International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine: Northeast Asia (International Collation of Traditional & Folk Medicine Vol.)

A pro]eel

Vol.4

of

UNESCO

S#^ Editor-.

'I

AND

Ji-Xia :JJ

£>J

Takeatsu Kimur

term

Mi

)i<:i \ o y i i i i ! > ! ID on ! BTd '"• (iliuhmini, &l(tftu!(i>i!{ •jing Hoard HoardJ P

|^3

-ft

RTHEAST ASIA > Part IV

W *

World Scientifi r

" # • •

INTERNATIONAL COLLATION OF TRADITIONAL AND FOLK MEDICINE

NORTHEAST ASIA Part IV

International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine Managing Board: (Chairman) Byung Hoon Han, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea Norio Aimi, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan Kin Fai Cheng, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Guo-Wei Qin, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Fumin Zhang, UNESCO Office, Jakarta, Indonesia

Vol. 1: Northeast Asia Part I eds. Takeatsu Kimura (Editor-in-Chief), Paul P. H. But, Ji-Xian Guo, Chung Ki Sung Vol. 2: Northeast Asia Part II eds. Paul B. H. But (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Ji-Xian Guo, Chung Ki Sung Vol. 3: Northeast Asia Part III eds. Chung Ki Sung (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Ji-Xian Guo Vol. 4: Northeast Asia Part IV eds. Ji-Xian Guo (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Chung Ki Sung

A project

of

UNESCO

INTERNATIONAL COLLATION OF I Editor-in-Chief

TRADITIONAL

Ji-Xian Guo Shanghai Medical University

AND

Editors

Takeatsu Kimura

FOLK MEDICINE

Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Paul P. H. But The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Chung Ki Sung Chonnam National University

NORTHEAST ASIA Part IV

V | § J World Scientific wb

Sinaapore'New London' Singapore'New Jersey London'Hong Kong

Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Fairer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Northeast Asia / editor-in-chief, Ji-Xian Guo; editors, Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Chung Ki Sung, p. cm. — (International collation of traditional and folk medicine ; vol. 4) "A project of UNESCO." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9810245033 1. Materia medica, Vegetable - East Asia. 2. Medicinal plants — East Asia. 3. Traditional medicine — East Asia. I. Kimura, Takeatsu. II. UNESCO. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Medicine, Herbal. 2. Plants, Medicinal - chemistry. 3. Plant Extracts - therapeutic use. 4. Drug Design. 5. International Cooperation. WB 925 N874 1996] RS180.E18N67 1997 615'.321'095-dc20 96-4659 DNLM/DLC CIP for Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright © 2001 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.

Printed in Singapore by U t o P r i n t

FOREWORD The plant floras and animal faunas in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea-located nearly in the same temperature zone - share much similarity with the result that traditional folk medical experiences in this region are comparable in nature. Nonetheless, since folk medical experience in different countries have been developed rather independently each with a long history, both similarities and differences coexist in traditional folk medical knowledge from different countries. Folk medical knowledge may be regarded as clinical experience obtained naturally. However, part of the experience might be mythical reflecting regional differences in culture. The task of separating fact from myth and isolating placebo-effects from objective bio-activity in folk and traditional medicine is a difficult one. We believe that when folk medical experiences derived from the same source are collated comparatively the real medical effects associated with bio-activity of the drug will emerge. From this perspective, an international collation of folk medical knowledge should help in establishing objective and reliable medical experience. The search for bio-active components from natural materials as a source of lead compounds in drug development, is a major endeavor in natural product chemical research. This book is aimed at assisting natural product chemists to identify the natural products which mostly likely contain bioactivity components of interest and which may warrant further investigation. The folk medical knowledge of each entry in the book includes the scientific and local names of the drug, special processing involved, method used for administration, apparent folk medical efficacy in each country, contraindications and side effects. Also included is the information concerning modern scientific data relating to the associated chemistry and pharmacology as well as references to the available literature. This fourth volume continues to cover the outcome generated by the "international collation project" propelled by the Regional Network for the Chemistry of Natural Products in Southeast Asia, operated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO). The Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea has kindly provided financial support for this ongoing project. On behalf of the Managing Board, I am most grateful to Professor Ji-Xian Guo, the Editor-inChief of volume IV, and other members of the editorial board who undertook the painstaking job of making a literature survey, as well as writing and editing this volume. My sincere gratitude is also extended to the UNESCO Office, Jakarta(ROSTSEA) and the Korea National Commission for UNESCO for their valuable help in the planning and organizing this project. The authors are grateful to Dr. Cynthia Sims Parr for the arrangement of animal families.

Byung Hoon Han, Prof, PhD. Chairman, Managing Board

v

This page is intentionally left blank

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

v

EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

xiii

PLANT 601

Sargassaceae

Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag.

1

602

Polypodiaceae

Drynaha fortune/ (Kunze) J. Sm.

2

603

Pinaceae

Plnus koraiensis S. et Z.

2

604

Gnetaceae

Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun

3

605

Betulaceae

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steudel

4

606

Moraceae

607

Cudrania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kud. & Masam.

5

Flcus religiosa L.

5

608

Loranthaceae

Viscum coloratum (Komar.) Nakai

7

609

Polygonaceae

Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn.

8

Rumex acetosa L.

8

610

Drymaria diandra Blume

10

612

Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam .

10

613

Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke

11

611

Caryophyllaceae

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

12

Spinacia oleracea L.

12

Amarantaceae

Gomphrena globosa L

15

617

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC.

16

618

Annonaceae

Desmos chinensis Lour.

17

619

Lauraceae

Laurus nobilis L.

17

620

Ranunculaceae

Adonis amurensis Reg. et. Radd.

18

621

Lardizabalaceae

Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.

19

Stauntonia chinensis DC.

20

Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume)Diels

21

614

Chenopodiaceae

615 616

622 623

Menispermaceae

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

21

625

Saururaceae

Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill.

22

626

Dipterocarpaceae

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.

23

627

Cruciferae

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss

24

628

Hamamelidaceae

Loropetalum chinensis (R. Brown) Oliv.

25

629

Rosaceae

Fragaria chiloensis Duchartre var. ananassa Bailey

26

624

vu

630

Prunus tomentosa Thunb.

26

631

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai

27

632

Acacia catechu (L.) Willd.

28

633

Cassia angustifolia Vahl

28

634

Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen

29

635

Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr.

30

636

Dolichos lablab L

31

637

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.

33

638

Mucuna birdwoodiana Tutch.

34

639

Trifolium repense L.

34

640

Robinia pseudo-acacia L.

36

Leguminosae

641

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata L.

37

642

Geraniaceae

Erodium stephanianum Willd.

37

643

Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum majus L.

38

644

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris L.

39

645

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

40

Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr. et Decne.

41

Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.

42

Citrus junos Sieb.

43

649

Ruta graveolens L.

43

650

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. et Zucc.

45

651

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc.

46

Boswellia carterii Birdwood

47

Canarium album Raeusch.

47

646 647 648

652

Rutaceae

Burseraceae

653

Commiphora molmol Engl.

48

655

Meliaceae

Cedrela sinensis Tuss

48

656

Aceraceae

Acer ginnala Max.

49

657

Sapindaceae

Dimocarpus longan Lour.

50

658

Celastraceae

Euonymus japonica Thunb.

51

659

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

52

660

Cayratia japonica Gagn.

53

Vitis amurensis Rupr.

53

654

Vitaceae

661

Vitis vinifera L.

54

663

Tiliaceae

Corchorus acutangulus Lam.

58

664

Malvaceae

Hibiscus manihot L.

58

665

Sterculiaceae

Firmiana platanifolia Schott. et Endl.

59

Sterculia lychnophora Ha nee

59

662

666 Thymelaeaceae

Aquillaria agallocha Roxb.

60

668

Violaceae

Viola yedoensis Makino

61

669

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L.

61

667

Vlll

670

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix chinensis Lour.

62

671

Cucurbitaceae

Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet

63

672

Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino

64

673

Cucumis sativus L.

65

Trichosanthes anguina L.

66

675

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica L.

67

676

Myrtaceae

Baeckea frutescens L.

68

674

677

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

69

678

Psidium guajava L.

70

Araliaceae

Panax quinquefolius L.

72

Umbelliferae

Bupleurum falcatum L.

73

681

Cnidlum monnieri (L.) Cuss.

75

682

Daucus carota L.

76

683

Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) DC.

679 680

684 685

78

Ericaceae

Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.

Primulaceae

Anagallis arvensis L.

79

Primula sieboldii E. Morr.

80

686

78

687

Ebenaceae

Diospyros lotus L.

80

688

Styracaceae

Styrax japonica S. et Z.

81

689

Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart.

82

690

Oleaceae

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.

82

Ligustrum purpurascens Y.C. Yang

83

692

Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume

84

693

Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino

84

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.

85

691

694

Gentianaceae

Menyanthus trifoliata L.

86

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

86

697

Cerbera manghas L.

89

698

Rauwolfia serpentina Benth.

90

699

Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. intermedium Nakai

695 696

Apocynaceae

91

700

Ascelpiadaceae

Asclepias curassavica L.

92

701

Convolvulaceae

Erycike obtusfolia Benth.

93

702

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet

94

703

Callicarpa pedunculata R. Brown

95

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.

95

Duranta repens L.

96

Glechoma hederacea L.

97

707

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

99

708

Salvia officinalis L.

100

709

Scutellaria barbata D.Don

103

Verbenaceae

704 705 706

Labiatae

IX

710

Solanaceae

711

Atropa belladonna L.

104

Solanum tuberosum L.

104

Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.

108

712

Scrophulariaceae

713

Bignoniaceae

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

109

Orobanchaceae

Aeginetia indica L.

109

Boschniakia rossica Fedtsch. et Flerov

110

714 715 716

Valerianaceae

Valeriana officinalis L.

111

717

Campanulaceae

Lobelia chinensis Lour.

112

718

Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A.Br, et Aschers.

112

719

Compositae

Artemisia argyi Levi, et Vant.

113

720

Aster scaber Thunb.

115

721

Aucklandia lappa Decne

116

722

Bidens tripartita L.

117

723

Blumea balsamifera DC.

118

724

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Bocc.

119

725

Dahlia variabilis Desfontaines

120

726

Erigeron canadensis L.

121

727

Gnaphalium affine DC.

122

728

Inula linariifolia Turcz.

123

729

Lactuca sativa L.

123

730

Vladimiria soulieri (Franch.) Ling

124

Allium cepa L.

125

731

Liliaceae

732

Aspidistra elatior Blume

129

733

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don

130

734

Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute ex Redoute

130

Zephyranthus Candida (Lindl.) Herb.

131

735

Amaryllidaceae

736

Iridaceae

Gladiolus gandavensis Van Houtt.

131

Gramineae

Bambusa tuldoides Munro

132

738

Setaria viridis Beauv.

133

739

Araceae

Acorus calamus L.

133

740

Acorus tatarinowii Schott.

135

741

Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) Schott.

135

742

Colocasia antiquorum Schott et Endl.

136

743

Typhonium giganteum Engl.

137

744

Musaceae

Musa basjoo Sieb. et Zucc.

138

Zingiberaceae

Amomum villosum Lour.

139

746

Curcuma zedoaria(Christm.) Rose.

139

747

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium moniliforme Thunb.

142

737

745

ANIMAL

748

Haliotidae

Haliotis diversicolor Reeve

142

749

Arcidae

Area subcrenata Lischke

143

750

Osteridae

Ostrea gigas Thunb.

144

751

Sepiidae

Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune, Sepia esculenta Hoyle

144

752

Megascolecidae

Pheretima aspergillum (Perrier)

145

753

Hirudinidae

Hirudo nipponia Whitman, Whitmania pigra Whitman,

146

754

Buthidae

Buthus martensii Karsch

147

755

Scolopendridae

Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L.Koch

148

756

Bombycidae

Bombyx mori L.

149

757

Cicadidae

Cryptotympana strata Fabricius

150

Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius

150

W. acranulata Whitman

758 759

Corydiidae

Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker

151

760

Mantidae

Tenodera sinensis Saussure

152

761

Stichopodidae

Stichopus japonicus Selenka

152

762

Rhincodotidae

Rhincodon typus (Smith), Mustelus griseus (Pietschmann)

154

(Triakidae),Carcharhinus menisorrah (Muller et Henle) (Carcharhinidae) 763

Anguillidae

Anguilla japonica Temm. et Schl.

155

764

Cobitidae

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cantor

156

765

Cyprinidae

Carassius auratus L.

157

Cyprinus carpio L.

158

Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan et Snyder, H. histrix Kaup,

159

766 767

Syngnathidae

H. kuda Bleeker, H. trimaculatus Leach, H. japonicus Kaup 768

Solenognathus hardwick (Gray,), Syngnathoides

biaculeatus

159

(Bloch), Syngnathus acus L. 769

Ophicephalidae

Ophicephalus argus Cantor

160

770

Bufonidae

Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor

161

771

Testudinidae

Chinemys reevesii (Gray)

162

772

Trionychidae

Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann

163

773

Gekkonidae

Gekko gecko L.

164

Gekko swinhonis Guenther

164

774 775

Colubridae

Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor)

165

776

Elapidae

Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus Blyth

165

777

Viperidae

Agkistrodon acutus (Guenther)

167

778

Anatidae

Anas domestica L.

168

779

Phasianidae

Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson

169

780

Collocalidae

Collocalia esculenta L.

170

781

Physeteridae

Physeter catodon L.

171

782

Phocidae

Phoca groenlandica Erxleben, P. vitulina L.

171

XI

783

Equidae

Equus asinus L.

172

784

Rhinocerotidae

Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, R. sondaicus Desmarest,

172

Ceratotherium simum Burchell, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis G. Fischer, Diceros bicornis Linnaeus 785

Bovidae

Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin

173

786

Bubalus bubalis L.

175

787

Saiga tatarica L.

175

Census nippon Temminck, C. elaphus L.

176

Moschus moschiferus L.

179

Sus scrofa domesica L.

180

791

Alum

181

792

Epsomite

788

Cervidae

789 790

Suidae

MINERAL

(Kieserite)

181

793

Gypsum Fibrosum

182

794

Haematite

183

795

Mirabilite

183

796

Realgar

184

797

Smithsonite with Dolomite

184

798

Stalactite

185

799

Sulfur

185

800

Talc

186

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

187

INDEX TO CHINESE NAMES

190

INDEX TO LOCAL HEB NAMES

195

INDEX TO DISEASES AND BIOACTIVITIES

203

xn

EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Plant, Animal and Mineral Names 147 important medicinal plants, 43 animals and 10 minerals are presented in this volume. The sequence of the plant families follows the classification and arrangement of plant families of Engler's system. The animal families are arranged according to "Animal Diversity" ( Ed: Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A., 2nd edition, 2000, McGraw-Hill , Boston). The sequence of the individual species in a family follows the alphabetical order of their scientific names. The minerals are arranged in alphabetical order. Synonyms are shown as (=). Each representative vernacular name is shown in Roman or Chinese phonetic alphabet followed by an abbreviation of a country/region name. Chinese characters of the drug and plant/animal/mineral names are shown in the "Chinese Character Index". Related plants/animals are shown in similar manner. Part Pharmacopoeias which adopt a particular drug are shown in abbreviations. Local drug names are the standard or representative vernacular names for that particular drug.

Processing Procedures for processing the crude drug. Method of Administration Routes of administration and preparation methods. Folk Medicinal Uses Names of diseases or symptoms treated with the drug, followed by an abbreviation of the country/region which uses the drug for that purpose. Contra-indications and Side Effects Warnings for conditions to be avoided in the application of a particular drug and adverse reactions that may be induced by the drug.

Scientific Research Chemical components and pharmacological effects of the drug are summarized with literature.

Literature Format of the literature citation is as follows: First author, journal title or book title{ in italics), year(boldface), volume, and first page.

xni

601

Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag.

(Sargassaceae)

Hai-hao-zi(C),Hoi-joh(H),Kaiso(J),Hae-ho-ja(K) Related plant: S. fusiforme (Harv.) Setch.:Yang-xi-cai(C);Hondawara(J);Yang-seo-chae(K). Alga(CP) Local Drug Name: Hai-zao(C),Hoi-joh(H),Kaiso(J),Hae-jo(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, dry in the air briefly, cut into sections, and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Goiter,scrofula,swelling and pain of the testis(C,H,K). 2)Edema(C,H,J,K). 3)Chronic bronchitis(K). Contraindication: Incompatible with Radix Glycyrrhizae (C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sugars: mannitol,alginic acid,sargassan[ 1 ]. 2)Proteins[l]. 3)Vitamins:vitamin C[2]. 4)Peptides[3]. 5)Phospholipids:phosphatidylethanolamine[4], 6) Sulfate groups [5], 7)Traceelements:K,I[l],Fe,Ca,S[6],Cd,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Zn[7], 8)Others:laurellene,laureepoxide[8], Pharmacology l)Antigoitrogenic effect[9]. 2)Antineoplastic effect[10]. 3)Antibotulism effect[10,ll]. 4)Inhibitory effect on blood coagulation[12]. 5)Antifungal effect[13,14], 6)Effect on cardiovascular system [14]. Literature: [l]"ZhongguoJingjiHaizao Zhi" 1962,81,85,89. [2]Li,J.Z. et al.:Haiyang Yaowu 1984,(3),17. [3]Usov,A.I. et al.-.Bioorg. Khim. 1985,11(6),830. [4]Khotimchenko,S.V.:/ft/w. Prir. Soedin. 1985,(3),404. [5]Pavlenko,A.F. etal: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1976,(5),573. [6]Read,B.E. etaV.Chin. J. Physiol. 1927,1(2),99. [7]Tropin,I.V. et al.:Fiziol. Past. 1994,41(2),305. [%]Y\i,J.G.JJaiyang Yaowu 1983,2(3),166;(4),207. [9]"Zhongyao Zhi" 1994,Vol 5,804. [10]Zhang,H.L. et al.Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1988,(4),18. [ll]Miao,W.Y. et al.Haiyang Yaowu 1985,4(3),24. [\2]Liu,S.S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao(1820~196])1963A$9. [13]Cao,R.L. etal.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [14]Zhang,J.D. et al.Haiyang Yaowu 1984,3(4),33. [J.X.Guo]

1

602

Drynaria fortunei

(Kunze) J. Sm. (Polypodiaceae)

Hu-jue(C),Gwut-shui-boh(H),Hokama-uraboshi(J) Related plants: D. baronii (Christ) Diels:Zhong-hua-hu-jue(C); D. mariesii Moore:Neok-jul-go-sa-ri(K). Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name: Gu-sui-bu(C),Gwut-shui-boh(H),Kossaiho(J),Gol-soe-bo(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry(C,K). 2)Scald the clean Rhizoma Drynariae or its slices with sand until inflated, and strike to remove hairs(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction of dried or fresh rhizome: C,H,K);Topical(decoction of fresh rhizome: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Deficiency syndrome of the kidney marked by back pain, tinnitus, impairment of hearing and looseness of teeth(C,H,J,K). 2) Traumatic injury,bone fracture(C,H,J,K). 3) External use for alopecia areata,vitiligo(C,H). Scienific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoid glycosides:naringin[l]. 2) Triterpenoids:tetracyclictriterpenoids [2]. 3) Steroids:diploptene,hop-21-ene,diplopterol,fern-9(ll)-ene,cyclolaudenol,cyclomargenol, cyclolaudenone,n-dotriacontanoic acid,P-sitosterol,25-en-cycloartenol,25-en-cycloartenone, 24-en-cycloartenol,24-en-cycloartenone,5 -stigmasten-3 -ol,5 -stigmasten-3 -one [3 ]. Pharmacology 1) Enhance the effect of cosmetics on the skin[4]. 2) Effect on fracture[5] and arthritis[6]. 3) Antiatherosclerosis[7]. 4) Effect on cardiovascular system [8]. Literature: [l]Yang,T.H. et al.-.Taiwan Yaoxue Zazhi 1966,18(1),38. [2]Tanaka,Y. et ai.Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1978,32(4),260. [3]Zhou,T.S. etal.:Zhongcaoyao 1994,25(4),175. [4]Oonishi,N.:Jp«. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 07,309,713[95,309,713](C1. A61 K7/00),28 Nov 1995, Appl.94/131,059,20 May 1994;5pp. [5]Wang,Z.R. et al:Beijing ZhongyiXueyuanXuebao 1980,(3),13. [6]Zhao,X.H. et al.-.Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12,617. [7]Wang,W.X. etal.Yaoxue Tongbao 1981,16(5),60. [8]Wang,W.X. et al. .Yaoxue Tongbao 1984,1(2),55. [J.X.Guo]

603

Pinus koraiensis

S. et Z. (Pinaceae)

Hong-song(C), Chosen-matsu(J), Jat-na-mu (K) Related plants: P. massoniana Lamb.:Ma-wei-song(C). P. armandii Franch.: Hua-shan-song(C). Seed Local Drug Name: Song-zi(C), Hae-song-ja(K).

2

Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatoid arthritis due to cold and wind(K). 2)Weakness(J, K). 3)Constipation(C,J, K). 4)Dizziness(K). 5)Earache(K). 6)Galactagogue(K). 7)Tooth caries(K). 8)Epistaxis(K). 9)Lung-fever, cough(C,K). 10)New-born infant eczema(K) Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes:a-,(3-pinene,camphene,3-carene,sabinene, myrcene, dipentene, p-phellandrene, y-terpinene, /»-cymene[ 1 ]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: ylangene, longifolene[2], koraiol[3], 3) Stilbenes: 3,5-dimethoxystilbene[4]. 4)Diterpenes:cembrene,isoembrol, agathodienediol, lambertianic acid, lambertianic acid methyl ester[4],epiisocembrol, isocembrol[5], neoabienol, isoagatholal, 18-nordehydroabietan-4a-ol, 19-nordehydroabiet-4(18)-ene, methyl dehydro-15-hydroxyabitan-18-oate[6], a-, P-, ypinacene[7], 5) Fatty acids[8]: oleoyl dilinoleoylglycerol, dilinoleoyl pinolenoylglycerol, palmitoyl oleoyl linoleoylglycerol, trioein, dioleoyl linoleoylglycerol[9], pinolenic acid[10]. Phamacology 1) Hypocholesterolaemic activity[10]. 2) Hypolipidemic activityfll]. Literature: [l]Chudnyi, A. V. et al: Sin. Prod. Kanifoli Skipidara 1970, 94. [2]Dubovenko, Zh. et al.: Aktual. Probl. Izuch. Efirnomaslich. Rast. Eflrn. Masel 1970, 156. [3]Khan, V. A.: Khim. Prir. Soedin 1979, 5, 652. [4]Kashtanova, N. K. et al: Aktual. Probl. Izuch. Efirnomaslich. Rast. Efir. Masel 1970, 157. [5]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971, (5), 669. [6]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971. (5), 595. [7]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971. (5), 604. [8]Tanaka, T. et al: J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed Sci. Appl. 1997, 700(1-2), 1. [9]Imbs, A. B. et al: J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 1998, 75(7), 865. [10]Sugano, M. et al: Br. J. Nutr. 1994, 72(5), 775. [ll]Asset, G. et al: Lipids 1999, 34(1), 39. [C. K. Sung]

604

Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun (Gnetaceae) Xiao-ye-mai-ma-teng (C), My-ma-teng (H)

Root or leaf Local Drug Name: Xiao-ye-mai-ma-teng (C), My-ma-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2)Low back strain (C, H).

3

3)Acute respiratory infection (C, H). 4)Bronchitis (C, H). 5)Pancreatitis (C, H). 6)Ulcer bleeding (C, H). 7)Snake bites (C, H). 8)Flaccidity of extemities (C). 9)Traumatic injury (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkaloid: (//-demethylcoclaurine [1]. 2)Gnetifolin A-F, isorhapontigenin, resveratrol, P-sitosterol [2-4], Pharmacology 1)Cardiotonic effect [1]. 2)Antiasthmatic effect [1]. Literature: [l]Anonymous: Yaoxue Xuebcto 1980, 15, 434. [2]Li, J.B. et al.: Yaoxue Xuebao 1991, 26, 437. [3]Lin, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1991,30, 4201. [4]Lin, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 633. [P.P.H. But]

605

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steudel (Betulaceae) [ =Betula japonica Thunb. ] Chi-yang(C), Hannoki(J), O-ri-na-mu(K)

Young twig, leaf and bark Local Drug Name: Chi-yang(C), Jeok-yang(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste, powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(C, K). 2)Traumatic injury(C, K). 3)Epistaxis(C). 4)Toothache(K). 5 )Hematochezia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Diarylheptanoid glycosides: hirsutanonol, hirsutenone, hirsutanonol 5-O-P-Dglucopyranoside, hirsutanonol 5-0-(6-0-galloyl)-P-D-glucopyranoside, 3-deoxyhirsutanonol 5-O-P-D-glucopyranoside, 3-deoxohirsutanonol5-0-(6-0-P-D-apiosyl)-P-Dglucopyranoside, hirsutoside[l]. 2) Triterpenes: 3-O-acetyl-P-amyrin, 3-O-acetyltaraxerol, glutinone, glutinol, glutinone, lupenone, taraxerone[l], P-amyrin, lupenone[l-2], a-amyrin[2], taraxerol, betulinic acid[3]. 3) Flavonoids:quercitrin[l], cyanidin[4], 4) Steroids: P-sitosterol[2]. 5) Hydrocarbons:heptacosane[2], 6)Tannins: dimeric ellagitannin[5], catechol tannin[6], alnusjaponins A, B[7]. Pharmacology l)FcgRI receptor-binding activity(cyanidin)[4]. 2) Anti-skin aging activity[8].

4

Literature: [1] Wada, H. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46(6), 1054. [2] Uvarova,N. I. et al.: Phytochemistry 1972, 11(2), 741. [3] Matyukhina, L. G. et al:. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1968, 4(6), 387. [4] Van de Winkel et al: PCTInt. Appl. WO9809647A2 12Mar. 1998, 36 pp. [5] Lee, M.-W. etal: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(8), 2835. [6] Sato, M. et al:. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1943,19,778. [7] Lee, M.-W. et al: Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(8), 2835. [8] Hirano, A. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10130138 A2 19 May 1998, 4 pp. [C. K. Sung]

606

Cudrania

cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kud. & Masam. (Moraceae) [= Madura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner] Gou-ji (C), Chuan-por-sack (H)

Root Local Drug Name: Chuan-po-shi (C), Chuan-por-sack (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pulmonary tuberculosis (C, H). 2) Hemoptysis (H). 3) Icteric hepatitis (C, H). 4) Hepatosplenomegaly (C, H). 5) Gastric and duodenal ulcer (C, H). 6) Rheumatic pains (C, H). 7) Traumatic injury (C, H). 8) Boils, abscesses (H). 9) Fracture (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Xanthones: l,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-9-one, isocudraniaxanthones A B, isoalvaxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone, deprenylated rheediaxanthone, alvaxanthone, cudraxanthone I, l,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2- enyl)-xanthone [1-2]. 2)Erythrinin B, lancerin, rf-aromadendrin [1-2], Pharmacology l)Inhibitory effect onNa + /H + exchange system [1]. 2) Inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation [2]. 3) Anti-inflammatory effect [3]. 4)Hepatoprotective effect [3]. Literature: [l]Kobayashi, M. etal:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1615. [2] Chang, C.H. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1994,44, 79. [3]Lin, C.C. et al.: Am. J. Chin. Med. 1999, 27, 227. [P.P.H. But]

607

Ficus religiosa L.

(Moraceae)

Pu-ti-shu(C),Indo-bodai-ju(J), In-do-bo-ri-su(K)

5

Bark Local Drug Name: Yin-do-pu-ti-shu-pi(C),Bo-je-su-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K);Topical (juice :C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diabetes(J,K). 2) Dysentery(K). 3) Asthma(K). 4) Cardiac edema(K). 5) Acute gastritis(K). 6) Hemorrhage(K). 7) Toothache(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: a-amyrin, P-amyrin, lupeol[l], lanosterol, lupen-3-one, oleanolic acid methyl ester[2], 2)Alkanes: hentriacontane, hexacosan-1-ol, nonacosane[l], octacosan-l-ol[l-2], 3)Steroids: campesterol, 28-isofucosterol, stigmasterolfl], (3-sitosterol[l-4], 4)Coumarins: bergapten, bergaptol[5], 5)Flavonoids: pelargonidin-5,7-dimethyl ether 3-0-a-L-rhamnoside[6], 6)Polyprenoids: solanesol[7]. Phamacology l)Antibacterial activity[8-9]. 2)Anticrustacean activity[8-9], 3)Protease(HIV) inhibition activityflO]. 4)Cytotoxic activity[ll]. 5)Antiviral activity[ll-12]. 6)Antiamebic activity[12]. 7)Plaque formation suppressant activity[13]. 8)Estrogenic activity[14], 9)Antifungal activity[15]. 10)Neuroleptic activity[16]. ll)Antihyperglycemic activity[17-18](glycoside of pelargonidin)[6]. Literature: [I] Behara, M. era/.: Curr. Agr. 1984, 8(1/2), 73. [2] Swami, K. D. et at. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1989, 66(4), 288. [3] Varshney, I. P. et al:. Indian J. Pharmacy, 1965, 27, 232. [4] Varshney, I. P. et al.: Indian J. Pharmacy, 1965,27, 231. [5] Swami, K. D.et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1996, 73,11. [6] Cherian, S. et al: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1992,29(4), 380. [7] Sasak, W. et al.: ActaBiochim. Pol. 1973,20,343. [8] Mousa, 0. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994,41(1/2), 71. [9] Mousa, 0. etal: PlantaMed. Suppl. 1992, 58(1), A632. [10] Kusumoto, I. T. etal.: Phytother. Res. 1995, 9(3), 180. [II] Hattori, M. etal.: Phytother. Res. 1995, 9(4), 270. [12] Dhar, M. L. et al.: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968, 6,232. [13] Namba, T. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1985,39(2), 146. [14] Ray, B. N. et al: Indian J. Physiol. AlliedSci. 1967, 20, 6. [15] Pandey, D. K. etal: Phytopathol. Z. 1982, 105, 175. [16] Gupta, S. S.: Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol. 1962, 6, P25. [17] Brahmachari, H. D. etal: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962, 14, 617. [18] Brahmachari, H. D. et al: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962, 14, 254. [C. K. Sung]

6

608

Viscum coloratum (Komar.) Nakai

(Loranthaceae)

Hu-ji-sheng(C),Huk-gay-sunk(H),Yadorigi(J),Gyeo-u-sal-i(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Hu-ji-sheng(C),Huk-gay-sunk(H),Sokisei(J),Sang-gi-saeng(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter,wash briefly, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dry (C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia,aching and weakness of the loins and knees(C,H,J,K). 2) Threatened abortion(C). 3) Beriberi(K). 4) Galactostasis(K). 5) Dysmenorrhea(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alcohols: mesoinositol[l], 2)Steroids: (3-sitosterol,daucosterol[2]. 3)Triterpenoids: oleanolic acid,(3-amyrin,lupeol[l],betulinic acid,P-acetylamyrin[2],(3-amyrin palmitate,erythrodiol [3 ]. 4)Organic acids: myristic acid[l],lignoceric acid,cerotic acid,actacosanoic acid,palmitic acid, succinic aid,ferulic acid,caffeic acid[3]. 5)Tannins: protocatechuic acid[3]. 6)Flavonoids: homoeriodictyol-7-0-P-D-glucoside[4],flavoyadorininA,B,homoflavoyadorimn B [5] ,rhamnazin,homoeriodictyol, viscumneoside 1,11 [6] ,III,V, VI [7] ,1 V[8,9], viscoside A[10],eleutheroside E[ll]. 7)Coumarins: syringin[ 11]. 8)Glycosides: springenin-4'-0-D-apiosylglucoside,3-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy-butanol-2[ll]. 9)Alkaloids[12]. 10)Sugars: galacturonic acid,galactose,arabinose,xylose,glucose,rhamnose[ 13]. ll)Others:lectin[14,15]. Pharmacology 1) Antileukemia activity[12]. 2) Antihypertensive effect[16,17]. 3) Effect on circulatory system[18]. 4) Effect on cardiac function[18-22]. 5) Antiarrhythmic efifect[23,24]. 6) Inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelet[21,25]. 7) Antitumor activity[26]. Literature: [l]Zeng,G.E et al.:YaoxueXuebao 1957,5(3),169. [2]Kong,D.Y. etal.Yiyao Gongye 1987,18(10),445. [3]Kong,D.Y. et al.:Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi 1989,20(3),108. [4]U,Mn.:Zhongcaoyao 1985,16(2),1. [5]Nangjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,134. [6]Kong,D.Y. etal.Yiyao Gongye 1987,18(3), 123. [7]Kong,D.Y etal.YaoxueXuebao 1988,23(8),593. [8]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1988,23(9),707. [9]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1990,25(5),349. [10]Li,M.H. .Zhongcaoyao 1985,16(2),49. [ll]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1992,27(10),792. [12]Khwaja,T.A. et al.:Experientia 1980,36(5),599. [13]Zheng,Y.L. et al.Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1989,24(6),334.

7

[14]Park,W.B. et al.:YakhakHoechi 1994,38(6),687. [15]Li,G etal.-.ShengwuHuawue YuShengwu WuliJinzhan 7995,22(4),349. [\6]"Zhongyao Zhi" 1994,Vol 5,711. [17]Zhang,W.Z. et al.-.Zhongcaoyao 1986,17,363. [18]Gu,D.G. etal.-.Yiyao Gongye 1981,(12),9. [19]Zhu,S.H. et al.:ZhongxiyiJiehe Zazhi 1984,4(9),548. [20]Cheng,B.H. et al.:Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi 1985,5(9),565. [21]Chen,S.X. et al.Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1994,15(2),169. [22]Gu,T.H. et al.-.Yiyao Gongye 1983,(5),9. [23]Wu,J.X. et al.:Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi 1993,24(10),460. [24]Zhu,W.M. et al.-.Yiyao Gongye 1985,16(6),257. [25]Yoon,T.J. et al:Cancer Lett.(ShannonJrel) 1995,97(1),83. [J. X. Guo]

609

Fagopyrum

cymosum Meisn. (Polygonaceae)

Tian-giao-mai(C),Shakuchiri-soba(J) Root and Rhizome Local Drug Name: Ye-giao-mai (C), Shakuchiri (J) Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J); Topical (paste of fresh rhizome: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea (C, J). 2) Leukorrhea (C, J). 3) Abscess (C, J). 4) Sore-throat (C). 5) Stomachache (C). 6) Hepatitis (C). 7) Night sweat (C). 8) Dysmenorrhea (C). 9) Lymphoid tuberculosis (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: rutin, quercetin [1]. 2) Phenolics: shakuchirin [2]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor (HT-1080) activity (extract) [3] 2) Anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antitumor, antitussive activities [4]. Literature: [l]Imai, K. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1951,71, 266. [2]Takahashi, K.e?al: KanazawaDaigaku Yakugakubu Kiyo 1961,11, 1. [3]Liu, Ket al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Togbao 1998,14, 36. [4]Han, P. etal: PCT Int. Appl. WO 9916319 Al 8 Apr 1999. [T. Kimura]

610

Rumex acetosaL*

(Polygonaceae)

Shuan-mo(C), Suiba(J), Su-young(K)

8

Root Local Drug Name: Suan-mo(C), Suiba(J), San-mo(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K);Topical(paste: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dermatopathy(C, J, K). 2) Dysentery(C, K). 3) Difficult urination(K). 4) Hematemesis(K). 5) Scabies(C, K). 6) Meteorism(K). 7) Gonorrhea(K). 8) Frost-bite(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Suan-mo(C), San-mo-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Scabies(C, K). 2) Ringworm(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Qinoids: chrysazin[l], aloe emodin[l-2], chrysophanic acid[l-5], co-acetoxy aloe emodin, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, chrysophanic acid-8-O-P-D-glucoside, emodin-8-0-P-D-glucoside[2],emodin[2-6], chrysophanol-8-O-p-D-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-P-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-l-0-P-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-p-Dglucopyranoside[3], physcion[3-5], chrysophanic acid anthrone, emodin anthrone, physcion anthrone[4]. 2) Steroids: P-sitosterol[2]. 3) Flavonoids: avicularin, orientin, 2",6"-di-0-acetyl orientin, 2"-0-acetyl orientin, isoorientin, 2",6"-di-0-acetyl isoorientin, 2"-0-acetyl isoorientin [7], hyperoside[7-8], quercetinrhamnose, quercetin-rhamno-glucoside[8], vitexin[9]. 4) Polycyclics: nepodin, neposide[5,10]. 5) Alkanes: oxalic acidfll]. 6) Carbohydrates:rumex acetosa polysaccharide RA-P[12],rumex acetosa polysaccharide (MW10,000)[13]. Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[14]. 2) Antiinflammatory activity[15]. 3) Hypoglycemic activity[16]. 4) Antifungal activity[17]. Literature: [1] Varma, P. N. et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1984, 61(2), 171. [2] Sharma, M. etal: Indian J. Chem. 1977, 15B, 884. [3] Kato, Let al:. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1987, 41(1), 67. [4] Tamano, M. et aLAgr. Biol. Chem. 1982, 46,1913. [5] He, L. Y. et al:. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1981, 16, 289. [6] Krivoshchekova, 0. E. et al: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 193. [7] Kato, T. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(8), 2277. [8] Horhammer, L. et al: Arch. Pharm.(Weinheim) 1955, 288, 58. [9] Aritomi, M. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1965, 13, 1470. [10] Bagrii, O. K. et al: FenolNye Soedin Ikh Biol. FunktsMater Vses Simp. 1st 1968, 89. [11] Kojima, K. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38(2), 138.

9

[12] Ito, H.: Jap. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 40(3), 435. [13] Ito, H. etal: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1980, 80 157,516, 6pp. [14] Arisawa, M : Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [15] Neubauer, N. et at. Phytomedicine 1994, 1(3), 177. [16] Kumagai, T. et al:. Proc. Jap. Acad. 1945, 21, 448. [17] Ito, K. et al:. Bull. Pharm. Research Inst. Japan 1951, 2, 23. [C. K. Sung]

611

Drymaria

diandra Blume [=D. cordata

(Caryophyllaceae) (h.)Wi\ld.]

He-lian-dou-cao (C), Hor-lin-dou-cho (H), Yanbaru-hakobe (J) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: He-lian-dou-cao (C), Hor-lin-dou-cho (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acute hepatitis (C, H). 2) Jaundice (C, H). 3) Pterygium (C, H). 4) Epigastric pain (C, H). 5) Nephritis (C, H). 6) Ascites (C, H). 7) Malaria (C, H). 8) Constipation (C). 9) Fracture (C). 10) Carbuncle (C). 11) Snake bite (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Fatty acids: palmitic acid, succinic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, caproric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid [1-2]. 2)Sterol: cc-spinasterol [1-2]. 3)Others: potassium nitrate [1], cordacin [3-4], Pharmacology 1) Antileukemic effect [3-4]. 2) Renal toxic effect [5]. 3) Antitussive effect [6]. Literature: [1] Yuan, A.X.: Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12, 36. [2] Hu, Y. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1982, 13, 343. [3] Lin, YC. et at. Chin. J. Microbiol. 1974, 7, 47. [4] Lin, YC. etal: Chin. J. Microbiol. 19Tr4, 7, 64. [5] Chen, S.D. et al: K 'o Hsueh Fa Chan Yueh K 'an 1983, 11, 206. [6] Mukherjee, P.K. et at. J. Ethnopharm. 1997, 56, 77. [P.P.H. But]

612

Polycarpaea

coiymbosa

Lam .

(Caryophyllaceae)

Bai-gu-ding (C), Bark-goo-ding (H)

10

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Xin-se-cao (C), Bark-tou-yung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dysentery (C, H). 2) Enteritis (C, H). 3) Indigestion (C, H). 4) Carbuncle (H). 5) Snake bite, insect bite (H). 6) Ascites (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Camelliagenin A, Ai-barrigenol, stigmasterol [1]. 2) Carboxylic acids, coumarins, hydroxtcoumarins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids [2]. 3) Heavy metals: copper, zinc [3]. Literature: [1] Chiang, H.C. et al.: Taiwan Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih 1978,30, 114. [2] Tsotsoriya, G.G. et al: Khromataogr. Metody Farm. 1911, 172. [3] Brooks, R.R. et at:. Proc. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall. 1978, 268,33. [P.P.H. But]

613

Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) Mai-lan-cai(C),Ohfurugyo(J),Mal-maeng-I-na-mul(K)

Seed(CP) Local Drug Name:Wang-bu-liu-xing(C), Ohfurugyo(J),Wang-bul-ryu-haeng(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter(C,K). 2) Stir-fry the clean Semen Vaccariae until the most of the seeds burst(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Galactostasis(C,J,K). 2) Amenorrhea(C,J,K). 3) Dysmenorrhea(C,K). 4) Mastitis with swelling and pain of the breast(C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids[l]. 2) Coumarins [1,2], 3) Saponins:vacsegoside[l], 4) Flavonoids: vacarin[3], 5) Triterpenoids:segetoside,vaccegoside A,B,C,D[4]. 6) Peptides:vaccarin A[5],segetalin A,B,C,D[6],E[7]. Pharmacology l)Uterotoniceffect[2]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,204. [2] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: Yaoxue Xuebao 1966,13,95. [3] Baeva,R.T. etal.:Khim. Prir. Soedin 1974,10(2),171.

11

[4] [5] [6] [7]

Baeva,RT. et al.Khim. Prir. Soedin 1974,10(2),258. Zhang,R.R. etaL.Chin. Chem. Lett. 1995,6(8),681. Morita,H. et al.Tetrahedron 1995,51,6003. Morita,H. et aV.Phytochemistry 1996,42(2),439. [JXGuo]

614

Chenopodium

ambrosioides

L. (Chenopodiaceae)

Tu-jin-jie(C),Toh-ging-gie(H),Ke-aritaso(J) Herb Local Drug Name: Tu-jin-jie(C),Toh-ging-gie(H),Dokeigai(J). Processing: Dry in the shade(C,H,J). Method of Administration: Oral(powder, pills or volatile oil: C,J);Topical(decoction: C,H)Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ascariasis(C,H,J). 2) Ancylostomiasis(C,H). 3) Oxyuriasis(C,H). 4) Eczema(C,H). 5) Itching(C,H). 6) Myiasis(C). 7) Gastoroenteritis(J). Side effect: Volatile oil: drastic irritation(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Terpenes:ascaridole[l],pittobrevigenin,oleanolic acid,hederagenin,theasapogenin D,R r barrigenol[2],limonene,iso-limonene,/-pinocarvone,aritasone,rf-a-pinene,sylvestren[3]. 2) Glycosides :kaempferol-7-rhamnoside[3], 3) Others: cymene [3 ]. Pharmacology 1) Antimalarial effectfl]. 2) Anthelmintic effect[3]. 3) Inhibitory effect on dermatomyces[3]. Literature: [1] Gu,GM. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(10),15. [2] Yang,H.T. et al.:Huaxue Xuebao 1986,44(9),946. [3] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian" 1996,Vol.l,45. [J.X.Guo]

615

Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae) Bo-sai(C), Bor-choi (H), Houren-so(J), Si-geum-chi(K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bo-sai(C), Bor-choi (H), Houren-cho(J), Pa-chae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K), or use in fresh(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: J, K; fresh: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Anemia(C,H,J,K). 2)Constipation(C, J, K) 3)Diabetes(C, K).

12

4)Hematochezia(J, K). 5)Hypertension(C) 6)Acute conjunctivitis(C). 7)Hemorrhoid(J). 8)Weakness(J). 9)Epistaxis(K). lO)Scorbutus(K). ll)Scabies(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Pa-chae-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastropathy(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Indole alkaloids: betanin[l-2], isobetanin, celosianin, isocelosianin[2], indole-3-acetic acid[3], 2)Isoquinoline alkaloids: phenetylamine[4], N-methyl P-phenethylamine[5], tyramine[6], 3)Flavonoids:astragalin,hyperoside[7], 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavone-4' -glucuronide,4' ,5 '-dihydroxy-3,3' -dimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone-4' glucuronide,jaceidin-4'-glucuronide,patuletin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruloyl-glucopyranosyl)-(l-6)[P-D-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside,patuletin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[PD-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside,spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruloylglucopyranosyl)-(l-6)-P-D-glucopyranoside,spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruroylglucospyranosyl)-(l-6)-[P-D-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-P-D-gluco-pyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-/?coumaroyl-glucopyranosyl)-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]-P-Dglucopyranoside[8], 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-6-methoxy flavone, 4',5-dihydroxy-3,3'dimethoxy-6,7-dimethylenedioxy-flavone,spinacetin[9],kaempferol, quercetin[10], patuletin[ll], quercitrin[12],rutin[7,13-14], spinatoside[15], 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy6,7-methylene-dioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide, 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7methylenedioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide-methyl ester, 4',5-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy6,7-methylenedioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide jaceidin-4'-P-D-glucuronide[ 16],patuletin3-O-P-D-gentiobioside, patuletin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-P-D-gentiobioside, spinatoside[17]. 4)Phenylpropanoids: chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid[7], caffeic acid[7, 18], /?-coumaric acid[18],ferulicacid[18-19]. 5)Triterpenes: spinasaponin A[20], 6)Carotenoids: a-carotene, P-cryptoxanthin[21], P-carotene[21-23], P-neocarotene[22], lutein, zeaxanthin[23], 7)Steroids: ecdysone, 24(28)-dehydro makisterone A[24], P-ecdysone, polypodine B[24-26], 20-hydroxy-P-ecdysone[25], spinasterol[27], a-spinasterol-3-O-P-D-glucoside, stigmast-7en-3-P-ol-P-D-glucoside[28]. 8)Coumarins: coumestrol[29-30]. 9)Proteids: tryptophan[3, 31], arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine[31], calmodulin[32], calsequestrin[33], carbonic anhydrase[34], cystathionine[35], APS-sulfotransferase[36]. 10)Lipids: hexadecatrienoic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid[37], linoleic acid, oleic acid[37-38], a-linolenic acid[38], co-3-linolenic acid[39]. ll)Carbohydrates: maltose[40], phytic acid[41], xylitol[42]. 12)Oxygen heterocycles: phytylplastoquinol, 6-phytyltoluquinol[43]. 13)Vitamins: vitamin K[12], a-tocopherol[43], P-, 8-tocopherol[44], y-tocopherol[43-44],

13

ascorbic acid[45-47], dehydro-ascorbic acid[45, 48], vitamin K-l[49]. 14)Alkanes: citric acid, malic acid[50], oxalix acid[50-53]. Phamacology l)Antimutagenic activity[47, 54-56], 2)Hypoglycemic activity[57-59]. 3)Glucose metabolism stimulation activity[60]. 4)Insulin receptor binding effect[60]. 5)Antiedema activity[61]. 6)Gonadotropin release stimulation activity[62], 7)Antitumor activity[63]. 8)Antioxidant activity[63-64]. 9)Antitumor-promoting activity[64]. 10)Pancreatic secretion stimulation activity[65]. ll)Amylase release stimulation activity[66]. 12)Lipase release stimulation activity[66]. 13)Proteolytic activity[66]. 14)Quinone recuctase induction activity[67]. 15)Protein synthesis inhibition activity[68]. 16)a-Naphthyl butyrate esterase stimulation activity[69], 17)Amine tetrazolium reductase inhibition activity[69]. 18)Intraocular pressure reduction activity[70]. 19)Allergenic acitivity[71]. 20)Catalase stimulation activity[72]. 21)Hemagglutinin activity[73]. 22)Antimalarial activity[74]. 23)Elastase inhibition activity[75], Literature: [I] Misawa, M.: Plant Tissue Culture its Bio-Technol.Aappl. Int. Congr. 1st 1976, 17. [2] Piattelli, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1964,3(5), 547. [3] Culafic, L. et al:. Biol. Plant. 1974, 16, 359. [4] Neurath, G. B. et al:. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977, 15, 275. [5] Marquardt, P. et al: Arzneim-Forsch. 1976, 26,2001. [6] William, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970, 33S, 1. [7] Boguslavskaya, L. I. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(5), 635. [8] Ferreres, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1997, 45(8), 1701. [9] Fang, N. et al: Rev. Latinoamer. Quim. 1989, 20(1), 42. [10] Hertog, M. G. L. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40(12), 2379. [II] Tissut, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 2077. [12] Ganju, K. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1959, 47, 563. [13] Lukovnikova, G. A.: Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 1965, 1, 504. [14] Lucovnikova, G A.: Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 1965, 1, 594. [15] Wagner, H. et al: Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 1405. [16] Aritomi, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1984, 23(9), 2043. [17] Aritomi, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1986, 25(1), 231. [18] Huang, H. M. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1986,34(1), 48. [19] Massart, L. et al: Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 1957, 65,163. [20] Shoji, J.: Adv. Nat. Prod. Chem.-Extraction & isolation of biologically active compounds 1981, 275. [21] Bureau, J. L. et al: J. Food Sci. 1986, 51(1), 128. [22] Rao, C. N.: J. Nutr. Diet. 1967, 4, 10. [23] Granado, F. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40(11), 2135. [24] Bathory, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 236. [25] Modlin, R. F. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 668(1), 229. [26] Grebenok, R. J. et al: Lipids 1991, 26(8), 666. [27] Itoh, T. et al: Phytochemistry 1981, 20, 761. [28] Woo, W. S. et al: Seoul Univ. J. 1975, 25(10), 59.

14

Knuckles, B. E. etal.: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1976,24, 1177. Hoelscher, M.: Feedstuffs 1979, 51, 54. Vasi, I. G. et al: J. Inst. Chem.(India) 1980, 52, 13. Lukas, T. J. etal: Plant Physiol. 1984, 75(3), 788. Krause, K. H. et at J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264(8), 4269. Henkens, R. W.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1979, 40, 213. Datko, A. H. et at Anal. Biochem. 1974, 62(2), 531. Schmidt, A.: Plant Sci. Lett. 1975, 5, 407. dome, A. J. et at. Phytochemistry 1986, 25(1), 65. Cherif, A. et at. Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 703. Simopoulos, A. P. etal: N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 315(13), 833. Schilling, N. et at Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1975, 3, 985. Lehrfeld, J.: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1994,42(12), 2726. Counsell, J. N. etal: Food Process. Ind. 1976, 45(54), 24. Soil. J. etal: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 215. Murcia, M. A. et at J. Sci. Food Agr. 1992, 60(1), 81. Marchesini, A. et at J. Food Sci. 1974,39, 568. Yao, S. etal: YingyangXuebao 1983, 5(4), 373. Barale, R. et at. Mutat. Res. 1983, 120(2/3), 145. Tipson, R. S.: J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. 1945, 34, 190. Booth, S. L. et at J. Agr. Food Chem. 1994, 42(2), 295. Soldatenkov, S. V. et al: Trudy Petergof Biol. Inst, Leningarad Gosudarst Univ. IM AA Zhdanova 1960, 18,55. Nakhara, K.: Eiyo To shokuryo 1974, 27(1), 33. Kojima, K. etal: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38(2), 138. Yeh, H. L. etal: Chung-Kuo ShengDHsueh Tsa Chih 1938, 13, 209. Negishi, T. et at. Mutat. Res. 1997, 376(1/2), 97. Osawa, T. et at Agr. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50(8), 1971. Shinohara, K. et at Agr. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52(6), 1369. Sammartino, U.: Arch. Farmacol. Sper. Sci. Affini. 1928, 45, 7. Kumagai, T. et at. Proc. Jap. Acad. 1945, 21, 448. Roman-Ramos, R. et at. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995, 48(1), 25. Collier, E. et al: Abstr. Endocrine Society 68th Annual Meeting, June 25-27, 1986, Anaheim, CA 1986,38. Yasukawa, K. et al: Phytother. Res. 1993, 7(2), 185. Negus, N. C.et al: J. Mammalogy 1966, 47, 596. Albeck, M.etat Patent-Eur. Pat. Appl. 1988, 271,133, 45pp. Maeda, H. et at. Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 1992, 83(9), 923. Samochowiec, L. et al: Herba Pol. 1981, 28(1), 45. Wojcicki, J. et at Berba Pol. 1981, 27(2), 133. Prochaska, H. J. etal: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.fUSA) 1992, 89, 2394. Gasperi-Campani, A. etal: J. Nat. Prod. 1985, 48(3), 446. Kobori, M. etal: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1993, 57(11), 1951. Deutsch, H. M. et at Curr. Eye Res. 1987, 6(7), 949. De La Hoz, B. et al: Ann. Allergy 1991, 67(5), 487. Yamaguchi, T. et al: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1980, 44(4), 959. Gorbridge, M. H. et al.: Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta.(Laramie) Sci. Monograph 1971 24 11. Misra, P. et al: Int. J. Pharmacog. 1991, 29(1), 19. Bojima, Y. etal: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32(6), 985. [C. K. Sung]

616

Gomphrena globosa L. (Amarantaceae) Qian-ri-hong (C), Chin-yut-hung (H), Cheon-il-hong (K)

15

Capitulum Local Drug Name: Qian-ri-hong (C), Chin-yut-hung (H), Cheon-il-hong (K) Processing: Dry in the sun (C,K). Method of Administration: Oral ( decoction: C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Bronchial asthma (C,H,K). 2) Acute and chronic bronchitis (C,H,K). 3) Chin cough (C,K). 4) Haemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis (C). 5) Dizziness (C). 6) Blurring of vision (C,K). 7).Dysentery (C,H,K). 8) Infantile fever, and night screaming (H). 9) Whooping cough (H). 10) Headache (K). Scientific Research: Chemstry l)Glucosides: gomphrenin I,II,III [1], IV,V,VI [2], 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanol 3-0-0-D-glucoside[3]. 2)Others: amaranthin, isoamaranthin [2], Pharmacology 1) Expectorant activity [3], Literature: [1] Heuer,S. etal. : Phytochem. 1992,31(5), 1801. [2] Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian 1996,119. [3] Liu, H.K. etal. : Yaoxue Tongbao 1981,16(1),55. [J.X.Guo]

617

Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. (Magnoliaceae) Ye-he-hua (C), Yair-hup-far (H)

Flower Local Drug Name: Ye-he-hua (C), Hup-foon-far (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Costal pain (C, H). 2) Leucorrhea (C, H). 3) Cough with profuse sputum (C, H). 4) Insomnia (C, H). 5) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Essential oil: (3-myrcene, ot-phellandrene, p-cymene, P-phellandrene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, coumaran, geraniol, bornyl acetate, a-copaene, vanillin, P-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, a-caryophyllene, y-muurolene, a-cedrene, y-elemene, y-cadinene, 5-cadinene, dihydrocalamenene, nerolidol, spathulenol, globulol, himachalol, T-cadinol, a-cadinol, fames ol [1]. Literature: [1] Zhu, L.F. et al.: Aromatic Plants and Essential Constituents (Supplement I). South China

16

institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 1995, p. 12. [P.P.H. But]

618

Desmos chinensis Lour.

(Annonaceae)

Jia-ying-zhao (C), Gar-ying-jao (H) Root or leaf Local Drug Name: Ji-zhao-feng (C), Gar-ying-jao (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2) Gastric pain (C, H). 3) Indigestion (C, H). 4) Abdominal distention (C, H). 5) Postpartum abdominal pain and hemorrhage (C, H). 6) Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 7) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavanone: desmal [1]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on tyrosine kinase [1], 2) Inhibitory effect on EGF-induced inositol phosphate formation [1]. Literature: [l]Kakeya, H. et at. FEBSLett. 1993, 320, 169. [P.P.H. But]

619

Laurus nobilis L.

(Lauraceae)

Yue-gui(C),Gekkei-ju(J),Weol-gye-su(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Yue-gui-zi(C),Weol-gye-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K);Topical(powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatism(J, K). 2) Paralysis(K). 3) Eczema(K). 4) Swellfish poisoning(C,K). 5) Scabies(C,K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Weol-gye-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatism(J, K).

17

2) Scabies(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry ^Sesquiterpenes: santamarine[l], costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone[l-2], eremanthin, zaluzanin D[2], germacranolide[3]. 2)Lignan glycosides: (i-secoisolariciresinol 9-O-P-D-xylopyranoside, d-5'methoxyisolariciresinol 9'-0-P-D-xylopyranoside, schizandraside[4]. 3) Alcohol glucoside: Z-3-hexenyl-0-glucoside[4]. 4) Essential oils: eucalyptol, terpineol, geraniol, eugenol, acetyleugenol, methyleugenol, phellandrene, P-pinene[5], 5)Flavonoids: rutin[6]. 6) Fatty acids: lauric acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid[7]. 7)Proteins(seed): globulins, glutelins[8]. Phamacology 1) Ethanol absorption inhibition activity(sesquiterpenes)[l]. 2) Antiulcerogenic activity[9]. 3) Snail malformation activity[10]. 4) Allergenic activity(a-methylene Y-butyrolactone)[ll]. 5) Antibacterial activity(essential oil)[12]. Literature: [I] Matsuda, H. etal:. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 9(18), 2647. [2] Appendino, G. et al.: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(7), 2537. [3] Tada, H. et al: J. Chem. Soc. D 1971, (21), 1391. [4] Yahara, S. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshik 1992,46(2), 184. [5] Morani, V: Ann. Chim. Applicata, 1926, 16, 21. [6] Makarov, V. A.: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971, 7(2), 203. [7] Krajcinovic, M. et al: Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 1958, 60, 445. [8] Blagoveshchenskii, A. V.: Tr. Most ObshchestvaIspytatelei Prirody, Otd. Biol. 1965,13, 7. [9] Afifi, F. U. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 58(1), 9. [10] Re, L. etal:Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1987, 82(S4), 315. [II] Cheminat, A. etal: Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1984, 276(3), 178. [12] Syed, M. et al: Pakstan J. Set Ind. Res. 1991, 34(11), 456. [C. K. Sung]

620

Adonis amurensis

Reg. et. Radd.

(Ranunculaceae)

Bing-liang-hua(C), Fukuju-so(J), Bok-su-cho(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bing-liang-hua(C), Bok-su-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cardiac disease(C, J, K). 2)Edema by heart failure(C, J, K). 3)Congestive heart failure(C, K). 4)Palpitation(J, K). 5)Epilepsy(K). Contraindications: Extrasystole on overdoese(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Cardenolides: somalin, strophanthoside K[l], convallatoxin[l-2], strophanthin K[2],

18

cymarin[2-3], digitoxigenin[2, 4], strophanthidin[4], adonis compound AAR[5], 2)Steroids: adonilide, fukujusone, fukujusonorone, lineolone, benzoyl lineolone, ;so-lineolone, nicotinoyl zso-lineolone[4]. 3)Carbohydrates: adoniton[6], Phamacology 1) Antiarrhythmic activity[7]. Literature: [1] Gu, X. L. etal: Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1990, 10(1), 5. [2] Ro, J. S. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1990, 21(2), 130. [3] Li, C. P.: Chiese herbal medicine. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Publ. No. 75732, Washington, D.C. 1974. [4] Shimizu, Y. et al:. Lloydia, 1978, 41,1. [5] Chi, L. G. et al: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1988. 23(2), 91. [6] Komissarenko, N. F. etal: Rast. Resur. 1982, 18, 273. [7] Yanxi, B. etal: Chin. J. Meg. Trad. West. Med. 1987, 7(9), 541. [C. K. Sung]

621

Sargentodoxa

cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.

(Lardizabalaceae)

Da-xue-teng(C),Dai-huet-teng(H) Stem(CP) Local Drag Name: Da-xue-teng(C),Daiketsuto(J). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dry (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Acute appendicitis(C). 2)Amenorrhea,dysmenorrhea(C,H,J). 3)Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H,J). 4)Traumatic swelling and pain(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phytosterols: daucosterol,P-sitosterol[ 1 ]. 2) Anthraquinones :emodin,physcion[ 1 ] ,chrysophanol [2]. 3)Coumarins:p-hydroxyphenylethanolp-coumarate[2]. 4) Organic acids:stearic acid[l],vanillic acid,protocatechuric acid[2],madasiatic acid[3], 5) 01igosaccharides:sucrose[3], 6)Glycosides:acanthosideD,sargencuneside[3],salidroside,liriodendrin[4]. 7) Tannins:catechin[5], 8) Triterpenoidal saponins:rosamultin,kajiichigoside Fl[5]. 9) Polysaccharides [6]. 10) Phenolic compounds [7]. Pharmacology 1) Effect on isopoterenolinduced myocardial ischemia[6]. 2) Vasodilative effect[7]. 3) Hypoxia tolerant effect[8]. 4)Effectonheart[8]. 5) Effect on aorta[8]. 6) Effect on smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract[8]. 7) Effect on blood pressure[8]. 8) Effect on cycloribotide in plasma[8], 9) Effect on coronary artery[8,9].

19

10) Effect on cardiac infarctionflO]. 11) Antiinflammatory effectfll]. 12) Toxicity[8]. Literature: [1] Wang,Z.J. etaL.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(3),7. [2] Li,Z.L. et al Shanghai Yike DaxueXuebao 1988,15(1),68. [3] Miao,K. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1995,26(4),171. [4] Li,Z.L. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(7),297. [5] Ruecker,G. et al.PlantaMed. 1991,57(5),468. [6] Zhang,P. et al.-.Shanghai Yike Daxue Xuebao 1988,15(3),191. [7] Sakakibara,I. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 07,149,630[95,149,630](C1. A61 K31/05),13 Jun.l995,Appl. 92/340,964,30 Nov. 1992;6pp. [8] Shao,Y.D. etaL.Zhongcaoyao 1983,14(1),23. [9] Wang,J.Y. et al.Zhongguo Yaoxuehui Disijie QuanguoXuishu Huiyi Ziliao 1979. [10] Chen,H.X. et al..Shanghai Diyi Yixueyuan Xuebao 1984,11(3),201;1984,11(5),383. [ll]Sakakibara,I. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 06,199,885[94,199,885](C1. C07 H15/203),19 Jul,1994,Appl. 92/340,963,30 Nov. 1992;7pp. [J.X.Guo]

622

Stauntonia

chinensis DC.

(Lardizabalaceae)

Ye-mu-gua (C), Yair-muk-gwar (H), Tou-mube (J), Meol-ggul (K) Related plant: S. hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne.:Niu-teng(C). Root Local Drug Name: Ye-mu-gua (C), Yair-muk-gwar (H), Yamokka (J), Ya-mok-gwa (K) Processing: Cut into slices and dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Trigeminal neuralgia (C, H). 2)Sciatica (C, H). 3)Neural headache (C, H). 4)Gastric ulcer (C, H). 5)Duodenal ulcer (C, H). 6)Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 7)Traumatic injury (C, H). 8)Postoperative pain (C, H, K). 9)Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 10)Irregular menstruation (C, H). ll)Edema(C,H,J,K). 12)Dysuria (C, H, K). 13)Axillary abscess (C, H). 14)Swollen testes (C, H). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Saponins: yemuosides, prosaponin, saponarin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-P-D-glucoside [1-7]. Literature: [1] Wang, H.B. et al.: PlantaMed. 1989, 55, 303. [2] Wang, H.B. et al: YaoxueXuebao 1989,24, 444. [3] Wang, H.B. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1989, 52, 342.

20

[4] Wang, H.B. et al.: J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53, 313. [5] Wang, H.B. etal.-.J. Nat. Prod. 1991, 54, 1097. [6] Wang, H.B. etal.-.J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 214. [7] Wang, H.B. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1992, 23, 567. [P.P.H. But]

623

Diploclisia

glaucescens

(Blume)Diels (Menispermaceae)

Cang-bai-cheng-gou-feng (C), Ching-ngau-fung (H) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Cheng-gou-feng (C), Ching-ngau-fung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Urethritis (C, H). 3) Snake bites (C, H). 4) Cholecystitis(C). Adverse effects: Toxic; not for use in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Ecdysterone [1-2]. Literature: [1] Shah, V.C. et al.: Steroids 1989, 53, 559. [2] Miller, R.W. et al.: PlantaMed. 1985, (1), 40. [P.P.H. But]

624

Stephaniajaponica

(Thunb.) Miers (Menispermaceae)

Qian-jin-teng (C), Hasunohakazura (J) ,Ham-bak-i (K) Stem and Root Local Drug Name: Qian-jin-teng (C), Senkinto (J), Cheon-geum-deung (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction : C, J, K);Topical(paste of fresh root or herb:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Abdominal pain (J, K). 2)Common cold (J, K). 3)Diarrhea (J, K). 4)Feebleness caused by pulmonary tuberclosis (J). 5)Sore-throat (C). 6)Tooth ache (C). 7)Stomach-ache (C). 8)Edema(C). 9)Beriberi (C). 10)Urine difficulty (C). 1 l)Eczema of vulva (C). 12)Rheumatic arthritis (C, J). 13)Snake bite (C). 14)Carbuncle (C).

21

15)Traumatic injury (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids:s tephanine (=obamegine)[l],protostephanine,hasbanonine[2, 3],epistephanine, hypostephanine,hasbanoline[2, 4],homostephanine[5],metaphanine[6, 7],prometaphanine [6] ,cyclonoline[8],stebisimine[9],dehydrostephanine[10],steponine[ll], homostephanoline [ 12],prometaphanine[ 13 ],stepionine[ 14] ,stephamiersine,epistephamiersine,oxostephamiersine,stepha-sunoline[15],16-oxoprometaphanine[16, 17],oxostephasunoline[18], oxoepistephamiersine[19],oxostephabemne[20],prostephanaberrine,stephanaberrine[21], stephabenine[22],stephadiamine[23],oxostephanine,lanuginosine[24],16-oxohasubanonine [17]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor multidrug resistance (trilobine, isotrilobine) [25], Literature: [l]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1924,44, 1034; Tomita, U.et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1959,79, 322 ; Tomita, U.et at. ibid. 1963,83, 940; 1967,85, 557. [2]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1927,47,177,930; 1938,58,268; Tomita, M. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,538. [3]Tomita, M. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,538; Ibuka, T. et at. ibid. 1967,15,1809. [4]Kondo, H. et at. Ann. Rep. Ituu Lab. 1951,2,35. [5]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1928,48,1141; Tomita, U.et at. ibid. 1956,76,856; Watanabe, T. et al, ibid. 1965,85,584. [6]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1924,45,5,1304; ibid. 1938,58,268; Tomita, M. et at Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,695,704; idem: Tetrahedron Lett. 1964, 3605. [7]Takeda, K.: C. A. 1961,55,26005; Ann. Repts. ITSUULab. 1960,11, 61. [8]Tomita, M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,776. [9]Barton, D. H. R. et at. J. Chem. Soc. (C), 1966, 2313; Chem. Comm. 1966, 266. [10] Watanabe, Y. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1966,86, 257. [11]Tomita, M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1957,77, 73, 79,274; Watanabe, Y.: ibid. 1957,77,278. [12] Ibuka, T. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1967,15, 1935,1939. [13]Tomita,M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1967',87',381. [14] Ibuka, T.et at. Tetrahedron Letters, 1972, 4001. [15] Matsui, M. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1973, 4263; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1975,23,1323. [16] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1982,45, 497. [17] Watanabe, Y. et al:. Phytochem. 1975,14,2695. [18] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984,47,465. [19] Matsui, M. et at. J Nat. Prod. 1984,47, 858. [20] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1985,48,746. [21] Matsui, M. et at. J Nat. Prod. 1986,49,588. [22]Kondo, S. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1983,31,2574. [23]Taga, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1984,32,4221. [24] Watanabe, Y. et at. Phytochem. 1975,14,2522. [25] Hall, A. U.et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1997,60,1193. [T. Kimura]

625

Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. (Saururaceae) San-bai-cao(C),Sarm-bark-cho(H),Hangesho(J),Sam-back-cho(K)

Rhizome or herb(CP) Local Drug Name: San-bai-cao(C),Sarm-bark-cho(H),Sanpakuso(J),Sam-back-cho(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, cut into sections, dry in the sun(C,J,K).

