutelyvital that what you write is legibleiand then adds'forone very good reason- it savestime'.Theansweris reinforcedby 'wastemany hours'andtan't readwhat you've writteni 29 signpostwords Herethe promptscome afterthe answer:'l afways listenout for signpostyyords'whenthe tutor says'theycan tell you when something importantis comingi

Questions26-29:script TUTOR Right,lett go back to note-taking, and begin with the basics, before the lecture has even started. What should you do when you walk into the room? CARLOSGet a good seatat the front, if you can. Where you can hear clearly and avoid distractions. TUTOR Yes,though obviously others will have had the same idea, so it's as well to get there a bit early. So, when the lecture's under way and you're busy jotting things down, what should you try to ensure? KAREENAThat you'regetting all the main points. TUTOR And what if you don't catch something, something you know must be important? KAREENAI'd leave a space, then I could check it later, perhapsby askinga question at the end, and fill it in afterwards. TUTOR That's an excellent way to deal with it, yes.And there's something else I'd like to mention here, talking about going through notes afterwards: it's absolutely vital that what you write is legible, for one very good reason * it savestime. You'll waste many hours, during the course,if your revision is held up becauseyou can't read what you've written. OK, what else can we do to make listening and notetaking more effrcient?

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KAREENA Well, I alwayslisten out for signpostwords. CARLOSSorry,what are they? KareenaThey'rethe oneslecturersuseto saywhere they're going.A bit like a signpostat a road junction, I suppose. Thingslike 'the first reasonis ...', 'however...','to sum up ...1and so on. TUTORYes,they can tell you when something important is coming,and help you organizeyour notes,too.

Question 30 pase15 308 Carlossays'summingup the main pointsin a few words'andthen 'in the marginibeforespecifying the correctanswer:'onthe left-handsideof the pagei

Question30:script TUTORIs thereanythingelseyou canadd,Carlos? CARLOS Er ... there'ssomethingI think is very useful, but it's later: after the lecturehasfinished. TUTORThat'sfine.Go on. CARLOS Well what I do is go through what I've written down, summing up the main points in a few words in the margin, on the left-hand sideof the page.I try to usewords that'll jog my memory,so that I can rememberwhat everything'sabout when I look at them again. TUTORYes,that can work verywell.What somepeople do to reviewtheir notesis coverup their full notes from the lecture,maybewith a pieceof paper or a card, and concentratejust on what they'veput in the margin, trying to recall the details.Then they move the coverdown a little and checkwhether they were right. KAREENA Or you could put your main points on anotherpieceof paperand clip them together. Insteadof coveringand uncovering,you just hold a pagein eachhand. TUTORSure.It's down to personalpreference,really. Everyonehastheir own learning style.

Section4 Questions 31-36 pase16 31 690 The prompt'whichlies860 kilometresnorth of Adefaide'is followedby the answer'690southof AliceSpringsi 32 1915 The answer,in 'that all startedto changein 1915', comesbeforethe prompt'with the discovery thereof opals.' 33 FirstWorldWar ff.r" pr"rptlsettlements were established' comesjust beforethe answer'following the Firsr WorldWol.Allthreewordsare needed,as'War'or 'WorldWar'couldequallyapplyto the'Second WorldWari 34 Europe Firstcomesthe prompt'in the late 1940swhen shallownew opal fieldswere discoveredithen 'immigrantsfrom Europearrivedin large numbers'.

35 7oo/o/ seventy per cent The speakermentions'hostile conditions'and givesexamples.The recordingsaysthat'to cope with thisi'eventuallyaround 70o/o of the town's inhabitantshad madetheir homesbeneaththe surface'.

36 shoppingcentre The prompt is'hotelsand evenchurchesbelow groundibefore?n entireundergroundshopping centre',reinforcedby'the only one in the worldi

Questions3 l*3 5: script LECTURER Good afternoon.Todaywe'recontinuing this seriesof talkson the developmentof the AustralianOutbackwith a look at CooberPedy,the deserttown of opal mines and undergroundliving which lies 860 kilometresnorth of Adelaideand 690 harsh south of Alice Springs.The inaccessibility, climateand almosttotai lack of water madeit a highly unlikely placefor human habitation,but that all startedto changein 1915with the discoverythere of opals,the preciousstoneswhich seemto change colour accordingto their surroundings.Settlements wereestablishedfollowing the First World War, when soldiersreturningfrom the trenchesof France

broughtwith them the techniquesof living below ground in 'dugouts'.The Depressionof the 1920sand 30sled to many prospectorsleaving,but the town boomed againin the late 1940swhen shallownew opal fieldswerediscovered,and immigrants &om Europe arrivedin largenumbersafter the Second World War.It must be remembered,though,just how hostile conditionswere.Daltime summer temperatures reachedwell over50 degrees Centigrade, winter nightswerebitterly cold,and densedust stormsregularlyblanketedthe town. To copewith this,more and more peoplebeganliving in disusedminesand purpose-builtsubterranean houses, wherethetemperature remainsat a comfortable25 degreesall yearround, so that eventuallyaround 70o/oof tinetown'sinhabitantshad madetheir homesbeneaththe surface.This led to the constructionofhotels and evenchurchesbelow ground, aswell asan entire undergroundshopping centre:the only one in the world.

Questions 37*40 pase17 37C The speakersays'thenearesttown to Coober Pedyis Woomeraibut this doesn'tmeanit'snear. Thecorrectansweris C because'even that is an enormousdistanceaway'. 38A Thespeakermentionsthreefacilities'withinthe town itself':'hotelroomsi'ethnicrestaurantsl and 'its very own opal museum'. 398 The speakersaysthat'a shortdistancefrom town'we can find'the DingoFencei 408 The prompt phraseis'anotherattractioniThe speakerthen saysthatJustoutsidethe town' thereare'setsof variousfilmsifollowedby examples.

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Questions3740: script Perhapsnot surprisingly,this hasnow led to the emergence of a secondaryindustry:tourism. /Increasingnumbersof visitorscometo seethe tunnels and the caveswith their ventilation shafts,the weird machineslying aboutin the town, and,just beyondit in the scorchedred desert,the conicalhills thrown up by the world'sbiggestopal mines.It's a logicalstopping placefor travellers,too. The nearesttown to Coober Pedyis Woomera,in the prohibitedareaonceusedfor launchingspacerockets,but eventhat is an enormous distanceaway.Within the town itself there areplenty of hotel rooms and a number of ethnic restaurantsrememberthat CooberPedyis one of the most multicultural placesin Australia,with an estimated45 nationalitiesrepresented- and its very own opal museum.A short distancefrom town there'sa section of the enormousbarrier that runs thousandsof kilometresacrossthe country: the Dingo Fence,which is meant to keepthesepredatorywild dogsout of the sheep-farmingareas.Another attractionjust outside town arethe setsof variousfi.lmsmadethere, including Mad Max 3, aswell as TheRedPlanetand Until the End of the World- namesthat reflectthe harshnessof the terrain and temperaturesthere.The name CooberPedy,incidentally,comesfrom an Aboriginalexpression meaning'whiteman'shole in the ground'.Next I'd like to goon to talk aboutBroken Hill, anothermining town but one that ...

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AcademicReading

Questions6andT pase2t 6

(on/from) Mars The secondsentencein paragraphB says'the discoveryof iceon Marsmeansthat thereis now no necessityto designand developa spacecraft largeand powerfulenoughto transportthe vast amountsof waterneededi

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they becomethinner The only referencein the text to'legs'isin paragraphC.lt statesthat the'lower limbs becomethinneri

PassageI Questions

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ParagraphB:x Thisparagraphexplainshow technological problemsare no longerlimitingfactors.As the new constraintis'whatthe human body can actuallywithstandithe paragraph impliesthat 'spacebiomedicine'is of increasedimportance.

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ParagraphC: ix Thisparagraph describes'physical changes... in zerogravity'suchasthinner legsand facial swellingwhich are'essentially harmlessi paragraphmatches(ix)but not Therefore,this (vii),which mentionsdamagei

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ParagraphD:vii Thisparagraphlistsa seriesof differenttypesof harm causedwhen peopleare in space, the described as'muchmoreserious'at (ix) beginning.Theuseof 'unseen'makes impossible. ParagraphE:i Thisparagraphbeginswith cluessuchas difficultiesi'accident of or seriousillnessl'millions kilometresfrom Earthithengivesexamplesof thesedifficultiesand putsforwarda tolutioni Paragraph G:vi Thisparagraphrefersto tarrying out studiesinto the effectsof spacetravel'and then contrasts 'actuallyworking in space'withsimulating tonditions in zerogravityiimplyingthat the work is donebn Earthi

Headingsnot used iii The medicalproblemsdescribedin paragraphD AlthoughE doesin are illnesses, not accidents. fact mentionaccidents, neitherthis paragraph nor any other part of the text claimsthey are any more common in spacethan on Earth. v The references to humanconditionsareto those affectingthe body,not the mind.Theremay well problemsassociated with these be psychological illnesses, and with simplybeing in space,but they are not mentioned. viii Thereis in fact no mentionanywherein the text of the originsof spacebiomedicine, or its developmentup to the presentday.

Questions 8-12 pase21 8 Yes The statementcorrespondsto the writer's commentthat'the feasibilityof travelto other planets,and beyond,is no longerlimitedby engineering constraints but by what the human bodycanactuallywithstandi 9

Not given Therearecommentson the damagedone to the human body during long periodsin space,but the writer doesnot saythat astronautswill die after a specificlength of time.

10 No In paragraphF,the writer statesthat other peoplehavesaidthis at sometime in the past, but the writer'sview contrastswith this:'ltis now clear,however,that everyproblem in spacehasa parallelproblemon Earth.' 11 Not given ParagraphE mentionsnew techniquesto'treat internalinjuries', but there is no indicationthat thesewill be any more successful in spacethan on Earth.The reference to'surgeons' in paragraphF is Earth-based. 12 No In the final paragraph, the writerexplainsthat researchcan,and hasbeen,successfully carried out underwateron Earth,asthe needto 'simulate'theconditionsin spacemakesclear.For the samereason, the 'bed'wouldalsobe on earth.

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Questions 13 and 14 page22 13 communicatingwith patients L The informationis in paragraphF.Thewriter mentionstelemedicine'fortreating astronautsin space'andgoeson to statethat it can be usedto 'commLtnicatewith patientsin remote parts of the world.' l4 filtering contaminatedwater The informationis in paragraphF.Thewriter mentions'sterilizing wastewater'in spaceand goeson to statethat this can be usedto'flfer contaminatedwaterat the sceneof natural disasters.'

Passage 2 Questions 15-19 pase25 15 (deep)canyons The third paragraph(lines18-32)usesthe expressions'the 1960s','discovered' and'in the rockat the bottom of the sea'(bedrock), so tanyons'or'deepcanyons'is the correctanswer. 16 above (lines18-32)says'river Thethird paragraph erosionof bedrockcannotoccurbelow sealeveli but riversflowing into the Mediterranean had cut into this rock.lt statesthat the sameis true of caves.Therefore, when the summaryrefersback to thesefeatures,it is sayingthat both canyons and cavesmust have been formed abovesea level. 17 seafloor Thefourth paragraphmentionsa subsequent examinationin 1970(lines35-36)'to studythe seafloornearthe Spanishislandof Majorcaiso the missingexpressionis'seafloof,withmore proof in the next sentence. I8 shellfish Thefourth paragraphmentions'samples' which were'two kilometresbelow'(line39).The samplescontainedtwo kindsof livingthings: vegetation('plants') and'shellfishlThis is reinforcedby the adjective'shallow-wateri 19 silt/sandand mud The phrase'aswell as'in the summarytellsyou that 19 wasalsoinsidethe samples, and the referenceto bnce ... carriedby riverwater'(lines

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43-44)parallelsthe phrase'originally transpo,rted by river'inthe summary,so the answermustbe'silt', or'sandand mudi

Questions 20-22 pase26 20E The relevantpart of the text is'The ice reflects sunlightinto space'(line67-68).The consequence of this is that'the planetcools'. 21 F The clue is in line 73 -'the waterflowedfaster previoussentencesaysit isbcean and faster.'The water'.Beforethat, the text says'thegap enlarged' and makescomparisons with'Victoria Falls'and'Niagarai makingit clearthat F is the right answer. 229 Theclueis'reheating the oceansand the planet' (lines82-83).Justbeforethat,the text saysthat 'watersof the vastinlandseadrownedthe falls and warm water beganto escapeto the Atlantic.' F is not possiblebecausethe waterflowing over the fallswas going the oppositeway.

Questions 23-27 pase27 23D Thetext says'thedeep outwardflow from seato oceanwas progressively cut off'(lines52-54),so D is correct.A is falsebecausethe text says graduallycut off| not'suddenlyclosediForB, there is no mentionin the text of any fall in the levelof the Atlantic.C is falsebecausethe 'shallowinwardflow of oceanwater into the Mediterranean' remaineduntil'theshallow openingat Gibraltar finallyclosedcompletelylso immediatelyis wrong. 244 The key part is'the seabecamemore salineand creaturesthat couldn'thandlethe risingsalt contentperished... exceptfor bacteria'(lines 56-59).B usesa word from the text - 'bacteria'but wrongly makesit the cause.C may be true, but there is no indicationthat this killedplants or animalsin the Mediterranean. D is alsotrue, but this occurredafter most life in the seahad alreadydied,so it was not a cause.

25 B The salinitycrisiswas saidearlyin the text to have'plungedthe Earthinto an iceageisowhen it ended5.4millionyearsago,the'reheating' referredto in line 82 meantthe end of an ice age too.A is contradictedby'reheatingof the planeti C indicates'Victoria Falis/Niagara' but misinterprets the text.D is not supported anywherein the text. 26

c The prompt is'subsequentiwith the evidence 'somebelieve... that the Mediterranean must havedriedup and refilledmanytimes'(lines 88-90).A exaggerateswhat the text says:'added a few wrinklesto Ryanand Hsut scenario'. ForB, the studiesdid not disprovetheir main argument,only the'detailsiD is not suggestedin the text.

27 D The phrase'notsomethingour specieshasto worryabout'(line98)impliesthat humanswill no longerexistwhen'nature'sclosure'occurs. A is incorrectbecausethe phrase'lfcontinentaldrift doesresealthe Mediterranean'means it is possible. B is incorrectbecause, althoughthere is a lightheartedmentionof 'stockpiling dynamitei there is no serioussuggestionof technological measures to stop it happening.c is similarto A: 'if'meansit is possiblebut not certain.

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Readingpassage3 Questions 28-31 pase3o 28F ParagraphF describesthe processof becoming differentin appearance:'admission of certain wolves... and exclusionof larger,more threateningonesled to the developmentof people-friendly breedsdistinguishable from wolvesby size,shape, coat,ears,and markings,' 29) Thefinal paragraphmentions'prizedbloodlines' and organizations: one'registers150breeds', one 'lists196'and another'recognizes many more'. 30A ParagraphA makesthe point severaltimes:'dogs remainassimilar[to wolves]as humans... areto eachother ... not much differentat all';'dogs and wolvesdifferby not much more than one per cent: 31 I Thisparagraphrefersto a king'saidto love his dogs more than his subjectshnd to a relativeof anotherking who shouted'save the dogs'when 'sailorsdrowned'.

3o-31 Questions 32-35 pases B,C,F,H(anyorder) B ParagraphB mentions'before the development of ... permanenfhuman settlementsiwhile paragraphD mention'wanderingpacks... and ... nomadichumansi C ParagraphC refersto'the most suppliantwolves', while paragraphF mentions'wolves that would know the tricks ofsubservience and couldadapt to humansin charge.' F ParagraphF talksof 'animals... scovenging Ieftovers'(i.e. eatinganythingthe humansdidn't want). H ParagraphF statesthat'Puppiesin particular would be hard to resist.' Not used A Paragraph C describes'the similar... sizeof wolf packsand earlyhumanclansiwhileparagraphD mentions'packs of 25 or 30 wolvesand clansof like-numbered ... humans'.

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ParagraphD statestertain wolves'were accepted'intoearlyhumangatherings...by proving ...unthreatening'. L E ParagraphF states'foodwould have been plentiful.' G ParagraphB statesthat archaeological evidence 'putswolves... in the companyof man ... before the developmentof farmingi

Questions 36-40 pase31 36D Thesecondsentence of paragraphH talksabout 'Romanwarriors'who'trained largedogsfor battleiThe nextsentence describes how'the brutes' couldattack'an armedman'. 37 E i.r.grrph I refersto dogsin'seventeenth centuryEngland'used asa sourceof energy: 'pullingcarts...','working asturn-spits'and 'powering wheels...i 3 --8 F Thelastsentence in paragraph G says'Native Americans amongothersatepuppies'. Neither to here,northe'societies'in thebthers'alluded arementionedby name. the nextclause, 39A Althoughhuntingis referred to in B,C,D andG, paragraph H refersspecifically to ancientGreece, wherepeopleused'speedy Laconians ... to chaseandkillrabbitsanddeer.' 40 E Thisisthe seconduseof E.Paragraph I refersto 'herdinglivestock' in England, e.g.workingas sheepdogs.