22

Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J,K);Topical(paste: C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysuria with painful difficult urination,urinary infection,nephritic edema (C,H,J,K). 2)Morbid leukorrhea(C,H,K). 3)External use for boils,sores and eczema(C,H,K). 4)Beriberi(J,K). 5)Jaundice(K). 6)Ascites(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Tannins[l]. 2) Flavonoids :quercetin,quercitrin,isoquercitrin,hyperin,avicularin,rutin[ 1 ]. 3) Volatile oils:methyl-n-nonylketone,myristicin[l],a-pinene,camphene,linalool,safrol, P-caryophyllene,humulene,l-ally-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene,l,2,3,4-tetrahydro -1,6-dimethyl-r-( 1-methylethyl)naphthalene,decahydro-3 a-methyl-6-methylene-1-(1methylethyl)cyclo dicyclobutene[2]. 4) Organic acids:palmitic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid.linoleic acid[3]. 5) Amino acids:alanine,valine,serine,threonine,asparic acid,tryptopham[3],glutamic acid[4]. 6) Lignans:sauchinone[5], 7) Anthroquinones [5 ]. 8)Alkaloids[5]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[5]. 2) Bacteriostasis[6], Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,156. [2] Choe,K.H. et al.:Punsok Kwahak 198S,1(2),259. [3] Choe,K.H. et aL.Punsok Kwahak 1989,2(2),285. [4] Jung,D.S.:Nonmunjip-Cheju Taehakkyo,Chayon 1992,(35),111. [5] Wang,E.C. et al. .Heterocycles 1996,43(5),969. [6] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,92. [J. X. Guo]

626

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae) [=D. Camphora Colebr.] Long-lao-xiang(C),Ryuunouju(J),Yong-noe-hyang-na-mu(K)

Essential oil secreted from the wood Local Drug Name: Bing-pian(C),Bing-pin(H),Ryuunou(J),Bing-pyun(K). Processing: Steam distillation of wood(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral (pills or powder: C,H,K);Topical(powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye diseases(C,H,J,K). 2) Tooth ache(J). 3) Febrile diseases(C,H,K). 4) Syncope(C). 5) Ulcer(QH). 6) Sore throat(C). 7) Apoplexy(C,K). 8) Tympanitis(C,K). 9) Epilepsy(H).

23

Contraindications: Used with caution in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Terpenoids:d-bomeol(above99%),cineole,humulene,caryophyllene,elemene[l,2]. 2)Triterpenoids:oleanolic acid,dipterocarpol,dryobalanone[l],oleanolic acid acetate, hederagenic acid,dryobalanoloic acid,methyl ll-oxoasiatate,dryobalanolide[3]. Pharmacology 1) Stimulation of central nervous system. 2) Antibacterial effect. Literature: [1] Cheung,H.T.efal.Jetrahedron Letters 1967,2807;1968,4363^/.C.5'Yg,1968,1047,2686. [2] Bisset,N.Ge/al.:Phytochem.l967,6,1395. [3] Cheung,H.T. et al.Phytochem. 1972,11,1771. [T. Kimura]

627

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss

(Cruciferae)

[= Sinapis alba L ] Bai-jie (C), Bark-gie-jee (H), Seiyo-shirokarashi (J), Baek-gae-ja (K). Related plant: Brassicajuncea (L.) Czrn. et Cross.: Jie (C), Karashina (J). Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Jie-zi (C), Bark-gie-jee (H), Haku-gaishi (J), Baek-gae-ja (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,H, J, K). Break to pieces before use (C). Stir-fry until become deep yellow and pungent scanted. Break to pieces before use (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K);Topical (paste or powder: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sputum (H, J). 2) Lumbago (H, J). 3) Vomiting (H). 4) Pyodermas (H). 5) Cough, asthma and distending pain of the chest caused by cold-phlegm (C). 6) Arthralgia acoompanied by numbness (C). 7) Deep abscess (C). 8) Neuralgia (K). 9) Bronchitis (K). 10) Pneumonia (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Glycosides: sinalbin, glucosinalbin [1, 2, 3],sinalexin [4],sinapine, sinamine [5], 2)Bitter principles: sinapin rhodanide [6], 3)Polysaccharides: 4-O-methyl-P-D-glucuronic acid containing rhamnogalacturonan [7].

Literature: [1] Salkowski, H.: Ber. 1899,22,2137. [2] Kjaer, K. et al:. Acta Chem. Scand. 1954,8,598. [3] Barothy, J. et al:. Chem. & lnd. 1965,308.

24

[4] Pedras, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1997,46,833. [5] Steffens, H.: C. A. 1972,77,52311; Ger. Offen. 1972,2046756, Appl.1970. [6] Kobayashi, A. et al: Nogeikagaku Zasshi 1966,40,236. [7] Cui, W. et al: Carbohydr. Res. 1996,292,173. [T. Kimura]

628

Loropetalum

chinensis (R. Brown) Oliv.

(Hamamelidaceae)

Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H) Leaf Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H); Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Endometrorrhagia (C,H). 2) Diarrhea (C). 3) Burn (C,H). 4) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). 5) Colds (H). 6) Gastric and duodenal ulcer (H). Flower Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C,H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H); Topical(paste: C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epistaxis (C,H). 2) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). Root Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C); Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Amenorrhea due to blood stasis (C,H). 2) Traumatic injury (C,H). 3) Chronic arthritis (C,H). 4) Traumatic hemorrhage (C). 5) Melena (H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: quercetin,isoquercitrin[l],luteolin[2]. 2) Tannins and related polyphenols: octagalloyl-glucose, hexagalloyl-glucose, heptagalloylglucose, astragalin-2"-0-gallate, astragalin-6"-0-gallate, astragalin-2",6"-di-0-gallate (loropetalin D)[2], prostratin B, rugosins D and E[3], loropetalins A-C, camelliin B, rugosin G and related polyphenols [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antibacterial effect [5]. 2)Hemostasis [5]. 3) Effect on uterus [5]. 4) Cardiovascular effect [6], Literature:

25

[1] Nakabayashi, T. : J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1952,26,331. [2] Liu, Y.Z. et al. : Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa 1997, 9(3), 12. [3] Yoshida, T. et al. : Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(12),3296. [4] Yoshida, T. etal. : Phytochem. 1993, 32(5),1287. [5] Chen, Q.Q. et al. : Shiyong Linchuang Caoyao 1991, 418. [6] Dept. of Pharmacology at Jiangsu New Medical College: Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1977,8(2),29. [J.X.Guo]

629

Fragaria chiloensis Duchartre van ananassa Bailey (Rosaceae) Oranda-ichigo(J), Yang-ddal-gi(K)

Fruit Local Drug Name: Ichigo(J), Ddal-gi(K). Processing: Fresh (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (fresh: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anemia(J, K). 2) Weakness(J). 3) Acute gastritis(K). 4) Vomiting(K). 5) Diarrhea(K). 6) Ophthalmia(K). 7) Pleurisy(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ichigo-no-ha(J), Ddal-gi-yeop(K). Processing: Fresh(K). Method of Administration: Topical (soften with salt: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Corn(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alicyclics: quinic acid, shikimic acid[l]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity[2]. Literature: [1] Yoshida, S. etal: Phytochemisty 1975, 14,195. [2] McCutcheon, A. R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol 1994, 44(3), 157. [C. K. Sung]

630

Prunus tomentosa

Thunb. (Rosaceae)

Shan-ying-tao(C), Yusura-ume(J), Aeng-do-na-mu(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Shan-ying-tao(C), Ikuri-nin(J), Uk-ri-in(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C).

26

Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema(J, K). 2) Frost-bite(K). 3) Difficult urination(J, K). 4) Beriberi(K). 5) Measles(C). Root Local Drug Name: Uk-ri-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake bite(K). 2) Ascariasis(K). 3) Burn(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Coumarins: tomenin(5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin-5-0-glucoside)[l]. 2)Flavonoids: af-catechin[l], quercitrin[2]. 3) Sugars: sorbitol[3]. 4) Polyphenols [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antioxidative activity(polyphenols)[4]. Literature: [1] Hasegawa, M.: Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1969, 82(978), 458. [2] Wada, E.: J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1952, 26, 108. [3] Salvatierra, M. A. et al:.J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1998, 67(4), 475. [4] Takeyama, C. et at. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 1997, 44(4), 290. [C. K. Sung]

631

Spiraea prunifolia

Sieb. et Zucc. van simpliciflora Jo-pap-na-mu(K)

Related plant: S. prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc.:Li-ye-xiu-xian-ju(C). Root Local Drug Name: Xiao-ye-hua(C),So-yeop-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sore throat(C,K). 2) Malaria(K). 3) Neuralgia(K). 4) Fever(K). 5) Common cold(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Triterpenes:3-0-acetyl pomolic acid methyl ester[l]. 2) Steroids:campesterol,P-sitosterol[2]. 3) Phenylpropanoids:p-coumaric acid methyl ester[l].

27

Nakai (Rosaceae)

Pharmacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[3]. Literature: [1] Youn,H.S. etal:Korean J. Pharmacog. 1987,18(2),107. [2] RoJ.S..Korean J. Pharmacog. 1982,31(1),39. [3] Park,S.Y. etal..Seoul Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 1992,17,1. [C.K.Sung]

632

Acacia catechu (L.) WHld.

(Leguminosae)

Er-cha (C), Asenyakunoki (J), A-seon-yak (K) Related plants: Uncaria gambir Roxb.(Rubiaceae):Asenyaku,Ganbiru (J)Gambir(E),A-seon-yak (K); Pentace burmanica Kurz (Tiliaceae):Syamu-asenyaku (J), Siam catechu (E). Heart wood extract(CP), peeled branch and stem Local Drug Name: Er-cha (C), Pegu-asenyaku (J), A-seon-yak (K), Catechu (E). Processing: Break into pieces before use (C). Imported (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction, pills or powder: C, J, K);Topical (decoction: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Stomatitis (J, K). 2)Bad breath (J, K). 3)Diarrhea (J, K). 4)Sore throat, pharyngitis (J, K). 5)Festering wound difficult to heal up (C). 6)Eczema(C). 7)Ulcers in the mouth (C). 8)Traumatic injury with pain and bleeding (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: rf-catechin, epicatechin [l],poriferasterol-|3-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-Oarabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside [2]. 2)Sugars: gum [3]. Pharmacology l)Antioxidant effect [4]. Literature: [1] Wang, G. et al: Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1999,19, 88. [2] Sharma, P. et al: J. Indian Chem.Soc. 1997,74,60. [3] Hulyalkar, R. K. etal: J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 1959,36,31. [4] Zhang, S. etal.: Yaubian YixueyuanXuebao 1995,18,175. [T. Kimura]

633

Cassia angustifolia

Vahl

(Leguminosae)

Xia-ye-fan-xie(C),Farn-sair-yip(H),Senna(J) Related plant: C. acutifolia Delile:Jian-ye-fan-xie(C). Leaf(CP,JP)

28

Local Drug Name: Fan-xie-ye(C),Farn-sair-yip(H),Senna(J). Processing: Dry(C,J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Accumulation of heat marked by constipation and abdominal pain(C,H,J). 2)Edema(C,H,J). 3)Chronic constipation(J). Contraindication: Used with caution in pregnancy(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Anthraquinones[l]:sennosideA,B,C,D[2],G[3],rhein-8-glucoside,rhein-8-diglucoside,rhein anthrone-8-glucoside,primary glucoside,aloe-emodin glucoside[4],tinnevellin glucoside, 6-hydroxymusizin[5],aloe-emodindianthronediglucosides[6],aloe-emodin[7],emodin-8-0sophoroside[8]. 2)Flavonoids:kaempferol[7,9]. 3)Sugars:glucose,fructose,sucrose,pinitol,galactose,arabinose,rhamnose,galacturonicacid[9]. 4)Dianthrones[10]. Pharmacology 1) Lapactic effect[ll], 2) Antibacterial effect[12,13]. 3) Styptic effect[13], 4) Laxative effect[14], 5) Antitumor activity[15]. 6) Antiviral activity[16]. Literature: [l]Habib,A. A. etal.J. Nat. Prod. 1980,43(4),452. [2]Wagner,H. et al. :Drogen-analyse 1983,99,Springer-Verlag. [3]Tanaka,H. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982,30(5),1550. [4]Crellin,J. K.etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1961,13(10),639. [5]Lemli,J. et al.:PlantaMed. 1981,43(1),11. [6]Nakajima,K. etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1985,37(10),703. [7]Kinjo,J. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1994,37(6),1685. [8]Wassel,GM. et al. .Plant. Med. Phytother 1979,13(1),34. [9]Lemli,J. et al: Plant. Med. Phytother 1976,10(3), 175. [10]Stuppner,H. et al.Chromatographia 1996,42(11/12),697. [ll]Sollmann,T.A. Manual of Pharmacology 1957,210. [12]Cao,R.L. et al.-.ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,5(4),286. [13]Jin,Y.C. et ai.Zhongyi Zazhi 1986,27,857. [14]Mascolo,N. etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1988,40(12),882. [15]Mueller,B.M. et al.: Planta Med. 1989,55(6),536. [16]Sydiskis,R.J. et al.:Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1991,35(12),2463. [J.X.Guo]

634

Dalbergia

odorifera T.Chen

(Leguminosae)

Jiang-xiang-tan(C),Gong-heung(H),Gang-hyang-dan(K) Heart wood(CP) Local Drug Name: Jiang-xiang (C),Gong-heung(H),Gang-jiu-hyang (K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, split to small pieces and then pulverize or slice(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H,K);Topical(fine powder : C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epigastric pain(C,H,K).

29

2) Costal and hypochndriac pains due to stagnancy of qi of the liver(C,H). 3) Angina pectoris(C). 4) Traumatic injuries and bleeding(C,H,K). 5) Hematemesis(K). 6) Lumbago due to rheumatism(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oils:P-bisabolene,/rara-p-farnesene,?ran.s'-nerolidol,P-angelia lacton,4-methyl-4hydroxy-cyclohexanone, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane,geranylaceton,a-santalol, 1,8-dihydrolinalool[ 1,2]. 2) Flavonoids:formononetin,3'-methoxydaidzein,(3R)-2',3',7-trihydroxy-4'methoxyisoflavanone,liquiritigenin,(3R)-claussequinone,bowdlichione,isoliquiriligenin[3],2'0-methoxylisoliquiritigenin,odoriflavene[4],c//-mucronulatol,c//-vestitol,^/-isoduartin,rfduartin,rf/-medicarpin,/-methylnissolin,/-melilotocarpanC,D,/-odoricarpan[5], bi-isoflavonoids I,II,III,IV,V,VI[3,6] andDO-18,19,20[7], 3) Cinnamylphenols:obtustyrene,isomucronustyrene,hydroxyobtustyrene,2-hydroxy-3,4dimethoxybenzoate[4]. 4) Arylbenzofuran:DO-22[7]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on CNS [8], 2) Inhibitory effct on prostaglandin biosynthesis [4]. 3) Antitumor effect[9]. Literature: [1] Guo,J.X. etal.YaowuFenxiZazhi 1983,3(1),4. [2] Liu,G.S. et al.:Zhiwnxue Tongbao 1985,3,25. [3] Yahara,S. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,979. [4] Goda,Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33,5606. [5] Goda,Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992,40,2452. [6] Yahara,S. etal..Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33,5130. [7] Ogata,T. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990,38,2750. [8] Chang,L. et al. .Shanghai Zhongyiyao Zazhi 1987,(12),39. [9] ParkJ.D. et al.SaengyakHakhoechi 1995,26,323. [J.X.Guo]

635

Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr. (Leguminosae) Guang-jin-qian-cao(C),Gum-chin-cho(H),Kinsenso(J)

Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Guang-jin-qian-cao(C),Gum-chin-cho(H),Kinsenso(J). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, cut into sections, and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Urination disturbance caused by damp-heat or urolithiasis accompanied by difficult painful urination(C,H,J). 2) Edema with oliguria(C,H,J). 3) Jaundice with dark urine(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Phenols[l]. 2)Tannins[l]. 3) Alkaloids [1,2] :desmodimine[3 ].

30

4) Organic acids:stearic acid{3]. 5) Lactones:desmodilactone[3], 6) Esters:eicosanoic acid eicosyl ester[3]. 7) Phytosterols:P-sitosterol[3]. 8)Flavonoids[l,2,4]:luteolin[5],3-di-C-glycosylflavonoids,vicenin-l,vicenin-3[6],isovitexin, vicenin glycosides,isoorientin[7]. 9) Triterpenoidal saponins[8]:lupeol,lupenone[3],soyasaponin I,3-0-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 -»2)-(3-D-galactopyranosyl-( 1 -»2)-(3-D-glucuronopyranosyl)]soyasapogenol E[9]. 10) Polysaccharides[10,ll]. 11) Alkane:tritriacontane[3], Pharmacology 1) Cholagogue effect[5], 2) Effect on cardiovascular system[2,12], 3) Inhibitory effect on the formation and growth of calcium oxalate renal stones[4,8,11,13], Literature: [I] Guangzhou Institute for Drug Control.Nongcun Zhongcaoyao Zhiji Jishu 1971,250. [2] Qu,C.B. et al-.Zhongcaoyao 1980,11,300. [3] YangJ.S.et al.:Yaoxue Xuebao 1993,28(3),197. [4]Kubo,T. et al: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 01,305,080[89,305,080](Cl.C07D311/60)08 Dec.l989,Appl.88/132,874,01 Jun.1988. [5] "Zhongyao Z/z;"1988,Vol.4,102. [6] Yasukawa,K. etal.-.YakugakuZasshi 1986,106(6),517. [7] Su,Y.L. etal..Zhongcaoyao 1993,24(7),343. [8]Kubo,T. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 01,301,688[89,301,688](Cl.C07H15/256)05 Dec.l984,Appl.88/131,390,31May.l988. [9] Kubo,T. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37(8),2229. [10] Li,H.Z. et al .Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1988,5(3),208. [II] Li,H.Z. et al: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1992,9(3),194;234. [12] Xu,S.B. etal .Zhongcaoyao 1980,11,265. [13] Hirayama,H. etal.-.Br. J. Vrol. 1993,71(2),143. [J.X.Guo]

636

Dolichos lablab L. (Leguminosae) Bian-dou(C),Bin-dau(H),Fujimame(J),Gag-chi-kong(K)

Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Bai-bian-dou(C),Bark-bin-dau(H),Hakuhenzu(J),Pyun-du(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter.Break to pieces before use(C,K). 2)Stie-fry the clean Semen Lablab Album until it becomes yellowish,with charred spots.Break to piedes before use(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Weakness of the spleen and stomach with loss of appetite and loose bowels(C,H,J,K). 2) Excessive leukorrhea(C,H,K). 3) Vomiting,diarrhea,distress in the chest and distension in the abdomen caused by summer-damp(C,H,K). 4) Chronic nephritis(H). 5) Chronic dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Vitamins:vitaminA[l],B[2].

31

2) Phytochromes[2]. 3) Alkaloids[3]: trigonelline[4]. 4) Cytokinins: ?rans-zeatin,9-(3-D-ribofuranosyl-/ra«5-zeatin,9-P-D-ribofuranosyl-c/5--zeatin [5] 5) Sugars:sucrose,raffmose,stachyose,glucose,galactose,fructose,starch[6]. 6) Glycosides xynogenic glycosides[6],3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-gibberellin Al [7],lablab saponin I[8]. 7) Organic acids:palmitic acid,linoleic acid,elaidic acid,oleic acid,stearic acid,arachadic acid, behenic acid[9],phytin,pantothenic acid[10] jasmonic acid[ll],phytate phosphorus[12], D-a-amino-n-butyric acid[13]. 8) Trace elements:Ca,P,Fe,Zn[10]. 9) Lipidsll 0. ,14] .phospholipid^]. 10) Steroids: stigmasterol[6] ,dolichosterone,homodolichosterone [ 15] ,dolicholide,homodolicholide,brassinolide,castasterone,6-deoxocastasterone,6-deoxodolichosterone[16]. 11) Amino acids:lysine,valine,threonine,leucine[ 17],methionine[ 18]. 12) Polyamines: diaminopropane,putrescine,spermidine,spermine,thermospermine,aminopropylh omospermidine[19]. 13)Proteins[10]:albumin[20]. 14)Nucleic acids[20]. 15)Others:trypsin inhibitor,amylase inhibitor,agglutinin A,B,tyrosinase[6],lectins[21,22]. Pharmacology 1) Antiviral effect[23], 2) Antibacterial effect[24]. 3) Effect on cellular immunity[25]. 4) Thiamin-binding activity[26]. 5) Superoxide dismutase-like activity[27]. 6) Antitrypsin and hemagglutinating activities[28]. Literature: [I] Mar,P.G. etal.-.Chin. J. Physiol. 1936,10(2),273. [2] Chen,T.D.: Chin. J. Physiol. 1930,4(1),73. [3] Tang.T.H. et al.:Zhonghua Yaoxue Zazhi 1936,1(4),307. [4] Kaushik,P. et al.:Indian Drugs 1990,28(2),67. [5] Yokota,T. et al.Phytochemistry 1981,20(4),683. [6] JiangsuNew Medical College:"Zhongyao Da Cidian" 1977,Vol 3,1742. [7] Yokota,T. etal: Agric. Biol. Chem. 1976,42(9),1811. [8] Yoshiki,Y. et al.:Phytochemistry 1995,38(1),229. [9] Kashmiri,M.A. etal.Sci. Int. Lahore 1989,1(5),296. [10] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,298. [II] Yamaine.H. et al:Plant Cell Physiol. 1981,22(4),689. [12] Laurena,A.C. etal.J. Food Compos. Anal. 1994,7(3),194. [13] Ogawa,T. etal.:Agric. Biol. Chem. 1976,40(8), 1661. [14] Mahadevappa,V.G. etal.J. Agric Food Chem. 1978,26(5),1241. [15] Baba,J. et al:Agric. Biol. Chem. 1983,47(3),659. [16] Yokota,T. etal-.Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984,48(10),2529. [17] Bartaria,A. et al.Acta Cienc. Indica 1978,4(4),329. [18] Laurena,A.C. etal.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 1991,41(1),59. [19] Hamana,K. et ai.Phytochemistry 1992,31(3),893. [20] Sayan-ova,V.V. etal.Izv. Akad. NaukMold. SSR.Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1971,(5),45. [21] Guran,A. etal.Biochem. J. 1983,209(3),653. [22] Agrawal,P. et al.ActaPhytopathol Acad. Sci. Hung. 1984,19(3-4),219. [23] Cheu,S.C. etal.Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 1967,16(5),407. [24] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,470. [25] Ma,Z.Y. et al.ShanxiZhongyiXueyuanXuebao 1979,(2),1. [26] Shimizu,M. et al. :Kinki Daigaku Nogakubu Kiyo 1992,(25),55. [27] Ookubo.K. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 08 03,184[96 03,184](Cl.C07H15/24)9 Jan 1996,Appl.94/156,480,16 Jun 1994;4pp.

32

[28] Alves de Souza,P. et al:Aliment. Nutr. 1992,(4),99. [J.X.Guo]

637

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. (Leguminosae) Ke-teng-zi (C), Gwor-gong-lung (H), Modama (J)

Stem or seed Local Drug Name: Guo-gang-rong (C), Gwor-gong-lung (H). Processing: Stem dry under the sun; seeds remove seed coat, fry or steam, dry and pulverize(C). Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Numbness of extremities (C, H). 3) Traumatic injury (C, H). 4) Gastric pain (C, H). 5) Hernial pain (C, H). 6) Hemorrhoidal pain (C, H). 7) Jaundice (C, H). 8) Edema (C, H). 9) Beriberi (C). Adverse effects: Toxic, overdosage would cause dizziness, vomiting, hypotension, bradypnea, or death. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amides: entadamides A-C [1-4]. 2)Fatty acids: myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids [5], 3)Entada saponins 1-IV, entagenic acid [6-8], phaseoloidin [9], 2-hydroxy-5butoxyphenylacetic acid, 2-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid, entadamide A (3-D-glucopyranoside, 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid methylester [10], 4) Starch [11]. 5)Proteins and amino acids [12-13]. Pharmacology l)Anti-inflammatory effect (inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase activity of RBL-1 cells) [1]. 2)Molluscicidal effect [14]. Literature: [l]Ikegami, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,1932. [2]Ikegami, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 1525. [3]Ikegami, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 5153. [4]Ikegami, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 881. [5]Sengupta, A. et al.: J. Sci. Food, Agric. 1978, 29, 677. [6]Okada, Y. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 1264. [7]Okada, Y. et al.: Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2789. [8]Okada, Y et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 5028. [9]Barua, A.K. et al: Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 3259. [10] Dai, J. et al.: Phytochemistry 1991, 30,3749. [11] Fujimoto, S. et al.: Denpun Kagaku 1988, 35, 37. [12]Varughese, S. etal: Orient. J. Chem. 1992, 8, 178. [13] Mohan, V.R. et al.: Food Sci. Nutr. 1993, 44, 47. [14] Yasuraoka, K. et al.: Jap. J. Exp. Med. 1977, 47, 483. [P.P.H. But]

33

638

Mucuna birdwoodiana

Tutch. (Leguminosae)

Bai-hua-you-ma-teng (C), Bark-far-yau-mar-teng (H), Keiketsutou (J). Seed Local Drag Name: Bai-hua-you-ma-teng (C), Bark-far-yau-mar-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anemia (C, H). 2) Leucopenia (C, H). 3) Lumbago (C, H). 4) Irregular menstruation(C, H). 5) Amenorrhea (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Syringic acid, N-(/ra«.y-feruloyl)tyramine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, vanillic acid [1], 2)Glycosides: methyl asiatate, methyl maslinate, mucunagenins a and b [2]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis [1]. 2) Anti-platelet aggregation effect [1], Literature: [1] Goda, Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35,2675. [2] Ding, Y. et at. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 3703. [P.P.H. But]

639

Trifolium repense L. (Leguminosae) Bai-che-zhou-cao(C), Shiro-tsume-kusa(J), To-ggi-pul (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bai-che-zhou-cao(C), Sam-so-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hemorrhoid^, K). 2) Epilepsy(C). 3) Psychataxia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Triterpenes: P-amyrin[l], cloversaponin I~V, soyasaponin I—II, P-D-glucuronopyranosyl soyasapogenol B, azukisaponin II[2]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-caryophyllene, P-sesquiphellandrene[3]. 3) Monoterpenes: camphene,/>-cymene, geraniol, limonene, linalool, linalool acetate, cislinalool oxide, ?ra«s-linalool oxide,/>-menthene, a-, P-pinene, a-terpinene, a-terpineol[3]. 4) Flavonoids: kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin[l], pseudo-baptigenin, inermin, inermin glucoside, medicarpin, medicarpin glucoside, 4-methoxy medicarpin, homopterocarpin, trifolian[4], genistein[4-7], formononetin[4-9], biochanin A[5-7], daidzein[6-7], biochanin A 7-0-P-D-glucoside-6"-malonate, formononetin-7-O-P-D-glucoside-6"-malonate[10], delphinidin[ll], 4',7-dihydroxy flavone[12], 5,7,2',4',5'-pentahydroxy flavone[13],

34

formononetin-7-0-(2"-/>-hydroxybenzoyl)-P-D-glucoside[14],genistein-7-(2"-p-coumaroylglucoside) [ 15] ,prodelphinidin [16]. 5) Coumarins: coumestrol[12, 17-20], 7-hydroxy 3,4-benzocoumarin[21]. 6) Benzenoids: 2',4'-dimethoxy biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4'-methoxy bipheyl2-carboxylic acid methyl ester[21]. 7) Steroids: y-sitosterol, stigmasterol[l], (3-sitosterol[l, 22]. 8) Carotenoids: a-, y-carotene, lycopene, rubixanthin[23], 9) Lipids: linoleic acid, linolenic acidfl, 24], arachidic acid, erucic acid, heneicosanoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[24], 10) Alkaloids: histamine[25], ll)Chromones: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl 4-pyrone[l]. 12) Alicyclics: 2,3-dihydroxy cyclopenta-2,4-dien-l-one[l], quinic acid[26]. 13) Alkanes: (2R,3R)-butanediol, succinic acid[l], glyceric acid[27], linamarin[28-29], lotaustralin[30], methyl glucoside[31], 14) Carbohydrates: fructose, glucose, sucrose[32], pinitol[33], Phamacology l)Estrogenic activity[19, 21, 34-40](coumestrol, formononetin)[12](coumestrol)[18]. 2)Ovulation inhibition activity[37], 3)Embryotoxic effect [3 7], 4)Antifertility activity[39]. 5)Cytotoxic activity[41]. 6)Antiinflammatory activity[42]. 7) Antiulcer activity [42]. 8)Gastric antisecretory activity[42]. Literature: [I] Nakatani, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(9), 2499. [2] Sakamoto, S. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(5), 1773. [3] Kameoka, H. et al: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1977,41,1785. [4] Fraishtat, P. D. et al: Bioorg. Khim. 1981, 7,927. [5] Shutt, D. A.: Endeavour 1976,9, 110. [6] Goryachev. V. S. et al: Byull. Vses. Nauchno. Issled. Inst. Fiziol. Biochim. Pitan. Skh. Zhivotn. 1975, 9(1), 69. [7] Vetter, J.: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995,43(1), 697. [8] Saba, N. et al:J. Agr. Sci. 1974, 83, 505. [9] Medina Blanco, M. et al:. Separatum De Archivos De Zootecnia 1982, 31(121), 269. [10] Koster, J. et al: PlantaMed. 1983, 48(3), 131. [II] Ferguson, L. R. et al: Mutat. Res. 1985, 158, 89. [12] Bickoff, E. M. et al: Phytochemisty 1965, 4,523. [13] Suzuki, K. et al: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 1987, 62 63,581, 4 pp. [14] Saxena, V. K. et al: Fitoterapia 1989, 60(1), 85. [15] Saxena, V. K. et al: Phytochemisty 1986, 25(11), 2687. [16] Bate-Smith, E. C : Phytochemisty 1975, 14(4), 1107. [17] Lyman, R. L. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 80, 61. [18] Tizuka, M. et al: Kachiku Hanshokugaku Zasshi 1977, 23, 7. [19] Agaev, F. N. et al: S-Kh Biol. 1984, 2, 31. [20] Bickoff, E. M. et al: Science 1957, 126, 969. [21] Ghosal, S. et al: J. Chem. Res.(S) 1988, 6,196. [22] Mitsunashi, T. et al: Tokyo Gakugei Taigaku Kiyo 1972, 4(24), 71. [23] Sergeeva, N. V et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1984, 20(5), 665. [24] Sachse, J.: J. Chromatogr. 1986, 370(3), 520. [25] Fowler, H. D.: Nature 1962, 193,582. [26] Yoshida, S. et al: Phytochemisty 1975, 14, 195. [27] Boland, R. L. et al: PhytonfBuenos Aires) 1976, 34, 89. [28] Hughes, M. A. et al: Phytochemisty 1976, 15, 697. [29] Butler, G. W.: Phytochemistry 1965, 4(1), 127.

35

[30] Lewis W. H.: Plant Biosystematics 1984, 561. [31] Smith, A. E. etat J. Agr. FoodChem. 1981, 29(4), 850. [32] Kucherov. E. V. et at Rast. Resur. 1980, 16, 523. [33] Smith, A. E. et al.: Crop Sci. 1980, 20(1), 75. [34] Pieterse, P. J. S. et at. J. Anim. Sci. 1956, 15, 25. [35] Cheng, E. W. etat Publ. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1959, 53,195. [36] Youngman, V. E.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 1963, 23, [37] Wright, P. A.: Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1960, 105,428. [38] Noshino, S.:Mie Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku 1963, 27, 7. [39] Gil, L. A. et at Turrialba 1984, 24(2), 147. [40] Leavitt, W. W. et al.: J. Reprod. Fertil. 1963, 6, 115. [41] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [42] Goel, R. K. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990, 29(1), 95. [C. K. Sung]

640

Robinia pseudo-acacia L. (Leguminosae) [ = Pseudo-acacia odorata Moench ] Ci-huai(C), hari-enju(J), A-gga-si-na-mu(K)

Flower Local Drug Name: Ci-huai(C), Ja-goe-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hemoptysis(C, K). 2) Large intestine bleeding(C). 3) Hematemesis(C). 4) Colistaxis(K). 5) Gonorrhoea(K). 6) Cough(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: robinetin, dehydrorobinetin, acacetin[l]. 2) Quinones: 2,6-dimethoxy-benzoquinone[2]. 3) Lectins: robinia pseudoacacia lectin[3-5]. 4) Fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, arachidic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid[6], 5) Amino acids: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, lysine, ornithine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tyrosine, proline, alanine, threonine[7]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity(dehydrorobinetin)[l]. 2) Hemagglutination activity[3-5], Literature: [1] Freudenberg, K. et al.: Naturwissenschaften 1953, 40, 413. [2] Farkas R. T. et at. Acta BiologicaHungarica 1998,49(1), 79. [3] Cavada, B. S. etat Phytochem. 1998, 49(3), 675. [4] Tazaki, K.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997,1334(1), 19. [5] Van Damme E. J. et at. Plant Physiol. 1995,107(3), 833. [6] Akramova, A. S. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1968, 4(5), 314. [7] Mostowska, I.: Zeszyty Nauk. Wyzszej Szkoly Rolniczej Olsztynie 1965, 20(3), 417. [C. K. Sung]

36

641

Oxalis corniculata

L. (Oxalidaceae)

Zha-jiang-cao(C), Jah-cheung-cho (H), Katabami(J), Gwaeng-i-bap(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Zha-jiang-cao(C), Jah-cheung-cho (H), Jak-jang-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Scabies(C, J, K). 2)Enteritis(C, H). 3)Jaundice(K). 4)Boil, suppuration(C, K). 5)Traumatic injury(C, K). 6)Hemorrhoid(J, K). 7)Dysentery(J, K). 8)Rectal prolapsus(J, K). 9)Neurosism(C,H). lO)Lithargiuria(C). ll)Burn(J). 12)Colds(C,H). 13)Fever(C,H). 14)Hepatitis (C,H). 15)Urethritis (H). 16)Hypertension (H). 17) Insect bite(J). 18)Gonorrhea(K). 19)Leukorrhea(K). 20) Hematemesis(K). 21)Epistaxis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Organic acids: tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid[l]. 2) Proteins: ferritin[2]. Phamacology 1) Relaxant activity on isolated rabbit ileum[3]. 2) Cardiorelaxant activity[3]. 3) Antibacterial activity[4-5]. Literature: [1] Govindarajan, V. S. et al: Current Sci.(India) 1951, 20, 43. [2] Gori, P.: J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1977, 60(1), 95. [3] Achola, K. J. et al: Int. J. Pharmacog. 1995,33(3), 247. [4] Satish, S. et al: Letters in Applied Microbiology 1999, 28(2), 145. [5] Watt, J. M.: Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed. 1962, 812. [C. K. Sung]

642

Erodium stephanianum

Willd.

(Geraniaceae)

Mang-niu-er-miao (C), Kikuba-fuuro (J), Guk-hwa-jwi-son-I (K).

37

Related plant: Geranium wilfordii Maxim.:Lao-guan-cao (C), Mitsuba-fuuro (J). G. thunbergii Sieb. etZucc: Genno-shouko (J). Whole herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Lao-guan cao (C), Roukanso (J), No-gwan-cho (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (juice, bath: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia numbness and limitation of motion (C,K). 2) Diarrhea (C, J). 3) Dysentery (C, J, K). 4) Constipation (J). 5) Spastic paralysis (K). 6) Contusion (K). 7) Enteritis (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Tannin: chebulagic acid,corilagin[l,2]. Pharmacology 2) Topoisomerase I inhibition activity(tannin)[l,2]. Literature: [1] Hecht,S.M. et al.:J. Nat.Prod. 1992,55(4),401. [2] Berry.D.E. et al.:J. Org.Chem. 1992,57(2),420. [T. Kimura&C.K.Sung]

643

Tropaeolum majus L.

(Tropaeolaceae)

Han-jin-lian (C), Gum-lin-far (H), Nozenharen (J), Han-ryun (K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Han-jin-lian (C), Gum-lin-far (H), Han-ryun-hwa (K). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Conjunctivits (C, H, K). 2) Carbuncle (C, H, K). 3) Traumatic injury (H, K). 4) Hematemesis (H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glucotropaeolin, isoquercitroside, quercetol-3-triglucoside, chlorogenic acid, kaempherol glucoside, benzyl glucosinolate [1-3, 5]. P-D-glucosidase [4]. 2) Fatty acids: cis-15-tetracosenoic acid, cis-17-hexacosenoic acid, erucic acid [6, 10]. 3) Carotenoid [7]. 4) Oligosaccharide [8]. 5) Phenolic acids [16]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [5]. 2) Inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme [9]. 3) Antibiotic effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [11],

38

4) Antiviral effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [12]. 5) Protective effect against mutagenesis induced UV radiation (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [13]. 6) Antifeedant effect on larvae of cabbage butterfly [14-15]. Literature: [l]Kjaer, A. et al.: Acta Chem. Scand. 1953, 7, 1276. [2]Schultz, 0. et al.: Arch. Pharm. 1954, 287, 342. [3]Delavean, P.: Physiol. Veg. 1967, 5,357. [4]Crombie, H.J. et al.: Plant Journal 1998, 15, 27. [5]Pintao, A.M. et al.: Planta Med. 1995, 61, 233. [6]Litchfield, C: Lipids 1970, 5,144. [7]Sykut, A.: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. - Serie des Sciences Biologiques 1965, 13, 257. [8]McDougall, G.J. et al.: Carbohydr. Res. 1991, 219, 123. [9]Kayahara, H. et al.: Shinshu DaigakuNogakubu Kiyo 1991, 28,15. [10]Carlson, K.D.et al.: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1993, 70,1145. [ll]Boyd, J.C. et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1982, 34,158. [12]Greve, R. et al.: Ger. Offen. D.E. 1985, 3, 415. [13]Kawazoe, Y. et al.: Gann 1982, 73, 255. [14]Renwick, J.A.A. et al.: J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 21, 465. [15]Huang, X.P. et al.: J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 21, 1601. [16]Grabias, B. et al.: HerbaPol. 1995, 41, 111. [PPH. But]

644

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) Ji-li(C),Jut-light(H),Hamabishi(J),Nap-ga-sae(K)

Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name: Ji-li(C),Jut-light(H),Shitsurishi(J),Baek-jil-ryeo(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter(C,K). 2)Stir-fry the clean Fructus Tribuli until a pale yellow colour is produced(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Headache and dizziness(C,H,K). 2) Distending pain in the chest and costal regions(C,H,K). 3) Cessation of milk secretion,mastitis(C,H,J,K). 4) Redness of the eye with formation of nebula(C,H,K). 5) Urticaria with itching(C,H,K). 6) Weakness(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroidal saponins and sapogenins:|3-sitosterol,stigmasterol,neotigogenin[l],ruscogenin, gitogenin,25 D-spirosta-3,5 -diene[2] ,diosgenin[3 ] ,chlorogenin[4] ,hecogenin[5 ] ,furostanol bisglycoside[6] ,trigogenin,trigogenin-3 -diglucothamnoside,diosgenin glycosides [7] ,trillin, diosgenin-D-glucoside-D-glycoside,gracillin,dioscin[8],protodioscin,protogracillin, terrestrosideF[9],neohecogeninglucoside,tribulosin[10],3-deoxy-A3-diosgenin[ll], terrestrosin A-E[12],hecogenin 3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl(1^4)-(3-D-galactopyranoside,260-p-D-glucopyranosyl-3-0-[{P-D-xylopyranosyl(l->3)}{(3-D-galactopyranosyl(1^2)}-PD-glucopyranosyl(l->4)-P-D-glucopyranosyl]-5a-furost-2(22)-en-12-one-3P,26-diol,26-0P-glucopyranosyl-3-O-glucopyranosyl (1—>4)-P4>glucopyranosyl]-5a-furostan-12-one3p,22,26-triol[13]. 2) Phenols[7]. 3) Flavonoids:astragalin [7] ,kaempferol,kaempferol-3-glucoside,kaempferol-3-rutinoside,

39

tribuloside[14],quercetin[15],isorhamnetin[16]. 4) Alkaloids:harmine[ 17],harmane[ 18],harmaline,harmalol[19]. 5) Amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid[20]. 6) Cinnamic amides:terrestriamide[21]. 7) Ketones: 7-methylhydroindanone-1 [21 ]. 8) Organic acids:linoleic acid,linolenic acid[22], 9) Carbohydrates[20,23]. 10) Lipids:fats[20],fatty oils[24], 11) Volatile oils[24]. 12)Resins[24]. 13)Traceelements:K[24]. Pharmacology l)Ureticeffect[24]. 2) Effect on smooth muscle[25]. 3) Antihypertensive effect[25,26], 4) Antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic effect[27]. 5) Effect on sexual function[9,28]. 6) Cardiotonic activity[29], 7) Effect on urinary crystal[30,31]. Literature: [1] Mahato,S.B. etal.J. Inst. Chem. 1978,50(1),49. [2] Kock,W.T. etal.J.S. African Chem. Inst. 1958,11,33. [3] Abrosimov,S.P. et al.:Fiziol. Aktiv. Soedin. Rast. Kirg. 1970,59. [4] Gheorghiu,A. etal.-.Stud. Cercet. Biochem. 1968,11(3),269. [5] Tomowa,M.P. etal.:PlantaMedica 1977,32(3),223. [6] Tomowa,M.P. et al.:PlantaMedica 1978,34(2),188. [7] Tomowa,M.P. et al.:PlantaMedica 1974,25(3),231. [8] Perepelitsa,E.D. etal.-.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1975,11(2),260. [9] Tomova,M. etal.:Int. Conf. Chem. Biotechnol. Biol. Act. Nat. Prod.JProc.J 1981,3(1),298. [10] Mahato,S.B. etal.J. Chem. Soc.,Perkin Trans. 11981,(9),2405. [ll]Tombesi,O.L. An. Asoc. Quim. Argent. 1983,71(4),501. [12] Yan,W. et al.:Phytochemistry 1996,42(5),1417. [13] Wu,G. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1996,42(6),1677. [14] Bhutani,S.P et al.-.Phytochemistry 1969,8,299. [15] Zafar,R. et al:Indian J. Nat. Prod. 1987,3(2),17. [16] Saleh,N.A.M. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1982,21(8),1995. [17] Lutomski,J. et al.:HerbaPol. 1968,14(4),235. [18] Jerzy,L. et al: HerbaPol. 1967,13(l-2),44. [19] Tosun,F. etal.-.FABAD Farm. Bilimler Derg. 1994,19(4), 149. [20] Vasi,I.G. etal.-.Comp. Physicol. Ecol. 1982,7(2),68. [21] Ren,Y.J. et al. :Yaoxue Xuebao 1994,29(3),204. [22] Kittur,M.H. etal.J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India. 1983,15 (3),43. [23] Liu,Q.F. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1995,20(7),427. [24] Bose,B.C. et al: Indian J. Med. Sci. 1963,17(4),291. [25] "Guowai Yixuejaoxue Fence " 1979,4,256. [26] Chakraborty,B. et al. .Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1978,40(2),50. [27] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian" 1996,Vol 2,365. [28] Zhang,X.Q.-.Zhongchengyao Yanjiu 1985,(9),28. [29] Turova,A.D. et al.-.Vestn. Akad. Nauk. Kaz. SSR 1974,(11),68. [30] Sangeeta,D. et al.Med. Sci. Res. 1994,22(9),627. [31] Satish,S. etal.:Pharm. Sci. 1996,2(9),437. [J.X.Guo]

645

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)

40

Shi-li (C), Sack-luet (H), Kukuinoki (J) Leaf or fruit Local Drug Name: Shi-li (C), Sack-luet (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf or powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Amenorrhea (H). 2) Traumatic hemorrhage(C). Adverse effects: Toxic; not for use in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycoside flavonoids: swertisin, 2"-0-rhamnosylswertisin [1-3]. 2) Triterpene: acetylaleutitolic acid [1]. 3) H-Hentriacontane, oc-amyrin, (3-amyrin, stigmasterol, P-sitosterol, campesterol [2]. 4) Thiamin [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antinociceptive effect [1-3]. 2) Protease or elastase inhibitor effects [5]. 3) Antibacterial effect [6], Literature: [1] Meyre-Silva, C. et al.: Acta Farm. Bonaerense 1997, 16, 169. [2] Meyre-Silva, C. et at. Phytomed. 1998, 5, 109. [3] Meyre-Silva, C. et al.: PlantaMed. 1999, 65, 293, [4] James, K.W.: Food Technol. Aust. 1983, 35, 342. [5] Inomata, S. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP1997, 87136. [6] Locher, C.P. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1995, 49, 23. [P.P.H. But]

646

Euphorbia

sieboldiana

Morr. et Decne.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Gou-xian-da-ji(C), Natsutodai (J), Gae-gam-su (K) Related plaat.Euphorbia kansui Liou: Gam-su (K) Root Local Drug Name:Niu-nai-jiang-cao(C), Rodoku (J), Gam-su (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: External or oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acariasis of the skin (J). 2) Ascites(C). 3) Edema (K). 4) Abdominal distension (K). Contraindications: Toxic causing vomit, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkanes:citric acid,oxalic acid[l]. 2)Diterpenes: 13 (R)-3 P-Dihydroxy-14-oxo-ent-atis-16-ene, 13 (S)-hydroxy-ent-atis-16-ene3,4-dione[2], ent-atis-16-ene-13a-hydroxy-3,14-dione[3], 3 P-O-acetyl-ent-atisane-16a, 17-

41

diol,ent-atisane-3p,16a,17-triol, helioscopinolide A, ingenol, ingenol-2-palmitate[4], entatisane-16a-hydroxy-18-oic acid, ent-atisane-16P-hydroxy-18-oic acid, 3-oxo-ent-kaurane16a,17-diol[5]. Pharmacology ^Antiinflammatory activity[6]. Literature: [1] Li,C. ?.:Chinese Herbal Medicine^. S. Dept. Health,Education and Welfare,publ. No.(NIH) 75-732,Washington,D. C. [2] Jia,Z.J. et atPhytochemistry 1990,29(7),2343. [3] Ding,Y. etat.HuaHsuehHsuehPao 1991,9(2), 131. [4] Jia,Z. J. etat.PlantaMedica 1991,57(6),569. [5] Ding,Y. L. etal: Phytochemistry 1991,30(7),2413. [6] Han,B. H. etal..Korean J. Pharmacog. 1972,4(3),205. [T. Kimura & C.K.Sung]

647

Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.

(Eiiphorbiaceae)

Ye-di-zhu (C), Hitotsuba-hagi (J), Il-yeop-chu (K) Leaf and flower Local Drug Name: Ye-di-zhu (C), Hitotsuba-hagi (J), Il-yeop-chu (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ataxia caused by infantile paralysis (C, J, K). 2) Lumbago (K). 3) Acroparalysis (K). 4) Hemipelgia (K). 5) Facial paralysis (K). 6) Vertigo (C). 7) Deafness (C). 8) Neurasthenia(C). 9) Impotence (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: securinine [1,2,3], allosecurinine, dihydrosecurinine [2,3],securinol A, B and C [4], securitinine [5]. Literature: [1] Muraveva, V. I. et at. C. A. 1961,55,17678; Trudy Vsesoyuz. Nauch.-Issledovatel. Inst. Lekarstv. i Aromat. Rast. 1959 (11), 16. [2] Saito, S. et at Chem. & Ind. 1962, 1652; 1963, 689; Tetrahedron 1963,19,2085; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1963,11,1219. [3] Horii, Z. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1963,11, 817, 1964,12,1118; Tetrahedron 1965,13, 1311; 1963,19,2011; Satoda, I. et at Tetrahedron Lett. 1962, 1199; Chatterjee, A. et at. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 1964,41,163; Borkowskii, B. et at. C A. 1965,63,7349; Poznan. Towarz. PrzyjaciolNauk, WydzialLekarsk., Prace Komisii Farm 1965,3,115 . [4] Horii, Z. etal:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,1307. [5] Horii, Z. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1967,15,1633. [T. Kimura]

42

648

Citrus junos Sieb.

(Rutaceae)

Yuzu(J), Yu-ja (K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Deung-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anorexia(J). 2) Abdominal pain(K). 3) Acute gastritis(K). 4) Ancylostomiasis(K). 5) Anemia(K). 6) Cold(K). 7) Alcohol poisoning(K). Fruit peel Local Drug Name: Deung-ja-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K);Topical(bathing:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Poisoning(J, K). 2) Abdominal pain(J). 3) Neuralgia(J). 4) Rheumatism(J). 5) Lumbago(J). 6) Emesis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Limonoids: ichangensin 17-P-D-glucopyranoside[l], 2)Flavonoids: naringin, hesperidin[2]. 3) Organic acids: citric acid[2]. 4) Vitamin: vitamin C[2], 5)Lignin[2], 6)Pectin[2], 7)Monoterpenes: D-limonene[2-3] 8)Aldehyde[4]. Phamacology 1) Antimutagenic activity( dietary fiber lignin and pectin) [2]. 2) Allergenic activity[5]. Literature: [1] Ozaki, Y. et at. Phytochemistry 1991, 30(8), 2659. [2] Higashimoto, M. et at.Mutat. Res. 1998, 415(3), 219. [3] Nioroge, S. M. et at. J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996, 44(2), 550. [4] Tajima, S. et at. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1990, 38(7), 1544. [5] Ashida, T. et at. Arerugi 1995, 44(11), 1290. [C. K. Sung]

649

Ruta graveolens

L.

(Rutaceae)

Yun-xiang (C), Henruuda (J), Un-hyang-na-mu (K).

43

Whole Herb Local Drug Name: Yun-xiang(C), Unkou (J), Chui-cho (K). Processing: Dry in the shade (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Indigestion as antiflatulent (J, K). 2) Menoxenia (C, J, K). 3) Convulsion (J, K). 4) Hysteria (J). 5) Common cold with fever (C). 6) Toothache(C). 7) Eczema (C). 8) Reumatalgia (K). 9) Menolipsis (K). 10) Diarrhea (K). 11) Traumatic injury (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Essential oil: methyl-n-nonylketone [1], sabinin, hibalactone [2], a-, (3-pinene, limonene, cineole, p-cymene, nonan-2-one, 2-nonylacetate, nonan-2-ol, undecan-2-one, 2undecylacetate, undecan-2-ol, camphene, linalool, camphor [3],geijerene [4]. 2)Coumarins: bergapten [1, 5],xanthotoxin, psoralen [5, 6],3-(l,l-dimethylallyl)-scopoletin 7O-P-D-glucopyranoside [7],gravolenic acid [8],rutamarin [9],rutaretin [10],isopimpinellin [5], chalepensin, gravelliferone methyl ether, 3-(l,l-dimethylallyl)herniarin [11], daphnoretin, daphnoretin methylether [12],isopropyldihydroxyfuroquinone [13],xanthyletin, byakangelicin [14], rutacretin [15],rutaculin, rutamarin alcohol [16],suberenon [17], marmesin, marmesinin, rutaculetin, rutamarin alcohol [18]. 3)Limonoids: 6-hydroxy-7-acetoxylimonin [7]. 4)Flavonoid: rutin [1]. 5)Phenolic compounds: protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid,/> hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid [19]. 6) Alkaloids: kokusaginine, skimmianine [20, 21], graveoline [22], graveolinine, [23], rutamine [24], dictamnine, y-fagarine [5, 25],rutacridone [26],isopropyldihydroxyfuroquinoline[13], ribali-nium, rutalinium, N-methylplatydesmine [27], 1-hydroxy-Nmethylacridone [28], 6-methoxydictam-nine, edulinine [15], gravacridonchlorine, gravacridonolchlorine [29],rutalinium, rutalinidine [30]. Pharmacology 1) Spasmolytic activity (bergaptene, xanthotoxin, psoralen) [31, 32]. 2) Inhibition of hemolytic activities of snake and scorpion venoms (extract) [33]. 3) Cytotoxic effect [34]. 4) Fungicide activity (extract) [35], Literature: [1] Weiss, A.: Chem. Zentr. 1842, 305; Hlasewitz, H.: Ann. 1855,96,123; Perkin, A. G.: J. Chem. Soc. 1896,69,206; Sayed, M. D. et al: C. A. 1960,54,22879; Egyptian Pharm. Bull. 40, 203. [2] Reisch, J. et al: Pharmazie 1967,22,220. [3] Kubeczka, K. H.: Flora, Abt. A. 1967,158,519. [4] Tattje, D. H. E. et al: C. A. 1972,77,24761; Pharm. Weekbl. 1972,107,261. [5] Novak, I. et al: Acta Pharm. Hung. 1967,37, 225. [6] Novak, I. etal: Pharmazie 1965,20,738. [7] Srivastava, S. D. etal: C. A. 1998,129,38780; Fitoterapia 1998,69,80. [8] Reish, J. et al: Acta Pharm. Suecica 1966,3,423.

44

[9] Reisch, J. et al:. Acta Pharm. Suecica 1967,4,179. [10] Schneider, G. etal: Arch, d. Pharm. 1967,300,73. [11] Reisch, et al: Tetrahedron Letters, 1968, 4395; Experiential96%,2A,992. [12] Reisch, J. et al.: PlantaMedica 1968,16,372. [13] Szendei, K. et al: Acta Pharm. Hung. 1969,39,60; C. A. 1969,71,64052. [14] Reisch, J. et al: PlantaMedica 1969,17,116. [15] Steck, W. etal: Phytochem. 1971,10,191. [16] Reisch, J. etal: Phytochem. 1972,11,1529. [17] Reisch, J. etal: C. A. 1972,76,138149;Mjgy. Kern. Foly. 1972,78,6. [18] Novak, I. etal: C. A. 1973,79,\02M2; Herba Hung. 1972,11,13. [19] Smolarz, H. D. etal: Acta Pol. Pharm. 1997,54,161. [20] Ohta, Let al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1958,78,538; Ohta, T.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1955,75,1040; Ohta, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1960,8,377; Schneider, G: Arzneimittel Forsch. 1964,14,435. [21] Kuzovkina, I. V. et al: C. A. 1973,78,156641: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 1973,275. [22] Arther, H. R. et al: Australian J. Chem. 1960,13,510. [23] Chatterjee, A.et al: Chem. &Ind. 1962, 1982. [24] Borkowski, B. etal: PlantaMedical965,13,4%. [25] Schneider, G.: PlantaMedica 1965,13,425; Ibid.: Naturwiss. 1965,52,347. [26] Reisch, J. et al: Acta Pharm. Suecica 1967,4,265. [27] Kalman, S. etal: C. A. 1970,72,129396;HerbaHung. 1969,8,133. [28] Reisch, J. et al: Experiential971,27,l005. [29] Reisch, J. etal: Phytochem. 1972,11,2359. [30] Szendrei, K. etal: C. A. 1973,79,15853; Herba Hung. 1973,10,131. [31] Novak, I. et al: PlantaMedical96S,l3,226. [32] Novak, I. et al: PlantaMedica 1966,13,57; 1966,14,151. [33] Sallal, A.-K. J. et al: Biomed. Lett. 1996,53,211. [34] Trovato, A. etal: Boll. Chim. Farm. 1996,135,263. [35] Oliva, A. et al: J. Chem. Ecol 1999,25,519. [T. Kimura]

650

Zanthoxylum

ailanthoides

Sieb. et Zucc.

(Rutaceae)

Chu-ye-hua-jiao (C), Die-yip-tsau-jiu (H), Karasu-zanshou (J), Meo-gyi-na-mu (K) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Chu-ye-hua-jiao (C), Die-yip-tsau-jiu (H), Shoku-shuyu (J), Jeo-yeop-hwacho (K) Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H, K). 2) Colds (C, H, J ). 3) Sequela of poliomyelitis (C, H). 4) Traumatic fractures (C, H). 5) Burns (C, H). 6) Scalds (C, H). 7) Snake bites (C, H, K). 8) Abscesses (C, H). 9) Scabies (C). 10) Ascariasis (C, J). 11) Traumatic injury (K). Scientific Research:

45

Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: skimmianine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, ailanthoidine [1-2]. 2) Coumarin: xanthyletin, hesperidin, isopimpinellin [1], 3) Neolignan: ailanthoidol [3]. 4) Phenylpropanoid: ailanthoidiol [3], Literature: [1] Morita, N. et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1966, 86, 732. [2] Ishii, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 1340. [3] Sheen, W.S. et al.: Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 213. [P.P.H. But]

651

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. (Rutaceae) Qing-jiao(C),Shokusho(J),San-cho-na-mu(K)

Related plant: Z. piperitum DC: Shan-jiao(C); Sansho(J) Pericarp(CRJP) Local Drug Name:Hua-jiao(C),Shokusho,Sansho(J),Hwa-cho(K). Processing:Dry in the sun,eliminate seeds and foreign matter(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,J,K);Topical(decoction:C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epigastric pain accompanied by cold sensation,vomiting and diarrhea(C,K). 2) Abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitosis(C,K). 3) Ascariasis(C,J,K). 4) Itching in eczema(C,J,K). 5) Dyspepsia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:estragloen,bergapten,benezoic acid[l], 2)Coumarins:umbelliferone[2],aurapten,collinin,schinilenol,schininallylol,epoxyaurapten, hydrangetin,umbelliferone,acetoxycollinin,aesculetindi-Meether,schinicoumarin, acetoxyaurapten,epoxycollinin,schinindiol[3]. 3) Triterpenoids: P - amyrin,friedelin [3 ]. 4)Alkaloids:norchelerythrine,dictaminine[3],skimmianine,schinifoline[2,4]. 5)Lignans:dimethoxylariciresinol,dimethoxysecoisolaricivesinol[5]. Pharmacology 1) Local anesthetic effect[l]. 2) Bacteriostasis[l]. 3) Antiscolic effect[l]. 4) Inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation[3]. 5) Antioxidant activity[6]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,365. [2] Liu,S.L. et al.Yaoxue Xuebao 1991,26(11),836. [3] Chen,I.S. et al.:Phytochemistry 1995,39(5), 1091. [4] Wang,D. etaL.Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 1991,7(2),124. [5] Katayama,T. et al.:Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku 1994,46(2), 117. [6] Mun,S.I. et al.:Han'guk Yongyang SiklyongHakhoechi 1994,23(3),466. [J. X. Guo]

46

Boswellia carterii Birdwood (Burseraceae)

652

Ru-xiang-shu(C), Nyuukouju (J), Yu-hyang-na-mu (K). Resin Local Drug Name: Ru-xiang (C), Nyuukou (J), Yu-hyang (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (K). Imported (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (paste: C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Perfume (J). 2) Pain caused by menopause (J, K). 3) Abdominal pain (C,J, K). 4) Bruise (J, K). 5) Carbuncle (C,J, K). 6) Traumatic injury(C). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Diterpenoids: incensole [1], incensole oxide [2],isoincensole-oxide [3]. 2) Triterpenoids: a- and P-boswellic acid [4]. Pharmacology 1) Contracture and inhibitionof the twitch response to nerve stimulation (essential oil) [5], Literature: [1] Corsano, S. etal:. Tetrahedron 1967,23,1977. [2] Nicoletti, R. etal: Tetrahedronl968,24,65l9. [3] Forcellese, M. L. etal.: Tetrahedron 1972,28,325; Tetrahedron Letters, 1973, 3783. [4] Allan, G. G.: Phytochem. 1969,8,2083. [5] Lis-Balchin, M. etal.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997,58,183. [T. Kimura]

653

Canarium album Raeusch. (Bruseraceae) Gan-lan(C),Garm-larm(H),Kanran(J),Gam-ram-na-mu(K)

Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name: Qing-guo(C),Garm-larm(H),Kanran(J),Gam-ram(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,and dry in the sun.Break to pieces before use (QK). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pain and swelling of the throat(C,J,K). 2) Cough(C,H,K). 3) Dire thirst(C,K). 4) Fish or crab poisoning(C,H). 5) Enteritis,dysentery(H,K). 6) Stomachache(J). 7) Pharyngitis,tonsillitis(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Proteins[l]. 2)Fats[l],

47

3) Carbohydrates[l]. 4) Trace elements:Ca,P,Fe[l]. 5) Vitamin C[l]. 6) Triterpenes:urs-12-ene-3a, 16P-diol,olean-12-ene-3a, 16p-diol[2]. 7)Tannins:ellagic acid,3,3'-di-0-methyleliagic acid[3]. 8) Flavonoids:hyperin[3]. 9)Others:brevifolin[2]. Pharmacology l)Hepatoprotective effect[2,3]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,437. [2] Tamai,M. et al.:PlantaMed. 1989,55(1),44. [3] Ito,M. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990,38(8),2201. [J.X.Guo]

654

Commiphora molmol Engl. (Burseraceae) [=C. myrrha Engl.] Mo-yao-shu(C), Motsuyakuju (J), Mol-yak-na-mu (K).

Resin Local Drug Name: Mo-yao (C), Motsuyaku (J), Mol-yak (K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Imported (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (paste:C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Blood stasis (C, J, K). 2) Gastroenteritis (J, K). 3) Menoxenia (J, K). 4) Traumatic injury (C,K). 5) Abdominal pain(C). 6) Carbuncle(C). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Pharmacology 1) Antimicrobial activity against human immunodeficiency virus [1].

[1] Squires, M.: C. A. 1998,129,298375; PCT Int. Appl. WO 9842188 Al 1 Oct 1998. [T. Kimura]

655

Cedrela sinensis Tuss (Meliaceae) [= Toona sinensis A. Juss.] Xiang-chun(C), Chan-chin(J), Cham-juk-na-mu (K)

Bark Local Drug Name: Xiang-chun(C), Chan-chin(J), Chun-back-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(decoction:K).

48

Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Uterine bleeding(C, J, K). 2)Chronic diarrhea(C,K). 3)Morbid leukorrhea(C,K). 4)Enteritis(C). 5)Urinary infection(C). 6)Hemafecia(C). 7)Bleeding(J). 8)Pollution(K). 9)Emaciation, dyspepsia by malnutrition of child(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Xiang-chun(C), Chun-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dysentery(C, K). 2) Subcutaneous ulcer(K). 3) Scabies(K). 4) Enteritis(K). 5) Deep-rooted boil(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: afzelin[l], quercetin[l-2], /so-quercitrin, rutin, (/-catechin, /-epicatechin[2]. 2) Alkaloids: adenosine[2]. 3)Benzenoids: bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-ether, gallic acid methyl ester[2]. 4) Carbohydrates: sucrose[3]. Phamacology 1) Analgesic activity[4]. Literature: [1] Park, J. C.et al.\ Hanguk Yongyang Siklyong Hakhoe 1995, 24(4), 578. [2] Park, J. C. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1996, 27(3), 219. [3] Plouvier, V: C. R. Acad. Sci. 1949, 228,1886. [4] Park, J. C. etal;. Hanguk Yongyang Siklyong Hakhoe 1994, 23(1), 116. [C. K. Sung]

656

Acer ginnala Max. (Aceraceae) Cha-tiao-qi(C), Karakogi-kaede(J), Sin-na-mu(K)

Related plants: Acer nikoense Maxim.: Megusurinoki(J). Leaf and Bud Local Drug Name: Cha-tiao-qi(C), Sin-na-mu-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye disease(J, K). 2) Wind-dampness syndrome(C). 3) Traumatic injury(C). 4) Eye convulsion(K). Scientific Research:

49

Chemistry l)Benzenoids: acerin I~III[1], ginnalin A[2], B, C[3], gallic acid[l, 3-5], gallic acid ethyl ester[l,3, 5]. 2)Tannins: aceritannin[4], acertannin[5-7], l,5-anhydro-2,6-bis-0-digalloyl D-glucitol, 1,5anhydro-2-0-digalloyl-6-0-galloyl D-glucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-galloyl-6-0-trigalloyl Dglucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-galloyl-6-O-digalloyl D-glucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-trigalloyl-6-0galloyl D-glucitol[7]. 3) Coumarins: ellagic acid[3]. 4)Flavonoids: quercetin[l, 3, 5], quercitrin, /so-quercitrin, rutin, quercetin-3-O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-2 "-gallate[5 ]. 5) Steroids: (3-sitosterol[l, 3]. 6) Carbohydrates:quebrachitol[3], polygalitol[8]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial action(ginnalin B, C)[3]. 2) Bacteriostatic action(aceritannin)[4]. 3) Antiinflammatory activity(extract)[9]. 4)Pheromone action(extract)[10]. 5) Antimicobacterial activity[ll]. Literature: [I] Song, C. Q. etal:. YaoHsueh T'ungPao 1981, 16(12), 52. [2] Hong, S. H. et al: Chem. Nat. Prod. Proc. Sino-Am Symp. 1982, 244. [3] Song, C. Q. etal.HuaHsuehHsuehPao 1982,40(12), 1142. [4] Sun, J. Y. etal: Chung Ts'ao Yao 1981,12, 481. [5] Park, W. Y: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1996, 27(3), 212. [6] Bock, K. etal.: Phytochemistry 1980,19, 2033. [7] Hatano, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(7), 1902. [8] Kim, J. H.: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1983, 14(1), 4. [9] Otsuka, H. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi, 1981, 101,1108. [10] Keiser, I. etal: Lloydia 1975,38(2), 141. [II] Frisbey, A. et al.: Mich. State Univ. Agr. Appl. Sci. Quart. Bull 1953, 35, 392. [C. K. Sung]

657

Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae) [=Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud.] Long-yan(C),Lung-ngarn(H),Ryugan(J),Yong-an-yuk(K)

Aril(CP) Local Drug Name: Long-yan-rou(C),Lung-ngarn-yuk(H),Ryugan-niku(J),Yong-an-yuk(K). Processing:Eliminate shell and nutlet,dry in the sun until it becomes unsticky(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cardiac palpitation,forgetfulness and insomnia due to deficiency of qi and blood(C,J,K). 2) Anemia(C,H,J,K). 3) Sedative(H). 4) Neurasthenia(H). 5) Menorrhagia(H). Root Local Drug Name:Long-yan-gen(C), Lung-Ngarn(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chyluria(C,H). 2) Leucorrhea(C,H).

50

3) Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H). Leaf Local Drug Name:Long-yan-ye(C),Lung-Ngarn(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Prevention of influenza(C,H). 2) Enteritis(C,H). 3) Scrotal eczema(C,H). Seed Local Drug Name:Long-yan-he(C),Lung-Ngarn-Wut(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Gastric pain(C,H). 2)Hernial pain(C,H). 3)Insomnia(H). 4)Menorrhagia(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sugars:glucose,sucrose[l]. 2) Organic acids:tartaric acid[l], 3) Vitamins:Vitamin B1,B2,P,C[1]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College ofPharmacy/'ZhongcaoyaoXue"

1976,Vol2,629. [IX.Guo]

658

Euonymus japonica Thunb. (Celastraceae) [ = Masakia japonica Nakai ] Masaki(J), Sa-cheol-na-mu(K)

Root Local Drug Name: Jo-gyung-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Menorrhalgia(J, K). 2) Substitute for Eucommia ulmoidesQ). 3) Dysmenorrhea(K). 4) Jaundice(K). Seed Local Drug Name: Masaki(J). Processing: Dry under the sun(J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction, powder: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Arteriosclerosis(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: friedelin, epifriedelanol, friedelanolfl]. 2) Sesquiterpene alkaloids: euojaponines C[2], euojaponines D, F, J. and K[3-5], euojaponine N, ebenifoline W-I[6]. 3)Flavonoids:quercetol,kaempferol[7],kaempferol-3-0-P-D-gluco-7-0-p-L-

51

rhamnoside,quercetin-3-0-p-D-gluco-7-0-P-L-rhamnoside[8]. Literature: [1] Yakugaku Zasshi 1959, 79, 980. [2] Ryu, J.-H. et at. Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1997, 20(1), 76. [3] Tu, T. Q.: J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53(4), 915. [4] Han, B. H. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 53(4), 909. [5] Han, B. H. etat. Phytochemistry 1990, 29(7), 2303. [6] Ryu, J.-H. et at. YakhakHoechi 1997, 41(5), 554. [7] Delaveau, P. et at. C. R. Acad. Set, Paris, Ser. D 1968, 267(3), 317. [8] Sergeeva, N. V. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1972, 8(1), 118. [C. K. Sung]

659

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume (Celastraceae) Mayumi(J), Cham-bit-sal-na-mu(K)

Related plant: E. bungeanus Maxim. :Bai-du(C), Jom-cham-bit-sal-na-mu(K). Root, bark and Fruit Local Drug Name: Sa-myun-mok(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumarthritis(K). 2) Lumbago(K). 3) Vasculitis(K). 4) Epistaxis(K). 5) Hemorrhoids(K). 6) Cancer(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sesquiterpenes: euonydin A-1~A-5[1], 2) Sesquiterpene alkaloids: neoevonine[l-3], euonymine, neoeuonymine[2-3], evonine[2-4], evonimine, wilformine[4]. 3) Flavonoids: chrysanthemin, kaempherol, quercetin[5]. 4) Proteids: euonymus sieboldiana lectin A~G[6], anti-B agglutinin[7]. 5) Cardenolides: euonymoside A[8]. Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity(euonymoside)[8]. Literature: [1] Ujita, K. et at. Phytochemistry 1992, 31(4), 1289. [2] Wada, H. et at. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 3131. [3] Yamada, K. et at. Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 1725. [4] Sugiura, A. etat. Tetrahedron Lett. 1973, 113. [5] Ishikura, N.: Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 743. [6] Yamamoto, S. etal:. Immunol. Commun. 1981, 10, 215. [7] Yamamoto, S.: Kagaku Keisatsu Kenkyusho Hokoku 1976, 29, 7. [8] Baek, N. I. et at. PlantaMed. 1994, 60(1), 26. [C. K. Sung]

52

660

Cayratiajaponica Gagn. (Vitaceae) [= Cissus japonica Willd.] Wu-lian-mei(C),Yabugarashi(J), Geo-ji-deong-gul (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Wu-lian-mei(C),Yabugarashi(J), O-ryum-mae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,J, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction or fresh juice:C,J, K);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Jaundice(J, K). 2) Rheumatalgia(J, K). 3) Erysipelas(C,J, K). 4) Diarrheal, K). 5) Edema(J). 6) Hematuria(C,J). 7) Mumps(C,K). 8) Furuncle(C,K). 9) Sore throat(C). 10) Conjunctivitis(C). 11) Haemoptysis(C). 12) Dysentery(C). 13) Traumatic injury(C). 14) Snake bit(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Anthocyanins: cayratinin[l], Phamacology 1) Diuretic activity[2]. Literature: [1] Ishikura, N. et at Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1970, 83(984), 179. [2] Han, D. S. el al:. Proc. Fifth Asian Symp. on Medicinal Plants and Spices, Seoul, Korea, August 20-24, 1984 1984,125. [C. K. Sung]

661

Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae) Hei-shui-pu-tao(C), Wang-meo-ru(K)

Root and vine Local Drug Name: Shan-teng-teng-yang(C), San-deung-deung-ang(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Abdominal pain(C, K). 2) Stomach ache(C). 3) Lumbago(K). 4) Obstipation(K). 5) Sciatica(K). 6) Traumatic pain(C).