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Test2

Questions1-6: script

SIMONHello, this is Simon Marshall.I spoketo you the other day about renting flat 3A. OWNEROh yes,hello Simon.What can I do for you? SIMONWell, there are a few health and safetythings I'd like to run through if that's OK. owNERYes,fine. SIMONRight, well the first thing, bearingin mind it's quite an old house,is whether there'sany damp.I'm thinking here of the exterior walls,and the floor. OWNERWell, I've neverknown any problemswith 42 Questions l-6 page damp there.It wasall right last time I checked, 1 A Yes,definitely certainly- though that wasbeforethe recentwet The prompt isthe next thing is the gassupplyi weather.I'd better haveanotherlook and get back to Simonasks'Doyou havea safetycertificate?'and you on that. then specifies'acurrent one'.Theowner replies SIMONOK. Now the next thing is the gassupply.Do 'We do'. you havea safetycertificate?A current one that is. owNER We do. All the gasapplianceshavebeen 2 A Yes,definitely checkedby a registeredengineer. Simonasks'When did they actuallydo the SIMONYes,I wasgoing to askabout that. When did inspection?itowhich the owner eventually they actuallydo the inspection? replies'justover five months agoi Her first OWNERLet me think ... theysentan engineerto check answeris'earlylastyearibut shethen corrects somethingearlylast year,but, no, that wasn'tthe this. inspection... Oh I remembernow,it wasin the 3 B Maybe Spring.In fact I've got the certificatehere somewhere SimbnasksAndthe electricity.When ... I€s,thatt it: March 22nd,so it's just overfive wasthe last time all the wiring was inspected?'Although months ago. the owner remembersan'electrician'in SIMONAnd the electricity.When wasthe last time all flat 34, she can't rememb-er'ifhe lo,okedat everythingthen.' the wiring wasinspected?I know it doesnt haveto Sheoffersto'find the bill and check.' be checkedasoften asthe gas,but it's still important, especiallyin older properties. 4 C Definitely not OWNERAs it happenswe had an electricianin when Simonasks'arethereenoughplug socketsin the we redecoratedflat 3A. If he looked at everything flat?'andthey then discussthe meaningof then, he would havechargedus for it. I'll find the bill 'enough'inthis context.Theowner saysone per and checkit if you like. room and Simon'slighthearted'l'lltake that as a SIMONFine.And when wasthat? "no"then,'isconfirmedby the owner'sanswerAll OWNEREr ... the decoratorsfinishedjust before righti Easter,so that would be about eighteenmonths ago. SIMONIust one more point on the electrics:are there 5 B Maybe enoughplug socketsin the flat? Simonasksabout a'smokealarmiAlthoughthe owner says'yesithat only partly answers OWNERIt dependswhat you meanby'enough' really. guestion5.Simon'sfollow-upquestion'isit in SIMONWell I've got quite a lot of electricalthings good workingorder?'bringsthe response'l'll computer,radio, lamps,kitchen appliancesunJ ,o ort - and I'm wonderingwhether I could plug them all haveto try it out,and let you know,'sothere is no certainty. in without having cablestrailing all over the place. OWNERI think there'sone per room: that's fairly 6 A Yes,definitely normalin olderproperties. Simontalksabout'the previoustenants'and SIMONI'11takethat asa'no'then! then asksif any tenants'stillhavekeysto the owNER All right. door'.Theowner is definiteabout this:'everyone SIMONNow, anothersafetypoint: is there a smoke hasto hand backthe keys... and thosein 3A alarm? havealwaysdone so.' owNER Yes,there'sone in the kitchen. SIMONAnd is it in good working order?

Listening SectionI

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owNER I'll haveto try it out, and let you know. SIMONRight.Now you mentionedthe previous tenants:do they,or anyoneelsewho'slived irathe flat, still havekeysto the door? OWNERWe'revery strict about that. Everyonehas to hand back the keyswhen they leave,or we don't return the deposit.And thosein 3A havealwaysdone so.

Questions 7-10 pase43 7C Simontalksabout'a room where peoplecan leavethings'andasks'Whereexactlyis that?ls it nextto 3A ... on the third floor?'Theowner repliesthat'the apartment'son the third,yes,but the storeroom's a littleway away,'towhich Simonasks'it'son the samefloot isn'tit?'The it is.' owner replies'Yes, 8B The word'70s'refers to when the heatingwas installed,not the temperature. Although55 is a temperature, it's not the presentone:'it usedto be set at 55.'Thecorrectansweris'itt a constant 60 degrees.' 9C Don'tconfusethe sizeof the yard ('20square metres')with that of the garden:'about150 metres'.Other figuresto be carefulwith are the sizeof the motorbikeengine('50cc')andthe old man'sage ('nearly90'). 108 The ownerfirst says'70cm'but then corrects herselfby saying'No,sorry,that wasthe old one. Thisone's80.'90is the numberof channels available.

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Questions7-L0:script SIMON OK.'Now there are a few other practical details. Firstly, you mentioned a room where people can leave things like suitcasesand bags and things. Where exactly is that? Is it next to 3A, which I take it is on the third floor? OWNER Well the apartment's on the third, yes, but the storeroom's a little way away,just past the second door to the right. Under the stairs,in fact. SIMoN But it's on the samefloor, isn't it? OWNERYes,it is. SIMON Fine. Now another thing I wanted to check is that there's hot water in the apartment. OWNER Oh yes, it runs off the central heating - that was installed back in the 70s I think - so there's a permanent supply. SIMON But is it really hot? Not just warm, or lukewarm. OWNERI supposeit depends what you mean by hot, but it's at a constant 60 degrees. SIMONThat soundsfine. OWNERYes,it used to be set at 55, but last year the tenants asked us to increase it, so we did. SIMON I'm glad about that! OK, now can you tell me a bit about the yard, and the garden? How big are they? owNER Well the yard, at the side of the house, is about 20 squaremetres. SIMON Oh, so there's room for my motorbike, then. Actually it's only a 50 cc moped, but I like to keep it off the road at night. OWNER)bs, there's more than enough spacethere, even with all the wheelie bins. SIMONAnd the garden? OWNERThatt much bigger.About 150 square metres. sIMoN Who looks afteiii, by the way? owNER Old Mr Collins. He's almost 90 but he's out there every day. SIMON And the last point: the TV What size screenis i t? owNER lt's 70 centimetres wide, I think. No, sorry, that was the old one. This one's 80. You can get ninety-odd channelson it, so I'm told. SIMON Really?So there's a satellite dish on the roof, is there? OWNER No. it's cable TV here. It doesn't cost much between everyone) though. SIMON That's very interesting. OK, thanks for your help. I'll be in touch again soon. OWNER Thank you. Bye for now SIMON BYC,

Section2 +a QuestionsI I and 12 pase

Questions 13-20 pase45 13 first year Thefirst prompt is'Leavinghome'.Thespeaker then says'Forthis describescausesof loneliness, reason,in the firstyear a latof young people sufferfrom loneliness.'

11 B The prompt is the referenceto a'surveyiThe figureof 32o/o is givenfor the numberof students (other)people toping with lonelinessi Becarefulnot to mishear 14 The word'lronically'is a clue.Thespeaker sixteenhundredasa percentageand chooseA. 'sense contrasts a of isolation'with being Don't interpret32o/o to mean people who do not people 'surrounded by most of the timeiand sufferloneliness, which would give answerC. tonstantly amongpeople'with'a senseof being 12A alonei Althoughyou hearthe prompt'reportby 15 on their own researchers'and then 'personalwelfareand The speakersay'lt is often thosewho are more healthservicesiyouhaveto wait until the usedto being on theirown who deal best with speakersays'610/o of all peopleusingcounselling the transitionalperiodof leavinghome.' serviceswere aged under30.'Bis wrong because '30'is not a percentage.The figure57o/ois onlyfor 16 primary school 'men'includedwithin the 61olo already The sentence'ltmay be the firsttime you have mentioned. had to make new friends sinceyou started primary scltool'expresses the sameidea as the statement.

Questions11and 12:script COUNSELLOR Lonelinessis somethingwe all suffer from in varying degrees,but young peopleliving on their own can be particularly vulnerable.Many who leavethe famrly home find they are lessconfident and havemore difficulty in finding their feet than they expected.Often, going to work or study in anothertown or city will be the first time they have lived awayfrom home.Although this may sound like an adventurefor thosedying to get awayfrom the glareofthe parentaleye,for othersit is a daunting prospectwhich generatesapprehension,uncertainty, and evenfear.In fact,in a recentsurveyof over sixteenhundredpeoplewho had recentlyleft home, 32o/osaidthat understandingand copingwith lonelinesswasa crucial issuefor them and made them feelhighly stressedand distracted.An annual reportby researchers lastyearrecordeda noticeable increasein the number of individualswith homesickness, transition,and isolationissues. Acknowledgingthat feelingsof lonelinessand isolation could impedeprogressat work or study, they examinedthe number of peopleusing the welfareand health services.They found that young peoplein particularwereproneto difficulties.Last year610/o of all peopleusingcounsellingservices wereagedunder 30 and of this group, 57o/owerc men.

17 far (away) relationship'. The prompt hereis'long-distance Thetext refersto'that specialpersonwho lives so far away.' 18 everyone/everybody of the The prompt hereis the sentence'One waysof combatinglonelinessis to remember that it's not your faultiThespeakersays'everyone hasto dealwith (it): 19 activities the part of the text The questionparaphrases that sayspeople can get involvedin activities which interestthem as a way of meetingmore people.' 20 support services The promptsarethe word tounselling'and'For more information'.The speakersaystontact the hall's services.' town support

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Questions13-20 COUNSELLOR: Leavinghome involvesa major change tin lifestyle,work patternsand degreeof independence. Youwill be awayfrom home,family and friendsand areno longersupportedby familiar surroundings.For this reason,in the firstyear a lot of young peoplesufferfrom loneliness.Ironically, this senseof isolation comesat a time when you are likely to be surroundedby people most of the time. Living in a busy ciry travellingon crowdedbusesand trains,you will be constantlyamongpeople,but this can sometimescompoundyour senseof beingalone. Seeingotherswho appearat easeamonglarge crowds,mingling and making friends,can makeyou feel excludedand inadequate.Adapting to a new environmentmakespeopleuncertainof what to do or how to behaveand breedsinsecuritieswhich can makefor a realsenseof isolation.lt is often those who are more usedto being on their own who deal bestwith the transitional period of leavinghome. Other reasonsfor feelingaloneinclude high expectationsof the big city whereyou have'the best time of your life'and meet'lifelongfriends'.It may be the first time you havehad to makenew friends sinceyou startedprimary school and perhapsyou arereluctantor finding it hard to replaceold friends whom you miss.Thereare alsopressuresto juggle work and socializingwhich may leaveyou feelingleft out, or it couldbe that you havea long distance relationshipand feeltorn betweenyour new lifestyle and that specialpersonwho livesso far away. Because lonelinesscanleaveyou with a senseof low whereyou becomeself-conscious self-esteem and feelyou havebeenrejected,it is very difficult to overcome.You may be reluctantto eventry and make new friends or takepart in socialactivities,and will alsofind it difficult to say'no'to things,leaving you feelingexploitedand weak.One of the waysof combatinglonelinessis to rememberthat it's not your fault, and that it's somethingeveryonehasto dealwith, despiteappearances. Counsellorsadvise thosefeelinglonely to speakto someonethey know about their feelings.They alsoaskthem to consider joining groupsand societiesand to get involvedin activities which interestthem asa way of meeting more people.Of course,overdoingit and jamming your schedulewith too manythingsjust to avoid being alonewill not work, but meetingotherswith common interestsmay be a stepforward. If you still feellike you needsomeoneto talk to, you could try group counsellingwhereyou will be ableto talk to and receivesupportfrom a smallnumberof people with the samedifficultiesasyou. For more

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information, or to be put in touch with an individual counsello-6 contactthe local town hall's support" services.

Section3

Questi ons 2 I-24: scri pt KATY Hi, I'm Katy Shaw and I work at the University Language Centre. Your tutor tells me you might be Questions2l-24 pase46 interested in using the Centre, so I'm here at the College to explain a bit about it and of course to 21-23 A,E,F (anyorder) answer your questions. A PaulasksA directly,'lsit nearthe College?i and PAULAWhere exactly is the Centre? Is it near the Katy'sanswermeans'yes':'just roundthe corner College? from here'. KATY It's actually on King's Road: just round the E Whentalkingabout PCs,Katyrefersto'materials corner from here, in fact. in over fifteen different languages'. IEFFOh I know it, yes.I wondered what that building F Katysays'thesamehardware(i.e.Macintoshand was. PC)permitsaccessto the lnternetwith its many STEVEYes,what's there? languagelearningand discussion sites.' KAIY Well, the library has about 4000 books, pamphlets and transcripts to go with some of the Incorrect options L2,500 items on audio or video cassettes.These are at B Katysaysthe'books... audioor videocassettes' a wide range of levels of diffrculry covering language are'ata wide rangeof levelsof difficulty.' learning material in over 100 languages.There are C Katy refersto'referencebookswithout tapesi also reference books without tapes including D Katytalksaboutdaily'newspapers, but the grammars, grammar workbooks, dictionaries, Centrein fact receivesthe'weeklyinternational vocabulary workbooks and model letters, as well as editionof the SpanishnewspaperElPais'. texts on academic writing and effective study habits, etc. Audio cassetteworkrooms are on the first floor. 24 C, D (any order) by the wav. question'Whatabout Thefirst prompt is Paula's Srevr Do tirey get any foreign-language press there, TV?ifollowedby Katyt mention of the second too? flooriKatytalksof 'televisions to view live KATYYes,the library subscribes to a number of in seven satellitetelevisionbroadcasts European daily and weekly newspapers including languages'and then liststhese, Le Monde from France, L'Espressofrom Italy and the C KatymentionsTurkishafterthe main listweekly international edition of the Spanishpaper 'Turkishbroadcasting can be viewedliveon El Pais. request: JEFFWhat about learning with computers? Can you do D Katysaysthat'TheCentrerecordsthe newsin that there? French,German,Arabic...' KATY CALL, or Computer Aided Language Learning, is available on the first floor. Incorrectoptions JEFFHow many PC's are there? A Englishis not includedin the first list. KATY Counting both Macintosh and PC platforms, B Japanese is not includedin the firstlist. there are nine at present. There are materials in over E Portugueseis mentionedin the first list of live fifteen different languages,and new material and broadcasts, but not amongthe list of news language categoriesare being added as library funds recordings. permit. The programs cover verb drills, grammar exercises,activities to accompany multi-media textbooks, pronunciation, translation and some multi-media applications. The same hardware permits accessto the Internet with its many language learning and discussionsites. PAULAWhat about TV? Thatt a good way of learning a language too. KATY Yes,definitely. We agree. So on the second floor of the Centre there are televisions to view live satellite television broadcasts in seven languages. PAULAWhich ones are they? I(ATY Currently, we've got Arabic, French, German,

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Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian. Ttrkish broadcasting can be viewed live on request. The Centre records the news in French, German, Arabic, Italian,Japanese, Spanishand Russian.And English, too.

Question 25-30 pase47

Incorrectoptions C Katyexplainsthat the librarianwill'offeryou adviceon how much time is neededto make progressin the Ianguage.' D Katyexplainsthat the librarianwill'help you makethe bestchoiceof books.' E Katy refersto'suggestionson how to improve your languagelearningtechniquesibut doesnot mention other languagesyou havelearned.'

25-27 B,E,F(anyorder) The prompt is from Paula:'How do we sign up?' Katysays'youneed to go to the Centrewith a valid UniversitylD or a letter ... indicatingyour status: E SteveasksAre thereany formsto fill in?ito which Katyreplies'l'mafraidsoiandthen specifies ht the ground floor ReceptionDeski Shethen confirmsE by referringto'registration: F Katyrefersto the'needto take part in an induction'into 'properoperationof the Centre's computers, televisions, videosi Incorrectoptions A Katysaysyou can'avoid payinga fee.' C Althoughshe mentionsa'Departmental Administratorithisis in the contextof writing the letter. D Thereis a referenceto'languagerequirementsi but this meansthe studeni'srJquirements, not the Centre's.There is,therefore,no need to'take a test: B

28 A,B AlthoughKatysays'tellthe librarianwho you are on your firstvisit',this is not one of the optionsin 28. A

B

I 36

Thefirst relevantreferenceis when Katysays'let her (the librarian)know what - if any * knowledgeof it (the language)you already have.' Katytellsthe othersto'saywhat reasonsyou havefor learningthe language.'

IELTS Practice Tests

29-30 AnswersA, E (any order) ' A The promptsareJeff'squestions'Can shecopy tapesfor us to take home?Or can we borrow them?'Katysays'thelibraryis a resourcecentre and referencelibraryonlyl but makesit clearthat A is correctwhen shesays'youcan do as much self-studylisteningand readingwork there as you want.' E Katy'scomment'international copyrightlaw prohibitsusersfrom copyingmore than 5% of year'implies any one title in the academic that somepagesmay be copied. lncorrectoptions B Katyrulesout taking booksaway:'itt not possibleto take home materials, that'sto say booksor cassettes.' C Katyrulesout copyingtapes:topyrightlaw doesn'tpermitthe libraryor its staffto make copiesof cassettesfor use by studentsoutside the Centre.' D Steveasks'i1 O,[ to photocopy,themltowhich it Katyreplies'thelibrarystaffwill handleany photocopying.'This makesD impossible, confirmedby'you placea photocopyorderwith the librarian.'

Questions25*30:script PAULASoundsgreat.How do we sign up? KATY-Io avoidpaying a fee,you needto go to the Centrewith a valid UniversityID card,or a letter from your Collegeor DepartmentalAdministrator on headedpaper indicating your status,length of stayand languagerequirements. STEVEAre there any forms to fill in? KATYI'm afraidso!Youdo that at the groundfloor ReceptionDesk.Yourregistrationis for one academicyearonly and needsto be renewed annually.You should tell the librarian who you are on your first visit, and you will needto takepart in an inductionto the library service,includingthe proper operationof the Centre'scomputers, televisions,videosand so on. PAULACan shehelp us choosethe right materials,too? KATYYes!The librarian can give adviceand assistance in locatingmaterial,makingbestuseof the textsand tapes,and so on. Let her know which languageyou want to study and what - if any - knowledgeof it you alreadyhave.Also saywhat reasonsyou havefor learningthe language.Your answerswill help the librarian help you makethe bestchoiceof books and tapesfor your needs.Shecan alsooffer you advice on holf much time is neededto makeprogressin the language,and can offer suggestionson how to improveyour languagelearningtechniques. IEFFCan shecopytapesfor us to takehome?Or can we borrow them? KATYThe library is a resourcecentreand reference library only.You can do asmuch self-studylistening and readingwork thereasyou want, but it's not possibleto takehome materials,that'sto saybooks or cassettes. And copyrightlaw doesn'tpermit the for use library or its staff to makecopiesof cassettes bv studentsoutsidethe Centre.All materialmust be usedon the premises, I'm afraid.This ensuresthat materialsare alwaysavailablefor studentsworking on their own and not out on loan for long periods, r$ich could harm users'progress. STEVESo if we can'ttakebookshome,is it OK to photocopythem? KATYThe library staff will handleany photocopying, though internationalcopyright law prohibits users from copyingmore tban 5o/oof any one title in the academicyear You placea photocopyorder with the librarian or an assistantand orderswill be processed betweenone and two o'clock,or after five thirty. PAULAHow much doesit cost? KATYTenpenceper page.Paymentis by photocopy card,which you canbuy from the InformationDesk on the groundfloor....