53

7) Rheumatalgia(C). 8) Nervous headache(C). 9) Postoperative pain(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenylpropanoids: c/'s-caftaric acid, tosw-caftaric acid[l]. Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity[2]. Literature: [1] Singleton, V. L. et al: Phytochemisty 1986, 25(9), 2127. [2] Kim, S. Y. et al: J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71(6), 633. [C. K. Sung]

662

Vitis vinifera L.

(Vitaceae)

Pu-tao(C), Poe-toe (H), Budou(J), Po-do (K) Related plants: V. brevipedunculata Trautv.: Nobudou(J). Fruit Local Drug Name: Pu-tao(C), Poe-toe (H), Po-do(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Lumbago(K). 2) Edema(K). 3) Measles(C, K). 4) Palpitation(J, K). 5) Difficulty in urination(C). 6) Threatened abortion(C). 7) Insomnia(J). 8) Abscess suppuration(J). 9) Constipation(J). 10) Night sweating(K). 11) Tussis(K). 12) Deficient milk after child-birth(K). 13) Anaemia(K). 14) Rheumatalgia(K). 15) Giddiness(K). Root Local Drug Name:Pu-tao-gen(C),Po-do-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(paste of fresh root:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Difficulty in urination(K). 2) Rheumatalgia(C,K). 3)Edema(C). 4) Fracture(C). Vine and Leaf Local Drug Name: Pu-tao-teng(C),Po-do-deung-yeop(K).

54

Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Difficulty in urination(K). 2) Acute conjunctivitis(K). 3) Edema(C,K). 4) Bloodshot eye(K). 5) Rheumatalgia(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Benzenoids: 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, genistic acid, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, syringaldehyde, syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillic aldehyde[l], 4hydroxy benzoic acid[l-2], gallic acid[l-3], salicyclic acid[2], brevilagin 1, vitilagin, isovitilagin[4], enotannin[5], hopeaphenol, /so-hopeaphenol[6], pallidol, vitis resveratrol tetramer[7], e-viniferin[7-9], pterostilbene[8], resveratrol[8, 10-11], a-viniferin[8, 12], piceid[13], c/s-piceid, /ran.s'-piceid[14], c/s-resveratrol[14-15], ?raw-resveratrol[14-16], cisresveratrol 3 -0-|3-D-glucoside[ 17]. 2) Phenylpropanoids: ferulic acid, sinapic acid[2], caffeic acid[2, 18-19], chlorogenic acid[2, 19-20], caffeoyl tartrate,/»-coumaroyl tartrate, feruloyl tartrate[21], cw-caftaric acid, transcaftaric acid, c/'s-coutaric acid, ?raH.?-coutaric acid[22]. 3) Coumarins: ellagic acid[23], 4) Monoterpenes: hydroxy citronellol[24], geraniol, linalool, a-terpineol, elemol acetate[25], 3,7-dimethylocta-l,5,7-trien-3-ol[26], 5) Sesquiterpenes:damascenone, 3-oxo-a-damascone, 3-hydroxy-(3-damascone, 3-oxo-Pdamascone, grasshopper ketone, megastigma-5-en-7-yne-3,9-diol, 9-hydroxy megastigma4,6,7-trien-3-one[27], jasmonic acid[28], dihydrophaseic acid 4'P-glucoside[29]. 6) Triterpenes: a-amyrin, P-amyrin, citrostadienol, cycloartenol, 24-methyl cycloartenol, germanicol, obtusifoliol, oleanolic acid methyl ester, oleanolic aldehyde, taraxasterol, taraxerol, ursolic aldehyde[30], lupeol[30-31], 30-norlupan-3-p-ol-20-one, betulinic acid[31], 16P-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-l,12-dien-28-oic acid, 3P-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28aldehyde, 16P-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3P,29-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid[32], oleanolic acid[32-33]. 7) Steroids:stigmasterol[31], cholesterol, ergosterol, p-sitosterol[34]. 8) Carotenoids: antheraxanthin, a-carotene, hydroxy a-carotene, P-carotene, y-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein-5,6-epoxide, lutein-5,8-epoxide, luteoxanthin, lycopene, mutatoxanthin, neoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin[35]. 9) Alkaloids: A^(6)-isopentenyl adenine, N(6)-isopentenyl adenine riboside[36], zeatin, zeatin riboside, dihydro zeatin[36-37], indole-3-acetic acid[37], 2-phenyl-ethyl amine, a-amyl amine, dimethyl amine, ethyl amine, /so-amyl amine, iso-butyl amine, methyl amine, Npropyl amine, pyrrolidine[38]. 10)Flavonoids: /-epicatechin-3-gallate, /-epigallocatechin, hyperoside, luteolin, myricetin-3-OP-D-glucoside, populnin, procyanidin B-2 3"-gallate, quercimeritrinfl],
55

glucoside[52], malvidin-3-O-P-D-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-P-D-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-PD-glucoside[52-53], proanthocyanidin polymer[54], vitis proanthocyanidins[55]. ll)Alkanes: tartaric acid[19], heptacosan-1-ol, triacontan-1-ol, triacontan-1-ol tridecanoate[31]. 12)Alicyclics: quinic acid, shikimic acid[2]. 13)Proteids: betaine[56], phosphodiesterase, pyrophosphatase nucleotide[57]. 14)Lipids: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[58]. Phamacology 1) Clastogenic activity[59]. 2) Angioprotective activity(anthocyanoside)[60]. 3) Elastase inhibition activity(anthocyanoside)[60-61](flavonoids)[62]. 4) P-Glucuronidase inhibition activity[62]. 5) Hyaluronidase inhibition activity(flavonoids)[62]. 6) Xanthine oxidase inhibition activity(flavonoids)[62], 7) Collagenase inhibition activity[62]. 8) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activity(flavonoid)[63]. 9) Lymphocyte proliferation stimulation activity[64]. 10) Platelet aggregation inhibition activity[65]. 11) Thromboxane B-2 synthesis inhibition activity[65]. 12) Antiviral activity[66-67]. 13) Antioxidant activity[68-70]. 14) Mutagenic activity[71], 15) Lipid peoxide fromation inhibition activity[72](flavonoids)[63]. 16) Antimutagenic activity[73](flavonoids)[74]. 17) Antifungal activity[75]. 18) Common cold relief activity [76]. 19) Antihypercholesterolemic activity[77]. 20) Antihypertriglyceridemia activity[77]. 21) Lipoprotein lipase stimulation activity[77]. 22) Radical scavenging activity[78](flavonoids)[79]. 23) Antiarrhythmic activity(flavonoids)[79]. 24) Depigmentation activity[80-81]. 25) Tyrosinase inhibition activity[82], 26) Antibacterial activity[83]. 27) Juvenile hormone activity[84]. Literature: [l]Boucheny, A. et at. Plant Med. Phytother. 1990, 24(3), 179. [2]Stankova, N. V. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin 1975, 11(4), 508. [3]Romeyer, F. M. et at Phytochemistry 1986, 25(1), 219. [4]Karl, C. etal: Z. Naturforsch. Ser. C1983,38(1/2), 13. [5]Lupashku, F. G. et at. Patent-USSR 1987, 1,286,621. [6]Ito, J. etal:. Heterocycles 1997, 45(9), 1809. [7]Ouratoule, J. C. et at Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37(27), 4697. [8]Langcake, P. et at. Phytochemistry 1979, 18, 1025. [9]Longcake, P. et at. Experientia 1977, 33, 151. [10] Bezhuashvili, M. G. etal: Khim. Drev. 1991, (6), 75. [11] Krpes, C: Vinohrad(Bratislava) 1993, 31(2), 21. [12] Pryce, R. J. etal: Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 1452. [13] Waterhouse, A. R. etal: Phytochemistry 1994, 37(2), 571. [14] Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995, 43(2), 281. [15] Chu, Q. Y. etal: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1998,46(2), 509. [16] Merillon, J. M. etal: Clin. Chem. 1997, 43(6), 1092. [17] Teguo, P. W. etal: J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59(12), 1189. [18] Hmamouchi, M. et at.Amer. J. Enol Vitic. 1996, 47(2), 186. [19] Boucheny, A. etal: Plant Med. Phytother. 1990, 24(3), 179. [20] Lilov, D. etal: Biol. Plant 1987, 29(1), 34.

56

Boursiquot, J. M. et al: C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. Ill 1986, 302(6), 177. Singleton, V. L. et al: Phytochemistry 1986, 25(9), 2127. Dhingra, B. S. et al:. J. Chromatogr. 1988, 447(1), 284. Rapp, A. et al: Vitis 1983, 22(3), 225. Nigam, S. S. et al: Indian Perfum. 1982, 26, 142. Schreier, P. etal: Z. Lebensm-Unters Forsch. 1974, 115, 98. Sefton, M. A. et al: Aust. J. Chem. 1989, 42, 2071. Christov, C. et al: Dokl. Bolg. Akad. Nauk. 1992, 45(6), 89. Hirai, N. et al:Agr. Biol. Chem. 1983,47(2), 365. Mayakova, T. I. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1984, 20(6), 758. Sarathy, R. et al: Acta Cienc. Indica Chem. 1984, 10(1), 39. Brieskorn, C. H. etal: Z. Lebensm-Unters Forsch. 1981, 172(3), 201. Khositashvilli, V. L. et al: Patent-USSR 1978, 594,104. Mironova, V. N.: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1978,14(3), 350. Zherebin, Y.U.I, etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1984, 20(1), 110. Atanassova, L.: Dokl. Bolg. Acad. Nauk. 1992, 45(6), 79. Zozikova, E. etal: Fiziol. Rast(Sofla) 1989, 15(1), 59. Ough, C. S. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1981, 29(5), 938. Da Lilva, J.M.R. et al: Phytochemistry 1991, 30(4), 1259. Souquet, J. M. et al: Phytochemistry 1996,43(2), 509. Hirose, Y. et al: Yukagaku 1984, 33(7), 435. Nakayama, M. et al: Foods Food Ingredients J. Jpn. 1994, 161, 4-12. Thompson R. S. et al: J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11972, 1387. Hertog, M.G.L. etal: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40(12), 2379. Proliac, A. et al: Pharm. ActaHeh. 1990, 65(4), 127. Palamidis, N. et al: J. Food Sci. 1975, 40, 1047. Cheban, P. L. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1976, 12(4), 478. Codignola, A. et al: Allionia 1986, 27, 53. Hertog, M.G.L. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1993, 41(8), 1242. Castagnino, C. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37(43), 7739. Boukharta, M. etal: J. Chromatogr. 1988, 455(1), 406. Durmishidze, S. V. etal: BetodyBiokhim. IssledRast. 1983, 66. Manley, C. H. et al: Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 1975, 8, 35. Czochanska, Z. et al: J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11980, 2278. Oszmianski, J.: Patent-Pol. 1996, 169,082, 3pp. Dubois, P. et al: C. R. Acad. Agr. Fr. 1974, 60, 62. Kozma, P. et al: ActaAgron. Acad. Sci. Hung 1979, 28, 281. Malik, F. et al: Vinohrad(Bratislava) 1985, 23(9), 207. Stich, H. F. etal: Cancer Lett. 1981, 12, 1. Jonadet, M. et al: J. Pharm. Berg. 1983, 38(1), 41. Ros, M. A. etal: Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 19(1), 146. Facino, R. M. etal: Arzneim-Forsch. 1994, 44(5), 592. Meunier, M. T. et al: PlantaMed. 1987, 53(1), 12. Yabe, N. et al.Jn Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 1994, 30A(6), 349. Pace-Asciak, C. R. et al: Clin. Chim. Acta 1996, 246(1/2), 163. Konowalchuk, J. etal: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978, 35, 1219. Girre, L. et al: Fitoterapia 1990, 61(3), 201. Shimoi, K. et aLMutat. Res. 1996, 350(1), 153. Miyagi, Y. et al: Amer. J. Cardiol. 1997, 80(12), 1627. Bagchi, D. et al: Res. Commun. Molec. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1997, 95(2), 179. Patrineli, A. etal: Food Chem. Toxicol. 1996, 34(6), 559. Lanningham-Foster, L. etal: Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 18(10), 1347. Morita, K. et al: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1978, 42(6), 1235. Liviero, L. et al: Fitoterapia 1994, 65(3), 203. Guerin, J. C. et al:Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1984, 42(6), 553. Khan, M.M.A. et al: Bull. Islamic Med. 1982, 2, 469. Tebib, K. et al:.J. Nutr. 1994,124(12), 2451.

57

[78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84]

Macrides, T. A. et al: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1997, 42(6), 1249. Facino, R. M. et al: PlantaMed. 1996, 62(6), 495. Yu, A. et al.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1994, 06 336,419, 8pp. Kondo, C. et al:. Patent-Japn Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1994, 06 336,422, 7pp. Ryu, A. et al: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1994, 06 336,418, 8pp. Imaoka, K. et al.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1994, 06 179,609 Gopakumar, B. et al.: Entomon 1977, 2, 259. [C. K. Sung]

663

Corchorus acutangulus

Lam.

(Tiliaceae)

Jia-huang-ma (C), Gar-wong-mar (H) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Ye-huang-ma (C), Gar-wong-mar (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Heat stroke and fever (C, H). 2) Sore throat (C, H). 3) Dysentery (C, H). 4) Boils, abscesses (C, H). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides [1]. Pharmacology 1) Cardiotonic effect [1]. Literature: [1] Huang, Q.Z. etal: YaoxueXuebao 1980, 15, 193. [P.P.H. But]

664

Hibiscus manihot L.

(Malvaceae)

Huang-shu-kui(C),Tororo-aoi (J), Dak-pul (K) Root Local Drug Name: Huang-shu-kui-gen(C);Ooshokkikon (J), Hwang-chok-gyu-geun (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, K,; powder: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Constipation (J). 2) Sores and tonsillitis (J). 3) Edema (C,K). 4) Gonorrhea (C,K). 5) Parotiditis (C,K). 6) Dysgalactia (C,K). 7) Carbuncle(C) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Mucilage [1].

58

Literature: [l]Inokawa, S.,Goto, R.: Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1958,79,406; Inokawa, S.: Bull. Chem. Japan 1961,34, 29. [T. Kimura]

665

Firmianaplatanifolia Schott. et Endl. (Sterculiaceae) [=K simplex (L.) W. F. Weight]

Wu-tong (C), Aogiri (J), Byeok-o-dong (K). Bark Local Drug Name: Wu-tong-pi (C), Gotouhi (J), O-dong-baek-pi (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Stomatitis (J). 2)Whitehair(J). 3) Rheumatic arthlargia (K). 4) Hemorrhoid (C,K). 5)Menoxenia (K). 6)Traumatic injury (K). Seed Local Drug Name: Wu-tong-zi (C), Gotou-shi (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Infantile aphtha(C). 2) Stomach ache (C). 3) White hair (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroids and triterpenes: P-sitosterol, P-amyrin, P-amyrin acetate [1]. 2) Lupenone, octacosanol, sucrose [2], Pharmacology 1) Antiobesity effect (essence) [3], Literature: [1] Kojima, H. et at. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1961,82,134. [2] Tanabe, Y. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,887. [3] Ota, Y.: Jpn. Kokai Toklcyo KohoJP 11035418 A2 9 Feb 1999. [T. Kimura]

666

Sterculia lychnophora

Hance

(Sterculiaceae)

Pang-da-hai(C),Boon-dai-hoi(H),Bandaikai(J) Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Pang-da-hai(C),Boon-dai-hoi(H),Bandaikai(J). Processing:Dry(C,J).

59

Method of Administration:Oral(Soak or decoction:C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hoarseness of voice,dry cough,and sore dry throat due to heat in the lung (C,H,J). 2) Constipation with headache and blood-shot eyes(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monosaccharides: galactose,arabinose[ 1 ]. 2) Polysaccharides:polysaccharide PP III[2],phlegm,bassorin[3]. 3) Volatile oils[3]. 4)Lipids[3], 5) Others:sterculin[3]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[l], 2) Antiviral effect[l]. 3) Contractile effect on vascular smooth muscle[3]. 4) Caccaogueeffect[4,5], 5) Uretic effect[5]. 6) Analgesic effect[5]. 7) Toxicityfl]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,538. [2] Chen,J.M. et al.:Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1996,21(1),39. [3] Hoc\dng,^.GM.:Quarterly J. of Crude Drugs Research 1962,2,213. [4] ¥mg,D.R.:Chin.Med. J. 1942,61A,9. [5] Qu,B.Q.-.Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1954,(5),337. [J.X.Guo]

667

Aquillaria

agallocha Roxb.

(Thymelaeaceae)

Cheng-xiang (C), Tsum-Heung (H), Jinko (J), Chim-hyang-na-mu (K) Heart wood (infected) Local Drug Name: Cheng-xiang (C), Tsum-heung (H), Jinko (J) Chim-hyang (K). Processing: Take out the parts containing essential oils (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K; powder: H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Abdominal pain (C, J, K). 2) Hiccup, vomiting (C, J, K). 3) Asthma (C, J, K). 4) Vomiting and belching (H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Essential oil (sesquiterpenes): agarospirol, agarospirol monoepoxide [1]. agarofuran [2]. Literature: [l]Maheshwari, M. L., et al: Tetrahedron 1963,19,1519; Varm K. R. et al: Tetrahedron 1965,21, 1156; Yang, J.: Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa 1998,10, 99; Jain, T. C. et al.: Perfumery Essent. Oil Record 1962,53,294. [2]Barret, H. C. etal: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967,89,5665. [T. Kimura]

60

668

Viola yedoensis

Makino

(Violaceae)

Zi-hua-di-ding(C),Day-ding(H),Nojisumire(J),Ho-je-bi-ggot(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Zi-hua-di-ding(C),Day-ding(H),Jicho(J),Ji-jeong(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash,cut into pieces and dry(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,K);Topical(paste:C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Carbuncles,boils,erysipelas and other cutaneous and subcutaneous pyogenic infections(C,H,J,K). 2) Snake-bite(CH). 3) Jaundice(K). 4) Dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids[l]. 2)Waxes[l]. 3) Glycosides[l]:afzelin[2]. 4) Organic acids:palmitic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid,frww-/>-hydroxycinnamic acid, butanedioic acid[2], 5) Amides:violyedoenamide[2]. 6) Polysaccharides[3]:phlegm[l], Pharmacology 1) Bacteriostasis[4,5]. 2) Anti-HIV activity [6]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,31. [2] Xiao,Y.Q. etal.:ZhiwuXuebao 1987,29(5),532. [3] Gao,H.:Dm. Abstr. Int. B 1996,57(2),1009. [4] Cao,R.L. et al.:Zhonghua Pifuke Zazhi 1957,4,286. [5] Xuzhou Medical CollegeXin Yiyao Ziliao 1971,2,27. [6] Ngan,F. et al. .Antiviral Res. 1988,10(1-3), 107. [J.X.Guo]

669

Passiflorafoetida

L.

(Passifloraceae)

Long-zhu-guo (C), Lung-chu-gwor (H) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Long-zhu-guo (C), Lung-chu-gwor (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cough (C, H). 2) Edema (H). 3) Carbuncle (H). 4) Analgesic (H).

61

5) Scabies (H). 6) Traumatic keratitis or conjunctivitis (C). 7) Lymphnoditis (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: apigenin, apigenin 7-(3-D-glucoside, apigenin 8-C-diglucoside, vitexin, isovitexin, 2"-xylosylvitexin, 2"-xylosylisovitexin, saponarin, orientin, isoorientin, luteolin 7-(3-Dglucoside, kaempferol, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin-2, pachypodol, 7,4'dimethoxyapigenin, ermanin [1-3]. Literature: [l]Loekdefink, J.: Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg. 1976,116, 557. [2]Ulubelen, A. et al.: J. Nat. Prof. 1982,45,103. [3]Echeverri, L. et al.: Actual. Biol. 1985,14, 58. [P.P.H. But]

670

Tamarix ckinensis Lour. (Tamaricaceae) Sheng-liu (C), Sight-hor-lau (H), Gyoryuu (J), Wi-seong-ryu (K)

Twig(CP) Local Drug Name: Xi-he-liu (C), Sing-lau (H), Seong-ryu (K). Processing: Dry in the shade(C). Method of Administration: Oral or topical (decoction: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Measles (C, H, K). 2) Colds (C, H, K). 3) Chronic bronchitis (H). 4) Dysuria (C, H). 5) Urticaria, pruritus (C, H, K). 6) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Tamarixinol, tamarixone, tamarixol, [1]. 2) Steroids: daucosterol, P-sitosterol [1]. 3) Lipid: stearic acid [1]. 4) Flavonoids: kaempferol-4'-methyl ether, kaempferol-7,4'-dimethyl ether, quercetin, quercetin-3',4'-dimethyl ether, isorhamnetin [2-3], 5) Tannins: gallic acid, gallic acid methylester-3-methylether [2-3], 6) Acid: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid [3], Pharmacology 1) Hepatoprotective effect [5]. 2) Anti-inflammatory effect [6]. 3) Analgesic effect [6]. Literature: [1] Jiang, Y.Q. et al.: YaoxueXuebao 1988, 23, 749. [2] Zhang, X.Y. et al: Ihongcaoyao 1989, 20, 100. [3] Zhang, X.Y. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1991, 22,299. [4] Chen, F.K. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1995, 26, 467. [5] Yang, L.L. et al: J. Ethnopharm. 1987, 19, 103.

62

[6] Zhao, Y.Z. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1995, 26, 85. [P.P.H. But]

671

Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae) Tu-bei-mu(C),Dobainio(J)

Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name:Tu-bei-mu(C),Dobainio(J). Processing: Wash clean,break off,boil until no white core observed,take out,and dry in the sun (Q. Method of Administration:Oral (decoction:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Mastitis(C). 2) Chronic lymphadenitis(C). 3) Tuberculosis of cervical lymph nodes(C). 4) Hypertrophic rhinitis(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins[l,2]:bolbostemmosaponins[3],bolbostemmosaponin A,D[4],tubeimoside I[5-8],II, III[9],IV[10]. 2)Flavonoids:maltol[2,ll]. 3)Phytosterols:A7,16'25-stigmastatrien-3-ol[ll],stigmastatrien-3-0-glucoside[12]. 4) Organic acids:palmitic acid[12]. 5) Sugars:maltose[12]. Pharmacology 1) Antagonistic effect on skin wart[3], 2) Spermicidal effect[4]. 3) Immunosuppressant effect[12], 4) Therapeutic effect on mouse cervical carcinoma[13]. 5) Antiviral effect[14]. 6) Induced differentiation effect on HL-60[15]. 7) Potent inhibitory effect on inflammatory ear edema[16]. 8) Antineoplastic activity[ 16-20]. Literature: [I] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,310. [2] He,F. X. et al.:Shandong ZhongyiXueyucmXuebao 1987,11(1),64. [3] Fu,Z. C. et al. .Zhongcaoyao 1983,14(10),15. [4] Su,H. etal.Xi'an YikeDawueXuebao 1986,7(3),225. [5] Tanaka,0. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 62,135,488[87,135,488](cl.C07H15/256),18 Jun 1987,Jp Appl.85/184,584,22 Aug 1985. [6] Kasai,R. et al.:Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 1985,27th,749. [7] Kong,F.H. et al..Tetrahedron Lett. 1986,27,5765. [8] Kasai,R. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986,34(9),3974. [9] Kasai,R. et al.:Phytochemistry 1988,27(5), 1439. [10] Kong,F.H. etal.:Huaxue Xuebao 1988,46(4),409. [II] Fu,Z. C. et al..Zhongcaoyao 1987,18,150. [12] Xu,G. -.Shizhen Guoyao Yanjiu 1992,3(4),183. [13] Shanxi Medical Collegedf/w Yiyaoxue Zazhi 1976,12,36. [14] Fu,Z. C. et al.-.ShanxiXin Yixue Zazhi 1985,(4),49. [15] Bai,Y.U- et aL.Disi Junyi DaxueXuebao 1992,13(4),304. [16] Ma,R. etal.-.Chin. Sci. Bull. 1992,37(7),602. [17] Wang,Y. Q. et al.: Shanxi Xin Yiyao 1981,10(8),55.

63

[18] Wang,Y. Q. et al.:ShamciXin Yiyao 1984,13(6),52. [19] Ma,R.D. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongliu Linchucmg 1994,21(6),446. [20] Yu,L.etal.:PlantaMed 1994,60(3),204. [J.X.Guo]

672

Cucumis melo L. van makuwa Makino

(Cucurbitaceae)

Makuwa-uri(J), Cham-woe(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa(K). Processing: Use fresh fruit(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acute gastritis by hen meat(K). 2) Fever(K). 3) Mental disease(K). 4) Dysuria(K). 5) Jaundice(K). 6) Alcoholism(K). 7) Acroesthesia and paralysis due to wind dampness(K). 8) Food(J). Apex Local Drug Name: Katei(J), Gwa-che(K). Processing: Dry apex from unripe fruit in the shadow(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Emetic(J, K). 2) Hepatitis(K). 3) Constipation(J). 4) Syphilis(K). 5) Jaundice(K). 6) Edema(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun or use fresh(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K);Topical(paste of fresh juice: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Vesication(K). 2) Alopecia(K). Seed Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Maldigestion(K). 2) Tussis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alcohols:benzyl acetate, «-nonanol, c/s-3-nonenol, c/.y-6-nonenol, c/s:c«-3,6-nonadienol[l].

64

2) Proteins: ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase[2]. Literature: [1] Kim, S. K. et al.: Han 'guk Wonye Hakhoechi 1997, 38(1), 33. [2] Park, S.-W. et al.: J. Plant Res. 1998, 111(1101), 59. [C. K. Sung]

673

Cucumis sativus L.

(Cucurbitaceae)

Huang-gua(C), Wong-gwah (H), Ki-uri(J), O-i(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Huang-gua(C), Wong-gwah (H), Ki-uri(J), Hwang-gwa(K). Processing: Use fresh(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: H, K);Topical(C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Burn(C, H, J, K). 2)Indigestion due to hot weather(C, J, K). 3) Hypertension(H). 4)Urine difficulty(C). 5)Nephritis(J). 6)Edema(J). 7)Beriberi(J). 8)Alcoholism(K). 9) Poisoning with alcohol(K). lO)Pricklyheat(K). ll)Sinusitis(K). 12)Mastitis(K). 13)Skin-palsy often accompanying pruritus(K) . Creeper and tendril Local Drug Name: Huang-gua-teng(C), Hwang-gwa-deung(K). Processing: dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hypertension(C,H). 2) Apoplexy(K). 3) Jaundice(K). 4) Dysentery(C). 5) Epilepsy(C). 6) Tonsillitis(C). Bud Local Drug Name: Hwang-gwa-hwa-roe(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Huang-gua-ye(C),Hwang-gwa-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrheal, K). 2)Maldigestion(K).

65

3) Abdominal pain(K). 4)Vbmiting(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: rutin[l], isoquercetin[2]. 2) Organic acids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid[3]. 3)Pectins[4], 4) Amino acids: aspartic acid, histidine, valine, leucine[5]. 5) Proteins: cusativin[6]. 6) Vitamins: vitamin G[7], vitamin C[8], 7) Sugars: glucose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fructose[l]. Phamacology 1) Lipid lowering activity(pectins)[4]. 2) Anti-hyperglycemic activity[9]. 3) Anti-cancer activity[10]. 4) Anti-hepatitis activity[10]. Literature: [1] Maki, M : Kaseigaku Zasshi 1965, 16(4), 193. [2] Maki, M.: Kaseigaku Zasshi 1965, 16(4), 196. [3] Herrmann, K.: Naturwissenschaften 1956, 43, 109. [4] Sudheesh, S. et at FoodChem. 1999, 67(3), 281. [5] Matsushita, A.: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1965,17(6), 446. [6] Rojo, M. A. etat Planta 1994,194(3), 328. [7] Lo, T.-Y.: Nutrition Bull. B 1935, 2, 34. [8] Godbey, J. C. et at Texas J. Sci. 1957, 9,176. [9] Roman-Ramos, R. et at. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995, 48(1), 25. [10] Watt, J. M.: Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nded. 1962, 338. [C. K. Sung]

674

Trichosanthes anguina L. (Cucurbitaceae) [= T. cucumerina var. anguina] She-gua (C), Sair-gwar (H)

Fruit Local Drug Name: She-gua (C), Sair-gwar (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cough with sputum (C, H). 2) Constipation (C, H). 3) Cough (C, H). 4) Boils, abscesses (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Glucosides:5,6,6'-trimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavone7-0-P-D-(2"-0-p-coumaroyl -glucopyranoside), 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone-5-0-a-L-rhamnopyranoside [1-2]. 2)Lectin [3-4, 11]. 3) Fatty acid: punicic acid [5,10]. 4)Protein: trichoanguin, trichoanguina [6-7].

66

5)Kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol 3-0-|3-D-glucoside [8]. 6) Fiber [9]. Pharmacology l)Ribosome-inactivating effect [6-7]. Literature: [l]Yadava, R.N. et al: Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 1519. [2]Yadava, R.N. et al.: Fitoterapia 1994, 65, 554. [3]Komath, S.S. et al.: Btochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 1996, 39, 243. [4]Komath, S.S. et al.: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 1998, 44, 107. [5]Datta, S.K.: J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India (Bombay) 1995, 27, 221. [6]Chow, L.P. etal.:J. Biochem. Set 1996, 3, 178. [7]Chow, L.P. et al: Biochem. J. 1999, 338, 211. [8]Yadav., R.N. et al: Asian J. Chem. 1994, 6,182. [9]Kurasawa, S. et al: Nippon Eiyo, Shokuryo Gakkaishi 1992, 45, 461. [10] Sharma, P.B. et al.: Asian J. Chem. 1995, 7, 837. [11] Shanavas, K.R. et al.: Biol. Plant. 1995, 37,417. [P.P.H. But]

675

Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae) Zi-wei(C), Jee-may (H), Sarusuberi(J), Bae-rong-na-mu(K)

Related plants: Kadsura longepedunculate Fin. Et Gagnep.: Nan-wu-wei-zi(C). Cercis chinensis Bunge: Zi-jing(C). Bark Local Drug Name: Zi-jing-pi(C). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C);Topical(decoction or powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Irregular menstruation(C). 2) Dysmenorrhea(C). 3) Amenorrhea(C). 4) Rheumatic arthritis(C). 5) Traumatic injury(C). 6) Sore-throat(C). 7) Hemorrhoid(C). 8) Snake bite or insect bite(C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-yeop(K), Jee-may-yip (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: H, K); Topical (H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eczema(H). 2) Bois, pyodermas(H). 3) Hemoptysis, hematemesis, melena(H). 4) Infant cough, whooping cough(K). 5) Irregular mense(K). 6) Leucorrhea(K). 7) Dysentery(K). 8) Scabies(K). 9) Wound hemorrhage(K).

67

Flower Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Whooping cough(K). 2) Flooding(K). 3) Uterine bleeding(K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Root Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K) Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Toothache(K). 2) Dysentery(K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkaloids[l]. Literature: [1] Ferris, J. P. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93(12), 2958. [C. K. Sung]

676

Baeckeafrutescens L.

(Myrtaceae)

Gang-song (C), Gong-tsung (H) Whole plant, leaf, or root Local Drug Name: Gang-song (C), Gong-tsung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun,or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C); Topical (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tinea pedis (C, H). 2) Pruritus (C, H). 3) Rheumatism (C, H). 4) Stomachache (C, H). 5) Enteritis (C, H). 6) Fever (C). 7) Icterohepatitis (C). 8) Urination difficulty (C). 9) Eczema (C). 10) Snake bite (C). 11) Scald (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phloroglucinols: BF-1 and BF-2 [1]. 2) Monoterpenes and diterpenes [2]. Pharmacology 1) Cytotoxic effect [1].

68

2) Antibacterial effect [2]. 3) Hepatoprotective effect [3], 4) Anti-inflammatory effect [3]. Literature: [1] Fujimoto, Y. et al.: Phytochemistry 1996, 41, 923. [2] Ji, X.D. etal: YaoxueXuebao 1980,15, 766. [3] Xiang,Z.X. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1983, 18,654. [P.P.H.But]

677

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

(Myrtaceae)

Lan-an (C), Yukarinoki (J), Yu-ka-ri-na-mu (K) Leaf Local Drug Name: Lan-an (C), Yukariyo (J). Processing: Fresh (J), or dry under the sun (C, J). Steam distillation (J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J);Topical (essential oil: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Common cold (J). 2) Enteritis and diarrhea (J). 3) Articular pain (J). 4) Burn and suppuration (J). 5) Insect bite (J). 6) Nerval pain (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oil: 1,8-cineole (70%), p-cymene, a-terpineol, cuminal, pinene, phellandrene, phellandral [1], pinocamphone, isopinocamphone [2], aromadendrene, alloaromadendrene, globulol [3], guaienes, gurjunenes, epiglobulol, ledol, diepipalustrol [4], : macrocarpal H, I andJ[5], 2) Phenolic compounds: gallic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, vanillic acid, ellagitannin [6]. 3) Flavonoids: quercetin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, naringenin [6],rhamnazin, rhamnetin, dihydrokaempferol-3-rhamnoside[7],rutin,quercetin-3-arabinoside,quercetin-3,7dirhamnoside, quercitrin, kaempferol-3-arabinoside, kaempferol, naringenin, luteolin, apigenin [8]. 4) Euglobal-Gl, -G2, -G3 [9]. 5) Triterpenoids: 11,12-dehydroursolic lactone acetate [10], fi-amyrin, erythrodiol, uvaol,acetyloleanolic acid, acetylbetulinic acid, acetylursolic acid, betulinic acid, ursolic acid,23-hydroxyursolic acid, ?ra«s-^-methoxycinnamoyloxy-ursolic acid, methyl cis-pmethoxyolean-olate, methyl cw-p-methoxycinnamoyloxyursolate, methyl lla-methoxy-3acetoxyursolate [11]. Pharmacology 1) Antitussive (oil) [12]. 2) Mouse isolated intestine contraction (Oil) [13]. 3) Anti-tumor-promotor activity (eugrobal-Gl, -G2, -G3) [9]. 4) Antiallergic interleukin 4 formation inhibitor [14], 5) Antibacterial activity (sesquiterpenes) [15], (chalcone, flavone derivatives) [16]. Antimicrobial activity on gram-negative bacteria and fungi (1,8-cineol, citronellal, cryptone) [17]. 6) Antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition (flavonoids) [7], 7) Antihyperglycemic actions, antidiabetic agents [18].

69

8) Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity (seeds) [19]. Literature: [I] Sagara, K. et at. Iyakuhin Kenkyu 1990,21,689. [2] Bhatt, M. V.: Chem. &lnd. 1959,1452. [3] Dolejs, L. et at. Collection Czech. Chem. Comm. 1960,25,1483,1837; Laurent, P. A. et at. C. A. 1967,67,29866; Omagiu Raima Ripan 1966,327. [4] Zhao, Z-D. et al.: Linchan Huaxue Yu Gongye 1997,17,37. [5] Osawa K. et al. : J. Nat. Prod. 1996,89(9),823; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1997,45(7),1216. [6]Coude,E. et al.: Holz Roh-Werkst. 1996,54,175; Wood Fiber Sci. 1995,27,379; Cadahia, E. et al.: Holzforschung 1997,51,119. [7] Lee, I-K. et at. Saengyak Hakhoechi 1998,29,163; Zygadlo, J. A. et al:. Grassas Aceites (Seville) 1995,46,285. [8] Conde, E. et at. Phytochem. Anal. 1997,8,186. [9] Takasaki, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1990,38,1444. [10] Horn, D. H. S. et at. Australian J. Chem. 1964,17,477. [II] Santos, G. G. et al: Phytochem. 1997,44,1309. [12] Misawa, Y.etal.: Ouyou Yakuri 1990,39,81. [13] Boyd, E. et at. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1946,211,602. [14] Kusuoku, H. et al: C. A. 1998,129, 335757; Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (Japan) JP 10279491 A2 20 Oct 1998. [15] Osawa, K. et at. Nat. Med. (Tokyo) 1998,52,32. [16] Sakaino, M. et at. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo KohoJP 11080012 A2 23 Mar 1999. [17] Saeed, M. A. etal:. J. Fac. Pharm. Gazi Univ. 1995,12,129. [18] Gray, A. M. et at. J. Nutr. 1998,128,2319. [19] Jiao, S. et at. Zhongcaoyao 1996,27,223. [T. Kimura]

678

Psidium guajava L.

(Myrtaceae)

Fan-shi-liu (C), Farn-sack-lou (H), Banjiro (J), Kwa-ba (K) Leaf and fruit Local Drug Name: Fan-shi-liu (C), Farn-sack-lou (H), Bansekiryu (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J);Topical(decoction:J;paste of fresh leaf:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chronic enteritis (C, J). 2) Diarrhea and dysentery (C, J). 3) Bruise (C, J). 4) Infantile indigestion (C). 5) Ecthyma (C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Farnsacklou-yip (H). Processing: Dry under the sun (H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: H) Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Enteritis (H). 2) Diarrhea (H). 3) Diabetes (H). Fruit Local Drug Name: Farn-sack-lou (H).

70

Processing: Dry under the sun (H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (fresh: H), (decoction: H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(H). Contraindication: Constipation. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenolic compounds: maslinic acid (crategolic acid), guaijavolic acid [1], ellagic acid [2,3], luteic acid(hexahydroxydiphenic acid),amritoside, leucocyanidin [3],l-0-?ra«.y-cinnamoyl ctL-arabinosyl-(l-6)-(5-D-glucoside[4], arjunolic acid[5], arabinose hexahydroxydiphenic acid ester [6]. 2) Flavonoids: quercetin, avicularin, guaijaverin [7],quercetin 4'-glucuronide, quercetin 3sulfate, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-sulfate, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid [8]. 3) Steroids: (3-sitisterol [1]. 4) An araban [9], 5) Carotenoids:P-carotene, y-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, cryptoflavin, lutein, neochrome [10]. 6) Essential oil [11]. 7) Saponins: fruit saponin [12]. 8) Gibberellins: Gibberellin Al, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9 [13]. Pharmacology 1) Antibacterial activity (alcoholic and aqueous extract [7], quaternary alkaloids [14]). 2) Lipid peroxide antioxidant (leaf extract) [15]. 3) Antidiabetic activity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (leaf tea) [16]. 4) Antiinflammatory activity (leaf volatile oil) [17]. 5) Antinociceptive effect (leaf essential oil, caryophyllene, pinene) [18]. 6) Antihistaminic activity (leaf) [19], 7) Hypoglycemic activity [20], 8) Central nervous system depressants, calcium channel blockers (sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene oxide, P-selinene) [21]. Literature: [l]Varshney, L. P. et al: C. A. 1964,61,16439; Indian J. Chem. 1964,2,377. [2]Nair, A. G. R. et al:. Indian J. Pharm. 1964,26,140. [3]Seshadri, T. R.et al: Phytochem. 1965,4,317. [4]Latza, S. et al: Phytochem. 1996,43, 481. [5]Sasaki, S. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1966,86,869. [6]Misra, K. et al: Phytochem. 1968,7,641. [7]ElKhadem, R.et al: J. Chem. Soc. 1958,3320. [8]Kandil, F. E. et al: Asian J. Chem. 1997,9, 871. [9]Sengupta, U. K. et al: Aust. J. Chem. 1965,18, 851. [10]Mercadante, A. Z. et al: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999,47,145. [ll]Fonseca, L. R.: C. A. 1962,57,11325; Rev. Ing. Quim. Univ. Nad. Litorol, Santa Fe Arg. 1960,29, 69. [12]Varshney, I. P. et al: Indian J. Appl. Chem. 1971,34,214. [13]Rao, T. R. et al: C. A. 1973,79, 2763; J. Exp. Bot. 1973,24,418. [14] Ali, Md. A. etal: Bangladesh J. Sci. lnd. Res. 1996,31,133. [15] Ishihara, T. et al: Jpn. Kolcai Tokkyo Koho JP 11075770 A2, 23 Mar 1999 [16]Deguchi, Y. et al: Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 1998,72,923. [17]Kavimani, S. etal: Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1997,59,142. [18]Santos, F. A. etal: Phytother. Res. 1998,12,24. [19] Ishihara, T. etal: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10236970 A2 8 SEp. 1998. [20]Basnet, P. etal: WakanIyakugaku Zasshi 1995,12,109. [21]Meckes, M. etal: Phytother. Res. 1996,10,600. [T. Kimura]

71

679

Panax quinquefolius

L.

(Araliaceae)

Xi-yang-shen(C),Fah-kay-sum (H), Amerika-ninjin (J), Gwang-dong-in-sam (K) Root(CP)* Local Drug Name: Xi-yang-shen(C),Fah-kay-sum (H), Kanton-ninjin (J), Gwang-dong-in-sam (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,H, J, K),or at a low temperature(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder:C,H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Weakness (C,H,J, K). 2) Gastroatony (J, K). 3) Cardiac weakness (J, K). 4) Hypertension (J, K). 5) Febrile disease (C,H). 6) Cough with dyspnea(C). 7) Diabetes(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins: ginsenoside Rb ]; Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rd, Re, Rgi, Rg2, Ro, gypenoside XVII, pseudoginsenoside-Fll, malonyl-ginsenoside Rbi, Rb2, Re, Rd [1, 2],quinquenoside LI, L2, L3,vinaginsenoside R3 [3],quinquenoside I, II, III, IV, V, chikusetsusaponin IVa, pseudoginsenoside Rci, notoginsenoside A, C, K, 6'-0-acetylginsenoside Rgi [4],majoroside Fl, gypenoside IX, X, VII [3]. 2)Polyacetylenes: (6fl,7S)-6,7-epoxytetradeca-l,3-diyne (=PQ-8) [5], 3)Essential oil: 23 compounds [6],isocaryophyllene, p-bisabolene, P-sesquiphellandrene, allomadendrene, germacrene B, a-humulene [7],linarioside A, ionol glucoside [8]. 4)Polysaccharides: PPQ1 [9], PPQ5-2 [10]. Pharmacology 1) Protective effect on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (extracts) [4], 2) Lymphocyte stimulation and interleukin induction activities (PPQ5-2) [10]. 3) Rabbit sinoatrial node electrophysiological activity and myocardial contraction in guinea pig (saponins) [11]. 4) Stimulation of cytokine production from spleen lymphocyte of mice (PPQ1) [9], 5) Significantly decreasing platelet aggregation rate and increasing superoxide dismutase activity in hyperlipidemia rats (saponins) [12]. 6) Aorta calcium antagonist activity ( saponins from stems and leaves) [13]. Hemodynamics and single calcium channel blocking activities in rats (ginsenoside Rb3) [14]. 7) Cardiovascular activities. Anti-myocardial, anti-arrhythmia, anti-hypertension, anti-shock, anti-oxidation and regulation of blood lipids (saponins) [15]. 8) Significantly facilitates male copulatory behaviors (extract) [16]. 9) Modulation of brainstem GABAergic effects [17]. 10)Immunostimulant activity (polysaccharide) [18]. ll)Protection of low density lipoproteins from oxidation (saponins) [19]. Literature: [1] Court, W. A. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1996,^,755,11; Li, T. S. C. et al: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996,44, 717; Ko, S.-R. et al: Koryo Insam Hakhoechi 1995,19,254. [2] Zhou, Y. et al: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1998,23,551. [3] Wang, J. et al: Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1997,14,135; 1999,16,28; J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1998,1,93; Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi 1997,7,130. [4] Yoshikawa, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1998,46,647.

72

[5] Satoh, M. etal:. Heterocycles 1997,45,177,321. [6] Zhou, Y. etal.: FenxiHuaxue 1997,25, 412. [7] Wee, J. J. et al: Koryo Insam Hakhoechil997,21,209. [8] Wang, J-H. et al: Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi 1998,8,201. [9] Zhu, W. et al.: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1997,13,76. [10] Ma, X-L. et al: Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 1998,14,143; Bao, W et al: Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 199S,15,U9. [11] Ma.X. et al: Xi 'an Yike Daxue Xuebaol998,19,47,77. [12] Li, G-P. et al: Baiqiuen Yike DaxueXuebaol996,22,342. [13] Guan, L-X. etal: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1996,21,431; Wu, J. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi 1995,9,155. [14] Yang, S-J. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1995,11,39. [15] Lu, Z-Z. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1996,12,395; Kwan, C-Y: Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1995,22 (Suppl. 1) S297. [16] Murphy, L. L. et al: Physiol. Behav. 1998,64,445. [17] Yuan, C.-S. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998,62,215. [18] Ma, X. et al: Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing) 1998,33,494. [19] Li, J. et al: Life Sci. 1998,64,53. *Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2000). [T. Kimura]

680

Bupleurumfalcatum

L. (Umbelliferae)

Mishimasaiko(J), Si-ho(K) Root(JP, KP) Local Drug Name: Saiko(J), Si-ho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever(J, K). 2) Hepatitis(J, K). 3) Nephritis(J, K). 4) Apoplexy(J, K). 5) Headache(J, K). 6) Malarial disease(J, K). 7) Chest distention(J, K). 8) Menstual disorder(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Saponins:saikosaponins a-d[l,2-6],saikosaponin bi,b2,b3b4[7],saikosaponin e,6"-0acetylsaiko-saponin a, 3"-0-acetylsaikosaponin d, 6"-0-acetylsaikosaponins-d, 23-0acetylsaikosaponins-a, 6"-0-acetylsaikosaponin-b4[8, 9], saikosaponin f[10], malonylsaikosaponin a, d[ll], 4"-<9-acetylsakosaponin d, hydroxysaikosaponins a, c[12]. 2)Steroids:stigmasterol[13], a-spinasterol[13, 14], p-sitosterol[14], a-spinasteryl (3-Dglucoside[15]. 3)Fattyacids[13]. 4)Alkanones: nonacosan-10-one[14]. 5)Inorganics: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu[16]. 6)Polyalcohols: adonitol[17], 7)Polysaccharides: BR-5-l[18], BR-2-IIb[19], buleuran 2IIb, 2IIc[20].

73

8) Alcohol glycosides: phenethyl alcohol 8-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l—+2)-0-p-Dapiofuranosyl-(l—>6)-P-D-glucopyranoside,phenethyl alcohol 8-0-p-D-glucopyranosyl(1—>2)-D-gluco-pyranoside, isopentenol l-0-P-D-apiofuranosyl-(l->6)-P-Dglucopyranoside, icariside Dl, icariside F2[21]. Phamacology 1) Anti-complementary acitivity(polysaccharide)[18, 19]. 2) Anti-inflammatory activity(saikosaponins a, d)[22]. 3)Hepatic protein synthesis stimulating activity(saikosaponins a, d)[23], 4) Plama cholesterol-lowering activity(saikosaponins a, d)[23], 5) Antiviral activity(saikosaponin a)[24]. 6) Central depressant activity(saponins)[25]. 7) Sedative activity[25]. 8) Analgesic activity[25]. 9) Hypothermic activity[25]. 10) Antipyretic activity[25]. 11) Membrane fluidity decreasing activity(saponins)[26, 27]. 12) Pituitary-adrenocortical axis stimulating activity(saponins)[28, 29]. 13) Corticotropin and corticosterone secretion-inducing activity(saikosaponins)[30, 31], 14) Aminonucleoside nephrosis prevention activity[32], 15) Inactivation activity of Measles and Herpes Siplex virus(saikosaponin d)[33], 16) Hepatic protective activity(saikosaponin d)[34]. 17) Anti-platelet agglegation activity(saikosaponin a)[35], 18) Anti-ulcer activity(pectic polysaccharide)[36, 37, 38]. 19) Immunoregulatory activity(saikosaponin d)[39]. 20) B-cell proliferation activity(pectic polysaccharide)[40]. Literature: [I] Kubota, T. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 303. [2] Shibata, S. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1966, 14, 1023. [3] Aimi, N. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1968,16, 641. [4] Kubota, T. etal: Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 3333. [5] Kubota, T. etal: Tetrahedron 1967, 23,3353. [6] Kubota, T. etal: Terahedron 1968, 24, 675. [7] Shimaoka, A. etal: J. Chem. Soc. PerkinI1915, 2043. [8] Ishii, H. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1977, (14), 1227. [9] Ishii, H. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980,28(8), 2367. [10] Tori, K. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1976, (46), 4167. [II] Ebata,N. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(5), 1432. [12] Ebata, N. et al: Phytochemistry 1996,41(3), 895. [13] Shibata, S. etal: Yakugaku Zassht 1966, 86(12), 1132. [14] Tomimatsu, T. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1972, 26(1), 64. [15] Ito, M. etal: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1964,18,16. [16] Suzuki, A. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 1982, 36(30), 190. [17] Nagoshi, K. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1969, 23(2), 96. [18] Yamada, H. et al: Phytochemistry 1988,27(10), 3163. [19] Yamads, H. etal: Carbohydrate Research 1989,189, 209. [20] Yamada, H.: Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1995,106(3), 229. [21] Ono, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1999, 51(6), 819. [22] Yamamoto, M. et al: Arzneim.-Forsch.(DrugRes.) 1975, 25(7), 1021. [23] Yamamoto, M. et al: Arzneim.-Forsch.{Drug Res.) 1975, 25(8), 1240. [24] Rao, G. S. etal: J. Pharmaceu. Sci. 1974,63(3), 471. [25] Takagi, K. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1969, 89(5), 712. [26] Abe, H. et al: PlantaMedica 1978,34,160. [27] Abe, H. et al: PlantaMedica 1978,34, 287. [28] Hiai, S. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29(2), 495. [29] Hiai, S. et al: Proc. Symp. Wakan-Yaku 1981, 14,163. [30] Yokoyama, H. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1982, 102(6), 555.

74

[31] Yokoyama, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32(3), 1224. [32] Abe, H. etal:. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 120, 171. [33] Ushio, Y.et al: PlantaMedica 1992, 58, 171. [34] Abe, H. et al: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1982, 320(3), 266. [35] Chang, W. C. et al: Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1991, 44(1), 51. [36] Yamada, H. et al: Carbohydrate Res. 1991, 219, 173. [37] Yamada, H. etal: PlantaMedica 1991, 57(6), 555. [38] Hirano, M. etal: Carbohydrate Res. 1994, 251, 145. [39] Kato, M. etal: Cellular Immunology 1994, 159(1), 15. [40] Sakurai, M. H. et al: Immunology 1999, 97(3), 540. [C. K. Sung]

681

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss.

(Umbelliferae)

She-chuang(C),Sair-chuang-gee(H),Jashoshi(J),Beol-sa-sang-ja(K) Related plant: Torilisjaponica (Houtt.) A.P.DC.:Yabujirami(J). Fruit(CP) Local Drag Name: She-chuang-zi(C),Sair-chuang-gee(H),Jashoshi(J),Sa-sang-ja(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K);Topical(decoction or powder mixed with liquid:C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence(C,J,K). 2) Frigidity(C,K). 3) Excessive leukorrhea caused by cold-damp(C,H,K). 4) Lumbago due to attack of damp(C,H,K). 5) External use for eczema of external genitalia,vulval itching,trichomonas vaginitis(C,J,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:/-pinene,/-camphene,bornyl isovalerate[l],osthol,(3-eudesmol,bornyl acetate[2]. 2) Coumarins: columbianadin,archangelicin,angelicin,bergapten,isopimpinellin,0acetylcolumbianetin,dihydrooreseloe,0-isovalerylcolumbianetin,3'-isobutryloxy-0acetylcolumbianetin,0-isobutrylcolumbianetin [3],xanthotoxol[4],edultin[5],cniforin A[6], B[7],imperatorin,xanthotoxin[8],2'-acetylangelicin,oroselon[9],columbianetin[10]. 3) Organic acids;palmitic acid[4]. 4) Sterols:P-sitosterol[4], 5) Chromones:rf/-umtatin,cnidimol A,B[7],C,D,E,F[11], 6) Benzofuransxnidioside A,B,cnidiol B[12], 7)Terpenes: cnidioside C, cnidiol C[12],3,7-dimethyl-l,2,6,7-tetrahydroxyoct-3(10)-ene,3methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-butane[13]. Pharmacology 1) Antimycotic effect[14], 2) Viricidal effect[15]. 3) Antitrichomonal effect[ 16]. 4) Estrogen like effect[16]. 5) Bacteriostasis[16]. 6) Anti-allergic activity[17,18]. 7) Protective effect against bronchospasm[18]. 8) Antitussive effect[18].

75

9) Antiasthmatic effect[19], 10) Preventive effect on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis(total coumarins)[20]. 11) Cytotoxic activity [21 ]. Literature: [I] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,765. [2] Xiang,R.D. et al.-.Zhongguo YaokeDaxueXuebao 1989,20(2),92. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,595. [4] Xiang,R.D. etal: Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(9),14. [5] Liu,G.Q. et aLYaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1985,5(5),308. [6] Cai,J.N. etal: Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1991,22(6),345. [7] Baba,K. et al:Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1985,39(4),282. [8] Cheng,D.D. et al.-.Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1990,25(3),164. [9] Cai,J.N. etal..YaoxueXuebao 1996,31(4),267. [10] Shi,G.D. etal: Zhiwu YanjiuZazhi 1972,47(11),326. [II] Baba,K. et al.Phytochemistry 1992,31(4)1367. [12] Yahara,S. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1993,47(1),74. [13] Kitajima,J. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(9),1667. [14] Zheng,W.F.:Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1952,38(4),315. [15] Vichkanova,S.A. etal.-.Tr. Vses. Nauch.-Issled. Inst.Lek.Rast. 1971,14,217. [16] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,597. [17] Yamahara,J. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33(4),1676. [18] Chen,Z.C. et al .Zhongyao Tongbao 1986,11(2),114. [19] Chen,Z.C. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1990,15(5),304. [20] Xie,H. et al.-.Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 1994,15(4),371. [21] Hitotsuyanagi,Y etal.-.Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996,6(15),1791. [J.X.Guo]

682

Daucus carota L.

(Umbelliferae)

Ye-hu-luo-bo(C),Ninjin(J),Dang-geun(K) Related plant: Carpesium abrotanoides L.(Compositae):Yabutabako(J). Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name:Nan-he-shi(C),Kakushitsu(J),Ho-ra-bok(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,and dry under the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ascariasis,oxyuriasis,taeniasis,abdominal pain caused by intestinal parasitosis(C,J). 2) Malnutrition and retention of undigested food due to improper feeding (C,K). 3) Cough(K). 4) Chronic dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:asarone,asaraldehyde,bisabolene[l],daucol,carotol,oc-pinene[2],tiglic acid[3], geraniol,linalool,daucene,limonene,bergamotene,elemicin,a-curcumene,camphene, a-terpinene,terpinene-4-ol,a-terpineol,a-gurjunene,bornylacetate,Y-decanolactone, P-selinene[4],geranyl acetate[5],petroselinic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid, myristicacid,palmiticacid[6],(3-bisabolene[7],a-thujene,P-pinene,(3-phellandrene, P-caryophyllene,sesquiterpene,geranyl acetate,terpinyl acetate,bornyl acetate[8],myriene,

76

A3-carene[9]. 2) Anthraquinones[2]. 3)Sugars[4]. 4)Alkaloids[4], 5)Steroids:daucusine,daucosterol[4]. 6)Furanocoumarins:psoralen[10],5-methoxypsoralen,8-methoxypsoralen,isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin,imperatorin,oxypecucedanin,sphondin[ 11], 7)Flavonoids:apigenin-4'-0-P-D-glucoside,kaempferol-3-0-(3-D-glucoside,apigenin-7-0-P-Dgalactopyranosyl-( 1 —>4)-0-|3-D-mannopyranoside[ 12]. 8)Proteins:EIP18[13],oleosins[14],|3-fructofuranosidase[15],lectin[16]. 9)Phospholipids:phosphatidylcholines,phosphatidylethanolamines[17],phosphatidylinositol [18]. 10) Inorganic substances:Ce,In[ 19],Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd[20],Se[21 ]. 11) Others:difenoconazole[22]. Pharmacology 1) Antidysenteric effect[2]. 2) Killing hookworm effect[4]. 3) Dilating coronary artery effect[4]. 4) Antifertility e£fect[4]. 5) Agglutinating effect[16]. 6) Sedative effect[23,24], 7) Anticulsive effect[23], 8) Spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle[25]. 9) Antibacterial effect[25-27]. 10) Inhibitory effect on uterine contraction[28]. 11) Papaverine effect[29]. 12) Carboxylesterase effect[30]. 13) Estrogenic effect[31-32]. Literature: [I] Zhu,K.U.:YaoxueXuebao 1953,1,73. [2] Song,YR:YaoxueXuebao 1957,5,159. [3] Zhu,Y.R. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1957,5(2), 157. [4] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol3,98. [5] Pinilla,M.G. etal.J. Essent. Oil Res. 1995,7(4),433. [6] Zaka,S. etal.:Sci. Int.(Lahore) 1990,2(4),313. [7] Tung,C.Y. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),13. [8] Ashraf,M. etal.:Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1979,22(5),258. [9] Ashraf,M. etal.Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1977,20(2),103. [10] Zobel,A. et al.:Can. J. Bot. 1991,69(3),485. [II] Ceska,0. et al.:Phytochemistry 1986,26(1), 165. [12] Gunta K.R. et al.PlantaMed. 1982,46(4),240. [13] Satoh et al.-.Plant Cell Physiol 1995,36(2),313. [14] Murphy,D.J.e? al.Plant Lipid Biochem.,Struct. Util.,Proc. Int. Symp. Plant Lipids,9th 1990,477. [15] Unger,C. etal:Eur. J. Biochem. 1992,204(2),915. [16] Liu,Y. et al..Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 1991,7(6),679. [17] Rao,Y.N. etal.Fett. Wiss. Technol. 1989,91(12),482. [18] Prasad,RB.N. et al: J. Am.Oil Chem. Soc. 1987,64(10),1424. [19] Ajupov,R.M. etal.Dokl. Akad. NaukResp. Uzb. 1993,(2),34. [20] Zalewski,W. etal.Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 1994,45(1-2),19. [21] Diaz-Alarcon. etal.J.Agric. FoodChem. 1994,42(12),2848. [22] Englert,K.et al.:GITFachz Lab. 1996,40(1),6. [23] Dandiya,P.C. etal.Brit. J. Pharmacol. 1963,20,436. [24] Dandiya,P.C. etal.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1964,145,42. [25] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,770. [26] Kilibarda,V. et al.:Pharmazie 1996,51(10),777-778.

77

[27] Grover,G.S. et al..Indian Drugs Pharm. Ind. 1978,13(1),39. [28] Dhar,V.J.:P/ontoMeJ.1975,28,Hept 1,12. [29] GamBHiR,S.S. etal.Ind. J. Med. Res. 1966,54(2),178;54(1),1053. [30] Melati,M.R. etal: Eur. J. Histochem. 1996,40(2), 159. [31] Kant,A. et al.J. Adv. Zoo! 1986,7(1),36. [32] Sharma,M.M. etal. .Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1976,14(4),506. [J.X.Guo] 683

Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) D C . (Umbelliferae) [ = O. javanica (Bl.) DC. ] Shui-qin(C), Seri(J), Mi-na-ri (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Shui-qin(C), Su-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, Kjuice:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(C,J,K). 2)Jaundice(J, K). 3)Rheumatic arthlargia (J, K). 4)Urinary tract infection(C). 5) Metrorrhagia(C). 6)Gastrospasm(J). 7)Common cold(J). 8)Edema(K). 9)Carbuncle(K). lO)Gonorrhea(K). ll)Scrofula(K). Flower Local Drug Name: Geun-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema(K). 2) Hemorrhage(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phthalates: diethylphthalate, n-butyl 2-ethylbutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylbutyl) phthalate[l]. 2) Amino acids: serine, asparagine, threonine, alanine, glutamine, valine, leucine, proline, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, P-aminobutyric acid, phenylalanine[2]. Phamacology 1) Arrythmias prevention activity[3]. Literature: [1] Asakawa, Y. et al: Experientia 1969, 25(9), 907. [2] Matsushita, A.: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1957,10, 138. [3] Zhang, H. etal: ChungKuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1995, 20(1), 44. [C. K. Sung]

684

Rhododendron

mucronulatum

78

Turcz.

(Ericaceae)

Ying-hong-du-juan(C), Ryukyu-tsutsuji(J), Jin-dal-rae(K) Flower, root, stem, leaf Local Drug Name: Ying-hong-du-juan(C), Baek-hwa-young-san-hong(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough(C, K). 2)Cold and headache(C). 3)Asthma(C). 4)Bronchitis(C). 5)Hematemesis(K). 6)Dysentery(K). 7)Coritusion(K). 8)Scabies(K). 9)Favus(K). lO)Arthritis(K). ll)Erysipelas(K). 12)Neuralgia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: limonene, 1,8-cineol, borneol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, bisabolene, allo-aromadendrene[l], oc-humulene, caryophyllene[2]. 2)Triterpenes: taraxerol, campanulin, taraxerone, friedelin, simiarenol, betulin, uvaol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid[3]. 3)Flavonoids: afzelin, ampelopsin, catechin, myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, quercitrin[4], cyanidin, delphinidin[5]. 4)Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid, 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-0-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic aicd, />-coumaric acid[6], Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity(flavonoids, phenolic acids) [4, 6], Literature: [1] Belousov, M. V. et al: Rastit. Resur. 1995,31(4), 41. [2] Belousov, M. V. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1995, (6), 908. [3] Belova, N. V. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1970, 6(1), 137. [4] Chung, T. Y. et al: Han 'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi 1996, 39(4), 320. [5] Kim, K. W. et al:Han 'guk Wonye Hakhoechi 1996, 37(4), 582. [6] Chung, T. Y. et al: Han 'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi 1996, 39(6), 506. [C. K. Sung]

685

Anagallis

arvensis L.

(Primulaceae)

Hai-lu (C), Rurihakobe (J), Byeol-bom-I-ggot (K) Whole herb Local Drug Name: Si-nian-huang (C), Rurihakobe (J). Processing: Fresh (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (juice ordecoction: C, J);Topical (leaf juice: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake bite (C, J). 2) Mad dog bite (C, J).

79

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins: a triterpene glycoside: anagalline [1]. 2)Triterpenoids: anagalligenone B [2], 3)Phenolics: 1-caffeoyl glucose [3]. 4)Flavonoids: 14 glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antifungus. Literature: [1] Staron, T. etal:. C. A. 1971,75,59769; Phytiat.-Phytopharm. 1969,18,161; Bajaj, Y. P. S.: Biotechnol. Agric. For. 1999,43,1. [2] Heiyz, S. et al.: Bull. Sol. Cheim. France 1971, 2320. [3] Harbone, J. B. etal: Biochem. J. 1961,81,242. [4] Kawashty, S. A. etal: Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1998,26,663. [T. Kimura]

686

Primula sieboldii E. Morn

(Primulaceae)

Ying-cao(C), Sakuraso (J), Aeng-cho (K) Root and rhizome Local Drug Name: Cui-lan-cao (C), Osokon (J), Aeng-ch-geun (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema (J). 2) Wound (J). 3) Cough (C, J, K). 4) Bronchitis (C). 5) Pharyngitis (C)„ Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Saponins: protoprimulagenin A, aegicerin and primulagenin A as the aglycones of sakurasosaponin [l],sakuraso-saponin [2], Literature: [1] Kitagawa, Let al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1972,20,2226; Tetrahedron Letters 1968,5377. [2] Kitagawa, I. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1976,24,2470; Idem: ibid 1967,15,1435. [T. Kimura]

687

Diospyros lotus L. (Ebenaceae) Jun-qian-zi(C), Shinano-gaki(J), Go-yom-na-mu(K)

Related plants: D. kaki Thunb.:Shi(C), Kaki(J), Gam-na-mu(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Jun-qian-zi(C), Gun-cheon-ja(K).

80

Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diabetes(C, K). 2) Leucorrhea(K). 3) Female's gonorrhea(K). 4) Ascariasis(K). 5) Fever(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: P-amyrin, ursolic acid acetate[l], taraxerone[l-2], betulinic acid, taraxerol[l-5], betulin, oleanolic acid-3-O-acetate, uvaol[2], lupeol[2, 4], ursolic acid[2, 4, 6], allooxybetulin[3-5], maslinic acid[6]. 2)Alkanes: hentriacontan-l-ol[3]. 3) Steroids: P-sitosterol[3]. 4) Sesquiterpenes:abscisic acid[6]. 5)Quinoids: isodiospyrin[2, 7-8], /-isodiospyrin, bis-isodiospyrin[4-5], 7-methyl juglone[4-5, 8-9], mamegakinone[4, 8-9]diospyrin, neodiospyrin, shinanolone[9]. 6)Flavonoids: myricitrinflO]. Phamacology 1) Antiviral activity[ll]. Literature: [I] Khasan, T. etal:. Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975, 11(1), 118. [2] Zakaria, M. etal.: Phytochemistry 1984, 23(7), 1481. [3] Bhakuni, D. S. et al: Phytochemistry 1971, 10, 2829. [4] yoshihira, K. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1971, 19, 2308. [5] Yoshihira, K. etal: Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 7. [6] Kakinuma, J. et al: Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 20278. [7] Marston, A. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1984, 295(2), 526. [8] Tikkanen, L. etal/.Mutat. Res. 1983, 124(1), 25. [9] Tezuka, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1973, 12, 175. [10] Nakaoki, T. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1960, 80, 1298. [II] Van Den Berghe, D. A. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1978, 41, 463. [C. K. Sung]

688

Styraxjaponica S. et Z. (Styracaceae) Ye-mo-li(C), Egonoki(J), Ddae-juk-na-mu(K)

Fruit and fruit peel Local Drug Name: Ye-mo-li(C), Je-don-gwa-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sore throat(C). 2) Toothache(C). 3) Intractable phlegm(J). 4) Syphilis(K). 5) Weakness(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry

81

1) Lignans: egonol, demethoxy egonol, demethoxy homoegonol[l], Phamacology 1) Uterine stimulant effect[2], 2) Cytotoxic activity[3], 3) Spasmolytic activity[4]. Literature: [1] Takanashi, M. et al:. Yukagaku 1988, 37(12), 1162. [2] Goto, M. etal: Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo 1957, 16, 21. [3] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994,48(4), 338. [4] Lee, E. B. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1991, 22(4), 246. [C. K. Sung]

689

Styrax tonkinensis

(Pierre) Craib ex Hart.

(Stytacaceae)

Bai-hua-shu(C),On-sick-heung(H),Weol-nam-an-sik-hyang-na-mu(K) Related plant: S. benzoin Dryand.: An-xi-xiang-shu (C). Resin(CP) Local Drug Name:An-xi-xiang(C), On-sick-heung(H),Ansokuko(J),An-sik-hyang(K). Processing:Dry in the shade(C,K). Method of Adminisration:Oral(pills or powder:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Loss of consciousness in stroke and attack of noxious factors,syncope due to violent excitement or postpartem anemia(C,H,J,K). 2) Pain in the chest and epigastrium(C,H,K). 3) Infantile convulsion(C,H,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Resins[l]:siaresinolic acid,coniferyl benzoate[2], 2) Oranic acids :benzoic acid,cinnamyl benzoate[2]. 3) Aldehydes:vanillin[2]. Pharmacology 1) Expectorant effect [3]. 2) Anti-inflammatory effect[3], 3) Analgesic effect[3]. 4) Antiseptic effect[4]. Literature: [1] Lian,W.Y. et al.Yaoxue Xuebao 1964,11(10),700. [2] Jiangsu New College of Medicine: "Zhongyao Da Cidian" 1977,955. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 5,744. [4] Zhang,C.S.:Yaolixue 1965,189. [J.X.Guo]

690

Jasminum

sambac (L.) Ait.

(Oleaceae)

Mo-li (C), Mood-lay (H),Matsurika (J)

82

Flower Local Drug Name: Mo-li-hua (C), Mood-lay (H), Matsurika (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J), topical (decoction or paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea (C, H, J). 2) Abdominal pain (J). 3) Conjunctivitis (C, J). 4) .Cold and fever (C, H). Root Local Drug Name: Mo-li-gun (C), Mood-lay-gun (H), Matsurikon (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Headache (J). 2) Insomnia (C, H, J). 3) Traumatic injury (C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oil: benzoic acid, linalool, 2-butanone, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, geraniol, 2-pentanone, phenol, ethyl formate, ethyl salicylate, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, benzyl benzoate, methyl 2-aminobenzoate, benzyl acetate, geranial, ethyl acetate, 5-cadinene, hexadecane, a-patchoulene, dimethyl disulfide, tetradecane, heptadecane, phytane, pristane, a-muurolene [1]. Literature: [1] Guo, Y. et al: Fujian Fenxi Ceshi 1998,7,785. [T. Kimura]

691

Ligustrum purpurascens

Y.C. Yang

(Oleaceae)

Zi-jing-nu-zhen (C), Foo-ding-cha (H) Related Plant: Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume:Cu-zhuang-nu-zhen(C) Leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-ding-cha (C), Foo-ding-cha (H). Processing: Steam and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (infusion: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases (C, H). 2) Infection (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: ligupurpurosides A-B, osmanthuside B, acteoside, cosmosiin, rhoifolin [1],

luteolin-7-glucoside,

Literature: [1] He, Z.D. et al.: Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1992, 14, 328. [P.P.H. But]

83

692

Ligustrum

robustum

(Roxb.) Blume

(Oleaceae)

Cu-zhuang-nu-zhen (C), Foo-ding-cha (H) Related Plant: Ligustrum purpurascens Y.C. Yang:Zi-jing-nu-zhen(C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-ding-cha (C), Foo-ding-cha (H). Processing: Steam and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (infusion: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases (C, H). 2) Infection (C, H). Fruit Local Drug Name: Zang-nu-jing (C). Processing: Dry. Method of Adminitration: Oral (powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Grey hair (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: ligurobustosides [1-2]. Literature: [1] Tian, J. et al: Chin. Chem. Lett. 1996, 7, 341. [2] Tian, J. et al: Phytochemistry 1998,48, 1013. [P.P.H. But]

693

Osmanthus fragrans

Lour, van aurantiacus Gui-hua (C), Kinmokusei (J)

Related plants: O. fragrans Lour.: Usugi-mokusei (J) Flower, fruit, root Local Drug Name: Gui-hua (C), Kinmokusei (J). Processing: Dry in the shade (J),or under the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J; liquor: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastritis (J). 2) Hypotonia (J). 3) Insomnia (J). 4) Toothache (C). 5) Lumbago (C). 6) Amenorrhea (C). 7) Cough (C). 8) Rheumatism(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenoids: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, uvaol [1].

84

Makino

(Oleaceae)

2)Steroids: P-sitosterol [1]. 3)Carotenoids: all-frara-P-carotene, neo-P-carotene, all-?ra«s-a-carotene [2]. 4) Essential oil [3]. Pharmacology l)Insect repellent effect for cockroach and ant (essential oil) [4]. Literature: [1] Ishigura, T. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1958,78,287. [2] Suzuki, N.ef al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1959,7,133. [3] Wu, H.-M. et al:. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1997,19,213. [4] Sugiyama, T. et al:. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo KohoJP 10130114 A2 19 May 1998. [T. Kimura]

694

Gentiana macrophylla

Pall.

(Gentianaceae)

Qin-jiao (C), Chun-gou (H), Dae-yeop-yong-dam (K). Related plant: Gentiana straminea Maxim.: Ma-hua-qin-jiao (C). G. crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.: Cu-jing qin-jiao (C). G. dahurica Fisch.: Xiao-qin-jiao (C). Root(CP) Local Drug Name: Qin-jiao (C), Chun-gou (H), Jingyo (J), Jin-gyo (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Jaundice (H, J, K). 2) Headache (K). 3) Arthritis (K). 4) Neuralgia (K). 5) Rheumatic arthritis with muscular confracture and severe joint pain (C). 6) Fever recurring in the afternoon (C). 7) Fever in infants with malnutrition (C). 8) Hemorrhoid (J). 9) Dysuria (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Iridoids: gentiopicroside, sweroside, 6'-0-P-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, 6'-0-P-Dglucosyl-sweroside, trifolioside, rindoside, kurarionine, kushenol [1]. 2)Alkaloids: gentianine (artefact) [2]. 3)Steroids and tripterpenes: P-sitosterol, stigmasterol, daucosterol, P-sitosterol-3-O-gentiobioside, a-amyrin, oleanolic acid [1]. Pharmacology 1) Fungicide. Inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans (kurarinone methyl ester) [1], 2) Antipyretic effect (decoction) [3], Literature: [1] Tan, R. X. et al: Phytochem. 1996,42,1305. [2] Fu, F.-Y.etal: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1958,6,198. [3] Hutchins, L. G. et al: Chin. J. Physiol. 1937,11, 35.

85

695

Menyanthus

trifoliata L.

(Gentianaceae)

Shui-cai (C), Mitsugashiwa (J), Jo-reum-na-mul (K) Leaf or whole herb Local Drug Name: Shui-cai (C), Suisaiyo (J), Su-chae (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastritis, indigestion (C, J, K). 2) Stomachache (J). 3)Anxiety (J). 4) Hypertension (C). 5) Jaundice (C). 6) Cholecystitis (C). 7) Cardiopalmus (C). 8) Insomnia (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: trifolin (=trifolioside) [l],gentianine, gentianidine, gentialutine, gentiatibetine [2]. 2) Steroids: a-spinasterol [3], Literature: [1] Krebs, K. G. et al.Arch. D. Pharm. 1958,291/63 Bd.,163. [2] Rulko, F.: C. A. 1970,72,67158;Rocz. Chem. 1969,43,1831. [3] Popov, St.: C. A. 1969,71,67921;Dokl. Bolg. Akad. Nauk 1969,22,293. [T. Kimura]

696

Catharanthus

roseus (L.) G. Don.

(Apocynaceae)

Chang-chun-hua(C), Cheung-chun-fah (H), Nichi-nichi-ka(J), Il-il-cho(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Chang-chun-hua(C), Cheung-chun-fah (H), Nichi-nichi-so(J), Il-il-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K);Raw material(for extraction of vincristine sulfate and vinblastine sulfate(J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Leukemia (C, H, J, K). 2) Hypertension (C, H, J). 3) Lymphosarcoma (C). 4) Giant follicular lymphoma (C). 5) Malignant lymphatic tumors (J). 6) Diabetes (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Indole alkaloids: ajmalicine[l-6], alstonine[l, 7-8], ajmaline[9], cavincidine, cavincine[10], akuammicine[10-13], carosidine[10, 13-15], ammocalline, ammorosine[10, 14], akummine, carosine, leurosidine, leurosivine, lochnericine, lochneridine, lochnerine, lochnerinine, lochnerivine, lochrovicine, lochrovidine, lochrovine, maandrosine, mitraphylline,

86

pericalline, perimivine, perividine, perivine, perosine, pleurosine, reserpine, rovidine, serpentine, sitsirikine, dihydro-sitsirikine, /so-sitsirikine, vinaphamine, vinaspine, vincamicine, vincarodine, cincathicine, vincokidine, vincoline, vindolicine, vindolidine, vindolinine, vindorosine, vinosidine, vinsedicine, vinsedine, virosine[13], catharicine[13, 16], catharine[13,16-17], vindoline[15], cantharanthine[15,18], catharosine[16, 19], deacetyl aduammiline[20], aparicine[21], bannucine[22], catharanthamine[23], catharanthine[24-27], catharanthus roseus alkaloid B, C, D[28], coronaridine[29], fluorocarpamine, fluorocarpamine-N-oxide[30], gomaline[31-32], rosamine[32], norharman[33], horhammericine[34], indole-3-acetic acid[35], leucolombine, vinamidine[36], leurocristine[37], leurosine[38], roseadine[39], rosicine[40], strictosidine[41], tabersonine[42], vincadioline[43], vincaleukoblastine[44], vincaline I, II[45]. 2)Triterpenoids: a-amyrin acetate[46], oleanolic acid[47], ursolic acid[48]. 3)Steroids: |3-sitosterol[48]. 4) Sesquiterpenoids: roseoside[49]. 5)Monoterpenoids: dehydro-loganin, sweroside[49], Catharanthus roseus iridoid glucoside, deoxy-loganin[50], loganic acid, seco-loganic acid, loganin, seco-loganin, secologanoside[51]. 6)Benzenoids: 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid[52]. 7)Phenylpropanoids: p-coumaric acid[52]. 8)Flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin[52], hirsutidin, malvidin, petunidin[53], 9)Alkanes: myricyl alcohol[54], 10) Lipids: oleic acid[55], ricinoleic acid[56]. Phamacology l)Antibacterial activity(aparicine)[20] (alkaloids)[57]. 2)Antitumor activity[58](vincaleukoblastine, leurosine)[59](vinblastine)[60]. 3)Cytotoxic activity[58, 61-62]. 4) Antiviral activity[63-64]. 5)Antimutagenic activity[65], 6)Antihyperglycemic activity[66-68]. 7)Antifungal activity[69-70]. 8)Antidiuretic activity[71], 9)Larvicidal activity[72]. 10) Protease inhibition activity[73], 11) Leukopenic activity(alkaloidfraction)[74]. 12) Antimitotic activity(alkaloid fraction)[75], 13) Antispermatogenic activity(total alkaloids)[76]. 14) Antihypercholesterolemic activity[77]. 15) Antiinflammatory activity[78], 16) Antihyperlipemic activity[79]. Literature: [l]Ciulei, I. etal:. Farmacia 1965,13(6), 321. [2]Ky, P. T. etal.: Tap ChiDuocHoc 1995, 5(2/3), 256. [3]Ali, I.: Gomal Univ. J. Res. 1990,10(1), 27. [4]Sevestre-Rigouzzo, M. etal.: Euphytica 1993, 55(1), 151. [5]Saenz, L. etal: J. Plant Physiol. 1993, 142, 244. [6]Lastra, H. et al: Rev. CubanaFarm 1992, 26(1), 56. [7]Pillay, P. P. er al. :J.Sci. [8]Shimizu,M.e? al:Chem.Pharm.Bull. 1958,6,324. [9]Kamata, H.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1986, 61 274,694: 6PP [10]Svoboda, G. H. et al: Lloydia 1963, 26,141. [1 l]Mukhopadhyay, S. et al:. J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 44, 335. [12]Weiss, S. G.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 1974, 35, 2669. [13]Svoboda, G. A.: Current Topics in Plant Science. J. E. Gunckel(Ed.), Academic Press, New York 1969, 303. [14]Svoboda, G. H.: J. Pharm. Sci. 1963, 52-407.

87

;i5]Leete, E. et al:.J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4168. 16]William, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970,33S, 1. [17]Svoboda, G. H. et at. J. Pharm. Sci. 1961, 50, 409. [18]Verzele, M. et at. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 214, 95. 19]Moza, B. K. et at. Chem. Ind.(London) 1965, 1260. 20]Rahman, A.-U. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(2), 388. ;21]Rqjas, M. C. N. et at. Rev. Cub ana Farm 1981, 15(2), 131. 22]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11986, 6, 923. 23]E1-Sayed, A. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1981,44, 289. 24]Cuellar Cuellar, A. et at. Rev. Cubana Fram 1974, 8,229. 25]Hara, Y.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1991, 03 224,480, 5 pp. 26]Tam, M. N. et at J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1995, 18(5), 849. "27]Lastra Valdes, H. etat.Rev. Cubana Farm 1978,12,185. [28]Madati, P. J. et at. J. Afr. Med. PI. 1979, 2 , 1 . i29]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 554. 30]Rahman, A. U. et at. PlantaMed. 1983, 49(2), 124. ;31]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Heterocycles, 1984, 22(1), 85. 32]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Fitoterapia 1986, 57(6), 438. "33]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. PlantaMed. 1985, 3, 287. ;34]Balsevich, J. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1988, 51(6), 1173. 35]Bandyopadhyay, M. N. etal:. Physiol. SexReprod. Flowering Plants Int. Symp. IST1976, 102. 36]Smith, S. L. et at Lloydia 1974, 37(4), 645D. 37]Volkov, S. K.: Khim. Farm. Zh. 1996, 30(6), 36. 38]Svoboda, G. H.: Patent-US 1968, 3,370,057. ;39]E1-Sayed, A. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1983, 46(4), 517. 40]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25(52), 6051. 41]Luijendijk, T. J. C. et at. J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 22(8), 1355. 42]DeLuca, V. etal.: Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures II V)%9, 154. : 43]Jones, W. E. et at. Patent-US 1975, 3,887,565. 44]Masoud, A. N. et at. Lloydia 1968, 3192), 202. 45]Ramiah, N.: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1964,41, 552. 46]Khan, N. et at. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1981, 58, 628. 47]Ali, M. E. etal: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1979, 14, 354. 48]Nguyen Ngoc Suoun et al.: Tap Chi Hoa Hoc 1984, 22( 1), 5. 49]Bhakuni, D. S. et at Phytochemistry 1974,13, 2541. 50]Bhakuni, D. S. etal.: Indian J. Chem. 1972, 10, 454. 51]Guarnaccia, R. et al.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1974,96, 7079. 52]Daniel, M. etal: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1978, 16(4), 512. 53]Milo, J.: Thesis-MS-Hebrew University 1981, 74pp. ~54]Tangkongchitr, U.: Master Thesis-Chulalongkorn Univ. 1973, 43pp. 55]Dokya, V. S. etal: Farm Zh.(Kiev) 1985,2, 76. 56]Garg, S. P. et at J. Oil Technol. Ass. IndiafBombay) 1987, 19(3), 63. 57]Rqjas, N. M. et al: First Latinamerican and Caribbean Symposium on Pharmacologically Active Natural Products, Havana, Cuba, June 21-28 1980 1982,194. 58]El-merzanani, M. M. etal: PlantaMed. 1979, 36, 150. 59]Johnson, I. S. etal: CacerRes. 1960, 20, 1016. 60]Gomez, G. A. et al: Cancer Treat Rep. 1979, 63, 1385. 61]Petiard, V.: J. Med. 1981, 447. 62] Anon, S.: Abstr Seminar on the Development of Drugs from Medicinal Plants, Bangkok, Thailand 1982, 129. 63]Misawa, M.: Plant Tissue Culture its Bio-Technol. Appl. Int. Congr. 1st 1977, pp. 17-26. 64]Zaidi, Z. B. etal: Curr. Sci. 1988, 57(3), 151. 65]Lim-Sylianco, C. Y. et at Bull. Philipp. Boochem. Soc. 1981, 4(1), 1. 66]Shrotri, D. S. et at J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. Sci. Ed 1959, 48, 659. 67]Benjamin, B. D. etal: Phytother. Res. 1994, 8(3), 185. 68]Chattopadhyay, R. R. etal: Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1991, 35(3), 145.

88

[69]Kubas, J.: Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Bot. 1972, 15, 87. [70]Rai, M. K. etal: Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1988, 30(1/2), 33. [71]Neogi, N. C. et al: Indian J. Pharmacy 1956,18, 73. [72]Kalyanasundaram, M. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1985, 82(1), 19. [73]Chile, S. K. etal.: Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1984, 26(3/4), 114. [74]Chang, S. Y. et al.: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1965,12, 772. [75]E1-Merzabani, M. M. et al: PlantaMed. 1979, 36, 87. [76]Joshi, M. S. et al: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968, 6, 256. [77]Asthana, R. B. et al: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1979, 16, 30. [78]Chattopadhyay, R. R et al: Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1992,36(4), 291. [79]Muchyerjee, B. etal: Fitoterapia 1995, 66(6), 483. [C. K. Sung]

697

Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae) [= C. odollam Gaertn.] Hai-mang-guo (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H)

Bark and Leaf Local Drug Name: Hai-mang-guo (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H). Processing: Collect all year round. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Constipation (C, H) Seed Local Drug Name: Hai-mang-guo-zi (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H). Processing: Collect ripe fruits and take out seeds. Method of Administration: Topical (H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Surgical ointment as topical anesthetic (H). Contraindications: Very toxic, external uses only. Poisoning symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, respiratory distress, finally death from cardiac arrest [14-15]. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: cerberin, neriifolin, thevetin B, 2'-0-acetyl thevetin B, gentiobiosyl thevetoside, glucosyl thevetoside, tanghinigenin thevetoside, 17(3H-tanghinigenin thevetoside, 17pHdeacetyltanghinin, 17(3H-neriifolin, deacetyltanghinin, 17a-neriifolin, 17adeacetyltanghinin, cerleaside A, cerdollaside, 17oc-cerdollaside, solanoside, 17a-solanoside, tanghinigenin ct-L-acofrioside, cerleaside B, 17oc-digitoxigenin p-D-glucos-3-ulosyl-(l-»4)a-L-thevetoside, 17a-tanghinigenin P-D-glucos-3-ulosyl-(l—>4)-ot-L-thevetoside, digitoxigenin P-D-gentiotriosyl-(l—»4)-oc-L-thevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-D-apiosyl(1 —»6)-P-D-glucosyl-( 1 —»4)-a-L-thevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-cellobiosyl-( 1 ->4)-a-Lthevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-gentiobiosyl-(l—»4)-a-L-thevetoside [1-3]. 2) Iridoids: cerbinal, cerberic acid, cerberinic acid, theveside, theviridoside [4, 13]. 3) Flavonoids: nicotiflorin, rutin, manghaslin, clitorin [5, 11]. 4) Lignans: cerberalignan A-N [6-7], olivil, /-carinol, and d-cycloolivil [16]. 5) Normonoterpenoids: cerberidol, epoxycerberidol, cyclocerberidol, and their P-Dallopyranosides [8], Pharmacology 1) Positive inotropic effect [9-10].

89

2) Sedative effect [12]. 3) Inhibitory effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in a mouse mammary organ culture [16]. Literature: [lJMatsubara, T.: Nippon Kagakukaishi 1930, 58,1104,1195,1201, 1230. [2]Abe, F. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25,2744, 3422. [3]Yamauchi, T. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 2744, 4813,4993. [4]Abe, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25,3422. [5]Sakushima, A. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980,28,1219. [6]Abe, F. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 795. [7]Abe, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 3627; 1989, 28, 3473. [8]Abe, F. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,2639. [9]Chen, K.K. etal: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1942, 76, 167 [10] Yen, Y.C.: Chung HuaIHsueh Tsa Chih 1974, (10), 642. [lljSakushima, A. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1976, 96, 1046. [12]Hien, T.T. etal: J. Ethnopharm. 1991,34, 201. [13]Inouye, H. et al: Phytochemistry 1972, 11,1852. [14]Narendranathan, M. et al. Ind. Heart J. 1975, 27, 283. [15]Narendranathan, M. etal. J. Ass. Phys. India 1975, 23, 757. [16]Lee, S.K. etal.: Comb. Chem. High Thro. Screen. 1998; 1, 35. [P.P.H. But]

698

Rauwolfia

serpentina

Benth.

(Apocynaceae)

She-gen-mu (C), Indo-jaboku (J), In-do-sa-mok (K) Root, stem, bark and leaf Local Drug Name: She-gen-mu(C), Rauwolfia (J), In-do-sa-mok (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (J, K). Method of Administration:Oral (decoction: C),isolated medicine(Reserpine and ajmaline:J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: Reserpine 1) Hypertension (C,J, K). 2) Schizophrenia (J, K). 3) Cerebral apoplexy (J, K). Ajmaline 1) Extrasystole (J, K). 2) Trachycardia (J, K) 3) Atrial fibrillation (J, K). Decoction 1) Hypertension (C). 2) Epilepsy (C). 3) Fever (C). 4) Snake bite (C). Contraindications: Toxic, dangerous drug. Carefully on nervous system, liver and cardiac reaction. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: reserpine [1], ajmaline, isoajmaline [2], serpentinine [3, 4], desrpidine [5], raunatine [6], ajmalicine [7], 2) Essential oil: serpoterpine [8]. 3) Steroids: stigmasterol [9], |3-sitosterol, a2-sitosterol [10],

90

Pharmacology 1) Somnic, blood pressure depression (reserpine) [11]. 2) Antiarrhythmia (ajmaline) [11]. Literature: [l]Van Itallie, L. et al: Arch. Pharm. 1932,270,313; Steinhauer, A. J.: Pharm. Weekbl. 1974,89,874, 876; Mueller, J. M., et al: Experientia 1952,8,338; Yamazaki, E: Nippon KagakuKaishi 1961,82,72; Ban, Y.et al.: Chem. &Ind. 1961,948. [2] Siddiqui, S. et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1931,8,667; 1939,16,421; Woodward, R. B.: Angew. Chem. 1956,68,13; Robinson, R. Angew. Chem. 1957,69,40. [3] Chatterjee, A.et al.: C. A. 1960,54,11065; Sci. Cult. 1959,25,84; Kaneko, H.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1960, 80,1357,1362,1365,1370,1374,1493; Tsarenko, N. Ya. et al.: Apotechn. £>e/o,1965,14,49. [4] Irie, H. et al: Chem. Comm. 1972, 871. [5] Aldrich, P. E. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959,81,2481. [6] Kolesnikov, D. G. et al.: C A. 1962,57,954;M Prom. S S. S. R. 1961,15(12), 25. [7]Wenkert, E. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961,83,5037; Shamma, M. Moss, J. B.: ibid. 1961,83,5038. [8] Pillay, P. P. et al: C. A. 1960,54,16746; Bull. Research Inst, Univa Kerala. Trivandrum Ser. A 1959,6(1),14. [9] Hampel, B. et al: Naturwissenschaften 1962,49,395. [10] Khaleque, A. et al: C. A. 1970,72,129421; Sci. Res. 1969,6,162. [lljPetter, A.: Artzneimittel-Forsch. 1974,24,874,876; Robinson, R.: "Festschrift Arthur Stoll"1957, 457, Birkhauser-Verlag; Koskinen, A. et al: Progress in the Chem. Natur. Prod. 1983,43 .Springer-Verlag. [T. Kimura]

699

Trachelospermum

asiaticum Nakai van intermedium

Nakai

(Apocynaceae)

Ya-zhou-ruo-shi(C), Ma-sak-jul(K) Related plants: T. Ja«n/Ho;Je,s(Lindl.)Lem.:Ruo-shi(C,H); T. asiaticum Nakai: Ri-ben-ruoshi(C),Teika-kazura(J). Stem and Leaf Local Drug Name: Ruo-shi-teng(C), Nak-seok-deung(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K), use when fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste, powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatalgia(C,H,J,K). 2)Contusion(C,H,K). 3) Tonsillitis(J). 4) Pharyngitis(J). 5) Articular pain(J). 6) Hemorrhage(K). 7) Hematemesis(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Nak-seok-gwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Myalgia and ostalgia(K).

91

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lignans: secolauriciresinol diferulate[l], wo-secolauriciresinol diferulate[2]. 2) Benzenoids: l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-heptan-3,5-diol, l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-heptan3-ol-5-one, l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-hex-4-ene-3-one[l], alnusdiol, vanillic acid, vanillin[l-2], alnusone, slnusonol, alnusoxide, hannolinin, hannolinol, l,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hept-3-en-5-one, syringic acid[2], 1,4-di-O-galloyl-P-D-glucoside, 4,6-di-O-galloylp-D-glucoside[3], 3) Quinoids: 2,6-dimethoxy l,4-benzoquinone[2]. 4) Alicyclics: 5-O-galloyl shikimic acid[3]. 5) Tannins: alnusjaponin A, B, casuarinin, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxy diphenoyl-D-glucose, flosin A, gemin D, pedunculagin, praecoxin A, stachyurin, strictinin4,6-(S)-valoneoyl-D-glucose[3]. 6) Flavonoids: acacetin, acacetin-7-methyl ether, ayanin, 3-methyl betuletol5,7-dihydroxy-4',6dimethoxy flavone, kaempferide, pectolinarigenin, rhamnazin, wo-rhamnetin[4]. 7) Lipids: prostaglandin F2a[5], Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[6-7]. Literature: [1] Nomura, M. et al: Chem. Commun. 1975,316. [2] Nomura, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1981, 20,1097. [3] Lee, M. W. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(8), 2835. [4] Wollenweber, E.: Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1975, 3,47. [5] Tamai, I. et al: IgakuNo Ayumi 1982,121,179. [6] Rhan, L. I. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1992, 23(1), 62. [7] Lee, I. R. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1992, 23(2), 132. [C. K. Sung]

700

Asclepias curassavica L.

(Ascelpiadaceae)

Ma-li-jin (C), Lin-sunk-gwai-jee (H), Touwata (J), Geum-bong-hwa (K) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Lian-sheng-gui-zi-hua (C), Lin-sunk-gwai-jee (H), Yeon-saeng-gye-ja-hwa (K) Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tonsillitis (H, K). 2) Pneumonia (H, K). 3) Mastitis (C, H). 4) Bronchitis (H, K). 5) Urethritis (H, K). 6) Eczema (C, H). 7) Irregular menstruation( K) 8) Carbuncle (C). 9) Fracture (C). Adverse effects: Toxic. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: asclepiadin [1], curassavicin [2], calotropin [3], quercetin 3-0-(2",6"-a-Ldirhamnopyranosyl)-p-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-p-D-glucopyranosyl-(l->6)-PD-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-(2"-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-P-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(l->6)-P-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-P-D-

92

galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-p-D-glucopyranoside [4], asclepin [8], 2) Aglycones: asclepogenin, clepogenin, curassavogenin, ascurogenin [5], calotropagenin [6], Pharmacology 1) Cardiotonic effect [1-2]. 2) Cytotoxic effect [3]. 3) Oviposition stimulating effect in monarch butterfly [4]. 4) Antifungal effect [7], 5) Positive inotropic effect [8]. Literature: [1] Hassan, W.E. et al.: J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 1952, 41, 30. [2] Yeau, K.L. et al: Yaoxue Xuebao 1964, 11, 80. [3] Kupchan, M.S. et al: Science 1964, 146, 1685. [4] Haribal, M et al.: Phytochemistry 1996, 41,139. [5] Tschesche, R. et al: Chem. Ber. 1958, 91, 1204. [6] Tschesche, R. et al.: Naturwissenschaften 1959,46, 263. [7] Moulin-Traffort, J. et al: Mycoses 1990, 33, 383. [8] Patnaik, G.K. et al.: Arzneimittel-Forschung 1978,28,1368. [P.P.H. But]

701

Erycike obtusfolia Benth.

(Convolvulaceae)

Ding-gong-teng(C),Ding-gung-teng(H),Horutokazura(J) Stem(CP)* Local Drug Name: Ding-gong-teng(C),Ding-gung-teng(H),Teikoto(J). Procesing:Eliminate Foreign matter,wash clean,soften thoroughly,cut into slices,and dry(C). Method of Administration:Oral(medicinal wine:C,H);Topical(medicinal wine:C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H). 2) Hemiplegia(C,H). 3) Traumatic swelling and pain(C,H). ContraindicationTt exhibits a strong diaphoretic activity.Used with caution in weak patients. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Coumarins: scopoletin[ 1 ] ,scopolin[2]. 2) Alkaloids:baogongteng A[3,4],C,erycibelline[5]. 3) Trace elements :Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Sr[6]. Pharmacology 1) Analgesic effect[2], 2) Anti-inflammatory effect[2,7], 3) Miosis and decrease the intraocular pressure[8-ll], 4) Effect on cardiovascular system[12,13]. 5) Central M-cholinergic effect[14]. 6) Effect on rabbit electrocorticogram[15]. 7) Parasympathomimetic effect[16]. 8)Toxicity[17]. Literature: [1] Chen,Z.N. et al.:Zhongcaoyao 1986,17,386. [2] Ye,H.Z. etal.Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(5),5. [3] Yao,T.R. etal.:YaoxueXuebao 1979,14(12),731.

93

[4] Fang,Y.W. etal.:Huaxue Tongbao 1981 ,(4), 17. [5] Chen,Z.N. et al:Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Workshop Soc. Chinese Bioscientists in America, Abstr.G-3 1986;San Francisco. [6] Qin,J.F.JTejishu 1984,2,19. [7] Zhu,H.L. etal.Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(10),30. [8] Wang,X.T. etal.Xin Yixue 1978,9(6),279. [9] "Dinggongteng" Clinical Research Group.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(4),20. [10] Zhou,W.B. et al.Zhonghua Yanke Zazhi 1981,4(12),24. [11] Zhang,M.H. etal:Shanghai Yixue 1981,4(12),24. [12] Department of Pharmacology,Shanghai Second Medicinal College: Yaoxue Tongbao 1981, 16(4),51. [13] Cheng,B.H. et al:Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1986,130. [14] Yu,A.Y. etal: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1985,189. [15] Xie,G.B. etal: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1987,91. [16] Sun,C: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1987,1,100. [17] Sun,C. et al.: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1986,294. ""Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1995). [J.X.Guo]

702

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) [= I. brasiliensis (L.) Sweet] Er-ye-hong-shu (C), Mar-on-teng (H), Gunbai-hirugao (J)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Ma-an-teng (C), Mar-on-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2) Boils, pyodermas (C, H). 3) Hemorrhoidal bleeding (C, H). 4) Lumbar muscle strain (C). 5) Common cold due to wind-cold (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) 2-hydroxy-4,4,7-trimethyl-l(4H)-naphthalenone, /-mellein, eugenol, 4-vinyl-guaiacol [4], (3damascenone, £-phytol [5], glochidone, betulinic acid, a- amyrin acetate, p-amyrin acetate, isoquercitrin [6]. Pharmacology 1) Protective effect against dermatitis caused by jellyfish [1-3]. 2) Antagonistic effect against histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin and barium chloride [2], 3) Neutralizing effect on jellyfish venom [3], 4) Antispasmodic effect [2, 5], 5) Inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis [4]. 6) Anti-inflammatory effect [5]. 7) antinociceptive effect [6]. Literature: [l]Wasuwat, S.: Nature 1970, 225, 758. [2]Pongprayoon, U. et al: ActaPharmaceuticaNordica 1989, 1(1):41. [3]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1997, 35, 65.

94

[4]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: PlantaMed. 1991, 57, 515. [5]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: PlantaMed. 1992, 58,19. [6]Krogh, R. et al.: Pharmazie 1999, 54, 464. [P.P.H. But]

703

Callicarpa pedunculata

R. Brown

(Verbenaceae)

Du-hong-hua(C), Duh-hung-fah(H) Related plant: C. dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch.: Bai-tang-zi-shu(C). Stem,leaf and root Local Drug Name: Zi-zhu(C), Duh-hung-fah(H). Processing: Leaf and tender stem: use in fresh, or dry in the sun; Root: cut into slices, and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H); Topical(powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Epistaxis (C,H). 2) Haemoptysis (C,H). 3)Hmorrhage of gastrointestinal tract (C,H). 4)Endometrorrhagia (C,H). 5)Upper respiratory tract infection (C,H). 6) Tonsillitis (C,H). 7) Pneumonia (C,H). 8) Bronchitis (C,H). 9) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). 10) Burn (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Tannins[l]. 2)Resins[l]. 3)Inorganic salts: Mg,Ca,Fe et al.[l]. Pharmacology l)Hemostasis[l], 2) Cardiovascular effect[l]. Literature: [1] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian. "1996, Vol. 1,870. [J.X.Guo]

704

Clerodendrum

inerme (L.) Gaertn.

(Verbenaceae)

Ku-lang-shu (C), Foo-long-shu (H), Ibota-kusagi (J) Root and leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-lang-shu (C), Gar-muet-lay (H) Processing: Scrape off the bark from root, steam and dry under the sun. Leaf is dry in the sun or use when fresh (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf: C). Folk Medicinal Uses:

95

1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Lumbago (C, H). 3) Sciatica (C, H). 4) Gastritis secondary to fish and shrimp poisoning (C, H). 5) Colds, fever (C, H). 6) Malaria (C, H). 7) Hepatitis (C, H). 8) Hepatosplenomegaly (C, H). 9) Eczema (C, H). 10) Ringworm infection (C, H). 11) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: inerminosides A, Al, B, C, D [1-2], 3-0-|3-D-galactopyranosyl-(24P)ethylcholesta-5,22-25-triene [7]. 2) Proteins: CIP-29 and CIP-34 [3-4]. 3) Alkaloids, steroids, glucose, frutctose, sucrose [6], 4) Diterpenoid: cleroinermin, clerodendrins B-C, 15-methoxy-14,15-dihydro-3-epicaryoptin, [9-11]. 5) Amino acids [12]. 6) Sugars [12]. Pharmacology 1) Ribosome-inactivating effect [3]. 2) Antiviral effect in plants [4]. 3) Anti-inflammatory effect [5]. 4) Toxic effect to house fly [8]. 5) Insect growth inhibitory and antifeedant effect [11]. Literature: [1] Calis, I. etat.J. Nat. Prod. 1994, 57, 494 [2] Calis, I. etal: Phytochemistry 1994, 37, 1083. [3] Olivieri, F. et al: FEBSLett. 1996, 396, 132. [4] Prasad, V. et al.: Plant Sci. 1995, 110, 73. [5] Somasundaram, S. et al.: Biochem. Med. Metabolic Bio. 1986, 36, 220. [6] Abdul-Alim, M.A.: PlantaMed. 1971,19, 318. [7] Atta-Ur-Rehman et at. Phytochemistry 1997, 45,1721. [8] Shoukry, I.F.: J. Egyptian Soc. Parasit. 1997, 27, 893. [9] Raha, P. et al: Phytochemistry 1991, 30,3812. [10] Achari, B. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31,338. [11]Rao, L.J.M. et al: Phytochemistry 1993, 34, 572. [12] Desai, K. et al.: Indian Drugs 1992, 29, 246. [P.P.H. But]

705

Duranta repens L.

(Verbenaceae)

Jia-lian-qiao (C), Gar-lin-kiu (H) Root, flower or leaf Local Drug Name: Jia-lian-qiao (C), Gar-lin-kiu (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H);Topical(paste of fresh leaf:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Malaria (C, H).

96

2) Traumatic chest pain (C, H). 3) Traumatic ecchymosis (C, H). 4) Boils, pyodermas (C, H). 5) Calcaneal abscess (C, H). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Fruit Local Drug Name: Jia-lian-qiao (C). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Malaria (C, H). Contraindication:Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloid [1]. 2) Glycosides: duranterectosides A-D, durantosides I-V, lamiide, lamiidoside, verbascoside, repenoside [2-5]. Pharmacology 1) Insecticidal effect [6]. 2) Anti-malarial effect [7]. Literature: [1]Yousef, F. et al.: PlantaMed. 1973,23, 173. [2]Rimpler, H. et al.: Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C - Biosciences 1974, 29,111. [3]Salama, O.M. et al; Mcmsoura J. Pharm. Set 1992, 8, 212. [4]Takeda, Y. et al: Phytochemistry 1995, 39, 829. [5]Kuo, Y.H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 44, 429. [6]el-Naggar, M.E. et al.:J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1987, 17, 243. [7]Castro, 0. et at. Revista Biol. Trop. 1996, 44(2A), 361. [P.P.H.But]

706

Glechoma hederacea L. (Labiatae) [ = G hederacea L. var. grandis (A. Gray) Kudo ] Lian-qian-cao(C), Kakidoushi(J), Byung-ggot-pul(K)

Related plant: G.longituba (Nakai) Kupr.:Huo-xue-dan(C); G. hederacea L. var. longituba Nakai: Gin-byung-ggot-pul(K). Whole plant Local Drug Name: Lian-qian-cao(C), Geum-jeon-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K), or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cystolithiasis(C, J, K). 2) Rheumatic arthritis(C, H). 3) Irregular menstruation(C, H). 4) Tussis(C, K). 5) Diabetes(J, K). 6) Edema(J, K). 7) Hematemesis(J, K). 8) Gastroduodenal ulcer(C). 9) Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning(C).

97

10) Traumatic injury(C). 11) Icteric hepatitis(H). 12) Gall stone(H). 13) Influenza(H). 14) Cough(H). 15) Dysmennorrhea(H). 16) Urethritis(H). 17) Hysterorrhea(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: a-, P-amja"in[l], oleanolic acid[l-3], ursolic acid[l-4], 2a-, 2P-hydroxy ursolic acid, uvaol[4], 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-bourbonene, B-bulgarene, a-cadinol, P-elemene, y-elemene, germacrene B, D, s-muurolene[5], glechomafuran, glechomanolide[6], 3)Monoterpenes: borneol, m-ocimene, a-, p-pinene, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol, 1,8cineol, limonene, myrcene[5]. 4)Flavonoids: salvigenin[4], apigenin, luteolin, quercetagetin, quercetagetin glucoside[7], cosmosiin, cynaroside, hyperoside, luteolin-7-di-O-P-D-glucoside, «o-quercetagetin[8], 5)Phenypropanoids: caffeic acid[4, 9-10], ferulic acid, sinapic acid[9-10], rosmarinic acid[ll12]. 6) Steroids: P-sitosterol[l]. 7) Alkanes: «-nonacosane[l], oct-l-en-3-ol, octan-3-one[5], 8) Lipids: 9-hydroxy octadeca-10-/ra«s-12-c;'.s'-dienoic acid[13]. Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity[ 11-12], 2) Platelet activiation factor inhibition activity[14]. 3) Antiviral activity[15]. 4) Antiinflammatory activity[16]. 5) Antiulcer activity[17](ursolic acid related compounds)[4], 6) Cytotoxic activity[18]. 7) Antispasmodic activity[19]. 8) Anaphylaxis antagonist activity[20]. 9) Aldose reductase inhibition activity[21]. Literature: [I] Zieba, J.: Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 1973, 25, 587. [2] Ohigashi, H. etal: Cancer Lett. 1986, 30(2), 143. [3] Tokuda, H. etal: Cancer Lett. 1986,33(3), 279. [4] Okuyama, E. et ah: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(1), 52. [5] Lawrence, B. M. etal:. Phytochemistry, 1972, 11, 2636. [6] Stahl, E. etal:. JustusLiebigsAnn. Chem. 1972, 23. [7] Milovanovic, N. et al:.J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 1995, 60(6), 467. [8] Zieba, J.: Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 1973, 25, 593. [9] Vavilova, N. K. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1988, 2, 293. [10] Vavilova,N. K. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1988, 24(2), 251. [II] Lamaison, J. L. et at. Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1990, 48(2), 103. [12] Lamaison, J. L. et at Fitoterapia 1991, 62(2), 166. [13] Henry, D. Y. et at Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1987,170(1/2), 389. [14] tunon, H. etal: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995,48(2), 61. [15] Minshi, Z.: J. Trad. Chinese Med. 1989, 26(1), 65. [16] Mascolo.N. etal: Phytother. Res. 1987, 1(1), 28. [17] Yamazaki, M. et at. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981, 35, 96. [18] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [19] Itokawa, H. et at Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(3), 223. [20] Racz-Kotilla, E. et at Note Botanice 1978,14, 3. [21] Okada, Y. et at. Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 324.

98

[C. K. Sung]

707

Pogostemon

cablin (Blanco) Benth.

(Labiatae)

Guang-huo-xiang(C),Gwong-fock-heung(H),Pachuri(J),Gwang-gwak-hyang(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Guang-huo-xiang(C),Gwong-fock-heung(H),Kakko(J),Gwak-hyang(K). Processing: Remove the remains of roots and foreign matter,collect the leaves,sift and set aside. Wash clean the stems, soften thoroughly, cut into sections and dry under the sun, then mix with the leaves(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Lingering of turbid damp in the spleen and stomach manifested by stuffiness in the epigastrium and vomiting(C,H,K). 2) Summer-damp affection marked by lassitude and stuffiness in the chest(C,H,J,K). 3) Cold-damp affection in summer time marked by abdominal pain,vomiting and diarrhea(C,H,K). 4) Sinusitis with headache(C,H,J). 5) Fever(J). 6) Malaria(K). 7) Dysentery(K) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Trace elements[l]. 2)Volatileoils[l]:patchoulialcohol,a-patchoulene,P-patchoulene,Y-patchoulene,a-guaiene, a-bulnesene[2],pogostol[3],pogostone[4],patchoulenol,patchoulan-l,12-diol[5],seychellene, patchoulipyridine[6],caryophylene[7],cycloseychellene[8],p-elemene,a-gualen,S-gualen, 8-patchonlene,8-cardinene[9],8-guaiene[10], 3) Saponins :friedelin,epifriedelin[ll]. 4)Organic acids:cleanolic acid[ll]. 5)Phytosterols:P-sitosterol,daucosterol[ll]. 6)Flavonoids:retusine[ll],pachypodol,ombuin,apigenin,rhamnetin,apigetrin,apigenin7-0P-D-(6"-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside[12],ternatin,4',5-dihydroxy-3,3',6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone [13]. 7)Others:patchoulol synthase[14]. Pharmacology 1) Bacteriostasis[4]. 2) Inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets[13]. 3) Antifungal effect (pogostone)[15]. 4) Calcium antagonist activity[ 16]. Literature: [1] Fei,W. et al..Guangdong Weiliang Yuansu Kexue 1995,2(8),58. [2] Henderson,W. et al.:Phytochemistry 1970,9,1219. [3] Heikino,H. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1968,16,968. [4] Yang,Z.X. et al. .Kexue Tongbao 1977,22(7),318. [5] TrimieK,E.:Phytochemistry 1980,19(11),2467. [6] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,128. [7] Francis,M.J.O.:P/a«toAfec/. 1972,22(2),201. [8] Terhune,S.J. et al.-.Tetrahedron Lett. 1973,(47),4705.

99

[9] Nguyen,X.D. et al.:Proc.-Int. Congr. Essent. Oils,Frances Flavours 1989,11(2),99. [10] Guan,L. et al.Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu YuKaifa 1992,4(2),34. [11] Guan,L. etal.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1994,19(6),355. [12] Itokawa,H. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981,29(1),254. [13] Tsai,W.J. etal.-.Chin. Pharm. J.(Taipei) 1995,47(5),431. [14] Munck,S.L. etal.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1990,282(1),58. [15] Kwangtung Institute of Analysis et al. :K'o Hsueh Tung Pao 1977,22(7),318. [16] Ichidawa,K. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37(2),345. [J.X.Guo]

708

Salvia officinalis L.

(Labiatae)

Seiji(J), Sal-bi-a(K) Flower Local Drug Name: Seiji(J), Sa-gu-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Laryngitis(J, K). 2) Gastroenteritis(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: borneol[l-15], l,8-cineol[l-2, 4-5, 7-16, 18, 20, 22, 24-25], a-thujone[l, 3-4, 8-9, 10-16, 22, 24, 30], (3-thujone[l, 3-4, 8, 10-16,22, 24, 30], camphor[l, 4-5, 7-24], a-, (3pinene[l, 4, 7-8, 10-16], thujone[2, 5, 7, 19, 28], borneol acetate[3-4, 7-9, 11-13, 15-17], terpinen-4-ol[3- 4, 12, 15], 2-methyl-3-methylene hept-cw-S-ene, 2-methyl-3-methylene hepWra/w-5-ene, p-phellandrene, cis-, /raws-sabinene hydrate, trans-sttiomol, cis-, transsalvene, cis-fi-, 8-terpineol, tricyclene[4], linalool[4, 7, 9, 11-13, 15-16], limonene[4, 7, 1017], p-cymene[4, 7, 11-13, 15-16], myrcene[4, 8, 11-16], a-phellandrene[4, 10], camphene[4, 10-18], Y-terpinene[4, 11, 15], a-thujene[4, 12-13, 15], sabinene[4, 12, 15], octerpineol[4, 14], terpinelene[4, 15], a-terpinene[4, 16], camphane, P-myrcene[7], terpineol[8, 10], linalool acetate[8, 11, 13, 15-17], thymol[8, 26], thujol acetate[12], isoborneol[13, 16], myrtenol, c/s-P-ocimene, trans-fi-ocimene, a-terpineal, transpinocarveol[15], isoborneol acetate[16], phellandrene, pinene, a,P-thujone[17], 3isothujone[18], menthol[26-27], neomenthol P-glucoside[27], /-thujone[29]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-caryophyllene[7, 11-12, 15, 28, 31], oc-humulene[7, 12, 15], caryophyllene[10, 14], humulene[ll, 14, 31], allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide[12], P-bourbonene, 8-, y-cadinene, a-, 8-cadinol, a-cedrene, a-copaene, ^raM^-P-farnesene, ledol, a-muurolene, selin-ll-en-4-ol, spathulenol, valeranone[15], viridiflorol[28, 32]. 3)Diterpenes: salviol[6], manool[28, 35, 39], carnosic acid[33-37], carnosol[33, 35-37], salvin monomethyl ether[34], O-methyl carnosic acid, 6,7-dimethoxy rosmanol, 7-methoxy rosmanol, z'50-rosmanol, sagequinone methide A[35], carnosic acid methyl ester, rosmanol, epi-rosmanol[35, 37], safficinolide, sageone[35, 37], rosmadial[37], carnosic acid 12methyl ether[38], carnosic acid 12-methyl ether y-lactone, rosmanol-7-ethyl ether[39], carnosilic acid[40], horminone, 7-O-acetyl horminone[41], royleanone[41, 43], rosmanol-9ethyl ether[42], acetohydroxy royleanone, hydroxy royleanone[44]. 4)Triterpenes: olean-12-en-28-oic acid[39], a-, p-amyrin, betulin, maslinic acid, 2a,3adihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2a-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, epioleanolic acid, pomolic acid, urs-12-ene-28-oic acid[40], oleanolic acid[40, 46], ursolic acid[40, 46-48].

100

5)Carotenoids: pristane[40]. 6)Steroids: P-sitosterol[40, 46, 48-49], stigmasterol[40, 49], avenasterol, campesterol, cholesterol [49], 7)Flavonoids: 5-methoxy salvigenin[47], cynaroside, luteolin-7-glucoside[48], apigenin-7-0-(3D-glucuronylpyranoside magnesium salt, luteolin-7-O-P-D-glucuronylpyranoside magnesium salt, salvigenin[50], apigenin[50-51], luteolin[50-52], cinaroside[51], nepetin[53], 8)Phenypropanoids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid[48, 50], rosmarinic acid[48, 54-58]. 9)Lipids: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[49]. 10) Proteids: 1,8-cineol synthetase[25], 2-amino adipic acid, saccharopine[59]. 11) Carbohydrates: planteose[60]. Phamacology 1) Smooth muscle relaxant activity[17, 61-63]. 2) Antioxidant activity[42, 57-58, 64-67](tannin fraction)[56], 3) Antimutagenic activity[52, 68], 4) Antiinflammatory activity[63]. 5) Antibacterial activity[63, 69-72](essential oil)[7,16, 73-75]. 6) Antiyeast activity[70](essential oil)[7, 16, 75-76], 7) Antimycobacterial activity[70-71]. 8) Antifungal activity[77-78](essential oil)[7, 73]. 9) Estrogenic activity[79]. 10) Sebaceous secretion stimulation activity[80]. 11) Antiamebic activity[81]. 12) CNS depressant activity[82]. 13) Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist activity[83]. 14) Antiedema activity[84]. 15) Antiviral activity[85]. 16) Nematocidal activity[86]. 17) Antipyretic acitivity[87-88]. 18) Insecticide activity[89]. 19) Diuretic activity[90]. 20) Hypotensive activity[91]. Literature: [I] Oitievsky, E. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49(2), 326. [2] Ceylan, A.: Ege. Univ. Ziraat. Fat Derg. Ser. A 1976, 13, 283. [3] Devetak, Z.: Rad. Poljopr. Fat Univ. Sarajevu 1982, 30, 83. [4] Koedam, A.: Fitoterapia 1982, 53,125. [5] Xhamo, L.: Bui. ShtencaveNat. 1985, 39(4), 65. [6] Gurgen, A.: Antara Yutset Ziraat Enstitusu Dergisi 1948, 9, 332. [7] Kedzia, B. et at. Herba Pol. 1990, 36(4), 155. [8] Petri Verzar, Get at. Herba Hung 1974, 13(3), 51. [9] Steinmetz, M. D. et at. Plant Med. Phytoiher. 1985, 19(1), 35. [10] Holeman, M. et at. Fitoterapia 1984, 55(3), 143. [II] Pitarevic, I. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 409. [12] Piccaglia, R. etal: J. Essent. Oil Res. 1989, 2(2), 73. [13] Kuftinec, J. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 520. [14] Zani, F. et at. PlantaMed. 1991, 57(3), 237. [15] Tsankova, E. T. et at. J. Essent. Oil Res. 1994, 6(4), 375. [16] Jalsenjak, V. etal:. Pharmazie 1987, 42(6), 419. [17] Taddei, I. et at. Fitoterapia 1988, 59(6), 463. [18] Venkatachalam, K. V. et at. Plant Physiol. 1984, 76(1), 148. [19] Karawya, M. S. et at. Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980,19,301. [20] Sur, S. V: Khim. Farm. Zh. 1991, 25(4), 58. [21] Croteau, R. et at. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1984, 228(2), 667. [22] Raic, D. et at Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 1985, 35(2), 121. [23] Millet, Y. et at. Med. Leg. Toxicol. 1980, 23(1), 9.

101

4] Langer, R. etal:. PlantaMed. Suppl. 1992, 58(S-1), A677. 5] Croteau, R. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1977, 179,257. 6] Grzunov, K. e?«/.: Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 1985, 35(3), 175. 7] Mastelic, J. ef al: Farm. Glas. 1984, 40(2), 19. 8] Perry, N. B. etal:. Flavour Fragrance J. 1996, 11(4), 231. 9] Huxtable, J. D. et al: Perfum. Essent. Oil Res. 1966, 57,492. 3] Pinto-Scognamiglio, W.: Boll. Chim. Farm. 1967,106, 292. 1] Grzunov, K. etal: Riv. Ital. Eppos. 1981, 63(2), 89. 2] Karl, C. et al: PlantaMed 1982,44, 188. 3] Rutherford, D. M. etal: Neurosci. Lett. 1992, 135(2), 224. 4] Dobrynin, V. N. etal: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1976, 12, 686. 5] Tada, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1997, 45(7), 1475. 6] Okamura, N. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 679(2), 381. 7] Cuvelier, M. E. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1994,42(3), 665. 8] Djarmati, Z. et al: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1993, 58(8), 1919. 9] Diarmati, Z. etal: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(4), 1307. 3] Brieskorn, C. H. etal: PlantaMed. 1980, 38, 86. 1 ] Masterova, I. et al.: Ceska Slav Farm. 1996,45(5), 242. 2] Djarmati, Z. etal:J. Amer. OilChem.Soc. 1991,68(10), 731. 3] Patudin, A. V. etal: Pharm. Chem. 1976, 11(1), 90. 4] Romanova, A. S. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1972, 8(2), 237. 5] Tada, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1994, 35(2), 539. 6] Nicholas, H. J.: J. Pharm. Sci. 1961, 50, 645. 7] Brieskorn, C. H. et al: PlantaMed. 1979, 35, 376. 8] Alimkhodzhaeva, N. Z. et al.: Mater. Yubileinoi Resp. Nauchn. Konf. Farm, PosvyashchSOLetiyu Obraz.SSSR 1972, 37. 9] Savin, K. et al.Arh. Farm. 1984, 34(6), 293. 0] Prokopenko, S. A. etal: Farm. Zh.(Kiev) 1982, (3), 75. 1] Sagdullaeva,N. Z. etal:Med. Zh. Uzb. 1972,11,17. 2] Samejima, K. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995, 43(2), 410. 3] Brieskorn, C. H. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, (31), 2603. 4] Hippolyte, I. et al: C R. Acad. Sci. Ser. Ill 1991, 313(8), 365. 5] Reschke, A.: Z. Lebensm-UntersForsch. 1983,176(2), 116. 5] Lamaison, J. L. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1991, 66(7), 185. 7] Lamaison, J. L. et al:Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1990,48(2), 103. 8] Lamaison, J. L. et al: Fitoterapia 1991, 62(2), 166. 9] Nawaz, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1977,16, 599. 3] French, D. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 85, 471. 1] Reiter, M. etal: Arzneim.-Forsch. 1985,35(1), 408. 2] Giachetti, D. etal: PlantaMed. 1986, (6), 543. 3] Leslie, G. B.: Medita 1978, 8(10), 3. 4] Saito, Y. et al: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1976, 29, 505. 5] Basaki, H. etal: Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995,18(1), 162. 6] Wong, J. W. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1995, 43(10), 2707. 7] Lee, C. Y. et al: Chung-Kuo Nung Yeh HuaHsueh Hui Chih 1982, 20(1/2), 61. 8] Natake, M. etal: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1989, 53(5), 1423. 9] Derbentseva, N. A. et al: Mikrobiol. Zhur. 1959,21(6), 43. 3] Recio, M. C. et al: Phytother. Res. 1989, 3(3), 77. 1] Gottshall, R. Y et al: J. Clin. Invest. 1949, 28, 920. 2] Branitner, A. et al:.J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 44(1), 35. 3] El-Keltawi, N.E.M. etal: HerbaPol. 1980, 26(4), 245. 4] Ross, S. A. etal: Fitoterpia 1980, 51, 201. 5] Janssen, A. M. et al: Pharm. Weekbl.fSci. Ed.) 1986, 8(6), 289. 6] Viollon, C. etal-.Mycopathol. 1994,128(3), 151. 7] Maruzzella, J. C. et al: Plant Dis. Rept. 1959,43, 1143. 8] Guerin, J. C. et al.Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1985,43(1), 77. 9] Kroszczynski, S. etal: C. R. SeancesSoc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1939, 130, 570.

102

[80] Yamamura, T.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1992,04 18,017, 3pp. [81] De Blasi, V etal: J. Toxicol. Clin. Exp. 1990,10(6), 361. [82] Wesley-Hadzija, B. et al: Ann. Pharma. Fr. 1956,14,283. [83] Racz-Kotilla, E. et al: Note Botanice 1978,14, 3. [84] Yasaukawa, K. et at. Phytoiher. Res. 1993, 7(2), 185. [85] May, G etal: Arzneim.-Forsch. 1978, 28(1), 1. [86] Kiuchi, F: Nat. Med. 1995,49(4), 364. [87] Delphaut, J. et al: C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1941, 135, 1458. [88] Delphaut, J. et al: Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1941, 135,1458. [89] Hartzell, A. etal: Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 1941, 12, 127. [90] De A. Ribeiro, R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988,24(1), 19. [91] De A. Ribeiro, R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986,15(3), 261. [C. K. Sung]

709

Scutellaria

barbata D.Don

(Labiatae)

Ban-zhi-lian(C),Boon-gee-lin(H),Hanshiren(J) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name:Ban-zhi-lian(C),Boon-gee-lin(H),Hanshiren(J). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,and cut into sections(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J);Tropical(paste:C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Boils,sore(C,H,J). 2) Swelling and pain of the throat(C,J). 3) Snake-bite(C,H). 4) Traumatic injuries(C,H). 5) Edema(C,J). 6) Jaundice(C,J). 7) Lung abscess(H). 8) Neoplasm(H). 9) Appendicitis(H). 10) Hepatitis,cirrhosis,ascites(H). ll)Mastitis(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroids:P-sitosterol[l]. 2) Organic acids:stearic acid[l]. 3)Flavonoids:scutellarein,scutellarin,carthamidin,isocarthamidin[l],wogonin,5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone,rivularin[2]. 4)Alkaloids[l,3]. 5) Polysaccharides [4]. 6) Others: E-1 -(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-but-1 -en-3 -one[5]. Pharmacology 1) Antihistaminic effect[l,3], 2) Expectorant effect[l,3]. 3) Inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma 180 and ascites hepatoma cells[4]. 4) Cytotoxic activity[5]. 5) Bacteriostasis[6]. 6) Inhibitory effect on leukemic hemocyte[7]. Literature:

103

[1] Xiang,R.D. etal.:Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(8),9. [2] Chou,C.J.:7a/wa« Yaoxue Zazhi 1978,30(1),36. [3] Wang,Z.Q.:Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),19. [4] Meng,Y.F. et al:LanzhouDaxueXuebao,ZiranKexueban 1992,28(4),112. [5] Ducki,S. etal.PlantaMed. 1996,62(2),185. [6] Suzhou College of Medicine:Hubei Keji Ziliao Yiyao Fence 1971,(2),21. [7] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,302. [J.X.Guo]

710

Atropa belladonna

L.

(Solanaceae)

Dian-qie (C), Beradonna (J), Bel-ra-don-na (K). Root (JP),herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Dian-qie-cao (C), Beradonna-kon (J), Bel-ra-don-na (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Decoction (C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anticholinergics(C). 2) Dolor (K). 3) Trembles caused by alcoholism (K). 4) Traumatic bleeding (K). 5) Material of atropine sulfate (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: /-hyoscyamine, scopolamine, apoatropine, belladonine, chlorphenylamine, phenylpropanolamine!!, 2],hyoscyamine N-oxide, [3]. 2) Cumarins: scopoletin, scopolin [4]. 3) Flavonoids: belladonna flavonoid A and B [5],quercetin 7-monoglucoside, kaempferol 7monoglucoside [6],quercetin 7-glucosyl-3-0-rhamnosylgalactoside, quercetin 7-glucosyl3-0-rhamnosylglucoside, kaempferol 7-glucosyl-3-0-rhamnosylgalactoside, kaempferol 7glucosyl-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside [7],quercetin 3-rhamnosylglucoside, kaempferol 3rhamnosyl-galactoside [8]. 4) Steroid glycosides: atroposides A-H [9]. Literature: [1] Sabar, A.H. et al: C. A. 1962,57,14184; Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1961,4,246; Suminokura,H. et al.: C. A. 1963,58,3269; Tokyo YakkaDaigaku Kenkyu Nempo 1961,No.ll,81;Santoro, R. S. et al:J. Pharm. Sci. 1962,51,984; Ivanov, V. et al.: Farmatsiya 1968,18,47. [2] Haginiwa, T.et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1959,79,1094. [3] Phillipson, J. D. et al: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1973,25 (supple.), 116. [4] Kala, H.: Planta. Med. 1958,6,186. [5] List, P. H. era/.: Arch. d. Pharm. 1965,298,107. [6] Steinegger, E. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1964,39,450. [7] Steinegger, E. et al: Deut. Apotheker-ztg. 1965,105,1685. [8] Sonanini, D. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1966,41,670. [9] Shvets, S. A. et al: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 1996,404, 475. [T. Kimura]

711

Solanum

tuberosum

L.

104

(Solanaceae)

Jagaimo(J), Gam-ja (K) Tuber Local Drug Name: Bareisho(J), Yang-u(K). Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K);Topical(mash: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Suppuration(J, K). 2) Burn(external, J, K). 3) Toothache(external, J). 4) Poisoning by meat(J). 5) Gastric ulcer(K). 6) Boil(K). 7) Parotiditis(K). 8) Contusion(external, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroid alkaloids: chaconine[l-2], solanidine[l, 3-7], solanine[2, 8], P-chaconine, demissine, tomatine[3], a-chaconine[3, 9-25], a-solanine[3, 9-10, 12-14, 16-27], demissidine, solanthrene, solasodiene, solasodine, tomatidine[4], (3-2-chaconine[16, 26], y-chaconine[24]. 2)Alkaloids-misc: solamine[l], nor-epinephrin[7], nicotine[7, 28-29], nicotinic acid[13], calystegine A-3, B-l, B-2[30], lormetazepam[31], 5-hydroxy tryptamine[32], choline[33]. 3)N-Heterocycles: diazepam[34-35], 2'-chloro diazepam, N-demethyl diazepam, iV-demethyl 2'-chloro diazepam, N-demethyl 3-hydroxy-2'-chloro diazepam[35]. 4)Phenylpropanoids: caffeic acid[3, 36-37], chlorogenic acid[3, 37-40], 3,5-di-Ocaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid[38]. 5) Sesquiterpenes: lubimin[41-42], rishitin[41-43], solavetivone[41, 43], isolubimin[42], deacetyl phytuberin, rishitinol, anhydro (3-rotunol, 11-hydroxy-11-methyl-ethyl spiro-(4,5)dec-6-en-8-one, 2-(12-0-(3-glucosyl-11 -hydroxy-11 -methyl-ethyl)-6,10-dimethyl spiro-(4,5)dec-6-en-8-one[43], 2-(r,2'-dihydroxy-r-methyl-ethyl)-6,10-dimethyl-9-hydroxy spiro(4,5)-dec-6-en-8-one, 6,10-dimethyl spiro-(4,5)-dec-6-ene-2,8-dione[44], spirovetival(10),ll-dien-2-one, spirovetiva-l(10),3,ll-trien-2-one[45], tuberonic acid glucoside, tuberonic acid glucoside methyl ester[46], tuberonic acid-5'-0-P-D-glucoside[47], tuberonone[48]. 6)Triterpenes: cycloartenol[49], tuberoside C, D[50], tuberoside F[51]. 7) Steroids: 5oc-cholestane[4], 25S-barogenin[52], 8)Carotenoids: a-,P-carotene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin[53]. 9) Coumarins:scopoletin[36], eleutheroside Bl, scopolin, umbelliferone[43]. 10)Flavonoids:pelargonidin-3-O-[(4"-O-(?raw-feruloyl-a-L-6"-rhamnopyranosyl)-p-D-gluco pyranoside)-5-p-D-glucopyranoside, pelargonidin-3-0-[(4"-0-(fra«5'-p-coumaroyl)-a-L-6"rhamnopyranosyl)-P-D-glucopyranoside)-5-P-D-glucopyranoside[54],petanin[55], rutin[56-57], 1 l)Benzenoids:gallic acid, protocatechuic acid[37]. 12)Lipids: caproic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[58], suberin[59]. 13)Proteids-. a-glucosidase[60}, lectm[61}, patatm[62}, potato \ectinf63], potato lectin STA[64], solanum tuberosum lectin[65]. 14)Alkanes: citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid[66], mevalonic acid[67]. 15)Vitamins:vitamin Bl[7], ascorbic acid[66, 68], vitamin B2[69], 16)Carbohydrates: glucinol[70], starch[71-72]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial activity[73-74], 2) Antiyeast activity[73-74]. 3) Insect attractant activity[75]. 4) Trypsin inhibition activity[76].

105

5) Antiviral activity[77]. 6) Sperm agglutination activity[78]. 7) Teratogenic activity[79-81]. 8) Antifungal activity[82]. 9) Estrogenic activity[83-84]. 10) Hemagglutinin activity[85], 11) Hypoglycemic activity[86-87]. 12) Cytotoxic activity[88]. 13) Elastase inhibition activity[89]. 14) Hageman factor inhibition activity[89]. 15) Kallikrein inhibition activity[89]. 16) Antimutagenic activity[90]. 17) Antihepatotoxicactivity[91]. 18) Antioxidant activity[92-93]. Literature: [1] Komissarchuk, A. A.: Zdravookhr. Beloruss. 1976, (8), 61. [2] Zacharius, R. M. et al: Plant Sci. Lett. 1977, 10, 283. [3] Herb, S. F. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1975,23, 520. [4] Van Gelder, W. M. J.: J. Chromatogr. 1985, 331, 285. [5] Canonica, L. et al:. Chem. Commun. 1977, 286. [6] Ripperger, H.: PlantaMed. 1995, 61(2), 292. [7] Willaman, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970, 33 S, 1. [8] Khanna, P. et al: Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1988, 50(1), 38. [9] Chaube, S. et al: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1976, 36, 227. [10 Houben, R. J. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 661(1/2), 169. [11 Sanabria-Galindo, A. et al: Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quim-Farm. 1991, 19, 63. [12 Dao, L. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996,44(8), 2287. [13 Bushway, A. A. et al: Amer. Potato J. 1985, 62(6), 301. [14; Bushway, R J. et al: J. Food Sci. 1980, 45, 1088. [15 Alozie, S. O. et al: Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1979, 11(6), 483. [16; Filadelfi, M.A.S. et al: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1980, 41,1187. [17 Kozukue, N. et al: Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1986, 33(4), 232. [18 Abell, D. C. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996, 44(8), 2292. [19 Plhak, L. C. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1992, 40(12), 2533. [20 Ferreira, F. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1993, 653(2), 380. [21 Hellenas, K. E. et al: J. AOACInt. 1997, 80(3), 549. [22 Kobayashi, K. etal: J. Chromatogr. 1989, 462(1), 357. [23 Phillips, B. J. etal: FoodChem. Toxicol. 1996, 34(5), 439. [24 Nabiev, A. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1974,10(1), 132. [25 Bushway, R. J. et al:.J. Agr. FoodChem. 1986, 34(2), 277. [26 Morris, S. C.etal: FoodChem. 1985, 18(4), 271. [27 Savchenko, V. F. et al: Dokl. Vses. Akad. Skh. Nauk. 1974, (10), 24. [28 Domino, E. F. et al: N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329(6), 437. [29 Davis, R A. etal: FoodChem. Toxicol. 1991, 29(12), 821. [30 Drager, B. etal: PlantaMed. 1995, 61(6), 577. [31 Wildmann, J.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988, 157(3), 1436. [32 Engstrom, K. et al: Acta Pharm. Nordica 1992, 4(2), 91. [33 Dakshinamurti, K.: Curr. Sci. 1955, 24, 194. [34 Unseld, E. etal: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989, 38(15), 2473. [35 Wildmann, J. et al: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37(19), 3549. [36 Morozova, E. V. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975,11(1), 91. [37 De Sotillo, D. R. et al: J. Food Sci. 1994, 59(3), 649. [38 Brandl, W. et al: Z. Lebensm-Unters. Forsch. 1984, 178(3), 192. [39 Choi, H. M.: Han 'guk Sikp 'urn Kwahakhoe Chi 1976, 8, 80. [40 Dao, L. et al:J. Agr. FoodChem. 1992,40(11), 2152. [41 Desjardins, A. E. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995, 43(8), 2267.

106

[42] Kalan, E. B. et al: Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 775. [43] Malmberg, A. G. et al: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 1739. [44] Malmeberg, A. G: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 1818. [45] Coxon, D. T. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1974, 2921. [46] Simko, I. et al: Phytochemistry 1996, 43(4), 727. [47] Yoshihara, T. et al: Bioorg. Chem. 1989, 53(10), 2835. [48] Matsuura, H. et al: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1992, 56(11), 1890. [49] Hartmann, M. A. etal: Phytochemistry 191 A, 13, 2667. [50] Kintya, P. K.etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(4), 515. [51] Kintya, P. K. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(5), 646. [52] Kaneko, K. etal: Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 791. [53] Granado, F. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992,40(11), 2135. [54] Naito, K. et al: Phytochemistry 1998, 47(1), 109. [55] Andersen, O. M. etal: Phytochem. Anal. 1991, 2(5), 230. [56] Bandyukova, V. A. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1974, 10(4), 535. [57] Charaux, C : Bull. Soc. Chim. 1924, 6, 641. [58] Kuznetsov, D. Let al: Konservn Ovoshchesush Prom. St. 1974, (10), 25. [59] Kolattukudy, P. E. et al: Lipids 1974, 9, 682. [60] Killilea, S. D. etal: Phytochemistry 1978,17. 1429. [61] Van Driessche, E. et al.Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 1975, 83, 414. [62] Racusen, D.: Can. J. Bot. 1988, 66(4), 727. [63] Matsumoto, I. et al: J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258(5), 2886. [64] Gozia, O. et al: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1993, 316(8), 788. [65] Namjuntra, P. et al: Abstr. 3rd Congress of the Federation of Asian And Oceanian Biochemists Bangkok Thailand 1983,97. [66] Bushway, R. J. et al: J. Food Sci. 1984,49(1), 77. [67] Wilis, R.B.H. etal: Phytochemistry 1975, 14,1643. [68] Yao, G. etal: YingyangXuebao 1983, 5(4),373. [69] Saleh, N. et al: Z. Ernaehrungswiss 1977,16(3), 158. [70] Hopf, H. et al: Z. Pflanzenphysiol 1980, 100, 189. [71] Lavintman,N. etal: Eur. J. Biochem. 1974, 50,145. [72] Downton, W.J.S. et al: Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 1259. [73] Saber, M. S. M.: Zentralbl. BakteriolParasitenkd. Infectionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1976, 2(131), 113. [74] Desta, B.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 39(2), 129. [75] Schearer, W. R.: J. Nat. Prod. 1984,47(6), 964. [76] Rudyuk, V. F. et al: Rast. Resur. 1975, 11(2), 234. [77] Roychoudhury, R.: Acta Bot. lndica 1980, 8(1), 91. [78] Uhlenbruck, G. et al: Vox Sang 1912, 23, 444. [79] Keeler, R. E. etal: Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976,15, 522. [80] Keeler, R. F: Lipids 1978,13, 708. [81] Renwick, J.: New Scientist 1972, 56, 277. [82] Celayeta, F. D.: FarmacognosiafMadrid) 1960, 20,91. [83] Bradbury, R. B. et al: Vitamins and Hormones 1954, 207. [84] Madoyan, O. O. etal: Izv. Sel'SkohozNauk. 1971, 14, 127. [85] Downing, H. J. et al: Nature (London) 1968, 217, 654. [86] Best, C. H. et al: J. Methabolic Research 1923, 3, 177. [87] Kamath, P. S. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1982, 76, 583. [88] Gee, J. M. et al: Toxicology 1996, 10(2), 117. [89] Hojima, Y. et al: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32(6), 985. [90] Shinohara, K. etal: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52(6), 1369. [91] Kim, T. H. et al: Anticancer Res. 1994, 14(5A), 1979. [92] Pratt, D. E. et al: J. Food Sci. 1964, 29, 27. 93] Al-Saikhan, M. S. etal: J. Food Sci. 1995, 60(2), 341. [C. K. Sung]

107

712

Scrophularia

ningpoensis

Hemsl.