Section4 Questions 31-34 pase48 31 {the) US/USA/America Theyear'1893'is mentionedand'Whitcomb Judson'isreferredto as'anotherAmerican inventorwho took ... the ClaspLocker... to the World'sFair... in theUS; 32 success Thefirst cluecomesbeforethe'Hookless Fastener' is mentioned:'thebuyingpublicbegan to take an interest'. Followingthe reference to 'Sundback', the speakerconfirmsthe answer:'it soldquite welli 33 1919 Both'Kynoch' and the'ReadyFastener' are heard beforethe date'in 1919'. 34 Goodrich's The speakersaysthat'the Zipper'wasdesigned and given its modernAmericannameby BF Goodrich.'The surnameis repeatedand there is a play on words:'madeMr Goodrichextremelyrich indeedi

Questions 3I-34 LECTURER I think you all havea copyof the printed notesand diagram... but I shouldpoint out before we go any further that there area few mistakesin thosenotes,so pleasecorrectany you notice aswe go along.Right, asyou can see,we are going to be looking at the zip, or zipper asit's known in the US, which is whereit had its originsin 1851.In fact,it wasinitially giventhe rather lesscatchyname of the Automatic ContinuousClothing Closureby the personthat inventedit: EliasHowe,who also designedthe first sewingmachine.It wasn'tuntil 1893,though,that someoneactuallytried to market the zip, when Whitcomb |udson,anotherAmerican inventor,took what he calledthe ClaspLockerto the World's Fair held that yearin the US. His hook and eyesystemwasa commercialdisaster,and it was anotherfifteen yearsbeforethe buying public began to take an interest:this time a more reliablemodel with facingsetsof teeth namedthe Hookless Fastener, designedby a Swedishengineercalled GideonSundback. Attachedto clothing,pursesand other items,it sold quite well. Graduallythis new alternativeto buttonscaughton, aspeoplerealized

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the advantages of a fastenerthat only neededone hand to operate,that childrencould use,that left no visible gaps,and so on. The British firrrl Kynoch beganproducing and sellingthe ReadyFastenerin largenumbersin 1919,and a few yearslaterthe Zipper,designedand givenits modernAmerican nameby BF Goodrich, madeMr Goodrich extremelyrich indeed.

Questions

35-39

pase4e

35 pin The prom.ptfqr diagram is'Let'slook first at th.e the right-handsideof the illustrationiThe descriptiongoesclockwisefrom'tape'to'heat sealpatch'tohlongsidethe heatsealpatchis a smallpieceof metal ... to enablethe two halves of the zip to join.'Thespeakerstates'thisis known as the pin'. 36 box Detailson 36 are given:bppositethat,on the other half of the zip in the diagram,is a device which correctlyalignsthe pin.'Thisis then identified:'thebox,asit'scalled,beginsthe joining of the zip halves.' 37 {metal) teeth Theanswermustbe plural:'running up the insideedge of eachhalf are dozens,possibly hundreds,of metal teeth.'Thereis a second reference:'moving up and down the teefh...' 38 pulltab The p,romptis the referenceto h pieceof metal calledthe slideriThespeakersays'thisis operatedby meansof a pulltab,'andthen confirmsthe first word:'theweareror userpulls it.' 39 top stop The speakergivesthe prompt'to preventthe slidercomingoffthe teeth at the other end,' beforespecifyingthat'there is a top stop on both sidesof the zip.'Studyof the diagramwill confirmthis lastpoint.

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Question 40 paqe+e 408 In B,butline'indicates only the most important points,while'development' coversboth the brief historicalbackgroundand the descriptionof the 'still widely used'separablezip.A overstatesthe scopeof the talk only one kind of zip fasteneris explained. Althoughthe secondpart of the text focuseson one kind of zip,as statedin C,the speakerhasno commercialmotive:theonly particularmakeshe mentionswere lastmade in the 1920s.The speakerbrieflyrefersto the zip's bccasionaltendencyto trap partsof the wearer's anatomy;but this is the only,passing,mentionof the'dangers'in D.

Questions35-40:script LECTURER If its usein trouserswasa major factorin establishingthe zip asa fashionicon, despiteits occasionaltendencyto trap parts of the wearer's anatomy,another major breakthroughcamewith the separablezip: the kind that opensat both ends.This type, still widely usedin a rangeof items from jacketsto tents,is shownin the diagram.Let'slook first at the right-hand sideof the illustration, at the material attachedto the item of clothing, the bag or whatever.This is the tape,which is usua"llymade-of fairly tough fabric.At the end of that there'swhat is known asthe heat sealpatch:the cotton and nylon laminatedmaterial usedto reinforcethe tape.Now alongsidethe heat sealpatch is a small pieceof metal, usedonly on a separatingzip, whosefunction is to enablethe two halvesof the zip to join. This is known asthe'pin'. Oppositethat, on the other half of the zip in the diagram,is a devicewhich correctly alignsthe pin. The'box', asit's called,beginsthe joining of the zip halves.Running up the inside edge of eachhalf are dozens,possiblyhundreds,of metal 'teeth',eachof which hasa small hook and an equallytiny hollow. Moving up and down the teeth, to open and closethe zip, is a pieceof metal called the slider.This is operatedby meansof a'pull tab', so calledbecause, Iogicallyenough,the weareror user pulls it in one direction or the other.To closethe zip, a wedgeinsidethe sliderpushesthe hook of each tooth on one sideinto the hollow of eachoffset tooth on the other; to openit, the wedgeforcesthem apart.To preventthe slider coming off the teeth at the other end,there is a'top stop' on both sidesof the zip.This basicdesignhaschangedlittle in the manyyearssinceit wasfirst introduced,although nowadays,of course,zips- zippers- are availablein a whole rangeof shapei,sizesand materials.

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Academicreading

8

bonding In the text,the'necessary bonding'isgivenas a beneficialconsequence of 'mutualgrooming.'

Passage1 Questions 1-5 page5l B The textilefactoryis mainlymentionedfrom line 25 where'workerscomplainedof being bitten.'lt statesthat'dermatitissweptthrough the workplace'and'seemedto be transmitted socialgroups.' through employees'

9F The referenceis in lines71-73!peoplemay unconsciously exaggeratesymptoms... because it getsthem a breakfrom unappealingwork.' the text says'unconsciouslyi while the However, questionreads'theyknow it will.'

10 T

c Line34 mentionsan 'infestation'that'spread through officestaffgoing through dusty records that had lain untouchedfor decades.'lnline 76 staffporing there is furtherevidence:tlerical over records.' A Lines11-13 referto the laboratorywherethere was'a problem,attributedto cablemitesiand saysthat'a concertedeffort was made to exte'rminatethe mites.' B Thisrefersto the factoryagain.Lines26-28 state that'workerscomplainedof being bitten by insectsbrought into the factoryin imported cloth.' A Thisrefersto the laboratoryagain.Lines11-13 state'thatthe problem ... startedto spreadto relativesof the victims.'

Questions

Questions 9-13 pase53

6-8

pase52

6

individualscratching Lines53-67 relateto the chart.Thechart text requiresthe causeof group scratching.The would'prime scratching' saysthat'individual them (thegroup)to scratchitchesof their own'(cause/effect).

7

alerted others of individual Thisis given as a consequence lt would have'alertedothersthat scratching'. therewere biting insectsor parasitespresent.' The phrase'bitinginsectsor parasites' to'pests'in the chart. corresponds

Thetext saysthat'the lab workers... spentthe day laboriouslyexaminingthe resultsof ... tests' and'textileworkersand clericalstaff ... found what they had to do tedious'(lines73-78).Both 'laboriously' and'tedious'indicate'boring'. 11 NG Youmight reasonablyassumethis to be true,but it isn'tmentionedanywherein the text,despite the overalltopic.

12 T Thetext states'fewwill accept... what psychologists calla hystericalcondition.Inthe past ... expertreassurance was enough;these daysthere is a mistrustof conventional medicine'(lines84-89). 13 F The prompt is lnternetin line 92,followedby the the final mentionof 'an epidemiciHowever, of the power sentencesays'Onlyan awareness of the illusioncanstop it.'

Question 14 pase53 14D and insectbites The gist is that certainparasites are all in the mind,Option A only relatesto the contentof paragraph7; B only to paragraphs2, part of the main 4,and 5;C mentions'scratchingi areonly theme,but'yawning'and'laughing' in the text;E relatesonly to incidentalreferences the final part ofthe text.

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Questions 20-24 pase57

Passage 2 Questions 15-19 pase54

:'

15 Sectionll:i The reference tompleted in 1875'makesit clear this was the originallift.Thesecondand third paragraphsof this section,beginning'the operatingmechanismconsistedof ...',explain how it worked. 16 Sectionlll:e Thefirst paragraphof this sectionstatesthe problemsof 'pitting and groovingof the cylinders and pistons'and theircause, whilethe seconddescribesthe attemptedremediesand effect.ltalsomentionsa problemwith'the boiler for the steamenginei 17 SectionlV:h Thefirst paragraphof this sectiondescribesthe structureaddedto the original,which included 'the A-framesi'theplatform'and'the new operatingmechanism'.The way this machinery worked is discussedin the secondparagraph. 18 SectionV: a The only sectionwhich sayswhat the lift was actuallyusedfor is V.Thefirst paragraphof this sectionconsidersits usewith cargovessels, and the second,its tourismfunction. 19 SectionVl:c Cluesincludethe contrastwith'demolition'and wordssuchas'save'and tonservediAlthough the secondparagraphof this sectionmentions 'replacing'and a'replicai the third explainsthat they in fact restoredthe lift to its 1875system and structure. Not used b coverstoo manysections- ll,lll & lV. d dealsonlywith the firstthing mentionedin the text. g is too narrow:only the first paragraphof sectionlV discusses the supports. j is incorrectbecauseat no stageis therea tompletely new lift':the secondis built on top of the first,and the third returnsto the structure and operatingsystemof the first.

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IELTS PracticeTests

20 platform The answerto 17 indicatesthat the relevant sectionis lV.Thefirst paragraphof sectionlV platformthat now formedthe top describes'the of the framework on it was locatedthe new operatingmechanism, which includedseventytwo pulleys.'

2 1 A-frame As'the platform... formedthe top of the frameworkiyou can seewhat wasthere'to support'this platform:the A-shapedstructures 'at eithersidei

22 pulley(s) The pulleysare mentionedas part of the bperating mechanism' on the'platformiand agalnwhen describing how the 'wireropes... ran ... aroundpulleys.'

23 (boat carrying)tank Thetanksarethe biggestmoving partsin the diagram,ableto be'raisedor lowered'.The explanation - the ropes of the mechanism - providesfurther runningaroundthe'pulleys' clues.

24 (castiron) weights Theirlocationis given-'at the sideof the structure'- and their connectionto the tanksvia the pulleysis describedin the first sentence,of the secondparagraph.

Questions 25-27 pase58 25 Franceand Belgium In Sectionll,the text statesthat'the lift becamea prototypefor largerversions... in Franceand Belgium,'

26 a hydraulicpump ln iection fl, the iext statesthat'a hydraulicpump drivenby steamsupplied... additionalenergy ... to effect... movement.' 27 cylindersand pistons Thefirst paragraphof Sectionlll statesthat'the canalwater used'wastorrosive,and therefore causingthe damage.'Thedamage'refers backto 'the pitting and grooving of the cylindersand pistons'.

Passage3 Questions 28*34 pase61 28 size Thesummarycoverslines58-79.Question 28 requires a nounmeaning'the tiniest... to the biggestiThe onefromthe listthatfits issize. 29 never An adverbis required.Thetext says'thiskind of Iife is all we know'(lines63-64),which paraphrases the summary'wehavenever observedany other kindsof organism'.

62 Questions35-38 pase 3sc The questionparaphrases the sentence'Butas Cohenand Stewartshow in their novel,it is possibleto imagineentities... which appearto be alive,but which bearabsolutelyno (lines resemblance to terrestrial organisms' 90-94). 36A The questionparaphrases the sentenceAliens, he (Aldiss)argues,are a manifestationof a fundamentalhuman urge to populatethe universewith "others"'(lines 43-45).

30 mistake

378 A noun is needed,probablyin a fixed expression. The questionparaphrases the sentence'lnhis The text says'scientists ... tend to look for ... latestnovel ... Banksdescribesorganismsthe vital signsthat betrayearthlyorganismswhen sizeof continentssupportingentirecivilizations we haveabsolutelyno reasonfor thinking that astheir intestinalparasites'(lines 111-114). life elsewhereshould be earthlike'(lines66-70). 33C In other words,they are making a mistake(not a Thequestionhasa similarmeaningto the 'breakthrough'). sentence'Theirargumentwith astrobiologyis 3 1 planet not that aliensmight not exist,but that we Followinghnotherithismust be a singularnoun. (humans)caRnot help be constrained in our The text refersto'Mars'and'Martianmeteoritesi search'(lines 55-57). which referto a planet,not an entiregalaxy.

3 2 narrow An adjectiveis requiredto qualifydefinitioniThis Questions 39-40 pase63 word appearstwice in the text:on the first occasionthe writer is concernedthat the 39A definitiontannot be basedmore broadly'(line The writer'sviewson astrobiologyare in the first 71),i.e.that itis narrow.Thereis no suggestion four paragraphs. He saysthat'astrobiologyis haschangedsince that the scientists'definition arguablythe trendiestbuzzwordin scienceafter the previousone. genomics'(line 1).B is not possiblebecausehe asks,'ls astrobiology a new namefor repackaged 3 3 composition (exobiology)?' (line 14)and answers'No, goods Thisneedsa pluraloruncountablenoun for two reasons'. C statesastrobiology'has contrastingwith'behaviouriThispart of the proved'the existence of fossilsin a meteorite, summaryrelatesto the phrasein the text'what it whereas the text says theseare'much-disputed does,ratherthan what it is made of'(lines claims'(line 21). D contradicts the text,which 75-76:the word that means'whatit is made of' Nature magazine says'Significantly, recently is composition. lookedat astrobiologyin all its forms,'soa 34 defining scientificpublicationtook it seriously. A verb -ing form is required.Theanswerrelates 40D to fines76-79:'itis difficult ... to make sucha D correctlysumsup the writer'smain purpose definitionstick,preventingthe term from overall. A is too generaland vague.B dealsonly becomingso inclusiveas to be meaningless.' with part of the text nearthe start not its main purpose.C givesan incorrectinterpretationof what the text actuallysays.

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Test3 Listening

6B Lisasays'somephotographsof peopleand placesthat arespecialto you could be nice ... Itt just a thought,'whichis a recommendation.

Questions1-6: script

LISAHomestayLanguageLearning;Lisa McDowell here.How canI helpyou? DANHello.My name'sDan... pase74 LISAHEIIODAN. Questions l-6 DaN and I'm going to be living with a family in Example A Edinburgh for three months, so I'd like someadvice Lisa,in responseto Dan'senquiryon'what to on what to bring with me. I'm flying in via Singapore bring with meisays'mostimportantof all are on the fifteenth. your documents', so theseare essential. rtSA Right.Well perhapsmost important of all are your documents:vaccinationcertificate,sponsor's 1A letter and the certi$'ing letter from us for The prompt comeswhen Lisasays'let'sstartwith Immigration. cashiShesays'makesurewhen you get hereyou DAN Yes,I've got all thosein order,I think. What I'm havesomecashon you,'specifying'Pounds'and really wondering about are money and clothes,and 'fifty,asan absoluteminimum'. things for my room. Personaleffects,in other words. 2A LISAOK. let's start with cash.You'll alreadvhave AlthoughLisasays'youwill needwarm clothing,' money in your bank accounthere,of course,but shethen says'youreallydon't needto bring makesurewhen you gethereyou havesomecashon much'asit can be bought cheaplynearby. you. Poundsthat is, not eurosor dollars. However, sheadds,'Domakesure... that you DAN How much do you suggest? have... a thicksweaterand a jacketi LISAI'd sayfifty, asan absoluteminimum. DAN OK. Now the next thing is which clothesto bring. 3C What do think? Danwonders'whetherto bring my computer,' LISA Well,asI'm sureyou know it can getpretfycold and Lisawarnsof incompatibilitywith the here, so you will needsomewarm clothing. There electricitysupplyand the riskof breakage. Dan are shops nearherethat sellwinterclothesquite asksaboutcarryingit'ashand luggageibutLisa cheaply, you.really don'tneedto bring much.Do so saysthis may not be possible, adding'myadvice sure, you haveat leastone thick make though, that is to leaveyoursat home.' sweaterand a jacketwith you when you arrive here: 4C the temperature's likely to be a lot lower than in Dan asks:'lsthereanythingelseyou'dadvise Singapore! againstbringing?'Lisa firstmentionsitemsnot DANThanksfor the warning!Now somethingelseI'm includedin the table ('householdor cooking not sureabout is whether to bring my computer.Itt things'),but sayslaterAnd importingfood,of a laptop,so it won't take up much room. course,isn'tallowedby Customs.' Lisa TWoproblems:firstly, it might not be compatible with the electricitysupply in this country, and, 5B secondly,there'sa risk of it gettingbroken in transit. Lisaintroducesthe answerby saying'thereone Someonetravelling herehad herssmashedonly last or two things l'd suggestyou find room for in month. your suitcase,'and then suggests'perhaps a few DAN But surelyI can carryit ashand luggage? of your favouritecassettes or compactdiscs?' However, shedoessay'youmight be ableto find LISAUsually,yes.But becauseof all the tight security right now you may haveto checkit in. So my advice them in the shopshere,'reinforcing is to leavevours at home. recommendedratherthan essential. DAN OK, t ttrint I will. Is there anything elseyou'd adviseagainstbringing?

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LISAWell you won't needhouseholdor cookingthings: they'll all be provided.And importing food, of course,isn't allowedby Customs.Though I imagine you alreadyknew that. DANWell, er,yes. LISABut there are one or two things I'd suggestyou find room for in your suitcase... DANYes? LISAPerhapsa few ofyour favouritecassettes or compactdisks?Of course,you might be ableto find them in the shopshere,but then againyou might not. DAN That'sa good idea.Anything else? LISAYes- somephotographsof peopleand placesthat are specialto you could be nice.They can really makeyour room feel like home. It's just a thought. DANHmm. I'll seeif I've got a few good ones.

Questions 7-10 paset4 7

Wark Lisasays'makesureall your casesare clearly labelled,in English, with your host family'sname and address'. Dan asks'Whatnamedo I write'and Lisa.replies'Wark Lewisand Amy Wark'.Dan says 'W-A-L-K'butLisacorrectshim:'lt'sactuallyW-AR-Ki

8

his hand luggage in my Dan says'l'dbetter put someessentials handluggageitowhichLisareplies'ld recommenda changeof T-shirtand socksand so on.'

9

wear tights Theyboth mention'tights'beforeDan givesthe prompt'forthe flighti He then refersto 'wearing themi and explainsthe healthreasons:'Wearing them helpspreventdeep-veinthrombosiswhen you'reflying long distances.'

LISAIt's'Wark', Lewisand Amy Wark. DANSothat'sW-A-L-K? LISAIt's actuallyW-A-R-K, but we'll be posting full detailsto you later this week. OeN Right,fine. And I'd better put someessentialsin my hand luggage.Enough for a night or two in case, asyou say,anything happensto my main, er, cases. LISAYes* I'd recommenda changeof T-shirt and socksand so on, plus any medicationyou may need. And a toothbrush.of course. DANAnd my tights. LISAYour tights? DANYes,for the flight. Wearingthem helpsprevent deep-veinthrombosiswhen you're flying long distances, not gettingany exercise. LISAOh yes... I've heardaboutthat.Now talking about exercise,there'sone last thing. When you've packedyour baggage,checkyou can carry it - all of it - at least500 metres,without any help.You may haveto do that! DAN OK. Well, thanksfor all your help.You'vecleared up a lot of points. LISAYou'rewelcome.Havea safejourney, and we'll look forward to seeingyou next month. Bye. DANBye.

10 500 metres The prompt comeswhen Lisasays'whenyou've packedyour baggage.'She then says,theckyou can carryit - all of it - at least500 metres.'

7-10:script Questions LISA|ust a few points about packing:makesureall your casesare clearlylabelled,in English,with your host family's name and address.]ust in casethey go missingon the way.It hasbeenknown to happen. DANWhat name do I write, by the way?

Test3 Key

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Section2 Questions 11-13 pase75

:

11-13 A, C,F (anyorder) A Sallybeginsby sayinghlthough one in four peoplehassomekind of disability, the proportionamong studentsis much lower.' OptionA is similarto this. C Shesays'some(universities) havequite sticky problems'forwheelchairaccesscausedby 'ancientbuildings,cobbledstreetsbuilt centuries ago,and so on.' F Referringto the disabilityadvisor,shesaysbften this personis a token ... an extraresponsibility givento a secretary.They don't know what the situationis in practice,and they don't haveany realauthorityto changeanything.' Options not used B Afthough she mentionsthe age25,and the fact that'universities don't do much to encourage is referringto the disabled,not access,'she studentsover 25. D Thismay be a legalrequirementin some countries,but it is not stated by Sally.She is talkingabout a documentthat explains universitypolicy,not actualfacilities. E Thiscontradictswhat she says:'Most universities and somestudents'unions havea disability advisor.'

Questions11-13:script PRESENTER Welcometo StudentTimes,the programmewith all the lateston what'shappeningat universitiesaround the country.Todaywe'll be discussingdisabledapplicants,and the kind of support they can expectto find - or not find - at the universityof their choice.With me to tell us more is StudentDisabilityAdvisorSallyThylor.Good morning, Sally. SALLYGood morning,Hugh.I'd like to startby pointing out that althoughone in four peoplehas somekind of disability,the proportion among studentsis much lower.This is partly becausemost studentsare under 25 andmany peopleonly develop their disabilitiesasthey get older - but it's also becausesomeuniversitiesdon't do much to encourage access. It is true,though,that somehave quite sticky problemswhen it comesto, for instance, wheelchairaccess- ancientbuildings,cobbledstreets built centuriesago,and so on. When facedwith such

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a situation,someuniversitiesmakean extra special effort to provide for studentswith particular disabilities,while othershavespecialist accommodation.In fact, all universitiesshould have a written policy statementon studentswith disabilities,settingout what facilitiesthey have,what their attitude is, and what they'repreparedto do. But,havingsaidthat,only you canproperly understandthe challengesof any disability you have, and so,beforeacceptinga placeat a university(or even,while you're consideringapplying,if only to raisethe universities' awareness), it's good to talk to them and find out how much they can (and will) do for you. The problem is who to talk to. Most universitiesand somestudents'unionshavea disability advisorwho is supposedto know what facilitiesthey alreadyhaveand will help with further arrangementsif necessary or possible.However,all too oftenthis personis a token.Sometimesit's just an extra responsibilitygiven to a secretary.They dorit know what the situation is in practice,and they don't haveany real authority to changeanything.So, giventhat for any prospectivestudentit's bestto visit a universitybeforeapplying,it's an especiallygood idea for studentswith disabilitiesor specialneedsto checkwhetherthe placereallydoescomeup to scratch.In general,the universityshould provide personalcareand assistance, and thereare certain key featuresto look out for if you havea particular disability,including the following.

Questions 14-19 pase75 14 lifts that work The prompt for the sectionis'if your mobilityis impaired,'andthen fire and emergency procedures,'which precedethe gap.Theword 'lifts'aloneis not sufficient: the speakergoeson to exclude'theusualonesthat seemto be out of order halfthe time.'

at the beginning,includingcriticism universities of the lackof effectivedisabilityofficers,it is balancedwith someexplanationand praise. Thereis no realcriticismof facilities, so this cannotbe the main purpose.

Questions 14-20: script sALLYFirstly,if your mobility is impaired,checkthere are ramps and easyaccessto all buildings,not just l5 hearingimpairment Studyingthe precedingand followingdisabilities accommodationor teachingrooms.Then,when you're inside,look for clearinstructions on fire and in the table shouldprovidecluesto the type of emergencyproceduresfor the disabled.Also make answerneeded,and the first sentenceof this surethere are lifts that work - not the usualones sectionincludesthe words'hearingimpairmen(. that seemto be out of order half the time - and 16 visualdoorbells checkfor suitablelavatoryfacilities.Thereis a Theflashingsirensabovethe gap providesa different set of things to look for if you sufferfrom clue,and an explanationof what'visualdoorbells' any kind of hearing impairment. Thereshouldbe actuallydo followsthe useof the expression: inductionloopsin lecturetheatres, flashingsirensin they'light up when somebodycallsroundto see all rooms,and, in accommodation,visual doorbells you.' that light up when somebodycallsround to seeyou. If it is your sightthat is impaired,thereobviously 17 clearmarkings needto be Brailletranslatorsof booksand the Followingthe referenceto'Brailletranslators', documents.In all buildings,the stairs,floors, partsof the buildings(stairs, floors,etc.)come doorwaysand windows must haveclear markings, b.eforethe mention of clearmorkings. and there alsohaveto be specialfire and emergency 18 extra time you proceduresfor you. If you sufferfrom dyslexia, Answeringthis correctlyrequiresyou to will needa computer for generaluseand in exams. understandreferencewords:in'youshouldbe And, asexamsmay takeyou longer to complete,you allowedextratime to do so,"so'refersto shouldbe allowedextra time in which to do so.This completingexams,and in'Thisappliesto work in appliesto work in general,too. Thereare of course generaltoo,"This'refersbackto having exfra many other possiblehealth difficultiesthat you may tirnein the previoussentence. sufferfrom, suchasdiabetes,epilepsy,or heart conditions.If this is the case,checkthe availabilityof 19 emergency to appropriatetreatmentincludingmedication access Afterthe mentionof 'medicationand/ortherapyi and/or therapy.Finally,makesurethat in the event surethat in the Sallygivesthe answer:'make of an emergency, it is clearwhat you - and other it is clearwhat you and event of an emergency, people who may involved- haveto do. be other people who may be involved haveto do,' you meaningthe procedures mustfollow

Question 2O pase76 20D B is correctbecauseit reflectsthe advisory contentand tone of the text,which addresses the readeras'you'.A relatesonly to the beginningof the text.C is wrong becausethere is no mentionof a specificuniversity(oneaim of the text is to enabledisabledstudentsto make D is incorrect an informedchoiceof university). because, althoughthere is generalcriticismof

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Section3 Question s 2l-26

pase76

i.

21 C Lizsaysbne of the most usefulthingswas chattingto peoplewho'd alreadybeentherefor a year,so-calledseniorstudents.' 228 Lizdescribes'thegreatatmosphereat the formal dinner',saying'itwas one of the high pointsof the whole week.' 23F The prompt comeswhen Lizsays'theytook us round the city centre'.After Mark'scomment,she says'itwas very worthwhile.' 24E Marksays'maybethey could havetaken us to a better night club.Themusicat the placewe went to was lousy.'

2sA Lizsays'theyshowedus round everythingon the campusipromptingMarkto complain'itwas everything... I could havedone with less there informationon everybuilding,'suggesting shouldhavebeen'moreon placeseveryone's likelyto use... .' 26D Liztalksof hn afternoonsessionon how to drive in this countryiMarksays'lwasa bit might havebeen more disappointed,'and'it helpfulif it had includedstufffor pedestrians.'

Questions 2l-26:script Iuue Soyou wereboth on last year'sOrientation Course,then. How did it go? LIZ I loved it. The activitieswerewell organized,and I met peoplefrom all over the world. MARKYes,it wasusefi.rl. IULIA And you think I should sign up for this year's course? LIZ Yes,definitely.Apart from being fun, it really does prepareyou for all the things you haveto do in your first coupleof weeks.In fact, one of the most useful things waschatting to peoplewho'd alreadybeen therefor ayear,so-calledseniorstudents.They'd beenon the Orientation Coursethe yearbeforelast, and recommended it to us.Oh, and therewasa great

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atmosphereat the formal dinner,too. It wasso colourful,,yrithpeoplein their traditional dressfrom Asia,Africa, SouthAmerica.It was one of the high points of the whole week. MARKThat wasright at the end, of course.The first thing they did, on the Monday,wastakeus on a guidedtour of the StudentsUnion. Llz And after that they took us round the city centre, showingus things like the bus station,the main shops... MARKAnd the bestpubs ... LIZ Right.So it wasvery worthwhile. MARK Yes,though maybethey could havetakenus to a better night club.The music at the placewe went to waslousy. LIZ That'sa matter of taste,surely!Well anywaythe next day they showedus round everythingon the campus. MARKAnd believeme it waseverything.We must have walkedmiles.I could havedonewith less information on everybuilding in sight,giventhat I'll probablyneverneedto go into half of them, and a bit more on placeseveryone'slikely to useat some time or other.Like the sportsblock, the health centre,the bicycleand car parks... LIZ Which remindsme, therewasan afternoonsession on how to drive in this country,which seemedto me a bit weird * you know, for a universitycourse. MARKI supposeit's becausethere'vebeen accidents involving studentswho aren'tusedto peopledriving on the left. I wasthere actually. LlZHow wasit? MARKWell, I must sayI wasa bit disappointed.There were someusefuldriving tips, but it might havebeen more helpful if it had included stuff for pedestrians. How to avoid gettingrun over,for example. LlzYou didn't go to the sessionon'safety',then? MARK NO.

LrzWell apparentlythat dealtwith road safetyfor pedestrians,alongwith lots of other aspectsof course.I wasn'ttheremyself,but that might be somethingworth going to, Julia.

Questions

27-30

pase77

27D The prompt is from Julia:'what's the accommodationlike?'Marksays'Theroom will havechairs,table,wardrobe,bed,mattress, blankets,sheets,'soD is right.A is wrong becauseJuliaasks'Doyou havea room to yourselfor do you haveto share?', to which Liz replies'You'll havean individualroom.'Bisn't possiblebecauseLizsaysthe room'will be in a different hall from the one you're booked into for the year.'Cisn'tpossiblebecauseLizsaysthe rooms'areboth on the campusso you won't havefar to go.' 288 Liz says'it'sunlikelyto reacheventwenty degreesiso it cannotbe eitherC or D. Markt point'it shouldn'tdrop below about ten,at least duringthe day',meansthat A is not possible, so taking Lizand Mark'scommentstogethergives the answerB. 298 The prompt comeswhen Lizsays'theygaveus freeemailaccess.'Mark says'lthink it was you're twenty; which Liz confirmsby saying'Yes, right.'Ais wrong becauseLiz'sfirst statement 'thirty minutes,if I remembercorrectly'is incorrect.C and D arealsowrong:Lizmentions 'ten'andfifteen'minutesin relationto the extra time she paidfor,not freeemailtime.

30c Juliaasks'Whendoesthe courseactuallystart and finish?'Mark saysMondayis'whenthings get going.'JuliaasksAnd that'sit, is it?'andLiz confirms,'Yes, there'snothing after that.' AlthoughMarksays'alot of peopleget thereon the Sunday,'this is not when the activitiesbegin. A and B arethereforewrong.Markdoessay 'most peoplestayovertill Saturday,'but not for activities, so D is wrong.

27-30: script Questions IULIAI like the soundof the wholething. Tellme, what'sthe accommodationlike?Do you havea room to yourselfor do you haveto share?What do you haveto takewith you? LIZ For the orientation course,you'll havean individual room in one of the halls of residence. That'll be a different hall from the one you'rebooked into for the year,but they'reboth on the campusso you won't havefar to go. MARKAnd you won't haveto taketoo much with you. The room will havechairs,table,wardrobe,bed, mattress,blankets,sheetsand so on. LIZ Thkea warm coat or jacket,though. It may well rain and it's unlikely to reacheventwenty degreesin lateSeptember. MARKBut it shouldn't drop below about ten, at least during the day.Which is something,I suppose! IULIA Right. Now I know they can't do much about the weather,but did you havethe feelingthat they were looking after you on the course? LIZ Yes,we did. Thereweresomelittle touchesthat showedthey'd thought about what it waslike to be starting a courseof study abroad. JULIASuchas? LIZ Well it's just a small example,but they gaveus free email accessto contactpeopleat home.Thirty minutes,if I remembercorrectly. MARKActually I think it wastwenty. LIZ Yes,you're right. I wason for over half an hour and paid for an extra ten or fifteen minutes.Not that it wasmuch! f ULIAEmailsdon't takelong to write anyway. LIZ No, they don't. IULIA So,just one more thing: the timetable.When doesthe courseactuallystart and finish? MARKWell a lot of peopleget there on the Sunday, though youd haveto find a room for an extra night asthe courseaccommodationis only bookedfrom the Monday,when things get going. LIZ Then they ll keepyou busy all week,until the dinner on the Friday. IULIA And that's it, is it? LIZ Yes,theret nothing after that. MARKThough most peoplestayover till Saturday, partly to recoverfrom the party but alsobecause they can then move straight into their permanent rooms. IULIAI think I'll do that.Well,thanksa lot for all your advice.I'm sureI'll enjoythe course. LIZ I wish I could go on this year's,too!

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"147

Section4 Questions3l-33 pase78

i"

31 sixth/6th The lecturerspeaksof 'disagreement asto exactlywhen,or even in which centuryi before stating'theconsensus nowadays, though,is that it was in the sixth'. 32 ChineseArrows The speakersays'fireworkswere in use by the seventhcentury in Arabia,where they were called"Chin eseArrows",' with the'mi Iitary' referencehelpingto confirmhrrowsi 33 Europe The speakersays'lttook a long time for them to spreadto Europeiin fact it wasn'tuntil the twelve hundredsthat fireworksmadetheir appearance there.'

Questions3I-33: script LECTURER Good afternooneveryone, and welcometo this short talk on the subjectoi fireworks.Now, fireworks,asI'm suremany of you know, were inventedin China,thoughtherehaslong been disagreementasto exactlywhen, or evenin which century.The consensusnowadays,though, is that it wasin the sixth, asthereis considerableevidenceof war rocketsbeing madethen. We alsoknow that fireworkswerein useby the seventhcentury in Arabia,wherethey werecalled'ChineseArrows', reflectingtheir military potential.It then took a long time for them to spreadto Europe:in fact it wasn't until the twelvehundredsthat fireworksmadetheir appearance there.

Questions 34-37 pase78 34 shell The speakersaysa shellisbften a sphereabout the sizeof a peachiwhichdescribes34 in the diagram. 35 7Slseventy-fivemm/millimetres The referenceto the'mortar'comesafterthe answer.The speakersays'ashellof this kind is launchedfrom a 75 millimetrediametermortar.' Herediametermeanswidth.