(Scrophulariaceae)

Xuan-shen(C),Yuan-sum(H),Genjin(J),Hyun-sam(K) Related plant: S. buergeriana Miq.:Hyun-sam(K). Root(CP) Local Drug Name:Xuan-shen(C),Yuan-sum(H),Genjin(J),Hyun-sam(K). Processing: Eliminate remains of rhizomes and foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dry; or soak briefly in water, steam thoroughly, air-dry briefly, then cut into thin slices and dry completely(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction :C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases with impairment of yin manifested by deep red tongue and dire thirst,or with eruptions(C,H,K). 2) Constipation due to impairment of body fluid(C,H,K). 3) Phthisis with cough(C,H,J,K). 4) Conjunctivitis(C,H,K). 5) Sore throat(C,H,J,K). 6) Scrofula(C,H,J). 7) Diphtheria(C,H). 8) Boils and sores(C,H). Contraindication:Incompatible with Rhizoma et Radix Veratri(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils[l]. 2)Phytosterols[l]. 3)Alkaloids[l]. 4) Amino acids:/-asparagine[l], 5) Vitamins: vitamin A[2], 6)Glycosides:harpagide,harpagoside[3],aucubin,6-0-methyl-catalpol,ningpogenin, ningpogosideA,B[4],angorosideC[5],2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl l-0-[oc-Larabinopyranosyl (1—»6)]-feruloyl(l-»4)]-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (l-»3)-|3-Dglucopyranoside[6]. 7)Sugars[l]. 8) Organic acids:oleic acid,stearic acid,linoleic acid[l],cinnamic acid[6]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[7,8]. 2) Antibacterial effect[9,10]. 3) Hypoglycemic effect[ll]. 4) Antithermic effect[ll]. Literature: [I] Zhuang,C.G et al. .Transact. Sc. Soc. China 1932,7(3), 187. [2] Mar,P.G. etal.:Chin. J. Physiol. 1936,10(2),273. [3] Kajimoto,T. et al.:Phytochemistry 1989,28(10),2701. [4] Qian,J.F et al.:Phytochemistry 1992,31 (3),905. [5] Zhang,W.J. etal.-.Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1994,16(4),407. [6] Iin,J.H. etal.:Yaowu Shipin Fenxi 1996,4(2),131. [7] Zhang,B.H..Beijing YixueyuanXuebao 1959,(1),52. [8] Gong,W.G. etaL.Zhejiang Yixue 1981,3(1),11. [9] Zheng,W.F--Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1952,38(4),315. [10] Cao,R,L. etal.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [II] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,350.

108

[J.X.Guo]

713

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

(Bignoniaceae)

Mu-hu-die(C),Muk-woo-dip(H),Mokukocho(J) Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Mu-hu-die(C),Chin-cheung-gec(H). Processing: Expose to strong sun light until the fruit dehiscent,gather the seeds,and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough,sore throat and hoarseness of voice due to heat in the lung(C,H). 2)Epigastric pain due to stagnation of qi of the liver and the stomach(C,H,J). 3)Bronchitis,pertusis(H). Bark Local Drug Name:Mu-hu-die(C),Muk-woo-dip(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Infectious hepatitis(C,H). 2)Cystitis(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids[l] :oroxin A,B,chrysin[2],baicalein,tetuin[3],oroxindin[4]. 2)Oils[3,5]. 3) Sugars:glucose[5]. 4)Sterols[5]. 5)Tannins[5], 6)Alkaloids[5]. 7) Fatty acidsxaprylic acid,lauric acid,myristic acid,palmitic acid,palmitoleic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid[5], 8)Fiber[5]. 9) Coloring matter[5]. 10)Proteins[5,6]. Literature: [1] Tomimori,T. et al.:Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1988,42(1),98. [2] Chen,Z.L. etaL.YaoxueXuebao 1964,11,762. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,220. [4] Nair,A.G. etaL.Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.,SectA 1979,88A(Pt. l,No. 5),323. [5] Grover,G.S. etal.J.Int. Chem. 1980,52(5),176. [6] Grover,G.S. etal.J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1981,58(8),799. [J.X.Guo]

714

Aeginetia

indica L.

(Orobanchaceae)

Ye-gu (C), Yair-goo (H), Nanbangiseru (J), Ya-go (K)

109

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Ye-gu (C), Yair-goo (H), Ya-go (K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tonsillitis (C, H, K). 2) Pharyngitis (C, H, K). 3) Urethritis (C, H, K). 4) Osteomyelitis (C, H, K). 5) Furunculosis (C, H, K). 6) Snake bites (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Protein, polysaccharide [3]. 2) Polyenes, P-sitersterol, aeginetic acid, aginetolide [4-6]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor effect [1-3]. 2) Immunopotentiation effect [1-3]. 3) Hepatoprotective effect [4], Literature: [l]Chai, J.G. et al.: Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1992, 35, 181. [2]Chai, J.G. et al.: Immunopharm. 1994, 27, 13. [3]Chai, J.G et al.: Immunopharm. 1995, 30, 209. [4]Oshima, Y. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38, 198. [5]Digne, S.S. et al.: Indian J. Chem., Sect. B. 1977, 15B, 546. [6]Digne, S.S. et al: Indian J. Chem., Sect. B. 1977, 15B, 550. [P.P.H. But]

715

Boschniakia

rossica Fedtsch. et Flerov (Orobanchaceae)

Cao-cong-rong (C), Oniku (J), O-ri-na-mu-deo-bu-sal-i (K) Related plant: Cistanche salsa (C. A. Meyer) G. Beek; Hon-oniku (J), Yuk-jong-yong (K). Whole herb Local Drug Name: Cao-cong-rong (C), Nikujuyo (J), Cho-jong-yong (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) General weakness (J, K). 2) Impotence (C, J, K). 3) Lumbago (C). 4) Constipation (C, K). 5) Cystitis (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenes: boschniakine (=indicaine [1]), boschnialactone [2]. 2) Triterpenoids and steroids: 3<x-acetoxy oleanolic acid, boschanaloside, daucosterol, oleanolic acid, fS-sitosteriol [3], Pharmacology 1) Antioxidant effect (extract) [4],

110

2) Hepatoma inhibitor (extract) [5]. 3) Antiaging effects [6]. Literature: [1] Gross, D. etal: C. A. 1974,80,3679; Z Chem. 1973,13,296. [2] Sakan, T. et al: Tetrahedron 1967,23,4635. [3] Gui, M. etal.: Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing) 1997,32,204. [4] Shen, M-G. etal:. YanbianDaxue YixueXuebao 1998,21,206. [5] Yin, Z.-Z. et al: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1998,23,424. [6] Jin, M. etal:. Yanbian Daxue YixueXuebao 1997,20,223. [T. Kimura]

716

Valeriana officinalis L.

(Valerianaceae)

Xie-cao(C),Kit-cho(H),Seiyou-kanokoson(J),Jwi-o-ju-m-puk(K) Rhizome and root: Local Drug Name: Xie-cao(C), Kit-cho(H),Kissoukon(J),Jwi-o-ju-m-puk(K). Processing: Wash clean, and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral(tincture: C,H,J; decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Neurosism(C,K) 2) Insomnia(C,H,J,K) 3) Hysteria(C,H,J,K) 4) Epilepsy(C,K) 5) Abdominal distending pain(C,K) 6) Pain in loin and legs(C,K) 7) Traumatic injury(C,H,K) Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: camphene, bornyl acetate, a -pinene, bornyl isovalerate, myrcene, borneol, terpinolene, fenchene[l], 2) Sesquiterpene: 3 -caryophyllene, valerenal,valeranone, a -gurjunene,kcssane[l],valtrate, isovaltrate,acevaltrate,didrovaltrate,isovaleroxyhydroxydidrovaltrate[2],valeracetate[3], /pacifigorgiol[4],£-valerenol, £-and Z-valerenyl acetate, £-and Z-valerenyl isovalerate, valerenyl valerate/valerenyl hexanoate[5],faurinone[6]. 3)Carboxylic acids: hydroxyvalerenic acid,acetoxyvalerenic acid[2],formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,isobutyric acid, K-butyric acid, lactic acid, isovaleric acid, K-caproic acid, caprylic acid, malic acid,capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, valerenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid,erucic acid, lignoceric acid[7]. 4) Others: Vitamin C[8], diosmine[9], benzopyreneflO], Pharmacology 1) Sedative effect[ll] Literature: [1] Kikiforov, A. etal: Sci. Pharm. 1994,62(4),331. [2] Bos, R. et al.: Phytoche. Anal. 1996,7(3),143. [3] Tori,M. et al.: Phytochemistry 1996,41(3),977. [4] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1986,25(5),1234. [5] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1986,25(1),133. [6] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1983,22(6),1505. [7] Morvai, M. et al.: Chromatographia,l988, 25(1),37. [8] Rupasova, Z.A. etal. : VestsiAkad. NavukBelarusi, Ser. Biyal. Navuk 1994,(4),3.

Ill

[9] Ramos, T. et al. : Colloq.-lnst. Natl. Rech. Agron. 1995,69(Polyphenols 94), 311 [10] Kalinina, I. A. et al. : Vopr. Onkol. 1983,29(11),92 [11] Mennini, T. et al. : Fitoterapia 1993, 64(4),291. [J.X.Guo]

717

Lobelia chinensis Lour.

(Campanulaceae)

Ban-bian-lian(C),Boon-bin-lin(H),Hanpenren(J),Su-yeom-ga-ral-ggot(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Ban-bian-lian(C),Boon-bin-lin(H),Hanpenren(J),Ban-byun-ryun(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,cut into sections and dry in the sun(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anasarca and ascites(C,H,J). 2) Carbuncles,boils and snake or insect bite(C,H,K). 3) Ascites in late schistomiaiss(C,H,J). 4) Gastric ulcer,rectal ulcer,liver ulcer(H). 5) Tonsillitis,appendicitis(H). 6) Enteritis,diarrhea(H). 7) Jaundice(K). 8) Edema(K). 9) Dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Polysaccharides[ 1] :lobelinin[2]. 2) Alkaloids:lobeline,lobelanine,lebelanidine,isolobelanine[2]. Pharmacology 1) Respiratory stimulant and antihypertensive effect[3,4]. 2) Decurative effect on bleeding time[4]. 3)Ureticeffect[3-6]. 4) Bacteriostasis[7]. 5) Antivenomous effect[8]. 6)Toxicity[3], Literature: [1] Poonpatana,S. et al.:VarasarnPaesachasarthara 1978,5(2),41. [2] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,307. [3] Xing,W.R. etal. .Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1958,44(2),137. [4] Feng,G.H. etal: Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1958,44(11),1047. [5] Rao,M.R. et al:Shanghai Diyi YixueyuanXuebao 1958,(1),59. [6] Deng,Z.F. et al: Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1961,47(1),7. [7] Sun,H.L. et al..Zhonghua Pifuke Zaz/w 1956,4(3),196. [8] Li,J.Y. etal:Zhonghua Waike Zazhi 1959,(2),17. [J.X.Guo]

718

Pratia nummularia

(Lam.) A.Br. et Aschers. (Campanulaceae)

Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H)

112

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H). Processing: Sun-dry or use when fresh (C, H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic pain (C, H). Contraindication:Pregnancy. Fruit Local Drug Name: Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H). Processing: Sun-dry or use when fresh (C, H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Irregular menstruation (C, H). 2) Leucorrhea (C, H). 3) Nocturnal emission (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: diosmin, linarin, apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin 7-O-rutinoside [1]. 2)Polyacetylene: lobetyolin [1]. Literature: [l]Matsuura, E. et al.: Natural Medicines 2000, 54, 44. [P.P.H. But]

719

Artemisia

argyi Levi, et Vant.

(Compositae)

Ai(C),Ngie(H),Gaiyo(J),Hwang-hae-ssuk(K) Related plant: A. princeps Pampan:Yomogi(J). Leaf(CP) Local Drug Name:Ai-ye(C),Ngie(H),Gaiyo(J),Ae-yeop(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter and petioles,and sift(C,K) 2) Stir-fry clean Folium Artemisiae Argyi until its outer part is charred,then spray vinegar on it and stir-fry to dryness(C,K). 3) Dry under the sun(J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K);Topical(mexibustion or fuming and washing:C,H,J,K;bath:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pain in the lower abdomen with cold sensation(C,H,J,K). 2) Menstrual disorders of cold type(C,J,K). 3) Infertility(C,K). 4) Spitting of blood,epistaxis,uterine bleeding in pregnancy,excessive menstrual flow(C,K). 5) Itching(C,K). 6) Excessive menstrual flow of deficiency-cold type(leaf carbonized and processed with vinegar)(C,J). 7) Common cold(J). Scientific Research:

113

Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:a-cedrene,elemol,phellandrene[l],camphene,/ra/K-carveol,bornyl acetate, isoborneol,a-terpineol,carvone[ 1,2] ,2-methyl-butanol,2-hexenal,«'s-3 -hexene-1 -ol, tricyclene,a-thujene,a-pinene,sabinene,P-pinene,l-octen-3-ol,2,4-[8-p-menthadiene], p-cymene, 1,8-cineole,Y-terpinene,artemisia alcohol,a-terpinene,dimethylstyrene,linalool, camphor,borneol,terpinen-4-ol!p-cymen-a-ol,e/5'-piperitol,myrtenol,/ran^-piperitol, verbenone,etc[2]. 2) Esters:Et palmitate,Et oleate,Et linoleate[3]. 3) Organic acids:/ra«s-phenylitaconic acid[3], 4) Triterpenoids:lupenone,lupenyl acetate,a-amyrin acetate,P-amyrin acetate,glutinone, fernenone,simiarenol[3],a-amyrin,(3-amyrin,friedelin[4,5]. 5) Steroids:24-methylene-cycloartanone[3],3P-methoxy-9p,19-cyclolanost-23(E)-en-25,26diol[4],P-sitosterol,stigmasterol[5]. 6) Sesquiterpenoids:sesquiterpene lactones A,B,C[6],matricarin,hanphyllin[7],moxartenone, moxartenolide[8],four eudesmane derivs[8]. 7) Flavonoids:naringenin,quercetin[5],eupatilin,5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone[9]. 8) Guaianolides: 11,13 -dihydroarteglasin A[ 10]. 9) Trace elements[ll]. Pharmacology 1) Anticancer effect(sesquiterpene lactones A,B,C)[5]. 2) Antiasthmatic effect[l,12,13]. 3) Antitussive effect[13]. 4) Antibacterial effect[13-14], 5) Antithermic effect[15]. 6) Antimycotic effect[16-18]. 7)Anti-SRS-Aeffect[19]. 8) Inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation[20]. Literature: [I] Zhejiang Research Group of Antiasthmatics-.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(6),1. [2] Pan,J.G. etaL.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1992,17(12),741. [3] Lao,A.N. etal.:Chem. Pharm.Bull. 1984,32(2),723. [4] Tan,R.X. etal.-.Chin.Chem. Lett. 1992,3(2),117. [5] Tan,R.X. etal.-.PlantaMed. 1992,58(4),370. [6]Agari,S. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,206,839[95,286,839](cl.C07D307/58),08 Aug. 1995,Appl.94/21,894,20 Jan. 1994. [7] Ovezdurdyev,A. etal.-.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987,(4),607. [8] Yoshikawa,M. etaL.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996,44(9), 1656. [9] Wu,C.M. et al.-.Zhongyao Tongbao 1985,10(1),31. [10] Yusupov,M. I. etaL.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(4),556. [II] Qin,J. F. et al..Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(9),398. [12] You,Y. Z. : Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1977,(3),12. [13] Wang,Y S. et al.-."Zhongyao Yaoli Yu Yingyong" 1983,259. [14] Zhang,W. X. -.Chin. Med. J. 1949,67(12),648. [15] Liu,S. S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao(m0-I961)1963,157. [16] Sun,X..Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1955,(6),536. [17] Sun,X.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),354. [18] Cao,R. L. etal: ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [19] Bian,R. etal:Zhejiang YikeDaxueXuebao 1982,11(4),185. [20] Zhong,Y R. etaL.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1992,17(6),353.

114

720

Aster scaber Thunb. (Compositae) [ = Doellingera scaber (Thunb.) Nees ] Dong-feng-cai(C), Shirayama-giku(J), Cham-chui(K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Dong-feng-cai(C), Dong-pung-chae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cold and headache(C, J). 2)Contusion(C, K). 3)Snakebite(C, K). 4)Wart(C, K). 5)Rheumatic arthritis(C). 6)Sorethroat(C). 7)Conjuctival congestion(C). 8)Dizziness(J). 9)Malaria(K). 10) Jaundice(K). Root Local Drug Name:Dong-feng-cai(C),Dong-pung-chae-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Contusion(C, K). 2) Enteritis(K). 3) Aneilema(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Benzenoids: phenyl actaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethanol, toluene[l]. 2)Phenylpropanoids: eugenol[l]. 3)Monoterpenes: borneol, camphene, car-3-ene, 1,8-cineol, citronellol, cumin alcohol, cumin aldehyde, />-cymen-8-ol, />-cymene, a-penchyl alcohol, geranial, tans-geranic acid methyl ester, geraniol, /so-geraniol, lavandulol, limonene, linalool, cz's-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, p-menth-/ra«.s-2-en-l-ol, /so-neomenthol, myrcene, neral, nerol, cis-, trans-cimene, perillene, a-, P-phellandrene, a-, |3- pinene, trans-pmocarveol, cis-, /raw-piperitol, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, a-, y-terpinene, a-terpineol, terpinolene, a-thujene[l]. 4)Sesquiterpenes: aromadendrene, allo-aromadendrene, P-bisabolene, p-bisabolol, Pbourbonene, 8-, y-cadinene, a-, 5-cadinol, a-calacorene, calamenene, 5-hydroxy calamenene, a-, P-caryophyllene alcohol, caryophyllene oxide, P-caryophyllene, isocaryophyllene, a-copaene, a-curcumene, trans, trans-a-tarnesene, /ratts-P-farnesene, germacrene D, humulene oxide, a-humulene, P-ionone, 3-oxo-p-ionone, a-, y-muurolene, xmuurolol, fra/K-nerolidol, P-selinene, P-sesquiphellandrene[l]. 5)Diterpenes: phytol[l]. 6)Polycyclics: naphthalene[l]. 7)Alkanes: n-decane, n-docosane, M-dodecane, K-eicosane, K-heneicosane, 6-methyl hept-5-en2-one, «-heptadecane, heptan-1-al, /rani-hex-2-ene-l-al, /ra«i--hex-2-en-l-ol, hex-c/.s-3-enl-ol, hexadecan-2-one, «-hexadecane, hexan-1-al, hexan-1-ol, n-nonadecane, «-nonane, octl-en-3-ol, fl-octadecane, octan-1-ol, octan-3-ol, n-octane, pentadecane, pentan-1-al, ntricosane, «-tridecane, K-undecane, acetic acid, 3-methyl butan-1-al, 3-methyl butan-1-ol, ethanol, ethanal, ethyl acetate, formic acid ethyl ester[l], 8)Triterpenes: aster saponin HA, HB[l-2], foetidissimodide A[3], scaberoside A-2[3-5],

115

scaberoside A-l, A-3, A-4[3, 5], foetidissimoside A, scaberoside H-A, H-B-l, H-B-2, H-C1[4], epifriedelanal, friedelin[6], scaberoside B-l, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6[7], scaberoside B7, B-8, B-9[8], scaberoside H-C-2, H-D, H-F, H-G, H-H, H-I[9]. 9)Lipids:palmitic acid[l], hexadec-?ra/w-2-enoic acid[10]. Phamacology 1) Antibiotic resistance inhibition activity[ll-12]. 2) Hypocholesterolaemic activity[ 13-14]. Literature: [I] Chung, T. Y. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1993, 41(10), 1693. [2] Nagao, T. et al: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1996,404,297. [3] Nagao, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39(7), 1719. [4] Nagao, T. et al:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(4), 659. [5] Wolfender, J. L. et al.: J. Chromatogr. A 1995, 712(1), 155. [6] Chandler, R. F. et al: Phytochemistry 1979, 18, 711. [7] Nagao, T. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39(7), 1699. [8] Nagao, l.etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40(4), 886. [9] Nagao, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 41(9), 1562. [10] Payne-Wahl, K. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 18, 711. [II] Lee, C. K. et al.Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1998,21(1), 62. [12] Lee, C. K. etal.Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1998, 21(2), 223. [13] Lim, S.-S. et al: Han'guk Sikp'um Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi 1997,26(1), 123. [14] Park, J.-R. et al.: Han 'guk Sikp 'urn Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi 1997, 26(2), 236. [C. K. Sung]

721

Aucklandia lappa Decne (Compositae) [=Saussrea lappa Clarke] Mu-xiang(C),Muk-heung(H),Mokko(J)

Root(CP) Local Drug Name:Mu-xiang(C),Muk-heung(H),Mokko(J). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,soak briefly,soften thoroughly,cut into thick slices, and dry in the shade(C,J). 2)Spread undried Radix Aucklandiae on paper made of straw and pile up consecutively in style of covering one layer of the drug with one layer of paper in a wired shallow basket,roast on a coke stove or in a drying shed until the volatile oil is absorbed by paper,and take out(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Distending pain in the chest and epigastrium(C,H,J). 2)Tenesmus in dysentery(C,H,J). 3)Indigestion with anorexia(C,H,J). 4)Diarrhea with abdominal pain(roasted root) (C,H,J). 5)Edema(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:costuslactone,dihydrocostuslactone,a-costol,a-costic acid,saussurea lactone, dehydrocostus lactone,dihydrodehydrocostus lactone,costunolide,dihydrocostunolide, 12-methoxydihydro-costunolide,aplotaxene,a-costene,(3-costene,terpene alcohol,camphene, phellandrene, a-ionone, P-ionone,(3-selinene, palmitic acid, stigmasterol, betulin, myrcene, />-cymol,linalool,P-elemene,caryophyllene,humulene,cedrene,cedrol[l],wo-alantolactone[2]. 2) Alkaloids:saussurine[l]. 3) Polysaccharides:inulin[l].

116

4) Sterols[l]. Pharmacology 1) Antispasmodic effect[l]. 2) Antihypertensive effect[l]. 3) Antibacterial effect[l]. 4) Emetic effect[l]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,77. [2] Liu,G. S. et al..Zhongyao Tongbao 1981,6(5),49. [J.X.Guo]

722

Widens tripartita L.

(Compositae)

Lang-ba-cao(C), Ta-ukogi(J), Ga-mak-sa-ri(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Lang-ba-cao(C), Nang-pa-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Tonsillitis(C, K). 2)Dysentery(C, K). 3)Sore throat(C, K). 4)Tuberculosis(J, K). 5)Enteritis(C). 6)Hepatitis(C). 7)Urinary infection(C). 8)Dermatitis(C). 9)Amenia(C). lO)Furuncle(C). ll)Eczema(C). 12)Bronchitis(K). 13)Erysipelas(K). 14)Acute gastritis(K). Root Local Drug Name: Nang-pa-cho-geun(K) Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysentery(K). 2)Night sweating(K). 3)Erysipelas(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Phenylpropanoids: eugenol[l] 2)Monoterpenes: cosmene, P-c/s-ocimene[l] 3)Lipids: linoleic acid[l]. 4)Flavonoids: 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy chalcone[l], wo-coreopsin[2], (R-2)flavanomerin[3]. 5)Triterpenes:oleanolic acid[4].

117

Phamacology 1) Antiulcer activity[5]. 2) Antimalarial activity[6]. Literature: [1] Christensen, L. P. et al: Phytochemistry 1990, 29(10), 3155. [2] Serbin, A. G. et al: Farm. Zh(Kiev) 1975, 21,115. [3] Serbin, A. G. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975, 11(2), 160. [4] Tamai, H.et al: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1992, 04 26,650, 2pp. [5] Muto, y. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1994, 11492), 980. [6] Brandao, M.G.L. et al: Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 57(2), 131. [C. K. Sung]

723

Blumea balsamifera

DC.

(Compositae)

Da-fong-ai (C), Die-ngai (H), Takasagogiku (J) Leaf and root Local Drug Name: Da-fong-ai (C), Die-ngai (H), Gainoko (J). Processing: Fresh (C, J), or dry in the shade (C, H, J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction or powder: C, H, J);Topical(decoction or paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Common cold (C, H, J). 2) Cough (J). 3) Insomnia (J). 4) Hypertension (J). 5) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 6) Postpartum bone pain (H). 7) Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 8) Diarrhea (H). 9) Traumatic injury (C, H). 10) Boils and pyodermas (H). 11) Eczema (C). 12) Dermatitis (C). 13) Carbuncle(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenoids: /-borneol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, /-camphor [1]. 2) Flavonoids: 3,5,3-trihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,3,4-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone [2], 3) Saponins, steroids, triterpenoids [3]. Pharmacology 1) Antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation and active oxygen radicals (flavonoids) [4]. 2) Antitussive effect (oil) [5]. Increasing of trachea secretion [6], 3) Contraction of mouse small intestine [7]. 4) Inhibition of tumor promoter (eugrobal Gl, G2, G3) [8]. Literature: [1] Sagara, K. et al: Iyakuhin Kenkyu 1990,20,689. [2] Deng, Q. D. et al: Bopuxue Zazhi 1996,13,447. [3] Chuakul, W. et al: Warasan Phesatchasat 1997,24,1. [4] Zhao, J.-H. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1997,13,438. [5] Misawa, M. et al: Ouyou Yakuri 1990,39,81.

118

[6] Boyd, E. M. et al:.Am. J. Med. Sci. 1946,211,602. [7] Imazeki, I. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1962,82,1326. [8] Takasaki, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1990,38,1444. [T. Kimura]

724

Chrysanthemum

cinerariaefolium

Bocc.

(Compositae)

Chu-chong-ju(C), Shiro-mushiyoke-gkiku(J), Je-chung-guk(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Chu-chong-ju(C), Je-chung-guk(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Topical (powder: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Insect repellant(C, J, K). 2) Scabies(C) 3) Coiled incens stick for fumigation(J) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lignans:c/-sesamin[l-2]. 2) Monoterpenes: chrysanthemic acid[3-5], chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid, chrysanthemyl alcohol, geraniol[5], cinerin I[5-12], cinerin II[5-13], pyrethrin II[5-14], pyrethrin I[5-12, 14],jasmolinI[5-7, 10], jasmolin II[5-7, 10-11, 13, 15], jasmolinfll], pyrethrins[16-18], pyrethrolone[19]. 3)Sesquiterpenes:P-cyclopyrethrosin[l-2], chrysanin,chrysanolide[2], dihydro Pcyclopyrethrosin[2, 20], tatridin A, 11(R), 13-dihydro tatridin A, tatridin B, 1 l(R),13-dihydrotatridin B, ll(R),13-dihydro-tatridin B 6-O-P-D-glucopyranoside[20], pyrethrosin[21-22]. 4) Triterpenes: taraxasterol[2, 21, 23]. 5)Flavonoids: apigenin-7-galacturonic acid methyl ester, apigenin-7-glucuronic acid, jaceidin[20], apigenin, luteolin[20-21], apigenin-4'-0-P-D-glucuronide, quercetagetin[21], apigenin-7-O-P-D-glucuronide, axillarin, centaureidin, cynaroside, luteolin-7-O-P-Dglucuronide, quercetin-3-O-P-D-glucuronide, isoquercitrin[24], chrysantin[25]. 6) Sulfur compounds: y-terthienyl[26]. Phamacology 1) Antispasmodic activity[12]. 2) Allergenic activity[13, 27]. 3) Insect repellent activity[28]. 4) Insecticide activity[29-34], 5) Ascaricidal activity[35]. 6) Plant growth inhibition activity[36]. 7) Abortifacient activity [37], 8) Cardiotoxic activity[3 8]. Literature: [1] Doskotch, R. W. et al:. Can. J. Chem. 1969,47, 1139. [2] Doskotch, R. W. et al: Can. J. Chem. 1971, 49, 2103. [3] Pattenden, G. et al: Chem. Commun. 1975, 290. [4] Kueh, J.S.H. et al: Plant Cell Rep. 1985,4, 118. [5] Zito, S. W. et al: Phytochemistry 1990, 29(8), 2533. [6] Dickinson, C. M.: J. Ass. Offlc. Anal. Chem. 1982, 65, 921. [7] Rickett, F. E.: J. Chromatogr. 1972, 66, 356. [8] Beckman, H. et al: J. Gas Chromatogr. 1963,1,21.

119

[9] Ward, J.: Chem. Ind.(London), 1953, 586. [10] Mc Eldowney, A. M. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1988, 447(1), 239. [11] Yuksekisik, N. et al: Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara Ser. B 1980, 26(1), 3. [12] Taylor, E. H. et al:. Can. Pharm. J. Sci. Sect. 1958, 91, 309. [13] Mitchell, J. C. et al: Brit. J. Dermatol. 1972, 86, 568. [14] Allen, K. G. etal: Phytochemistry 1977,16, 79. [15] Godin, P. J. et al: Chem. Ind. (London) 1964, 371. [16] Rajasekaran, T. etal: Curr. Sci. 1991, 60(12), 705. [17] Zieg, R. G. etal: PlantaMed. 1983, 48(2), 88. [18] Zito, S. W. etal: PlantaMed. 1983, 47(4), 205. [19] La Forge, F. B. et al: J. Org. Chem. 1944,9, 242. [20] Sashida, Y. etal: Phytochemistry 1983,22(5), 1219. [21] Rao, P. R. et al: Curr. Sci. 1973, 42, 811. [22] Mitchell, J. C. et al: Brit. J. Dermatol. 1971, 84, 139. [23] Herz, W. et al:J. Pharm. Sci. 1966, 55,104. [24] Glennie, C. W. etal: Pyrethrum Post. 1912, 11, 82. [25] Chou, T. Q. etal: Chin. J. Physiol. 1934, 8,167. [26] Groneman, A. F. etal: Anal. Chim. Acta 1984,163, 43. [27] Rickett, F. E. etal: Pyrethrum Post. 1974,12, 163. [28] Bar-Zeev, M. et al:J. Med. Entomol. 1974, 11, 389. [29] Miyakado, M. et aL.Agr. Biol. Chem. 1979, 43, 1609. [30] Kamyszek, F. etal: HerbaPol. 1975, 21, 317. [31] Yamaguchi, K. et al: Botyu Kagaku 1950, 15, 62. [32] Ashrafi, S. H. etal: Sci. Ind.(Pat) 1968, 6, 87. [33] Kamyszek, F. et al: Herba Pol. 1975, 21, 317. [34] Rao, D. S.: Econ. Bot. 1957, 11, 274. [35] Zarnowski, E. et al.Med. Weter 1957, 13, 387. [36] Shimomura, H. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981, 35(3), 173. [37] Khera, K. S. et al:J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1982, 10, 111. [38] Chevalier, J. et al: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1927, 184,776. [C. K. Sung]

725

Dahlia variabilis Desfontaines Daria(J), Da-al-ri-a (K)

Related plants: D. pinnata Cav.(J). Root Local Drug Name: Da-al-ri-a-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diabetes(K). 2) Edema(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenylpropanoids: chlorogenic acid[l]. 2) Organic acid: citric acid[l]. 3) Proteids: tyrosinefl], trigonelline[2]. 4) Carbohydrates: inulin[3]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial activity[4].

120

(Compositae)

2) Phototoxicity^]. Literature: [1] Shiroya, M. et al: Physiol. Plant 1955, 8, 358. [2] William, J. J. et al: ARS, USDA, Tech. Bull. 1234, Supt. Documents, Govt. Print Off Washington DC, 1961. [3] Zambo, I. et al: Herba Hung 1976,15(2), 77. [4] Gottshall, R. Y. et al.:J. Clin. Invest. 1949, 28,920. [5] Camm, E. L. et al: Phytochemistry 1975,14, 2007. [C. K. Sung]

726

Erigeron canadensis

L.

(Compositae)

Xiao-bai-jiu-cao(C), Hime-mukashi-yomogi(J), Mang-cho(K) Related plants: E. annuus (L.) Pers.(= Aster annuus L.):Yi-nian-peng(C), Gae-mang-cho(K). Whole plant(CP) Local Drug Name: Xiao-fei-peng(C), Bi-bong(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste or gargle of fresh juice: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Otitis media(C, K). 2) Conjunctivitis(C, K). 3) Rheumatalgia(C, K). 4) Incised wound of hand(C, K). 5) Enteritis(C) 6) Dysentery(C). 7) Infective hepatitis(C). 8) Choleoystitis(C). 9)Psoriasis(C). 10)Gingivostomatitis(K). ll)Toothache(K). 12)Erysipelas(K). 13)Dysuria(K). 14)Acute gastritis(K). 15)Hypersensitive diarrhea of child by milk(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin[l], apigenin[l-3], c/-catechin[4]. 2) Benzenoids: 4-hydroxy benzoic acid[l], vanillic acid[l-2, 5], protocatechuic acid, syringic acid[l, 4], gallic acid, veratric acid[4], ortho-benzyl benzoic acid[6]. 3) Phenylpropanoids: caffeic acid[l-2, 4, 5], chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid[l, 4]. 4) Steroids: p-sitosterol[2, 5, 7], oc-spinasterol[2, 5, 8], stigmasterol[7, 9], stigmast-7-en-3-betaol, stigmast-7-en-3-one, stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3-one[8], cholesta-5-en-3-beta-ol, 24-methylcholesta-7, 22-dien-3-beta-ol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-7, 22-dien-3-beta-ol, 24-cis-ethylidnecholesta-7-en-3-beta-ol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-7-en-3-beta-ol, 24-methyl-cholesta-7-en-3-betaol[9]. 5) Chromones: erigeroside[3]. 6) Monoterpenes:limonene, linalool, terpineol[4]. 7) Sesquiterpenes: 5P-6a-epoxy-5, 6-dihydrocaryophyllene[7], 8) Diterpenes: 1 -hydroxy-17-oxo-8,17-dihydroconycephaloide, 17-oxo-8,l7-dihydro-conycephal -oide[7].

121

9) Triterpenes: oleanolic acid[7], Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity [10]. 2) Antifungal activity[ll-12] 3) Antihypertensive activity[13] 4) Antidiarrheal activity[14]. 5) Insecticide activity[15-16] Literature: [I] Glinkowska, G. et al: Acta Pol. Pharm. 1987,44(5), 476. [2] Grancai, D. et al: Cesk. Farm. 1985,34(6), 209. [3] Plouvier, V.: C. R. Acad Sci. Ser. 7771984, 299(19), 749. [4] Strzelecka, H. et al.: HerbaPol. 1981, 27,201. [5] Grancai, D. et al: L. Ceskoslov. Farm. 1985, 34(6), 209. [6] Rahman, A. U. etal: Reel. Trav. Chim. PAYS-BAS1969, 88(11), 1332. [7] El-Dahmy, S. I.: Zagazig. J. Pharm. Sci. 1993, 2(2), 111. [8] Sengupta, P. etal: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1985, 62(1), 78. [9] Dubey, S. et al:. Fitoterapia 1988, 59(5), 428. [10] Arisawa, M : Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [II] Guerin, J. C. et al: Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1985, 43(1), 77. [12] Nene, Y. L. etal: LabdevJ. Sci. Tech. B 1968, 6(4), 226. [13] Lasserre, B. et al: Naturwissenschaften 1983, 70(2), 95. [14] Blue, J. A.: J. Allergy 1955,26, 425. [15] Tattersfield, F. et al: Kew Bull. (London) 1948,3,329. [16] Mcgovran, E. R. et al: US Dept. Agr. Research Admin. Bur. Entomol. Plant Quarantine Bull. E736,1947,1. [C. K. Sung]

727

Gnaphalium affine DC. (Compositae) [= G. multiceps Wall.] Shu-qu-cao (C), Hahakogusa (J), Ddeok-ssuk (K)

Whole Herb Local Drug Name: Shu-qu-cao (C), Sokikuso (J), Seo-guk-cho (K). Processing: Fresh (C). Dry under the sun (C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; C, J, K);Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tumor (J). 2) Diabetes (J). 3) Common cold and cough (C,J, K). 4) Bronchitis (C). 5) Tonsillitis (J). 6) Nephritis (J). 7) Dermatitis, dermatomycosis (J). 8) Asthma (C, K). 9) Hypertension (C). 10) Lumbago (C). ll)Favism (C). 12) Traumatic injury (C). 13) Snake bite (C). Scientific Research:

122

Chemistry 1) Steroid: stigmasterol [1], P-sitosterol, dihydro-P-sitosterol [1]. 2) Flavonoid: luteorin 4'-P-D-glucoside [2]. Literature: [1] Mitsuhashi, T. et al: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Kiyo (IV), 1971, 73. [2] Ota, Let al.: Tokyo Yakudai Kiyo 1958,8,156; Aritomi, M. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,895. [T. Kimura]

728

Inula linariifolia

Turcz.

(Compositae)

Tiao-ye-xuan-fu-hua(C),Hosoba-oguruma(J),Ga-neun-ip-geum-bul-cho(K) Related plants: I.japonica Thunb.:Xuan-fu-hua(C);Oguruma(J);Geum-bul-cho(K). Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Jin-fei-cao(C),Senpukuka(J),Seon-bok-hwa(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash briefly,cut itno sections,and dry(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(juice:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough in colds with retention of phlegm marked by dyspnea,profuse expectoration and feeling of stuffiness in the chest(C,J,K). 2)External use for pyogenic infections of the skin(C,J). 3)Traumatic injury(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lactones[l]:britanin[2], 2) Steroids:taraxasteryl palmitate[2,3],taraxasteryl acetate[3]. 3)Others:bigelovin,dihydrobigelovin[3]. Pharmacology 1) Antineoplastic effect[2]. 2) Expectorant effect[2]. 3) Antiemetic effect[3]. 4) Bacteriostasis[2,4]. Literature: [1] Liu,S.S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao (1962-1974) 1979,644. [2] Qian,M.K. etaLHuaxueXuebao, 1983,41(3),254. [3] Kinoshita,K. etal.:Phytomedicine 1996,3(1),51. [4] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1980,Vol 3,1186. [J.X.Guo]

729

Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae) [= L. scariola L. var. sativa Bisch] Wo-ju(C), Chisa(J), Sang-chi(K)

123

Stem and Leaf Local Drug Name: Wa-geo(K). Processing: Fresh or dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Insomnia(J, K). 2)Anemia(J, K) 3)Dysuria(J, K). 4)Neurasthenia(J). 5)Tonsillitis(J). 6)Carbuncle(K). 7)Toothache(K). 8)Swelling(K). 9)Snake bite(K). lO)Pricklyheat(K). ll)Deficient of milk after child birth(K). 12)Hematuria(K). 13)Dysgalactia(K). Contraindications: Ophthalmopathy. Seed Local Drug Name: Wa-geo-ja(K) Processing: Fresh or dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysgalactia(K). 2)Dysuria(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: quercetin 3-p-D-glucuronide, quercetin 3-P-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-0malonyl-3-P-D-glucoside, luteolin 7-p-D-glucuronide[l]. 2) Proteins: endo-(l-»4)-P-mannanase[2], P-fucosidase[3]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity(latex sap)[4]. Literature: [1] Woeldecke, M. et al: Z. Naturforsch., Teil C1974, 29(7-8), 355. [2] Dulson, J. etal: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(2), 363. [3] Giordani, R. et al: Eur. J. Biochem. 1988,175(3), 619. [4] Moulin-Traffort, J. et al: Mycoses 1990, 33(7-8), 383. [C. K. Sung]

730

Vladimiria soulieri (Franch.) Ling

(Compositae)

Chuan-mu-xiang (C), Sen-mokkou (J), Cheon-mok-hyang (K). Related Plant: Vladimiria souliei (Franch.) Ling var. cinerea Ling: Hui-mao-chuan-mu-xiang (C). Root(CP) Local Drug Name: Chuan-mu-xiang (C), Sen-mokkou (J), Mok-hyang (K). Processing: Eliminate "oil head" and cut into thick slices and dry (C). Dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses:

124

l)Pain and distension in the hypochondriac regions, pain in liver and gall bladder diseases (C, J). 2) Abdominal distension and pain (K). 3) Vomiting (K). 4) Diarrhea (C,K). Scientific Research Chemistry l)Essential oil:dehydrocostus lactone and other 25 compounds[l]. 2)Sesquiterpenelactones:guaia-4(15),10(14),ll(13)-triene-12,6a-olide,3(3-acetoxyguaia-4(15), 10(14),ll(13),trien-12,6a-olide,3P-hydroxy-lipH-guaia-4(15),10(14)diene-12,6a-olide,3pacetoxy-11 pH-guaia-4(l 5), 10(14)-diene- 12,6a-olide, 1 Oa, 14-epoxy-11 pH-guaia-4(l 5)-ene12,6a-olide,3p-hydroxy-10a,14-epoxy-4p,lipH-guaia-12,6a-olide,10p,14-dihydroxy-lipH -guaia-4( 15)-ene-12, 6a-olide, 3P, 11 P-dihydroxyguaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6a-olide, 11 aHguaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6a-olide, 3 P-hydroxy-11 aH-guaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6aolide, 10p,14-dihydroxy-llaH-guaia-4(15)-ene-12, 6a-olide,ip,2a- dihydroxy-lipH-eudesm -4(15)-ene-12, 6a-olide, ip,4a- dihydroxy-lipH-eudesman-12, 6a-olide,15-acetoxy-lipHgermacra-1(10)E,4E-diene-12, 6a-olide, 1 P-hydroxyeudesm-4( 15), 11 (13)-diene-12, 6a-olide, 4a-hydroxy-11 PH-eudesman-12, 6ct-olide, 11 PH-germacra-1 (10)E,4E-diene-12,6a-olide, 15 hydroxy-11 PH-germacra-1 (10)E,4E-diene-12,6a-olide, 15-acetoxygermacra-1(10) E,4E, 11 (13)-triene-12,6a-olide, germacra-1 (10)E,4E, 11 (B)-triene-12,6a-olide[2],vladiol AF[3]. Literature: [1] Li,Z.L.e
731

Allium cepa L.

(Liliaceae)

Yang-cong(C), Tama-negi(J), Yang-pa(K) Bulb Local Drug Name: Yang-cong(C), Yang-chong(K). Processing: Fresh(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(tincture:C,fresh or fried in oil:K);Topical(paste:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Ulcer(C,J,K). 2) Furuncle(J, K). 3) Bee-bite(J, K). 4) Trichomonas vaginitis(C, K). 5) Swelling(J, K). 6) Insomnia(J, K). 7) Neurastheniac, K). 8) Common cold(J). 9) Anorexia(J). 10)Gastroenteritis(J). 11 )Hypercholesterolemia(K). 12)Arteriosclerosis(K). 13)Vulnus(K). 14)Carbuncle(K). Scientific Research:

125

Chemistry 1) Sulfur compounds: allicin[l-4], alliin[l, 3, 5-7], cycloalliin[6], allyl methyl disulfide, allyl propyl disulfide, allyl propyl sulfide, allyl propyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl propcis-enyl disulfide, methyl prop-frww-enyl disulfide, methyl propyl disulfide, methyl propyl trisulfide, prop-1-ene-l-thiol, prop-cw-enyl-propyl disulfide, prop-cw-enyl-propyl trisulfide, prop-frwK-enyl propyl disulfide, prop-frww-enyl-propyl trisulfide, thio propanal S-oxide, propanethiol[8], 2,4-dimethyl thophene[8-10], 3,4-dimethyl thiophene[8, 10], dipropyl disulfide[8,11], dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, dipropyl trisulfide[8,12], prop-cwenyl propyl disulfide, propl-frafls-enyl propyl disulfide, 2,3-dimthyl thophene, methyl propyl trisulfide, prop-cw-enyl propyl trisulfide, prop-?ra«s-enyl propyl trisulfide[9], dipropyl disulfide[9, 13], methyl-dithio methane, l-(methyl-dithio)-propane, l-(methyltrithio)-propane, l-(propyl-dithio)-propane, l-(propyl-trithio)-propane, cw-l-(l-propenyldithio)-propane, f/WK-l-(l-propenyl-dithio)-propane, 3,4-dimehtyl-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydrothophene, 2,5-dimehyl thophene[10], diallyl sulfidefll], dimethyl pentasulfide, dimethyl tetrasulfide, dipropyl tetrasulfide, methyl-propyl-disulfide, methyl-propyl-tetrasulfide, methyl-propyl-trisulfide[12], 5,6-di-bicyclo-(2,2,l)-hexane-5-oxide,(DL)-2,3-dimethylbutane-cw-l-c/s-4-dithial-S,S'-dioxide[14], cepaene 2-A, 2-B, 3,4-A, 4-B[15], cepaene 1 [15-16], CM-2,3-dimethyl-5,6-dithia-cyclo-(2,l,l)-heptane-5-oxide,^a«5,-2,3-dimethyl-5,6dithia-cyclo-(2,l,l)-heptane-5-oxide[17], methyl sulfinothioic acid S-l-cw-propenyl ester, methyl sulfinothioic acid S-l-?ra/w-propenyl ester, propyl sulfinothioic acid S-l-cymene[23]. 5)Sesquiterpenes: abscisic acid[29]. 6)Saponins: alliospiroside B[30], alliospiroside C, D[31], tseposide A, B, C, D, E, F[32], alloside B[33] 7)Steroids: 5-Dehydro avenasterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, cholesterol, stigmast-7-en-3-Pol[32], P-sitosterol, stigmasterol[26,32]. 8)Carotenoids: P-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin[34], 9)Alkaloids: adenosine[4], diphenylamine[35-36], melatonin[37]. 10)Flavonoids: wo-quercetin[28], kampferolfl, 38-39], wo-rhamnetin, wo-rhamnetin-4'-0-P-Dglucoside[39],kampferol-3,4'-di-0-P-D-glucoside, kaempferol-4',7-di-0-P-Dglucoside[40], quercetin-3,4'-di-0-P-D-glucoside, quercetin-4',7-di-0-P-D-glucoside[28, 40],kaempferol-4'-O-P-D-glucoside[40-41],quercetin-4-O-P-Dglucoside[42],spiraeoside[28,40,42,47], quercetin[l, 28, 38-39,42-48], quercetin-3-Osophoroside-7-0-glucoside[49], rutin[39, 50]. ll)Lipids: linoleic acid[26, 51-52], oleic acid[26, 51-53], arachidic acid, myristic acid[51], palmitic acid[51-53], stearic acid[51, 53], a-linolenic acid, prostaglandin E-l[53], 9,12,13trihydroxy octadec-10-enoic acid, 9,10,13-trihydroxy octadec-11-enoic acid[53-54], prostaglandin A-l[55-57]. 12)Proteids: alliin y-glutamyl peptide, cysteine, glutathione, methionine[6], 2-propenyl Lcysteine sulfoxide, methyl L-cysteine sulfoxide, glutamic acid, glycine, valine[58], Smethyl cysteine sulfoxide[59], S-(2-carboxy-propyl) glutathione[60], satiomem[61], trigonelline[62]. 13)Carbohydrates: fructose, glucofructan, glucose, raffinose, sucrose[52].

126

14)Vitamins: |3-tocopherol[26], a-tochopherol[26, 52], ascorbic acid[52, 63]. Phamacology 1) Cyclooxygenase inhibition activityfll]. 2) Antiasthmatic activity[46, 64], 3) Bronchodilator activity[46, 65]. 4) Antihyperglycemic activity[52, 66-69]. 5) Antiallergenic activity[65]. 6) Anticarcinogenesis activity[70-71]. 7) Anticlastogenic activity[72]. 8) Platelet aggregation inhibition activity[73](essential oil)[74]. 9) Antiyeast activity[75]. 10)Antibacterial activity[75-76]. 1 l)Hypercholesterolemic activity[77-79]. 12)Antihyperlipemic activity[78, 80](saponin fraction)[81]. 13)Antiinflammatory activity[82], 14)Antifungal activity[83]. 15hypotensive activity[84]. 16)Sympathomimetic activity[84]. 17)Coagulant activity(essential oil)[85], 18)Platelet adhesion inhibition activity(essential oil)[85], 19)Cytotoxic activity[86]. 20)Thromboxane B-2 synthesis inhibition[87]. 21)Antiedema activity[88]. 22)Antisickling activity[89]. 23)Antithrombotic activity[90]. 24)Antimutagenic activity[91], 25)Lipoxygenase inhibition activity(essential oil)[92]. 26)Diuretic activity[93]. 27)Antitumor activity[94]. 28)Acid and alkaline phosphatase inhibition activity[95]. 29)GPT inhibition activity[95]. 30)Anticoagulant activity[96]. 31)Aflatoxin production inhibition activity[97]. 32)Antifilarial activity[98]. 33)Immunosuppressant activity[99]. 34)Nucleotidase inhibition activity[100]. Literature: [I] Smoczkiewiczowa, M. A. et al: Herba Pol. 1981, 27, 169. [2] Akema, R. et al: Kanagawa-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 1987, (17), 39. [3] Mochizuki, E. et al:. J. AOACInt. 1997, 80(5), 1052. [4] Makheja, A. N. et al: Agents Actions 1990, 29(3/4), 360. [5] Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1985,24(3), 600. [6] Ueda, Y. et al: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1994, 58(1), 108. [7] Bekdairova, K. Z. et al: Izv. Akad Nauk. Kaz. SSR Biol. 1982, (1), 6. [8] Tokitomo, Y. et al: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1992, 56(11), 1865. [9] Kumura, K. et al: Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 1984, 37(4), 343. [10] Albrand, M. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1980, 28,1037. [II] Abo-Domas, M. H. etal: J. DrugRes(Egypt) 1991, 20(1/2), 1. [12] Jirovetz, L. etal: Pharmazie 1992, 47(6), 455. [13] Bandyopadhyay, C: PafaiJ. 1983, 5(3), 26. [14] Block, R. etal: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112(11), 4584. [15] Bayer, T. et al: Lancet 1988, (8616), 906. [16] Wagner, H. et al: Z. Phytother. 1988, 9(6), 165. [17] Dorsch, W. et al: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37(23), 4479. [18] Bayer, T. et al: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(9), 2373. [19] Kawakishi, S. etal: Lancet 1988, (8606), 330.

127

20 Wilcox, B. F. et al: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1984,21(3), 214. 21 Wilcox, B. F. etal: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1984,21(3), 214. "22 Yamato, 0. etal:. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1994, 58(1), 221. "23 Schmidt, N. E. et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1996,44(9), 2690. 24 Dorsch, W. et al:. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1985, 107(1), 17. "25 Calvey, E. M. et al:.J. Agr. Food Chem. 1994, 42(6), 1335. "26 Grujic-Injac, B. etal: Hranahhrana 1985, 25(7/10), 167. "27 Gad, S. S. etal: Food Chem. 1982, 8(3), 169. 28 Kiviranta, J. et al: PlantaMed. 1986, (6), 517. 29 Karmelyuk, L. V. etal: Fiziol. Biokhim. Kul'tRast. 1982, 14, 295. 30 Kravets, C. D. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1987,22(5), 553. 31 Kravets, S. D. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1988, 23(6), 700. "32 Kintia, P. K. etal: Fees. Int. Conf. Chem. Biotechol. Biol. Act. Nat. Prod. (Proc.) 1987, 166. "33 Aizikov, M. I. etal: Khim. Farm. Zh. 1995, 29(8), 34. 34 Granado, F. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 49(11), 2135. 35 Karawva, M. S. etal: Egypt J. Pharm. Sci. 1986, 25(1/2/3), 21. 36 Karawy, M. S. et al: Acta Pharm. Hung. 1986, 56, 55. 37 Hattori, A. et al: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995,35(3), 627. 38 Hertog, M.G.L. etal: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 49(12), 2379. 39 Park, Y. K. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996, 44(1), 34. 40 Mahran, G. H.: Abstr. Proc. Conf. Med. Pl.fMarienbad) 1975, 119. 41 Patil, B. S. etal: NewPhytol. 1995,130(3), 349. "42 Patil, B. S. et al: J. Hort. Sci. 1995, 70(4), 643. 43 Patil, B. S. et al: J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1995,120(5), 909. 44 Handa, G. et al: Indian Drugs 1983, 20(6), 239. 45 Ito, Y et al: Kyushu Tokai Daigaku Nogakubu Kiyo 1995, 14, 43. 46 Al-Saikhan, M. S. et al: J. Food Sci. 1995, 60(2), 341. 47 Tissut, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 2077. 48 Varnaite, R: Liet. Tsr. Mokslu. Akad. Darb. Ser. C1988, (4), 29. 49 Scheer, T. et al: PlantaMed. 1987, 53(6), 573. 50 Urushibara, S. I. etal: Tetrahedron Lett. 1992,33(9), 1213. 51 Reddy, P. N. et al: J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1989, 66(3), 365. 52 Osman, S. A:. Abstr. 4th Asian Symp. Med. Plants Spices Bangkok Thailand 1980, 117. '53 Ustunes, L. et al: Prostaglandins 1985, 29(5), 847. 54 Claeys, M. etal: Prog. Lipid Res. 1986,25(1/4), 53. 55 Sun, Q. et al: Chung Ts 'ao Yao 1988, 19(4), 146. 56 Attrep, K. A. et al: Lipids 1980, 15, 292. 57 Panossian, A. G: Prostaglandins 1987, 33(3), 363. 58 Yao, G etal: YingyangXuebao 1983, 5(4), 373. 59 Thomas, D. J. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1994, 42(8), 1632. 60 Kumari, K. et al: PlantaMed. 1995, 61(1), 72. 61 Tsuboi, S. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1989,37(3), 611. 62 Upreti, R. K. etal: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 42(1), 53. 63 Evans, L. S. et al: Phytochemistry 1984, 23(9), 1837. 64 Amla, V. et al: Indian J. Pharmacol. 1981, 13, 63. 65 Dorsch, W. et al: Int. Arch. AllergyAppl. Immunol. 1991, 94(1/2), 262. 66 Mossa, J. S. et al: Abstr. International Symposium on Chinese Medicinal Materials Research Hong Kong 1984, 1. 67 Bhushan, S. et al: Curr. Med. Pract. 1984, 28(12), 712. [68 Jain, H. C : Abstr. Internal Res. Cong. Nat. Prod. Coll. Pharm. Univ. N Carolina Chapel HillNC 1985,152. 69 Mossa, J. S.: Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 1985, 23(3), 137. 70 Dorant, E. et al:. Carcinogenesis 1996,17(3), 477. 71 Ernst, E.: Phytomedicine 1997, 4(1), 79. 72 Lim-Sylianco, C. Y etal: Philippine J. Sci. 1986,115(4), 293. 73 Glodman, I. L. et al:. Thrombosis Haemostasis 1996, 76(3), 450. 74 Vanderhoek, J. Y etal: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980, 29, 3169.

128

[75] Elnima, E. I. et al: Pharmazie 1983,38(11), 747. [76] Arunachalam, K.: Geobios. 1980, 7(1), 46. [77] Sogani, R. K. et al: J. Asso. Phys. Ind. 1981,29(6), 443. [78] Adamu, I. et al: Experientia 1982, 38, 899. [79] Singh, M. et al: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1985, 23(8), 456. [80] Jain, R. C. et aLMedikon 1977, 6(5), 12-14. [81] Singhvi, S. et al: RajasthanMed. J. 1984, 23(1), 3. [82] Dabral, P. K.et al: Probe 1983, 22(2), 120. [83] Guerin, J. C. et al.Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1984, 42(6), 553. [84] Ojewole, J.A.O. etal: Int. J. Crude DrugRes. 1982, 20, 71. [85] Chauhan, L. S. et al: Indian Med. J. 1982, 76(10), 126. [86] Niukian, K. etal: Nutr. Cancer 1987,10(3), 137. [87] Bordia, T. et al: Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 1996, 54(3), 183. [88] Yasukawa, K. etal: Phytother. Res. 1993, 7(2), 185. [89] Srivastava, K. C: Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med. 1984,13(2), 227. [90] Bordia, T. et al: Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 1996, 54(3), 183. [91] Badria, F. A.: Cancer Lett. 1994, 84(1), 1. [92] Belman, S. et al: J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1989, 4(3), 151. [93] De A. Ribeiro, R et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988, 24(1), 19. [94] You, W. C. et al: J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1989, 81(2), 162. [95] Vatsala, T. M. etal: Curr. Sci. 1982, 51, 276. [96] Doutremepuich, C. et alr.Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1985, 43(3), 273. [97] Bilgrami, K. S. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1992, 96(34), 171. [98] Suresh, M.etal: Curr. Sci. 1990, 59(9), 477. [99] Vyas, D. S. et al: Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1983, 27(3), 259. 100] Ahluwalia, P. et al: J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1989,35(2), 155. [C. K. Sung]

732

Aspidistra

elatior Blume

(Liliaceae)

Zhi-zhu-bao-dan (C), Haran (J), Yeop-ran (K). Rhizome Local Drug Name: Zhi-zhu-bao-dan (C), Haran (J), Ji-ju-po-dan (K). Processing: Fresh (C,J). Dry under the sun (C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: I) Edema (J). 2)Abdominal pain (J). 3)Lumbago(C,J,K). 4) Headache (J, K). 5)Toothache (J, K). 6) Amenorrhea (J, K). 7)Traumatic injury (C). 8) Cough (C). 9) Hemoptysis (C). 10) Contusion (K). II) Myalgia (K). 12)Ostalgia(K). 13)Rheumatalgia(C). 14)Lumbago(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Saponins: aspidistrin, aspidistrin [1].

129

2) Triterpenoids: diosgenin. Pharmacology 1) Antifungal activity (aspidistrin) [2], Literature: [1] Mori, Y. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1973,21,224. [2] Koketsu, M. et at. J. Agric. FoodChem. 1996,44,301. [T. Kimura]

733

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don

(Liliaceae)

Chuan-bei-mu(C),Tsuan-bui-moh(H) Related plants: F. unibracteata Hsiao et K.C. Hsia:An-zi-bei-mu(C); F. przewalskii Maxim.:Gan-su-bei-mu(C); F. delarayi Francb.:Suo-sha-bei-mu(C); F. thunbergii Miq.: Zhe-bei-mu(C), Amigasayuri(J). Bulb(CP) Local Drug Name:Chuan-bei-mu(C),Tsuan-bui-moh(H),Baimo(J). Processing:Eliminate fibrous root,coarse bark and soil,and dry in the sun or at a lower temperature(C). Method of Administration:Oral(powder:C,H;decoction:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dry cough due to heat in the lung(C,H,J). 2) Cough with bloody sputum in consumptive diseases(C,H,J). 3) Suppuration(J). Contraindication:Incompatible with Radix Aconiti and allied drugs(C,H,J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkaloids[l,2]:verticine,verticinene,isoverticine,ebeiedine,ebeiedinene[2],sipeimine[3]. 2)Traceelements[l]:K,Mg,Ca,Fe,Cu,Cd,Zn,Mn[4]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on CNS[5]. 2) Antitussive effect[5]. Literature: [1] Liu,J. et al.-.Guangdong Weiliang YuansuKexue 1995,2(9),63. [2] Ding,K. etal.J. Pharm. Sci. 1996,85(11),1174. [3] Zhao,D.Y. -.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1994,19(2),71. [4] Zhong.P. et al..Zhongguo Yiyuan Yaoxue Zazhi 1993,13(8),348. [5] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Hutbian" 1996,Vol 1,128. [J.X.Guo]

734

Polygonatum

sibiricum Redoute ex Redoute [= P. chinense Kunth.]

(Liliaceae)

Huang-jing (C), Wong-jing (H), Kagi-kurumaba-narukoyuri (J), Won-hwang-jeong (K).

130

Related plants: Polygonatum kingianum Coll. etHemsl.: Diang-huang-jing (C). P. cyrtonema Hua: Duo-hua-huang-jing (C). Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name: Huang-jing(C),Wong-jing (H), Ousei (J), Hwang-jeong (K). Processing: Cut into thick slices and dry (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction:C,H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diabetes (C,H,J,K). 2) Weakness (C, J, K). Deficiency of vital essence and blood (C). 3) Tuberculosis (H). 4) Rheumatism (H). 5) Dry cough due to deficiency of yin of the lung (C). 6) Anorexia (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Carbohydrates: mucilage, starch, polysaccharide. 2) Alkaloids: 3-ethoxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-indolizinone [1], Literature: [1] Sun, L. etal:. Zhongguo Yaowu Huctxue Zazhi 1997,7,129. [T. Kimura]

735

Zephyranthus

Candida (Lindl.) H e r b .

(Amaryllidaceae)

Yu-lian (C), Tamasudare (J), Dal-rae-ggot-mu-reut (K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Gan-feng-cao(C),Tamasudare (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Infantile convulsion (C, J). 2) Epilepsy (C). Contraindication: Vomiting (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: lycorine, tazettine, haemanthidine, norinine, nerinine, zephyranthine [1]. 2)Flavonoids: rutin [2], Literature: [1] Ozeki, S.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,1194; 1965,85,699; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1964,12,253; Kitagawa, T. et al: J. Chem. Soc. 1959,3741. [2] Suzushino, H.: Shigen KenkyushoHokokul961,54-55,1. [T. Kimura]

736

Gladiolus gandavensis

Van H o u t t . (Iridaceae)

131

Tang-chang-pu(C), Gim-larn (H), Gurajiorasu(J), Geu-ra-di-o-ra-seu(K) Corm Local Drug Name: Biao-gan-hua(C), Gim-larn (H), Su-san-hwang(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Furuncle(C, H, K). 2)Infiammation(K). 3)Traumatic injury (H). 4)Sore throat (H). 5)Parotitis (C,H). 6)Boils (H). 7)Lymphadenitis (C,H). 8)Jaundice(K) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Vitamins: vitamin C[l-2]. 2) Proteins: chitinase(GBC-a and -b)[3-4]. Literature: [1] Dankanits, E. etal:. Comun. Acad. Rep. Polulare Romine 1962,12, 249. [2] Hilbert, Tr.: Nahrung 1957,1(1), 57. [3] Yamagami, T. et al: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1997, 61(12), 2140. [4] Yamagami, T. et al: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1998, 62(2), 386. [C. K. Sung]

737

Bambusa

tuldoides Munro

(Gramineae)

Qing-gan-zhu(C),Ching-gon-chuk(H),Chikujo(J),Juk-yeo(K) Related plants: Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) Mc Clure vai.pubescens P.F. Li: Da-tou-dianzhu(C); Phyllostachys nigra Munro var. henonis Stapf: Dan shu(C),Hachiku(J),Som-dae(K). Stem shavings(CP) Local Drug Name:Zhu-ru(C),Chuk-yue(H),Chikujo(J),Juk-yeo(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter,cut into sections or crumple up the drug into small masses(C,J,K). 2)Stir-fry the clean Caulis Bambusae in Taenian with ginger juice until it becomes yellow(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cough due to heat and phlegm(C,H,J,K). 2) Restlessness,vomiting,palpitation and insomnia caused by excess fire in the gallbaldder(CJ). 3) Stroke with impairment of consciousness(C,H,K). 4) Stiff tongue vomiting due to heat in the stomach(C,J,K). 5) Hyperemesis gravidarun,threatened abortion(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry

132

1) Polysaccharides [ 1 ]. 2) Phenolic compounds[l]. 3) Amino acids[l]. 4)Resins[l]. 5)Flavonoids[l]. Pharmacology l)Antibacterial effect[2]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1994,Vol 5,587. [2] Liao,Y. X. et al.Xibei Shouyi Xueyuan Xiaokan 1953,(4),5. [J.X.Guo]

738

Setaria viridis Beauv.

(Gramineae)

[ = Panicum viride L. ] Gou-wei-cao(C), Enokoro-gusa(J), Gang-a-ji-pul(K) Related plant: S. glauca (L.) Beauv.: Geum-gang-a-ji-pul(K). Whole plant Local Drug Name: Gou-wei-cao(C), Gu-mi-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Bloodshoteyes(C, K). 2)Wind-heat type common cold(C) 3)Hepatitis(C) 4)Urine difficulty(C). 5)Tuberculosis of lymph nodes(C) 6)Furuncle(K) 7)Dermatopathy(K). 8)Pruritus(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sesquiterpenes: abscisic acid[l]. 2) Alicyclics: quinic acid, shikimic acid[2]. Phamacology 1) Dermatitis producing effect[3]. Literature: [1] Oritani, T.: Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai Kiji 1971,40(1), 34. [2] Yoshida, S. et al: Phytochemisty 1975,14,195. [3] Nakamura, X: Contact Dermatitis 1989, 20(2), 156. [C. K. Sung]

739

Acorus calamus L.

(Araceae)

Zang-chang-pu (C), Cheung-poh (H), Shobu (J), Chang-po (K).

133

Rhizome(CP)* Local Drug Name: Zang-chang-pu (C), Cheung poh (H), Shobukon (J), Chang-po (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Stomach ache, abdominal distending pain (C, H, J, K). 2) Indigestion(C). 3) Dysentery and diarrhea (J, K). 4) Cough (H, J, K). 5) Sputum (H, J, K). 6) Delirium (H). 7) Tinnitus (H). 8) Lumbago (H). 9) Rheumatic arthritis, arthralgia due to coind-cold-dampness (H). 10)Epilepsy (H). ll)Diphtheria(C). 12)Anthrax(C). Contraindications: Nausea. Scientific Research: Chemistry ^Sesquiterpenes: acorone [1, 2], 7-isopropyl-4,7-dimethylspiro[3, 4]decane-2,6-dione, isoacorone, neoacorone [1], 2-hydroxyacorenone and 6 other compounds [5],isoeugenol, eugenol, azulene, asarone (Z-asarone [6]), calamol [7], calacone, acorenone, calamone [3],cryptoacorone [8],acoric acid [9],calamenone [10],shobunone, epishobunone,isoshobunone,calamenediol, isocalamenediol [11, 12], preisocalamendiol, calameone [12], methylisoeugenol,p-asarone [13],acoronene [14],acolamone, isoacolamone [15], acoragermacrone [16]. 2)Triterpenoid saponins: 1(3, 2a, 3(3,19a-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-0-[P-Dgluco-pyranosyl-(l—>2)]-P-D-galactopyranoside, 3P,22a,24,29-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-3O-P-D- arabinosyl- (1—>3)]-P-D-arabinopyranoside [17]. Pharmacology 1) Hair growth stimulant [4]. 2) Sedative and hypothermic effects (P-asarone) [18], Literature: [l]Sykora, V. et at Chem. Listy 1957,51,1704,2102; Chem. &Ind. 1956, 1231. [2]McEachan, C. E. et at. J. Chem. Soc. (C), 1966, 579. [3]Vrkoc, J. etat. Collection Czech. Chem. Comm. 1961,26,1021,1343,3183. [4]Nishizawa, Y. et at. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08073324 A2 19 Mar 1996 (Japan). [5]Nawamaki, K. etat Phytochemistiy 1996,43(6), 1175. [6]Sugimoto, N. et at. Nat. Med. (Tokyo) 1997,51,259. [7]Bose, B. C. et at. J. Am. Pharm. Asoc. 1960,49,32; Chaundhury, S. S. et at. Indian J. Pharm. 1957 19,183; Baxter, R. M. etat Nature 1960,185,466. [8]Vrikoc, etal:. Collection Czech. Chem. Comm. 1962,27',2709. [9]Birch, A. J. et at. J. Chem. Soc, 1964, 2923. [10]Wu, L.-J. etat. Bopuxue ZazM998,15,249. [ll]Koyama, H. et ai: Chuwo-Bunseki, 1969,17; Iguchi, M. et al: Tetrahedron Letters, 1969,3729. [12]Yamamura, S. etal: Tetrahedron 1971,27,5419. [13] Fujita, S. et at Yakugaku Zasshi 1971,91,571. [14]Minato, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1971,19,638. [15]Niwa, M. etal.: Chem. Letters 1972,823. [16]Iguchi, M. et at Tetrahedron Letters 1973,2759. [17]Rai,R. etal: Indian J. Chem. SectB: Org. Chem. Inch Med. Chem. 1998,37B,473. [18]Zanoli, P. etal: Phytother. Res. 1998,12,Suppl. 1, S114.

134

*Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2000) [T. Kimura]

740

Acorus tatarinowii

Schott.