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36 500/fivehundred mm/millimetres Thespeakerrefersto the mortaras a'steelor ... shatterproofplasticpipeiThenext sentence refersbackto the pipe:'thisis likelyto be 500 millimetreslong.' 37 lifting Thereis a descriptionwhich matchesthe diagram:'atthe bottom of the pipe,belowthe shell,is placeda cylindercontainingblack powder.Thishasa long fusewhich projectsout of the tube.'Thencomesthe answer:'whenthis is lit, it quickly burns down to the lifting charge!

Questions 38-40 pase7e 388 B is correct:the text says'someshellscontain explosives designedto cracklein the sky,or whistlesthat explodeoutwards:A is wrong becausethereis no mentionof danger,despite 'burstingi the useof wordssuchas'explode'and C contradictsthe speaker:'the sectionsof a multibreakshellare ignitedby differentfuses.' 39C C is correctbecausethe speakersays'tocreatea specificfigurein the sky,forinstancea heart shape,you createan outlineof the figurein starsi A is incorrectbecausethe speakersays'ifthe starsare equallyspacedin a circle... you will see ... explosionsequallyspacedin a circle,'nota heart.B is alsoincorrectthereis no suggestion that the starsthemselvesare'heart-shaped'. 408 B matchesthe descriptionof 'TheSerpentine (which)sendssmalltubesof incendiaries scatteringoutwardsin randompaths,whichmay culminatein explodingstarsiA matches'the Ring Shell(which)is producedby starsexploding outwardsto producea symmetricalringiC matchesthe Palmwhichtontains largecomets, or charges... thesetraveloutwards,explodeand then curvedownwardslikethe limbsof a palm tree.'

Questions34-4A:script LECTURERThe basicingredientsof fireworkshave changedlittle to this day.Their explosivecapacity comesmainly from black powder,alsoknown as gunpowder,which is producedfrom a mixture of charcoal,sulphurand potassiumnitrate.A modern aerialfirework - the kind usednowadaysin bie public displays,not the small rocket type that |ou might rememberfrom your childhood - is normally madein the form of a shell, often a sphereabout the sizeof a peach.Insidethe shellare a number of stars surroundedby black powder,and running through the centreof the round shellis a chargethat makes the firework explodewhen it reachesthe desired altitude.This is known asthe bursting charge.When this explodes,it ignitesthe outsideof the stars,which begin to burn with bright showersof sparks.Since the explosionthrows the starsin all directions,you getthe hugesphereof sparklinglight that is so familiar at firework displays.A shell of this kind is launchedfrom a 75 miilimetre-diameter mortar, which in somewaysresemblesthe type usedby the military. The mortar is a steelor - increasingly,for safetyreasons- shatterproofplasticpipe.This is likely to be 500 millimetres long and sealedat one end.The other end is aimed at the sky and at the bottom of the pipe, belowthe shell,is placeda cylinder containingblack powder.This hasa long fusewhich projectsout of the tube.When this is lit, it quickly burns down to the lifting charge,which explodesto launch the shell.In so doing, it also lights the shell'sfuse.The shell'sfuseburns while the shell risesto its correctaltitude,and then ignitesthe bursting chargeso it explodes.More complicated shellsare divided into sectionsand burst in two or three phases.Shellslike this are calledmultibreak shells.They may contain starsof different colours and compositionsto createsofteror brighter light, more or lesssparks,etc.Someshellscontain explosivesdesignedto cracklein the sky,or whistles with the stars.The sectionsof that explodeoutr,vards a multibreak shellare ignited by different fusesand the bursting of one sectionignitesthe next. The shellsmust be assembledin sucha way that each sectionexplodesin sequence to producea distinct separateeffect.The pattern that an aerialshellpaints in the sky dependson the arrangementof stars insidethe shell.For example,if the starsareequally spacedin a circle,with blackpowderinsidethe circle,you will seean aerialdisplayof smallerstar explosionsequallyspacedin a circle.To createa specificfigure in the sky,for instancea heart shape, you createan outline of the figure in starsinsidethe

shell. You then place explosive charges inside those stars to blow them outward into the shape of alarge heart. Each charge has to be ignited at exactly the right time or the whole thing is spoiled. Many other shapeshave particular names,like the Willow. This is formed by stars that fall in the shape of willow tree branches spreading a little to the side and then downwards. The high charcoal composition of the stars makes them long-burning, so they may even stay visible until they hit the ground. The Ring Shell is fairly basic. It is produced by stars exploding outwards to produce a symmetrical ring of coloured lights. More complex is the pattern created by the Palm, which contains large comets, or charges in the shape of a solid cylinder. These travel outwards, explode and then curve downwards like the limbs of a palm tree. The Serpentine,the last one for noq is different again. When this one bursts, it sends small tubes of incendiaries scattering outwards in random paths, which may culminate in exploding stars. It can be quite spectacular.

Test3 Key

149

Academicreading

6C C is confirmedwhen the writer admits'myskin ... hasbeen deceivingme my entirelife,'and that'my skinfeelspressureand temperature (but) it's my brainthat saysI feel wet.'A is incorrectbecausethe writer doesnot suggest there is anythingwrong with his skin,or that it is in any way unusual.B is incorrectsincein paragraphsG and H the neuroscientist explains that the skincannotfeel'wetness', only'pressure, pain and temperatureiD is incorrectsince,in additionto the above,the writer admitshis mistakeby saying'l now realize...'

PassageI Questions

l*4

page82

1B The long synonymfor skin-'this imperviousyet permeablebarrier'- is followedby'is composed of three layers.' Cluesincludebutermost'and 'epidermis'(on ... the surface), aswellasthe 'dermis'and'innermostlayer'(belowthe surface). 2H

Therearetwo experimentsin this paragraph.The Questions7-Il pase 83 neuroscientist tellsthe writer'Openyour eyes' 7E after the first experiment.In the second,the writer sayshe has'visualproof':he can seewhat Earlierin paragraphC,the writer states'Wecan is happening. livewithout seeingor hearing- in fact,without any of our other senses'soE is correct.Thefact 3J that option Ewill not fit any of the other answers The writer addresses the readerdirectly-'lf you grammaticallyhelpsto confirmthis.OptionJ evertouch a hot burner'- and usesthe lookspossiblebut is incorrectsinceparagraphC imperativeto indicateadvice-'just put your refersto some'babiesborn without effective finger in cold water.'Thephysicalresultsof this nerveconnectionsbetweenskinand brain.' ('noblister... no scar')arethat damagewill be avoided. 8H Thewriter twice explainswhy a substancefeels 4D wet in paragraphH:'Thecombinationof Thefirst sentenceof D mentions'experiments pressureand cold ... is what makesmy skin decadesago,now consideredunethicaland perceivewetness,'and'myskinfeelspressure inhumane,'inwhich they'kept baby monkeys and temperature.lt's my brainthat saysI feel from being touchedby their mothers.' wet.'Youneedto be carefulwithother sensations, and the combinationof cold and painin optionA - pain is not mentionedin relationto wetness. Questions 5 and $ pase82 9D

5B The relevantparagraphis E ('insufficient touchingin earlyyearscan havelifelongresults' corresponds to the question),and the beginning of paragraphF.Therearetwo clueswhich confirmB:'wheretouch is limited,adult aggressionis highiand the correlationof 'high ratesof physicalaffectionin childhood with low ratesof adult physicalviolence.'Atakesthe word 'apathetic'fromthe text, but there it is used about monkeys.C contradictsthe text,and also impliesa changein behaviouraschildren becomeadultsthat is not stated in the text. D is contradictedby the first clauseof paragraphF: 'the effectsof touching are easyto understand.'

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question8 and option D ParagraphI paraphrases together:'.'Don'tbe misledby the referencein optionC to the skinbeingthin - this hasno connectionwith ticklishness.

10 G Theanswerto this followsthe answerto question8 in paragraphl:'Gentlestimulationof pressurereceptorscan resultin ticklishness; gentlestimulationof pain receptorsin itching.' 11 B Paragraph J explainshow a smallcut -'l nicked myselfwith a knife'- healsup quickly-'lt's only been a few days but my little self-repairis almost complete.'This is because'epidermal cellsare

migratinginto the wound to closeit upi i.e.it can mend itself.ParagraphB had explainedthat the epidermisis the outer layer.

Questions 12-14 pase83

18 SectionD: ii Thissectionexplainsthe useof lock-picking toolsto open a lock. 19 SectionE:vi As wellas addingmore informationabout pin locks,this sectionalsointroducestwo other kindsof lock'wafer'and'tubulari

12 True

Headingsnot used i Thereis no discussion of this anywherein the text.AlthoughSectionE describesthe more secure'tubularlockiit saysthey are usedon 'vendingmachinesi iii SectionD mentionstwo typesof tool,but there is no adviceon which to choose,or how. iv Thisis the topic only of the first paragraphin SectionC. 13 Not given v How to open a lock with a different key is not more often Although'pressure' is mentioned discussed in any of the sections. than'temperature' or'pain'in the examples given,there is no suggestionthat this is because x Thetechniqueof pickingonly one kind of lock (pin)is explainedin SectionD.AlthoughE the skinis any more sensitiveto this stimulus mentionsthe relativedifficultyof picking than to the other two. differentkinds,it doesn'texplainhow to do so. 14 False Thefirst indicationthat the statementis falseis '-Repairs Although occurwith varyingsuccess.' Questions 20-22 pase86 is now the writersays'mylittle self-repair complete... we recoverquicklyfrom slight 20 housing burns,theseare minor injuriesithiscontrasts Thisis describedin SectionC as'theouter part of with the final sentence:'Severe burns,though, the lockwhich doesnot move',with further are a different matter.' references suchas'verticalshaftsthat run down The beginningof paragraphF states'theeffects of touchingare easyto understandlin contrast with'the mechanicsof it'- in other words,how our senseof touch works.Thatevenscientists find it difficultis shownwhen Bolanowski, a neuroscientist, says'noone knowsexactlyhow it takesplace.'

from the housing'.

Passage 2 Questions 15-19 pase84 15 SectionA: viii Thefirst sectionfocuseson'locksmithslwho open lockslegally,and'burglarsiwhodon't,as welI as'spiesi'detectivesl and the'determi ned intruderi 16 SectionB:vii SectionA outlinesthe connectionbetweenkey, lockand bolt,usingthe exampleof the deadbolt.

2'l cylinder The overviewof the systemat the beginningof C explainsthe role of the cylinder:'thekey turns a cylinderin the middle of the lock.'Thenext two paragraphsconfirmthe positionof 'the central cylindef,referringto'shafts that run down from the housinginto the cylinder; 22 pins The secondparagraphin C explainswhat and wherethey are:'lnsidetheseshaftsare pairsof metalpinsof varyinglength,held in positionby are more references in the smallsprings.'There next paragraph.

17 SectionC:ix Thissectionmainlydescribesthe workingsof a pin loc( which,as pointedout at the beginning is a kind of cylinder of the secondparagraph, lock.

Test3 Key

151

30 No In lines68-70,the writer says,'inflattenedand (i.e.segmented) decentralised' brganisations, 23 (aithe) (tension)wrench i prospects.' there are very limited career The wordsthat.explainthis are'insertthe tension wrenchinto the'keyholeand turn it ... Thisturns 31 No the cylinderso that it is slightlyoffsetfrom the Thisis contradictedin lines88-94:'European housingaroundit'. organizations continueto be structured hierarchically ... with explicitchannelsof 24 (a/the) pick reporting... Decisionmaking...remains The text says'Whileapplyingpressureon the essentially orderscomefrom top-down'(i.e. cylinder,slidethe pick into the keyhole,' above). 25 (the) ledge (in shaft) The text hasmentioned'aslightledgein the pin shaftsland now says'The/edgekeepsthe upper Questions32-37 paseeo pin wedgedin the housing,so it won't fall back into the cylinder.'This ledgeis maintainedby 32 increasing 'applyingpressurewith the tensionwrench.' The references in the text to a'long-hours (line98) and'excessively working culture' long Questions 26-27 pase87 working hours'(lines108-109)makeincreasing correctand the alternativeadjectivedeclining 26 moderate security clearlywrong. The beginningof sectionE saystheselocksbffer

Questions 2315

pase87

moderatesecurityiNoticethe similarityin meaningto relativelylow securityabove,andin form (adjective+ noun)to the one belowthat: superiorprotection.

33 reach A verb is neededhere,so it is a choicebetween reachandpredict.Thefirst of these more accuratelyreflectsthe text reference'ifthe targetsareto be achieved'(lines 108-109).

27 water The secondparagraphof sectionE dealswith 34 agreement this type of lock.Theclues'relatively low security' The nounswith similarmeaningsareargument, and'mostcars'arein the lastsentence. agreementand discussion.The text mentions bngoingdispute'(line 112)andbbjections'(line 113)in relationto measuresof performance. However, the negative'nor'inthe summary makesargumentor discussionimpossible.

Passage 3

eo Questions28-31 pase 28 Yes Thetext saysthe outcomeof 'manymergersand acquisitions, strategicalliancesand joint venturesbetween Britishand European companiesis that they do not achievetheir objectivesand end in tears'(lines18-21),i.e.they often fail. 29 Yes Thetext statesthat'The resultis a management culturewhichis ... focusedalmostentirelyon the shortterm'(lines56-58).Thisis referring backto the objectivesof 'project management principles'(line 45).

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35 manufacturing The two adjectiveslikelyto fiL aremanufacturing and office.Thecontrastin the text is between activities in'labsibfficesi and'marketing departments'onthe one hand,and'a factory producingcars'onthe other (lines117-122).The answermust be manufacturing.Also,clerical meansofficein this context,so the alternative would not makesense. 36 pressure The possiblenouns arc pressureand temperoture. Don'tbe misledby the apparentsimilarityof the latterto'burn-out'in the text (line 126):there is no connectionin meaning.

37 unwilling The choiceof three nouns - willing,able and unwilling- makescomplete understandingof the text essential.The verb form'would work' indicateswillingness(not ability)to continue workingto 65,but asthe figureshavebeen reversedto give a negativeperspective(807oas opposedto'a fifth'in the text),the answertoo must be negative.

Questions38-39 pase Pdee:el '' ;;;:,;'

Lines133-135state'theEuropeanmanagement model allowsfor family-friendly employment policies,'and althoughthe text saysthis may also be the casewhere projectmanagement principlesoperate,it specifies'intheory'and then goesto suggestwhat happensin practice. 39 (annual)leave The idea of tight deadlinesis containedin the planhasto be lines143-147:'the business finishedby the end of the month,the advertising campaigncompletedby the end of next week ... writerthan to achievemeasurable targets.'The asksthe rhetoricalquestionabout'takingour full annualleavei

Question 40 paseet .

: lr

oo io", criticizingthe effectsof the American model in the UKand comparingit with the European, the writerasks'Whichof thesetwo modelsis preferable?'(line 195)and then gives argumentsin favourof the Europeanone for Britain.A incorrectlyinterpretswhat the writer says,and alsodealswith only an incidentalpoint. C is beyond the scopeof the text: no new model is put forward,just a choice betweentwo existingones.D is not the'main purpose'ofthe text.Althoughthe topic is mentionedin several paragraphs, it is as an examplefrom only one sectorof the economy.

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153

Test4 Listening SectionI Questions 1-4 pagee8 driving licence Afterthe prompt'piecesof identity',Terry mentions'a valid passport'andsays'the next one is a drivinglicence,and againone from your countrywould be OKi

ground floor now.' 7

no / nothing After mentioning'incentives...to open accounts,' 5am asks'ifthey are offeringanything,'andTerry replies,'l'm surethey'dsayso on their"new clients"page if they were,'andthen 'no,there's nothing mentionedthere.'Terry then mentionsa free gifti

Questions 1-7: script TERRYExpatsHelpline;Terry Davieshere.What can I do for you? benefit book Hello Terry,I've beenin this country for a while sau Terryreadsout'a birth certificateibut this cannot and I've just been offereda job in the ciry so I think be usedas Samis not under 18. He then going I'm to needto open a bank account.I haven't suggests? benefitbookland she replies,'Yes, had one before, so I'm wonderingwhat papersI could bring thati Sheasksabout'a letterfrom need. your employeribut Terrysays,'that'snot actually TERRYWell basicallyyou'll needto be ableto prove to on the list,so we'll haveto assumeyou can't.' the bank that you re who you sayyou are and that insurancecertificate you live whereyou sayyou do, OK? Samaskswhat she can use'to prove where I livei SaiuUh-huh. and Terrymentions'abill for counciltaxiandjust TERRYAnd for somebanks,at least,that meansyou ll after that'a n insurance certificate'. Samsays'l've haveto showthem two separatepiecesof identity, so got one of those.' I'll run through the list if you like. Yes,please. SAM electricitybill TERRY OK, I'll bring it up on the screen.Let'ssee... Samasksabout'a bill for my mobileibut Terry here it is ... right, the first thing it saysis'a valid says'l'mafraidit would haveto be for a fixedline passport'. phone.'Shethen suggests'anelectricitybill'and sa^uMio.', Australian. Terryindicatesshecould usethat'if it'sin your TERRY Yes,that would be fine of course.The next one name;towhich she replies,'ltis.' is'a driving licence',and againone from your country would be OK. Then that'sfollowed by'birth certificate'...oh hangon, that'sonly if you'reunder Questions 5-7 pasee8 18. SAMWhich I'm not. 9.30-3.30 TERRYRight, so not that then. But you can alsoshow FollowingSamt questionabout'theirbusiness them a'benefit book', for instanceif you're in illhoursiTerrytalksof 'a changeat somebanksin health or unemployedor getting income support. the lastyearor soiso 9.00until 4.00is wrong.He SAMYes,Icouldbring that. Or a letterfrom my then saysit isbpen from nine thirty in the employer,maybe? morningtill half pastthree in the afternoon.' TERRYWell that'snot actuallyon the list; so we'll have to assumeyou can't. ground floor sAM OK, And to prove whereI live? Samasksfor confirmationthat'it'son the top TERRYAgain, there are severalpossiblethings listed floor of the Centrebuilding,'towhichTerry here.For instanceyou could usea bill for council replies,'That's where it usedto be,'i.e.it is no tax, or somethingelsefor whereyou live, suchasan longerthere.He goeson to say'it'son the insurance certificate.