(Araceae)

Shi-chang-pu(C),Sack-cheung-poh(H),Sekisho(J),Seok-chang-po(K) Related plant: A. gramineus Soland.:Sekisho(J),Seok-chang-po(K). Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name: Shi-chang-pu(C),Sack-cheung-poh(H),Sekisho(J),Seok-chang-po(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,soften,cut into thick slices and dry(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K);Topical(bath:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Stuffiness sensation in the epigastrium with anorexea(C,J,K). 2)Severe case of dysentery with total loss of appetite(C,J,K). 3)Impairment of consciousness in epilepsy(C,H,K). 4)Forgetfulness and impaired hearing(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Volatile oils: asarone, caryophyllene, sekishone, safrol, cis-methylisoirgenol, a-humulene, calamenene,camphor [ 1 ]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on central nervous system[l]. 2) Sedative and hypnotic effectfl]. 3) Paralytic and lumbricidal effect[l]. 4) Anticonvulsive effect[2]. 5) Hypothermal effect[2]. 6) Antispasmodic effect[2]. 7) Antibacterial effect[2]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College ofPharmacy"Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1980,3,1255. [2] Nanjing College of Pharmacy:"Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1980,3,1253. [J.X.Guo]

741

Alocasia

cucullata

(Lour.) Schott.

(Araceae)

Jian-wei-yu (C), Tsim-may-woo (H), Shima-kuwazuimo (J) Rhizome Local Drug Name: Jian-wei-yu (C), Tsim-may-woo (H). Processing: Soak in water for several days and then dry under the sun or used when fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake bites (C, H). 2) Influenza (C, H).

135

3) Bronchitis (C, H). 4) Pulmonary tuberculosis (C, H). 5) Typhoid fever (C, H). 6) Leptospirosis (C, H). 7) Cellulitis (C, H). 8) Bee sting (C, H). Adverse effect: Toxic [1-2]. Scientific Research: Pharmacology 1) Protective effect against poisonous snake venom [3], Literature: [1] Goonasekera, CD. etal: Toxicon 1993,31, 813. [2] Goonasekera, CD. etal: Ceylon Med. J. 1997, 42, 110. [3] Wang, W.P: Zhongyao Tongbao 1986, 11,117. [P.P.H. But]

742

Colocasia antiquorum

Schott et Endl.

(Araceae)

Ye-yu(C), Satoimo(J), To-ran(K) Related plant: C. antiquorum Schott et Endl. var. esculenta Endl.: To-ran(K). Rhizome Local Drug Name: Ye-yu(C), Ya-u(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Paint (external, macerated of fresh juice: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Panaris(C, J). 2)Inflammation of the lymphatic gland in the groin(C, K). 3)Cough(C, K). 4)Bee-bite(J, K). 5)Carbuncle(C). 6)Traumatic injury(C). 7)Burn(J). 8)Scabies(J). 9)Centipede bite(J). 10)Whooping cough(K). ll)Tumor(K). 12)Neuralgia(K). Contraindications: Poisonous when freshly used internally. Leaf Local Drug Name: Ya-u-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(J). 2)Burn(K). Scientific Research:

136

Chemistry l)Fatty acids: 9,12,13-trihydroxy-(E)-10-octadecenoic acid[l]. 2)Proteins: p-amylase[2], crude globulin[3], Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity(9,12,13-trihydroxy-(E)-10-octadecenoic acid)[l], 2) Toxicity(sapotoxin)[4]. Literature: [1] Masui, H. etal: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(10), 2613. [2] Takase, H. et aLAgric. Biol. Chem. 1990, 54(10), 2741. [3] Kurata, K. et al: Planta Medica 1998, 64(7), 645. [4] Watt, J. M.: Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nded. 1962, 113. [C. K. Sung]

743

Typhonium giganteum Engl. (Araceae) Du-jiao-lian(C),Bark-foo-gee(H),Dokukakuren(J)

Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name:Bai-fu-zi(C), Bark-foo-gee(H),Dokukakuren(J). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter(C). 2)Soak the drug in water and exchange water 2-3 times every day.After several days some foams emerge,change water again,and process with Alumen powder and the slices of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens until the cut surface of the drug is devoid of a dry core.Take out,remove the slices of Rhizoma Zingberis Recens,dry it partially in the shade,cut into thick slices and dry(C,H). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,H);Topical(paste,extract or powder mixed with wine:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Stroke with gurgling in the throat,deviation of the eye and the mouth,and impairment of speech(C,H). 2) Upward invasion of phlegm causing headache accompanied with dizziness, heaviness of the body,restlessness,fidgetness,nausea and cold extremities,or migraine(C,H). 3) Sore throat(C,H). 4) Tetanus(C). 5) External use for scrofula,venomous snakebite(C). Contraindication: Used with caution in pregnancy,and the unprocessed tuber to be taken orally (C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Steroids:P-sitosterol,P-sitosterol-D-glucoside[l,2]. 2) Sugars:sucrose[l,2], 3) Sugar alcohols:inositol[l,2]. 4) Saponins [1,2]. 5) Organic acids[3]succinic acid,palmitic acid,linoleic acid,oleic acid[4]. 6) Amino acids:tyrosine,valine[4]. 7) Alkaloids:choline[4]. 8)Lipids:linolein,dipalmitin[4], 9) Others:uracil[4], Pharmacology 1) Calmative effect[5].

137

Literature: [1] Li,Q.H. et al.:YaoxueXuebao 1962,9(11),643. [2] Sa,B.Q. et al.-.Zhongyao Jianding Caokao Ziliao 1958,(1),188. [3] Sun,Q.L. et al.-.Zhongcaoyao 1996,27(6),333. [4] Liu,K. et al.-.Zhongcaoyao 1985,16(3),138. [5] Chang,D.M. et al.-.Zhongyao Tongbao 1981,6(4),23. [J.X.Guo]

744

Musa basjoo Sieb. et Zucc.

(Musaceae)

Ba-jiao (C), Bashou (J), Pa-cho (K) Root, stem, flower bud Local Drug Name: Ba-jiao-tou (C), Bashou-kon (J), Pa-cho-geun (K). Processing: Fresh (C). Dry under the sun (C, J, K) Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (paste or powder of fresh root: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Edema(C,J,K). 2) Jaundice (C, J, K). 3) Beriberi (J, K). 4)Carbuncle(C,J,K). 5) Hypertension (C). 6) Stomach-ache (C). 7) Abdominal pain (C). 8) Dysentery (C). 9) Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis (C). 10)Urinary tract infection (C). ll)Otitis media (C). 12)Diabetes (K). 13)Fever (K). 14)Cerebral hemorrhage (K). 15)Peritonitis (K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ba-jiao-ye (C), Bashoo-yo (J), Pa-cho-yeop (K). Processing: Fresh (C). Dry under the sun (J, K) Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; J, K), topical (paste: C, decoction: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema (J, K). 2) Fever (J, K). 3) Beriberi (K). 4) Cerebral hyperemia (K). 5) Burn (K). 6) Traumatic injury (C, J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1 )Flavonids: quercetin[ 1 ]. Pharmacology 1)Antispasmodic activity[2]. 2)Antitumor activity[3,4]. 3)Antiulcer activity[5].

138

Literature: [1] Williams,C.A. et al.Biochem. Syst.Ecol. 1977,5,221. [2] Itokawa,H. et al. .Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983,37(3),223. [3] Itokawa,H. et al. .Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1982,36(2),145. [4] Itokawa,H. et al.Jakugaku Zasshi 1988,108(9),824. [5] Yamazaki,M. et al:. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981,35,96. [T. Kimura & C.K.Sung]

745

Amomum villosum Lour.

(Zingiberaceae)

Yang-chun-sha (C), Shar-yun (H), Shukusha (J), Yang-chun-sa (K) Related plants: Ammomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen: Lu-ke-sha (C). A. longiligulare T. L. Wu: Hai-nan-sha (C). Seed or fruit (CP, JP) Local Drug Name: Sha-ren (C), Shar-yun (H), Shkusha, Shajin (J), Sa-in (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,J, K),or at a low temperature(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dyspepsia (C,H, J, K). 2) Stomach ache (C, H, J, K). 3) Pernicious vomiting of pregnancy (C). 4) Threatened abortion (C). 5) Anorexia (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenoids: borneol, bornylacetate, linalool, d-camphor, nerolidol, camphene, a-, (5pinene, cineole [1], limonene [2], //ww-linalool oxide, caryophyllene [3], 57 Components [4]. Pharmacology 1) Depression of gastric secretion (aqueous or methanol extract) [5]. 2) Choleretic activity (ethanol extract) [6]. 3) Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis depression (aqueous or ethanol extract) [7], 4) Antihistamine, anti-barium (aqueous or ethanol extract) [8]. Literature: [1] Zhang, S.: Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1989,9,219. [2] Li, P. et al:. XiandaiHuagong 1996,16,38. [3] Liu, M. etal: Zhongcaoyao 1997,28,202. [4] Yu, J.-G., etal: ZhongguoZhongyao Zazhi 1997,22,231. [5] Sakai, K. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1989,37,215. [6] Yamahara, J.: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1986,40,123. [7] Goda, S. etal: Nippon Yakuri Gakkaishi 1973,69,88. [8] Itokawa, H. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983,37,223. [T. Kimura]

746

Curcuma zedoaria(Christm.)

Rose.

(Zingiberaceae)

Peng-e-shu(C), Ngor-suet (H), Gajutsu(J), A-chul (K)

139

Rhizoma Local Drug Name: E-shu(C), Ngor-suet (H), Gajutsu(J), Bong-a-chul(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K), slice and hot air dry(J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Abdominal pain due to indigestion(C, J, K). 2) Abdominal pain due to blood stasis(C). 3) Indigestion(C, J, K). 4) Amenorrhea(C, H). 5) Hepatosplenomegaly(C). 6) Cervical cancer (H). 7) Dysmenorrhea (H). 8) Dyspepsia (H). 9) Bruises (H). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenes:borneol, borneol acetate, camphene, linalool, a-, P-pinene, a-terpinene[l], camphor[l-2], l,8-cineol[l, 3]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-caryophyllene, curcumanolide A, B, isocurcumenol, curcumenone, Pelemene, 8-elemene, y-elemene, ?ra/w-P-farnesene, 6?-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, a-humulene, zedrone[l], curcumenol, furanodienone[l, 4], dehydrocurdione[l, 4-6], curzerenonefl, 4, 7], germacrone[l, 4, 7-8], furanogermenone[l, 4, 9-10], curzerene[2], furanodiene[2, 4, 11], dgermacrone-4(S),5(S)-epoxide[4, 12], zederone[4, 13], germacrone-4,5-epoxide[7], curcuma furan sesquiterpene I[8], isofuranogermacrene[ll], curcumadiol[14], curzenone, 13-hydroxy germacrone, zedoarol[15], furanogermanone[16], zedoarondiol[17]. 3) Phenylpropanoids: di-feruloyl methane, di-p-coumaroyl-methane, feruloyl-p-coumaroyl methane[2] 4) Proteids: alanine, phenyl alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine[18], 5) Alkaloids: cystine[18]. Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[2, 19]. 2) Antihepatotoxic activity[12, 14, 20]. 3) GOT inhibition activity[12, 20], 4) Barbiturate sleeping time decreasing activity[12, 21]. 5) Antihypercholesterolemic activity[20]. 6) GPT inhibition activity[20, 22]. 7) Antiinflammatory activity[23]. 8) Antitumor activity[24-27](polysaccharide fraction)[28-29]. 9) Antimutagenic activity[30-32]. 10)Antiyeast activity[33]. ll)Antifungal activity[33](essential oil)[34-35]. 12)Gastric secretory inhibition activity[3 6]. 13)Mitogenic activity[37]. 14)Plant root growth stimulation activity[38]. 15)Abortifacient activity[39-41]. 16)Antiimplantation activity [41 -43]. 17)Anticomplement activity[44]. 18)Intestinal absorption inhibition activity[45]. 19)Neuromuscular blocking activity[46]. 20)Antispasmodic activity[47-48], 21)Choleretic activity[48]. 22)Gastric antisecretory activity[48]. 23)Intestinal motility inhibition activity[48].

140

24)Smooth muscle relaxant activity[48]. 25)Intestinal absorption inhibition activity[49]. 26) Analgesic activity[50]. 27)Antibacterial activity[51-52]. 28)Antiamebic activity[53]. 29)Ascaricidal activity(essential oil)[54]. 30)Taenicidal activity(essential oil) [54]. Literature: [I] Shiobara, Y. etal: Phytochemistry 1985, 24(11), 2629. [2] Matthes, H. W. D. et al: Phytochemistry 1980,19, 2643. [3] Yasuda, K. et at. PlantaMed. 1988, 54(1), 75. [4] Shibuya, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1986,106(3), 212. [5] Shiba, K. et at. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1989, 01 96,120, 6pp. [6] Hikino, H. et at Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1972, 20, 987. [7] Shin, K. H. et at Arch. Pharm. Res. 1989,12(3), 196. [8] Zhao, R. B. et at. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1991, 16(5), 291. [9] Shibuya, H. etal:. Heterocycles 1982, 17, 215. [10] Yamahara, J. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1982,102(3), 306. [II] Hikino, H. et at Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1970, 18, 752. [12] Yoshihara, M. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32(5), 2059. [13] Shibuya H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 3592), 924. [14] Hikino, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1971, 19, 93. [15] Shiobara, Y. et at Phytochemistry 1986,25(6), 1351. [16] Yamahara, J. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1982, 102(3), 306. [17] Koung, I. et at. Phytochemistry 1985, 24(8), 1845. [18] Latif, M. A etal: Brit. J. Nutr. 1979, 41, 57. [19] Takatsuki, S. et at Nat. Med. 1996, 50(2), 145. [20] Hong,N. D. etal: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1982, 13, 33. [21] Shin, K. H. etal: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1980, 11, 109. [22] Lee, J. W. etal: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1992, 23(4), 268. [23] Wu, Z. H. etal: Chung-HuaIHsueh Tsa ChihfEngl. Ed.) 1982, 95(1), 67. [24] Yokota, M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1986, 106(5), 425. [25] Kosuge, T. et at Yakugaku Zasshi 1985,105(8), 791. [26] Itokawa, H. etal: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1982, 36(2), 145. [27] Itokawa, H.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1988,108(9), 824. [28] Kokan, T.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1983, 60 67,428, 7pp. [29] Moon, C. K. et at Arch. Pharm. Res. 1985, 8(1), 42. [30] Lee, H. et at Mutat. Res. 1988, 204(2), 229. [31] Chen, L. C : ZhejiangJ. Trad. Chin. Med. 1988, 23(8), 365. [32] Wu, D. Y.: Chung I Tsa Chih 1981,22(1), 34. [33] laohathai, P. etal: Undergraduate Special Project Report 1975, 36pp. [34] Begum, J. et at. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1993, 28(4), 25. [35] Banerjee, A. et at. J. Res. IndianMed. Yoga Homeopathy 1978, 13(2), 63. [36] Sakai, K. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37(1), 215. [37] Tachibana, Y. et at. PlantaMed. 1992, 58(3), 250. [38] Shimomura, H. et at. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981,35(3), 173. [39] Chen, Z. Z. etal: Chung Ts'ao Yao 1982, 13(5), 32. [40] Chen, Z. Z.: Unpublished data(Cited in Chung Ts'ao Yao, 1981, 12(3), 26) [41] Chen, Z. Z. et at. Chung Ts 'ao Yao 1981,12(3), 26. [42] Seshadri, C. et at J. Sci. Res. PL Med. 1981, 2(1), 1. [43] Seshadri, C. et at J. Sci. Res. PL Med. 1981, 2(1/2), 3. [44] Shin, K. S. etal: HangukNonghwaHakhoe Chi 1992, 35(1), 42. [45] Sakai, K. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1986, 106(10), 947. [46] Siddiqui, N. A. et at Bull. Islamic Med. 1981, 1, 366. [47] Itokawa, H. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(3), 223. [48] Maeda, H. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1984, 104(6), 640.

141

[49] Sakai, K. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1986,106(10), 947. [50] Chow, S. Y. etal:. J. Formosa Med. Ass. 1976, 75, 349. [51] Chen, C. P. etal.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1989, 27(3), 285. [52] Ungsurungsie, M. etal: FoodChem Toxicol. 1982, 20, 527. [53] Ansari, M. H. etal: Fitoterapia 1991, 62(2), 171. [54] Bannerjee, A. etal: Sci. Cult. 1978, 44, 503. [C.K.Sung]

747

Dendrobium tnoniliforme Thunb. (Orchidaceae) [ = Epidendrum moniliforme L. ] Xi-j ing-shi-hu(C),Sekkoku(J), Seok-gok(K)

Related plant: D. nobile Lindl.:Shi-hu(C), Kouki-sekkoku(J), Geum-cha-seok-gok(K). Whole plant Local DrugName:Shi-hu(C),Sekkoku(J), Seok-gok(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Night sweating(J, K). 2) Weakness(C,J, K). 3) Anorexia(J, K). 4) Lumbago(J, K). 5) Impotence(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sesquiterpene alkaloids: dendrobine[l], 2)Triterpenes[2]. 3)Sterols[2]. Phamacology 1) Histamine release inhibition activity[3]. 2) Aldose reductase inhibition activity[4]. Literature: [1] William, J. J. et al: ARS, USDA, Tech. Bull. 1234, Supt. Documents, Govt. Print Off Washington DC, 1961. [2] Han, B. H. etal: Ann. Rep. Nat. Prod. Res. Inst. Seoul Natl. Univ. 1981, 20,49. [3] Hirai, Y. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(4), 374. [4] Shin, K. H. et al: Fitoterapia 1993, 64(2), 130. [C. K. Sung]

748

Haliotis diversicolor Reeve

(Haliotidae)

Za-se-bao(C),Sack-kuet-ming(H),Sekiketsumei(J),Ma-dae-o-bun-ja-gi(K) Related animals: H. discus hannai Ino:Zou-wen-pan-bao(C);//. ovina Gmelin:Yang-bao(C); H. ruber (Leach):Ao-zhou-bao(C);//. asinina Linnaeus:Er-bao(C); H. laevigata (Donovan):Bai-bao(C).

142

Shell(CP) Local Drug Name:Shi-jue-ming(C), Sack-kuet-ming(H),Sekiketsumei(J),Seok-gyeol-myung(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,dry and break to pieces(C,J,K). 2)Calcine clean Concha Haliotidis until it becomes crisp(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Headache and dizziness(C,H,J,K). 2)Blurred vision due to nebula,optic atrophy and night blindness(C,H,J,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Inorganicsubstances:CaC03,Fe3+,Mg2+,P043",S042",Si044",Cl",r[l]. 2) Organic substances[l], 3) Amino acids:aspartic acid,etc[2], 4) Pigments: chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,P-carotene,lutein,violaxanthin pheophytin a [3].

and

neoxanthin,

Literature: [1] Nanjing College of Parmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1400. [2] Hamada,T. et al.Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983,37(2),127. [3] Tajima,M. etal.Mppon Suiscm Gakkaishi 1980,46(4),445. [J.X.Guo]

749

Area subcrenata

Lischke

(Arcidae)

Mao-han(C),Ngar-ling-gee(H),Dol-jo-gae(K) Related animals: A. granosa Linnaeus:Ni-han(C); A. inflata Reeve:Kui-han(C). Shell(CP) Local Drug Name:Wa-leng-zi(C), Ngar-ling-gee(H),Wa-ban-ja(K). Processing: l)Wash clean,dry and pulverize(C). 2)Calcine clean Concha Arcae until it becomes crisp(C). Method of Administration:Oral (decoction:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Retention of sticky phlegm difficult to expectorate(C,H,K). 2)Goitre,scrofula,masses in the abdomen(C,H,K). 3)Gastric pain with acid regurgitation(C,H,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Organic substances[l]. 2) Inorganic ions[l]:Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe3+,C032",P043\Si044",S042",Cr. Pharmacology 1) Antitumour activity[2]. 2) Hypolycemic effect [3]. 3) Hypolipidemic effect [3]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College ofPharmacy"ZhongcaoyaoXue" 1976,Vol 3,1405. [2] Chen,H.Y: Zhongliu Fangzhi Yanjiu 1980, 4,3. [3] Zhang,Z.:ZhongguoHaiyang Yaowu 1996,15(1),13. [J.X.Guo]

143

750

Ostrea gigas Thunb. (Osteridae) [=Crassostrea gigas Thunb.] Chang-mu-li(C),Hoh(H),Kaki,Magaki(J),Cham-gul(K)

Related animals: O. talienwhanensis Crosse:Da-lian-wan-wu-li(C);0. rivularis GouldiJinjiang-mu-li(C). Shell(CP,JP) Local Drug Name:Mu-li(C),Mou-light(H),Borei(J),Mo-ryeo(K). Processing: l)Wash clean,then dry and grind to pieces(C,J,K). 2)Calcine the clean Concha Ostreae until it becomes crisp(C,J). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Palpitation,insomnia,dizziness and tinnitus(C,H,J,K). 2)Scrofula,mall formation in the abdomen(C,J,K). 3)Spontaneous sweating and night sweating(C,H,J,K). 4)Seminal emission(C,H,J,K). 5)Abnormal uterine bleeding,excessive leukorrhea(C,J,K). 6)Epigastric pain with acid regurgitaton(C,H,J,K). 7)Tachy systole( J). 8)Anxiety and insomnia(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Inorganic substances: CaC03,Fe3+,P043",S042",Si044",Cl"[l]. 2) Organic substances[l]. 3) Glycoproteins [2], Pharmacology 1) Antimicrobial effect[3]. 2) Insulin sectetion-stimulating effect[4]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue"1916,Vo\ 3,1407. [2] Takeda Chemical Industries,Ltd. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP82,128,631(C1.A61K35/56),10 Aug. 1982,Appl. 81/14,706,02 Feb.l981;5pp. [3] Yoshida,S.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP08 92,049[96,92,049](C1.A61K7116),9 Apr.1996. [4] Ishijima,I.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 80 02,654(C1. A61K35/02),10 Jan. 1980,Appl.78/75, 570,22.Jun.l978,3pp. [J.X.Guo]

751

Sepiella maindroni

de Rochebrune, Sepia esculenta Hoyle

(Sepiidae)

Wu-zei (C), Woo-chark (H), Kou-ika (J), Gap-o-jing-eo (K) Internal shell (CP) Local Drug Name: Hai-piao-xiao (C), Hoi-piu-siu (H), Kaihyoushou (J), Hae-pyo-cho (K)

144

Processing: Remove from squid and dry; baked or charred. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K);Topical(powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Stomach ulcer (C, H, K). 2) Spermatorrhea (C, H, K). 3) Hematorrhea (C, H, K). 4) Leucorrhea (C, H, J, K). 5) Traumatic bleeding and wound with purulent discharge (C). 6) Itching and swelling (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1]. Pharmacology 1) Protective effect on gastric ulcer [2]. 2) Radiation-protective effect [3]. 3) Immunomodulatory effect [4], 4) Tumor Necrosis Factor-inducing effect [5]. 5) Enhancing effect on erythrocyte adhesion to tumor cells [6]. Literature: [1] Zhao, Z.J.: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1990, 15(1), 41. [2] Fang, E.L. et al: Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi 1994, 14(2), 101. [3] Cui, Z.D. et al: Haiyang Yaowu 1984, 3(2), 30. [4] Lu, C.L. et at. Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1994, 13(4), 23. [5] He, S. et al: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1996, 15(1), 10. [6] Liu, C.Y. etal: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1996, 15(3), 14. [P.P.H. But]

752

Pheretima

aspergillum

(Perrier)

(Megascolecidae)

Can-huan-mao-yin(C),Day-lung(H),Jiryu(J),Ji-ryong(K) Related aninals: P. vulgaris Chen.Tong-su-huan-mao-yin(C); P. gw///e//w/'(Michaelsen):Weilian-huan-mao-yin(C); P.pectinifera Michaelsen: Mang-jie-huan-mao-yin (C); P. koreana Kobayashi: Ji-reong-I(K). Dried body(CP) Local Drug Name:Di-long(C), Day-lung(H),Jiryu(J),Ji-ryong(K). Processing Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean,cut into sections and dry(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)High fever with impaired consciousness,convulsions(C,H,J,K). 2)Arthralgia,numbness of the limbs,hemiplegia(C,H,K). 3)Cough and asthma due to heat in the lung(C,H,J,K). 4)Edema and oliguria(C,K). 5)Hypertension(C,H,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Organic acids succinic acidfl], 2) Purines: hypoxanthine [ 1 ]. 3) Amino acids:phenylalancine,threonine[l],glutamine[2], 4) Isoenzymes :molate dehydrogenase isoenzyme,esterase isoenzyme[3].

145

5) Glucosphingolipids:GaiPi-6GaiprCer, Gaip r 6GaiPi-6Gaip r Cer, Glca,-4GaiPi-6Gaip r Cer,Cholinephosphate-6Gaip i -Cer,Cholinephosphate-6Galp i -6Gaip i -Cer[4]. 6) Others:metallothioneins[5]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[6,7], 2) Diastolizing effect on bronchus[8]. 3) Effect on womb[9]. 4) Antibacterial effect[10]. 5) Antitumor effect[ll]. 6) Fibrinolysinic effect[12]. 7) Spermicidal effect[13]. Literature: [l]Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1397. [2]Hunan Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry .Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1974,(10),16. [3]Xu,Z.F. et al..Nanjing Daxue Xuebao,Ziran Kexue 1991,27(2),308. [4]Sugita,M. et al.:Shiga Daigaku Kyoikugakubau Kiyo,Shizen Kagaku.Kyoiku 1993,43,9. [5]Li,L.Y. etaL.ShengwuHuaxue Zazhi 1994,10(4),444. [6]Xu,S.Y. etal.:YaoxueXuebao 1963,10(1),15. [7]Zhang,PY. et al. .Lanzhou YixueyuanXuebao 1959,(4),61. [8]Zhao,C.G. et al.iZhonghuaShenglixue Zazhi 1938,13,265. [9]Xu,S.Y. et al.YaoxueXuebao 1964,11,729. [10] Liu,GS. Jaoxue Tongbao 1954,2(10),455. [11] Wang,K.W. et al.Disi Junyi Daxue Xuebao 1986,7(2),85. [12] Rao,YX.\Shiyong Yixue Zazhi 1986,(6),41. [13] Zhang,F.X. et al.:Shanxi Zongxi 1987,8,45.

Kagaku

[JXGuo]

753

Hirudo nip/w/u'a Whitman, Whitmaniapigra Whitman, W. acranulata Whitman (Hirudinidae) Ma-huang (C), Shui-jut (H), Hiru (J), Geo-meo-ri(K)

Whole animal (CP) Local Drug Name: Shui-zhi (C), Shui-jut (H), Suishitsu (J), Su-ji (K) Processing: Kill in boiling water and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Amenorhhea (C, H, J,K). 2) Traumatic injury (C, H, K). 3) Mass formation in the abdomen(C). 4) Blood stasis (C,J). 5) Menoxenia (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1], 2)Trace elements [1], Pharmacology l)Anti-coagulant effect [2-4]. 2) Anti-fertility effect [5].

146

Literature: [1] Zhang, L.X. etal.: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1991, 8, 172. [2] Ou, X.C. et al.: Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi 1988, 8(2), 102. [3] Huang, Z.Z.: Hubei Zhongyi Zazhi 1985, (3), 13. [4] Ding, J. Y. etal: Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi 1994, 14,165. [5] Zhou, S.Q. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1984, 15, 114. [P.P.H. But]

754

Buthus martensii Karsch

(Buthidae)

Dong-ya-qian-xie(C),Tsuan-kit(H),Kyokuto-sasori(J),Jeon-gal(K) Dried body (CP) Local Drug Name:Quan-xie(C), Tsuan-kit(H),Zenkatsu(J),Jeon-gal(K). Processing Eliminate foreign matter/wash clean and dry(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Infantile convulsion(C,H,J,K). 2)Twitching,spasm(C,H,J,K). 3)Apoplectic hemiplegia(C,H,J,K). 4)Tetanus(C,H,J,K). 5)Chronic arthritis(C,H,J,K). 6)Headache or migraine(C,J,K). 7)Sores(C,J,K). 8)Scrofula(C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Enzymes:hyaluronoidase[l]. 2) Peptides:antiepilepsy pepide[2-4],tityustoxin-III peptide[5],scorpion analgesic peptide(SAP)[6]. 3)Neurotoxins:Bmk I[7-9],Bmk II[7,9],Bmk 5,Bmk 8[10],BmkMI8[ll],Bmk III[12],BmkM 8[13], 4) Fatty acids:palmitic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid,behenic acid[14]. 5)Others:trimethylamine,betaine,cholesterol,taurine,amine salts,etc[15]. Pharmacology 1) Anticonvulsive effect[ 15-16]. 2) Hypertensive effect[17-19]. 3) Increasing effect on intraventricular pressure and dp/dt[2,20]. 4) Exciting effect on the nerve and skeletal muscle[21]. 5) Antifungal effect[22], 6) Effect on erythrocytic membrane Na,K-ATP enzyme and membranous fluidity[23]. 7) Effect on the structure and function of rat brain mitochondria[24]. 8) Effect on sodium cuments in rat anterior pituitary cells[25,26], 9) Analgesic effect on the central nervous system[27]. 10)Inhibitory effect on seizures[4]. ll)Sodium channel blocking effect on cultured mouse myocardiocytes[28-29], 12)Effects on the release of noradrenaline[30]. 13)Piejunctional adrenergic effect on the rat isolated anococcygens muscle[31]. 14)The lethal and growth-inhibiting effects on Eca 109 cells[32]. Literature: [1] Zhou,X.H. et al.Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 1985,l(5-6),75. [2] Liu,C.M. etal: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1987,4(2),109. [3] Liu,C.M. etal: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1989,6(2),95. [4] Yu,J.K. etal .Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1992,9(3),200. [5] Liu,C.M. et al.: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1989,6(3),181.

147

[6] Wang,Q.Z. et al.:Shenyang YaoxueyuanXuebao 1994,11(4),273. [7] Ji,YH. etal.:ShengwuHuaxue YuShengwu WuliXuebao 1983,15(6),517. [8] Jin,L. et al.:Shengwu WuliXuebao 1994,10(3),367. [9] Ji,Y.H. etal.Toxicon 1996,34(9),987. [10] Li,H.M. etal: ShengwuHuaxue YuShengwu WuliXuebao 1995,27(2),145. [11] Deng,J.P. et al. .Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 1996,12(5),603. [12] Liu,J.N. etal.Kexue Tongbao (Foreign Lang.Ed.) 1988,33(18),1571. [13] Li,H.M. etal.J.Mol. Biol. 1996,261(3),415. [14] Jui,H.K. et al.ilhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),35. [15] Kaku,K.:YakugakuZasshi 195O,70(2),35. [16] Liu,C.M. etal. .Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1988,5(2),110. [17] Yu,P.Y. et al. .Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1987,4,140. [18] Gong,J.P. et al. .Recent Aa\. Toxinol. Res. 1992,2,50. [19] Wang,R. etal.-.Toxicon 1994,32(2),191. [20] Gong,J.P. etalJ.Med. Coll. PLA 1992,7(3),265. [21] Shi,Y.L. etal.-.ShengliXuebao 1982,34(4),428. [22] Cao,R.L. et al.-.ZhonghuaPifu Zazhi 1957,4,286. [23] Wang,J.L. et al:Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 1985,(3),29. [24] Song,W.X. etal: Shengwu Huaxue YuShengwu WuliXuebao 1987,19(3),201. [25] Bauer,C.K. et aLToxicon 1992,30(5-6),581. [26] Zhou,P.A. et al.Beijing Daxue Xuebao.Ziran Kexuebao 1995,31(4),490. [27] He,Y etal.:Baiqiuen YikeDawueXuebao 1992,18(5),421. [28] Qi,H. etal-.Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1993,14(4),361. [29] Jiang, Y. et al.-.Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 1995,16(2),172. [30] Foucart,S. etal.Can.J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1994,72(8),855. [31] Gong,J.P etaL.Toxicon 1995,33(9),1133. [32] Dong,W.H. et aLZhongguo Bingli Shengli Zazhi 1995,11(3),251. [J.X.Guo]

755

Scolopendra

subspinipes

mutilans L.Koch

(Scolopendridae)

Shao-ji-ju-wu-gong(C),Na-gung(H),Tobizu-mukade(J) Related animals: S. rubiginosus L. Koch:Ji-ne(K). Dried body(CP) Local Drag Name: Wu-gong(C),Ng-gung(H),Goko(J),0-gong(K). Processing:Stretch by a bamboo piece inserted through the head to tail,and dry(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Infantile convulsion,tetanus,apoplectic hemiplegia(C,H,J,K). 2)Chronic rheumatic or rheumatoid arthritis(C,H,J,K). 3)Sores,lymphadenitis,venomous snake-bite(C,H,J,K). 4)Tetanus(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids:tyrosine,leucine,5-hydroxylysine[l],serine,proline,arginine[2]. 2) Proteins hemolytic protein[l]. 3) Amines:histamine[l], 4) Fatty acidsfatty oils,methanoic acid[l],oleic acid,linoleic acid, palmitic acid[3], 5) Inorganic elements:As,Ba,Be,Co,Mg,Zn,etc[4]. Pharmacology 1) Anticonvulsive effect[l].

148

2) Antitumor effect[4], 3) Antifungal effect[5]. 4) Hemolyzative effect[6]. 5) Proteolytic enzyme effect[6]. 6) Phospholipase effect[6]. 7) Esterase effect[6]. 8) Hemorrhagic toxicity[2]. 9) Effect on platelet aggregation[2]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College of Pharmacy "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1412. [2] Wu,G. etal.:ShengwuHuaxueZazhi 1992,8(2),144. [3] Liu,Y.Q. etal.Yaoxue Tongbao 1983,18(6),27. [4] Hu,Y.Q. et al.Ihongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1989,24(11),650. [5] Cao,L.R. et al. :Zhonghua Pifu Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [6] Wang,Y. etal.:Kexue Tongbao 1985,30(3),218. [J.X.Guo]

756

Bombyx mori L.

(Bombycidae)

Jia-can (C), Charm (H), Kaiko (J), Nu-e (K) Dung Local Drug Name: Can-sha (C), Charm-sar (H), Jam-bun (K) Processing: Dry and remove impurities(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatalgia (C, H). 2) Eczema, Pruritus (C, H). 3) Diabetes (K) Larva infested by the fungus Beauveria bassiana (CP) Local Drug Name: Jiang-can (C), Keung-charm (H), Byakkyosan (J), Baek-gang-jam (K) Processing: Dry and remove impurities; or stir-fry with bran to turn yellow (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sputum (C, H, K). 2) Laryngitis (C, H, K). 3) Mastitis (C, H, K). 4) Sore throat with submaxillary lymphadenitis (C). 5) Facial paralysis (C). 6) Infantile convulsion (C, H, J). 7) Tonsillitis (J). 8) Hemiplegia (J). 9) Headache, toothache (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Chlorophyll derivatives [1]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor effect [1]. 2) Inhibitory effect on total erythrocyte membrane ATPase activity [2]. 3) Sedative effect [3]. 4) Anti-convulsant effect [3], 5) Anti-tumor effect [3],

149

Literature: [l]Lu, S.L.: Xandai Yingyung Yaoxue 1992, 9(2), 91. [2]Jeffs, L.B. etal: Toxicon 1997,35, 1351. [3] Yuan, W.: Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Materia Medica [Chang, H.M. et al. Eds.], World Scientific, Singapore, 1987, 2, 1240. [P.P.H. But]

757

Cryptotympana

atrata Fabricius

(Cicadidae)

Hei- zha (C), Sim-tui (H), Mae-mi (K). Slogh Local Drug Name:Chan-tui (C), Sim-tui (H), Zenzei, Zendatsu (J), Seon-toe (K). Processing: Wash and dry under the sun (C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Common cold (C,H, J). 2)Cough(C,H,J). 3)Upper respiratory infection with sore throat, hoarseness of voice (C, J). 4) Infantile epilepsy or convulsion (C,H). 5) Infant astonishment (K). 6)Ulticaria with Itching (C, H, K). 7) Measles with inadequate eruption (C). 8) Inflammation of the eye with formation of corneal opacity (C). 9) Tetanus (C). 10) Hypogalactia (K). Scientific Research: Pharmacology 1) General pharmacology [1]. Literature: [1] Li, C: Zhongyao Tongbao 1957,3,126. [T. Kimura]

758

Cryptotympanapustulata

Fabricius

(Cicadidae)

Hei-zha (C), Sim (H), Seon (K) Slough (CP) Local Drug Name: Chan-tui (C), Sim-dui (H), Senzei (J), Seon-tae (K). Processing: Clean and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases (C, H, K). 2) Infantile epilepsy (C, H, J, K). 3) Cough (C, H, K). 4) Soar throat (C, H, K).

150

5) 6) 7) 8)

Measles (C, H, K). Conjunctivitis (C, H, K). Pruritus (C, H, J, K). Vertigo (J).

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1]. 2)Essential and trace elements [1]. 3)Chitin[5], Pharmacology 1) Anti-allergic effect [2]. 2) Immunosuppressive effect [2], 3)Anticonvulsant effect [3-4]. 4) Sedative effect [3-4]. 5) Antipyretic effect [ 3 ^ ] . Literature: [1] Yuan, B.Y.: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1990,15, 739. [2] Ma, S.P. et al.: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1989, 14, 490. [3] Wu, B.J. etal: Zhongcaoyao 1986 17, 501. [4] Hsieh, M.T. etal: J. Ethnopharm. 1991, 35, 83. [5] Huang, J.C. et al.: Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa 1993, 35, 83. [P.P.H. But]

759

Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker

(Corydiidae)

Di-bie(C),Toh-bit-chong(H),Shina-gokiburi(J),Ji-byul(K) Related animah.Steleophagaplancyi (Boleny):Ji-di-bie(C); Opisthoplatia orientalis Burmeister:Satsuma-gokiburi(J). Dried body(CP) Local Drug Name:Tu-bie-chong(C), Toh-bit-chong(H),Shachu(J),To-byul-chung(K). Processing:Scald to death by boiling water,and dry in the sun or by heat(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Bruise and bone fracture(C,H,J,K). 2) Amenorrhea and formation of mass in the abdomen due to blood stasis (C,H,J,K). 3) Epilepsy (J). 4) Amnesia(J). Contraindication:Contraindicated in pregnancy(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids :glutamic acid,alanine,tyrosine,aspartic acid,leucine,glycine,valine,proline, lysine,serine,arginine,threonine,phenyldalanine,isoleucine,histidine,methionine,cystine[l]. 2)Nuclecosides:cyclic AMP,cyclic GMP[2],uracil[3]. 3) Fatty acids:palmitic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid,macedonic acid[4]. 4) Essential oils:octacosanol,octadecyl glycerol ether[5],ethyl acetate,3-methyl-butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde,etc[6]. 5)Flavones:5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone[7].

151

6) Steroids: P-sitosterol[5], cholesterol [7]. 7)Alkaloids[8]. 8) Others:EPA[5],allantoin[3]. Pharmacology 1) Fibrinolytic effect[5], 2) Effect against anoxia in mice and rats(total alkaloids) [8]. Literature: [1] Yin,L.S:.Zhongcaoyao 1987,18(2),90. [2] Liu,J.R. etal.:Shanxi Yiyao Zazhi 1983,12(3),131. [3] Lu,Y. et al.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1992,17(8),487. [4] Jui,H.K. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),35. [5] Li,W.X. etal.-.ShengwuHuaxue Yu Shengwu WuliXuebao 1989,21(4),299. [6] Fu,G.X. et al. .Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12,230. [7] Jin,X.Q. et al.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1993,18(6),355. [8] Yang,Y.F. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1989,20(6),260. [J.X.Guo]

760

Tenodera sinensis Saussure [=Paratenodera sinensis

(Mantidae) Saussure]

Da-dao-lang(C),Song-piu-siu(H),Oh-Kamakiri(J) Related

animals :Statilia maculata (Thunberg):Xiao-dao-lang(C),Kokamakiri(J),Jom-sa-magui(K); //;'ero^/o/jfl?e//;/e/-o(Serville):Ju-fu-tang-lang(C),Harabiro-kamakiri(J); T. angustipennis Saussure:Sa-ma-gui(K);7^ aridifolia (Stoll):Wang-sa-ma-gui(K).

Gee capsule(CP) Local DrugName:Sang-piao-xiao(C),Song-piu-siu(H),Sohyosho(J),Sang-pyo-cho(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,steam thoroughly,dry.Cut into pieces before use(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1 )Nocturnal emission,spermatorrhea(C,H,J,K). 2)Enuresis,frequent urination(C,H,J,K). 3)Turbid discharge with urine(C,H,J,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry ^Diphenoliccompounds^-malonydopamine^V-acetyldopamine^-acetylnorepinephrinefl]. 2) Proteins[1,2]. 3) Inorganic salts[l]. Literature: [1] Kramer,K.J. et ai.InsectBiochem 1989,19(1),69. [2] Kramer,K.J. et ai.Insect Biochem 1973,3(11),297. [J.X.Guo]

761

Stichopus japonicus

Selenka

152

(Stichopodidae)

Hai-sheng (C), Hoi-sum (H), Manamako (J) Whole animal Local Drug Name: Hai-sheng (C), Hoi-sum (H), Kaijin (J). Processing: Dry under the sun after removal of internal organs. Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (C, H). 2) Lumbago (C, H). 3) Spermatorrhea (C, H). 4) Debility (C, H). 5) Sore (C). 6) Abdominal pain (J). 7) Nocturnal emission (J).

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Proteins [1], 2) Glycosides: stichopogenin, holotoxins A-B [3^1,14], stichoposides A-C [11], glycopeptides, mucopolysaccharide [5,10], glycosaminoglycan [18, 30], lectin [25-26], 3) Carotenoids [27]. 4) Sterols: lanosterol, cyclosterol, sterols [28-29]. Pharmacology 1) Hypocholesteremic effect [2]. 2) Antifungal effect [4]. 3) Inhibitory effect on RNA biosynthesis [6]. 4) Enhancing effect on plasmic embrane permeability [7, 9, 12]. 5) Inhibitory effect on squalene biosynthesis [8]. 6) Hemostatic effect [13,15]. 7) Enhancing effect on platelet aggregation [16-17, 21]. 8) Estrogenic effect [20]. 9) Uterotonic effect [20]. 10) Fibrinolytic effect [22, 31]. 11) Antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects [21, 23, 32]. 12) Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like effect [24]. 13) Antitumor effect [10], 14) Immunostimulatory effect [10, 33]. Literature: [l]Tanaka, K. et al.: J. Biochem. 1972, 72,1265. [2] Shchepin, V.A. et al: Voprosy Pitaniia 1975, (1), 34. [3] Shimada, S.: Science 1969,163,1462. [4] Kitagawa, I. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1976, 24, 266 and 275. [5] Isemura, M. et al.: Experientia 1977, 33, 871. [6] Anisimov, M.M. et al.: Antibiotiki 1977, 22, 837. [7] Anisimov, M.M. et al.: Antibiotiki 1978, 23, 66. [8] Anisimov, M.M. et al.: Prikladnaia Biokhimiia i Mikrobiologiia 1978, 14, 573. [9] Shcheglov, V.V. et al.: Antibiotiki 1979, 24, 49. [10] Fan, H.Z. et al: YaoxueXuebao 1980, 15, 263. [11] Elyakov, G.B.. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 1151. [12] Anisimov, M.M. et al.: Prikladnaia Biokhimiia i Mikrobiologiia 1981,17, 890. [13] Li, J.Z.: Zhongyao Tongbao 1983, 8(5), 36. [14] Maltsev, I.I. et al: Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Comp. Biochem. 1984, 78, 421. [15] Li, J.Z. et al: ZhongguoyaoliXuebao 1985, 6, 107. [16] Li, J.Z. etal: Thrombosis &Haemostasis 1988, 59, 432. [17] Li, J.Z. et al.: Thrombosis & Haemostasis 1988, 59, 435.

153

[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]

Kariya, Y. et al.: J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 5081. Aminin, D.L. et al.: Biokhimiia 19990, 55, 270. Mats, M.N. et al: FarmakologiiaI Toksikologiia 1990, 53(2), 45. Hu, J.B. etal: Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1990, 11, 47. Yang, X.G.: Acta Acad. Med. Sinicae 1990, 12, 187. Suzuki, N. et al.: Thrombosis & Haemostasis 1991, 65, 369. Sugiura, T. et al: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1126, 298. Hatakeyama, T. et al.: Biosc. Biotech. Biochem. 1993, 57, 1736. Matsui, T. etal: J. Biochem. 1994, 116, 1127. Matsuno, T. et al.: Experientia 1971, 27, 509. Nomura, T. et al.: Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish 1969, 35, 293. Kobayashi, M. etal: Tetrahedron 1973, 29, 1193. Yoshida, K. etal: Tetrahedron Lett. 1992,33,4959. Sumi, H. etal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Comp. Biochem. 1992, 102B, 163. Ma, X.: Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1990, 70, 646. Sun, L. et al.: Shengwu Huaxue Yu Shengwu Wuli Jinzhan 1991, (5), 394. [P.P.H. But]

762

Rhincodon typus (Smith) (Rhincodotidae), Mustelus griseus (Pietschmann) (Triakidae), Carcharhinus menisorrah (Muller et Henle) (Carcharhinidae) Sha-yu (C), Shah-yue (H), Same (J)

Bone Local Drug Name: Sha-yu-gu (C), Shah-yue-gwut (H). Processing: Clean and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatism (C, H). 2) Cancer (H). Fin Local Drug Name: Yu-chi (C), Yue-chee (H), Fukahire (J) Processing: Clean and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Debility (C, H, J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Collagen, proteinpolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfates [1, 3], Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on tumor angiogenesis [2-6], 2) Suppressive effect on atherogenesis [7, 14]. 3) Anti-mutagenic effect [8, 13]. 4)Anti-inflammatory effect [9-10], 5) Analgesic effect [9-10], 6)No anti-cancer effect [11-12]. 7)Inhibitory effect on pulmonary metastasis [15]. 8)Immunomodulatory effect [15]. Literature: [l]Mashburn, T.A. Jr. etal.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1967, 29, 686.

154

[2]Lee, A. et al.: Science 1983, 221, 1185. [3]0ikawa, T. etal: Cancer Lett. 1990, 51,181. [4]McGuire, T.R. et al.: Pharmacotherapy 1996, 16, 237. [5]Davis, P.F. et al.: Microvas. Res. 1997, 54, 178. [6]Dupont, E. et al.: J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 1998, 2,146. [7]Matsushima, T. et al.: Artery 1987, 14, 316. [8]Gomes, E.M. et al.: Mutation Res. 1996,367, 204. [9]Fontenele, J.B. et al.: Brazil. J.Med Biol. Res. 1996, 29, 643. [10]Fontenele, J.B. etal.: Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 20, 1151. [11] Horsman, M.R. et al.: Acta Oncologica 1998, 37, 441. [12]Miller, D.Rera/.: J. Clin. Oncol. 1998,16,3649. [13]Felzenszwalb, I. et al.: FoodChem. Tox. 1998, 36, 1079. [14]Sheu, J.R. etal: Anticancer Res. 1998, 18, 4435. [15] Cai, P. et al.: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1998,17(2), 37. [P.P.H. But]

763

Anguillajaponica Tern in. et Schl. (Anguillidae) Man-li(C), Unagi(J), Baem-jang-eo(K)

Whole fish Local Drug Name: Man-li(C), Man-rei-gyo(J), Man-yeo-eo(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Leokorrhea with reddish discharge(C, J). 2) Pulmonary tuberculosis(C). 3) Weakness(J, K). 4) Beriberi(J, K). 5) Hemorrhoidal bleeding(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkanic acids:butylic acid[l, 2], 2)Fatty acids: 16:0, 18:1[3], 16:1, 20:1[4]. 3)Lipids: phosphatidylserine[3], triglycerides]^]. 4)Sterols:cholesterol, cholesteryl esters[3,4], cortisol[5, 6]. 5)Bile acids: 8-lacone of 3a,7a,12a-trihydroxycholanic acid[7], deoxycholic acid[8]. 6)Amino acids[9]: carnosine[9, 10], anserine picrolonate[10], histamine[ll]. 7)Sugars: glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid[12], mucins[13]. 8)Porphyrins: biliverdin, bilirubin-IXP[14], 9)Enzymes: protease, amylase, esterase[15], alkaline phosphatase[16, 17], hyaluronidase[18], tripsins 1, 2[19], bilirubin UDP-glucuronykra/wferase[20], prolactin[21]. 10)Vitamins: vitamain A esters[4], vitamin A[22, 23], a-, y-tocopherol[24]. ll)Proteins: biliverdin-lipoprotein[3, 29, 30, 31], globulin[25], hemoglobins E b E2[26, 27], F 1; F2, Si, S2[28], eel C-reactive protein(eCRP)[32]. Phamacology 1) Hemagglutinating activity(eCRP)[30]. Literature: [1] Moriyama, S.: Naralgaku Zasshi 1964, 15(1), 72. [2] Moriyama, S.: Naralgaku Zasshi 1964, 15(1), 80. [3] Yamaguchi, K. et al.: Nippon Siusan Gakkaishi 1970, 36(9), 955.

155

;4] Hata, Ma. etal: TohokuJ. Agr. Res. 1967, 18(4), 267. [5] Hirona, T.: Endocrinol Jap. 1969, 16(5), 557. [6] Hiraiio, T. et al: Endocrinol. Jap. 1971, 18(1), 47. 7 ] Okada, S. etal: J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1962, 51, 310. [8] Hirofuji, S.: J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 1966, 60(5), 203. 9] Konosu, S. et al: Nippon Suisan Cakkaishi 1964, 30(11), 930. ;i0] Horisaku, K.: J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1963, 54, 349. [11] Moriyama, S.: Naralgaku Zasshi 1964,15(1), 85. 12] Enomoto, N. et al: Nippon Susan Gakkaishi 1963, 29, 542. 13] Asakawa, M.: Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1970, 36(1), 83. 14] Sakai, T. etal: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1989, 993(1), 128. 15] Morishita, T. et al: Mie Kenritsu Daigaku Suisan Gakubu Kiyo 1964, 6(2), 239. 16] Utida, S. etal: Proc. Jap. Acad. 1967, 43(8), 789. 17] Utida, S. etal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol 1968, 27(1), 239. 18] Kitamikado, M. et al: Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1969, 35(5), 466. 19] Yoshinaka, R. et al: Comparative Biochem. 1985, 80(1), 5. 20] Eang, L. S. et al: Comparative Biochem. 1990, 95(2), 219 71] Suzuki, R. etal: Gen. Comp. Endocr. 1991, 81(3), 391. 22] Higashi, H. et al: Tokaiku Suisan kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 1960, (27), 61. 23] Wierzchowski, J. et al: Acta Polon. Pharm. 1957, 14, 141. 24] Ando, S.: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1995, 59(12), 2326. 25] Ohi, Y: Igaku To Seibutsugaku 1961, 60(2), 56. 26] Hamada, K. et al: J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1964, 55(2), 154. ;27] Masatomo, Y. etal: J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1968, 63(1), 70. 28] Amano, H. et al: Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1968,34(10), 937. 29] Kochiyama, Y et al: Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1966,32(10), 867. 30] Oide, K.et al: C. R. Soc. Biol. 1967,161(5), 1205. 31] Yamaguchi, K. et al: Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1966, 32(10), 873. 32] Nunomura, W.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976, (2), 191. [C. K. Sung]

764

Misgurnus

anguillicaudatus

Cantor

(Cobitidae)

Ni-qiu(C), Dqjou(J), Mi-ggu-ra-ji(K) Meat or whole fish Local Drug Name: Ni-qiu(C), Chu-eo(K). Processing: Fresh or dry in the shade(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K;powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Jaundice(C, K). 2)Edema(C). 3)Hemorrhoid(C, K). 4)Diabetes(J, K). 5)Impotence(J, K). 6)Difficulty in urination(J, K). 7)Cutaneous pruritus(C). 8)Food(J, K). 9)Bruise(K). 10) Myalgia(K). 11) Breast cancer(K). 12) Boil(K). 13) Burn(K). 14) Salivation(K).

156

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid[l], 2) Peptides: misgurin[2]. 3) Proteins: cytokeratin proteins[3]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial activity(misgurin)[2]. Literature: [1] Jin, Q. et al:. Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1997, 16(2), 36. [2] Park, C. B. et al: FEBSLett. 1997,411(2,3), 173. [3] Tsai, J.-C: Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1996, 15(4), 307. [C. K. Sung]

765

Carassius auratus L. (Cyprinidae) [ = C. carrassius L. ] Ji-yu(C), Kingyo(J), Bung-eo(K)

Meat or whole fish Local Drug Name: Ji-yu(C), Jeuk-eo(K). Processing: Fresh or dry in the shade(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Weakness(C, K). 2) Edema(C, K). 3) Stomach-ache and vomiting(C). 4) Regurgitation(K). 5) Toothache(C). 6) Noma(C). 7) Anorexia(C,K). 8) Diabetes(K). 9) Jaundice(K). 10) Flooding(K). 11) Lack of lactation(K). 12) Boils(K). 13) Hematemesis caused by alcohol(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Carotenoids: (3S, 4R, 3'S, 6'R)-4-hydroxylutein, (3S, 3'S, 4'R)-4-keto-4'hydroxydiatoxanthin, (3S, 3'S, 4'A)-4-keto-4'-hydroxyalloxanthin[l], astaxanthin ester, 4ketolutein ester, xanthophyll ester, 4,4'-diketo-3-hydroxy-|3-carotene, zeaxanthin, (3-carotene, lutein, 4-keto-4'-hydroxy-P-carotene, canthaxanthin[2], 2) Alkaloids: adrenaline, noradrenaline[3]. 3) Pterins: xanthopterin, biopterin, isoxanthopterin, 7-hydroxybiopterin, isoxanthopterin-6carboxylic acid, cyprinorouge, rhacophoro-jaune[4], 4) Cholic acids: taurocholic acid[5]. 5) Vitamins: vitamin A[6], carnitine[7]. 6) Amino acids: proline-ornithine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, proline, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, taurine, alanine, citrulline, y-aminobutyric acid, arginine, asparagine[7], 7) Proteins: GH-binding protein[8], COX-1, -2[9], estrogen synfhetase[10], aldolase C[ll], activin[12], GnRH, GTH[13], tyrosinase[14]. Literature:

157

[I] Ohkubo, M. et al: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1999, 124(3), 333. [2] Hata, Mas. et al: Int. J. Biochem. 1971, 2(7), 11. [3] Jofre, I. J. et al: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1967, 19(5), 340. [4] Hama, T. et al: Proc. Japan Acad. 1960, 36, 217. [5] Hatakeyama, T. et al: J. Biochem. (Japan) 1928, 9, 333. [6] Katsui, G: VitaminsfJapanJ 1952, 5, 454. [7] Oglesby, R. T. et al: Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 1963, 92(2), 168. [8] Zhang, Y. et al: J. Endocrinol 1999, 161(2), 255. [9] Zou, J. et al: Biochem. J. 1999, 340(Pt 1), 153. [10] Tchoudakova, A. et al: Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1999, 113(3), 388. [II] Berardini, T. Z. et al: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 1997, 117(4), 471. [12] Ge, W. etal: Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1997, 17(1-6), 143. [13] Kobayashi, M. etal: Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1997, 17(1-6), 1. [14] Chen, Y. M. et al: Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 1966, 121(2), 497. [C. K. Sung]

766

Cyprinus carpio L.

(Cyprinidae)

Li-yu (C), Koi (J), Ing-eo (K). Meat or Whole fish Local Drug Name: Li-yu (C), I-yuk (K). Processing: Fresh (C), Dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, boil: K, fresh: K);Topical (C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Nephritic edema (C). 2) Cough and asthma (C). 3) Hypogalactia (C). 4) Abdominal pain after child birth (K). 5) Edema after child birth (K). 6) Lumbago (K). 7) Oligogalactia (K). 8) Jaundice (K). Gall bladder Local Drug Name: Li-yu-dan (C), Ritan (J), I-dam (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (pill: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye diseases (C, J, K). 2) Abdominal pain after child birth (J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Bile acids. 2) Bile pigments. Pharmacology 1) Antidepressant for depression, psychoneurosis and schizophrenia (oil) [1]. Literature: [1] Nagata, K. et al: Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08157382 A2 18 Jim 1996 (Japan). [T. Kimura]

158

767 Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan et Snyder, H. histrix Kaup, H. kuda Bleeker, H. trimaculatus Leach, H.japonicus Kaup (Syngnathidae) Hai-ma (C), Hoi-mah (H), Kaiba (J), Hae-ma (K) Whole animal(CP) Local Drug Name: Hai-ma (C), Hoi-mah (H), Kaiba (J), Hae-ma (K). Processing: Remove visceral organs and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K); Topical (powder: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (C, H, K). 2) Enuresis (C, H). 3) Dyspnea in kidney-deficiency (C). 4) Mass in abdomen (C). 5) Traumatic injuries (C). 6) Carbuncles and boils (C). 7) Difficult delivery (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Trace elements [1, 3]. 2) Amino acids, stearic acid, cholesterol, unsaturated acids, phospholipids [1,4, 7]. 3) 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-acetophenone [5]. Pharmacology 1) Anti-stress effect [2-3]. 2) Anti-oxidant effect [2-3]. 3) Anti-thrombotic effect [4]. 4) Inhibitory effect on calcium influx in rat neurons [6], Literature: [1] Huang, P. etal: Haiyang Yaowu 1982, (4), 32. [2] Yu, Mr.Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue 1988, 5(4), 9. [3] Yu, M.: Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue 1991, 8(3), 1. [4] Xu, D.B.: ZhongguoHaiyang Yaowu 1997, 16(1), 11. [5] Zhang, Z.H. et at. Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1998,17(1), 31. [6] Zhang, Z.H. et ah: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1994, 13(4), 6. [7] Xu, YM. et al: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1994, 13(1), 14. [P.P.H. But]

768

Solenognathus

hardwick (Gray), Syngnathoides biaculeatus Syngnathus acus L. (Syngnathidae) Hai-long (C), Hoi-lung (H), Hae-ryong (K)

Whole fish (CP) Local Drug Name: Hai-long (C), Hoi-lung (H), Kairyuu (J), Hae-ryong (K) Processing: Remove viceral organs, clean and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K);Topical(powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1)Traumatic injury (C, H, K).

159

(Bloch),

2) Spermatorrhea (C, H). 3)Furunculus (C, H). 4) Impotence (C, H, K). 5) Mass in abdomen (C). 6) Scrofula (C). 7)Boils(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids, cholesterol, cholest-4-en-3-one, cholestane-3,6-dione, cholest-4-ene-3(3,6p-diol «-phenyl-(3-naphthylamine [1-2, 8]. 2) Fatty acids [2-3]. Pharmacology 1) Testosterone-like effect [4-5]. 2) Anti-tumor effect [6]. 3) Stimulatory effect on proliferation of human peripheral blood lymph cells [6]. 4) Anti-aging effect [7], Literature: [l]Yu, J.G.: Haiyang Yaowu 1982, 1(3), 23. [2]Yu, J.G.: Haiyang Yaowu 1984 3(1), 10. [3]Xu, Y.M. etal: ZhongguoHaiyang Yaowu 1994, 13(1), 14. [4]Yang, F.S. et at. Shenyang YaoxueyuanXuebao 1992, 9(2), 111. [5]Zhang, Z.H. etal: Zhongyaocai 1995, 18,197. [6] Si, R. et ah. Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1993, 12(2), 4. [7]Yu, M. et al: Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue 1988, 5(4), 9. [8]Zhang, Z.H. et al: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1998, 17(1), 31. [P.P.H. But]

769

Ophicephalus

argus Cantor

(Ophicephalidae)

Wu-li(C), Reigyo(J), Ga-mul-chi(K) Meat or whole fish Local Drug Name: Wu-li(C), Ye-eo(K). Processing: Fresh or dry in the shade(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction orbroiled:C, K);Topical(decoction:C).. Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Swelling(C, K). 2) Hemorrhoid^, K). 3) Arthralgia(C). 4) Infantile measles(C). 5) Beriberi(K). 6) Scabies(K). 7) Dysmenorrhea(K). 8) Weakness(K). 9) Disease after child-birth(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid[l]. 2) Proteins: growth hormone receptor[2]. 3) Nuclides: 54Mn, 60Co, 5SCo, 124Sb[3],

160

Literature: [1] Jin, Q. etal: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1997,16(2), 36. [2] Sun, X. etal: Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1997, 108(3), 374. [3] Cheng, Q.-J. et al: Nucl. Set Tech. 1998,9(1), 52. [C.K.Sung]

770

Bufo bufo gargarizans

Cantor (Bufonidae)

Zhong-hua-da-chan-su(C),Sim-soh(H),Shina-hikigaeru(J),Du-ggeo-bi(K) Related animal: B. melanostictus Schneider:Hei-kuang-chan-su(C). Dried secretion(CRJP) Local DrugName:Chan-su(C), Sim-soh(H),Senso(J),Seom-su(K). Processing:Break Venenum Bufonis to pieces,macerate with white rice wine,stir concentrated extract,dry and pulverize(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral (pills or powders:C,H,J,K);Topical(decoction:C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Carbuncles,boils(C,H,K). 2) Sore throat(C,H,J,K). 3) Vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain and impaired consciousness in heatstroke(C,H,J,K). 4) Anaesthesia for surgical operation(C,K). 5) Cardiac insufficiency and tachysystole (J). Contraindication:Used with caution in pregnancy(C,H). Side effects :Cardiotoxic(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroids with ether bond:cinobufagin,desacetylcinobufagin,12p-hydroxycinobufagin, 10P-hydroxy-19-methyl-cinobufagin,desacetylcinobufaginol,resibufogenin,resibufogin, 3 -resibufogenyl-suberic acid,cinobufotalin, 19-oxdessacetyl-cinobufotalin, 19hydroxycinobufotalin,bufotalinin,19-hydroxymarinobufagin[l],cinobufotoxin[2], marinobufagin-3-suberoyl-L-glutamineester[3],marinobufagin,hellebrigenin, hellebrigenol[4],bufotalin 3-suberoylhistidine ester,bufotalin 3-suberoyl-3-methylhistidine ester[5,6],bufotalin 3-suberoyl-L-histidine ester, 19-hydroxybufalin 3-suberoyl-L-histidine, 19-hydroxybufalin 3-suberoyl-3-methylhistidine ester[6],bufotalin 3-succinoylarginine ester, bufalin 3-succinoylarginine ester,resibufogenin 3-succinoylarginine ester,cinobufagin 3succinoylarginine ester[7],3-0-suberoylbufalin,3-0-suberoylcinobufagin,3-0suberoylresibufogenin,3 -0-(methyl suberoyl)-bufotalin,3 -0-(methyl suberoyl)gamabufotalin,3-0-succinoylcinobufagin,3-0-acetylcinobufagin,3-O-acetyl-16-Odesacetylcinobufagin[8], desacetylcinobufagin 3-succinyl-L-arginine ester,cinobufagin 3sulfate,resibufogenin 3-sulfate,gamabufotalin 3-adipol-L-arginine ester,gamabufotalin 3pimeloyl-L-arginine ester[9]. 2) Polyhydric steroids:bufotalin,bufalin,desacetylbufotalin,3-bufotalyl-suberic acid,3bufolyl-suberic acid,4P-hydroxybufalin,15P-hydroxy-bufalin,19(3-hydroxy-bufalin, telocinobufagin,telocinobufagyl-subericacid,gamabufotalin,3-gamabufotalyl-suberic acid,3(11 -0-acetyl-gamabufotalyl)suberic acid[ 1 ]. 3) Steroids with carboxyl or aldehyde groups :arenobufagin,bufotalon,bufotalidin,3arenobufagyl-suberic acid[l], 4) Indoles :bufotenidine,bufotenine[ 1 ] ,dehydrobufotenine hydrobromide[ 10]. 5) Enzymes: tryptophan pyrrolase [11]. 6)Others:P-sitosterol[10],suberic acid[2],cholesteryl palmitate[10],N-phenyl-2-naphthyl-amine

161

[10] ,adrenaline,cholesterol [2]. Pharmacology 1) Cordial activity[12,13]. 2) Exciting effect on CNS[12,15,16]. 3) Local anesthesia activity[12]. 4) Antiinflammatory activity[12,17]. 5) Antitumor activity[12,14]. 6) Improving leukocyte and radiation-resistant activity[14]. 7) Effect on smooth muscle[12,18]. 8)Toxicity[13]. 9) Double positive denaturization on myocardium[19]. 10) Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition[20]. 11) Antishock activity[20], 12) Antagonistic relation with tyrosinase[ll]. 13) Inhibiting rhinoviruses activity[8]. Literature: [I] Horiger,N. et al.Melv. Chim. Acta. 1970,53,1993;1972,55,2547. [2] Jensen,H.e?a/..J. Biol. Chem. 1930, 87(3),741. [3] Shimada,K. etal.:Tetra. Lett. 1979,(2),163. [4] Verpoorte,R. etal.J. Nat. Prod. 1980,43(3),347. [5] Shimada,K. et al.-.TetraLett. 1984,25(5),551. [6] Shimada,K. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984,32(11),4396. [7] Yang,L.H. etal.YaoxueXuebao 1992,27(9),679. [8] Kamano,Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988,36(1),326. [9] Shimada,K. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987,35(12),4996. [10] Jin,X.Q. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1992,23(3),117. [II] Chakraborty,D.P. etal.-.Clin. Chim. Acta 1978,82(l-2),55. [12] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1437. [13] Xue,K.G. et al.:Xin Yiyaoxue Zazhi 1974,(1),39. [14] Hunan Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry:ZAo/7gcaoyao Tongxun 1973,(1),62. [15] Leigh,J.M. etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1969,21,708. [16] Rui,C.X. et al..Nantong Yixueyuan Lunwen Huibian 1963,45. [17] Powell,C.E. etal.:J.A.PA.(Sci.ed.) 1955,44,399. [18] Shen,Y.T. et al.Zhongyao Tongbao 1986,11,562. [19] Wang,L.K. et al.:ShengwuHuaxue YuShengwu Wuli Jinzhan 1976,(4),40. [20] Nankai University et al..Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1975,5(5),33. [J.X.Guo]

771

Chinemys

reevesii (Gray)

(Testudinidae)

Wu-gui (C), Woo-gwight (H), Kusagame (J), Geo-buk (K) Carapace and plastron (CP) Local Drug Name: Gui-jia(C), Gwight-barn (H), Kiban (J), Gu-pan (K) Processing: Remove from body when fresh, clean,dry,steam,and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Debility (C, H, J, K). 2) Consumptive fever and night sweating due to yin-deficiency (C). 3) Vertigo, tremors, weakness of legs (C). 4) Forgetfulness (C).

162

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1-2]. 2) Trace element [3], Pharmacology 1) Uterotonic effect [4]. 2) Anti-mutation effect [5]. Literature: [1] Miao, Y.L. et al.: Zhongyao Tongbao 1988, 13(3), 42. [2] Xie, Y.Z.: Yunnan Zhongyi Zazhi 1988,9(1), 31. [3] Wu, D.Y. etal: Zhongyaocai 1992, 15(5), 13. [4] Feng, G.S. etal: Shanghai Die ryixueyuan Xuebao 1985, 5(2), 107. [5] Fa, J. et al.: Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1996,15(2), 27. [P.P.H. But]

772

Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann

(Trionychidae)

Bie(C),Bit-karp(H),Shina-suppon(J),Byul-gap(K) Related animal: Amyda maackii Brandt: Ja-ra(K). Carapace(CP) Local Drug Name:Bie-jia(C), Bit-karp(H),Bekko(J),Byul-gap(K). Processing: l)Steam in a pan for 45 minutes.Take out and put in hot water,remove skin and muscle by a hard brush immediately,wash clean and dry in the sun(C,J,K). 2)Scald clean Carapax Trionycis with sand until the surface becomes yellowish.Take out, temper with vinegar,and dry.Break to pieces before use(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever due to deficiency of yin(C,H,J,K). 2) Consumptive fever(C,H,J,K). 3) Dizziness,tremor or fainting due to deficiency of yin(C,H,J,K). 4) Amenorrhea,mass in the abdomen(C,H,J,K). 5) Chronic malaria with splenomegaly(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Collagen[l]. 2) Inorganic stantences[l]. 3) Polysaccharides [2], Pharmacology l)Antifatigueeffect[2]. 2) Immunostimulating effect[2]. 3) Inhibitory effect on connective tissue proliferation[3]. 4) Increasing effect on plasma protein[3]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1444. [2] Zheng,B.C. et al .Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1991,26(5),275. [3] Jiangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1971,1210. [P.P.H. But & J.X.Guo]

163

773

Gekko gecko L.

(Gekkonidae)

Ge-jie (C), Garp-gie (H), Do-ma-baem (K) Whole animal (CP) Local Drug Name: Ge-jie (C), Garp-gie (H), Hap-gae(K). Processing: Clean and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction, powder, wine: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence,seminal emission (C, H, K). 2) Asthma (C, H, K). 3) Cough and hemoptysis in consumptive diseases (C). 4) Tuberculosis (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Metal elements [1]. 2) Amino acids [1]. Pharmacology l)Anti-oxidant effect [2-4, 11]. 2)Anti-stress effect [5]. 3)Immunopotentiation effect [5-6]. 4) Anti-asthmatic effect [7]. 5) Anti-inflammation effect [8]. 6) Testosterone-like effect [9]. 7) Estrogenic effect [10]. Literature: [1] Huang, X.M. et al.: Zhongchengyao Yanjiu 1987, (2), 29. [2] Xue, C.J. etai: Zhongyao Yaoli YuLinchuang 1992, 8(2), 21. [3] Liu, J.W. et al.: Zhongyao Yaoli Yu Linchuang 1994,10(3), 26. [4] Zhou, X.M. et al.: Zhongyao Yaoli Yu Linchuang 1993,9(4), 19. [5] Chen, Y. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1985, 16,225. [6] Cao, J. et al.: Guangxi Zhongyiyao 1986, 9(1), 47. [7] Hu, CM.: Tianjin Zhongyi 1989, (3), 24. [8] Wang, J.M. et al.: Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue 1987,4(3), 4 [9] Xue, S.K. et al: Zhongchengyao 1989, 11(9), 30. [10]Luo, M.L. etai: Zhongchengyao 1993, 15(5), 29. [P.P.H. But]

774

Gekko swinhonis

Guenther

(Gekkonidae)

Wu-pu-bi-hu (C), Bik-foo (H), Do-ma-baem-but-I (K) Whole animal Local Drug Name: Bi-hu (C), Bik-foo (H), Shukyu (J), Byuk-ho(K) Processing: Clean and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatoid arthritis (C, H, J, K).

164

2) 3) 4) 5)

Lymph node tuberculosis (C, H, K). Stroke (C, H, K). Hemiplegia (C, H, K). Scrofula (J).

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Metal elements [1]. Pharmacology 1) Treatment of tuberculosis in patients [2]. 2) Treatment of liver cancer [3], Literature: [1] Wang, Y.J. et al.: Shandong Zhongyi Zazhi 1990, 9(3), 35. [2] Lu, Y.J.: Zhejiang Zhongyi Zazhi 1982, (1), 31. [3] Lu, S.Z. et al.: Zhejiang Zhongyi Zazhi 1985, (7), 316. [P.P.H. But]

775

Zaocys dhumnades

(Cantor)

(Colubridae)

Wu-shao-she (C), Woo-sau-sair (H), Geom-eun-baem (K) Whole animal (CP) Local Drug Name: Wu-shao-she (C), Woo-sau-sair (H), U-sho-da (J), O-sa (K) Processing: Remove viceral organs and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Paralysis (C,H,K). 2) Hemiplegia (C, H, K). 3) Scabies (C, H, K). 4) Convulsion (C, H, K). 5) Rheumatism (C, H, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1]. 2) Trace elements [2]. Pharmacology 1) Anti-inflammatory effect [3]. 2) Analgesic effect [3]. 3) Sedative effect [3]. Literature: [1] Zhang, L.X. et al: Zhongyaocai 1990, 13(1), 11. [2] Xu, Y.J. et al.: Zhongyaocai 1990, 13(3), 11. [3] Gu, J.P et al: Zhejiang Yaoxue 1986,3(4), 4. [P.P.H. But]

776

Bungarus

multicinctus

multicinctus

165

Blyth

(Elapidae)

Yin-huan-she(C),Gum-chin-bark-far-sair(H),Amagasahebi(J) Dried body(CP) Local Drug Name:Jin-qian-bai-hua-she(C), Gum-chin-bark-far-sair(H),Kinsenhakkada(J). Processing:Eliminate dust and other attached impurities and cut into sections(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction or powder:C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chronic rheumatiod arthritis with numbness and muscula contracture(C,H). 2) Apoplectic hemiplegia and facial paralysis(C,H). 3) Convulsion,tetanus(C,H). 4) Festered scrofula(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Cardiotoxins[l-3]. 2)Neurotoxins[4]:ceruleotoxins((3-,p,-,(32-,P3-,|34-)[5],a-,|3-typesynatictoxins[6],SPI,SPII,SPIII [7] ,P i -bungarotoxin[8] ,p3-,p4-bungarotoxins [9] ,p2-bungarotoxin[ 10] ,k-bungarotoxin[ 11 ], k2-,k3-bungarotoxins[12],a-cobrotoxin[13],toxinF[14,15]. 3)Cytotoxins[4]. 4)Enzymes:phospholipsaseA2[4],phospholipaseA[16],Y-glutamyltranspeptidase[17], acetylcholinesterase[ 18]. 5)Proteins[19]:protamine,polylysine[3],the nerve growth factor[20]. 6) Nucleosides :guanosine[ 19]. 7)Lipids[19]. Pharmacology 1) Neurotoxic effect [7]. 2) Thioredoxin-linked reductive inactivation[21]. 3)Neuronal nieotinic receptor antogonic effect[12,15]. 4) Inhibitory effect on the ganglionic transmission[22]. 5) Guanylate cyclase effect[13], 6) Inhibitory effect on complement[23]. 7) Inhibitory effect on neuronal acetylcholine sensitivity[24], 8) Inhibitory effect on cholinesterase[3]. 9) Inhibitory effect on respiratory-enzyme[25]. 10) Blocking effect on the cholinergic mechanisms of leech dorsal muscles[26], 11) Blocking effect on cholinoreceptive membranes of the lamprey lampetra fluvitilia[27]. 12) Hemolytic effect[28]. Literature: [I] Chang,L.S. etal.:Biochem.Mol. Biol. Int. 1996,40(6),1271. [2] Wu,S.H. etai.Toxicon 1982,20(4),753. [3] Lin Shian,S.Y. et al.:Tai-wan IHsuehHui Tsa Chih 1976,75(12),693. [4] Utkin,Y.N. etal.J. Nat. Toxins 1992,1(2),77. [5] Abe,T. etal.:Eur. J. Biochem. 1977,80(1),1. [6] Hanley,M.R. et al.-.Biochem. 1977,16(26),5540. [7] Chu,C.C. etal. .Biochem. J. 1994,303(1),171. [8] Chang,L.S. etal.J. Protein Chem. 1993,12(4),469. [9] Kondo,K. etal.J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1982,91(5),1531. [10] Kondo,K. etal.J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1982,91(5),1519. [II] Chiappinelli,V.A.:.8ra/«7to. 1983,277(1),9. [12] Chiappinelli.YA. etal..BrainRes. 1990,509(2),237. [13] Lehotay,D.C. et al.Toxicon 1980,18(2), 185. [14] Loring,R.H. et al.:Neuroscience (Oxford) 1984,11(4),989. [15] Sah,D.W.Y. et al: Neuroscience(Oxford) 1987,20(3),867. [16] Kondo,K. etal.J. Biochem.(Tokyo) 1980,89(1),29. [17] Zhou,D.Y etaL.Dongwuxue Yanjiu 1986,7(3),273. [18] GrosSmann,H. etal.:Z. Naturforsch.,C.Bioschi. 1979,34c(l-2),27.

166

[19] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1450. [20] Furukawa,S. et al. .Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1978,533(2),383. [21] Lozano,R.M. etal.-.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994,309(2),356. [22] Gotti,C. et al.:Neuroscience (Oxford) 1985,15(2),563. [23] Eggertsen,G. et al.Toxicon 1980,18(1),87. [24] Ravdin,P.M. etal.:Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 1979,76(4),2072. [25] Shiau Lin,S.Y. etal.J. Chin. Biochem. Soc. 1974,3(2),77. [26] Magazanik,L.G. etal.:Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1975,79(1),39. [27] Lukomokaya,N.Y. etal.lh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol 1974,10(5),524. [28] Gul,S. etal.Toxicon 1974,12(3),311. [J.X.Guo]

777

Agkistrodon

acutus (Guenther)

(Viperidae)

Wu-bu-she(C),Ng-boh-sair(H),Hanpi(J) Related animals: A. halys blomhaffii Boie:Mamushi(J); A. halys brevicaudus StejnegenSal-mo-sa(K). Dried body(CP) Local Drug Name:Qi-she(C),Kay-sair(H),Hanpi(J),Baek-hwa-sa(K). Processing: l)Remove the head and scales,and cut into sections of about 3cm long(C,K). 2)Remove the head,soften thoroughly with yellow rice wine,eliminate the scales and bones,and dry(C,K). 3) Stir-fry the sections of Agkistrodon sections with yellow rice wine to dryness(C). 4) Remove the skin and the internal organs,and dry(J). 5) Whole body in empty stomach,dipped in distilled rice wine(J). 6) Whole body,charred and powdered(J). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction or powder:C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chronic rheumatic or rheumatoid arthritis with numbness and contracture (C,H,K). 2) Hemiplegia in stroke(C,H,K). 3) Convulsion,tetanus(C,H,K). 4) Leprosy.scabies ringworm(C,H,K). 5) Hemorrhoid(J). 6) Weakness(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Lipids[l]. 2)Aminoacids[l], 3) Enzymes and Proteins:Acl-,Ac2-,Ac3-,Ac4-,Ac5-Proteinase[2],ADPase,5'-nucleotidase, phospholipaseA2,fibrinogenase[3],agkicetin[4],hemocoagulases,fibrinase[5],fribrinolytic enzyme[6],NADglycohydrolase[7],DPC[8],defibrinase[9],hyaluronidase[10],defibrase[ll], arginineesterase[12],Al,A2(anticoagulant 1,2)[13],AAV-Xal[14],acutin[15], Y-glutamyltranspeptidase,lactatedehydrogenase,alkalinephosphatase(AKP)[16]. 4)Toxic proteins:AaT-I,AaT-II,AaT-III[17]. 5)Hemorrhagins:hemorrhagin I[18-20],hemorrhagin II[20],hemorrhagin III[20],hemorrhagin IV[21,22]. 6) Clotting factors:Cf-l(C),Cf-2(T),Cf-l(T),Cf-2(C)[23], Pharmacology 1) Hemorrhagic activity[2,24-26], 2) Caseinolytic activity[24,26,27]. 3) Azocaseinolytic activity[24,26].

167

4) Dimethylcaseinolytic activity[24], 5) Hide powder azure hydrolytic activity[24,26]. 6) Effect on platelet aggregation[3,28,29]. 7) Depression of respiration[30], 8) Glycoprotein lb antagonistic activity[4]. 9) Fibrinolytic activity[27,31-33]. 10)Thrombin-like activity[31,32]. 11) Azoalbumin hydrolytic activity[26]. 12)Fibrinogenolytic activity[27], 13) Anticoagulant activity[34]. 14) Antihypertensive activity[8]. Literature: [I] Nangjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1450. [2] Mori,N. etal.:Toxicon 1984,22(3),451. [3] Ouyang,C. et al.-.Toxicon 1986,24,1099. [4] Chen,Y.L. et al.:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995,210(2),472. [5] Xiao,C.H. et al.:Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,087,679(0. C12N9/74),08,Jun.,1994,Appl. 92,113,701,08 Dec. 1992;6pp. [6] Xiao,C.H. et al:Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,065,680(0. C12N9/68),28,Oct.,1992,Appl. 92,102,645,09, Apr. 1992;9pp. [7] Huang, W.Z. et al.-.Toxicon 1988,26(6),535. [8] Wang,Y.Z. etal.Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1988,9(4),334. [9] Dai,T.N. etal.Dongwuxue Yanjiu 1984,5(4),377. [10] Xu,X. etal.ShengwuHuaxue YuShengwu WuliXuebao 1983,15(6),577. [II] Wang,W.Y. etal.Dongwuxue Yanjiu 1982,3(2),145. [12] Teng,G.Q. etal.Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1982,3(1),21. [13] Sugihara,H. etal.YakugakuZasshi 1980,100(8),811. [14] Teng,C.M. etal.Thromb. Res. 1981,23(3),255. [15] Teng,C.M. etal:Thromb. Res. 1980,20(2), 271. [16] Wu,X.S. etal.ShengwuHuaxue Zazhi 1985,1(2),57. [17] Chen,Z.X. et al.ZhongguoKexue JishuDaxueXuebao 1983,13(4),529. [18] Gong,W.M. etal-.ActaCrystallogr., Sect. D.:Biol. Crystalloyr. 1996,D52(1),201. [19] He,H.P. etal.Dongwuxue Yanjiu 1988,9(1),99. [20] Xu,X. etal.Toxicon 1981,19(5),633. [21] Zhu,Z.L. etal.Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D:Biol. Crystalloyr. 1996,D52(2),407. [22] Huang,W.Z. et al.Zhongguo Kexue Jishu Daxue Xuebao 1986,16(3),317. [23] Komori,Y. etal.Int. J. Biochem. 1988,20(4),387. [24] Yagihashi,S. etal.Int. J. Biochem. 1986,18;885. [25] Xu,X. et al.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 1996,391(Natural toxins 2),361. [26] Nikai,T. etal.Int. J. Biochem. 1991,23(3),311. [27] Ouyang,C.H. etal.Toxicon 1977,15(2),161. [28] Wang,C.S. etal.-.Huaxi Yike Daxue Xuebao 1994,25(1),38. [29] Deng,C.Q. et aLHuaxi Yike Daxue Xuebao 1992,23(4),416. [30] Auamuratov,S.I. etal.Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Resp. Uzb. 1996,(4),41. [31] Zhang,Y.K. etal.Biomed. Chromatogr. 1994,8(3),148. [32] Qian,X.H. et al.ZhonghuaXueyexue Zazhi 1993,14(10),512. [33] ChenJ.S. etal.Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1993,9(1),22. [34] Atoda,H. et al. :Rinsho Byori.Rinji Zokan 1989,(81),75.

[J.X.Guo]

778

Anas domestica L. (Anatidae) Ya(C), Ngarp (H), Ahiru(J), O-ri(K)

168

Gizzard Local Drug Name: Ngarp-sun(H). Processing: Remove the outer skin and dry(H). Method of Administration: Oral(soup or congee:H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Debility(H). Meat Local Drug Name: Baek-ap-yuk(K). Processing: Fresh(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Palpitation(K). 2) Tussis(K). 3) Expectoration(K). 4) Fever(K). 5) Hemoptysis(K). 6) Edema(K). 7) Apoplexy(K). 8) Caustic soda poisoning(K). 9) Opium poisoning(K). Blood Local Drug Name: Ya-xie(C),Ap-hyul(K). Processing: Fresh(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(make warm or with liquor: C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) White dysentery of child(K). 2) Apoplexy(C,K). 3) Anorexia in the period of menstruation(K). 4) Caustic soda poisoning(K). 5) Opium poisoning(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Nucleic acids: mitochondrial DNA[1]. Phamacology 1) Detoxication activity[2]. Literature: [1] Zheng, W. et al: Xiamen DaxueXuebao, Ziran Kexueban 1995,34(4), 614. [2] Jeng, S. etal:. Poult. Set 1997, 76(1), 13. [C. K. Sung]

779

Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson

(Phasianidae)

Jia-ji (C), Gight (H), Niwatori (J), Dak (K) Inner wall of gizzard (CP) Local Drug Name: Ji-nei-jin (C), Gight-noi-gum (H), Keinaikin (J), Gye-nae-geum (K) Processing: Remove when fresh and dry, or stir-fry (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K).

169

Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Indigestion (C, H, J, K). Infantile malnutrition (C, H, K). Spermatorrhea (C, H, K). Enuresis in children (C).

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1-2]. 2) Trace elements [1-2]. Pharmacology 1) Promotion of gastric excretion [3], Literature: [1] Dong, C.G.: Yunnan Zhongyi Zazhi 1994, 15(6), 33. [2] Lu, W.Q. etal: Zhongyaocai 1992, 15(1), 14. [3] Yuan, W.: Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Materia Medica [Chang, H.M. et al. Eds.], World Scientific, Singapore, 1986, 1, 674. [P.P.H. But]

780

Collocalia esculenta L.

(Collocalidae)

Jin-si-yan (C); Gum-see-yin (H), Tsubame (J), Yeon (K) Related animal: Collocalia inexpectata Hume.: Hui-yao-jin-si-yan (C); C. unicolor Jordon: Dan-se-jin-si-yan (C); Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.: Je-bi (K) Bird's nest Local Drug Name: Yan-wo (C), Yin-Wor (H), Enka (J), Yeon-wa (K) Processing: Clean and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Debility (C, H, J, K). 2) Cough due to deficiency (C,H). 3) Cough with dyspnea (C). 4) Tidal fever (C). 5) Senile asthma (C). 6) Hemoptysis (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycoprotein, sialic acid, sialylated oligosaccharide-alditols, 4,8-anhydro-Aracetylneuraminic acid [1-6]. Pharmacology 1) Epidermal growth factor-like effect [7] 2) Potentiation effect on mitogenic response [8]. Literature: [1] Kathan, R.H. et al.: Archives Biochem. Biophys. 1969, 134, 572. [2] Strecker, G. et al: Biochimie 1992, 74, 39. [3] Wieruszeski, J.M. etal: J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 6650. [4] Pozsgay, V. et al.: Europ. J. Biochem. 1987,162,445. [5] Hanisch, F.G. et al.: Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie 1984,365, 119.

170

[6] Houdret, N. et al: Biochimie 1975, 57, 603. [7] Kong, Y.C. et al.: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1987, 87B, 221. [8] Ng, M.H. et al: Biochem. Intl. 1986, 13, 521. [P.P.H. But]

781

Physeter catodon L.

(Physeteridae)

[= P. macrophalus

L.]

Long-yan-xiang (C), Makkou-kujira (J), Hyang-yu-go-rae (K) Ambergris in the intestine Local Drug Name: Long-yan-xiang (C), Ryuuzenkou (J), Yong-jeong-hyang (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Coma(C,J). 2) Cough and asthma(C). 3) Pain in the chest or abdomen (C, J). 4) Cardialgia (K). 5) Deprementia (K). 6) Gonorrhea (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 2) Ambrein [1]. 3) Essential oil: dihydro- y-ionone, amberoxide, amberoxialdehyde, y-i onone [1]. Literature: [1] Ishiguro, T. et al: Yakugaku Zasshil938,58,790; idem 1952,72,1439. [T. Kimura]

782

Phoca groenlandica

Erxleben, P. vitulina L.

(Phocidae)

Hai-bao (C), Hoi-pao (H), Gomafu-azarashi (J), Ba-da-pyo-beom (K) Related animal: Callorhinus ursinus L.: Hai-gou(C),Ottosei (J), Mul-gae (K). Penis and testis Local Drug Name: Hai-gou-shen (C), Hoi-gou-bin (H), Kaikujin (J), Hae-gu-sin (K). Processing: Clean and dry in shade. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (C, H, J, K). 2) Lumbago (C, H, J, K). 3) Spermatorrhea (C, H, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Fatty acids [1]. Pharmacology

171

1) Vasodilating effect [2-3]. Literature: [1] Engelhardt, F.R. et al: Comp. Biochem. Phys. B: Comp. Biochem. 1974, 47: 169. [2] Matsukawa, H. et al.: Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1974, 40: 1139. [3] Suzuki, T. et al.: Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1974, 40, 1195. [4] Wang, J.Z.: Zhongguo Haiyang Taowu 1996, 15(3), 47. [P.P.H. But]

783

Equus asinus L.

(Equidae)

Lu (C), Or-gou (H), Roba (J)

Skin gluey extract Local Drug Name: Lu-pi-jiao (C), Or-gou (H), Akyo (J). Processing: Dip in water several days, eliminate hairs, boil in water 3 days, separate the broth, repeat 5-6 times, boil down the conbined broth and dry (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Weakness(H, J). 2) Insomnia (H). 3) Lumbago (H) 4) Anemia (C). 5) Cough (C) 6) Hemoptysis (C). 7) Haematemesis(C). 8) Hematuria (C). 9)Hemafecia(C). 10) Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (C). Meat Local Drug Name: No-yuk (K). Processing: Fresh (K), dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral (boil: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Senile infirmity (K). 2)Melancholia (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Proteine:geratins [l],collagen [2]. Pharmacology 1) Tonify blood activity [2], Literature: [1] Xu,Z.W.:Report ofDept. Of Chem.,Shandong University 1935,3-4,133. [2] LiJZ.Q.-.Chin. J. Physiol. 1935,9,329,383; Idem 1936,10,125,237. [T. Kimura]

784

Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, R sondaicus Desmarest,

172

Ceratothetium simum Burchell, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis G. Fischer, Diceros bicornis Linnaeus (Rhinocerotidae) Xi-niu (C), Sight-ngau (H), Sai (J), Ko-bbul-so (K) Note: Endangered species in CITES appendix 1; prohibited from trading and illegal possession.The drug "Xi-jiao" has been prohibited by State Council of the People's Republic of China since 1993.The following content could be used as reference for studying the substitute of the drug. Horn Local Drug Name: Xi-jiao (C), Sight-gock (H), Saikaku (J), Seo-gak (K) Processing: Dry after removal from animal (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever in serious disease such as encephalitis (C, H, K). 2) Poisoning (C, J). 3) Convulsion (C, H, K). 4) Epilepsy (C,H,K). 5) Macular eruptions (C, H). 6)Erysipelas(C,H,K). 7) Hemoptysis (C, K). 8)Epistaxis(C,H,K). 9) Carbuncle, abscess (C, H). 10)Hematemesis (J). ll)Hematorrhea (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Keratin, amino acids, sterols, guinidine derivatives, amines [1-2]. 2) Trace and metallic elements [3]. Pharmacology 1) Antipyretic effect [4-6]. 2) No antipyretic effect [7-8]. Literature: [1] Inagaki, I. et al.: Nagoya Shiritsu Daigaku Yakugakubu Kenkyu Nempo 1970, 18, 57. [2] Shigematsu, N. et al.: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1982,36,104. [3] Zhang, Y.H.. et al.: Hejishu 1984, 2, 45. [4] But, P.P.H. etal: J. Eihnopharm. 1990, 30,157. [5] But, P.P.H. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1991, 33,45. [6] Ogata, K. etal: Bull. YamaguchiMed. Sch. 1960, 9,1940. [7] Huang, H.Q. etal: Wuhan Yiyao Weisheng 1959, 2, 340. [8] Laburn, H.P. etal: J. Bas. Clin. Phys. Pharm. 1997, 8,1. [P.P.H. But]

785

Bos taurus domesticus

Gmelin

(Bovidae)

Niu (C), Ngau (H), Ushi (J), So(K) Bezoar (CP, KP) Local Drug Name: Niu-huang (C), Ngau-wong (H), Go-ou (J), U-hwang(K) Processing: Take out immediately from gallbladder, remove outer skin, cover with cotton, air-dry.

173

Method of Administration: Oral (pills or powder: C, H, J, K); Topical (powder: C, H, K; paste: Q. Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Infections with high fever, irritability, delirium, coma and convulsion (C, H, K). 2)Epilepsy(C,H,J,K). 3)Facial maxillary inflammation (C, H). 4) Acute pharyngitis (C, H). 5)Ulcers of mouth, throat and tongue (C, H). 6) Furuncle and carbuncle (C, H, K). 7) Chronic liver diseases: hepatitis and cirrhosis (C, H, J, K). 8)Impairment of consciousness in febrile diseases and stroke (C). 9) Mania (C). 10) Cardiac infuction (J). Contraindications: Pregnancy; patients with asthenia of the "spleen" and stomach. Side effects: Occasional skin or mucosal allergy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Bile pigments: bilirubin [1, 2, 6]. 2) Bile acids: cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, lithocholic, sterocholic acids, and their conjugates of taurine and glycine [1, 3, 6]. 3) Free and esterified cholesterol [1, 3, 6]. 4) Ergosterol [1, 3, 6]. 5) Vitamin D [1,3, 6]. 6) Carotenoids [6]. 7) Fatty acids [3,6]. 8) Amino acids: taurine [6]. 9) Mucigen [5]. 10) Trace elements [7]. Pharmacology 1) Sedative effect [1,3, 6, 8,9], 2) Anti-convulsant effect [6,9,10, 19]. 3) Promoting effect on hemopoiesis [1, 3, 6]. 4) Antispasmodic effect [6,11]. 5) Antipyretic effect [3, 6, 8, 9, 19]. 6) Anti-inflammatory effect [6, 9, 12-15], 7) Positive inotropic effect [6, 8, 9, 16]. 8) Hypotensive effect [6, 8,9]. 9) Anti-microbial effect [3, 6,17]. 10) Promoting effect on bile secretion [6, 8]. 11) Immunopotentiating effect [15], 12) Inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation [18]. 13) Antioxidant effect [20], Literature: [l]Liu, S.S.: Bull. Chin. Mat. Med. 1956, 2, 23. [2]Zhang, N.R.: Zhong Cheng Yao Yan Jiu 1979, (1), 43. [3]Nakaoki, T. et al.: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1955, 9, 11. [4]Kimura, M. et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1961, 4,12. [5]Zhang, N.R.: ShengHuaYao Wu Za Zhi 1988, (4), 78. [6]Wang, J.M.: Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs Commun. 1976, (5), 39. [7]Zhang, Q.M. et al: J. Chin. Med. Mat. 1991, 14 (5), 15. [8]Iwaki, R. et al.: J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn 1965, 85, 899. [9]Yuan, H.N.: Chin. J. Chin. Mat. Med. 1991, 16 (2), 105. [10]Zhu, Y: Chin. Med. J. 1958, 44, 60. [ll]Kimura, M. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1966, 86, 366.

174

[12]Kimura, M. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1968, 88, 125, 135, 1367. [13] Kimura, M. et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1978,98,442. [14] Wu, T. etal: Chin. Tradition. Herb. Drugs 1984, 15 (20), 30. [15]Zhang, W. etal: Chin. J. Chin. Mat. Med. 1993,18 (5), 302. [16] Kimura, M. et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1968, 88, 125. [17] Jin, E.Y. et al: Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs 1983, 14, 548. [18] Kubo, M. et al.: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38, 59. [19] Yue, W. et al.: Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mat. Med. 1991, 7 (2), 34. [20] Tan, D. et al.: Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mat. Med. 1992, 8 (3), 20. [P.P.H. But]

786

Bubal us bubalis L.

(Bovidae)

Shui-niu (C), Shui-ngau (H), Suigyuu (J), Mul-so (K) Horn (CP) Local Drug Name: Shui-niu-jiao (C), Shui-ngau-gock (H), Su-u-gak (K) Processing: Remove from animal and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever (C, H). 2) Delirium (C, H). 3) Epilepsy (C, H). 4) Convulsion (C, H). 5) Haemorrhagia (K). 6) Headache (K). 7) Sore throat (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amino acids [1]. 2) Trace elements [1], Pharmacology l)Antipyretic effect [2-3]. 2) Cardiotonic effect [4-5]. 3) Hypotensive effect [4-5]. 4) Anti-inflammatory effect [6]. Literature: [1] Anonymous: Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1975, 6, 107. [2] But, P.P.H. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1990, 30, 157. [3] But, P.P.H. et al: J. Ethnopharm. 1991, 33, 45. [4] Zhou, N.F. et al: YaoxueXuebao 1962,9, 517. [5] Zhou, N.F. et al: YaoxueXuebao 1962, 9, 524. [6] Anonymous: Yaoxue Tongbao 1979, 14(2), 86. [P.P.H. But]

787

Saiga tatarica L. (Bovidae) Sai-jia-ling-yang (C), Ling-yeung (H), Saiga-kamoshika (J), Young-Yang (K)

175

Antelope (CP) Local Drug Name: Ling-yang-jiao (C), Ling-yeung-gock (H), Reiyo-kaku (J), Young-yangkgak (K) Processing: Remove from animal, eliminate the core inside, and dry(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever (C, H, K). 2) Delirium (C, H, K). 3) Epilepsy (C, H, K). 4) Convulsion (C, H, J, K). 5) Conjunctivitis (C, H, K). 6) Headache and dizziness (C). 7) Epidemic fibrile diseases with eruption (C, H). 8) Carbuncles, sores (C). 9) Poisoning (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Amino acids [1]. Pharmacology l)Anti-pyretic effect [2-3]. 2) Sedative effect [2]. 3) Modulatory effect on rat behavior [4]. Literature: [1] Shigematsu, N. et al.: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1982, 36, 104. [2] But, PPH. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1990, 30, 157. [3] But, PPH. etal.J. Ethnopharm. 1991, 33, 45. [4]Tolpygo, S.M. et al: Zhumal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I. P. Pavlova 1104.

1998, 48, [PPH. But]

788

Cervus nippon Temminck, C. elaphus L.

(Cervidae)

Lu (C), Luk (H), Shika (J), Sa-seum (K) Velvety horn (CP) Local Drug Name: Lu-rong (C), Luk-yung (H), Rokujou (J), Nok-yong (K) Processing: Remove by sawing, tie up at the cut end to retain the blood, briefly dip in hot water, dry in oven (C, H, K). Method of Administration: Oral (powder, soup: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Metrorrhagia (C, H, K). 2) Lochia (C, H, K). 3) Epilepsy (C, H, K). 4) Sores, boils, carbuncles (C, H, K). 5) Lumbago (C, H, K). 6) Impotence (C, H, J, K). 7) Gonalgia (C, H, K). 8) Mastitis (C, H, K). 9) Ecchymosis (C, H, K). 10) Tuberculosis (C, H, K).

176

11) Spermatorrhea (C, H, K). 12) Vertigo (C,H,K). 13) Anaemia (C, H, K). 14) Abnormal uterine bleeding and leukorrhea (C). 15) Debility (J). 16) Fever (J). 17) Convulsion (J). Ossified antler (CP) Local Drug Name: Lu-jaio (C), Luk-gock (H), Rokukaku (J), Nok-gak(K) Processing: Collect after natural shedding (C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (powder: H, K; decoction: C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sores, boils, carbuncles (C, H, K). 2) Lumbago (C, H, K). 3) Impotence, seminal emission, back pain with cold sensation (C). 4) Mastitis at early stage marked by congestion, swelling and pain (C). Tail Local Drug Name: Lu-wei (C), Luk-mai-bar (H), Rokubi (J). Processing: Remove from deer, pick all hair, dry in shade or oven (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (C, H). 2) Lumbago (C, H). Sinew Local Drug Name: Lu-jin (C), Luk-gun (H). Processing: Clean and dry (C). Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatalgia (C, H). Fetus Local Drug Name: Lu-tai (C), Luk-toy (H). Processing: Clean and dry (C). Method of Administration: Oral (powder or gel: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Debility(C,H). 2)Leucorrhea(C, H). Penis and testis Local Drug Name: Lu-bian (C), Luk-bin (H), Rokuben (J), Nok-sin, Nok-pyun(K) Processing: Clean and dry (C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (soup: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (C,H,K). 2) Lumbago (C, H, K). 3) Inability to conceive due to 'cold'-uterus (C, H).

Antler after removal of gelatin (CP) Local Drug Name: Lu-jiao-shuang (C), Luk-gock-sheung (H). Processing: Clean and dry ,break to pieces before use(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction:C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Yin-deficiency of spleen and kidney (C, H).

177

2) Abnormal uterine bleeding (C). 3) Subcutaneous infections and nodulations (C). Horn gel (CP) Local Drug Name: Lu-jiao-jiao (C), Luk-gock-gow (H), Rokukaku-kou (J). Processing: Boiling horn in water to form concentrated gel (C). Method of Administration: Oral (C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence, spermatorrhea (C, H, K). 2) Debility and emaciation (C). 3) Abnormal uterine bleeding, hematuria (C, H). 4) Chronic ulceration with swelling and pain (C). Blood Local Drug Name: Nok-hyul (K) Processing: Fresh (K). Method of Administration: Oral (fresh: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence (K). 2) Lumbago (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phospholipids: cerebroside, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin [1], 2) Steroids: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone [1]. 3) Amino acids [2-3, 15-16]. 4) Fatty acids [3]. 5) Mucoprotein, polysaccharide [4-8]. 6) Polypeptides: putrescine, spermindine, spermine [9, 22], 7) Hypoxanthine, uridine, uracil [17]. 8) Polysaccharide [18]. 9) Prostaglandins [19]. 10) Trace elements [21]. Pharmacology 1) Hematopoietic effect [10]. 2) Anti-stress effect [11], 3) Beneficial effect on impotence [12]. 4) Enhancing effect on RNA polymerase activity [13-14], 5) Anti-oxidant, anti-aging effects [14]. 6) Anti-complement effects [18]. 7) Prostaglandin-like effect [20]. 8) Anti-inflammatory effect [22-24]. 9) Stimulatory effect on proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblast precursors [25], Literature: [l]Silaev, A.B. etal: VestnikMoscow Universitetseries, II, Khima 1968, (2), 145. [2] Silaev, A.B. etal: Vestnik Moscow Universitet series, II, Khima 1968, (1), 108. [3] Silaev, A.B. et al:Moscow University Vestnik, Biologiia 1978, 3, 68. [4] Kim, Y.E. et al.: Korean Biochem. J. 1975, 8. 89. [5] Kim, Y.E. et al.: Korean Biochem. J. 1976, 9,153. [6] Kim, Y.E. et al.: Korean Biochem. J. 1976, 9, 215. [7] Kim, Y.E. et al.: Korean Biochem. J. 1977,10,1. [8] Kim, Y.E. et al.: Korean Biochem. J. 1977,10,153. [9] Zhong, S.L. etal: Zhongcaoyao 1990, 21,303. [10] Kim, K.L. et al.: Kyung Hee Univ. J. Oriental Med. 1979, 2,33. [11] Frid, I.A. et al: Khirurgiia 1975, (9), 70. [12] Sato, K. et al.: Nishinihon J. Urology 1970, 31, 273.

178

[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

789

Wang, B.X. et at. Yaoxue Xuebao 1990, 25, 321. Wang, B.X. et al: Yaoxue Xuebao 1990, 25, 652. Chen, X.G. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1990, 21, 501. Yokota, Y. et al.: Toyama-ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo 1994, 22, 84. Yokota, Y. etal: Toyama-ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo 1994, 22, 89. Yang, X.W.: Zhongcaoyaoo 1995,26,17. Zhao, Q.C. et al.: Carbohydr. Res. 1992, 230, 361. Isai, S.V. et al: Khim.-Farm. Zh. 1994, 28, 60. Ivankina,N.F. etal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol, B: Comp. Biochem. 1993, 106(B), 159. Fukushima, M. et al.: Kakuriken Kenkyu Hokoku (Tohoku Daigaku) 1994, 27, 262. Zhang, Z.Q. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1994, 27,321. Zhang, Z.Q. et al.: ZhongguoYaoli Xuebao 1994,15,282. Zhou, Q.L. et al: Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1999, 20, 279. Wang, B.X. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1991,26, 714. [P.P.H. But]

Moschus moschiferus

L.

(Cervidae)

She (C), Sair (H), Jakou-jika (J), Sa-hyang-no-ru (K) Related animals: Moscus berezovskii Flerov: Lin-she (C). M. sifanicus Prezewalski: Ma-she (C). Musk (CP) Local Drug Name: She-xiang (C), Sair-heung (H), Ja-kou (J), Sa-hyang (K) Processing: Collect the grains from musk pod.Pulverize before use(C). Method of Administration: Oral (powder: C, H, K); Topical (powder: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatalgia (C, H, K). 2) Stroke (C, H, K). 3) Epilepsy (C, H, J, K). 4) Traumatic injury (C, H, K). 5) Amenorrhea, mass in abdomen (C). 6) Dystocia (C). 7) Sudden attack of precordial and abdominal pain (C). 8) Carbuncles, lymphadenitis (C). 9) Sore throat (C). 10) Debility (J) 11) Cardiac disorder (C, H, J). 12) Syncope (J). 13) Prostration (J). 14) Infantile convulsion (C, J). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Muscone, normuscone [1]. 2) Alkaloids: muscopyridine [2-3], hydroxymuscopyridines A-B [4]. 3) Amino acids, peptides, proteins [5, 10] 4) Steroids, cholesterol [18]. Pharmacology 1) Anti-inflammation effect [5-11]. 2) Immunostimulatory effect [12, 16]. 3) Analgesic effect [12]. 4) Anti-coagulant effect [12].

179

5) Testosterone-like effect [12]. 6) Liver protective effect [13-16]. 7) Inhibitory effect on acetic acid-induced writhing [16]. 8) Inhibitory effect on spontaneous motility in isolated ileum [16] 9) Potentiation of (3-adrenergic action in isolated guinea pig trachea [16]. 10) Cardiovascular stimulating effect [17]. Literature: [1] Ruzicka, L.: Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 715. [2] Schniz, A.H. et al.: Helv. Chim. Acta 1946, 29, 1524. [3] Biemann, K. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 5558. [4] Yu, D.Q. et al.: PlantaMed. 1983, 49, 183. [5] Liu, X.M. et al.: DongwuXuebao 1992,38, 302. [6] Zhu, X.Y. etal: YaoxueXuebao 1979, 14, 685. [7] Zhu, X.Y. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1988, 23, 406. [8] Zhu, X.Y. et al: Acta AcademiaeMedicinae Sinicae 1989,11, 52. [9] Cheng, G.F. et al.: Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 1992,14, 346. [10] Yu, D.Q. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1980, 15, 306. [ll]Taneja, V. etat.IndJ. Phys. Pharm. 1973,17,241. [12]Zhu, X.Y: In: Song, Z.Y (ed.) Zhongcaoyoa Xiandai Yanjiu {Modern Research on Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine). Beijing Medical University & Peking Union Medical University, Beijing, 1995, 209. [13] Tanaka, E. et al.: Biochem. Pharm. 1991, 41, 472. [14] Tanaka, E. et al.: Biochem. Pharm. 1987, 36,4263. [15]Peng, R. etal. Biochem. Pharm. 1986, 35, 1391. [16]Morishita, S. etal: Gen. Pharm. 1987,18, 253. [17]Takayama, Y: J. Ex. Med. 1930, 15, 435. [18] Do, J.C. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1975, 23,629. [P.P.H. But]

790

Sus scrofa domesica L.

(Suidae)

Zhu (C), Chu (H), Buta (J), Doe-ji(K) Bile Local Drug Name: Zhu-dan (C), Chu-darm (H), Jeo-dam(K) Processing: Drain from gall bladder and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (powder: C, H); Topical (C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Jaundice (C, H, K). 2) Whooping cough (C, H, K). 3) Asthma (C, H, K). 4) Constipation (C, H, K). 5) Conjunctivits (C, H, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Chenodeoxycholic acid, 3a-hydroxy-6-oxocholanic acid, lithocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, hyocholic acid [1]. Pharmacology 1) Anti-inflammatory effect [2]. 2) Anticonvulsant effect [2]. 3) Analgesic effect [2]. 4) Enhancing effect on tolerance against hypoxia [2], Literature:

180

[1] Haslewood, G.A.D. et al: Biochem. J. 1956, 62, 637. [2] Li, Y. W. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1995,47, 27. [P.P.H. But]

791

Alum Bai-fan (C), Ming-farn (H), Myoban (J), Myong-ban (K).

Stone(CP, JP) Local Drug Name: Bai-fan (C), Ming-fan (H), Myouban, Hakuban (J), Myong-ban (K). Processing: Break to pieces before use (C, J). Calcine the pieces to lax and fragile (C). Pulverize (K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C);Topical (water solution: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: I) Sore, eczema (C, J, K). 2)Bleeding(C,J,K). 3)Conjunctivitis (J, K). 4) Hyperplastic rhinitis (J, K) 5)Tympanitis (H, J, K). 6) Boils (H). 7) Scabies (C). 8) Otitis media with purulent discharge (C). 9) Chronic diarrhea (C). 10) Hematochezia (C). II) Epilepsy and mania (C) 12) Excessive leukorrhea with pudendal itching (C). 13) Nasal polyp (C). Contrindications: Incompatibility with tannins, alkali carbonates, mercury salt, lead salt and emetic tartar. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alminium potassium sulfate (A1K(S04)2-12H20). Pharmacology 1) Binding of aluminium ion with proteins. [T. Kimura]

792

Epsomite

(Kieserite)

Sharien (J), Eung-su-seok (K). Stone Local Drug Name: Sharien (J), Eung-su-seok (K). Processing: Pulverize (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Constipation (J, K). 2) Epilepsy (J). 3) Arrhythmia (J). 4) Abdominal distension (K). 5) Edema (K).

181

Contraindications: Chronic nephropathy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Magnesium sulfate (MgS0 4 -7H 2 0) [1]. Literature: [lJMasutomi, K.: "Shosoin Yakubutsu (Ed. Asahina, Y. 1955)", "Kodai Sekiyaku no Kenkyu" 1957, 39,141, Shokubutsu Bunken Kankokai. [T. Kimura]

793

Gypsum

Fibrosum

Shi-gao(C),Sack-goh(H),Sekko(J),Seok-go(K) Plaster stone(CP,JP) Local Drug Name: Shi-gao(C),Sack-goh(H),Sekko(J),Seok-go(K). Processing: l)Wash clean,dry,break to pieces and eliminate foreign matter,then grind to coarse powder(C,J,K). 2)Calcine the clean Gypsum to loose(C,J). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,J,K);Topical(calcined powder:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases due to exogenous affection with high fever and dire thirst(C,H,J,K). 2) Asthma and cough caused by heat in the lung(C,H,J,K). 3) Headache and toothache caused by exuberant fire in the stomach(C,H,J,K). 4) Ulcers difficult to heal up,eczema with itching,scalds and burns(calcined Gypsum) (C,H,J,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Hydrous calcium sulfatefl]. 2) Trace elements:Sr,Ti,Mn,Cu,Ag,Fe,Al,Ca,Mg,Si,Sb[2]. Pharmacology 1) Antipyretic activity[3,4]. 2) Quenching thirst effect[5], 3) Inhibitory effect on respiratory and circulatory systems[6], 4) Muscular excesive exciting effect[6], 5) Decurtating blood coagulation time effect[6]. 6) Improving urinary output effect[6]. 7) Decreasing bile output effect[6]. 8) Central analgesia effect[7,8], 9) Antagonistic effect on silicious dust cytotoxicity[9], Literature: [1] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 3,1504. [2] Zhao,Z.J..Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12,173. [3] Guo,X.X. et al.Shanghai Zhongyiyao Zazhi 1958,(3),33. [4] ShiJ.KJaoxue Tongbao 1983,18(11),32. [5] Ito,T. Japanese Journal ofOriental Medicine 1972,22(3),13. [6] Ito,T.: Japanese Journal ofOriental Medicine 1973,23(4),215. [7] Liu,G.Q. et al.Zhongyao Yaoli Yu Linchuang 1995,11(5),22. [8] Zhu,W.Y. et al:Guangzhou ZhongyiXuebao 1994,11(3),150.

182

[9] Ma,J.H. etal.:Tongji YikeDaxueXuebao 1995,24(6),449. [J.X.Guo]

794

Haematite Zhe-shi (C), Doi-jair-sack (H), Sekitekko (J), Dae-ja-seok (K).

Stone(CP) Local Drug Name: Zhe-shi (C), Doi-jair-sack (H), Taishaseki (J), Dae-ja-seok (K). Processing: Pulverize (C,K).Calcine the refined and broken drug to red thoroughly, quench with vinegar and grind into coarse powder (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Nausea(C,H,J,K). 2) Bleeding (C, J, K) 3)Gastritis(C,J). 4) Epilepsy (H). 5)Menorrhagia (H). 6) Vertigo (C). 7) Tinnitus (C). 8) Hiccup (C). 9) Dyspnea (C). lO)Metrorrhagia(K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Ferous trioxide (Fe203), silicium dioxide (Si0 2 ) [1]. Literature: [l]Li,R.S.\Zhongyao Tongbao 1957,3,130;Xu,P.R. et al'..Beijing Yixue yuan Xuebao 1959,121. [T. Kimura]

795

Mirabilite Mang-xiao (C), Mong-sui (H), Bosho (J), Mang-cho (K).

Stone (CP) Local Drug Name: Mang-xiao (C), Mong-sui (H), Boushou (J), Mang-cho (K). Processing: Recrystallized in water (C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K);Topical (C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Constipation (C, H, J, K). 2)Edema (C, J, K). 3)Appendicitis (C). 4) Mastitis (C). 5)Painful swollen hemorrhoids (C). 6)Abdominal distension (K).

183

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2S0410-H2O). Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgS04 7H 2 0) [1], Pharmacology 1) Pharyngitis and pharynx [2]. Literature: [1] Masutomi, K.: "Shosoin Yakubutsu (Ed. Asahina, Y. 1955)", "Kodai Sekiyaku no Kenkyu" 1957, 39, 141, Shokubutsu Bunken Kankokai. [2] Wang, S.-X.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1144113, A, 5 Mar. 1997. [T. Kimura]

796

Realgar Xiong-huang (C), Hung-wong (H), Keikanseki (J), Ung-hwang (K).

Stone (CP) Local Drug Name: Xiong-huang (C), Hung-wong (H), Yuuou (J), Ung-hwang(K). Processing: Pulverize into very fine powder and dry in the shade. Carry out the limit test for arsenic trioxide, the result complises with the requirements (C). Pulverize (K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction,pills or powder: C, K);Topical (powder: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake-bite (C, H, K). 2) Tinea (H). 3) Boils (C,H). 4) Insect-bite (C). 5) Carbuncles (C). 6) Infantile convulsion (C). 7) Malaria (C). 8) Eye diseases (K). 9) Cacanthrax (K). 10) Scabies (K). 11) Abdominal pain (C,K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Arsenic disulfide (AS4S4) [1], Pharmacology 1) Antimicrobial. 2) Anthelmintic. Literature: [1] Masutomi, K.: "Shosoin Yakubutsu (Ed. Asahina, Y. 1955)", "Kodai Sekiyaku no Kenkyu", 1957,155, Shokubutsu Bunken Kankokai. [T.Kimura]

797

Smithsonite with Dolomite

184

Lu-gan-shi, Calamina (C), Loh-gum-sack (H), Sui-aen do / Ku kai seki (J), No-gam-seok (K). Stone(CP) Local Drug Name: Lu-gan-shi (C), Loh-gum-sack (H), Rokanseki (J), No-gam-seok (K). Processing: (1) Break into pieces (C, K), (2) Calcine the clean drug until red thoruoghly, levigate to fine powder and dry under the sun (C). Method of Administration: Topical (decoction or powder : C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye diseases, conjunctivitis (C, H, J, K). 2) Eczema (H, J, K). 3) Traumatic injury (J, K). 4) Inflammation of eye, transitis, pterygium, corneals opacity (C). 5) Skin ulceration with purlent discharge or exudation (C). 6) Pruritus (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Hydrozincite (Zn5(C03)2(OH)6), dolomite and siderite [1], Literature: [1] Masutomi, K. et al.\ Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1952,6(1), 23. [T.Kimura]

798

Stalactite Zhong-ru-shi (C), Chung-yue-sack (H), Shonyuseki (J), Jong-yu-seok (K).

Stone(CP) Local Drug Name: Zhong-ru-shi (C), Chung-yue-sack (H), Shonyuseki (J), Jong-yu-seok (K). Processing: Break to small pieces and dry.Calcine the clean pieces to red thoroughly (C, J,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction:C,H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Asthma and cough caused by cold phlegm (C, H, J,K). 2) Feeling of coldness and pain in the loins and knees (C). 3)Gastric pain with acid regurgitation (C). 4) Cessation of the milk secretion (C). 5) Impotence (H). 6) Hemoptysis (K). 7) Weakness (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Calcium carbonate (CaCOa) [1], Literature: [1] Masutomi, K.: "Shosoin Yakubutsu (Ed. Asahina, Y. 1955)", "Kodai Sekiyaku no Kenkyu" 1957, 68, Shokubutsu Bunken Kankokai. [T. Kimura]

799

Sulfur Liu- huang (C), Lou-wong (H), Iou (J), Yu-hwang (K).

185

Whole stone (CP,JP) Local Drug Name: Liu-huang (C), Lou-wong (H), Iou (J), Yu-hwang (K). Processing: Boil the clean sulfur with bean curd until the bean curd shows dark green, wash and dry in the shade (C). Sublimation (J). Pulverize (H, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (pills orpowder:C,K);Topical (powder:C,H, J, K) Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Tinea (H). 2) Boils (H). 3)Scabies(C,J,K). 4)Favus (C). 5) Chronic sores (C). 6) Malignant ulcers (C). 7) Impotence with cold lower extremities (C). 8)Asthma or constipation of deficiency-cold type (C). 9) Psoriasis (K). 10)Hemorrhoid (K). ll)Diarrhea(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sulfur: S. Pharmacology 1) Insecticide. Fungicide, bacteriocide. [T. Kimura]

800

Talc

Hua-shi (C), Wart-sack (H), Kasseki (J), Hwal-seok (K). Stone(CP, JP) Local Drug Name: Hua-shi (C), Wart-sack (H), Kasseki, Taruku (J), Hwal-seok (K). Processing: Pulverize to fine powder or levigate (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C);Topical (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Inflammations (C, J, K). 2) Edema (H, J, K). 3) Jaundice (H). 4)Fidgetness and thirst caused by summer damp (C). 5) Diarrhea caused by damp heat (C). 6) Eczema (C). 7) Miliaria (C). 8) Urinary infection, urolithiasis with difficult urination accompanied by burning pain (C). 9) Sores with marked exudation (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Magnesium silicate hydrate (3MgO-4Si0 2 ^ 0 ) [1], Literature: [1] Masutomi, K.: "Shosoin Yakubutsu (Ed. Asahina, Y. 1955)", "Kodai Sekiyaku no Kenkyu" 1957, 85,Shokubutsu Bunken Kankokai. [T. Kimura]

186

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES Acacia catechu 632 Acer ginnala 656 Aceraceae 656 Acorus calamus 739 Acorus tatarinowii 740 Adonis amurensis 620 Aeginetia indica 714 Agkistrodon acutus 111 Aleurites moluccana 645 Allium cepa 731 Alnus japonica 605 Alocasia cucullata 741 Alum 791 Amarantaceae 616 Amaryllidaceae 735 Amomum villosum 745 Anagallis arvensis 685 Anas domes tic a 778 Anatidae 778 Anguilla japonica 763 Anguillidae 763 Annonaceae 618 Apocynaceae 696-699 Aquillaria agallocha 667 Araceae 739-743 Araliaceae 679 Area subcrenata 749 Arcidae 749 Artemisia argyi 719 Ascelpiadaceae 700 Asclepias curassavica 700 Aspidistra elatior 732 Aster scaber 720 Atropa belladonna 710 Aucklandia lappa 721 Baeckea frutescens 676 Bambusa tuldoides 737 Betulajaponica 605 Betulaceae 605 Bidens tripartita 722 Bignoniaceae Blumeabalsamifera 723 Bolbostemma paniculatum 671 Bombycidae 756 Bombyxmori 756 Bos taurus domesticus 785 Boschniakia rossica 715 Boswellia carterii 652

Bovidae Brassica alba 627 Bruseraceae 653-654 Bubalus bubalis 786 5«/o &«#> gargarizans 110 Bufonidae 770 Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus lid Bupleurum falcatum 680 Burseraceae 652 Buthidae 754 Buthus martensii Karsch 754 Callicarpa pedunculata 703 Callorhinus ursinus 782 Campanulaceae 717-718 Canarium album 653 Carassius auratus 765 Carassius carrassius 765 Carcharhinidae 762 Carcharhinus menisorrah 762 Caryophyllaceae 611-613 Cassia angustifolia 633 Catharanthus roseus 696 Cayratia japonica 660 Cedrela sinensis 655 Celastraceae 658-659 Ceratotherium simum 784 Cerbera manghas 697 Cerbera odollam 697 Cervidae 788-789 Cerais elaphus 788 Cervus nippon 788 Chenopodiaceae 614-615 Chenopodium ambrosioides 614 Chinemys reevesii 111 Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium 724 Cicadidae 757-758 Cissusjaponica 660 Citrusjunos 648 Clerodendrum inerme 704 Cnidium monnieri 681 Cobitidae 764 Collocalia esculenta 780 Collocalidae 780

187

Colocasia antiquorum 742 Colubridae 775 Combretaceae 677-678 Commiphora molmol 654 Commiphora myrrha 654 Compositae 719-730 Convolvulaceae 701-702 Corchorus acutangulus 663 Corydiidae 759 Crassostrea gigas 750 Cruciferae 627 Cryptotympana atrata 757 Cryptotympana pustulata 758 Cucumis melo var. makuwa 672 Cucumis sativus 673 Cucurbitaceae 671-674 Cudrania cochinchinensis 606 Curcuma zedoaria 746 Cyprinidae 765-766 Cyprinus carpio 766 Dahlia variabilis 725 Dalbergia odorifera 634 Daucus carota 682 Dendrobium moniliforme 141

Desmodium styracifolium 635 Desmos chinensis 618 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 784 Diceros bicornis 784 Dimocarpus longan 657. Diospyros lotus 687 Diploclisia glaucescens 623 Dipterocarpaceae 626 Doellingera scaber 720 Dolichos lablab 636 Drymaria cordata 611 Drymaria diandra 611 Drynariafortunei 602 Dryobalanops aromatica 626 Dryobalanops Camphora 626 Duranta repens 705

Ebenaceae 687 Elapidae 776 Entada phaseoloides 637 Epidendrum moniliforme 747 Epsomite 792 Equidae 783 Equus asinus 783 Ericaceae 684 Erigeron canadensis 726 Erodium stephanianum 642 Erycike obtusfolia 701 Eucalyptus globulus 677 Euonymusjaponica 658 Euonymus sieboldianus 659 Euphorbia sieboldiana 646 Euphorbiaceae 645-647 Euphoria longan 657 Eupolyphaga sinensis 759 Fagopyrum cymosum 609 F/'CMS religiosa

607

Firmiana platanifolia 665 Firmiana simplex 665 Fragaria chiloensis var. ananassa 629 Fritillaria cirrhosa 733 Gallus gallus domesticus 779 Gekko gecko 773 Gekko swinhonis 174 Gekkonidae 773-774 Gentiana macrophylla 694 Gentianaceae 694-695 Geraniaceae 642 Gladiolus gandavensis 736 Glechoma hederacea 706 Glechoma hederacea var. grandis 706 Gnaphalium affine 727 Gnaphalium multiceps 727 Gnetaceae 604 Gnetum parvifolium 604 Gomphrena globosa 616 Gramineae 737-738 Gypsum Fibrosum 793 Haematite 794 Haliotidae 748 Haliotis diversicolor 748 Hamamelidaceae 628 Hibiscus manihot 664

Hippocampus histrix 767 Hippocampus japonicus 767 Hippocampus kelloggi 167 Hippocampus kuda 767 Hippocampus trimaculatus 767 Hirudinidae 753 Hirudo nipponia 753 7«w/a linariifolia 728 Ipomoea brasiliensis 702 Ipomoea pes-caprae 702 Iridaceae 736 Jasminum sambac 690 Kieserite 792 Labiatae 706-709 Lactuca sativa 729 Lactuca scariola var. sativa 729 Lagerstroemia indica 675 Lardizabalaceae 621-622 Lauraceae 619 Laurus nobilis 619 Leguminosae 632-640 Ligustrum purpurascens 691 Ligustrum robustum 692 Liliaceae 731-734 Lobeliachinensis 111 Loranthaceae 608 Loropetalum chinensis 628 Lythraceae 675 Madura cochinchinensis 606 Magnolia coco 617 Magnoliaceae 617 Malvaceae 664 Mantidae 760 Masakia japonica 658 Megascolecidae 752 Meliaceae 655 Menispermaceae 623-624 Menyanthus trifoliata 695 Mirabilite 795 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 764 Moraceae 606-607 Moschus moschiferus 789 Mucuna birdwoodiana 638

188

Musabasjoo 744 Musaceae 744 Mustelus griseus 762 Myrtaceae 676-678 Oenanthe javanica 683 Oenanthe stolonifera 683 Oleaceae 690-693 Ophicephalidae 769 Ophicephalus argus 769 Orchidaceae 747 Orobanchaceae 714-715 Oroxylum indicum 713 Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus 693 Osteridae 750 Ostrea gigas 750 Oxalidaceae 641 Oxalis corniculata 641 Panax quinquefolius 679 Panicum viride 738 Paratenodera sinensis 760 Passiflorafoetida 669 Passifloraceae 669 Phasianidae 779 Pheretima aspergillum 752 Phoca groenlandica 782 Phoca vitulina 782 Phocidae 782 Physeter catodon 781 Physeter macrophalus 781 Physeteridae 781 Pinaceae 603 Pinus koraiensis 603 Pogostemon cablin 101 Polycarpaea corymbosa 612 Polygonaceae 609-610 Polygonatum chinense 734 Polygonatum sibiricum 134 Polypodiaceae 602 Pratia nummularia 718 Primula sieboldii 686 Primulaceae 685-686 Prunus tomentosa 630 Pseudo-acacia odorata 640 Psidium guajava 678 Ranunculaceae 620 Rauwolfta serpentina 698699 Realgar 769

Rhincodon typus 762 Rhincodotidae 762 Rhinoceros sondaicus 784 Rhinoceros unicornis 784 Rhinocerotidae 784 Rhododendron mucronulatum 684 Robinia pseudo-acacia 640 Rosaceae 629-631 Rumex acetosa 610 Ruta graveolens 649 Rutaceae 648-651 Saiga tatarica 787 Salvia officinalis 708 Sapindaceae 657 Sargassaceae 601 Sargassum pallidum 601 Sargentodoxa cuneata 621 Saururaceae 625 Saururus chinensis 625 Saussrea lappa 721 Scolopendra subspinipes 755 Scolopendridae 755 Scrophularia ningpoensis 712 Scrophulariaceae 712 Scutellaria barbata 709 Securinega suffruticosa 647 Sepiella maindroni 751 Se/w'a esculenta 751 Sepiidae 751 Setaria viridis 738 Sinapis alba 627 Smithsonite with Dolomite 797

Solanaceae 710-711 Solanum tuberosum 711 Solenognathus hardwick 768 Spinacia oleracea 615 Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora 631 Stalactit 798 Stauntonia chinensis 622 Stephaniajaponica 624 Sterculia lychnophora 666 Sterculiaceae 665-666 Stichopodidae 761,782 Stichopusjaponicus 782 Styracaceae 688 Styraxjaponica 688 Styrax iorikinensis 689 Stytacaceae 689 Suidae 790 SW/wr 799 Sw.s scrofa domesica 790 Syngnathidae 767-768 Syngnathoides biaculeatus 768 Syngnathus acus 768

Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina 674 Trifolium repense 639 Trionychidae 772 Trionyx sinensis 772 Tropaeolaceae 643 Tropaeolum majus 643 Typhonium giganteum 743 Umbelliferae 680-683 Vaccaria segetalis 613 Valeriana officinalis 716 Valerianaceae 716 Verbenaceae 703-705 Viola yedoensis 668 Violaceae 668 Viperidae 777 Viscum coloratum 608 Vitaceae 660-662 Fife amurensis 661 Vitis vinifera 662 Vladimiria soulieri 730 Whitmania acranulata 753 Whitmaniapigra 753

Tfl/c 800

Tamaricaceae 670 Tamarix chinensis 670 Tenodera sinensis 760 Testudinidae 771 Thymelaeaceae 667 Tiliaceae 663 Toona sinensis 655 Triakidae 762 Tribulus terrestris 644 Trichosanthes anguina 674

189

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides 650 Zanthoxylum schinifolium 651 Zaocy.? dhumnades 775 Zephyranthus Candida 735 Zingiberaceae 745-756 Zygophyllaceae 644

*x$&\ (»tr?, nw^, H^) 4 ftl

1 ffl -¥)1 (-^H)

726

&fctilBW 638

* « «

(t*#K)

602

a j M i s f u a * ^ , e*«j|L) 639

?C## ( ^ F * , ?C##) 609

fitt 659

2 *y

I ^ S f f 613

r&m 701

^ S 619

essfeiiia (Sffii*iija) 684 a s m s (fis^w) 703

- M i l (:::uta¥, -Stffi*) 702

HS^619

fiWT 743

^ I f 622

asd (eifi) 748

3»J

* « J ^ « 5 & J £ . 4^Li£j|0 646

e?*f*i ( a i w , &
' M i l * * ( ' h ^ M , 'bMWM

iK1r 683

e * cam) 791

if) 604

7XS 753

&tt® (fiffiW, affiffl) 689

' J ^ f t 694

7jC^ 786

531 793

'hfiffi^ 726

7jC^A 786

5 S ' « 740

/>Ji* ( ' M i S ) 726

B * $ 5 ( 0 * * § 5 , 0 * , ^ 5 ) 699

5tt(5M) 747

'hZIIU 760

*mm 713

fi-ikm (5i*fH, #j&HJ) 748

±?f!l?F 614

* # 721

5 * 793

± M 9 (±JH<S. ± M # ) 671

3iffi 749

5 i i 646

±ffH (±gife, ± « H ) 759

E S T 749

-tWH.* d r t r i ) W 733

^Bffl (^Hfi:, f B S )

/Iff 672

616

^ #jS 624

ft) 755

H & * (ffl&gf, 0&;H) 685

±lWS 621

E^4i«l! 760

* f t « (¥&5l, ¥ « * )

709

¥ i * i l ( * i i i l , *ffl«)

717

* $ , £ ( * K X , * J U O 723 A®*tt C ^ ^ f r )

m

737

750

±Z)«P 760

&) 770

£ # 712

H#i& 777

£ 719

1

4 785

X * (3W. 5 1 )

^ J t 785

i l l ( I W . S i t ) 735

719

JftS ( ± « , ifeft) 752

Hfif: 625 lilffitt (lilSSfe, dj^Sfe) 630

5 tj

Liiti 651

S S i l (SKIT) 612

\liWWtfk 661

fi?F 627

6 fill

; i | * # 730

S ^

^.mm < * « , %-mm

JI|MWII«)733

fills

KffiJj 794

627 (fiJfflH., fififi) 636

190

#lfi (#46) 748

601

epiS^SffljJ ( E P « # J § » J £ , ens

?L#« (?L##, ?L#tSt) 652

# * J ? 693

SJIffljS) 607

I I S 652

&i*ffi 728

WiJsffi ()*<§#. 7XSI6) 620

mm cm®, &mw) 654

i*,H (*>V, * # ) 626

& * c&m, 8.w 654

46) 776

* H # r S (*nf#r¥) 633

Zt# (ZS#, £fc#) 667

£ . « (#^3|!E, &&M) 780

&mw- 741

/fffi 683

ft#ffi (-fe#^E, H#ffi) 696

*Hf: ( ^ S ^ , *HJfO 642

i§,IIttii(iffiatti!|, ifflfflttil) 684 1

1

UttSl (Kttft, U t t * ) 750

HMW 670

S i i ? (ifii? , fTili ) 687

W.M.M ( * « * , ICftlS) 720

K?## 679

ttittffi 703

ftjif: mm^, itmm 738

$ m # s i ( $ s # W ) 689

fsitSI (ffsJiS)

£ , ! # ( S l f i O 689

ffFfi#: ( f f « f : ,

ft***

(ffltticjS)

691, 692

ffi*

705 ffill^)

# I « ^ H (#3^^431, # » % « ) 752 735

mSffi«(*Mffi!li, * 5 S » « ) 754

sit mm, mm) 764

744

« t t # ? L 694

&mm c&m&, e«si) 744

HJ& 783

35M*&=FT ( W H ^ C S ' H . ^ ) 699

S U s t (ffi«W, B * H ) 744

# H 789

&§## (W#E!>) 745

BJ* (BJ3W) 791

S ) 730

i S t t t t * ( i £ t t t i f t , ifittttilS) 750

~MM&$&M (ME&&W

780

tttl (ttft, tiltS) 750

9fl

•www (-wmK # w i )

£ # j t f t 734

8f|

ffffiWf 606

v

fe ? 603

Sftjft 612

S-S-ffi 617

Jiijz ( f i a ,

Jftlf (±M, * * ) 759

a * (AS?. IMS*) 632

ttT

£ffi 795

nmi

# # 655

ft 36 Til ?lfi (?tfi) 748 ±n. (-km, £W

754

634

fiS)

636

648

P*# 634

SfivW (S?#r«)

656

SW 640

« » *

(JS,»#,

JUtS)

660

* * § ( * * 3 , * * § ) 605

M f : ( » & £ , S^ipO 641

#*«

(W^Sft,

#*jf)

666

?F 627

H * 651

S 5 f t i = 675

Iff1? 627

U S 653

iSHIKiteH,

* & « ) 643

Iffffr 737

W 687

«ffi)

MM 690

J»Jtfev ( J l l l f i )

S # 649

MMTi. 690

mmmmmm. mmm)ioo

W&. 651

^ T S ? 691, 692

m&m <m®M*> 702

ffitt# 679

mm (mm. mmi) 704

SJf (3,H) 789

7*J

¥£«

(^£iS,

•¥«« (#Htt.

643

191

S H I l ) 682

603

•i£!kft 706

mm 680

*BST 681

# ¥ 711

gffi 693

teffi* 698

•iW, 731

Sl^t 694

ffiaffi (natt, lea-/*) 728

%mm CWTXIO 715

msm cmmw, mmw) 706

~&n ( ^ 1 ) 729

W E f : 722

KHi^ d ^ t W ) 729

4fc) 728

«ffi:f:ft 722

4 t » M « ( « » F ^ ) 733

El-Mr. 745

P&Alffi 724

VffT 737

JEW 749

3JfM# ( « f ! « . 3ffM#) 733

HM ( 4 « - »M) 751

* f M 736

431) 752

fill (4lf.

IK* 746

& a ( & a , « « ) 762

.Sll

a i l ) 769

(4%. H4)

771

SBS5M m*£.U®)

747

Ji 788

Hffife ( 4 * * 6 ) 775

H«*I«^BI ( H H ^ H ) 752

I W 788

* K (SUl, iCH) 779

S I ( * S ) 756

i i f t 788

ftllK

/ I J I 788

760

mmmifi mm^ix.) 744

io »y ftft'T 601

Jiffi 788 J&ft 788

mm 6oi

iiii

MIS 788

S I S 685

ate am, &m) 603

Jffiftffi 788

S t * 697

M M (SJflUf) 604

JfgftR 788

MWl®

745

#Jlffi ( S S M , ^ffiSJ) 607

& ( « , B ) 790

w e * 751

I f * * ( i f # * . I f * * ) 609

fflt (%ffi, mm) 790

S # ( S * # ) 761

i f l t * 663

W ^ a f f l ( t t ^ J L f f i , « 4 ^ S L , S ) 642

s n

mmnm mmwv) 682

( « ^ , mm) 767

Sffi ( » * , S S I ) 768

ffsgfij 688

12 in

fag}

782

mm 714

ffiJf/ft 618

« # l 782

I f ¥ 742

flMft 663

Sft'ff 782

gM% ( S S S t . § « * ) 613

S f r W t i / S ( S E l f f f t M ) 623

• lljfe^ ( ^ l l l t e , ¥ L U K ) 603

i t * 615

# 7 8 1 (SPPt.liSISt) 633

< i f i i a ^ (^rgCgirQ 611

Sf/G. 672

a H f i ( H N * ) 637

H=*/ft. 622

SMSt ( i t t / W . i-ft/RH) 672

i''M±m

ff&fi

Sttm^ 672

SjiSS (Ht/iSft. fgj£») 647

sJSffi (^Jgffi) 631

46JU 674

« *

R U S H ! (»nf#y3i) 633

teff 681

«1« 662

( f ¥ » M ) 623

192

mm*M.

m%±%%) 646

( M S . * , & * g * ) 659

ffimffl. 662

» f f i * T 668

«^SSjf£ ( T M P P : , /££«>?>) 635

15^)1 662

« « 675

• # , (lift) 765

fW)Iit(ii«I§[ff)662

* f j 675

ftM (Sift, !!#,) 766

H S H ( H S U , J f S I t ) 664

%m& 675

tl&flt (SliiJI, U M I ) 766

H S H S ( U S U A L J t S ! f t l ) 664

^ l l n f 675

SWJS

fgffi 665

•%.%& 675

¥HJfE ( ¥ f f i ^ . ¥ S f : ) 686

%M& 665

« « g 675

S W ( & 5 . SS5) 699

S « f i j £ 665

*S£jl

IS&'fiM ( & 7 i i § . $ 5 ) § ) 699

fgffiT 665

« f t 703

$ 5 *

j f / t (H/R, A M ) 673

B§j£ 695

fflSti^Jp:

if/Ml C^/WI. ffl/RJl) 673

mWM (BfHnt, B§ISit) 695

WttffiS 732

( » ^ £ j g ) 691, 692

(sfua. mmm 792

(.mri%,

s w s ) 699

(ffl*IE^Jfi) 718

* S S » ( ® S ? » ) 745

ft/ft ft (H/IW-fc, ffl/Rffi) 673 ft) 700

ISfefifi (^feftfi,

itffi 734

i,flip: 727

MW 749

Wfe (Mte, WK) 676

© S m « ( a f * W # ) 733

ft^fi

mnw 734

15 »J

I W f i S I (#T?fJHf. # 5 f f i f i t ) 678

S l i l j f 736

S T 648

fftffi^ft 694

J l H * 746

W-T& 648

IbKif # 661

7 i 5 C'/t5, 7 f 5 ) 800

wsiffis (finfffiffi, mmmm 650

i l l

( f t J W , ffl/Rs) 673

678

J I M S ) 748

«flt ( M . « t ) 653

S f t 757, 758 MMbM& 770

14 fj

m&%- ( « « ¥ , iHM^) 658

itelSfr 773

tttt 606

« S ; A # ( T S A # , J£JKA#) 679

¥£,&$?!$ (Jp-fe^iiSb) 780

MM 602

«*#

» S 4 608

unfits ($tst&«s, »,affi«fi) 748

* H 784

K i t 610

flffft

»**

BIBS* (AffiW, M # ) 626

MMM (fttlftfi) 748

KM 796

t i l l CftBI, f|BB) 657

fiftf! (BlK) 753

®jf 799

IIB6W (*Bgra, fiBgpfc]) 657

igft (KK, S K ) 755

fIBgft C M S , SIBIft) 657

«fi(MS) 756

13 M

SIBlJi (*BSnt, M S ) 657

it (W, II) 778

MM 644

flBIS (ABS«, ffilB^) 657

HMD. (fulfil, !|rfn.) 778

*#Ol£ 655

f l S H Cfcftft, t l t t S ) 669

*S5 794

mm (#nf • # « ) 655

«!«

S4

1

784

( » * « ! , » ¥ f t ) 787

( » ! # , fi!M#) 781

193

0 " f f i # , / £ « # ) 707

(feffft) 736

16 ft

« ^ f t (tS#:S, SOIMg) 686

i t M (&WM, H M ) 739

* 789

m%m amm, m%m> 743

* # 789

BM (mA,

§£M) 774

SE^ (#sK, # ; ^ ) 780

22 f!)