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SAMAnd one last thing on this: I know most banks SAMI've got one of those.Somewhereamong all my giveincentivesto young peopleto open accounts papers.But what about bills?Things like phone bills, with them, but apparentlythis one didn't. Do you I mean. know if they are offering anything thesedays? TERRYAs long asit hasyour addresson it, yes,fine. just check... I'm surethey'dsayso on their TERRY I'll SAMSo a bill for my mobile would do, would it? 'new pageif they were ... no, there'snothing clients' TERRYAh - I'm afraid it would haveto be for a fixed mentioned there. line phone.You could useother types of household SAMThat'sa pity.I wasquite looking forward to bill, though.As long asyou get them through the getting my freegift! post. sAM How about an electricitybill? That'll saywhereI live.won't it? TERRYIf it's in your name,and not that of a er ... Questions8-10 paseee landlord,yes. 8F SAMIt is, so l'[ probablytakethat then. Terrysays'turnleft'from the Centre,going past TERRYThere'sone other you might want to use:a the'PostOfficeland then'turn left up Bridge 'vehicleregistrationdocument'.If you havea car or Street'pastthe'ShawTheatre'and'takethe first motorbike or something,of course. rightiTheRoyalBankisbn the right,directly SAMNo I haven't,actually. oppositethe ParkHotel'(notthe lnternetcaf6). SAMNow I believethere'i a bank actuallyinsidethe CommercialCentre,and I might open an account 9A there,seeingashow thatt whereI'll be everyday. Afterturning'right'fromthe Centreand going TERRYYes,that would seemto makesense.I know hlong MarketStreet'until'thejunction with West peoplewho bank there. Streetitheadviceis to'turn right againiand tarry SAMI actuallyread about it in a city guide- my cousin on up asfar asthe nextjunction,whereyou take picked it up when he washere a coupleof yearsago a left.'Aftercrossingthe road and turning left, - and Fmadea few notes.Do you mind if I run the bankis'thethird buildingon the right'(not through them with you now just to makesurethe B,the first). detailshaven'tchanged? 10c TERRYFine - go ahead. Samcan go'eitherway from the Centre:up West SAMOK, first question:it's still a branch of the Streetor BridgeStreetand then along pastthe Popular Bank,is it, the one with links to Australian City HalliThebank isbn the other sideof the banks? road,right next to the TouristOfficeiso it must TERRYNo, it's actuallybeentaken over by anotherbig be C,not D. banking group: the SavingsBank.It still seemsquite popular,though, especiallywith peopledoing businessin the Asia/Pacificarea. SAMAnd when is it open?Monday to Saturday? Questions8*10:script TERRYI'll haveto checktheir websitefor that. Give me TERRYThere areplenty of other bankswithin walking a secondor two, will you. distanceyou know. It may be worth shopping SAMSure. around to seewhat they'vegot to offer: longer TERRYRight,I've got it ... 'customerservice'... and openinghours, including Saturdays,perhapsless it's ... just weekdays, I'm afraid. crowded... SAMDoesit saywhat their businesshours are? SAMCan you tell me how to getto a coupleof them?I TERRYI'm just looking for that, it's on a different page know wherethe CommercialCentreis, so thatk for somereason... I think there'sbeena changeat probably my best starting place. somebanksin the lastyearor so ... yeshereit is ... TERRYSure.For the RoyalBank you needto turn left it's open from nine thirty in the morning till half when you leavethe Centre,go along Market Street past three in the afternoon. pastthe PostOffice,and turn left up Bridge Street, SAMAnd it's on the top floor of the main Centre pastthe ShawTheatre.Then you take the first right. building is it, next to the TravelAgency? You'll seean Internet caf6on the other sideand the TERRYThat'swhere it usedto be, but they'vesince Royalis just a bit further along on the right, directly moved it to a slightly biggerplace.It's on the ground oppositethe Park Hotel. floor now SAMOK I've got that. What about the Northern Bank?

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TERRYFor that one you turn right asyou comeout of the Centre,and go along Market Streetuntil you cometo the junction with WestStreet.There,you turn right again,and carry on up asfar as the next junction, whereyou take a left. You'll seethe bank from there:it's the third building on the right. SAMFine.And the lastone,the NationalBank? TERRYYou can go either way from the Centre,really: up WestStreetor Bridge Streetand then alongpast City Hall. The bank is on the other sideof the road, right next to the TouristOffice.Youcan'tmissit. sav Great.Thanksa lot for you help. TERRYAny time. Bye. SAMtsye

Section2 Questions l1-14 pase1oo 11 worksamples Followingthe prompt for Step 1 'preparationis a keyto success,'and the referenceto the first point'beginby collectingtogetherall the documents,'thespeakergivesthe answer, adding'you could alsotake someyvorksamples, selectingfrom what you havedesigned,drawn, or written,for instance'. 12 job description SandyintroducesStep2 by statingthat'the moreyou know ... the better preparedyou will beibefore advising'requesta job description from the employer'. 13 employees After referringto the Chamberof Commerceand library,they suggest'networkwith peoplewho work for the company,oremployeesof companiesassociated with iti 14 experienceor skills The speakermentions'thenext step'andthe adviceis to'matchyourqualifications to the requirements,' then'think about somestandard interviewquestionsand how you might respond,'andfinally'ifyou don't haveany experience or skills... think about how you might compensatei

QuestionsI 1-14:script PRESENTER-Today I havewith me SandyRichardsonof the local WorkforceCenter,and she'll be talking aboutthat criticalsteptowardsthe goalof employment:the interview.Sandy,what is an interview for, and what'sthe bestway to approachit? SANDYA job interviewis simplya meetingbetween you and a potential employerto discussyour qualificationsand seeif thereis a'fit'. The employer wantsto verifi' what they know about you and talk aboutyour qualifications. Ifyou havebeencalledfor an interview,you can assumethat the employeris interestedin you.The employerhasa needthat you may be ableto meet,so it's your goal to identi$' that needand convincethe employerthat you're the one for the job. As everyoneknows,interviewscan be stressful,but when you'rewell preparedthere'sno reasonto panic.Preparationis the key to success in a job search,and you can begin by collectingtogether all the documentsyou may needfor the interview, suchasextracopiesof your resumd,listsof references, and lettersof recommendation.You could alsotake somework samples,selectingfrom what you havedesigned,drawn or written, for instance. And make sureyou havea pen and pad of paper for takingnotes.The next stepis to find out aboutthe post.The moreyou know aboutthejob, the emploler and the industry,the betterpreparedyou will be to targetyour qualifications.Alwaysrequesta job description from the employer,and research employerprofiles at the Chamberof Commetceor local library.You could alsotry to network with peoplewho work for the company,or with employeesof companiesassociatedwith it. The next stepis to matchyour qualifications to the requirementsof the job. A good approachis to write out your qualificationsalongwith the job requirements.Think about somestandardinterview questionsand how you might respond.Most questionsaredesignedto find out more aboutyou, your qualificationsor to testyour reactionsin a given situation. If you don't haveany experienceor skills in a requiredarea,think about how you might compensatefor thosedeficiencies.

Questions15-20 pasetoo 15 ten minutes Don't be misledby the referenceto'30 seconds': that contrastswith 'plentyof time:Theadviceis not to arrive'tooearlyiin other words '10 minutes at mosti

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16 take your time Sandyrecommendsyou should'listencarefully to eachquestion'andthen 'tokeyourtime in respondingi 17 ask for clarification The prompt is'if you are unsureof a questioni foflowedby the answerin'don't be afraidto ask for clarification.' 18 salary The prompt comesin the referenceto'your followedby the clue'avoid salaryrequirements', the questionuntil you havebeenofferedthe jobi The answeris heardagainin the warningabout Questionsabout salaryaskedbeforethere is a job offeri "19 confident Firstthere is a clue:'themore you learnfrom the experience, the easierthe next one will become.' become Thisis followedby the reason:'You'll much more confident.'

20 appearance The speakergivesexamplesof changesto the appearance, suchas clothing,visiting the hairdresser's, and havinga shave.Then speakerparaphrases the given sentence: 'Rememberthat your appearanceis a key indicatorof whetheryou havethe right attitude, so it can pay to give somethought to how you look.'

experiences.Something you should avoid are'yes' or 'no'responsesto questions,but don't dwell too long on non-job related topics. Use caution if you are questioned about your salary requirements.The best strategy is to avoid the question until you have been offered a job. Questions about salary asked before there is a job offer are usually screening questions that may eliminate you from consideration, so be warned. On the other hand, it isn't inappropriate to show your enthusiasm if your first impressions of the interview and of the employer are good ones, so, if the job sounds like what you are looking for - say so. Keep in mind that the interview is not over when you are asked if you have any questions. Come prepared to ask a couple of specific questions that again show your knowledge and interest in the job. Close the interview in the same friendly, positive manner in which you started. When the interview is over, leave promptly. Don't overstay your time. Think about the interview and learn from the experience. Evaluate the successand failures. The more you learn from the interview, the easier the next one will become. You'll become much more confident. To close,here are a few more tips. First, maintain good eye contact throughout the interview, and be aware of nonverbal body language.Second,dressa step above what you would wear on the job, go to the hairdresser's,have a shave,et cetera. Remember that your appearance is a key indicator of whether you have the right attitude, so it can pay to give some thought to how you look. And, finally, don't be a clock watcherl

Questions15-20:script Sandy During an interview it's important that you be yourself. Get a good night's sleepand plan your travel to tre there in plenty of time, so that you're not arriving out of breath with 30 secondsto spare. Don't, though, presentyourself for the interview too early: ten minutes at most. In the interview, listen carefully to each question asked. Tirke your time in responding and make sure your answers are positive. It's important to expressa good attitude and show that you are willing to work, eager to learn and are flexible. If you are unsure of a question, don't be afraid to ask for clarification. In fact, it's sometimes a good strategy is to close a responsewith a question for the interviewer. In general, focus on your qualifications and look for opportunities to personalize the interview. Briefly answer questions with examples of how you responded in comparable situations, from either your life or previous job

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Section3 Question s 21-24

pase 101

:

21 university The speakersaysthat'employerswill be at least as interestedin how well a studenthas performedacademically, and how the whole experienceof universityhasdevelopedthe student as a person.' 22 interesting modulesthat will Thetutor suggests'selecting interestyou'and'in which you think you will be particularlysuccessful.' 23 vocational Thetutor saysbn certaindegreecourses... modulechoicecan be important.Thisapplies mainlyto vocationalcourses.' 24 careersservice The prompt is'academicdepartment'anda furtherclue ishnything you'renot certainabout' which comesafter the answer.Thealternativeto the'academicdepartment'onthe recordingis 'the university'sCareersService'.

Questions2I-24:script

education.Usuallythe modulesstudentsare required to takewill include all thoseneededto meet those professionalrequirements.Your academic department,in this caseChemicaland Process Engineering,and the university'sCareersService will be ableto adviseyou, and will be pleasedto help you sort out anythingyou're not certain about. PATRight.

Questions 25-29 pase1ol 2sA Rajavis talkingaboutAppliedChemical Engineering when he asksabout'the lnformationTechnologypart of the moduleland the tutort replymentions'wordprocessing'and 'spreadsheets.' 26C Pat'squestionrefersto'Science1 in Chemical Engineeringi and the tutor explains:'students who havealreadystudied physicsare excused the physicslectures,while those who've done biologyareexemptfrom attendingthe biology lectures.' 278 WhenSoniaasks'howis that module (Fluid Mechanics) tested?lthetutor says'Thattone of thosewhich still useswritten exams.Thesitdown,formal type.'

TUToRAs you know, this weekyou chooseyour modulesfor the first yearof study,so this 28A introductory meetingis aimed at helping you make Referringto the topics coveredin Applied informed choices.I think the bestway to do this is the tutor mentions ChemicalEngineering, basis,so who'd like to on a question-and-answer 'interviewing techniques,presentationskills, start?Pat? and producingwritten reports'. PAI Yes,there'ssomethingI've beenwondering about: 29C will my choiceaffectmy careeropportunities? Patasksabout'theteachingapproachiand the TUTORWell, for most studentsthe choiceof LevelOne tutor says'youare encouragedto learnby moduleswon't be crucialin termsof a latercareer.ln jobs working out the solutionsto problemsfor will acceptgraduates fact, many graduatelevel yourself.' from a rangeof degreecourses.Employerswill often be at leastasinterestedin how well a studenthas performedacademicallpand how the whole experienceof university has developedthe student asa person,asin the detailof the courseoptions chosen.Selectingmodulesthat will interest you and in which you think you will be particularly successful is thereforealsolikely to makegood sensein career terms. On certaindegreecourses,though, module % choicecanbe important. This appliesmainly to vocational courseswherethe degreeconfersan accreditedprofessionaltraining aswell asuniversity

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Question 30 pase101 30c AfterSonia asksabout'the 1Amodulel Spanish thetutorexplains:'The modulecomprises thirtysixhoursof class contact, mainlyintutorial groupsof sixteen to twenty,andstudents are expected to do approximately sixty-four hoursof privatestudyi Questions25-30:script RAIAVI'd like to ask a few things about the Applied ChemicalEngineeringmodule. TUTORFine.What would you like to know? RAIAVWell, apart from the work on practica' engineering,what other topics are covered? TUTORSomethat might surpriseyou. One that studentsalwaysseemto like includesinterviewing techniques,presentationskills and producing written reports. RAIAVHmm ... they sound interesting.How are they taught? TUTORThrough lectures,practical classesand persontrltutorials. Applied ChemicalEngineering lastsall year of course,so there'splenty of time. RAIAVAnd what about assessment? TUTORThrough project work, usually,or dissertation. Not examsas such. RAIAVIs that the samefor the Information Technology part of the module? TUTORYes,things like word processingand learning to createspreadsheets are testedin a similar way on this module. SONIAThat's not the casein someother modules,is it? TUTOR No, it isn't. Are you thinking of any in particular? soNIA Yes,I'm consideringdoing Fluid Mechanics. The work on flow analysislooks interestingand I like the look of someof the other topics,too. So how is that module tested? TUTORThat's one of thosewhich still useswritten exams.The sit-down, formal tlpe I'm afraid! SONIAOh that doesn'tmatter. I quite like that kind as it happens. TUTORPat,you've got a question. PATYes,I waswondering about ScienceI in Chemical Engineering.How is that organized?It's a bit different from other modulesisn t it? TUTORYes,it aims to give the necessarybasisof physicsand biology for those studentswho haven't studied the relevantsubjectat A level or equivalent.

In practiceit meansthat studentswho havealready studied physicsare excusedthe physicslectures, while thosewho've done biology are exemptfrom attending the biology lectures.In the secondpart of the module you're assessed on your project work in one ofthose subjects. PATAnd doesthe teachingapproachdiffer, too? TUTORYes,particularly in one respect:you are encouragedto learn by working out the solutions to problems for yourseH. PATI like the sound of that. TUTOROK, anything else? SONIAYes,I believeit's possibleto do a modern languageaspart of the course.Can you tell me a bit about the SpanishlA module? TUTORCertainly.The main emphasisin 1A is on understandingand speaking,but studentsalsolearn to carry out somestraightforwardreadingand writing tasks.Basicaspectsof grammar are also introduced and practised.The module comprises thirty-six hours of classcontact,mainly in tutorial groups of sixteento twenty, and studentsare expectedto do approximatelysixty-four hours of private study. SONIAIt soundsinteresting.I did someSpanishat the CervantesInstitute last year.Passedan exam,in fact. TUTORAh, I'm afraid that meansyou can't do 1A. The regulationssay'this module may NOT be takenby studentswith a qualification in Spanish'.Though you coulddo18...

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Section4

Questions3l-36: script

LECTURER LakeAcramanin SouthAustraliais Armageddon for the purist. No other meteorite ' Questions 31-33 pase102 impacton Earthhasstampedthe surroundingrocks with suchan abiding,unequivocalgeologicalrecord 31 90,000I ninety thousand of collision,earthquake,wind, fire and tsunami - the The prompt for questions31-33 is'First,the giant wavesformed by major earth movements.The numbersiThelecturertalksof 'a rockymeteorite story it tells is elemental,without dying dinosaursor ... travellingat around90 000 kilometresan evenBruceWillis to complicateits simple messageof houri destruction.First,the numbers:about590million years ago,a rocky meteoritemore than 4 kilometres 32 4 km / four kilometres across and travelling at around 90 000 kilometresan The answercomesin the sentence'themeteorite hour slammed into an areaof red volcanicrock vaporizedin a ball of fire,carvingout a crater about 430 kilometres northwestof Adelaide.Within about 4 kilometresdeep.' secondsthe meteoritevaporizedin a ball of fire, 33 40 km / forty kilometres carving out a craterabout 4 kilometres deepand 40 The answerfollowsimmediatelyafter 32:'... and kilometres in diameterand spawningearthquakes 40 kilometresin diameteri fierceenoughto raisel0O-metre-hightsunamisin a shallowsea300kilometresaway.Ancient,stableand unglaciated, the bedrockof Australiapreserves some the photogenic of most impact craters in the world. pase lo2 34-36 Questions Acramanis not one of them.Half a billion yearsof erosionhastakenits toll. A saltpan surroundedby 34C low hills is all that remainsto mark the siteof the Althoughthe speakerrefersto'some of the most cataclysm.The true nature of the placedawnedon photogenicimpactcratersin the world ... geologistGeorgeWilliamsof AdelaideUniversityin Acramanis not one of themiwhich is confirmed 1979.Gazingat a sheafof newly acquiredsatellite by'half a billionyearsof erosionhastaken its images,he sawthe small,circularshapeof Lake toll.A saltpan surroundedby low hillsis all that Acramansurroundedby a ring of faults and low remains.'Ais incorrect:althoughthe lecturer scarps40 km across,and an outer ring twicethis mentions'ashallowseaiitwas'300kilometres size.A yearlaterhe madeit to the site.On islands away'atthe time of the impact'590millionyears near the centreof the lake,Williams found bedrock agoi LakeAcramanis referredto later,but this is shatteredin a conicalpattern that expertsconsidera 'small'andwould not containseawater.B suresign of a meteoriteimpact. Exceptfor a crater, contradictsthe correctanswerC. which had long sinceeroded,the areawasa textbook 35A exampleof an impactsite.In 1985further intriguing The key sentences are:'thetrue natureof the evidenceturned up. Vic Gostin,anotherAdelaide placedawnedon geologistGeorgeWilliams... geologist,had been studyinga thin band of in 1979...gazingat a sheafof newlyacquired fragmentedred volcanicrock in 600-million-yearsatelliteimagesiB is incorrectsince,althoughhis old shalein the FlindersRanges,more than 300 firstvisitto Acramanwas indeedin 1980('ayear kilometreseastof Acraman.To his bewilderment,the later'),by then he alreadyknew what had volcanicchunksturned out to be a billion yearsolder happened.Although there is a word from the than the shale.Where had they comefrom? text ('textbook')in C,it is used as part of the Comparingsamples,Gostinand Williamsfound that metaphor'atextbookexampleof an impactsite'. their rockswereidentical:the red rock in the FlindersRanges had beenblastedtherefrom 368 Acraman.Later,the samematerialturned up at sites Rockfrom Agaman wasalsofound elsewhere 500 km from Acraman. ('thesamematerialturned up at sites500 kilometresfrom Acraman'), not just the Flinders ranges'morethan 300 kilometreseastof AcramaniA is incorrectsinceit impliesrockfrom Acramanwasactuallyfoundonly in the Flinders mountains.C impliesthe rockwas not found in the Flinders.

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Questions 37-40 pase102 37 (the)earthquake/ shockwaves the shock Thespeaker talksof'theearthquake... wavesarrivedoffshore... stirringup the water ... asthe seabedshook.' 38 (the)explosion rockfrom the Thelecturersays'shattered explosion arrivedby air.Pebblesand boulders crashedinto the water.' 39 sand Thereis a mentionof 'a cocktailof silt andsand', says, thentloudsof siltiandlaterthe speaker 'sandtook up to an hourto cometo rest,finally mixture beddingdownwiththe silt,'adding'This wouldeventuallyformthe nextlayer.' 40 (the)(huge)waves fine Thespeakertalksof 'layersof increasingly sanddistortedon top into a wavy,scalloped pattern,'and thenexplains howtheywere in, shaped:'huge wavesrolled leavingthe ripples on the surfacethat laterhardenedinto rocki

Questions3740: script LECTUREREverywhere,the bands of fragments showedthe samestructure: coarsepebblesat the bottom, then a cocktail of silt and sand,then layers of increasinglyfine sand distorted on top into a wavy,scallopedpattern. Theselayersalso show,step by step,how the meteorite transformed the floor of an ancient seahundredsof kilometres away, accordingto Malcolm Wallaceof Melbourne University.First camethe earthquake.Tiavelling at about 3 kilometres a second,shock wavesarrived offshorewithin a minute or two of the collision, stiring up the water with clouds of silt asthe seabed shook.Then shatteredrock from the erplosion arrived by air. Pebblesand boulders crashedinto the water,reachinga depth of about 200 metreswithin a minute. One day they would becomethe lower band of the Flindersrock. Sand took up to an hour to come to rest,finally bedding down with the silt that was alsonow settling on the seafloor asthe effectsof the earthquakediedlway. This mixture would eventually form the next layer.About an hour after the meteorite'simpact, huge wavesrolled in, leaving the ripples on the surfacethat later hardenedinto rock.'Clearasmud'is not an orymoron. In Acraman,the arid timelessAustralian Outback has preservedthe closestthing the Earth can boastto a perfect pockmark - the pinnacle of imperfection.

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Academic Reading

Questions 6-10 pase106 6 Yes

PassageI Questions l-5

The writer portrayslight as an exceptionin 'modern physics'by saying'lightwon't reduce. Lightis light- pure,but not simple;andthen:'No one is quite surehow to describeit. A wave?A particle?Yes,the scientists say.Both.'(line15).

page105

1F Referringto the cause,the text mentions'light's importancein our dailylivesiadding'Light is almostlike air.'Describing the effect,it says'we hardlypay any attentionto it,'andA human would no more lingeroverthe conceptof light than a fish would ponderthe notion of water' (lines18-22).

No The writer disagreeswith this:'Youcan't appreciatethe beauty of a roseif you ponder that the colourred isjust the brain's interpretationof a specificwavelengthof light with creststhat are roughly700 nanometres apart'(lines 34-38)

Thereis a list of 'exceptions'tothe not paying attentionto light:'arainbow,a sunset,'etc., are the causes;tertainmomentsof sudden appreciation'are the effects(lines23-24).

Not given Althoughthere is a mentionof the'moonsof Jupiter'andthe fact that'the sun ... giveslifeto our planet'(line61),the writerdoesnot suggest this is a possibilityon other planets.

2H

9

3A Lines62-65 state'Somuch of vital importanceis communicated by visiblelight'(thecause)and then'almosteverythingfrom a fly to an octopus has a way to captureit - an eye,eyes,or somethingsimilar'(theeffect). 4D

Yes The keysentences light is ... are:'Visible biologicallyconvenient'and'Toseelong, stretched-outradio waves,we'd haveto have huge eyeslikesatellitedishesiThewriter's opinionis clear:'Not worth the trouble!'(lines 71-74)

10 Yes The effect'Blackis the way shadowson the The writer statesin lines93-94 that'Lynchis a moon looked'isgiven beforethe cause:'because man who,when he looksat a rainbowspots the moon hasno atmosphereand thus no skyto details that eludemost of us.' bouncelight into the unlit cranniesof the lunar surface'(lines89-92).

5E

106 Thecauseis givenin lines128-131:'Even though Questions ll-13 pase light can be manipulatedto go fasterthan light' ('186,282milesa secondiinthe next paragraph), 11 a little blue Referringto the'view acrossthe canyon',Lynchis matter can't.lnformationcan't.'Theeffect is quoted as saying'thereasonthosemountains stated:'There's no possibilityof time travel'. overthere look a littleblue... is becausethere's Effectsnot used sky betweenhereand thosemountains'(line B Althougha'darkband'ismentionedasoccurring 103). between'rainbows'(line 100),no causeof this is 12 a spaceship given in the text. Thepeopleare'science fictionwritersand certain C Thetext doesreferto'an Earth-based laser'(line overly imaginative folks' who have'dreamedof' 49) as'themain power sourcefor long-distance and'fantasized'that'you could makea spaceship spacetravelibutthis would take placeat a you ... could zip around the universe'(line 119). 'sizeable fractionof the speedof lighti not at over''186,282 milesa second'.ltcould not be the 13 cesiumgas effect of any other of the causeslisted. The writerstatesWangcreated'apulseof light G The fact that they can detect infra-redlight is not that went fasterthan the supposedspeedlimit' the effect of any of the causeslisted. and Wangsays'Wecreatedan artificialmedium

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of cesiumgasin which the speedof a pulseof lightexceeds the speedof light'(line125).

198 Blackman's wordsare introducedby the verb 'explains'inline20.Therestof this paragraphis summedup by the wordsin question19.

paseloe

20D The prepositionAccordingto'in paragraph9 introducesBeech's comment'TheMSc... is 14 True suitablefor studentswith a good first degreeSurveysby the BritishAGRare givenas evidence particularlya non-business first degree- but that employers'seek ... personalskillsand littleor no business experience'(lines 98-102). consideredtheseskillsmore importantthan specialistknowledge'(lines36-41). Examplesof 21 A theseskillsthen follow The relevantquote is introducedbyAnthony Heskethposesthe questionwhetherholdinga 15 False seconddegreemay even be a disadvantage' Thesentencebeginning'Clearly, salary (lines67-69).Question21 paraphrases his differentials ...'(line50) is the first indicationthat statement the statementis false.This is laterconfirmedby 'l haveseenmanyreportsoverthe years 'the averagesalarypaid to an MBAwith good suggestingthat employersview postgraduates work experienceis ... aroundtwo and a half as eminentlylessemployablethan thosewith a timesthe averagestartingsalaryfor a young first degree'(lines69-72). postgraduate'(lines62-67).

Questions1Ll6

16 Not given Thefour listedquestionsin lines82-91 are points for the readerto considel not statements of fact or of the writer'sopinion.Thethird point, therefore- despiteits similarityin meaningto the statementin 16 - is not given,asthere is no informationthat the writer believesthis to be oftenthe case.

Questions 17-21 pase1oe 17C is quoted in lines 5}-66,referringto Quacquarelli 'new graduateswith a masters- or evena doctorateiThewords'ln my view'introducehis comment:'the salaryimprovement... largely reflectsthe recruit'sage and earning expectancy.' 18A AlthoughHeskethis quoted in the first paragraph, you haveto find the secondsection that quoteshim for the answersto both 18 and 21.In paragraph6, he saysA postgraduate immediatelyhasan uphilltaskexplaining(to employers)an additionalyear,or threeyears,of study' (lines74-77).

Questions22-27 page110 22 job The summarycoversmost of the finaltwo paragraphsof the text.ltsfirst sentence paraphrases your firstdegree Maberly:'Whatever postgraduate ... a businessdegreecan help you gain a competitiveedge in an over-crowdediob market'(line 120). 23 skills Thefirst part of the sentencecorresponds to'a businessmastersdegree... will enableyou to developskil/sdirectly relevantto employers' needs'(line 122). 24 motivation Line 126-'128'Recruiters are highlyselectiveand a vocationalqualificationis additionalevidence paraphrased of motivation,'are by the sentence question containing 24. 25 options Much of the sentenceconta:ningoption 25 in the summarycorresponds to lines129-130, which includethe words'weighup the options'. 26 company The sentence'Try from a to get sponsorship company'becomespreferablywith financial assistance from the... in the summary.

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27 future The lastsentenceof the summarycoverslines 136-137:'Ultimately the choiceis yours- but focus on the future,andon your target employer'sexpectations:

placesin the sentencebeginning'Furtherbackin time ...'

Headingsnot used ii Paragraph C talksof studyingice layersin Greenlandin a similarway to the studyof tree rings,not to treesfrozenin that ice. Questions28-33 pase111 vi AlthoughparagraphF mentionsthe defeatof Napoleon's invasion', it speculates about whether 28 ParagraphB:ix naturaleventscausedthis,not whetherit caused The recordsare'normallyconstructedin a climatechange. restrictedarea'and,in the next paragraph'local' x Youmay expecta paragraphabout this,but not from'a vastareaacrossEurope,northern there isn'tone in the text.Thewriter probably Eurasia and North AmericaiParagraphB alsosays assumesthat likelyreadersalreadyhavethis theserecordsgo back'morethan 5000years', knowledge. comparedwith the'600 years'inthe Briffastudy. 29 ParagraphC:iii The paragraphsaysthere are'quitea lot of for study'and'itis chronologies available possibleto comparethe recordsfrom different areasyear by yeariThereis then a referenceto 'an analysisof 383 modernchronologies, drawn from a vastareaiaswellasto reading'theice record'. 30 ParagraphD: vii ParagraphD focusesmainlyon the processby which volcanoescauseglobalcooling,which then leadsto patternsof thickerand thinner ringsin certaintrees:'northern conifersiand more specifically:'pinei 31 ParagraphE:vi The end of D refersto testing'thefindingsfrom the pine densityrecordifollowedby'what Europeanoak was doing acrossthe same...period' in E.Thequestion'Was oak respondingin the sameway asthe conifers?'is answeredin E.Thereare references to'this comparisoniandoak(s)and conifer(s) are compared.

14 Questions 34-36 page'1 348 Paragraph A says'Matchthe ringsfrom young treeswith thosefrom old forestgiantsiand paragraphB refersto bverlappingthe patterns of wide and narrowringsin successively older timber specimensi

3sc (paragraphA) and'timber'(paragraphB) 'Rafters' are both made of wood; both are precededby bld'or'olderiThey arealsoincludedin the processof makinga record:'Match. . . and you havea still longerchronology'and'succegfully constructedlong tree-ringrecordsby overlapping ... i 36F Thisrefersto the thronologies'described in paragraphB,which'datebackmore than 5,000 years'.'These records,' it says,are'normally constructedin a restrictedarea,usinga single speciesof tree.'

32 ParagraphF:i Points not used Theparagraphbegins'Take the caseof 1816'and A Whiledendrochronology canactuallyprovidea sayswhat happenedthen.lt laterdescribes completerecordof the weather,this is limitedto events'inthe run-upto 1816;refersto',the the partsof the world 'southof the tundra'(the period'1810-20'and'three unusualelementsin cold northernregions)'andnorth of the tropics' (thewarm areanearthe Equator). lessthan ten years'.The beginningof G also refersbackto the topic of F as:'thecaseof 1816 D Althoughring patternsmay overlap,thereis no and'the yearsjust beforeand after iti suggestionthat the numberof ringsis the same. E Thisconfusesthronologies... that date back 33 ParagraphG:viii morethan 5000years'- the resultof scientific Paragraph G states'Wecan interrogatethe trees research- with dendrochronology itself.There is in areaswherethere is no historicalor no indicationthat this is an ancientscience. instrumentalrecordlmaking it a uniquerecord. Thereare more referencesto other timesand

164

|ELTSPracticeTests

Questions

37-40

pase 114

37A ParagraphE states'theconiferstell only part of the story'withina descriptionof the resultsof studyingthe oak so A is correct.B is incorrect sincethe phrasebnly part of'meansat least someof it must complementthat of the oak, while the previoussentencesays'theoaksclearly do respondto the volcanoesin somecases', partlyin line with the studyof conifers.This also plusthe contrastsbetween makesC impossible, oak and coniferfindingsin paragraphE.Thelast sentenceof paragraphE does indeed referto 'globalcoolingiand the periodof studyof the oak recordwasfrom AD 1400to the presentera, but there is nothing in the text to support option D.

40 D D usesthe word how to indicatethat the text will focuson waysthat the studyof tree rings can providemore informationabout the natural backgroundto human events.A coversonly a part of the text which - as the end of paragraph E makesclear- servesmainlyto showthe potentialof dendrochronology. B is basedon a misunderstanding of the text,while C overstates its scope.

38A ParagraphF describesthe trop failures'and 'unseasonable coldiwhich in turn was causedby 'the massiveeruptionof TamboralThe earthquakementionedin B happenedthree or four yearsbeforeTambora.C is not supportedby - evidence:despitethe mentionof a'volcanicacid layer'formingin the ice of 'Greenlandand followingTambora,there is no Antarctica' evidencethat that this led to any meltingof the ice caps.D clearlyrelatesto'the defeatof the outcomeof a Napoleon's invasionof Russia': war took placethreeyearsbeforeTambora. 398 A exaggerateswhat the text says:it talks of 'throwingnew light on far darkermomentsin human history'and tircumstantialevidencethat not of could supportsomeof the stories', revealingnew historicalfactsabout humanity.B is more limited in scope,suggestingthe possibility('perhapsitould')of provingthe above,reflectingthe referencesto'legendsiC is incorrectsince,althoughthere is a referencein paragraphG to'abrupt environmentaleventsi D is incorrect theserelateto naturaloccurrences. sincethe end of paragraphG focuseson the practicalpossibilitythat it might be ableto confirmeventsdescribedin religioustexts.

Test4 Key

;55

5am le writinganswers Test1 Writing ThskI page32 The line4raph iltustrate-s sta.de-nts who came- -from Inclone-sia, Halagsia, Singapore-, arrl Hong kong in A*stralia betuee-n 1182arrL 2OOO. The- number oi students cominq lrom Ha-lagsia in 1182to in 1113 incre-asec\ ste-ac\ilg lrorn about S",OOOstucLe-its to trctst uncler IO,OOO students ulereas that o1 the othe-r co*ntries increase;cI sharplg betwe-en about 2,OOO students and about rc,AOO sta.de-nts.The nunber o1 the ove-rsea sta.dents in 1113to in 2OOO -fluctuate- signilicantlg betueen abo*t IO,OOOsta.dents and just urrle-r 2O,OOO sta.de-nts uith the exception oJ st*de-nts cominq lrom Irrloresia-.There,.,as a- cLranaticaltg incre-a,se in the n*mber o{ oler"ea stuclents {rom Irrlonesia. in l'113 to in lldl8, pe-aking at 2b,OOO st*de-nts.Therea:,as a slightlg drop in the n*nbe-r students o{ {rom I-rrLore-sia in 1118to in 2OOO {rom 2b,OOO students to abo*t 23,OOOstudents. The,re ai,as a consira.ble- rptice- in the- number oi the oversea students with S-ti,re- increase be-tue-e-n 1182to 2OAO, except sta.dents lrom Hatasio".

Comments Thecontentof thisanswerisgood,in that it reportsthe mainfeaturesof the graph,and alsodrawsparticular attentionto the significant features.lt alsoattemptsto summarize the mainmessage of the graphin theconclusion. ltsweakness liesin itslackof cohesion. Thewriterhasstrungthe sentences togetherbut theydo not flow easilyfromoneto the nextasthereareno linkingwords.There aresomestructural andspellingerrors, but thesedo not interferewith communication.The writerhasmostof the vocabulary he needsto writeaboutgraphs.This answerwould probablynot achieveBand7.