17 til

Sill («lSi) 763

I K * ( F 3 t * . U S * ) 698

a * ( S W ) 670

s s (s«, mm 677

23 fj

»WiS^6KI ( W W ^ ^ ^ I ) 752

Slf; ( g j f ; , j§ppO 716

&W (%¥, * ¥ ) 771

S#> ( S » s ) 756

# * » * ( £ W ¥ . » # # ) 787 18 fij

24 M

Hffi (WjSfi, Jiffi) 710

life ( H i t ) 769

Hffijp: (Siffiift, H f j j f O 710 « * ($710 628

25 l!l

! «

m (f.

( « f t . 1 * ) 762

W.-&M ( g i l - t , 1 & # ) 762

II) 783

»j£)S ( f i£JK:. It&JK) 783

19 f'J *?!& (4I4SI, » & ) 757, 758

28 f!i

mm (*SB*. *tBO 770

®3£t ( « 5 ^ t ) 630

1 ( « , I f ) 772

« «

(fl53Mf) 63

§t¥ ( « ¥ . « ¥ ) 772 ffffi (ffffi) 777

20 fj MfoM. (*I/1W 618 Mfo£ (Xlft^, » r t ^ ) 779 MUG ( * W £ , Wtt) ffl?L5(ft?L^)

797

798

21 f'J ffi^ ( $ £ • «JfO 686

194

INDEX TO LOCAL DRUG NAMES A-chul 746 Aeng-ch-geun 686 Aeng-cho 686 Aeng-do-na-mu 630 Ae-yeop719 A-gga-si-na-mu 640 Ahiru 778 Ai719 Ai-ye 719 Akyo783 Amagasahebi 776 Amerika-ninjin 679 Amigasayuri 733 An-sik-hyang 689 Ansokuko 689 An-xi-xiang 689 An-zi-bei-mu 733 Aogiri 665 Ao-zhou-bao 748 Ap-hyul 778 Asenyaku 632 Asenyakunoki 632 A-seon-yak 632 Ba-da-pyo-beom 782 Baek-ap-yuk 778 Baek-gae-ja 627 Baek-gang-jam 756 Baek-hwa-sa 777 Baek-hwa-young-san-hong 684 Baek-jil-ryeo 644 Baem-jang-eo 763 Bae-rong-na-mu 675 Bai-bao 748 Bai-bian-dou 636 Bai-che-zhou-cao 639 Bai-du 659 Bai-fan 791 Bai-fii-zi 743 Bai-gu-ding 612 Bai-hua-shu 689 Bai-hua-you-ma-teng 638 Bai-jie 627 Baimo 733 Bai-tang-zi-shu 703 Ba-jiao 744 Ba-jiao-tou 744 Ba-jiao-ye 744 Ban-bian-lian717 Ban-byun-ryun 717 Bandaikai 666

Banjiro 678 Bansekiryu 678 Ban-zhi-lian 709 Bareisho 711 Bark-bin-dau 636 Bark-far-yau-mar-teng 638 Bark-foo-gee 743 Bark-gie-jee 627 Bark-goo-ding 612 Bark-tou-yung 612 Bashoo-yo 744 Bashou 744 Bashou-kon 744 Bekko 772 Bel-ra-don-na710 Beol-sa-sang-ja 681 Beradonna 710 Beradonna-kon 710 Bian-dou 636 Biao-gan-hua 736 Bi-bong 726 Bie 772 Bie-jia 772 Bi-hu 774 Bik-foo 774 Bin-dau 636 Bing-liang-hua 620 Bing-pian 626 Bing-pin 626 Bing-pyun 626 Bit-karp 772 Bo-je-su-pi 607 Bok-su-cho 620 Bong-a-chul 746 Boon-bin-lin717 Boon-dai-hoi 666 Boon-gee-lin 709 Bor-choi 615 Borei 750 Bo-sai 615 Bosho 795 Boushou 795 Budou 662 Bung-eo 765 Buta 790 Byakkyosan 756 Byeok-o-dong 665 Byeol-bom-I-ggot 685 Byuk-ho 774 Byul-gap 772 Byung-ggot-pul 706

195

Calamina 797 Cang-bai-cheng-gou-feng 623 Can-huan-mao-yin 752 Can-sha 756 Cao-cong-rong 715 Catechu 632 Cham-bit-sal-na-mu 659 Cham-chui 720 Cham-gul 750 Cham-juk-na-mu 655 Cham-woe 672 Chan-chin 655 Chang-chun-hua 696 Chang-mu-li 750 Chang-po 739 Chan-su 770 Chan-tui 757-758 Charm 756 Charm-sar 756 Cha-tiao-qi 656 Cheng-gou-feng 623 Cheng-xiang 667 Cheom-gwa 672 Cheom-gwa-ja 672 Cheom-gwa-yeop 672 Cheon-geum-deung 624 Cheon-il-hong616 Cheon-mok-hyang 730 Cheung-chun-fah 696 Cheung-poh 739 Chikujo 737 Chim-hyang-na-mu 667 Chin-cheung-gec 713 Ching-gon-chuk 737 Ching-ngau-fung 623 Chin-yut-hung 616 Chisa 729 Chi-yang 605 Cho-jong-yong 715 Chosen-matsu 603 Chu 790 Chuan-bei-mu 733 Chuan-mu-xiang 730 Chuan-por-sack 606 Chuan-po-shi 606 Chu-chong-ju 724 Chu-darm 790 Chu-eo 764 Chui-cho 649 Chuk-yue 737 Chun-back-pi 655

Chun-gou 694 Chung-yue-sack 798 Chun-yeop 655 Chu-ye-hua-jiao 650 Ci-huai 640 Cui-lan-cao 686 Cu-jing-qin-jiao 694 Cu-zhuang-nu-zhen 691 Da-al-ri-a 725 Da-al-ri-a-geun 725 Da-dao-lang 760 Dae-ja-seok 794 Dae-yeop-yong-dam 694 Da-fong-ai 723 Dai-huet-teng 621 Daiketsuto 621 Dak 779 Dak-pul 664 Da-lian-wan-wu-li 750 Dal-rae-ggot-mu-reut 735 Dan shu737 Dang-geun 682 Dan-se-jin-si-yan 780 Daria 725 Da-tou-dian-zhu 737 Da-xue-teng 621 Day-ding 668 Day-lung 752 Ddae-juk-na-mu 688 Ddal-gi 629 Ddal-gi-yeop 629 Ddeok-ssuk 727 Deung-ja 648 Deung-ja-pi 648 Diang-huang-jing 734 Dian-qie 710 Dian-qie-cao 710 Di-bie 759 Die-ngai 723 Die-yip-tsau-jiu 650 Di-long 752 Ding-gong-teng 701 Dobainio 671 Doe-ji 790 Doi-j air-sack 794 Dojou 764 Dokeigai 614 Dokukakuren 743 Dol-jo-gae 749 Do-ma-baem 773 Do-ma-baem-but-I 774 Dong-feng-cai 720 Dong-pung-chae 720 Dong-pung-chae-geun 720

Dong-ya-qian-xie 754 Du-ggeo-bi 770 Duh-hung-fah 703 Du-hong-hua 703 Du-jiao-lian 743 Duo-hua-huang-jing 734 Egonoki 688 Enka 780 Enokoro-gusa 738 Er-bao 748 Er-cha 632 Er-ye-hong-shu 702 E-shu 746 Eung-su-seok 792 Fah-kay-sum 679 Fan-shi-liu 678 Fan-xie-ye 633 Farn-sack-lou 678 Farnsacklou-yip 678 Farn-sair-yip 633 Foo-ding-cha 691-692 Foo-long-shu 704 Fujimame 636 Fukahire 762 Fukuju-so 620 Gae-gam-su 646 Gae-mang-cho 726 Gag-chi-kong 636 Gainoko 723 Gaiyo 719 Gajutsu 746 Ga-mak-sa-ri 722 Gambir 632 Gam-ja711 Gam-na-mu 687 Gam-ram 653 Gam-ram-na-mu 653 Gam-su 646 Ga-mul-chi 769 Ganbiru 632 Ga-neun-ip-geum-bul-cho 728 Gan-feng-cao 735 Gang-a-ji-pul 738 Gang-hyang-dan 634 Gang-jiu-hyang 634 Gang-song 676 Gan-lan 653 Gan-su-bei-mu 733 Gap-o-jing-eo 751 Gar-lin-kiu 705 Garm-larm 653

196

Gar-muet-lay 704 Garp-gie 773 Gar-wong-mar 663 Gar-ying-jao 618 Ge-jie 773 Gekkei-ju 619 Genjin 712 Genno-shouko 642 Geo-buk 771 Geo-ji-deong-gul 660 Geo-meo-ri 753 Geom-eun-baem 775 Geum-bong-hwa 700 Geum-bul-cho 728 Geum-cha-seok-gok 747 Geum-gang-a-ji-pul 738 Geum-jeon-cho 706 Geun-hwa 683 Geu-ra-di-o-ra-seu 736 Gight 779 Gight-muk 628 Gight-noi-gum 779 Gim-larn 736 Gin-byung-ggot-pul 706 Goko 755 Gol-soe-bo 602 Gomafu-azarashi 782 Gong-heung 634 Gong-tsung 676 Go-ou 785 Gotouhi 665 Gotou-shi 665 Gou-ji 606 Gou-wei-cao 738 Gou-xian-da-ji 646 Go-yom-na-mu 687 Guang-huo-xiang 707 Guang-jin-qian-cao 635 Gui-hua 693 Gui-jia771 Guk-hwa-jwi-son-I 642 Gum-chin-bark-far-sair 776 Gum-chin-cho 635 Gu-mi-cho 738 Gum-lin-far 643 Gum-see-yin 780 Gunbai-hirugao 702 Gun-cheon-ja 687 Guo-gang-rong 637 Gu-pan 771 Gurajiorasu 736 Gu-sui-bu 602 Gwa-che 672 Gwaeng-i-bap 641

Gwak-hyang 707 Gwang-dong-in-sam 679 Gwang-gwak-hyang 707 Gwight-barn 771 Gwong-fock-heung 707 Gwor-gong-lung 637 Gwut-shui-boh 602 Gye-nae-geum 779 Gyeo-u-sal-i 608 Gyoryuu 670 Hachiku 737 Hae-gu-sin 782 Hae-ho-ja 601 Hae-jo 601 Hae-ma 767 Hae-pyo-cho 751 Hae-ryong 768 Hae-song-ja 603 Hahakogusa 727 Hai-bao 782 Hai-gou 782 Hai-gou-shen 782 Hai-long 768 Hai-lu 685 Hai-ma 767 Hai-mang-guo 697 Hai-mang-guo-zi 697 Hai-nan-sha 745 Hai-piao-xiao 751 Hai-sheng 761 Hai-zao 601 Hakuban791 Haku-gaishi 627 Hakuhenzu 636 Hamabishi 644 Ham-bak-i 624 Hangesho 625 Han-hao-zi 601 Han-jin-lin 643 Hannok 605 Hanpenren 717 Hanpi 777 Han-ryun 643 Han-ryun-hwa 643 Hanshiren 709 Hap-gae 773 Harabiro-kamakiri 760 Haran 732 Hari-enju 640 Hasunohakazura 624 Hei- zha 757 Hei-kuang-chan-su 770 Hei-shui-pu-tao 661 Hei-zha758

He-lian-dou-cao 611 Henruuda 649 Hime-mukashi-yomogi 726 Hiru 753 Hitotsuba-hagi 647 Hoh 750 Hoi-gou-bin 782 Hoi-joh601 Hoi-lung 768 Hoi-mah 767 Hoi-mong-gwor 697 Hoi-pao 782 Hoi-piu-siu 751 Hoi-sum 761 Ho-je-bi-ggot 668 Hokama-uraboshi 602 Hondawara601 Hong-song 603 Hon-oniku 715 Ho-ra-bok 682 Hor-lin-dou-cho 611 Horutokazura 701 Hosoba-oguruma 728 Houren-cho 615 Houren-so 615 Hua-jiao 651 Huang-gua 673 Huang-jing 734 Huang-shu-kui 664 Huang-shu-kui-gen 664 Hua-shan-song 603 Hua-shi 800 Hui-mao-chuan-mu-xiang 730 Hui-yao-jin-si-yan 780 Hu-ji-sheng 608 Hu-jue 602 Huk-gay-sunk 608 Hung-wong 796 Huo-xue-dan 706 Hup-foon-far 617 Hwa-cho 651 Hwal-seok 800 Hwang-chok-gyu-geun 664 Hwang-gwa 673 Hwang-gwa-deung 673 Hwang-gwa-hwa-roe 673 Hwang-gwa-yeop 673 Hwang-hae-ssuk 719 Hwang-jeong 734 Hyang-yu-go-rae 781 Hyun-sam712

197

Ibota-kusagi 704 Ichigo 629 Ichigo-no-ha 629 I-dam 766 Ikuri-nin 630 Il-il-cho 696 Il-yeop-chu 647 Indo-bodai-ju 607 In-do-bo-ri-su 607 Indo-jaboku 698 In-do-sa-mok 698 Ing-eo 766 Iou 799 I-yuk 766 Jagaimo 711 Ja-goe-hwa 640 Jah-cheung-cho 641 Jak-jang-cho 641 Ja-kou 789 Jakou-jika 789 Jam-bun 756 Ja-mi-geun 675 Ja-mi-hwa 675 Ja-mi-yeop 675 Ja-ra 772 Jashoshi 681 Jat-na-mu 603 Je-bi 780 Je-chung-guk 724 Je-don-gwa-pi 688 Jee-may 675 Jee-may-yip 675 Jeo-dam 790 Jeok-yang 605 Jeon-gal 754 Jeo-yeop-hwa-cho 650 Jeuk-eo 765 Jia-can 756 Jia-huang-ma 663 Jia-ji 779 Jia-lian-qiao 705 Jiang-can 756 Jiang-xiang 634 Jiang-xiang-tan 634 Jian-wei-yu741 Jian-ye-fan-xie 633 Jia-ying-zhao 618 Ji-byul 759 Jicho 668 Ji-di-bie 759 Jie 627 Jie-zi 627 Ji-jeong 668 Ji-ju-po-dan 732

Ji-li 644 Ji-mu 628 Jin-dal-rae 684 Ji-ne 755 Ji-nei-jin 779 Jin-fei-cao 728 Jingyo 694 Jin-jiang-mu-li 750 Jinko 667 Jin-qian-bai-hua-she 776 Jin-si-yan 780 Ji-reong-I 752 Ji-ryong 752 Jiryu 752 Ji-yu 765 Ji-zhao-feng 618 Jo-gyung-cho 658 Jom-cham-bit-sal-namu659 Jom-sa-ma-gui 760 Jong-yu-seok 798 Jo-pap-na-mu 631 Jo-reum-na-mul 695 Ju-fu-tang-lang 760 Juk-yeo 737 Jun-qian-zi 687 Jut-light 644 Jwi-o-ju-m-puk 716 Kagi-kurumabanarukoyuri 734 Kaiba 767 Kaihyoushou 751 Kaijin 761 Kaiko 756 Kaikujin 782 Kairyuu 768 Kaiso 601 Kaki 687, 750 Kakidoushi 706 Kakko 707 Kakushitsu 682 Kanran 653 Kanton-ninjin 679 Karakogi-kaede 656 Karashina 627 Karasu-zanshou 650 Kasseki 800 Katabami641 Katei 672 Kay-sair 777 Ke-aritaso 614 Keikanseki 796 Keiketsutou 638 Keinaikin 779

Ke-teng-zi 637 Keung-charm 756 Kiban 771 Kikuba-fuuro 642 Kingyo 765 Kinmokusei 693 Kinsenhakkada 776 Kinsenso 635 Kit-cho 716 Ki-uri 673 Ko-bbul-so 784 Koi 766 Kokamakiri 760 Kossaiho 602 Kou-ika751 Kouki-sekkoku 747 Ku kai seki 797 Ku-ding-cha691,692 Kui-han 749 Kukuinoki 645 Ku-lang-shu 704 Kusagame 771 Kwa-ba 678 Kyokuto-sasori 754 Lan-an 677 Lang-ba-cao 722 Lao-guan-cao 642 Lian-qian-cao 706 Lian-sheng-gui-zi-hua 700 Ling-yang-jiao 787 Ling-yeung 787 Ling-yeung-gock 787 Lin-she 789 Lin-sunk-gwai-jee 700 Liu-huang 799 Li-ye-xiu-xian-ju 631 Li-yu 766 Li-yu-dan 766 Loh-gum-sack 797 Long-lao-xiang 626 Long-yan 657 Long-yan-he 657 Long-yan-rou 657 Long-yan-xiang 781 Long-yan-ye 657 Long-zhu-guo 669 Lou-wong 799 Lu 783,788 Lu-bian 788 Lu-gan-shi 797 Lu-jiao 788 Lu-jiao-jiao 788 Lu-jiao-shuang 788 Lu-jin 788

198

Luk788 Luk-bin 788 Lu-ke-sha 745 Luk-gock 788 Luk-gock-gow 788 Luk-gock-sheung 788 Luk-gun 788 Luk-mai-bar 788 Luk-toy 788 Luk-yung 788 Lung-chu-gwor 669 Lung-ngarn 657 Lung-Ngarn-Wut 657 Lung-ngarn-yuk 657 Lu-pi-jiao 783 Lu-rong 788 Lu-tai 788 Lu-wei 788 Ma-an-teng 702 Ma-dae-o-bun-ja-gi 748 Mae-mi 757 Magaki 750 Ma-huang 753 Ma-hua-qin-jiao 694 Mai-lan-cai 613 Makkou-kujira 781 Makuwa-uri 672 Ma-li-jin 700 Mal-maeng-I-na-mul 613 Mamushi 777 Manamako 761 Mang-cho 726,795 Mang-jie-huan-mao-yin 752 Mang-niu-er-miao 642 Mang-xiao 795 Man-li 763 Man-rei-gyo 763 Man-yeo-eo 763 Mao-han 749 Mar-on-teng 702 Masaki 658 Ma-sak-jul 699 Ma-she 789 Matsurika 690 Matsurikon 690 Ma-wei-song 603 Mayumi 659 Megusurinoki 656 Meo-gyi-na-mu 650 Meol-ggul 622 Mi-ggu-ra-ji 764 Mi-na-ri 683 Ming-fan 791

Ming-farn 791 Mishimasaiko 680 Mitsuba-fuuro 642 Mitsugashiwa 695 Modama 637 Mok-hyang 730 Mokko 721 Mokukocho 713 Mo-li 690 Mo-li-gun 690 Mo-li-hua 690 Mol-yak 654 Mol-yak-na-mu 654 Mong-sui 795 Mood-lay 690 Mood-lay-gun 690 Mo-ryeo 750 Motsuyaku 654 Motsuyakuju 654 Mou-light 750 Mo-yao 654 Mo-yao-shu 654 Mu-hu-die 713 Mu-hu-die-zi 713 Muk-heung721 Muk-woo-dip 713 Mul-gae 782 Mu-li 750 Mul-so 786 Mu-xiang 721 My-ma-teng 604 Myoban791 Myong-ban 791 Myouban791 Na-gung 755 Nak-seok-deung 699 Nak-seok-gwa 699 Nanbangiseru 714 Nang-pa-cho 722 Nang-pa-cho-geun 722 Nan-he-shi 682 Nan-wu-wei-zi 675 Nap-ga-sae 644 Natsutodai 646 Neok-jul-go-sa-ri 602 Ngar-ling-gee 749 Ngarp 778 Ngarp-sun 778 Ngau 785 Ngau-wong 785 Ng-boh-sair 777 Ng-gung 755 Ngie719 Ngor-suet 746

Nichi-nichi-ka 696 Ni-han 749 Nikujuyo 715 Ninjin 682 Ni-qiu 764 Niu 785 Niu-huang 785 Niu-nai-jiang-cao 646 Niu-teng 622 Niwatori 779 Nobudou 662 No-gam-seok 797 No-gwan-cho 642 Nojisumire 668 Nok-gak 788 Nok-hyul 788 Nok-pyun 788 Nok-sin 788 Nok-yong 788 No-yuk 783 Nozenharen 643 Nu-e 756 Nyuukou 652 Nyuukouju 652 O-dong-baek-pi 665 O-gong 755 Oguruma 728 Ohfurugyo 613 Oh-Kamakiri 760 O-i 673 Oniku715 On-sick-heung 689 Ooshokkikon 664 Oranda-ichigo 629 Or-gou 783 O-ri 778 O-ri-na-mu 605 O-ri-na-mu-deo-bu-sal-i 715 O-ryum-mae 660 O-sa 775 Osokon 686 Ottosei 782 Ousei 734 Pa-chae 615 Pa-chae-ja615 Pa-cho 744 Pa-cho-geun 744 Pa-cho-yeop 744 Pachuri 707 Pang-da-hai 666 Pegu-asenyaku 632 Peng-e-shu 746

199

Po-do 662 Po-do-deung-yeop 662 Po-do-geun 662 Poe-toe 662 Pu-tao 662 Pu-tao-gen 662 Pu-tao-teng 662 Pu-ti-shu 607 Pyun-du 636 Qian-jin-teng 624 Qian-ri-hong 616 Qing-gan-zhu 737 Qing-guo 653 Qing-jiao 651 Qin-jiao 694 Qi-she 777 Quan-xie 754 Rauwolfia 698 Reigyo 769 Reiyo-kaku 787 Ri-ben-ruo-shi 699 Ritan 766 Roba 783 Rodoku 646 Rokanseki 797 Rokuben 788 Rokubi 788 Rokujou 788 Rokukaku 788 Rokukaku-kou 788 Roukanso 642 Ruo-shi 699 Ruo-shi-teng 699 Rurihakobe 685 Ru-xiang 652 Ru-xiang-shu 652 Ryugan 657 Ryugan-niku 657 Ryukyu-tsutsuji 684 Ryuunou 626 Ryuunouju 626 Ryuuzenkou 781 Sa-cheol-na-mu 658 Sack-cheung-poh 740 Sack-goh 793 Sack-kuet-ming 748 Sack-luet 645 Sa-gu-hwa 708 Sa-hyang 789 Sa-hyang-no-ru 789 Sai 784 Saiga-kamoshika 787

Sai-jia-ling-yang 787 Saikaku 784 Saiko 680 Sa-in 745 Sair 789 Sair-chuang-gee 681 Sair-gwar 674 Sair-heung 789 Sakuraso 686 Sal-bi-a 708 Sal-mo-sa 777 Sa-ma-gui 760 Sam-back-cho 625 Same 762 Sam-so-cho 639 Sa-myun-mok 659 San-bai-cao 625 San-cho-na-mu 651 San-deung-deung-ang 661 Sang-chi 729 Sang-gi-saeng 608 Sang-piao-xiao 760 Sang-pyo-cho 760 San-mo 610 San-mo-yeop 610 Sanpakuso 625 Sansho 651 Sarm-bark-cho 625 Sarusuberi 675 Sa-sang-ja681 Sa-seum 788 Satoimo 742 Satsuma-gokiburi 759 Seiji 708 Seiyo-shirokarashi 627 Seiyou-kanokoson 716 Sekiketsumei 748 Sekisho 740 Sekitekko 794 Sekko 793 Sekkoku 747 Senkinto 624 Sen-mokkou 730 Senna 633 Senpukuka 728 Senso 770 Senzei 758 Seo-gak 784 Seo-guk-cho 727 Seok-chang-po 740 Seok-go 793 Seok-gok 747 Seok-gyeol-myung 748 Seom-su 770 Seon 758

Seon-bok-hwa 728 Seong-ryu 670 Seon-tae 758 Seon-toe 757 Seri 683 Shachu 759 Shah-yue 762 Shah-yue-gwut 762 Shajin 745 Shakuchiri 609 Shakuchiri-soba 609 Shan-jiao651 Shan-teng-teng-yang 661 Shao-ji-ju-wu-gong 755 Sha-ren 745 Sharien 792 Shar-yun 745 Sha-yu 762 Sha-yu-gu 762 She 789 She-chuang 681 She-gen-mu 698 She-gua 674 Sheng-liu 670 She-xiang 789 Shi 687 Shi-chang-pu 740 Shi-gao 793 Shi-hu 747 Shi-jue-ming 748 Shika 788 Shi-li 645 Shima-kuwazuimo 741 Shina-gokiburi 759 Shina-hikigaeru 770 Shinano-gaki 687 Shina-suppon 772 Shirayama-giku 720 Shiro-mushiyoke-gkiku 724 Shiro-tsume-kusa 639 Shitsurishi 644 Shkusha 745 Shobu 739 Shobukon 739 Shokusho 651 Shoku-shuyu 650 Shonyuseki 798 Shuan-mo 610 Shui-cai 695 Shui-jut 753 Shui-ngau 786 Shui-ngau-gock 786 Shui-niu 786 Shui-niu-jiao 786

200

Shui-qin 683 Shui-zhi 753 Shukusha 745 Shukyu 774 Shu-qu-cao 727 Siam catechu 632 Si-geum-chi 615 Sight-gock 784 Sight-hor-lau 670 Sight-ngau 784 Si-ho 680 Sim 758 Sim-dui 758 Sim-soh 770 Sim-tui 757 Sing-lau 670 Si-nian-huang 685 Sin-na-mu 656 Sin-na-mu-yeop 656 So 785 Sohyosho 760 Sokikuso 727 Sokisei 608 Som-dae 737 Song-piu-siu 760 Song-zi 603 So-yeop-hwa 631 Suan-mo 610 Su-chae 695 Su-geun 683 Sui-aen do 797 Suiba610 Suigyuu 786 Suisaiyo 695 Suishitsu 753 Su-ji 753 Suo-sha-bei-mu 733 Su-san-hwang 736 Su-u-gak 786 Su-yeom-ga-ral-ggot 717 Su-young 610 Syamu-asenyaku 632 Taishaseki 794 Takasagogiku 723 Tama-negi731 Tamasudare 735 Tang-chang-pu 736 Taruku 800 Ta-ukogi 722 Teika-kazura 699 Teikoto701 Tian-giao-mai 609 Tiao-ye-xuan-fu-hua 728 Tobizu-mukade 755

To-byul-chung 759 To-ggi-pul 639 Toh-bit-chong 759 Toh-ging-gie614 Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao 718 Tong-su-huan-mao-yin 752 To-ran 742 Tororo-aoi 664 Tou-mube 622 Touwata 700 Tsim-may-woo 741 Tsuan-bui-moh 733 Tsuan-kit 754 Tsubame 780 Tsum-Heung 667 Tu-bei-mu671 Tu-bie-chong 759 Tu-jin-jie 614 Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho 718

Woo-sau-sair 775 Wu-bu-she 777 Wu-gong 755 Wu-gui 771 Wu-li 769 Wu-lian-mei 660 Wu-pu-bi-hu 774 Wu-shao-she 775 Wu-tong 665 Wu-tong-pi 665 Wu-tong-zi 665 Wu-zei751

U-hwang 785 Uk-ri-geun 630 Uk-riiin 630 Unagi 763 Ung-hwang 796 Un-hyang-na-mu 649 Unkou 649 Ushi 785 U-sho-da 775 Usugi-mokusei 693

Xiang-chun 655 Xiao-bai-jiu-cao 726 Xiao-dao-lang 760 Xiao-fei-peng 726 Xiao-qin-jiao 694 Xiao-ye-hua 631 Xiao-ye-mai-ma-teng 604 Xia-ye-fan-xie 633 Xie-cao 716 Xi-he-liu 670 Xi-jiao 784 Xi-jing-shi-hu 747 Xi-niu 784 Xin-se-cao 612 Xiong-huang 796 Xi-yang-shen 679 Xuan-fu-hua 728 Xuan-shen712

Wa-ban-ja 749 Wa-geo 729 Wa-geo-ja 729 Wa-leng-zi 749 Wang-bu-liu-xing 613 Wang-bul-ryu-haeng 613 Wang-meo-ru661 Wang-sa-ma-gui 760 Wart-sack 800 Wei-lian-huan-mao-yin 752 Weol-gye-ja 619 Weol-gye-su619 Weol-gye-yeop 619 Weol-nam-an-sik-hyangna-mu 689 Wi-seong-ryu 670 Wo-ju 729 Wong-gwah 673 Wong-jing 734 Won-hwang-jeong 734 Woo-chark 751 Woo-gwight 771

Ya778 Yabugarashi 660 Yabujirami 681 Yabutabako 683 Yadorigi 608 Ya-go714 Yair-goo 714 Yair-hup-far 617 Yair-muk-gwar 622 Ya-mok-gwa 622 Yamokka 622 Yanbaru-hakobe 611 Yang-bao 748 Yang-chong 731 Yang-chun-sa 745 Yang-chun-sha 745 Yang-cong 731 Yang-ddal-gi 629 Yang-pa 731 Yang-seo-chae601 Yang-u711 Yang-xi-cai 601 Yan-wo 780

201

Ya-u 742 Ya-u-yeop 742 Ya-xie 778 Ya-zhou-ruo-shi 699 Ye-di-zhu 647 Ye-eo 769 Ye-giao-mai 609 Ye-gu 714 Ye-he-hua617 Ye-huang-ma 663 Ye-hu-luo-bo 682 Ye-mo-li 688 Ye-mu-gua 622 Yeon 780 Yeon-saeng-gye-j a-hwa 700 Yeon-wa 780 Yeop-ran 732 Ye-yu 742 Yin-do-pu-ti-shu-pi 607 Ying-cao 686 Ying-hong-du-juan 684 Ying-tao 630 Yin-huan-she 776 Yi-nian-peng 726 Yin-Wor 780 Yomogi 719 Yong-an-yuk 657 Yong-jeong-hyang 781 Yong-noe-hyang-na-mu 626 Young-Yang 787 Young-yangkgak 787 Yuan-sum 712 Yu-chi 762 Yue-chee 762 Yue-gui 619 Yue-gui-zi 619 Yu-hwang 799 Yu-hyang 652 Yu-hyang-na-mu 652 Yu-ja 648 Yu-ka-ri-na-mu 677 Yukarinoki 677 Yukariyo 677 Yuk-jong-yong 715 Yu-lian 735 Yun-xiang 649 Yusura-ume 630 Yuuou 796 Yuzu 648 Zang-chang-pu 739 Zang-nu-jing 692 Za-se-bao 748

Zendatsu 757,754 Zenzei 757 Zha-jiang-cao 641 Zhe-shi 794 Zhi-zhu-bao-dan 732 Zhong-hua-da-dhan-su 770 Zhong-hua-hu-jue 602 Zhong-ru-shi 798 Zhu 790 Zhu-dan 790 Zhu-ru 737 Zi-hua-di-ding 668 Zi-jing 675 Zi-jing-nu-zhen 691,692 Zi-jing-pi 675 Zi-wei 675 Zi-zhu 703 Zou-wen-pan-bao 748

202

INDEX TO DISEASES AND BIOACTIVITIES a-Naphthyl butyrate esterase stimulation 615 Aarthralgia 739 Abdominal distending 618, 646, 716, 730, 739, 792, 795 Abdominal pain 624, 633, 648, 652, 654, 661, 667, 673, 682, 690, 732, 744, 746, 761, 766, 770, 796 Abnormal uterine bleeding 750, 788 Abortifacient 724 Abortifacient 746 Abscess 606, 609, 650, 662, 663, 674, 784 Acariasis 646 Aching 608 Acid and alkaline phosphatase inhibition 731 Acroesthesia 672 Acroparalysis 647 Acute and chronic bronchitis 616 Acute appendicitis 621 Acute conjunctivitis 615, 662 Acute gastritis 607, 629, 648, 672, 722, 726 Acute hepatitis 611 Acute pharyngitis 785 Acute respiratory infection 604 Aflatoxin production inhibition 731 Agglutinating 682 Aggregation of platelet 608 Alcohol poisoning 648 Alcoholism 672, 673 Aldose reductase inhibition 706, 747 Allergenic 615, 619, 648, 724 Alopecia 672 Alopecia areata 602 Amenia 722 Amenorrhea 613, 621, 628, 638, 645, 675, 693, 732, 746, 753, 759, 772, 789 Amine tetrazolium reductase inhibition 615

Aminonucleoside nephrosis prevention 680 Amnesia 759 Amylase release stimulation 615 Anaemia 662, 788 Anaesthesia 770 Analgesic 655, 666, 669, 670, 677, 680, 689, 701, 746, 754, 762, 775, 789, 790 Anaphylaxis antagonist 706 Anasarca 717 Ancylostomiasis 614, 648 Aneilema 720 Anemia 615,629,638,648, 657, 729, 783 Anesthetic 651 Angina pectoris 634 Angioprotective 662 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition 662 Anorexia 648, 721, 731, 734, 745, 747, 765, 778 Antagonistic 671, 702, 770, 793 Anthelmintic 614, 796 Anthrax 739 Anti-aging 768, 788 Antiaging effects 715 Antiallergenic 681, 731, 758 Antiallergic interleukin 4 formation inhibitor 677 Antiamebic 607, 708, 746 Anti-arrhythmia 608, 620, 662, 679, 698 Antiasthmatic 604, 644, 681,719,731,773 Antiatherosclerosis 602 Antibacterial 607, 619, 626, 628, 633, 636, 641, 645, 656, 662, 676, 677, 678, 682, 696, 708, 711, 712, 719, 721, 725, 737, 740, 746, 752, 764 Anti-barium 745 Antibiotic 643 Antibiotic resistance inhibition 720 Antibotulism 601 Anti-cancer 673, 719

203

Anticarcinogenesis 731 Anticholinergics 710 Anticlastogenic 731 Anticoagulant 731, 753 761, 777, 789 Anticomplement 680, 746, 788 Anticonvulsant 740, 754, 755,756,758,785,790 Anticrustacean 607 Anticulsive 682 Antidepressantfor depression 766 Antidiabetic 677, 678 Antidiarrheal 726 Antidiuretic 696 Antidysenteric 682 Antiedema 615, 708, 731, 728 Antifatigue 772 Antifeedant 643, 704 Antifertility 639, 682, 753 Antifilarial731 Antifungal 601, 607, 610, 629, 640, 662, 685, 696, 700, 707, 708, 711, 726, 729, 731, 732, 742, 746, 754,755,761,782 Antigoitrogenic 601 Anti-hepatitis 673 Antihepatotoxic 711, 746 Antihistamine 678, 709, 745 Anti-HIV 668 Antihypercholesterolemic 662, 696, 746 Antihyperglycemic 607, 673,677,696,731 Antihyperlipemic 696, 731 Anti-hypertension 608, 625, 644, 666, 679, 712, 717, 721,726,752,777 Antihypertriglyceridemia 662 Antiimplantation 746 Anti-inflammation 606, 609, 610, 621, 637, 639, 646, 656, 670, 676, 677, 678, 680, 689, 696, 701, 702, 704, 706, 708, 731, 746, 762, 770, 773, 775, 785, 786, 788, 789, 790

Antileukemia 608, 611 Antimalarial 614, 615, 705, 722 Antimicrobial 654, 656, 677, 750, 785, 796 Antimitotic 696 Anti-mutation 615, 648, 662, 696, 708, 711, 731, 746, 762, 771 Antimycobacterial 708 Antimycotic681,719 Antimycotic 719 Anti-myocardial 679 Antineoplastic 601, 671, 728 Antinociceptive 645, 678, 702 Antiobesity 665 Antioxidant 615, 630, 632, 651, 661, 662, 677, 679, 684, 706, 708, 711, 715, 723, 767, 773,785, 788 Anti-platelet agglegation 638, 680 Antipyretic 680, 694, 708, 758, 784, 785, 786, 787, 793 Antiscolic 651 Antiseptic 689 Anti-shock 679, 770 Antisickling 731 Anti-skin aging 605 Antispasmodic 702, 706, 721, 724, 740, 744, 746, 785 Antispermatogenic 696 Anti-SRS-A719 Anti-stress 767, 773, 788 Antithermic 712, 719 Antithrombotic 731, 761, 767, 782 Antitrichomonal 681 Antitrypsin and hemagglutinating 636 Antitumor 608, 609, 615, 624, 633, 634, 643, 696, 677, 714, 731, 744, 746, 749, 752, 755, 756, 761, 768, 770, 782 Antitussive 609, 611, 644, 677,681,719,723,733 Antiulcer 639, 680, 706, 722, 744

Antiulcerogenic 619 Antivenomous 717 Antiviral 607, 633, 636, 643, 662, 666, 671, 680, 687,696,704,706,708,711 Antiyeast 708, 711, 731, 746 Anxiety 695, 750 Aorta calcium antagonist 679 Apoplectic hemiplegia 754, 755, 776 Apoplexy 626, 673, 680, 778 Appendicitis 709, 717, 795 Arrhythmia 792 Arrythmias 683 Arteriosclerosis 658, 731 Arthralgia 752, 769 Arthritis 602, 684, 694 Articular pain 677, 699 Ascariasis 614, 630, 650, 651,682,687,724,746 Ascites 611, 612, 625, 646, 709, 717 Ascites hepatoma cells 709 Asthma 607, 667, 684, 727, 752, 766, 773, 781, 790, 793, 798, 799 Ataxia 647 Atherogenesis 762 Atrial fibrillation 698 Axillary abscess 622 Azoalbumin hydrolytic 77 Azocaseinolytic 777 Back pain 788 Bacteriocide 799 Bacteriostasis 625, 651, 668, 681, 707, 709, 717, 728, 656 Bad breath 632 Barbiturate sleeping time decreasing 746 B-cell proliferation 680 Bee sting 731, 741, 742 Belching 667 Beriberi 608, 624, 625, 630, 637, 673, 744,763, 769 Bile secretion 785 Binding of aluminium ion with proteins 791 Bleeding 634, 655, 791, 794

204

Bloodshot eyes 662, 738 Blood pressure depression 698 Blood stasis 654, 753 Blurred vision 616, 748 Boil 606, 625, 641, 663, 668, 674, 675, 702, 705, 709, 711, 712, 723, 736, 764, 765, 767, 768, 770, 788, 791, 796, 799 Bone fracture 602, 759 Brain mitochondria 754 Breast cancer 764 Bronchial asthma 616 Bronchitis 604, 684, 686, 700,703,713,722,727 Bronchodilator 731 Bronchospasm 681 Bruise 652, 678, 746, 759, 764 Burn 628, 641, 650, 673, 677, 703, 711, 742, 744, 764, 793 Cacanthrax 796 Caccaogue 666 Calcaneal abscess 705 Calcium antagonist 707 Calcium influx 767 Calmative 743 Cancer 659, 762 Carboxylesterase 682 Carbuncle 611, 612, 624, 643, 652, 654, 664, 668, 669, 683, 700, 717, 723, 729, 731, 742, 744, 767, 770, 784, 785, 787, 788, 789, 796 Cardiac 608 Cardiac disease 620 Cardiac disorder 789 Cardiac edema 607 Cardiac infarction 621 Cardiac infuction 785 Cardiac insufficiency 770 Cardiac palpitation 657 Cardiac weakness 679 Cardialgia781 Cardiopalmus 695 Cardiorelaxant 641 Cardiotonic 604, 644, 663, 700, 786 Cardiotoxic 724

Cardiovascular 628, 679, 701, 703 Cardiovascular stimulating 789 Caseinolytic 777 Catalase stimulation 615 Caustic soda poisoning 778 Cellulitis 741 Centipede bite 742 Central analgesia 793 Central depressant 680 Central M-cholinergic 701 Cerebral apoplexy 698 Cerebral hemorrhage 744 Cerebral hyperemia 744 Cervical cancer 746 Cessation of the milk secretion 798 Chest distention 680 Chin cough 616 Cholagogue 635 Cholecystitis 623, 695, 726 Choleretic 745, 746 Cholinergic mechanisms 776 Cholinesterase 776 Cholinoreceptive membranes 776 Chronic arthritis 628, 754 Chronic bronchitis 601, 670 Chronic constipation 633 Chronic diarrhea 791 Chronic dysentery 636, 682 Chronic enteritis 678 Chronic lymphadenitis 671 Chronic malaria 772 Chronic nephritis 636 Chronic rheumatic 755, 777 Chronic rheumatiod arthritis 776 Chronic sores 799 Chronic ulceration 788 Chyluria 657 Cirrhosis 709, 785 Clastogenic 662 CNS 770 CNS depressant 678, 708 Coagulant 731 Coiled incens stick for fumigation 724 Cold 628, 641, 648, 650, 651, 670, 684, 690, 704, 707, 720, 743

Colistaxis 640 Collagenase inhibition 662 Coma 781, 785 Common cold 624, 631, 677, 683, 702, 719, 723, 727,731,738,757 Common cold relief 662 Complement 776 Congestive heart failure 620 Conjuctival congestion 720 Conjunctivitis 643, 660, 669, 690, 712, 726, 758, 787, 790, 791, 797 Connective tissue proliferation 772 Constipation 603, 611, 615, 633, 642, 662, 664, 666, 672, 674, 697, 712, 715, 790, 792, 795, 799 Consumptive fever 771, 772 Contractile 666 Contraction of mouse small intestine 723 Contracture 652, 777 Contusion 642, 684, 699, 711,720,732 Convulsion 649, 752, 757, 775, 776, 777, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788 Cordial 770 Corn 629 Corticosterone secretioninducing 680 Corticotropin 680 Costal pain 617 Cough 603, 617, 640, 653, 669, 674, 679, 682, 684, 686, 693, 706, 713, 723, 727, 728, 732, 737, 739, 742, 752, 757, 758, 766, 773, 780, 781, 783, 793, 798 Cough with bloody sputum 733 Cough with sputum 674 Cutaneous pruritus 764 Cyclooxygenase inhibition 731 Cystitis 713, 715 Cystolithiasis 706 Cytotoxic 607, 610, 631, 639, 649, 659, 676, 681, 688, 696, 699, 700, 706,

205

709,711,726,731,746 Deafness 647 Debility 761, 762, 771,778, 780, 788, 789 Decreasing bile output 793 Decurative 717 Decurtating blood coagulation time 793 Deep-rooted boil 655 Deficiency 602, 734 Deficient milk after childbirth 662 Deficient of milk 729 Delirium 739, 785, 786, 787 Depigmentation 662 Deprementia 781 Depression 745 Depression of respiration 777 Dermatitis 702, 722, 723, 727, 738 Dermatomyces 614, 727 Dermatopathy 610, 738 Detoxication 778 Deviation 743 Diabetes 607, 615, 678, 679, 687, 696, 706, 725, 727, 734, 744, 756, 764, 765, Diarrhea 605, 609, 624, 628, 629, 632, 642, 649, 651, 660, 673, 677, 678, 683, 690, 717, 721, 723, 730, 739, 742, 770, 799, 800 Diastolizing 752 Difficult delivery 767 Difficult in urination 610, 630, 662 Dilating coronary artery 682 Dimethylcaseinolytic 777 Diphtheria 712, 739 Dire thirst 653 Disease after child-birth 769 Distending pain 644, 721 Diuretic 660, 708, 731 Dizziness 603, 616, 644, 720, 748, 750, 772, 787 Dolor 710 Drastic irritation 614 Dry cough 666, 733, 734 Duodenal ulcer 622

Dysentery 607, 610, 612, 616, 641, 642, 653, 655, 660, 663, 668, 673, 675, 678, 684, 707, 717, 722, 726, 739, 740, 744 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 783 Dysgalactia 664 Dysgalactia 729 Dysmenorrhea 608, 609, 613, 618, 621, 622, 658, 675, 706, 723, 746, 769 Dyspepsia 651, 655, 745, 746 Dyspnea 767, 780, 794 Dystocia 789 Dysuria 622, 625, 670, 672, 694, 726, 729 Earache 603 Ecchymosis 788 Ecthyma 678 Eczema 603, 614, 619, 624, 625, 632, 649, 651, 675, 676, 681, 700, 704, 722, 723, 756, 791, 793, 797, 800 Edema 601, 620, 622, 624, 630, 633, 637, 646, 660, 662, 664, 669, 672, 673, 683, 686, 706, 709, 717, 721, 725, 732, 744, 752, 764, 765, 766, 778, 792, 795, 800 Edema with oliguria 635 Effect against anoxia 759 Effect on rabbit electrocorticogram 701 Effect on womb 752 Elastase inhibition 615, 662, 711 Emaciation 655, 788 Embryotoxic 639 Emesis 648 Emetic 672, 721 Endometrorrhagia 628, 703 Enhance the effect of cosmetics on the skin 602 Enhancing effect on tolerance against hypoxia 790 Enteritis 612, 641, 642, 653, 655, 657, 676, 677, 678,

717, 720, 722, 726, 760, 767, 779 Epidemic fibrile diseases 787 Epidermal growth factorlike 780 Epigastric pain 611, 634, 713,750 Epigastrium 721 Epilepsy 620, 626, 639, 673, 698, 735, 739, 740, 759, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 791, 792, 794 Epistaxis 603, 605, 615, 628, 641, 659, 703, 719, 784 Erysipelas 660, 668, 684, 722, 726, 784 Erythrocyte adhesion 751 Erythrocytic membrane Na,K-ATP enzyme 754 Esterase 755 Estrogenic 607, 639, 681, 682,708,711,761,773,782 Ethanol absorption inhibition 619 Excessive leukorrhea 681, 750, 791 Excessive menstrual flow 719 Exciting effect on the nerve and skeletal muscle 754 Expectorant 616, 644, 689, 709, 728, 778 Extrasystole 698 Exudation 797 Eye convulsion 656 Eye diseases 626, 656, 766, 796, 797 Facial maxillary inflammation 785 Facial paralysis 647, 756, 776 Fainting 772 Favism 727 Favus 684, 799 Febrile diseases 626, 679, 691,692,712,758,793 Feebleness 624 Feeling of coldness and pain 798 Female's gonorrhea 687

206

Festered scrofula 776 Festering wound 632 Fever 631, 641, 649, 663, 672, 676, 680, 687, 690, 694, 698, 704, 707, 744, 772, 778, 784, 786, 787, 788 Fever in infants 694 Fibrinogenolytic 777 Fibrinolysinic 752 Fibrinolytic 759, 761, 777, 782 Fidgetness 743, 800 Fish or crab poisoning 653 Flaccidity 604 Flooding 675, 765 Food 764 Forgetfulness 657, 740, 771 Formation of mass 759 Fracture 602, 606, 611, 662, 700 Frequent urination 760 Frigidity 681 Frost-bite 610, 630 Fungicide 649, 694, 799 Furuncle 660, 722, 731, 736, 738, 785 Furunculosis 714 Furunculus 768 Galactagogue 603 Galactostasis 608, 613 Gall stone 706 Ganglionic transmission 776 Gastoroenteritis 614 Gastric and duodenal ulcer 606, 628 Gastric antisecretory 639, 746 Gastric pain 618, 637, 657, 749, 798 Gastric secretory inhibition 746 Gastric ulcer 622, 711, 751 Gastritis 693, 695, 704, 794 Gastroatony 679 Gastroduodenal ulcer 706 Gastroenteritis 654, 708, 731 Gastropathy 615 Gastrospasm 683 General weakness 715

Giant follicular lymphoma 696 Giddiness 662 Gingivostomatitis 726 Glucose metabolism stimulation 615 Glucuronidase inhibition 662 Glycoprotein lb antagonistic 777 Goiter 601, 749 Gonadotropin release stimulation 615 Gonalgia 788 Gonorrhea 610, 640, 641, 664,683,781 GOT inhibition 746 GPT inhibition 731, 746 Grey hair 692 Guanylate cyclase 776 Haematemesis 660, 703, 783 Haemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis 616 Haemorrhagia 786 Hageman factor inhibition 711 Hair growth stimulant 739 Headache 616, 644, 680, 684, 690, 694, 720, 732, 748, 754, 756, 786, 787, 793 Heat stroke 663 Hemafecia 655 Hemafecia 783 Hemagglutination 615, 640, 711,763 Hematemesis 610, 634, 640, 641, 643, 675, 684, 699, 706, 765, 784 Hematochezia 605, 615, 791 Hematopoietic 788 Hematorrhea751,784 Hematuria 660, 729, 783, 788 Hemipelgia 647, 701, 752, 756, 774, 775, 777 Hemodynamics 679 Hemolytic 776 Hemolyzative 755 Hemopoiesis 785 Hemoptysis 606, 640, 675,

732, 773, 778, 780, 783, 784, 798 Hemorrhage 607, 618, 683, 699, 755, 777 Hemorrhoid 639, 641, 665, 675, 694, 764, 769, 777, 799 Hemorrhoidal bleeding 702, 763 Hemorrhoidal pain 637 Hemorrhoids 615, 659 Hemostasis 628, 703, 761, 782 Hepatic protein synthesis stimulating 680 Hepatitis 609, 641, 672, 680, 704, 709, 722, 738, 785 Hepatoma inhibitor 715 Hepatoprotective 606, 653, 670, 676, 714 Hepatosplenomegaly 606, 704, 746 Hernial pain 637, 657 Hiccup 667, 794 Hide powder azure hydrolytic 777 High fever 752 Histamine release inhibition 747 Hmorrhage 703 Hoarseness 666, 713 Hyaluronidase inhibition 662 Hypercholesterolemia 731 Hyperemesis gravidarun737 Hyperplastic rhinitis 791 Hypersensitive diarrhea 726 Hypertension 615, 641, 673, 679, 695, 696, 698, 723, 727, 744, 752, 754 Hypertrophic rhinitis 671 Hypnotic 740 Hypocholesteremic 761, 782 Hypocholesteremic 782 Hypocholesterolaemic 603, 720 Hypogalactia 757, 766 Hypoglycemic 610, 615, 678,711,712 Hypolipidemic 603, 749 Hypolycemic 749

207

Hypotensive 708, 731, 785, 786 Hypothermal 740, 680, 739 Hypotonia 693 Hypoxia tolerant 621 Hysteria 649, 719 Hysterorrhea 706 Icteric hepatitis 606, 676, 706 Immunity 636 Immunomodulatory 714, 751,762,773,785 Immunoregulatory 680 Immunostimulant 609, 679, 761,772, 789 Immunosuppressant 671, 731 Immunosuppressive 758 Impaired consciousness in heat-stroke 770 Impaired hearing 740 Impairment of consciousness 785 Impairment of speech 743 Impotence 647, 681, 715, 747, 761, 764, 767, 768, 773, 782,788,789 Impotence with cold lower extremities 799 Improving leukocyte and radiation-resistant 770 Improving urinary output 793 Inability to conceive 788 Incised wound of hand 726 Increasing effect on intraventricular pressure and dp/dt 754 Indigestion 612, 618, 649, 673, 695, 739, 746, 779 Induced differentiation effect on HL-60 671 Infant astonishment 757 Infant cough 675 Infantile aphtha 665 Infantile convulsion 689, 735, 754, 755, 756, 789, 796 Infantile epilepsy 757, 758 Infantile fever 616 Infantile indigestion 678 Infantile malnutrition 779

Infantile measles 769 Infection 691, 692, 703 Infectious hepatitis 713, 726 Infertility 719 Inflammation 736, 742, 757, 797, 800 Influenza 657, 706, 741 Inhibiting rhinoviruses 770 Inhibition of tumor promoter 723 Inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation 651 Inhibitory effct on prostaglandin biosynthesis 634 Inhibitory effect on acetic acid-induced writhing 789 Inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets 707 Inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme 643 Inhibitory effect on blood coagulation 601 Inhibitory effect on CNS 634, 733, 740 Inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation 719 Inhibitory effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis 638, 702 Inhibitory effect on RNA biosynthesis 761 Inhibitory effect on spontaneous motility in isolated ileum 789 Inhibitory effect on uterine contraction 682 Insect attractant 711 Insect bite 612, 641, 675, 677, 705, 717 Insect growth inhibitory 704 Insect repellant 693,724 Insecticide 705, 708, 724, 726, 799 Insomnia 617, 657, 662, 690, 693, 695, 716, 723, 729,731,737,750,783 Insulin receptor binding 615 Insulin sectetion-stimulating 750 Intestinal absorption inhibition 746

Intestinal motility inhibition 746 Intractable phlegm 688 Intraocular pressure reduction 615 Irregular mense 675 Irregular menstruation 622, 638, 675, 700, 706, 718 Irritability 785 Itching 614, 719, 751 Jaundice 611, 625, 637,641, 658, 660,, 668, 672, 673, 683, 694, 695, 709, 717, 720, 736, 744, 764, 765, 766, 790, 800 Jaundice with dark urine 635 Juvenile hormone 662 Kallikrein inhibition 711 Killing hookworm 682 Lactation 765 Lapactic 633 Large intestine bleeding 640 Larvicidal 696 Laryngitis 708, 756 Laxative 633 Leokorrhea 763 Leprosy 777 Leptospirosis 741 Leucopenia 638 Leucorrhea 609, 617, 641, 657, 675, 687, 718, 751, 788 Leukemia 696 Leukemic hemocyte 709 Leukopenic 696 Lipase release stimulation 615 Lipid lowering 673 Lipid peoxide fromation inhibition 662 Lipid peroxidation 606 Lipid peroxide antioxidant 678 Lipoprotein lipase stimulation 662 Lipoxygenase inhibition activity 731 Lithargiuria641 Liver cancer 774 Liver protective 789 Local anesthesia 770

208

Lochia 788 Loss of consciousness 689 Lumbago 634, 638, 647, 648, 659, 661, 662, 681, 693, 704, 715, 727, 732, 739, 747, 761, 766, 782, 783, 788 Lumbar muscle strain 702 Lumbricidal 740 Lung abscess 709 Lung-fever 603 Lymph node tuberculosis 774 Lymphadenitis 755, 789, 736 Lymphnoditis 669 Lymphocyte proliferation stimulation 662 Lymphocyte stimulation 679 Lymphoid tuberculosis 609 Lymphosarcoma 696 Macular eruptions 784 Mad dog bite 685 Malaria 611, 631, 680, 704, 705, 707, 720, 796 Maldigestion 672, 673 Malignant lymphatic tumors 696 Malignant ulcers 799 Mall formation in the abdomen 750 Malnutrition 655, 682 Mania 785, 791 Mass 749, 772, 789 Mass formation 753 Mass in abdomen 767, 768 Mastitis 613, 644, 671, 673, 700, 709, 756,788, 795 Material of atropine sulfate 710 Measles 630, 662, 670, 757, 758 Melancholia 783 Melena 628, 675 Membrane fluidity decreasing 680 Membranous fluidity 754 Menolipsis 649 Menorrhagia 657, 794 Menorrhagia 794 Menorrhalgia 658

Menoxenia 649, 654, 665, 753 Menstrual disorders 680, 719 Mental disease 672 Meteorism610 Metrorrhagia 683, 744, 788, 794 Metrostaxis 744 Migraine 743, 754 Miliaria 800 Miosis and decrease the intraocular pressure 701 Mitogenic 746 Mitogenic response 780 Modulation of brainstem GABAergic 679 Molluscicidal 637 Morbid leukorrhea 625 Mouse isolated intestine contraction 677 Mumps 660 Muscula contracture 776 Muscular excesive exciting 793 Mutagenic 662 Myalgia 699, 732, 764 Myiasis 614 Myocardial ischemia 621 Myocardium 770

Neurosism 641, 716 Neurotoxic 776 Neutralizing 702 Night blindness 748 Night screaming 616 Night sweat 609, 662, 722, 747, 750, 771 Nocturnal emission 718, 760, 761,782 Nodulations 788 Noma 765 Nucleotidase inhibition 731 Numbness of extremities 637 Numbness of the limbs 752

Na+,K+-ATPase 770 Nasal polyp 791 Nausea 743, 794 Nebula 644 Nematocidal 708 Neoplasm 709 Nephritic edema 766 Nephritis 611, 673, 680, 727 Nerval pain 677 Nervous headache 661 Neural headache 622 Neuralgia 631, 648, 684, 694, 742 Neurasthenia 647, 657, 729, 731 Neuroleptic 607 Neuromuscular blocking 746 Neuronal acetylcholine sensitivity 776 Neuronal nieotinic receptor antogonic 776

Pain 652, 689, 701, 716, 719,730,781,789 Pain and swelling of the throat 653 Painful swollen hemorrhoids 795 Palpitation 620, 662, 737, 750, 778 Panaris 742 Pancreatic secretion stimulation 615 Pancreatitis 604 Papaverine 682 Paralysis 619, 672, 775, 740 Parasitosis 651, 682 Parasympathomimetic 701 Parotiditis 664, 711, 736 Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis depression 745 Perfume 652 Peritonitis 744 Pernicious vomiting of

Obstipation 661 Oligogalactica 766 Oliguria 752 Ophthalmia 629 Opium poisoning 778 Optic atrophy 748 Ostalgia 699, 732 Osteoblast precursors 788 Osteomyelitis 714 Osteoporosis 681 Otitis media 726, 744, 791 Oviposition stimulating 700 Ovulation inhibition 639 Oxyuriasis 614, 682

209

pregnancy 745 Pertusis 713 Pharyngitis 632, 653, 686, 699, 714, 795 Pharynx 795 Pheromone 656 Phospholipase 755 Phototoxicity 725 Phthisis 712 Piejunctional adrenergic 754 Pituitary-adrenocortical axis stimulating 680 Plama cholesterol-lowering 680 Plant growth inhibition 724 Plant root growth stimulation 746 Plaque formation suppressant 607 Plasma protein 772 Plasmic embrane permeability 761, 782 Platelet activiation factor inhibition 706 Platelet adhesion inhibition 731 Platelet aggregation 755, 761,777, 785 Platelet aggregation inhibition 662, 731 Platelet-activating factor (PAF) 761, 782 Pleurisy 629 Pneumonia 700, 703 Poisoning 648, 784, 787 Poisoning by meat 711 Poisoning with alcohol 673 Poliomyelitis 650 Pollution 655 Positive inotropic 697, 700, 785 Postoperative pain 622, 661 Postpartum abdominal pain 618 Postpartum bone pain 723 Potent inhibitory effect on inflammatory ear edema 671 Potentiation of p-adrenergic action in isolated guinea pig trachea 789 Preneoplastic lesion 697

Prickly heat 673, 729 Proliferation of chondrocytes 788 Promotion of gastric excretion 779 Prostaglandin-like 788 Prostration 789 Protease inhibition 696 Protease or elastase inhibitor 645 Protease(HIV) inhibition 607 Protection of low density lipoproteins 679 Protective effect against poisonous snake venom 741 Protective effect on liver injury 679 Protein synthesis inhibition 615 Proteolytic 615, 755 Pruritus 670, 676, 738, 756, 758, 797 Psoriasis 726, 799 Psychataxia 639 Psychoneurosis 766 Pterygium 611 Pulmonary metastasis 762 Pulmonary tuberculosis 741, 763 Pyodermas 675, 702, 705, 723 Pyogenic infections 728 Quenching thirst 793 Quinone recuctase induction 615 Rabbit sinoatrial node electrophysiological 679 Radiation-protective 751 Radical scavenging 662 Rectal prolapsus 641 Regurgitation 765 Relaxant activity on isolated rabbit ileum 641 Release of noradrenaline 754 Renal stones 635 Renal toxic 611 Respiratory and circulatory systems 793 Respiratory stimulant 717

Respiratory-enzyme 776 Restlessness 737 Restlessness 743 Retention of sticky phlegm difficult to expectorate 749 Reumatalgia 649 Rheumarthritis 659 Rheumatalgia 660, 661, 662, 699, 726, 732, 756, 788, 789 Rheumatic arthlargia 604, 608, 618, 621, 622, 657, 665, 670, 683, 701, 702 Rheumatic arthritis 624, 637, 650, 675, 694, 704, 706, 720, 723, 739 Rheumatic or rheumatoid arthlalgia 642 Rheumatic pain 606, 718 Rheumatism 619, 634, 648, 676, 693, 734, 762, 775 Rheumatoid arthritis 603, 755, 774, 777 Rheumatic arthritis 623 Ribosome-inactivating 674, 704 Ringworm 610 Ringworm infection 704 RNA biosynthesis 782 RN A polymerase 788 Salivation 764 Sarcoma 180 709 Scabies 610, 615, 619, 641, 650, 655, 669, 675, 684, 724, 769, 775, 791, 796, 799 Scabies ringworm 777 Scald 676, 650, 793 Schizophrenia 698, 766 Sciatica 622, 661, 704 Scorbutus 615 Scrofula 601, 683, 712, 743, 749, 750, 754,768, 774 Scrotal eczema 657 Sebaceous secretion stimulation 708 Sedative 657, 680, 682, 697, 716, 739, 740, 756, 758, 775, 785, 787 Seizures 754 Seminal emission 750, 773, 788

210

Senile asthma 780 Senile infirmity 783 Significantly decreasing platelet aggregation rate 679 Significantly facilitates male copulatory behaviors 679 Single calcium channel blocking 679 Sinusitis 673 Sinusitis with headache 707 Skin ulceration 797 Skin-palsy often accompanying pruritus 673 Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist 708 Smooth muscle 770 Smooth muscle relaxant 708, 746 Snail malformation 619 Snake bite 611, 612, 623, 624, 630, 650, 660, 668, 675, 676, 685, 698, 709, 714, 717, 720, 727, 729, 741,755,796 Soar throat 758 Sodium channel blocking 754 Somnic 698 Sore 625, 664, 666, 709, 712, 754, 755, 761, 787, 788,791,800 Sore throat 609, 624, 626, 631, 632, 660, 663, 675, 688, 712, 713, 720, 722, 736, 743, 756, 770, 786, 789 Spasm 754 Spasmolytic 649, 682, 688 Spastic paralysis 642 Spermatorrhea 779, 782 Sperm agglutination 711 Spermatorrhea 751, 760, 761,768, 788 Spermicidal 671, 752 Spitting of blood 719 Spontaneous sweating 750 Sputum 739, 756 Squalene biosynthesis 761, 782 Stiff tongue vomiting 737 Stimulation of central nervous system 626

Stimulation of cytokine production 679 Stomach ache 609, 624, 653, 661, 665, 676, 695, 739, 744, 745, 765 Stomach ulcer 751 Stomatitis 632, 665 Strain 604 Stroke 737, 743, 774, 785, 789 Stuffiness sensation in the epigastrium with anorexea 740 Styptic 633 Subcutaneous infections 788 Subcutaneous ulcer 655 Summer-damp affection 707 Superoxide dismutase-like 636 Suppuration 641, 677, 711, 733 Surgical ointment 697 Swellfish poisoning 619 Swelling 709, 729, 731, 751,769 Swelling and pain of the testis 601 Swollen testes 622 Sympathomimetic 731 Syncope 626, 689, 789 Syphilis 672, 688 Tachysystole 750, 770 Taeniasis 682 Taenicidal 746 Tenesmus in dysentery 721 Teratogenic 711 Testosterone-like 768, 773, 789 Tetanus 743, 754, 755, 757, 776, 777 The lethal and growthinhibiting effects on Eca 109 cells 754 Therapeutic 671 Thiamin-binding 636 Thioredoxin-linked reductive 776 Thirst 800 Threatened abortion 608, 662, 737, 745 Thrombin-like 777

Thromboxane B-2 synthesis inhibition 662, 731 Tidal fever 780 Tinea 796, 799 Tinea pedis 676 Tinnitus 739, 750, 794 Tonify blood 783 Tonsillitis 653, 664, 673, 699, 700, 703, 714, 717, 722, 727, 729, 756 Tooth ache 605, 607, 624, 626, 649, 675, 688, 693, 711,726,729,732,756,765 Tooth caries 603 Toothache Ulcers difficult to heal up 793 Topoisomerase I inhibition 642 Total erythrocyte membrane ATPase 756 Toxic effect to house fly 704 Toxicity 621, 666, 701, 717, 742, 770 Trachycardia 698 Traumatic bleeding 710/ 751 Traumatic chest pain 705 Traumatic ecchymosis 705 Traumatic fractures 650 Traumatic hemorrhage 628, 645, 703 Traumatic injuries 602, 604, 605, 606, 617, 618, 622, 624, 628, 632, 634, 637, 641, 643, 649, 650, 652, 654, 656, 660, 665, 675, 690, 704, 706, 709, 716, 723, 727, 728, 732, 736, 742, 744, 753, 767, 768, 789, 797 Traumatic keratitis 669 Traumatic pain 661 Traumatic swelling 701 Traumatic swelling and pain 621 Trembles 710 Tremor 771, 772 Trichomonas vaginitis 731 Trigeminal neuralgia 622 Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning 706 Trypsin inhibition 711

211

Tuberculosis 606, 722, 734, 738, 773, 774, 788 Tuberculosis of cervical lymph nodes 671 Tumor 727, 742 Tumor angiogenesis 762 Tumor Necrosis Factorinducing 751 Turbid discharge with urine 760 Tussis 662, 672, 706, 778 Twitching 754 Tympanitis 626, 791 Typhoid fever 741 Tyrosinase inhibition 662 Ulcer 626, 632, 717, 731, 785 Ulcer bleeding 604 Ulticaria 757 Upper respiratory infection 757 Urethritis 623, 641, 700, 706, 714 Uretic 644, 666, 717 Urinary crystal 644 Urinary infection 655, 722, 800 Urinary tract infection 683, 744 Urination 764 Urination difficulty 676 Urination disturbance 635 Urine difficulty 624, 673, 738 Urolithiasis 800 Urticaria 644, 670 Uterine bleeding 655, 675, 719 Uterine stimulant 688 Uterotonic 613, 761, 771, 782 Vasculitis 659 Vasodilative621,782 Venomous snakebite 743 Vertigo 647, 758, 771, 788, 794 Vesication 672 Viricidal 681 Vitiligo 602 Vomiting 629, 651, 667, 673, 707, 730, 737, 765,

770 Vomiting diarrhea 636 Vulnus731 Wart 720 Weakness 603, 608, 615, 629, 636, 644, 679, 688, 734, 747, 763, 765, 769, 771,777,783,798 White dysentery of child 778 White hair 665 Whooping cough 616, 675, 742, 790 Wind-dampness syndrome 656 Wound 686, 751 Wound hemorrhage 675 Xanthine oxidase inhibition 662 Yin-deficiency of and kidney 788

spleen

212

^•1

Traditional folk medicine practices in China, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea -

MS>S

all located in Northeast Asia — are comparable. Since different usage of a folk medicine may reflect cultural or regional differences, a detailed collation of the folk knowledge of traditional medicine can help to identify common applications derived from different empirical knowledge as well as variations in appreciation of the value of the same source in different cultural settings. This fourth volume of a series of books continues with the objective of collating relevant information for showing the differences and similarities of traditional folk medicines practiced around the world. It features 147 of the most frequently used medicinal plants, 43 animals, and 10 minerals in Northeast Asia as selected by the international editorial board. The folk medical knowledge in each entry includes the scientific names of the source, local names of the drug, special processing methods, administration methods, and applications in each country. Contraindications and side effects, if any, are highlighted. Relevant scientific data on their chemistry and pharmacology, with references, are also included. All this scientific information should be a valuable asset to medical and research scientists working on the bioactive components of natural products.

* '">

v.worldscientific.com 4594 he