"t66

IELTS PracticeTests

Writing Thsk2 page34 Tn re-ce-nt ge-ars, trave-lling bg plane has become a ve-rg comrron me-a^s oi transport {or ma^g people-. l'lainlg bec-aotse- it's practic-a-I, qttic-k and. e-asy),b*t it also bec-a,ne- incrediblg che-ap and acce-ssible- lor a.tl. conseqLentlg, peofle are hlhtg encoLra-ged to choose- it and air tra{{ic is incre-asing rapiag. Atthou3h taxing {t\ht ticKe-ts 6ore heavitg coutd enable- to red*ce air trallic conside-rablq, this decision coulcl also lead. to mang draubo,oks. First o-f atl , i{ plane tic,Ke-ts becone more expensive, rnarrg pe-ople rec-onsider their wag o{ trave-lling.Therefore-, this wo*ld ce-rta-intg alht enc-oLrages dlore o{ them to taKe a train to trave-t short cLista-nces, lrom a E*ropean co*ntrg to a-nothe-r, {or e-xa.mple. c-ot*ld dec-rease- and new airport As a resutt o{ this, air tra#ic constrLytion not be- ne-e-dedOn the- other hand, to me it is obvio*s that peopte uitt choose- to travel using a co.r or a coach as an atternative- Dag.The-relore-, this uootld le-ad to lots o{ noise and pollution on the- roads, mosttg during holida.gs. Hore-over, e-c-onomic-all!, the- choice- o{ ta-xing +luht tickets o,s travelting abroacl c-ould onlg he-avitg c-oxld be se-e-n as a discrimination 'be- allorded bg ae-a.tthg pe-opte. Fino,ttg,hlh c-osts ltgiry m$ht simptg diadvantaae to*rism as it aootld slou down cxlt*ral and economic e-xchanges betueen co^ntr ie-s. To st+m up, ahe-n be-aring in mind the- consegLLences oi heavg taxe,s on solution against plane tickets, it doe-s not se-em to be- an appropriate noise or pollution. Besides, travelli"g bg plane is needed and important to mal nta,i n goods e xchange s, toctr ism co mmLLni cat ion, te-chnot o,qq de-velopme-nts ---

Comments Thisis an excellentanswerin all aspects.There is scarcelya mistakein grammar,despite the useof complexsentences, and it is cogentlyarguedwith effectiveuseof link words, displayinga rangeof logicalrelationships.The caseis arguedconvincinglywith good examples.The text is well plannedwith a clearintroduction,whichis not merelya repetitionof the question,and a meaningfulconclusion. Thisanswerwould probably exceedBand 7.

Samplewritinganswers

167

Test2 Writing Thsk I page64 The diaqram itta.strates the- e-nvironmental issrtes bu o, oroduct ove-r its .JJ li-fetirne-. to the- diagram, lirst ste-p {or the- lile- cgcle- oi a prod,t+ct According is prodxct planning a"nd de-sign uhich is the most slni-fbant ste-p {or cttstome-rs as an appe-arance-. Se-condlg, s*ppliers have to pre-pare- all oi the- mate-rials uhich theq ne-e-d. to use- lor the- prod.t*c-t. Tt wot*ld. r,'PPe-ar that most oJ the- /e-opte- are rnore- liKe-lg io .on urn aboxt the materials that are xse-d d*ring the- prodatction be-car,tse- o{ the qua,litq. AJte-r the prooess oi p.o.,tu-e-nt oJ the- mate-rials is.uo.hLa, illecgcle- is {otloue-d. bg production ste-p. As long as a prod,*ct is re.a-d,g to se-ll, initia-l ste-p carries on with packogin3, printing and phgsicat distrib*tion. Tn addition to this ste-p, Lhe-re- are- iarietq o4 Daqs how to maKe- the- prod.xct mor€- inpre-ssive anc) r)e-rrand.in4 in ihe- comietitivewhg, perhaps the- most important marKet.That's pioce-"t is sa/es, houe-ver good. qutalitq ol mate-rials uas utse-d..Dhite- sxpptie-rs are- trqinq to selt oig x-ina' o{ p:roauct, the-q shoottd. persua-d.e cxstome-rs lor ulthtu. its qutailtj or {xnction as o .hoie-. In the- case- 01 sale-s, a larqe- proportion o{ peofle use- varie-tie-s oi te-chnics hou to e-#e-ct c*sto'me-rs in the marke-t eve-n uith exaqqeration. From cttstome-rs point oi vie-w, theq invariabtq locxs on lu uhaYthe-q need. So, another esse-ntial point lor -surpptier" to me-et ctrsto^e-/)s ne-ec)s. Conse-g*ent19, proda.cts are starte-d to be- use-d bg castorners uhether theq'ie- satisiie-d or not. Unless theq areit's more"oiit+ie-d., liKetg Jor thd prod.xct to be- give-n back to th'e- service.

Comments Althoughthere are someerrorsin structure,and there might havebeen more commentson significantstagesin the process, this is an adequateanswerto the question.Thewriter displaysthe abilityto usea rangeof structuresand vocabulary. Becausethe generallanguageis of a high leveland flows coherently,it would reachthis band level,althoughcommentson the environmentalfeaturesof the processare lacking.This answerwould probably achieveBand 7.

1 68

IELTS PracticeTests

Writing Thsk2 page66 Noua-daqs, pe-opte- a-re a-ble to re-a.ch e-asilg to linancial so*rce-s bq linanciil instr*ments sxc-h as r.ortyage- toins and. cred.it card.s.rtereare ma-nq people- aho spencl 6oneq bq ocsinqc-red.it carcl or loans uithoutt re-pagiry-o,bitiig. Tt is the- aim ol /"tig to'present some be-ne-{its a"nd. dro-wbacks uhe-n people are- not able to borroul easit4 r(Aneq. The-re are some- advantaqes, when banks d.on't rc-ni, ,.oni,4 to Deopte e-asilg.To start with, pe-o/e"are controted. the-ir expencLitiol in ord.er not to spe-ncl too m*ch mone-g rnore than the-ir re-paging abititg. As a res*lt, this is a possible cauZe- that te-o,cJ-s to d.e-cre-Zi"\ crimd. in soc-ietg. F*rthermore, uhen fina,ncia-t instit*tions have- 7ess risks , theq r c-an leAd. r.oneg to people with low inte-rest rate. Dhat is more, e-c-onomg uitt Oe sa{er uhen {ina.ncia"l institutions have no risKs. For e-xamPle-, in 111b,the-Thai linancial instit*tions lent too m*ch mo^e-q to pe-ople- aho cot*lcl not re-pag. Conseg*e-ntlg, it is one- oi the- ca*se-! oj the- crisis in the- Thai e-conomu in 1117. Houever, uhen banks are-stricter abouct le-nd.inq rno^e4 to peopte, pe-ople neecL to lind, another {ina.ncial soLLrce tuch a" to-borroa moneq {rom malias or ille-gal linancia-l institr*tion. As a c-onse-qLLent, this d.oeslt sr,tpport ec-o^omg a-nd dange-r oi their li4e,. Hore-ove-r, ba-nks tose- the opportxnitie-s to e-arn more mone-q and to increa-se- monitorin4 c-ost. ' In c,onclusion, T think e-verg {ini,nc-ial instruments are- impo/tant in econorng and enc-oLLra^e e-co^omg to be- stronger. However, ae should be- care-{utl o{ how to Lse- it bec-a-*se- it uill bi a oause o{ economic problems such as in the crisis of theTha.i e-conomq.

Comments Thereare manygood featuresin this writing.Thequestionis answered, givingweight to both sidesof the argument.There is a clearintroductionand conclusion.The writer makesgood useof an examplefrom his own experience, and displaysappropriate vocabularyfor tacklingthe topic.Theideasarewell linkedthrough cohesivedevices, and any structuralerrorsare minor.Thisanswerwould probablyachieveBand7.

Samplewritinganswers

169

Test3 Writing ThskI page92 fhe- graphs give, in{ormation aboatt the nrmber ol $e-r'w-le sta.dents pe-r IOO na.le strlde-nts in prinerg, se-c-ondarg and tertiarg edutcationIn ge-neral, mor€- 6o9s than girls ue-re- stttdging at school both in l11o and 2OOO in all the- c-o*ntries, except in tertiarq ed*cation in developed c-o*ntries, o-ncl the ntmber o{ girts per b-ogs uas b$er in 2OOO than in ll'lO in the- tuo countrg groips ancl in a-tt the e-cI*cational sta4es. Tutrning to the detail, the-re- Dere npre- bogs tha-n girls in primar! and sec-ondarg educationsa-D a As can be seen, deve-lopin.q countries bigger d.iscre-iancg betwe-e-n the- numbe-rs of mate oi) 4.,,',ole stttcle-nts that de-ve-loped Lotl^tries, with the number o{ girls per IOO bogs at 83 in l11O and 87 in 2OOO in prinarg education. and 72 in l11O a-nd 82 in 2OOO in secondarq edxc-ation. Hoae-ver, in devetope-cl countries, the balance- oJ the tuo io,s m*ch close-r to the id.eat, particxlartg in second.arg edutc-ation, with 18 girls per IOO bogs in l11O ancl 117n 2OOO ed*cation, the balance Da-s e-ven Dorse than in Re4arding tertiarg o"ng other levels o{ e-d*cation in cleve-loping co*ntries aith bb girls pe-r IOO boqs in l11O and 75 in 2OOO. On the- other hand, in deve,loping c-oxnt/ie", the- n*mbe-r oi girts overtook that o1 bogs at IOSpEr bO bogs in l11O and ll2 in 2OOO. J

Comments It is hard to fault this pieceof writing.lt picksout clearlyall the main trendsshown in the figures,giving an overallvieryand then describingthe detailclearlyand accurately. The languageis sophisticated and complex,usinga wide rangeof vocabularyand structures.ltis clearlylinkedtogetherand is nearnativespeakerin styleand useof language.This answerwould probablyexceedBand 7.

170

IELTS PracticeTests

V/riting Thsk2 page94 to ttse ne-a Daqs o-nd techniques Rece-ntlq c-ompanies started to c-ompete- uith others ind. uin the- maxim;.m nLtmb&r o{ ctiints, one- o{ thoe-s ,r,o,usis to re-crxit talente-cl clirec-tors, sho*lc\ rxn the c,ompanies"and. maKethoes d.irectors e-ssential decisions.The-re4ore, dire-c-tors rece-ive- hiqhe-r so,larqs than others, However spec:tators be-lieve that clirectors gel nore thin the-,4 d.eserve. ^lc:^g T wot*lcl o{re-.e- that d.ire-c-tors o{ lar4 c,ompanie"s re-ceive mxch biiae-r salaruls than"other which encre-a,se-s br4"time-, bltt I belie-ve that d,ir#tors d.e-sirve- these so-laries -for a nxmber-o{ reasons. Pe-rhaps the most important is the- lact that the progre-ss o1 the c-ompang re-lg on the-ir c)ic-isions, the c-ornpetition betwee-n the- compa-des is viciou-s a-nd hard, and so, aea-k e-stablishment cant survive uith ooct qood te-o.dership. Tn addition, diractors worK ve-rg hard. more than some- pe-dprc- emagine-, theg have to stud.g the arv-lgse everg smal de-ta,il to.maKe the rig,ht dicision. marke-t, re-ad 12d F*rthe-rmore, directors are- alawgs in lear and aorrime-nt, theg are a-fraid oi giviry urong conclusions a-nd dec-isions, wic-h mQht caLse gre-at be-re-avement to the- companq and eventuallg lee-d to the lose o{ qood position. tloae-ve-rj the-re- are ma-n4 uho d.isa,qre-e- uith "n',e-,arquinq that d,irectors receive salaries more tho-n-theg.e-oig c)e-se-rve. AncL Zo^ianie-s should. cut {rom the-se- salaries a-nd use that moneg {or creating ne-u 1ob opportxt*nitq, improving or building ne-u lac-ititie-s,taKd LLp e-quci"pme-ntZ,inc.r:eas the ^eD salarie.{o4 other uiorkers, or inve-st this nonu in the- market. J

Comments The argumenthereis compelling,althoughslightlymoretime is spenton defending the'for'argumentthan the'againstiThewriter attemptsto usea wider rangeof vocabularyand structuresthan is perhapsactuallywithin his competence, but this is a good try.He losesmarksfor incorrectspelling,and punctuation.There are relativelyfew structuralerrors.Thisanswerwould probably not achieveBand7.

Samplewritinganswers

171

Test4 Writing Thsk1 page115 The- data shous c-aLLses uhich bring pe-ople- to hospitat {or teena-gers and people- of all aqe-s. The- cate-qoiie-" c-an be d.ivid,e-cl into two qroLLps whic-h are the c-aLLse-s involve-c) uit4 vehicle-s a-nd the others.The- {"or-e-r sa,D a. clear patte-rn betaeen the ge-nde,rs a-nd ages.Te-ena-.qe-rs ure-re- more- tifelq to be .d.bte-d. to hospito.lize-a iq acdde-nt" '/e-hicte-s than adutts ind. bogs than girli we-re- invotved, in the-se- c-aLLses.The- nost c,ommon-o.eca-use in this group ao-s total transport accid,ents uith 7?1 c,ases o{ bo,1s, 323 oi and 3O5 oi total popa.tation per IOO,OOO girls,557 o1 total teenagers Lase-s respec-tive-lq. Pe-de-strian aas the least .ortrton casu-e oj hospitalisation in this qroup uith *nde-r 50 c,a-ses per IOO.OOO{or alt thepre-se-nted. aqe and. sZ-x qroLLps. On the- otie-r hand., thL aistrib*tions in the- other caLLse-svarie-d bct c-ase. Fo.ltsand c-omplications are- more c,ommon in adults tha-n in teenage-rs with complications o{ ntedica-lcare- be-inq the most c-omrnon cause o{ hospita-tisation {or the tota,l popttlation alnonq all the c,aLLses tisted in the- table, at l43t per IOO,OOOc,ase-s. Assaa.lt iau.t the- so.me profite- as the c'aLLses involve-d with vehic-le-s. Accidental poisoning was the onlg .a-LLse which more girls than bogs uere- involved. in the- {able-.

Comments Thewriter hasbeenableto dealonly with the significantdata,and disregardthat which obscuresthe generaltrends.He hasan excellentcommandof the languageneededto makecomparisons, and his pointsareclearlylinked.Thewide rangeof structuresis usedwith almosttotal accuracy. Thisanswerwould probablyexceedBand 7.

172

IELTS PracticeTests

Writing Thsk2 page116 Stude-nt {ees have bee-n a constant sutb1ec.t oi debate alt round theopinior's aboxt this uorlds in re-ce-nt gears.Thereare- ma"ngdil{e-re,nt isslte and educational sqstems and {inancial support to stucLe,r,ts {rom state-s have chanaea siiti{icanttd. are a ,iu^aer o-f points that neec) to be ta<er, In m! opinionsltheri. into c,oAsic)eration her e. Firsttq, the e-clcccation o{ stude-nts is extre-nelq expensive the-se- da,4. thinqs, al St*de-nt"s have to pa4 a qre-at d.eo-l o{ mone1 {or"vario*s "uch oi t6is is that ar-;r-;onmod.ation, str.d,en{ fie-e-s or books.fhe-importancethe-se- thinas. I consider that ma\oritu o{ stutdents can not allord to stude-nts. sho*ld. be loccnd, in financ-ial aid. lrom itotu" "oiutioi" Tn a-cldition, considering gi{te-d stttde-nts uho do not have mone-g to pag lor e-d.ttcation.t be-lieVi that states shoulc\ {inance their ecluLation. For insta-nce, manq scientists have re-cie-ved moncg lor e-ducation in m! theq have d.isc-overed and. inientec) a varietq o{co*ntrq.A{te-ruo/as, things ilhi.h have- been bine'ficia-l {or the societq. So, states "houia stud.ents uho d-o not hive- moneg. Futrthermore-, alwd.,4s support talented. and. stat-e-s' financ-iat sxpport c-an be an e-xtremelul motivatin/ in te-ris o1 teisutree-nLoLLraqin fiactor {or stuclents. Tn othe-r ,o/d,", ancl hoilCo-gs, the-g c-an do mang things which theg cannot d.o withouct this states' aid, sttch as hobbies sport o-ctivit-ies or travelling. Houeve-r, st*de-nts can LLse this moneg in urong plrposes, bttt gene-rallg T claim that this is a qood investment {or co&ntrq. On the- othZr hanc), consid.ering the- h$h ntmbe-r o{ pe-opte- uho uo.nt to stxdg, T obre-ct stronqlq that h$h e-d*cation shoutd be- onlg provide-d bq state-s. t Jaithat it'ote-s Lan not patq all e-xtra costs o1 e-cLucation 1-or st*d.e-nts. 4s a re-sult, T argrte that sLate-s ancL stuclents shoxtd, reach a corr\Promise- reqo-rdinq this isscte-. points of Tn conclusion, althou{h the."u are o, number o{ aiffe,re,nt vieu re:qarc)inq costs oi universitg stucJ.ie-s,I c,taim that this shoutlcLbe{inanc-e'ba Ooih stud.ents ancl states. Horeover, states sho*ld provrd.e4*nd.s uhi-ch ao*ld su-pport gilte-d. stLt-cle-nts.

Comments Thisis generally a good answerin that it is clearlyargued,in languagewhichis almost alwaysaccurate, althoughthereare a few spellingmistakesand awkwardconstructions. Cohesive devicesarewell used.Oneslightminuspoint is that the argumentis veryonesided,and the writer seemsto run out of ideaswhen he comesto put the opposing argument.Also,he doesnot displayquite the flairand rangeof vocabularyone might expectat this level.Thisanswerwould probablyachieveBand 7.

Samplewritinganswers

t/5

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IELTS practice tests: with explanatory key